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342,000 | 16,802,317 | 2,174 | Disclosed is a tubular wire coil in which the wire varies in diameter over the length of the coil. The coil can be used to create a coiled reinforcement member for a tubular body, having different physical properties along the length of the body without the need for welds or joints to connect different wire segments. The coil can thus reduce unwanted catheter tip or welded joint stiffness without sacrificing desired proximal stiffness in, for example, a catheter such as a neurovascular catheter. | 1. A catheter having jointless transitions in flexibility, comprising:
an elongate, flexible tubular body, having a proximal end, a distal end and a tubular side wall defining at least one lumen extending axially therethrough; a helical wire coil in the side wall, the coil having a first zone in which the wire has a first radial dimension separated by a transition from a second zone in which the wire has a second radial dimension; wherein the first zone, the transition and the second zone are formed from a single, continuous wire. 2. The catheter of claim 1, wherein the first radial dimension is a diameter. 3. The catheter of claim 1, wherein the transition has an axial length of no more than about 2 cm. 4. The catheter of claim 1, wherein the transition has an axial length of no more than about 1 cm. 5. The catheter of claim 1, wherein the lumen has the same inside diameter in the proximal zone and the distal zone. 6. The catheter of claim 1, wherein the transition is located within about 5 cm from the distal end of the catheter. 7. The catheter of claim 6, comprising at least a first jointless transition and a second jointless transition in the helical wire coil. 8. The catheter of claim 2, wherein the wire in the first zone has a diameter that is at least about 0.0002 inches greater than the diameter of the wire in the second zone. 9. The catheter of claim 8, wherein the wire in the first zone has a diameter that is at least about 0.0004 inches greater than the diameter of the wire in the second zone. 10. The catheter of claim 1, formed by the process of winding a wire coil to form a tubular body, and thereafter exposing a portion of the tubular body to a pickling agent. 11. The catheter of claim 10, wherein the pickling agent comprises an acid solution. 12. The catheter of claim 1, formed by the process of exposing a portion of a wire a pickling agent, and thereafter winding the wire into a tubular body. | Disclosed is a tubular wire coil in which the wire varies in diameter over the length of the coil. The coil can be used to create a coiled reinforcement member for a tubular body, having different physical properties along the length of the body without the need for welds or joints to connect different wire segments. The coil can thus reduce unwanted catheter tip or welded joint stiffness without sacrificing desired proximal stiffness in, for example, a catheter such as a neurovascular catheter.1. A catheter having jointless transitions in flexibility, comprising:
an elongate, flexible tubular body, having a proximal end, a distal end and a tubular side wall defining at least one lumen extending axially therethrough; a helical wire coil in the side wall, the coil having a first zone in which the wire has a first radial dimension separated by a transition from a second zone in which the wire has a second radial dimension; wherein the first zone, the transition and the second zone are formed from a single, continuous wire. 2. The catheter of claim 1, wherein the first radial dimension is a diameter. 3. The catheter of claim 1, wherein the transition has an axial length of no more than about 2 cm. 4. The catheter of claim 1, wherein the transition has an axial length of no more than about 1 cm. 5. The catheter of claim 1, wherein the lumen has the same inside diameter in the proximal zone and the distal zone. 6. The catheter of claim 1, wherein the transition is located within about 5 cm from the distal end of the catheter. 7. The catheter of claim 6, comprising at least a first jointless transition and a second jointless transition in the helical wire coil. 8. The catheter of claim 2, wherein the wire in the first zone has a diameter that is at least about 0.0002 inches greater than the diameter of the wire in the second zone. 9. The catheter of claim 8, wherein the wire in the first zone has a diameter that is at least about 0.0004 inches greater than the diameter of the wire in the second zone. 10. The catheter of claim 1, formed by the process of winding a wire coil to form a tubular body, and thereafter exposing a portion of the tubular body to a pickling agent. 11. The catheter of claim 10, wherein the pickling agent comprises an acid solution. 12. The catheter of claim 1, formed by the process of exposing a portion of a wire a pickling agent, and thereafter winding the wire into a tubular body. | 2,100 |
342,001 | 16,802,388 | 2,174 | Described herein are III-N (e.g. GaN) devices having a stepped cap layer over the channel of the device, for which the III-N material is orientated in an N-polar orientation. | 1. A III-N device, comprising:
a III-N channel layer over an N-face of a III-N barrier layer, the III-N channel layer having a smaller bandgap than the III-N barrier layer; a first III-N cap layer over an N-face of the III-N channel layer, the first III-N cap layer having a larger bandgap than the III-N channel layer; a second III-N cap layer over an N-face of the first III-N cap layer, wherein a portion of the second III-N cap layer adjacent to the first III-N cap layer has a smaller bandgap than the first III-N cap layer; a gate contact between a source and a drain contact, and the gate contact is at least partially in a recess in the second III-N cap layer; wherein the second cap layer includes a first region and a second region, wherein the first region has a first end in contact with the gate contact and directly adjacent to a bottom surface of the recess and a second end between the first end and the drain contact, and the second region is directly adjacent to the first region and is between the first region and the drain contact; a thickness of the second cap layer in the first region is everywhere less than a thickness of the second cap layer in the second region; and a lateral separation between the first end and the second end is greater than 25 nanometers. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the recess includes a sidewall proximal to the drain contact, and the gate contact is in contact with a first section of the sidewall but not to a second section of the sidewall. 3. The device of claim 2, further comprising a gate dielectric layer between the gate contact and the sidewall of the recess. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the recess includes a sidewall proximal to the drain contact, and the sidewall includes a plurality of steps. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the second cap layer in the first region increases monotonically from the first end to the second end. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the recess includes a sidewall proximal to the drain contact, and the first region of the second III-N cap layer is directly below the sidewall of the recess. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the second III-N cap layer comprises alternating layers of GaN and AlGaN. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the second III-N cap layer comprises multiple layers of different III-N materials. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein the III-N channel layer comprises GaN. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the first III-N cap layer comprises AlGaN, AlGaInN, AlN or AlInN. 10. The device of claim 10, wherein the second III-N cap layer comprises GaN. 11. The device of claim 1, wherein the second III-N cap layer comprises GaN. 12. The device of claim 1, further comprising a cap layer including the first cap layer and the second cap layer, wherein the cap layer is etched to form a shape of the first region, the second region and the recess. 13. An electronic device, comprising:
a III-N material structure comprising a III-N channel layer over a III-N barrier layer and a III-N cap layer over the III-N channel layer, wherein a compositional difference between the III-N barrier layer and the III-N channel layer causes a 2DEG channel to be induced in the III-N channel layer; and a gate contact between a source and a drain contact, wherein the gate contact is over an N-face of the III-N material structure and is at least partially in a recess in the III-N cap layer; wherein the III-N material structure in a drain-side access region of the device includes a first region and a second region, wherein the first region has a first end in contact with the gate and directly adjacent to a bottom surface of the recess and a second end between the first end and the drain contact, and the second region is directly adjacent to the first region and is between the first region and the drain contact; a thickness of the III-N cap layer in the first region is everywhere less than a thickness of the III-N cap layer in the second region; and a charge density of the 2DEG channel in the first region is everywhere less than a charge density of the 2DEG channel in the second region. 14. The electronic device of claim 13, wherein the charge density of the 2DEG channel in the first region increases monotonically from a first charge density at the first end to a second charge density at the second end. 15. The electronic device of claim 14, wherein the second charge density is at least 1.1 times the first charge density. 16. The electronic device of claim 13, wherein the III-N cap layer is thicker in the second region than at the first end of the first region. 17. The electronic device of claim 13, further comprising a gate dielectric layer between the gate contact the first end of the first region. 18. The electronic device of claim 17, wherein the III-N material structure further comprises an AlGaN layer between the III-N channel layer and the III-N cap layer, and the gate dielectric layer is between the gate contact and the AlGaN layer. 19. The electronic device of claim 13, wherein the charge density of the 2DEG channel increases monotonically from the gate contact to the source contact. 20. A method of forming a III-N device, comprising:
providing a III-N material structure comprising a III-N channel layer over an N-face of a III-N barrier layer, wherein the III-N channel layer has a smaller bandgap than the III-N barrier layer; forming a first III-N cap layer over an N-face of the III-N material structure, and forming a second III-N cap layer over an N-face of the first III-N cap layer, wherein the second III-N cap layer has a smaller bandgap than the first III-N cap layer; forming a source contact and a drain contact to the III-N material structure; patterning a masking layer over the second III-N cap layer, the masking layer including an opening between the source contact and the drain contact; and etching the second III-N cap layer below the opening in the masking layer to form a recess therein; and depositing a gate contact at least partially in the recess; wherein the second cap layer includes a first region and a second region, wherein the first region has a first end in contact with the gate contact directly adjacent to a bottom surface of the recess and a second end between the first end and the drain contact, and the second region is directly adjacent to the first region and is between the first region and the drain contact; the thickness of the second III-N cap layer increases monotonically from the first end to the second end; and a lateral separation between the first end and the second end is at least 25 nanometers. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising forming a gate dielectric layer over a top surface of the second III-N cap layer in the recess, wherein the gate contact is deposited over the gate dielectric layer. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the first III-N cap layer comprises AlGaN and the second III-N cap layer comprises GaN. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the second III-N cap layer comprises alternating layers of GaN and AlGaN. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the recess includes a sidewall proximal to the drain contact, and the sidewall includes a plurality of steps. 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the first cap layer and the second cap layer form a cap layer, the method further comprising performing a timed etch of the cap layer so as to form a shape of the first region, the second region and the recess. | Described herein are III-N (e.g. GaN) devices having a stepped cap layer over the channel of the device, for which the III-N material is orientated in an N-polar orientation.1. A III-N device, comprising:
a III-N channel layer over an N-face of a III-N barrier layer, the III-N channel layer having a smaller bandgap than the III-N barrier layer; a first III-N cap layer over an N-face of the III-N channel layer, the first III-N cap layer having a larger bandgap than the III-N channel layer; a second III-N cap layer over an N-face of the first III-N cap layer, wherein a portion of the second III-N cap layer adjacent to the first III-N cap layer has a smaller bandgap than the first III-N cap layer; a gate contact between a source and a drain contact, and the gate contact is at least partially in a recess in the second III-N cap layer; wherein the second cap layer includes a first region and a second region, wherein the first region has a first end in contact with the gate contact and directly adjacent to a bottom surface of the recess and a second end between the first end and the drain contact, and the second region is directly adjacent to the first region and is between the first region and the drain contact; a thickness of the second cap layer in the first region is everywhere less than a thickness of the second cap layer in the second region; and a lateral separation between the first end and the second end is greater than 25 nanometers. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the recess includes a sidewall proximal to the drain contact, and the gate contact is in contact with a first section of the sidewall but not to a second section of the sidewall. 3. The device of claim 2, further comprising a gate dielectric layer between the gate contact and the sidewall of the recess. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the recess includes a sidewall proximal to the drain contact, and the sidewall includes a plurality of steps. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the second cap layer in the first region increases monotonically from the first end to the second end. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the recess includes a sidewall proximal to the drain contact, and the first region of the second III-N cap layer is directly below the sidewall of the recess. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the second III-N cap layer comprises alternating layers of GaN and AlGaN. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the second III-N cap layer comprises multiple layers of different III-N materials. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein the III-N channel layer comprises GaN. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the first III-N cap layer comprises AlGaN, AlGaInN, AlN or AlInN. 10. The device of claim 10, wherein the second III-N cap layer comprises GaN. 11. The device of claim 1, wherein the second III-N cap layer comprises GaN. 12. The device of claim 1, further comprising a cap layer including the first cap layer and the second cap layer, wherein the cap layer is etched to form a shape of the first region, the second region and the recess. 13. An electronic device, comprising:
a III-N material structure comprising a III-N channel layer over a III-N barrier layer and a III-N cap layer over the III-N channel layer, wherein a compositional difference between the III-N barrier layer and the III-N channel layer causes a 2DEG channel to be induced in the III-N channel layer; and a gate contact between a source and a drain contact, wherein the gate contact is over an N-face of the III-N material structure and is at least partially in a recess in the III-N cap layer; wherein the III-N material structure in a drain-side access region of the device includes a first region and a second region, wherein the first region has a first end in contact with the gate and directly adjacent to a bottom surface of the recess and a second end between the first end and the drain contact, and the second region is directly adjacent to the first region and is between the first region and the drain contact; a thickness of the III-N cap layer in the first region is everywhere less than a thickness of the III-N cap layer in the second region; and a charge density of the 2DEG channel in the first region is everywhere less than a charge density of the 2DEG channel in the second region. 14. The electronic device of claim 13, wherein the charge density of the 2DEG channel in the first region increases monotonically from a first charge density at the first end to a second charge density at the second end. 15. The electronic device of claim 14, wherein the second charge density is at least 1.1 times the first charge density. 16. The electronic device of claim 13, wherein the III-N cap layer is thicker in the second region than at the first end of the first region. 17. The electronic device of claim 13, further comprising a gate dielectric layer between the gate contact the first end of the first region. 18. The electronic device of claim 17, wherein the III-N material structure further comprises an AlGaN layer between the III-N channel layer and the III-N cap layer, and the gate dielectric layer is between the gate contact and the AlGaN layer. 19. The electronic device of claim 13, wherein the charge density of the 2DEG channel increases monotonically from the gate contact to the source contact. 20. A method of forming a III-N device, comprising:
providing a III-N material structure comprising a III-N channel layer over an N-face of a III-N barrier layer, wherein the III-N channel layer has a smaller bandgap than the III-N barrier layer; forming a first III-N cap layer over an N-face of the III-N material structure, and forming a second III-N cap layer over an N-face of the first III-N cap layer, wherein the second III-N cap layer has a smaller bandgap than the first III-N cap layer; forming a source contact and a drain contact to the III-N material structure; patterning a masking layer over the second III-N cap layer, the masking layer including an opening between the source contact and the drain contact; and etching the second III-N cap layer below the opening in the masking layer to form a recess therein; and depositing a gate contact at least partially in the recess; wherein the second cap layer includes a first region and a second region, wherein the first region has a first end in contact with the gate contact directly adjacent to a bottom surface of the recess and a second end between the first end and the drain contact, and the second region is directly adjacent to the first region and is between the first region and the drain contact; the thickness of the second III-N cap layer increases monotonically from the first end to the second end; and a lateral separation between the first end and the second end is at least 25 nanometers. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising forming a gate dielectric layer over a top surface of the second III-N cap layer in the recess, wherein the gate contact is deposited over the gate dielectric layer. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the first III-N cap layer comprises AlGaN and the second III-N cap layer comprises GaN. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the second III-N cap layer comprises alternating layers of GaN and AlGaN. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the recess includes a sidewall proximal to the drain contact, and the sidewall includes a plurality of steps. 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the first cap layer and the second cap layer form a cap layer, the method further comprising performing a timed etch of the cap layer so as to form a shape of the first region, the second region and the recess. | 2,100 |
342,002 | 16,802,376 | 2,174 | This application relates to the communications field, and discloses a subscribe and publish method and a server. A server receives a publish message sent by a publish client, and obtains an identifier of the publish client based on the received publish message. The server may search a subscribe tree based on a topic name in the publish message, to obtain an identifier of a subscribe client, obtain, based on the identifier of the subscribe client and a first mapping table, a first label corresponding to the identifier of the subscribe client, and obtain, based on the identifier of the publish client and the first mapping table, a second label corresponding to the identifier of the publish client. In this way, the server may match the obtained first label with the obtained second label, and send the publish message to the subscribe client. | 1. A subscribe and publish method comprising:
receiving, by a server, a publish message sent by a publish client, wherein the publish message comprises a topic name; obtaining, by the server, an identifier of the publish client based on the publish message; searching, by the server, a subscribe tree based on the topic name, to obtain an identifier of a subscribe client, wherein the subscribe tree is a topology structure comprising at least one topic filter, and the identifier of the subscribe client is an identifier corresponding to a topic filter that matches the topic name; obtaining, by the server based on the identifier of the subscribe client and a first mapping table, a first tag corresponding to the identifier of the subscribe client, wherein each entry of the first mapping table comprises an identifier of a client and a corresponding tag, and the tag is used to indicate at least one type of attribute information of the client corresponding to the tag; obtaining, by the server based on the identifier of the publish client and the first mapping table, a second tag corresponding to the identifier of the publish client; matching, by the server, the first tag with the second tag; and sending, by the server, the publish message to the subscribe client when the first tag matches the second tag. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the obtaining, by the server based on the identifier of the subscribe client and a first mapping table, a first tag corresponding to the identifier of the subscribe client comprises:
when the subscribe client supports tag matching, obtaining, by the server, the first tag based on the identifier of the subscribe client and the first mapping table. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein before the searching, by the server, a subscribe tree based on the topic name, to obtain an identifier of a subscribe client, the method further comprises:
receiving, by the server, a subscribe message sent by the subscribe client, wherein the subscribe message comprises at least one topic filter; and obtaining, by the server, the identifier of the subscribe client based on the subscribe message. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein each topic filter comprises a plurality of layers, each layer is a topic level, and each topic level is stored in a subtree of the subscribe tree, and the method further comprises:
when a first topic filter in the at least one topic filter of the subscribe message supports tag matching, associating, by the server, the first topic filter with the subscribe tree, and storing information about the subscribe client in a subtree that is in the subscribe tree and that stores a last topic level of the first topic filter, wherein the information about the subscribe client comprises the identifier of the subscribe client and indication information used to indicate that the subscribe client supports tag matching, and the first topic filter is one of the at least one topic filter of the subscribe message. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the subscribe message further comprises a first flag bit, the first flag bit comprises a first value or a second value, the first value is used to indicate that each of the at least one topic filter supports tag matching, and the second value is used to indicate that the at least one topic filter comprises at least one topic filter that does not support tag matching. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein:
when the first flag bit comprises the first value, determining, by the server, that the first topic filter supports tag matching. 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the subscribe message further comprises a second flag bit corresponding to each of the at least one topic filter, each second flag bit comprises a third value or a fourth value, the third value is used to indicate that a topic filter corresponding to the second flag bit supports tag matching, and the fourth value is used to indicate that the topic filter corresponding to the second flag bit does not support tag matching. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein:
when the first flag bit comprises the second value, and the second flag bit corresponding to the first topic filter comprises the third value, determining, by the server, that the first topic filter supports tag matching. 9. The method according to claim 4, wherein the method further comprises:
obtaining, by the server based on the identifier of the subscribe client, the first topic filter, a second mapping table, and identification information corresponding to the first topic filter, wherein each entry of the second mapping table comprises an identifier of a client, at least one topic filter corresponding to the identifier of the client, and identification information corresponding to each of the at least one topic filter, each piece of identification information comprising a fifth value or a sixth value, the fifth value is used to indicate that a topic filter corresponding to the identification information supports tag matching, and the sixth value is used to indicate that the topic filter corresponding to the identification information does not support tag matching; and when the identification information corresponding to the first topic filter comprises the fifth value, determining, by the server, that the first topic filter supports tag matching. 10. The method according to claim 4, wherein:
when the subtree that stores the identifier of the subscribe client further stores the indication information used to indicate that the subscribe client supports tag matching, determining, by the server, that the subscribe client supports tag matching. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the attribute information comprises an attribute name and an attribute value, and the matching, by the server, the first tag with the second tag comprises:
comparing, by the server, an attribute value of each type of attribute information comprised in the first tag with an attribute value of corresponding attribute information comprised in the second tag, and determining whether a preset logical relationship exists between the attribute value of each type of attribute information comprised in the first tag and the attribute value of the corresponding attribute information comprised in the second tag; and when the preset logical relationship exists between the attribute value of each type of attribute information comprised in the first tag and the attribute value of the corresponding attribute information comprised in the second tag, determining, by the server, that the first tag matches the second tag. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:
receiving, by the server, a second subscribe message sent by a second subscribe client, wherein the second subscribe message comprises at least one topic filter; obtaining, by the server, an identifier of the second subscribe client based on the second subscribe message; obtaining, by the server, a pre-stored persistence message, wherein the persistence message is a persistence publish message, and the persistence message comprises a topic name; searching, by the server, the subscribe tree based on the topic name comprised in the persistence message, to obtain the identifier that is of the second subscribe client and that is corresponding to a topic filter that matches the topic name in the persistence message; obtaining, by the server, an identifier of a second publish client based on the persistence message; obtaining, by the server based on the identifier of the second publish client and the first mapping table, a third tag corresponding to the identifier of the second publish client; obtaining, by the server based on the identifier of the second subscribe client and the first mapping table, a fourth tag corresponding to the identifier of the second subscribe client; matching, by the server, the third tag with the fourth tag; and sending, by the server, the persistence message to the second subscribe client when the third tag matches the fourth tag. 13. A server comprising:
a memory configured to store program instructions; and a processor configured to execute the program instructions to: receive a publish message sent by a publish client, wherein the publish message comprises a topic name; obtain an identifier of the publish client based on the publish message; search a subscribe tree based on the topic name, to obtain an identifier of a subscribe client, wherein the subscribe tree is a topology structure comprising at least one topic filter, and the identifier of the subscribe client is an identifier corresponding to a topic filter that matches the topic name; obtain, based on the identifier of the subscribe client and a first mapping table, a first tag corresponding to the identifier of the subscribe client, wherein each entry of the first mapping table comprises an identifier of a client and a corresponding tag, and the tag is used to indicate at least one type of attribute information of the client corresponding to the tag, and obtain, based on the identifier of the publish client and the first mapping table, a second tag corresponding to the identifier of the publish client; match the first tag with the second tag; and send the publish message to the subscribe client when the first tag matches the second tag. 14. The server according to claim 13, wherein the processor is configured to execute the program instructions to:
when the subscribe client supports tag matching, obtain the first tag based on the identifier of the subscribe client and the first mapping table. 15. The server according to claim 13, wherein the processor is configured to execute the program instructions to:
receive a subscribe message sent by the subscribe client, wherein the subscribe message comprises at least one topic filter; and obtain the identifier of the subscribe client based on the subscribe message. 16. The server according to claim 15, wherein each topic filter comprises a plurality of layers, each layer is a topic level, and each topic level is stored in a subtree of the subscribe tree, wherein the processor is configured to execute the program instructions to:
when a first topic filter in the at least one topic filter supports tag matching, associate the first topic filter with the subscribe tree, and store information about the subscribe client in a subtree that is in the subscribe tree and that stores a last topic level of the first topic filter, wherein the information about the subscribe client comprises the identifier of the subscribe client and indication information used to indicate that the subscribe client supports tag matching, and the first topic filter is one of the at least one topic filter. 17. The server according to claim 16, wherein the subscribe message further comprises a first flag bit, the first flag bit comprises a first value or a second value, the first value is used to indicate that each of the at least one topic filter supports tag matching, and the second value is used to indicate that the at least one topic filter comprises at least one topic filter that does not support tag matching. 18. The server according to claim 17, wherein the processor is configured to execute the program instructions to:
when the first flag bit comprises the first value, determine that the first topic filter supports tag matching. 19. The server according to claim 17, wherein the subscribe message further comprises a second flag bit corresponding to each of the at least one topic filter, each second flag bit comprises a third value or a fourth value, the third value is used to indicate that a topic filter corresponding to the second flag bit supports tag matching, and the fourth value is used to indicate that the topic filter corresponding to the second flag bit does not support tag matching. 20. The server according to claim 19, wherein the processor is configured to execute the program instructions to:
when the first flag bit comprises the second value, and the second flag bit corresponding to the first topic filter comprises the third value, determine that the first topic filter supports tag matching. | This application relates to the communications field, and discloses a subscribe and publish method and a server. A server receives a publish message sent by a publish client, and obtains an identifier of the publish client based on the received publish message. The server may search a subscribe tree based on a topic name in the publish message, to obtain an identifier of a subscribe client, obtain, based on the identifier of the subscribe client and a first mapping table, a first label corresponding to the identifier of the subscribe client, and obtain, based on the identifier of the publish client and the first mapping table, a second label corresponding to the identifier of the publish client. In this way, the server may match the obtained first label with the obtained second label, and send the publish message to the subscribe client.1. A subscribe and publish method comprising:
receiving, by a server, a publish message sent by a publish client, wherein the publish message comprises a topic name; obtaining, by the server, an identifier of the publish client based on the publish message; searching, by the server, a subscribe tree based on the topic name, to obtain an identifier of a subscribe client, wherein the subscribe tree is a topology structure comprising at least one topic filter, and the identifier of the subscribe client is an identifier corresponding to a topic filter that matches the topic name; obtaining, by the server based on the identifier of the subscribe client and a first mapping table, a first tag corresponding to the identifier of the subscribe client, wherein each entry of the first mapping table comprises an identifier of a client and a corresponding tag, and the tag is used to indicate at least one type of attribute information of the client corresponding to the tag; obtaining, by the server based on the identifier of the publish client and the first mapping table, a second tag corresponding to the identifier of the publish client; matching, by the server, the first tag with the second tag; and sending, by the server, the publish message to the subscribe client when the first tag matches the second tag. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the obtaining, by the server based on the identifier of the subscribe client and a first mapping table, a first tag corresponding to the identifier of the subscribe client comprises:
when the subscribe client supports tag matching, obtaining, by the server, the first tag based on the identifier of the subscribe client and the first mapping table. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein before the searching, by the server, a subscribe tree based on the topic name, to obtain an identifier of a subscribe client, the method further comprises:
receiving, by the server, a subscribe message sent by the subscribe client, wherein the subscribe message comprises at least one topic filter; and obtaining, by the server, the identifier of the subscribe client based on the subscribe message. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein each topic filter comprises a plurality of layers, each layer is a topic level, and each topic level is stored in a subtree of the subscribe tree, and the method further comprises:
when a first topic filter in the at least one topic filter of the subscribe message supports tag matching, associating, by the server, the first topic filter with the subscribe tree, and storing information about the subscribe client in a subtree that is in the subscribe tree and that stores a last topic level of the first topic filter, wherein the information about the subscribe client comprises the identifier of the subscribe client and indication information used to indicate that the subscribe client supports tag matching, and the first topic filter is one of the at least one topic filter of the subscribe message. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the subscribe message further comprises a first flag bit, the first flag bit comprises a first value or a second value, the first value is used to indicate that each of the at least one topic filter supports tag matching, and the second value is used to indicate that the at least one topic filter comprises at least one topic filter that does not support tag matching. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein:
when the first flag bit comprises the first value, determining, by the server, that the first topic filter supports tag matching. 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the subscribe message further comprises a second flag bit corresponding to each of the at least one topic filter, each second flag bit comprises a third value or a fourth value, the third value is used to indicate that a topic filter corresponding to the second flag bit supports tag matching, and the fourth value is used to indicate that the topic filter corresponding to the second flag bit does not support tag matching. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein:
when the first flag bit comprises the second value, and the second flag bit corresponding to the first topic filter comprises the third value, determining, by the server, that the first topic filter supports tag matching. 9. The method according to claim 4, wherein the method further comprises:
obtaining, by the server based on the identifier of the subscribe client, the first topic filter, a second mapping table, and identification information corresponding to the first topic filter, wherein each entry of the second mapping table comprises an identifier of a client, at least one topic filter corresponding to the identifier of the client, and identification information corresponding to each of the at least one topic filter, each piece of identification information comprising a fifth value or a sixth value, the fifth value is used to indicate that a topic filter corresponding to the identification information supports tag matching, and the sixth value is used to indicate that the topic filter corresponding to the identification information does not support tag matching; and when the identification information corresponding to the first topic filter comprises the fifth value, determining, by the server, that the first topic filter supports tag matching. 10. The method according to claim 4, wherein:
when the subtree that stores the identifier of the subscribe client further stores the indication information used to indicate that the subscribe client supports tag matching, determining, by the server, that the subscribe client supports tag matching. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the attribute information comprises an attribute name and an attribute value, and the matching, by the server, the first tag with the second tag comprises:
comparing, by the server, an attribute value of each type of attribute information comprised in the first tag with an attribute value of corresponding attribute information comprised in the second tag, and determining whether a preset logical relationship exists between the attribute value of each type of attribute information comprised in the first tag and the attribute value of the corresponding attribute information comprised in the second tag; and when the preset logical relationship exists between the attribute value of each type of attribute information comprised in the first tag and the attribute value of the corresponding attribute information comprised in the second tag, determining, by the server, that the first tag matches the second tag. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:
receiving, by the server, a second subscribe message sent by a second subscribe client, wherein the second subscribe message comprises at least one topic filter; obtaining, by the server, an identifier of the second subscribe client based on the second subscribe message; obtaining, by the server, a pre-stored persistence message, wherein the persistence message is a persistence publish message, and the persistence message comprises a topic name; searching, by the server, the subscribe tree based on the topic name comprised in the persistence message, to obtain the identifier that is of the second subscribe client and that is corresponding to a topic filter that matches the topic name in the persistence message; obtaining, by the server, an identifier of a second publish client based on the persistence message; obtaining, by the server based on the identifier of the second publish client and the first mapping table, a third tag corresponding to the identifier of the second publish client; obtaining, by the server based on the identifier of the second subscribe client and the first mapping table, a fourth tag corresponding to the identifier of the second subscribe client; matching, by the server, the third tag with the fourth tag; and sending, by the server, the persistence message to the second subscribe client when the third tag matches the fourth tag. 13. A server comprising:
a memory configured to store program instructions; and a processor configured to execute the program instructions to: receive a publish message sent by a publish client, wherein the publish message comprises a topic name; obtain an identifier of the publish client based on the publish message; search a subscribe tree based on the topic name, to obtain an identifier of a subscribe client, wherein the subscribe tree is a topology structure comprising at least one topic filter, and the identifier of the subscribe client is an identifier corresponding to a topic filter that matches the topic name; obtain, based on the identifier of the subscribe client and a first mapping table, a first tag corresponding to the identifier of the subscribe client, wherein each entry of the first mapping table comprises an identifier of a client and a corresponding tag, and the tag is used to indicate at least one type of attribute information of the client corresponding to the tag, and obtain, based on the identifier of the publish client and the first mapping table, a second tag corresponding to the identifier of the publish client; match the first tag with the second tag; and send the publish message to the subscribe client when the first tag matches the second tag. 14. The server according to claim 13, wherein the processor is configured to execute the program instructions to:
when the subscribe client supports tag matching, obtain the first tag based on the identifier of the subscribe client and the first mapping table. 15. The server according to claim 13, wherein the processor is configured to execute the program instructions to:
receive a subscribe message sent by the subscribe client, wherein the subscribe message comprises at least one topic filter; and obtain the identifier of the subscribe client based on the subscribe message. 16. The server according to claim 15, wherein each topic filter comprises a plurality of layers, each layer is a topic level, and each topic level is stored in a subtree of the subscribe tree, wherein the processor is configured to execute the program instructions to:
when a first topic filter in the at least one topic filter supports tag matching, associate the first topic filter with the subscribe tree, and store information about the subscribe client in a subtree that is in the subscribe tree and that stores a last topic level of the first topic filter, wherein the information about the subscribe client comprises the identifier of the subscribe client and indication information used to indicate that the subscribe client supports tag matching, and the first topic filter is one of the at least one topic filter. 17. The server according to claim 16, wherein the subscribe message further comprises a first flag bit, the first flag bit comprises a first value or a second value, the first value is used to indicate that each of the at least one topic filter supports tag matching, and the second value is used to indicate that the at least one topic filter comprises at least one topic filter that does not support tag matching. 18. The server according to claim 17, wherein the processor is configured to execute the program instructions to:
when the first flag bit comprises the first value, determine that the first topic filter supports tag matching. 19. The server according to claim 17, wherein the subscribe message further comprises a second flag bit corresponding to each of the at least one topic filter, each second flag bit comprises a third value or a fourth value, the third value is used to indicate that a topic filter corresponding to the second flag bit supports tag matching, and the fourth value is used to indicate that the topic filter corresponding to the second flag bit does not support tag matching. 20. The server according to claim 19, wherein the processor is configured to execute the program instructions to:
when the first flag bit comprises the second value, and the second flag bit corresponding to the first topic filter comprises the third value, determine that the first topic filter supports tag matching. | 2,100 |
342,003 | 16,802,357 | 2,174 | Embodiments of the apparatus for handling large protocol layers relate to an implementation that optimizes a field selection circuit. This implementation provides software like flexibility to a hardware parser engine in parsing packets. The implementation limits a size of each layer and splits any layer that exceeds that size into smaller layers. The parser engine extracts data from the split layers just as it would from a non-split layer and, then, concatenates the extracted data in a final result. | 1. A method of implementing a parser engine, the method comprising:
inputting a packet having header including one or more protocol layers with the parser engine; splitting each of the protocol layers of the header that has a size greater than a predetermined size into a plurality of layer subsections with the parser engine; and processing all of the subsections with the parser engine by extracting data from one or more of the subsections and forming a token based on the extracted data; and outputting the packet out of the parser engine after the subsections have been processed. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising separating the protocol layers of the packet and storing a layer type of each protocol layer of the packet in a first array and storing an offset of where each protocol layer of the packet ends in a second array. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein splitting each of the layers of the packet includes updating the first array and the second array based on the split. 4. (canceled) 5. The method of claim 1, wherein extracting data from one or more of the subsections includes applying at least one from a set of generic commands to the one or more of the subsections to thereby extract a field from the one or more of the subsections. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein each within the set of generic commands is agnostic of specific fields within the protocol layers. 7. (canceled) 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying a bit vector to results from the processing to form an input to a hash function. 9. A method of implementing a parser engine, the method comprising:
inputting a packet having a header including a plurality of protocol layers with the parser engine; splitting any of the protocol layers of the packet that has a size greater than a predetermined size into a first part and a second part with the parser engine; based on a determination that the second part has a size greater than the predetermine size, further splitting the second part with the parser engine; and processing all of the split layers with the parser engine by extracting data from one or more of the parts and forming a token based on the extracted data; and outputting the packet out of the parser engine after the parts have been processed. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising updating information regarding a layer type of each of the protocol layers and offsets where each of the layers end, wherein the information regarding the layer type is stored in a first array and the information regarding the offsets is stored in a second array. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein updating the information includes:
storing information regarding layer types of the first part and the second part in sequential elements of the first array; and storing information regarding offsets of the first part and the second part in sequential elements of the second array. 12. The method of claim 9, further comprising, prior to maintaining information, software defining the predetermined size. 13. The method of claim 9, further comprising, prior to processing, generalizing each of the split layers to a generic format. 14. (canceled) 15. A method of implementing a network switch, the method comprising:
inputting a packet having a header including a plurality of protocol layers; comparing each of the protocol layers with a programmable register to determine whether each one of the layers needs to be split; based on the determination that one of more of the layers needs to be split, splitting the one or more layers into layer subsections; processing the subsections by extracting data from each the subsections; forming a token based on the extracted data; and outputting the packet out of the network engine after the protocol layers have been processed. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising parsing the packet by:
identifying a layer type of each of the protocol layers in the packet; storing the layer type of each layer in a first array; identifying an offset of where each of the protocol layers end in the packet; and storing the offset of where each layer ends in a second array. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the programmable register includes:
a layerType field, which indicates which a corresponding entry matches; a splitLength field, which indicates an offset at which a corresponding layer should be split at; and a newLayerType field, which indicates a layer type value of a new split layer. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising programming the layerType field, the splitLength field and the newLayerType field via software. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising storing the first array and the second array in a memory of the network switch. 20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 15, further comprising applying a bit vector to results from logical AND operations, wherein each of the logical AND operations is applied on a bit mask and the extracted data from one of the protocol layers. 22. A network switch comprising:
an input port and an output port for receiving and transmitting packets each having a header including a plurality of protocol layers; and a parser engine for splitting any of the protocol layers that exceeds a predetermined size into a plurality of sublayers, extracting data from one or more of the sublayers, forming a token based on the extracted data and outputting the packet out of the parser engine after the sublayers have been processed. 23. The network switch of claim 22, wherein the predetermined size is software defined. 24. (canceled) 25. The network switch of claim 22, wherein the parser engine further:
applies a logical AND operation on a bit mask and the extracted data for each of the sublayers; and applies a bit vector to results from the logical AND operations to form an input of a hash function. 26. The network switch of claim 25, wherein an output of the hash function is a unique signature that identifies which of equal-cost multi-path routes the packet should take. 27. A parser engine comprising a circuit configured to:
input a packet having a header including one or more protocol layers; split one or more of the protocol layers of the packet that has a size greater than a predetermined size into a plurality of sublayers; process all of the sublayers by extracting data from one or more of the sublayers and forming a token based on the extracted data; and output the packet out of the parser engine after the sublayers have been processed. 28. The parser engine of claim 27, wherein information regarding a layer type of each of the protocol layers and an offset of where each of the protocol layers ends is maintained. 29. The parser engine of claim 28, wherein the information is updated after splitting the one or more of the protocol layers. 30. (canceled) 31. The parser engine of claim 27, wherein the circuit is also configured to apply a bit vector to results from the processing to form an input to a hash function. | Embodiments of the apparatus for handling large protocol layers relate to an implementation that optimizes a field selection circuit. This implementation provides software like flexibility to a hardware parser engine in parsing packets. The implementation limits a size of each layer and splits any layer that exceeds that size into smaller layers. The parser engine extracts data from the split layers just as it would from a non-split layer and, then, concatenates the extracted data in a final result.1. A method of implementing a parser engine, the method comprising:
inputting a packet having header including one or more protocol layers with the parser engine; splitting each of the protocol layers of the header that has a size greater than a predetermined size into a plurality of layer subsections with the parser engine; and processing all of the subsections with the parser engine by extracting data from one or more of the subsections and forming a token based on the extracted data; and outputting the packet out of the parser engine after the subsections have been processed. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising separating the protocol layers of the packet and storing a layer type of each protocol layer of the packet in a first array and storing an offset of where each protocol layer of the packet ends in a second array. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein splitting each of the layers of the packet includes updating the first array and the second array based on the split. 4. (canceled) 5. The method of claim 1, wherein extracting data from one or more of the subsections includes applying at least one from a set of generic commands to the one or more of the subsections to thereby extract a field from the one or more of the subsections. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein each within the set of generic commands is agnostic of specific fields within the protocol layers. 7. (canceled) 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying a bit vector to results from the processing to form an input to a hash function. 9. A method of implementing a parser engine, the method comprising:
inputting a packet having a header including a plurality of protocol layers with the parser engine; splitting any of the protocol layers of the packet that has a size greater than a predetermined size into a first part and a second part with the parser engine; based on a determination that the second part has a size greater than the predetermine size, further splitting the second part with the parser engine; and processing all of the split layers with the parser engine by extracting data from one or more of the parts and forming a token based on the extracted data; and outputting the packet out of the parser engine after the parts have been processed. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising updating information regarding a layer type of each of the protocol layers and offsets where each of the layers end, wherein the information regarding the layer type is stored in a first array and the information regarding the offsets is stored in a second array. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein updating the information includes:
storing information regarding layer types of the first part and the second part in sequential elements of the first array; and storing information regarding offsets of the first part and the second part in sequential elements of the second array. 12. The method of claim 9, further comprising, prior to maintaining information, software defining the predetermined size. 13. The method of claim 9, further comprising, prior to processing, generalizing each of the split layers to a generic format. 14. (canceled) 15. A method of implementing a network switch, the method comprising:
inputting a packet having a header including a plurality of protocol layers; comparing each of the protocol layers with a programmable register to determine whether each one of the layers needs to be split; based on the determination that one of more of the layers needs to be split, splitting the one or more layers into layer subsections; processing the subsections by extracting data from each the subsections; forming a token based on the extracted data; and outputting the packet out of the network engine after the protocol layers have been processed. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising parsing the packet by:
identifying a layer type of each of the protocol layers in the packet; storing the layer type of each layer in a first array; identifying an offset of where each of the protocol layers end in the packet; and storing the offset of where each layer ends in a second array. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the programmable register includes:
a layerType field, which indicates which a corresponding entry matches; a splitLength field, which indicates an offset at which a corresponding layer should be split at; and a newLayerType field, which indicates a layer type value of a new split layer. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising programming the layerType field, the splitLength field and the newLayerType field via software. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising storing the first array and the second array in a memory of the network switch. 20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 15, further comprising applying a bit vector to results from logical AND operations, wherein each of the logical AND operations is applied on a bit mask and the extracted data from one of the protocol layers. 22. A network switch comprising:
an input port and an output port for receiving and transmitting packets each having a header including a plurality of protocol layers; and a parser engine for splitting any of the protocol layers that exceeds a predetermined size into a plurality of sublayers, extracting data from one or more of the sublayers, forming a token based on the extracted data and outputting the packet out of the parser engine after the sublayers have been processed. 23. The network switch of claim 22, wherein the predetermined size is software defined. 24. (canceled) 25. The network switch of claim 22, wherein the parser engine further:
applies a logical AND operation on a bit mask and the extracted data for each of the sublayers; and applies a bit vector to results from the logical AND operations to form an input of a hash function. 26. The network switch of claim 25, wherein an output of the hash function is a unique signature that identifies which of equal-cost multi-path routes the packet should take. 27. A parser engine comprising a circuit configured to:
input a packet having a header including one or more protocol layers; split one or more of the protocol layers of the packet that has a size greater than a predetermined size into a plurality of sublayers; process all of the sublayers by extracting data from one or more of the sublayers and forming a token based on the extracted data; and output the packet out of the parser engine after the sublayers have been processed. 28. The parser engine of claim 27, wherein information regarding a layer type of each of the protocol layers and an offset of where each of the protocol layers ends is maintained. 29. The parser engine of claim 28, wherein the information is updated after splitting the one or more of the protocol layers. 30. (canceled) 31. The parser engine of claim 27, wherein the circuit is also configured to apply a bit vector to results from the processing to form an input to a hash function. | 2,100 |
342,004 | 16,802,387 | 2,174 | A data processing system may include a memory apparatus and a controller configured to control the memory apparatus. The memory apparatus includes a plurality of pages and is accessible in units of the pages. The controller may include a mode control component configured to generate an activation mode control signal for setting the memory apparatus in a partial page activation mode based on a type of a processing task requested by a host and address information requested to be accessed, and wherein less than all of a page of the memory apparatus being accessed is activated when the memory apparatus is in the partial page activation mode. | 1. A data processing system comprising:
a memory apparatus including a plurality of pages and accessible in units of the pages; and a controller configured to control the memory apparatus, wherein the controller comprises:
a mode control component configured to generate an activation mode control signal for setting the memory apparatus in a partial page activation mode based on a type of a processing task requested by a host and address information requested to be accessed, and
wherein less than all of a page of the memory apparatus being accessed is activated when the memory apparatus is in the partial page activation mode. 2. The data processing system according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of pages includes a plurality of memory cells connected between a word line and a bit line. 3. The data processing system according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of pages includes a plurality of sub-pages,
the address information includes information on a sub-page to be accessed, and the controller is configured to transmit, to the memory apparatus, a partial page activation mode enable signal and information on a sub-page to be activated in response to the activation mode control signal. 4. The data processing system according to claim 3,
wherein the controller is configured to put the partial page activation mode enable signal into a mode setting command and transmit the mode setting command to the memory apparatus, and wherein the memory apparatus is configured to set a mode register set (MRS) according to the partial page activation mode enable signal. 5. The data processing system according to claim 3, wherein the controller is configured to transmit, to the memory apparatus, the information on the sub-page to be activated by using an operation control signal. 6. The data processing system according to claim 5, wherein the operation control signal includes an active command. 7. The data processing system according to claim 3, wherein the controller is configured to transmit, to the memory apparatus, the partial page activation mode enable signal and the information on the sub-page to be activated by using an operation control signal. 8. The data processing system according to claim 7, wherein the operation control signal includes an active command. 9. A data processing system comprising:
a memory apparatus including a plurality of pages and accessible in units of the pages; and a controller configured to control the memory apparatus, wherein the controller comprises: a mode control component configured to control, in response to a request of a host for processing an application offloaded and requested to be processed by the host and address information requested to be accessed, the memory apparatus to activate only a sub-page of a page of the memory apparatus being accessed; and an accelerator configured to process the application according to data read from the activated sub-page so as to execute the application and to store a processing result in the activated sub-page. 10. The data processing system according to claim 9, wherein each of the plurality of pages respectively includes a plurality of sub-pages,
the address information includes information on a sub-page to be accessed, and the controller is configured to transmit, to the memory apparatus, the information on the sub-page to be activated by using an operation control signal. 11. An method of operating a data processing system including a memory apparatus including a plurality of pages and accessible in units of the pages and a controller configured to control the memory apparatus, the method comprising:
transmitting, by the controller and to the memory apparatus, an activation mode control signal for activating a partial page activation mode of the memory apparatus based on a type of a processing task requested by a host and address information requested to be accessed; and activating, by the memory apparatus, only a sub-page of a page of the memory apparatus being accessed when the memory apparatus is in the partial page activation mode. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein each of the plurality of pages includes a plurality of sub-pages and the address information includes information on a sub-page to be accessed, and transmitting the activation mode control signal further comprises:
transmitting a partial page activation mode enable signal to the memory apparatus; and transmitting information on a sub-page to be activated to the memory apparatus. 13. The method according to claim 12,
wherein transmitting the partial page activation mode enable signal further comprises including the partial page activation mode enable signal into a mode setting command and transmitting the mode setting command to the memory apparatus; and wherein the method further comprises setting, by the memory apparatus, a mode register set (MRS) according to the partial page activation mode enable signal. 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the partial page activation mode enable signal is transmitted using an operation control signal. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the operation control signal includes an active command. 16. The method according to claim 12, wherein the partial page activation mode enable signal and the information on the sub-page to be activated are transmitted using an operation control signal. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the operation control signal includes an active command. | A data processing system may include a memory apparatus and a controller configured to control the memory apparatus. The memory apparatus includes a plurality of pages and is accessible in units of the pages. The controller may include a mode control component configured to generate an activation mode control signal for setting the memory apparatus in a partial page activation mode based on a type of a processing task requested by a host and address information requested to be accessed, and wherein less than all of a page of the memory apparatus being accessed is activated when the memory apparatus is in the partial page activation mode.1. A data processing system comprising:
a memory apparatus including a plurality of pages and accessible in units of the pages; and a controller configured to control the memory apparatus, wherein the controller comprises:
a mode control component configured to generate an activation mode control signal for setting the memory apparatus in a partial page activation mode based on a type of a processing task requested by a host and address information requested to be accessed, and
wherein less than all of a page of the memory apparatus being accessed is activated when the memory apparatus is in the partial page activation mode. 2. The data processing system according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of pages includes a plurality of memory cells connected between a word line and a bit line. 3. The data processing system according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of pages includes a plurality of sub-pages,
the address information includes information on a sub-page to be accessed, and the controller is configured to transmit, to the memory apparatus, a partial page activation mode enable signal and information on a sub-page to be activated in response to the activation mode control signal. 4. The data processing system according to claim 3,
wherein the controller is configured to put the partial page activation mode enable signal into a mode setting command and transmit the mode setting command to the memory apparatus, and wherein the memory apparatus is configured to set a mode register set (MRS) according to the partial page activation mode enable signal. 5. The data processing system according to claim 3, wherein the controller is configured to transmit, to the memory apparatus, the information on the sub-page to be activated by using an operation control signal. 6. The data processing system according to claim 5, wherein the operation control signal includes an active command. 7. The data processing system according to claim 3, wherein the controller is configured to transmit, to the memory apparatus, the partial page activation mode enable signal and the information on the sub-page to be activated by using an operation control signal. 8. The data processing system according to claim 7, wherein the operation control signal includes an active command. 9. A data processing system comprising:
a memory apparatus including a plurality of pages and accessible in units of the pages; and a controller configured to control the memory apparatus, wherein the controller comprises: a mode control component configured to control, in response to a request of a host for processing an application offloaded and requested to be processed by the host and address information requested to be accessed, the memory apparatus to activate only a sub-page of a page of the memory apparatus being accessed; and an accelerator configured to process the application according to data read from the activated sub-page so as to execute the application and to store a processing result in the activated sub-page. 10. The data processing system according to claim 9, wherein each of the plurality of pages respectively includes a plurality of sub-pages,
the address information includes information on a sub-page to be accessed, and the controller is configured to transmit, to the memory apparatus, the information on the sub-page to be activated by using an operation control signal. 11. An method of operating a data processing system including a memory apparatus including a plurality of pages and accessible in units of the pages and a controller configured to control the memory apparatus, the method comprising:
transmitting, by the controller and to the memory apparatus, an activation mode control signal for activating a partial page activation mode of the memory apparatus based on a type of a processing task requested by a host and address information requested to be accessed; and activating, by the memory apparatus, only a sub-page of a page of the memory apparatus being accessed when the memory apparatus is in the partial page activation mode. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein each of the plurality of pages includes a plurality of sub-pages and the address information includes information on a sub-page to be accessed, and transmitting the activation mode control signal further comprises:
transmitting a partial page activation mode enable signal to the memory apparatus; and transmitting information on a sub-page to be activated to the memory apparatus. 13. The method according to claim 12,
wherein transmitting the partial page activation mode enable signal further comprises including the partial page activation mode enable signal into a mode setting command and transmitting the mode setting command to the memory apparatus; and wherein the method further comprises setting, by the memory apparatus, a mode register set (MRS) according to the partial page activation mode enable signal. 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the partial page activation mode enable signal is transmitted using an operation control signal. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the operation control signal includes an active command. 16. The method according to claim 12, wherein the partial page activation mode enable signal and the information on the sub-page to be activated are transmitted using an operation control signal. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the operation control signal includes an active command. | 2,100 |
342,005 | 16,802,349 | 2,174 | An electronic device may be provided with a display. The display may be a variable frame rate display capable of adaptively adjusting a frame rate at which display frames are displayed in response to information associated with the current state of operation of the device. The information may be gathered using control circuitry in the electronic device. The control circuitry may gather the information for adjusting the frame rate by monitoring the electronic device power supply configuration, other device components, the type of content to be displayed, and user-input signals. The control circuitry may adjust the frame rate based on the gathered information by increasing or decreasing the frame rate. The control circuitry may be formed as a portion of display control circuitry for the device such as a display driver integrated circuit or may be formed as a portion of storage and processing circuitry external to the display. | 1. An electronic device, comprising:
imaging circuitry configured to capture a scene; a variable display frame rate display configured to operate in a variable display frame rate display operating mode displaying content using a display frame rate; and control circuitry configured to:
detect that augmented-reality content is to be displayed on the variable display frame rate display overlaying the scene; and
in response to the detection that the augmented-reality content is to be displayed, change the display frame rate. 2. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the detection that augmented-reality content is to be displayed comprises detecting operation of the imaging circuitry. 3. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the detection that the augmented-reality content is to be displayed comprises detecting execution of an augmented-reality software application. 4. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the control circuitry is configured to alter the display frame rate of the variable display frame rate display in response to detecting whether display content is static content or dynamic content when the variable display frame rate display is operating in the variable display frame rate display operating mode. 5. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein changing the display frame rate comprises increasing the display frame rate for only a portion of the variable display frame rate display corresponding to the augmented-reality content. 6. The electronic device of claim 1, comprising an input device, wherein the control circuitry is configured to:
cause the variable display frame rate display to request a choice between the variable display frame rate display operating mode and a fixed display frame rate operating mode; and obtain a selection using the input device, wherein adjusting the variable display frame rate is based at least in part on the selection. 7. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the control circuitry is configured to adjust the display frame rate based at least in part on detected movement of the imaging circuitry. 8. A system, comprising:
a display having an array of display pixels; and control circuitry configured to monitor operation of at least a portion of the system including:
determining that augmented-reality content is to be displayed on the display based at least in part on an augmented-reality software application running on the system; and
in response to the determination that the augmented-reality content is to be displayed on the display, changing a display frame rate of the display. 9. The system of claim 8, comprising a frame buffer configured to store display data to be displayed on the display, wherein the control circuitry is configured to monitor the display data in the frame buffer in a display content monitoring mode that enables the display frame rate to be reduced, wherein changing the display frame rate of the display comprises increasing the display frame rate from the reduced display frame rate. 10. The system of claim 8, comprising a frame buffer configured to store display data to be displayed on the display, wherein the control circuitry is configured to monitor activity in the frame buffer and to adjust the display frame rate based at least in part on the monitored frame buffer activity when the control circuitry is in a display content monitoring mode. 11. The system of claim 10, comprising imaging circuitry configured to capture the display data, wherein the monitored frame buffer activity is indicative of movement of the imaging circuitry. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein the control circuitry is configured to receive a user input to initiate a display content monitoring mode, and the control circuitry is configured to reduce the display frame rate based at least in part on the user input, changing the display frame rate comprises increasing the display frame rate. 13. The system of claim 12, comprising touch-sensor electrodes in the display, wherein the control circuitry is configured to receive the user input using the touch-sensor electrodes. 14. A method of controlling a display having an array of display pixels and display driver circuitry configured to display content on the array of display pixels at a display frame rate, comprising:
with control circuitry:
initiating a frame buffer monitor mode for the display, wherein the control circuitry is configured to monitor a frame buffer for the display during the frame buffer monitor mode;
during the frame buffer monitor mode, determining whether a rate of refreshing the frame buffer has decreased;
in response to determining that the rate of refreshing the frame buffer has decreased, reducing a display frame rate;
receiving an indication that augmented-reality display content is to be displayed on the display; and
based at least in part on the indication, increasing the display frame rate to greater than the reduced display frame rate. 15. The method of claim 14, comprising, with the control circuitry, using a first portion of the frame buffer to utilize the display with the reduced display frame rate. 16. The method of claim 15, comprising, with the control circuitry, in response to reducing the display frame rate, disabling circuitry in the display corresponding to a second portion of the frame buffer. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein increasing the display frame rate comprises enabling at least a portion of the disabled circuitry in the display. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein determining whether the rate of refreshing the frame buffer has decreased comprises detecting a lack of a frame buffer update. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein reducing the display frame rate comprises increasing a horizontal blanking interval between portions of display frames. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein reducing the display frame rate comprises increasing a vertical blanking interval between portions of display frames. | An electronic device may be provided with a display. The display may be a variable frame rate display capable of adaptively adjusting a frame rate at which display frames are displayed in response to information associated with the current state of operation of the device. The information may be gathered using control circuitry in the electronic device. The control circuitry may gather the information for adjusting the frame rate by monitoring the electronic device power supply configuration, other device components, the type of content to be displayed, and user-input signals. The control circuitry may adjust the frame rate based on the gathered information by increasing or decreasing the frame rate. The control circuitry may be formed as a portion of display control circuitry for the device such as a display driver integrated circuit or may be formed as a portion of storage and processing circuitry external to the display.1. An electronic device, comprising:
imaging circuitry configured to capture a scene; a variable display frame rate display configured to operate in a variable display frame rate display operating mode displaying content using a display frame rate; and control circuitry configured to:
detect that augmented-reality content is to be displayed on the variable display frame rate display overlaying the scene; and
in response to the detection that the augmented-reality content is to be displayed, change the display frame rate. 2. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the detection that augmented-reality content is to be displayed comprises detecting operation of the imaging circuitry. 3. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the detection that the augmented-reality content is to be displayed comprises detecting execution of an augmented-reality software application. 4. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the control circuitry is configured to alter the display frame rate of the variable display frame rate display in response to detecting whether display content is static content or dynamic content when the variable display frame rate display is operating in the variable display frame rate display operating mode. 5. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein changing the display frame rate comprises increasing the display frame rate for only a portion of the variable display frame rate display corresponding to the augmented-reality content. 6. The electronic device of claim 1, comprising an input device, wherein the control circuitry is configured to:
cause the variable display frame rate display to request a choice between the variable display frame rate display operating mode and a fixed display frame rate operating mode; and obtain a selection using the input device, wherein adjusting the variable display frame rate is based at least in part on the selection. 7. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the control circuitry is configured to adjust the display frame rate based at least in part on detected movement of the imaging circuitry. 8. A system, comprising:
a display having an array of display pixels; and control circuitry configured to monitor operation of at least a portion of the system including:
determining that augmented-reality content is to be displayed on the display based at least in part on an augmented-reality software application running on the system; and
in response to the determination that the augmented-reality content is to be displayed on the display, changing a display frame rate of the display. 9. The system of claim 8, comprising a frame buffer configured to store display data to be displayed on the display, wherein the control circuitry is configured to monitor the display data in the frame buffer in a display content monitoring mode that enables the display frame rate to be reduced, wherein changing the display frame rate of the display comprises increasing the display frame rate from the reduced display frame rate. 10. The system of claim 8, comprising a frame buffer configured to store display data to be displayed on the display, wherein the control circuitry is configured to monitor activity in the frame buffer and to adjust the display frame rate based at least in part on the monitored frame buffer activity when the control circuitry is in a display content monitoring mode. 11. The system of claim 10, comprising imaging circuitry configured to capture the display data, wherein the monitored frame buffer activity is indicative of movement of the imaging circuitry. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein the control circuitry is configured to receive a user input to initiate a display content monitoring mode, and the control circuitry is configured to reduce the display frame rate based at least in part on the user input, changing the display frame rate comprises increasing the display frame rate. 13. The system of claim 12, comprising touch-sensor electrodes in the display, wherein the control circuitry is configured to receive the user input using the touch-sensor electrodes. 14. A method of controlling a display having an array of display pixels and display driver circuitry configured to display content on the array of display pixels at a display frame rate, comprising:
with control circuitry:
initiating a frame buffer monitor mode for the display, wherein the control circuitry is configured to monitor a frame buffer for the display during the frame buffer monitor mode;
during the frame buffer monitor mode, determining whether a rate of refreshing the frame buffer has decreased;
in response to determining that the rate of refreshing the frame buffer has decreased, reducing a display frame rate;
receiving an indication that augmented-reality display content is to be displayed on the display; and
based at least in part on the indication, increasing the display frame rate to greater than the reduced display frame rate. 15. The method of claim 14, comprising, with the control circuitry, using a first portion of the frame buffer to utilize the display with the reduced display frame rate. 16. The method of claim 15, comprising, with the control circuitry, in response to reducing the display frame rate, disabling circuitry in the display corresponding to a second portion of the frame buffer. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein increasing the display frame rate comprises enabling at least a portion of the disabled circuitry in the display. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein determining whether the rate of refreshing the frame buffer has decreased comprises detecting a lack of a frame buffer update. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein reducing the display frame rate comprises increasing a horizontal blanking interval between portions of display frames. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein reducing the display frame rate comprises increasing a vertical blanking interval between portions of display frames. | 2,100 |
342,006 | 16,802,360 | 2,174 | A motor vehicle light assembly includes a housing; a light source disposed in the housing, and a light-transmissive lens operably attached to the housing. A heater member is disposed between the housing and the light-transmissive lens. The heater member is configured to radiate heat emitted from the light source, with the heater member being routed to direct the radiated heat onto the light-transmissive lens to regulate the temperature of the light-transmissive lens to inhibit fogging, frosting and icing of the light-transmissive lens. | 1. A motor vehicle light assembly, comprising:
a housing; a light source disposed in said housing; a light-transmissive lens operably attached to said housing to allow light emitted from said light source to pass through said light-transmissive lens, said light-transmissive lens having an inner surface facing toward the light source and an outer surface facing away from said light source; and a heater member disposed in said housing, said heater member being routed to radiate heat emitted from said light source onto said light-transmissive lens to regulate the temperature of said inner surface of said light-transmissive lens. 2. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 1, wherein said heater member has a tubular wall bounding a cavity. 3. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 2, further including a fluid sealed within said cavity. 4. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 2, further including a valve operably coupled to said heater member, said valve being selectively moveable between an open state, whereat heat is free to flow into said cavity of said heater member, and a closed state, whereat heat is inhibited from flowing into said cavity of said heater member. 5. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 4, further including a controller configured in operable communication with said valve to move said valve between said open state and said closed state. 6. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 5, further including a temperature sensor configured in operable communication with said controller, wherein said controller is configured to move said valve between said open state and said closed state in response to an environmental temperature sensed by said temperature sensor. 7. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 4, further including a vent member configured to carry heat emitted from said light source to an external environment outside said housing when said valve is in said closed state. 8. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 1, wherein said heater member includes an elongate member having a plurality of radiator fins extending radially outwardly therefrom. 9. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 8, wherein said housing has a plurality of apertures configured to register in alignment with said plurality of radiator fins to conceal said elongate member and to allow the radiated heat to flow through said plurality of apertures onto predetermined regions of said light-transmissive lens. 10. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 8, wherein said plurality of radiator fins are configured in discrete groups spaced from one another. 11. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 10, wherein at least some of said discrete groups include a plurality of said radiator fins spaced from one another by a first distance, adjacent ones of said discrete groups being spaced from one another by a second distance greater than said first distance. 12. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 8, wherein said elongate member is formed of a first type of material and said plurality of radiator fins are formed of a second type of material, wherein said first type of material and said second type of material are different. 13. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 1, wherein said light source is a LED light source mounted on a printed circuit board, said printed circuit board being mounted to a support member, and said heater member being mounted to at least one of said LED light source, said printed circuit board and said support member. 14. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 13, further including a mount adaptor fixed to at least one of said printed circuit board and said support member, said heater member being fixed to said mount adaptor, wherein said mount adaptor is a thermally conductive metal material. 15. A method of inhibiting fogging, frosting and/or icing of a light-transmissive lens of a motor vehicle light assembly, comprising:
routing a heater member within a housing of the motor vehicle light assembly and configuring a first end portion of the heater member to be in close proximity with a light source of the motor vehicle light assembly and a second end portion of the heater member to be in close proximity with a light-transmissive lens of the motor vehicle light assembly to promote the transfer of radiant heat from the light source to the light-transmissive lens. 16. The method of claim 15, further including providing radiator fins extending radially outwardly from an outer surface of the heater member. 17. The method of claim 15, further including operably coupling a valve to the heater member and configuring the valve to be selectively moveable between an open state, whereat heat is free to flow through the heater member to the light-transmissive lens, and a closed state, whereat heat is inhibited from flowing through the heater member to the light-transmissive lens. 18. The method of claim 17, further including configuring a vent member to carry heat emitted from the light source to an external environment outside the housing when the valve is in the closed state. 19. The method of claim 17, further including configuring a controller in operable communication with the valve to move the valve between the open state and the closed state. 20. A motor vehicle electronic module, comprising:
a housing; an electronic device as a source of heat disposed in said housing; and a heat pipe thermally coupled with said electronic device, said heater member being routed to radiate heat emitted from said electronic device to an exterior of said housing, wherein the housing is sealed against ingress of external environmental elements. | A motor vehicle light assembly includes a housing; a light source disposed in the housing, and a light-transmissive lens operably attached to the housing. A heater member is disposed between the housing and the light-transmissive lens. The heater member is configured to radiate heat emitted from the light source, with the heater member being routed to direct the radiated heat onto the light-transmissive lens to regulate the temperature of the light-transmissive lens to inhibit fogging, frosting and icing of the light-transmissive lens.1. A motor vehicle light assembly, comprising:
a housing; a light source disposed in said housing; a light-transmissive lens operably attached to said housing to allow light emitted from said light source to pass through said light-transmissive lens, said light-transmissive lens having an inner surface facing toward the light source and an outer surface facing away from said light source; and a heater member disposed in said housing, said heater member being routed to radiate heat emitted from said light source onto said light-transmissive lens to regulate the temperature of said inner surface of said light-transmissive lens. 2. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 1, wherein said heater member has a tubular wall bounding a cavity. 3. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 2, further including a fluid sealed within said cavity. 4. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 2, further including a valve operably coupled to said heater member, said valve being selectively moveable between an open state, whereat heat is free to flow into said cavity of said heater member, and a closed state, whereat heat is inhibited from flowing into said cavity of said heater member. 5. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 4, further including a controller configured in operable communication with said valve to move said valve between said open state and said closed state. 6. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 5, further including a temperature sensor configured in operable communication with said controller, wherein said controller is configured to move said valve between said open state and said closed state in response to an environmental temperature sensed by said temperature sensor. 7. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 4, further including a vent member configured to carry heat emitted from said light source to an external environment outside said housing when said valve is in said closed state. 8. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 1, wherein said heater member includes an elongate member having a plurality of radiator fins extending radially outwardly therefrom. 9. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 8, wherein said housing has a plurality of apertures configured to register in alignment with said plurality of radiator fins to conceal said elongate member and to allow the radiated heat to flow through said plurality of apertures onto predetermined regions of said light-transmissive lens. 10. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 8, wherein said plurality of radiator fins are configured in discrete groups spaced from one another. 11. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 10, wherein at least some of said discrete groups include a plurality of said radiator fins spaced from one another by a first distance, adjacent ones of said discrete groups being spaced from one another by a second distance greater than said first distance. 12. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 8, wherein said elongate member is formed of a first type of material and said plurality of radiator fins are formed of a second type of material, wherein said first type of material and said second type of material are different. 13. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 1, wherein said light source is a LED light source mounted on a printed circuit board, said printed circuit board being mounted to a support member, and said heater member being mounted to at least one of said LED light source, said printed circuit board and said support member. 14. The motor vehicle light assembly of claim 13, further including a mount adaptor fixed to at least one of said printed circuit board and said support member, said heater member being fixed to said mount adaptor, wherein said mount adaptor is a thermally conductive metal material. 15. A method of inhibiting fogging, frosting and/or icing of a light-transmissive lens of a motor vehicle light assembly, comprising:
routing a heater member within a housing of the motor vehicle light assembly and configuring a first end portion of the heater member to be in close proximity with a light source of the motor vehicle light assembly and a second end portion of the heater member to be in close proximity with a light-transmissive lens of the motor vehicle light assembly to promote the transfer of radiant heat from the light source to the light-transmissive lens. 16. The method of claim 15, further including providing radiator fins extending radially outwardly from an outer surface of the heater member. 17. The method of claim 15, further including operably coupling a valve to the heater member and configuring the valve to be selectively moveable between an open state, whereat heat is free to flow through the heater member to the light-transmissive lens, and a closed state, whereat heat is inhibited from flowing through the heater member to the light-transmissive lens. 18. The method of claim 17, further including configuring a vent member to carry heat emitted from the light source to an external environment outside the housing when the valve is in the closed state. 19. The method of claim 17, further including configuring a controller in operable communication with the valve to move the valve between the open state and the closed state. 20. A motor vehicle electronic module, comprising:
a housing; an electronic device as a source of heat disposed in said housing; and a heat pipe thermally coupled with said electronic device, said heater member being routed to radiate heat emitted from said electronic device to an exterior of said housing, wherein the housing is sealed against ingress of external environmental elements. | 2,100 |
342,007 | 16,802,342 | 2,174 | A method includes defining a first specification for a first network slice, determining a first equilibrium value for a first time period for the first network slice offering, receiving a first bid price for the first network slice for the first time period from a first customer, comparing the first equilibrium value to the first bid price; and providing services using the network slice to the customer during the time period in accordance with the first specification and the bid price if the bid price meets or exceeds the equilibrium value. | 1. A method comprising:
defining a first specification for a first network slice; determining a first equilibrium value for a first time period for the first network slice; receiving a first bid price for the first network slice for the first time period from a first customer; comparing the first equilibrium value to the first bid price; and providing services using the network slice to the customer during the time period in accordance with the first specification and the bid price if the bid price meets or exceeds the equilibrium value. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the first specification includes a network topology and performance requirements. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the equilibrium value is calculated based on the minimum cost to provide the service using the network slice. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the equilibrium value is calculated based on a location that the network slice will be instantiated. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the equilibrium value is based on market supply and demand in a particular location and for the first time period. 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising: determining a second equilibrium value for a second time period for the first network slice; receiving a second bid price for the second time period for the first network slice, comparing the second equilibrium value and the second bid price, and providing service using the network slice to the customer if the second bid price meets or exceeds the second equilibrium value. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the first bid price is calculated based on a historical price for the network slice for a similar time period. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the first bid price is calculated by a machine learning algorithm. 9. A method comprising:
defining a first specification for a first network slice: analyzing historical pricing for the first network slice; generating a first bid price for the first network slice for a first time period; if the first bid price is accepted, receiving the service using the first network slice in accordance with the first specification. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the first bid is accepted if the first bid meets or exceeds an equilibrium value. 11. The method of claim 9 wherein if the first bid is not accepted, then increasing the first bid to a second bid and receiving service using the network slice in accordance with the first specification if the second bid price is accepted. 12. The method of claim 9 wherein the analyzing step comprises a machine learning algorithm to determine a target equilibrium value and the first bid price is set equal to or greater than the target equilibrium value. 13. A system comprising:
a software defined network (SDN) controller; a software defined network managed by the SDN controller and wherein the software defined network has a first virtual network function (VNF) topology, a second VNF topology and a third VNF topology and wherein each of the first VNF topology, the second VNF topology and the third VNF topology has a set of performance requirements associated therewith; an input-output interface; a processor coupled to the input-output interface wherein the processor is further coupled to a memory, the memory having stored thereon executable instructions that when executed by the processor cause the processor to effectuate operations comprising: defining a network slice specification using at least one of the first VNF topology, the second VNF topology or the third VNF technology and the associated performance requirements; determining a first equilibrium value for a network slice configured in accordance with the network slice specification; receiving a first bid price for the network slice; comparing the first bid price to the equilibrium value; and providing service using the network slice in accordance with the network slice specification based on the comparing step. 14. The system of claim 13 wherein the first VNF topology comprises an access cloud architecture and includes an SDN radio receiving unit in communication with a base station, an SDN access evolved packet core (EPC), and a first transport layer between the SDN radio receiving unit and the SDN access EPC. 15. The system of claim 14 wherein the second VNF topology comprises an edge cloud architecture and includes an edge SDN EPC and there is a second transport layer between the first VNF topology and the second VNF topology. 16. The system of claim 15 wherein. the third VNF topology comprises a core cloud architecture and includes a core SDN EPC and there is a third transport layer between the second VNF topology and the third VNF topology. 17. The system of claim 13 wherein the operations further comprise determining a second equilibrium value for a second time period for the network slice, receiving a second bid price for the second time period for the first network slice, comparing the second equilibrium value and the second bid price, and providing the network slice to the customer if the second bid price meets or exceeds the second equilibrium value. 18. The system of claim 17 further comprising an historical database accessible by the customer and the first bid price is calculated using data from the historical database. 19. The system of claim 18 wherein the first bid price is calculated using a machine learning algorithm. 20. The system of claim 19 wherein the machine learning algorithm comprises linear regression analysis. | A method includes defining a first specification for a first network slice, determining a first equilibrium value for a first time period for the first network slice offering, receiving a first bid price for the first network slice for the first time period from a first customer, comparing the first equilibrium value to the first bid price; and providing services using the network slice to the customer during the time period in accordance with the first specification and the bid price if the bid price meets or exceeds the equilibrium value.1. A method comprising:
defining a first specification for a first network slice; determining a first equilibrium value for a first time period for the first network slice; receiving a first bid price for the first network slice for the first time period from a first customer; comparing the first equilibrium value to the first bid price; and providing services using the network slice to the customer during the time period in accordance with the first specification and the bid price if the bid price meets or exceeds the equilibrium value. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the first specification includes a network topology and performance requirements. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the equilibrium value is calculated based on the minimum cost to provide the service using the network slice. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the equilibrium value is calculated based on a location that the network slice will be instantiated. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the equilibrium value is based on market supply and demand in a particular location and for the first time period. 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising: determining a second equilibrium value for a second time period for the first network slice; receiving a second bid price for the second time period for the first network slice, comparing the second equilibrium value and the second bid price, and providing service using the network slice to the customer if the second bid price meets or exceeds the second equilibrium value. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the first bid price is calculated based on a historical price for the network slice for a similar time period. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the first bid price is calculated by a machine learning algorithm. 9. A method comprising:
defining a first specification for a first network slice: analyzing historical pricing for the first network slice; generating a first bid price for the first network slice for a first time period; if the first bid price is accepted, receiving the service using the first network slice in accordance with the first specification. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the first bid is accepted if the first bid meets or exceeds an equilibrium value. 11. The method of claim 9 wherein if the first bid is not accepted, then increasing the first bid to a second bid and receiving service using the network slice in accordance with the first specification if the second bid price is accepted. 12. The method of claim 9 wherein the analyzing step comprises a machine learning algorithm to determine a target equilibrium value and the first bid price is set equal to or greater than the target equilibrium value. 13. A system comprising:
a software defined network (SDN) controller; a software defined network managed by the SDN controller and wherein the software defined network has a first virtual network function (VNF) topology, a second VNF topology and a third VNF topology and wherein each of the first VNF topology, the second VNF topology and the third VNF topology has a set of performance requirements associated therewith; an input-output interface; a processor coupled to the input-output interface wherein the processor is further coupled to a memory, the memory having stored thereon executable instructions that when executed by the processor cause the processor to effectuate operations comprising: defining a network slice specification using at least one of the first VNF topology, the second VNF topology or the third VNF technology and the associated performance requirements; determining a first equilibrium value for a network slice configured in accordance with the network slice specification; receiving a first bid price for the network slice; comparing the first bid price to the equilibrium value; and providing service using the network slice in accordance with the network slice specification based on the comparing step. 14. The system of claim 13 wherein the first VNF topology comprises an access cloud architecture and includes an SDN radio receiving unit in communication with a base station, an SDN access evolved packet core (EPC), and a first transport layer between the SDN radio receiving unit and the SDN access EPC. 15. The system of claim 14 wherein the second VNF topology comprises an edge cloud architecture and includes an edge SDN EPC and there is a second transport layer between the first VNF topology and the second VNF topology. 16. The system of claim 15 wherein. the third VNF topology comprises a core cloud architecture and includes a core SDN EPC and there is a third transport layer between the second VNF topology and the third VNF topology. 17. The system of claim 13 wherein the operations further comprise determining a second equilibrium value for a second time period for the network slice, receiving a second bid price for the second time period for the first network slice, comparing the second equilibrium value and the second bid price, and providing the network slice to the customer if the second bid price meets or exceeds the second equilibrium value. 18. The system of claim 17 further comprising an historical database accessible by the customer and the first bid price is calculated using data from the historical database. 19. The system of claim 18 wherein the first bid price is calculated using a machine learning algorithm. 20. The system of claim 19 wherein the machine learning algorithm comprises linear regression analysis. | 2,100 |
342,008 | 16,802,379 | 3,762 | A mounting assembly adapted to connect to a seat in a vehicle. The mounting assembly may have a housing and a panel disposed within the housing. The mounting assembly may have a flap attached to the housing and at least one strap attached to the housing and adapted to connect to the flap. The mounting assembly may have a secondary securing mechanism that interacts with the strap and the flap to secure the mounting assembly to the seat in the vehicle. | 1. A mounting assembly, comprising:
a housing; a panel disposed within the housing; a flap attached to the housing; at least one strap attached to the housing and adapted to be connected to the flap; and a secondary securing mechanism attached to the flap, wherein the at least one strap, the flap and the secondary securing mechanism secure the mounting assembly to a vehicle seat. 2. The mounting assembly of claim 1, wherein the flap includes at least one aperture. 3. The mounting assembly of claim 1, wherein the flap is adapted to be contoured to an upper portion of the vehicle seat. 4. The mounting assembly of claim 1, wherein the flap includes a malleable element. 5. The mounting assembly of claim 1, wherein the strap and the secondary securing mechanism are adapted to wrap around a headrest of the vehicle seat and secure a distal end of the flap back to the housing. 6. The mounting assembly of claim 1, wherein the strap includes a rigid element that supports the housing in an upright position. 7. The mounting assembly of claim 1, wherein the secondary securing mechanism has a first end attached to a distal end of the flap and a second end that mates with a complementary securing element disposed on the housing or the vehicle seat to secure the distal end of the flap. 8. The mounting assembly of claim 7, wherein the complementary securing element is a ring. 9. The mounting assembly of claim 1, wherein the secondary securing mechanism secures the housing to an anchor point on the vehicle seat or a rear shelf. 10. The mounting assembly of claim 1, wherein the secondary securing mechanism is a tether strap comprising:
a leash; a fastener; and a buckle, wherein a first end of the leash is attached to a distal end of the flap and a second end of the leash is adjustably connected by the buckle to the fastener, wherein the fastener is secured to the housing or an anchor point on the vehicle seat. 11. A mounting assembly, comprising:
a panel disposed in a housing; at least one strap attached to the housing; and a deformable flap comprising:
a proximate end attached to the housing; and
a distal end extending away from the housing,
wherein the deformable flap is adapted to contour to at least one surface of a vehicle seat, and wherein the strap and the deformable flap secure the mounting assembly to the at least one surface of the vehicle seat. 12. The mounting assembly of claim 11, wherein the deformable flap includes at least one aperture. 13. The mounting assembly of claim 11, further comprising a secondary securing mechanism attached to the distal end of the deformable flap. 14. The mounting assembly of claim 13, wherein the secondary securing mechanism is a tether strap comprising:
a leash; a fastener; and a buckle, wherein a first end of the leash is attached to a distal end of the deformable flap and a second end of the leash is adjustably connected by the buckle to the fastener, wherein the fastener is secured to the housing or an anchor point on the surface of the vehicle seat. 15. The mounting assembly of claim 11, wherein the strap includes a rigid element capable of supporting the housing in an upright position. 16. A mounting assembly, comprising:
a panel disposed in a housing; and a flap having an aperture comprising:
a proximate end attached to the housing; and
a distal end having an attachment element,
wherein the flap is adapted to contour and secure the mounting assembly to at least one surface of a vehicle seat. 17. The mounting assembly of claim 16, further comprising at least one strap attached to the housing. 18. The mounting assembly of claim 17, wherein the at least one strap includes a rigid element capable of supporting the housing in an upright position. 19. The mounting assembly of claim 16, wherein the attachment element is a tether strap comprising:
a leash; a fastener; and a buckle, wherein a first end of the leash is attached to the distal end of the flap and a second end of the leash is adjustably connected by the buckle to the fastener, wherein the fastener is secured to the housing or an anchor point on the surface of the vehicle seat. 20. The mounting assembly of claim 16, wherein the flap contains a malleable element. | A mounting assembly adapted to connect to a seat in a vehicle. The mounting assembly may have a housing and a panel disposed within the housing. The mounting assembly may have a flap attached to the housing and at least one strap attached to the housing and adapted to connect to the flap. The mounting assembly may have a secondary securing mechanism that interacts with the strap and the flap to secure the mounting assembly to the seat in the vehicle.1. A mounting assembly, comprising:
a housing; a panel disposed within the housing; a flap attached to the housing; at least one strap attached to the housing and adapted to be connected to the flap; and a secondary securing mechanism attached to the flap, wherein the at least one strap, the flap and the secondary securing mechanism secure the mounting assembly to a vehicle seat. 2. The mounting assembly of claim 1, wherein the flap includes at least one aperture. 3. The mounting assembly of claim 1, wherein the flap is adapted to be contoured to an upper portion of the vehicle seat. 4. The mounting assembly of claim 1, wherein the flap includes a malleable element. 5. The mounting assembly of claim 1, wherein the strap and the secondary securing mechanism are adapted to wrap around a headrest of the vehicle seat and secure a distal end of the flap back to the housing. 6. The mounting assembly of claim 1, wherein the strap includes a rigid element that supports the housing in an upright position. 7. The mounting assembly of claim 1, wherein the secondary securing mechanism has a first end attached to a distal end of the flap and a second end that mates with a complementary securing element disposed on the housing or the vehicle seat to secure the distal end of the flap. 8. The mounting assembly of claim 7, wherein the complementary securing element is a ring. 9. The mounting assembly of claim 1, wherein the secondary securing mechanism secures the housing to an anchor point on the vehicle seat or a rear shelf. 10. The mounting assembly of claim 1, wherein the secondary securing mechanism is a tether strap comprising:
a leash; a fastener; and a buckle, wherein a first end of the leash is attached to a distal end of the flap and a second end of the leash is adjustably connected by the buckle to the fastener, wherein the fastener is secured to the housing or an anchor point on the vehicle seat. 11. A mounting assembly, comprising:
a panel disposed in a housing; at least one strap attached to the housing; and a deformable flap comprising:
a proximate end attached to the housing; and
a distal end extending away from the housing,
wherein the deformable flap is adapted to contour to at least one surface of a vehicle seat, and wherein the strap and the deformable flap secure the mounting assembly to the at least one surface of the vehicle seat. 12. The mounting assembly of claim 11, wherein the deformable flap includes at least one aperture. 13. The mounting assembly of claim 11, further comprising a secondary securing mechanism attached to the distal end of the deformable flap. 14. The mounting assembly of claim 13, wherein the secondary securing mechanism is a tether strap comprising:
a leash; a fastener; and a buckle, wherein a first end of the leash is attached to a distal end of the deformable flap and a second end of the leash is adjustably connected by the buckle to the fastener, wherein the fastener is secured to the housing or an anchor point on the surface of the vehicle seat. 15. The mounting assembly of claim 11, wherein the strap includes a rigid element capable of supporting the housing in an upright position. 16. A mounting assembly, comprising:
a panel disposed in a housing; and a flap having an aperture comprising:
a proximate end attached to the housing; and
a distal end having an attachment element,
wherein the flap is adapted to contour and secure the mounting assembly to at least one surface of a vehicle seat. 17. The mounting assembly of claim 16, further comprising at least one strap attached to the housing. 18. The mounting assembly of claim 17, wherein the at least one strap includes a rigid element capable of supporting the housing in an upright position. 19. The mounting assembly of claim 16, wherein the attachment element is a tether strap comprising:
a leash; a fastener; and a buckle, wherein a first end of the leash is attached to the distal end of the flap and a second end of the leash is adjustably connected by the buckle to the fastener, wherein the fastener is secured to the housing or an anchor point on the surface of the vehicle seat. 20. The mounting assembly of claim 16, wherein the flap contains a malleable element. | 3,700 |
342,009 | 16,802,398 | 3,762 | Before technical components are further processed, they are checked for the functionality thereof. In this case, an incorrect judgment of the functionality can occur due to measurement errors or incorrect measurements, which in turn results in a very inefficient test. The invention provides a method and a device by which an increased measurement accuracy can be achieved. This is achieved in that at least one first electrical voltage value is measured at a first constant measurement current and at least one second electrical voltage value is measured at a second constant measurement current at terminals of the component. Every measured voltage value is scaled respectively using a profile factor PF to form a measured value M, and only measured values M that are located at least with a tolerance range in a common value range are used for the determination of an electrical parameter. | 1. A method for reducing incorrect measurements during the determination of electrical parameters at terminals of an electrical component, the method comprising:
measuring at least one first electrical voltage value at a first constant measurement current at the terminals; and measuring at least one second electrical voltage value at a second constant measurement current at the terminals; wherein every measured voltage value is scaled respectively using a profile factor PF to form a measured value M, and wherein only measured values M that are located at least with a tolerance range in a common value range are used for the determination of the electrical parameter. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrical parameters are an electrical resistance and/or an electrical capacitance. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrical component is a battery. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein multiple first electrical voltage values are measured and/or multiple second electrical voltage values are measured. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first voltage value is measured at a first measurement current of 0 A and the second voltage value is measured at a second measurement current not equal to 0 A. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the second measurement current is 1 A. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first and the second measurement current are applied in succession over the identical time period at the terminal. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the first and the second measurement current are applied in succession over half of the measurement time at the terminal. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein to determine a profile factor PF of the first measured voltage value, the first measured voltage value is divided by an arithmetic mean value of all first measured voltage values, and to determine a profile factor PF of the second measured voltage value, the second measured voltage value is divided by an arithmetic mean value of all second measured voltage values. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein to determine the measured value M for every measured first or second voltage value, the voltage value is divided by the respective determined profile factor PF. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein a tolerance range is determined for every measured value M, wherein to determine an upper value of the tolerance range, the product of the measured value M and a tolerance factor is added to the measured value M and, to determine a lower value of the tolerance range, the product of the measured value and the tolerance factor is subtracted from the measured value M. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the tolerance factors are determined by at least one test measurement. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the measured values M that are located with the tolerance range thereof in the common value range are used to respectively determine an arithmetic mean value for the first and second measured voltage values, and wherein the electrical parameter is determined from the arithmetic mean values and the first and second measurement current. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the electrical parameter is an electrical resistance, a capacitance, an inductance, or an impedance of a resonant circuit. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein 1 to 500 first and second voltage values are measured for each current value per millisecond. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein 5 to 100 first and second voltage values are measured for each current value per millisecond. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein 5 to 20 first and second voltage values are measured for each current value per millisecond. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrical parameters are determined simultaneously at multiple batteries. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the multiple batters are battery arrangements or battery modules for automobiles. 20. A device for carrying out a method for reducing incorrect measurements during the determination of electrical parameters at terminals of electrical components according to claim 1. | Before technical components are further processed, they are checked for the functionality thereof. In this case, an incorrect judgment of the functionality can occur due to measurement errors or incorrect measurements, which in turn results in a very inefficient test. The invention provides a method and a device by which an increased measurement accuracy can be achieved. This is achieved in that at least one first electrical voltage value is measured at a first constant measurement current and at least one second electrical voltage value is measured at a second constant measurement current at terminals of the component. Every measured voltage value is scaled respectively using a profile factor PF to form a measured value M, and only measured values M that are located at least with a tolerance range in a common value range are used for the determination of an electrical parameter.1. A method for reducing incorrect measurements during the determination of electrical parameters at terminals of an electrical component, the method comprising:
measuring at least one first electrical voltage value at a first constant measurement current at the terminals; and measuring at least one second electrical voltage value at a second constant measurement current at the terminals; wherein every measured voltage value is scaled respectively using a profile factor PF to form a measured value M, and wherein only measured values M that are located at least with a tolerance range in a common value range are used for the determination of the electrical parameter. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrical parameters are an electrical resistance and/or an electrical capacitance. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrical component is a battery. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein multiple first electrical voltage values are measured and/or multiple second electrical voltage values are measured. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first voltage value is measured at a first measurement current of 0 A and the second voltage value is measured at a second measurement current not equal to 0 A. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the second measurement current is 1 A. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first and the second measurement current are applied in succession over the identical time period at the terminal. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the first and the second measurement current are applied in succession over half of the measurement time at the terminal. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein to determine a profile factor PF of the first measured voltage value, the first measured voltage value is divided by an arithmetic mean value of all first measured voltage values, and to determine a profile factor PF of the second measured voltage value, the second measured voltage value is divided by an arithmetic mean value of all second measured voltage values. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein to determine the measured value M for every measured first or second voltage value, the voltage value is divided by the respective determined profile factor PF. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein a tolerance range is determined for every measured value M, wherein to determine an upper value of the tolerance range, the product of the measured value M and a tolerance factor is added to the measured value M and, to determine a lower value of the tolerance range, the product of the measured value and the tolerance factor is subtracted from the measured value M. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the tolerance factors are determined by at least one test measurement. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the measured values M that are located with the tolerance range thereof in the common value range are used to respectively determine an arithmetic mean value for the first and second measured voltage values, and wherein the electrical parameter is determined from the arithmetic mean values and the first and second measurement current. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the electrical parameter is an electrical resistance, a capacitance, an inductance, or an impedance of a resonant circuit. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein 1 to 500 first and second voltage values are measured for each current value per millisecond. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein 5 to 100 first and second voltage values are measured for each current value per millisecond. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein 5 to 20 first and second voltage values are measured for each current value per millisecond. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrical parameters are determined simultaneously at multiple batteries. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the multiple batters are battery arrangements or battery modules for automobiles. 20. A device for carrying out a method for reducing incorrect measurements during the determination of electrical parameters at terminals of electrical components according to claim 1. | 3,700 |
342,010 | 16,802,375 | 3,762 | Before technical components are further processed, they are checked for the functionality thereof. In this case, an incorrect judgment of the functionality can occur due to measurement errors or incorrect measurements, which in turn results in a very inefficient test. The invention provides a method and a device by which an increased measurement accuracy can be achieved. This is achieved in that at least one first electrical voltage value is measured at a first constant measurement current and at least one second electrical voltage value is measured at a second constant measurement current at terminals of the component. Every measured voltage value is scaled respectively using a profile factor PF to form a measured value M, and only measured values M that are located at least with a tolerance range in a common value range are used for the determination of an electrical parameter. | 1. A method for reducing incorrect measurements during the determination of electrical parameters at terminals of an electrical component, the method comprising:
measuring at least one first electrical voltage value at a first constant measurement current at the terminals; and measuring at least one second electrical voltage value at a second constant measurement current at the terminals; wherein every measured voltage value is scaled respectively using a profile factor PF to form a measured value M, and wherein only measured values M that are located at least with a tolerance range in a common value range are used for the determination of the electrical parameter. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrical parameters are an electrical resistance and/or an electrical capacitance. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrical component is a battery. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein multiple first electrical voltage values are measured and/or multiple second electrical voltage values are measured. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first voltage value is measured at a first measurement current of 0 A and the second voltage value is measured at a second measurement current not equal to 0 A. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the second measurement current is 1 A. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first and the second measurement current are applied in succession over the identical time period at the terminal. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the first and the second measurement current are applied in succession over half of the measurement time at the terminal. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein to determine a profile factor PF of the first measured voltage value, the first measured voltage value is divided by an arithmetic mean value of all first measured voltage values, and to determine a profile factor PF of the second measured voltage value, the second measured voltage value is divided by an arithmetic mean value of all second measured voltage values. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein to determine the measured value M for every measured first or second voltage value, the voltage value is divided by the respective determined profile factor PF. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein a tolerance range is determined for every measured value M, wherein to determine an upper value of the tolerance range, the product of the measured value M and a tolerance factor is added to the measured value M and, to determine a lower value of the tolerance range, the product of the measured value and the tolerance factor is subtracted from the measured value M. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the tolerance factors are determined by at least one test measurement. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the measured values M that are located with the tolerance range thereof in the common value range are used to respectively determine an arithmetic mean value for the first and second measured voltage values, and wherein the electrical parameter is determined from the arithmetic mean values and the first and second measurement current. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the electrical parameter is an electrical resistance, a capacitance, an inductance, or an impedance of a resonant circuit. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein 1 to 500 first and second voltage values are measured for each current value per millisecond. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein 5 to 100 first and second voltage values are measured for each current value per millisecond. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein 5 to 20 first and second voltage values are measured for each current value per millisecond. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrical parameters are determined simultaneously at multiple batteries. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the multiple batters are battery arrangements or battery modules for automobiles. 20. A device for carrying out a method for reducing incorrect measurements during the determination of electrical parameters at terminals of electrical components according to claim 1. | Before technical components are further processed, they are checked for the functionality thereof. In this case, an incorrect judgment of the functionality can occur due to measurement errors or incorrect measurements, which in turn results in a very inefficient test. The invention provides a method and a device by which an increased measurement accuracy can be achieved. This is achieved in that at least one first electrical voltage value is measured at a first constant measurement current and at least one second electrical voltage value is measured at a second constant measurement current at terminals of the component. Every measured voltage value is scaled respectively using a profile factor PF to form a measured value M, and only measured values M that are located at least with a tolerance range in a common value range are used for the determination of an electrical parameter.1. A method for reducing incorrect measurements during the determination of electrical parameters at terminals of an electrical component, the method comprising:
measuring at least one first electrical voltage value at a first constant measurement current at the terminals; and measuring at least one second electrical voltage value at a second constant measurement current at the terminals; wherein every measured voltage value is scaled respectively using a profile factor PF to form a measured value M, and wherein only measured values M that are located at least with a tolerance range in a common value range are used for the determination of the electrical parameter. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrical parameters are an electrical resistance and/or an electrical capacitance. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrical component is a battery. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein multiple first electrical voltage values are measured and/or multiple second electrical voltage values are measured. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first voltage value is measured at a first measurement current of 0 A and the second voltage value is measured at a second measurement current not equal to 0 A. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the second measurement current is 1 A. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first and the second measurement current are applied in succession over the identical time period at the terminal. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the first and the second measurement current are applied in succession over half of the measurement time at the terminal. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein to determine a profile factor PF of the first measured voltage value, the first measured voltage value is divided by an arithmetic mean value of all first measured voltage values, and to determine a profile factor PF of the second measured voltage value, the second measured voltage value is divided by an arithmetic mean value of all second measured voltage values. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein to determine the measured value M for every measured first or second voltage value, the voltage value is divided by the respective determined profile factor PF. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein a tolerance range is determined for every measured value M, wherein to determine an upper value of the tolerance range, the product of the measured value M and a tolerance factor is added to the measured value M and, to determine a lower value of the tolerance range, the product of the measured value and the tolerance factor is subtracted from the measured value M. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the tolerance factors are determined by at least one test measurement. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the measured values M that are located with the tolerance range thereof in the common value range are used to respectively determine an arithmetic mean value for the first and second measured voltage values, and wherein the electrical parameter is determined from the arithmetic mean values and the first and second measurement current. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the electrical parameter is an electrical resistance, a capacitance, an inductance, or an impedance of a resonant circuit. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein 1 to 500 first and second voltage values are measured for each current value per millisecond. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein 5 to 100 first and second voltage values are measured for each current value per millisecond. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein 5 to 20 first and second voltage values are measured for each current value per millisecond. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrical parameters are determined simultaneously at multiple batteries. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the multiple batters are battery arrangements or battery modules for automobiles. 20. A device for carrying out a method for reducing incorrect measurements during the determination of electrical parameters at terminals of electrical components according to claim 1. | 3,700 |
342,011 | 16,802,347 | 3,762 | A compound represented by LiαCo(1-x-2y)Mex(M1M2)yOδ, (Formula (I)) wherein Me, is one or more of Li, Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, Zr, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ru and Sn, and wherein 0≤x≤0.3, 0<y≤0.4, 0.95≤α≤1.4, and 1.90≤δ≤2.10 is disclosed. Further, particles including such compounds are described. | 1. A compound represented by Formula (I):
LiαCo(1-x-2y)Mex(M1M2)yOδ Formula (I)
wherein Me is selected from one or more of Li, Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, Zr, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ru and Sn; wherein M1 is a metal having a +2 oxidation state; wherein M2 is a metal having a +4 oxidation state; wherein M1M2 represents pairs of M1 and M2; and wherein 0≤x≤0.3, 0<y≤0.4, 0.95≤α≤1.4, and 1.90≤δ≤2.10. | A compound represented by LiαCo(1-x-2y)Mex(M1M2)yOδ, (Formula (I)) wherein Me, is one or more of Li, Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, Zr, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ru and Sn, and wherein 0≤x≤0.3, 0<y≤0.4, 0.95≤α≤1.4, and 1.90≤δ≤2.10 is disclosed. Further, particles including such compounds are described.1. A compound represented by Formula (I):
LiαCo(1-x-2y)Mex(M1M2)yOδ Formula (I)
wherein Me is selected from one or more of Li, Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, Zr, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ru and Sn; wherein M1 is a metal having a +2 oxidation state; wherein M2 is a metal having a +4 oxidation state; wherein M1M2 represents pairs of M1 and M2; and wherein 0≤x≤0.3, 0<y≤0.4, 0.95≤α≤1.4, and 1.90≤δ≤2.10. | 3,700 |
342,012 | 16,802,384 | 3,762 | In an embodiment, a method includes liberating feed atoms and forming at least one nanotube from the liberated feed atoms. Feed atoms disposed over a front side of a substrate are liberated in response to electromagnetic radiation that propagates from the back side of the substrate, through the substrate, to the front side of the substrate. And, from the liberated feed atoms, at least one nanotube is formed over the front side of the substrate in response to at least one catalyst separate from the substrate and disposed over the front side of the substrate and over the feed atoms. | 1. A method, comprising:
liberating feedatoms disposed over a front side of a substrate in response to electromagnetic radiation that propagates from the back side of the substrate, through the substrate, to the front side of the substrate; and forming, from the liberated feedatoms, at least one nanotube over the front side of the substrate in response to at least one catalyst separate from the substrate and disposed over the front side of the substrate and over the feedatoms. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein liberating the feedatoms includes causing the feedatoms to migrate to the at least one catalyst. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one catalyst includes a catalyst layer. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one catalyst includes at least one catpar. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising liberating the feedatoms and forming the at least one nanotube while the substrate is exposed to an ineratmo. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the feedatoms include atoms of amorphous carbon. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the substrate includes a quartz substrate. 8. A method, comprising:
disposing, over a front surface of a substrate, feedatoms configured to migrate in response to electromagnetic radiation that propagates from a back surface of the substrate, through the substrate, to the front surface of the substrate; and disposing, over the front surface of the substrate and over the feed atoms, at least one catalyst separate from the substrate and configured to allow migrating ones of the feedatoms to form at least one nanotube over the front surface of the substrate. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein disposing the feedatoms includes forming a feedlayer over the front surface of the substrate. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein disposing the feedatoms includes:
forming a feedlayer over the front surface of the substrate;
forming a mask over the feedlayer; and
removing at least one portion of the feedlayer exposed by the mask. 11. The method of claim 8 wherein disposing the at least one catalyst includes forming a catalyst layer over the feedatoms. 12. The method of claim 8 wherein disposing the at least one catalyst includes forming a catpar over the feedatoms. 13. The method of claim 8 wherein disposing the feedatoms and disposing the at least one catalyst includes forming a layer that includes the feedatoms and the at least one catalyst. 14. The method of claim 8, further comprising forming, beneath the feedatoms, a source of the electromagnetic radiation. 15. The method of claim 8, further comprising forming, beneath the feedatoms, an amplifier coupled to the source of the electromagnetic radiation. 16. A method, comprising:
liberating carbon feedatoms disposed over a front side of a quartz substrate in response to electromagnetic radiation; and forming, from the liberated carbon feedatoms, at least one nanotube over the front side of the substrate in response to at least one catalyst separate from the substrate and disposed over the front side of the substrate and over the carbon feedatoms. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein liberating carbon feedatoms includes liberating the carbon feedatoms in response to electromagnetic radiation incident toward the front side of the substrate. 18. The method of claim 16 wherein liberating carbon feedatoms includes liberating the carbon feedatoms in response to electromagnetic radiation incident toward the back side of the substrate. | In an embodiment, a method includes liberating feed atoms and forming at least one nanotube from the liberated feed atoms. Feed atoms disposed over a front side of a substrate are liberated in response to electromagnetic radiation that propagates from the back side of the substrate, through the substrate, to the front side of the substrate. And, from the liberated feed atoms, at least one nanotube is formed over the front side of the substrate in response to at least one catalyst separate from the substrate and disposed over the front side of the substrate and over the feed atoms.1. A method, comprising:
liberating feedatoms disposed over a front side of a substrate in response to electromagnetic radiation that propagates from the back side of the substrate, through the substrate, to the front side of the substrate; and forming, from the liberated feedatoms, at least one nanotube over the front side of the substrate in response to at least one catalyst separate from the substrate and disposed over the front side of the substrate and over the feedatoms. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein liberating the feedatoms includes causing the feedatoms to migrate to the at least one catalyst. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one catalyst includes a catalyst layer. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one catalyst includes at least one catpar. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising liberating the feedatoms and forming the at least one nanotube while the substrate is exposed to an ineratmo. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the feedatoms include atoms of amorphous carbon. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the substrate includes a quartz substrate. 8. A method, comprising:
disposing, over a front surface of a substrate, feedatoms configured to migrate in response to electromagnetic radiation that propagates from a back surface of the substrate, through the substrate, to the front surface of the substrate; and disposing, over the front surface of the substrate and over the feed atoms, at least one catalyst separate from the substrate and configured to allow migrating ones of the feedatoms to form at least one nanotube over the front surface of the substrate. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein disposing the feedatoms includes forming a feedlayer over the front surface of the substrate. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein disposing the feedatoms includes:
forming a feedlayer over the front surface of the substrate;
forming a mask over the feedlayer; and
removing at least one portion of the feedlayer exposed by the mask. 11. The method of claim 8 wherein disposing the at least one catalyst includes forming a catalyst layer over the feedatoms. 12. The method of claim 8 wherein disposing the at least one catalyst includes forming a catpar over the feedatoms. 13. The method of claim 8 wherein disposing the feedatoms and disposing the at least one catalyst includes forming a layer that includes the feedatoms and the at least one catalyst. 14. The method of claim 8, further comprising forming, beneath the feedatoms, a source of the electromagnetic radiation. 15. The method of claim 8, further comprising forming, beneath the feedatoms, an amplifier coupled to the source of the electromagnetic radiation. 16. A method, comprising:
liberating carbon feedatoms disposed over a front side of a quartz substrate in response to electromagnetic radiation; and forming, from the liberated carbon feedatoms, at least one nanotube over the front side of the substrate in response to at least one catalyst separate from the substrate and disposed over the front side of the substrate and over the carbon feedatoms. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein liberating carbon feedatoms includes liberating the carbon feedatoms in response to electromagnetic radiation incident toward the front side of the substrate. 18. The method of claim 16 wherein liberating carbon feedatoms includes liberating the carbon feedatoms in response to electromagnetic radiation incident toward the back side of the substrate. | 3,700 |
342,013 | 16,802,406 | 3,762 | A hydraulic leak detection system includes a leak detection switch responsive to a level of hydraulic fluid in a tank used by a hydraulic mowing circuit and a lift and lower circuit of a grass mowing machine. The system includes a controller that activates a warning indicator if the leak detection switch indicates the level of hydraulic fluid in the tank is low, but allows the hydraulic mowing circuit and the lift and lower circuit to continue operating until the lift and lower circuit reaches a fully raised position. A solenoid valve may control the level of hydraulic fluid in the tank based on temperature of the hydraulic fluid. | 1. A hydraulic leak detection system, comprising:
a vehicle controller electrically connected to a leak detection switch, a warning device, a hydraulic mowing circuit, and a lift and lower circuit for a plurality of grass cutting units; the vehicle controller receiving a signal if the leak detection switch detects a hydraulic fluid level is low, activating the warning device in response to the signal, allowing operation of the hydraulic mowing circuit until the plurality of grass cutting units are fully raised by the lift and lower circuit, and then stopping the hydraulic mowing circuit and blocking the lift and lower circuit from lowering the grass cutting units. 2. The hydraulic leak detection system of claim 1 further comprising a hydraulic fluid sensing chamber where the leak detection switch is positioned. 3. The hydraulic leak detection system of claim 2 further comprising a solenoid valve with a temperature sensor that increases the hydraulic fluid level in the sensing chamber if the temperature sensor indicates a hydraulic fluid temperature lower than a calculated reduced temperature. 4. The hydraulic leak detection system of claim 1 wherein the vehicle controller receives a signal if the leak detection switch detects the hydraulic fluid level is low when a key switch is turned on. 5. The hydraulic leak detection system of claim 4 wherein the vehicle controller allows the lift and lower circuit to lower the grass cutting units and displays a low hydraulic fluid level warning if the leak detection switch detects the hydraulic fluid level is low when the key switch is turned on. 6. A hydraulic leak detection system, comprising:
a leak detection switch in an auxiliary hydraulic fluid tank of a grass mowing machine having a plurality of cutting units operated by a hydraulic mowing circuit and a lift and lower circuit; the hydraulic mowing circuit and the lift and lower circuit being disabled when the plurality of cutting units are fully raised if the leak detection switch senses a low level of hydraulic fluid in the auxiliary hydraulic fluid tank. 7. The hydraulic leak detection system of claim 6 further comprising a valve that opens and closes to allow hydraulic fluid to enter and exit the auxiliary hydraulic fluid tank based on a temperature of the hydraulic fluid. 8. The hydraulic leak detection system of claim 6 further comprising a warning device that is activated if the leak detection switch senses a low level of hydraulic fluid in the auxiliary fluid tank. 9. The hydraulic leak detection system of claim 6 further comprising a vehicle controller that is electrically connected to the leak detection switch, the hydraulic mowing circuit and the lift and lower circuit. 10. A hydraulic leak detection system, comprising:
a leak detection switch responsive to a level of hydraulic fluid in a tank used by a hydraulic mowing circuit and a lift and lower circuit of a grass mowing machine; and a controller connected to the leak detection switch, a warning indicator, the hydraulic mowing circuit, and the lift and lower circuit; the controller activating the warning indicator if the leak detection switch indicates the level of hydraulic fluid in the tank is low, and allowing the hydraulic mowing circuit and the lift and lower circuit to continue operating after the leak detection switch indicates the level of hydraulic fluid in the tank is low until the lift and lower circuit reaches a fully raised position. 11. The hydraulic leak detection system of claim 10 further comprising a plurality of grass cutting reels operated using the hydraulic mowing circuit and the lift and lower circuit. 12. The hydraulic leak detection system of claim 10 wherein the warning indicator includes an audible alarm. 13. The hydraulic leak detection system of claim 10 further comprising a solenoid valve that controls the level of hydraulic fluid in the tank based on temperature of the hydraulic fluid. | A hydraulic leak detection system includes a leak detection switch responsive to a level of hydraulic fluid in a tank used by a hydraulic mowing circuit and a lift and lower circuit of a grass mowing machine. The system includes a controller that activates a warning indicator if the leak detection switch indicates the level of hydraulic fluid in the tank is low, but allows the hydraulic mowing circuit and the lift and lower circuit to continue operating until the lift and lower circuit reaches a fully raised position. A solenoid valve may control the level of hydraulic fluid in the tank based on temperature of the hydraulic fluid.1. A hydraulic leak detection system, comprising:
a vehicle controller electrically connected to a leak detection switch, a warning device, a hydraulic mowing circuit, and a lift and lower circuit for a plurality of grass cutting units; the vehicle controller receiving a signal if the leak detection switch detects a hydraulic fluid level is low, activating the warning device in response to the signal, allowing operation of the hydraulic mowing circuit until the plurality of grass cutting units are fully raised by the lift and lower circuit, and then stopping the hydraulic mowing circuit and blocking the lift and lower circuit from lowering the grass cutting units. 2. The hydraulic leak detection system of claim 1 further comprising a hydraulic fluid sensing chamber where the leak detection switch is positioned. 3. The hydraulic leak detection system of claim 2 further comprising a solenoid valve with a temperature sensor that increases the hydraulic fluid level in the sensing chamber if the temperature sensor indicates a hydraulic fluid temperature lower than a calculated reduced temperature. 4. The hydraulic leak detection system of claim 1 wherein the vehicle controller receives a signal if the leak detection switch detects the hydraulic fluid level is low when a key switch is turned on. 5. The hydraulic leak detection system of claim 4 wherein the vehicle controller allows the lift and lower circuit to lower the grass cutting units and displays a low hydraulic fluid level warning if the leak detection switch detects the hydraulic fluid level is low when the key switch is turned on. 6. A hydraulic leak detection system, comprising:
a leak detection switch in an auxiliary hydraulic fluid tank of a grass mowing machine having a plurality of cutting units operated by a hydraulic mowing circuit and a lift and lower circuit; the hydraulic mowing circuit and the lift and lower circuit being disabled when the plurality of cutting units are fully raised if the leak detection switch senses a low level of hydraulic fluid in the auxiliary hydraulic fluid tank. 7. The hydraulic leak detection system of claim 6 further comprising a valve that opens and closes to allow hydraulic fluid to enter and exit the auxiliary hydraulic fluid tank based on a temperature of the hydraulic fluid. 8. The hydraulic leak detection system of claim 6 further comprising a warning device that is activated if the leak detection switch senses a low level of hydraulic fluid in the auxiliary fluid tank. 9. The hydraulic leak detection system of claim 6 further comprising a vehicle controller that is electrically connected to the leak detection switch, the hydraulic mowing circuit and the lift and lower circuit. 10. A hydraulic leak detection system, comprising:
a leak detection switch responsive to a level of hydraulic fluid in a tank used by a hydraulic mowing circuit and a lift and lower circuit of a grass mowing machine; and a controller connected to the leak detection switch, a warning indicator, the hydraulic mowing circuit, and the lift and lower circuit; the controller activating the warning indicator if the leak detection switch indicates the level of hydraulic fluid in the tank is low, and allowing the hydraulic mowing circuit and the lift and lower circuit to continue operating after the leak detection switch indicates the level of hydraulic fluid in the tank is low until the lift and lower circuit reaches a fully raised position. 11. The hydraulic leak detection system of claim 10 further comprising a plurality of grass cutting reels operated using the hydraulic mowing circuit and the lift and lower circuit. 12. The hydraulic leak detection system of claim 10 wherein the warning indicator includes an audible alarm. 13. The hydraulic leak detection system of claim 10 further comprising a solenoid valve that controls the level of hydraulic fluid in the tank based on temperature of the hydraulic fluid. | 3,700 |
342,014 | 16,802,383 | 3,762 | Provided are a radiographic system and a radiographic method that enable appropriate correction of an area including an imaged structure in the case in which radiation detection apparatuses of different inner structures exist together and consequently achieve improvement of the image quality of a composite image. The radiographic system according to the present invention includes an image corrector that corrects an area of a composite image in which the structure of a radiation detection apparatus is imaged. The image corrector sets a correction method in accordance with a characteristic of a structural shadow of the radiation detection apparatus imaged in the composite image. | 1. A radiographic system comprising:
a plurality of radiation detection apparatuses that each detect radiation rays; a composition processor that composites a plurality of radiographic images obtained from the plurality of radiation detection apparatuses and generates a composite image; and an image corrector that corrects an area of the composite image, the area including an imaged structure of a radiation detection apparatus of the plurality of radiation detection apparatuses, and that sets a correction method in accordance with a characteristic of a structural shadow of the radiation detection apparatus imaged in the composite image. 2. The radiographic system according to claim 1, further comprising:
a memory unit that stores an identification code for identifying the structural shadow of the radiation detection apparatus imaged in the composite image, wherein the image corrector sets the correction method in accordance with the identification code. 3. The radiographic system according to claim 2, wherein
the identification code includes information indicating a type of the radiation detection apparatus. 4. The radiographic system according to claim 2, wherein
the identification code includes position information of the radiation detection apparatus. 5. The radiographic system according to claim 1, wherein
the image corrector performs either a correction operation suitable for the composite image in which the structural shadow indicates a simple structure or a correction operation suitable for the composite image in which the structural shadow indicates a complex structure. 6. The radiographic system according to claim 5, wherein
when the correction operation suitable for the composite image in which the structural shadow indicates a complex structure is performed, the image corrector performs a correction operation for improving granularity with respect to the area including the imaged structure of the radiation detection apparatus. 7. The radiographic system according to claim 1, wherein
in accordance with variations in the structural shadow, the image corrector sections the area including the imaged structure of the radiation detection apparatus into subareas and sets a correction method for each of the subareas. 8. The radiographic system according to claim 1, wherein
the image corrector estimates a model parameter in a model that is set with respect to at least one pixel of the composite image and corrects a pixel value of the at least one pixel by using the estimated model parameter. 9. The radiographic system according to claim 8, wherein
in accordance with the structural shadow of the radiation detection apparatus imaged in the composite image, the image corrector changes at least either the model or an estimation method for estimating the model parameter. 10. The radiographic system according to claim 1, wherein
in accordance with the structural shadow of the radiation detection apparatus imaged in the composite image, the image corrector determines whether to perform a noise-correction operation. 11. A radiographic system comprising:
a plurality of radiation detection apparatuses that each detect radiation rays; a composition processor that composites a plurality of radiographic images obtained from the plurality of radiation detection apparatuses and generates a composite image; a memory unit that stores an identification code for identifying a type and position information of a radiation detection apparatus of the plurality of radiation detection apparatuses; and an image corrector that corrects, in accordance with the identification code, an area of the composite image, the area including an imaged structure of the radiation detection apparatus. 12. A radiographic method comprising:
compositing a plurality of radiographic images obtained from a plurality of radiation detection apparatuses that each detect radiation rays and generating a composite image; and correcting an area of the composite image, the area including an imaged structure of a radiation detection apparatus of the plurality of radiation detection apparatuses, wherein the correcting includes setting a correction method in accordance with a characteristic of a structural shadow of the radiation detection apparatus imaged in the composite image. 13. A radiographic method comprising:
compositing a plurality of radiographic images obtained from a plurality of radiation detection apparatuses that each detect radiation rays and generating a composite image; storing an identification code for identifying a type and position information of a radiation detection apparatus of the plurality of radiation detection apparatuses; and correcting, in accordance with the identification code, an area of the composite image, the area including an imaged structure of the radiation detection apparatus. | Provided are a radiographic system and a radiographic method that enable appropriate correction of an area including an imaged structure in the case in which radiation detection apparatuses of different inner structures exist together and consequently achieve improvement of the image quality of a composite image. The radiographic system according to the present invention includes an image corrector that corrects an area of a composite image in which the structure of a radiation detection apparatus is imaged. The image corrector sets a correction method in accordance with a characteristic of a structural shadow of the radiation detection apparatus imaged in the composite image.1. A radiographic system comprising:
a plurality of radiation detection apparatuses that each detect radiation rays; a composition processor that composites a plurality of radiographic images obtained from the plurality of radiation detection apparatuses and generates a composite image; and an image corrector that corrects an area of the composite image, the area including an imaged structure of a radiation detection apparatus of the plurality of radiation detection apparatuses, and that sets a correction method in accordance with a characteristic of a structural shadow of the radiation detection apparatus imaged in the composite image. 2. The radiographic system according to claim 1, further comprising:
a memory unit that stores an identification code for identifying the structural shadow of the radiation detection apparatus imaged in the composite image, wherein the image corrector sets the correction method in accordance with the identification code. 3. The radiographic system according to claim 2, wherein
the identification code includes information indicating a type of the radiation detection apparatus. 4. The radiographic system according to claim 2, wherein
the identification code includes position information of the radiation detection apparatus. 5. The radiographic system according to claim 1, wherein
the image corrector performs either a correction operation suitable for the composite image in which the structural shadow indicates a simple structure or a correction operation suitable for the composite image in which the structural shadow indicates a complex structure. 6. The radiographic system according to claim 5, wherein
when the correction operation suitable for the composite image in which the structural shadow indicates a complex structure is performed, the image corrector performs a correction operation for improving granularity with respect to the area including the imaged structure of the radiation detection apparatus. 7. The radiographic system according to claim 1, wherein
in accordance with variations in the structural shadow, the image corrector sections the area including the imaged structure of the radiation detection apparatus into subareas and sets a correction method for each of the subareas. 8. The radiographic system according to claim 1, wherein
the image corrector estimates a model parameter in a model that is set with respect to at least one pixel of the composite image and corrects a pixel value of the at least one pixel by using the estimated model parameter. 9. The radiographic system according to claim 8, wherein
in accordance with the structural shadow of the radiation detection apparatus imaged in the composite image, the image corrector changes at least either the model or an estimation method for estimating the model parameter. 10. The radiographic system according to claim 1, wherein
in accordance with the structural shadow of the radiation detection apparatus imaged in the composite image, the image corrector determines whether to perform a noise-correction operation. 11. A radiographic system comprising:
a plurality of radiation detection apparatuses that each detect radiation rays; a composition processor that composites a plurality of radiographic images obtained from the plurality of radiation detection apparatuses and generates a composite image; a memory unit that stores an identification code for identifying a type and position information of a radiation detection apparatus of the plurality of radiation detection apparatuses; and an image corrector that corrects, in accordance with the identification code, an area of the composite image, the area including an imaged structure of the radiation detection apparatus. 12. A radiographic method comprising:
compositing a plurality of radiographic images obtained from a plurality of radiation detection apparatuses that each detect radiation rays and generating a composite image; and correcting an area of the composite image, the area including an imaged structure of a radiation detection apparatus of the plurality of radiation detection apparatuses, wherein the correcting includes setting a correction method in accordance with a characteristic of a structural shadow of the radiation detection apparatus imaged in the composite image. 13. A radiographic method comprising:
compositing a plurality of radiographic images obtained from a plurality of radiation detection apparatuses that each detect radiation rays and generating a composite image; storing an identification code for identifying a type and position information of a radiation detection apparatus of the plurality of radiation detection apparatuses; and correcting, in accordance with the identification code, an area of the composite image, the area including an imaged structure of the radiation detection apparatus. | 3,700 |
342,015 | 16,802,377 | 3,762 | Circular handed alpha-helical repeat proteins are described. The repeat proteins have a number of uses as scaffolds for geometrically precise, arrayed presentation of cell-signaling or immune-related protein and peptide epitopes, as well as numerous other therapeutic, diagnostic, and nanotechnological uses. | 1. A protein having the formula: (a-b-x-y)n wherein
a and x represent GBB linker sequences selected from GKS; GIT; GTT; GYS; GDK; GDE; NDK; GDR; GDL; and GIS; b represents an amino acid sequence that forms an alpha (α) helix; y represents an amino acid sequence that forms a second α helix; n=3, 6, 9, 12, or 24; each (a-b-x-y) unit is structurally repetitive to an adjacent (a-b-x-y) unit; the protein is left-handed; and the N- and C-termini of the protein create a circular architecture. 2. A protein of claim 1 wherein b and y are identical sequences. 3. A protein of claim 1 wherein b and y are selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1-50; 124-129; 139; 140; 146; and/or 147. 4. A protein of claim 1 wherein a (a-b-x-y) unit is selected from SEQ ID NOs. 73-114; 130-134; 141-144; 172; and/or 148. 5. A protein of claim 1 comprising a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 51-70; 117-123; 135-138 or 145. 6. A protein of claim 1 further comprising a functional domain (d) inserted in a (a-b-x-y) unit at a position selected from (d-a-b-x-y); (a-d-b-x-y); (a-b-d-x-y); (a-b-x-d-y); and (a-b-x-y-d). 7. A protein of claim 1 further comprising at least two functional domains inserted in at least two (a-b-x-y) units at positions selected from (d-a-b-x-y); (a-d-b-x-y); (a-b-d-x-y); (a-b-x-d-y); and/or (a-b-x-y-d). 8. A protein of claim 7 wherein the functional domain is selected from a cytokine, a Notch ligand, an immunogenic peptide, a peptide adjuvant, a single-chain class I MHC domain, or a small molecule ligand binding domain. 9. A protein of claim 7 wherein the functional domain is SH2, SH3, IL-2, IL-3, IL-17c, single-chain MHC, the extracellular domain of the Delta-1 Notch protein ligand, Protein L, SEQ ID NO: 116, or SEQ ID NO: 115. 10. A protein of claim 7 further comprising a flexible, rigid, or semi-rigid linker adjacent to the functional domain. 11. A protein of claim 1 wherein the protein exhibits high thermostability. 12. A protein of claim 1 wherein the protein exhibits high solubility. 13. A protein of claim 1 wherein the protein is self-folding. 14. A protein of claim 1 wherein the protein exhibits high thermostability, high solubility, and is self-folding 15. A protein having the formula: (a-b-x-y)n wherein
a and x represent linker sequences; b represents an amino acid sequence that forms an alpha (a) helix; y represents an amino acid sequence that forms a second α helix; n=2 or more; each (a-b-x-y) unit is structurally repetitive to an adjacent (a-b-x-y) unit; the protein is handed; and the N- and C-termini of the protein create a circular architecture. 16. A protein of claim 15 wherein the protein exhibits high thermostability. 17. A protein of claim 15 wherein the protein exhibits high solubility. 18. A protein of claim 15 wherein the protein is self-folding. 19. A protein of claim 15 wherein the protein exhibits high thermostability, high solubility, and is self-folding. 20. A protein of claim 15 wherein the protein is left-handed. 21. A protein of claim 15 wherein the linker sequences are flexible linker sequences. 22. A protein of claim 15 wherein the linker sequences are GBB linker sequences. 23. A protein of claim 22 wherein the GBB linker sequences are selected from GKS; GIT; GTT; GYS; GDK; GDE; NDK; GDR; GDL; and GIS. 24. A protein of claim 15 wherein b and y have at least 98% sequence identity. 25. A protein of claim 15 wherein b and y have 100% sequence identity. 26. A protein of claim 15 wherein each (a-b-x-y) unit has at least 95% sequence identity with an adjacent (a-b-x-y) unit. 27. A protein of claim 15 wherein each (a-b-x-y) unit has 100% sequence identity with an adjacent (a-b-x-y) unit. 28. A protein of claim 15 wherein b and y are selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1-50; 124-129; 139; 140; 146; and/or 147. 29. A protein of claim 15 wherein a (a-b-x-y) unit is selected from SEQ ID NOs. 73-114; 130-134; 141-144; 172; and/or 148. 30. A protein of claim 15 comprising a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 51-70; 117-123; 135-138 or 145. 31. A protein of claim 15 further comprising a functional domain (d) inserted in a (a-b-x-y) unit at a position selected from (d-a-b-x-y); (a-d-b-x-y); (a-b-d-x-y); (a-b-x-d-y); and (a-b-x-y-d). 32. A protein of claim 15 further comprising at least two functional domains inserted in at least two (a-b-x-y) units at positions selected from (d-a-b-x-y); (a-d-b-x-y); (a-b-d-x-y); (a-b-x-d-y); and/or (a-b-x-y-d). 33. A protein of claim 31 wherein the functional domain comprises a cytokine, a Notch ligand, an immunogenic peptide, a peptide adjuvant, a single-chain class I MHC domain, or a small molecule ligand binding domain. 34. A protein of claim 31 wherein the functional domain comprises SH2, SH3, IL-2, IL-3, IL-17c, single-chain MHC, the extracellular domain of the Delta-1 Notch protein ligand, Protein L, SEQ ID NO: 116, or SEQ ID NO: 115. 35. A protein of claim 31 further comprising a flexible, rigid, or semi-rigid linker adjacent to the functional domain. 36. A protein having the formula: (a-b-x-y)n wherein
a represents an amino acid sequence that forms an alpha (a) helix; x represents an amino acid sequence that forms a second α helix; b and y represent linker sequences; n=2 or more; each (a-b-x-y) unit is structurally repetitive to an adjacent (a-b-x-y) unit; the protein is handed; and the N- and C-termini of the protein create a circular architecture. 37. A protein of claim 36 wherein the linker sequences are flexible linker sequences. 38. A protein of claim 36 wherein the linker sequences are GBB linker sequences. 39. A protein of claim 38 wherein the GBB linker sequences are selected from GKS; GIT; GTT; GYS; GDK; GDE; NDK; GDR; GDL; and GIS. 40. A protein of claim 36 wherein b and y are selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1-50; 124-129; 139; 140; 146; and/or 147. 41. A protein of claim 36 further comprising a functional domain (d) inserted in a (a-b-x-y) unit at a position selected from (d-a-b-x-y); (a-d-b-x-y); (a-b-d-x-y); (a-b-x-d-y); and (a-b-x-y-d). 42. A protein of claim 36 further comprising at least two functional domains inserted in at least two (a-b-x-y) units at positions selected from (d-a-b-x-y); (a-d-b-x-y); (a-b-d-x-y); (a-b-x-d-y); and/or (a-b-x-y-d). 43. An artificially-designed circular, handed α-helical repeat protein (cTRP) wherein each repetitive α-helical structure comprises an outer α helix and an inner α helix. 44. A cTRP of claim 43 wherein the outer α helix and the inner α helix are joined by a linker. 45. A cTRP of claim 43 wherein the linker is a flexible linker. 46. A cTRP of claim 43 wherein the linker is a GBB linker. 47. A cTRP of claim 46 wherein the GBB linker is a sequence selected from GKS; GIT; GTT; GYS; GDK; GDE; NDK; GDR; GDL; and GIS. 48. A cTRP of claim 43 wherein the outer α helix and the inner α helix are produced by a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1-50; 124-129; 139; 140; 146; and/or 147. 49. A cTRP of claim 43 comprising a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 51-70; 117-123; 135-138 or 145. 50. A cTRP of claim 43 further comprising a functional domain. 51. A cTRP of claim 43 further comprising at least two functional domains. 52. A cTRP of claim 50 selected from SEQ ID NOs. 71; 72; 149; 150; or 151. | Circular handed alpha-helical repeat proteins are described. The repeat proteins have a number of uses as scaffolds for geometrically precise, arrayed presentation of cell-signaling or immune-related protein and peptide epitopes, as well as numerous other therapeutic, diagnostic, and nanotechnological uses.1. A protein having the formula: (a-b-x-y)n wherein
a and x represent GBB linker sequences selected from GKS; GIT; GTT; GYS; GDK; GDE; NDK; GDR; GDL; and GIS; b represents an amino acid sequence that forms an alpha (α) helix; y represents an amino acid sequence that forms a second α helix; n=3, 6, 9, 12, or 24; each (a-b-x-y) unit is structurally repetitive to an adjacent (a-b-x-y) unit; the protein is left-handed; and the N- and C-termini of the protein create a circular architecture. 2. A protein of claim 1 wherein b and y are identical sequences. 3. A protein of claim 1 wherein b and y are selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1-50; 124-129; 139; 140; 146; and/or 147. 4. A protein of claim 1 wherein a (a-b-x-y) unit is selected from SEQ ID NOs. 73-114; 130-134; 141-144; 172; and/or 148. 5. A protein of claim 1 comprising a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 51-70; 117-123; 135-138 or 145. 6. A protein of claim 1 further comprising a functional domain (d) inserted in a (a-b-x-y) unit at a position selected from (d-a-b-x-y); (a-d-b-x-y); (a-b-d-x-y); (a-b-x-d-y); and (a-b-x-y-d). 7. A protein of claim 1 further comprising at least two functional domains inserted in at least two (a-b-x-y) units at positions selected from (d-a-b-x-y); (a-d-b-x-y); (a-b-d-x-y); (a-b-x-d-y); and/or (a-b-x-y-d). 8. A protein of claim 7 wherein the functional domain is selected from a cytokine, a Notch ligand, an immunogenic peptide, a peptide adjuvant, a single-chain class I MHC domain, or a small molecule ligand binding domain. 9. A protein of claim 7 wherein the functional domain is SH2, SH3, IL-2, IL-3, IL-17c, single-chain MHC, the extracellular domain of the Delta-1 Notch protein ligand, Protein L, SEQ ID NO: 116, or SEQ ID NO: 115. 10. A protein of claim 7 further comprising a flexible, rigid, or semi-rigid linker adjacent to the functional domain. 11. A protein of claim 1 wherein the protein exhibits high thermostability. 12. A protein of claim 1 wherein the protein exhibits high solubility. 13. A protein of claim 1 wherein the protein is self-folding. 14. A protein of claim 1 wherein the protein exhibits high thermostability, high solubility, and is self-folding 15. A protein having the formula: (a-b-x-y)n wherein
a and x represent linker sequences; b represents an amino acid sequence that forms an alpha (a) helix; y represents an amino acid sequence that forms a second α helix; n=2 or more; each (a-b-x-y) unit is structurally repetitive to an adjacent (a-b-x-y) unit; the protein is handed; and the N- and C-termini of the protein create a circular architecture. 16. A protein of claim 15 wherein the protein exhibits high thermostability. 17. A protein of claim 15 wherein the protein exhibits high solubility. 18. A protein of claim 15 wherein the protein is self-folding. 19. A protein of claim 15 wherein the protein exhibits high thermostability, high solubility, and is self-folding. 20. A protein of claim 15 wherein the protein is left-handed. 21. A protein of claim 15 wherein the linker sequences are flexible linker sequences. 22. A protein of claim 15 wherein the linker sequences are GBB linker sequences. 23. A protein of claim 22 wherein the GBB linker sequences are selected from GKS; GIT; GTT; GYS; GDK; GDE; NDK; GDR; GDL; and GIS. 24. A protein of claim 15 wherein b and y have at least 98% sequence identity. 25. A protein of claim 15 wherein b and y have 100% sequence identity. 26. A protein of claim 15 wherein each (a-b-x-y) unit has at least 95% sequence identity with an adjacent (a-b-x-y) unit. 27. A protein of claim 15 wherein each (a-b-x-y) unit has 100% sequence identity with an adjacent (a-b-x-y) unit. 28. A protein of claim 15 wherein b and y are selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1-50; 124-129; 139; 140; 146; and/or 147. 29. A protein of claim 15 wherein a (a-b-x-y) unit is selected from SEQ ID NOs. 73-114; 130-134; 141-144; 172; and/or 148. 30. A protein of claim 15 comprising a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 51-70; 117-123; 135-138 or 145. 31. A protein of claim 15 further comprising a functional domain (d) inserted in a (a-b-x-y) unit at a position selected from (d-a-b-x-y); (a-d-b-x-y); (a-b-d-x-y); (a-b-x-d-y); and (a-b-x-y-d). 32. A protein of claim 15 further comprising at least two functional domains inserted in at least two (a-b-x-y) units at positions selected from (d-a-b-x-y); (a-d-b-x-y); (a-b-d-x-y); (a-b-x-d-y); and/or (a-b-x-y-d). 33. A protein of claim 31 wherein the functional domain comprises a cytokine, a Notch ligand, an immunogenic peptide, a peptide adjuvant, a single-chain class I MHC domain, or a small molecule ligand binding domain. 34. A protein of claim 31 wherein the functional domain comprises SH2, SH3, IL-2, IL-3, IL-17c, single-chain MHC, the extracellular domain of the Delta-1 Notch protein ligand, Protein L, SEQ ID NO: 116, or SEQ ID NO: 115. 35. A protein of claim 31 further comprising a flexible, rigid, or semi-rigid linker adjacent to the functional domain. 36. A protein having the formula: (a-b-x-y)n wherein
a represents an amino acid sequence that forms an alpha (a) helix; x represents an amino acid sequence that forms a second α helix; b and y represent linker sequences; n=2 or more; each (a-b-x-y) unit is structurally repetitive to an adjacent (a-b-x-y) unit; the protein is handed; and the N- and C-termini of the protein create a circular architecture. 37. A protein of claim 36 wherein the linker sequences are flexible linker sequences. 38. A protein of claim 36 wherein the linker sequences are GBB linker sequences. 39. A protein of claim 38 wherein the GBB linker sequences are selected from GKS; GIT; GTT; GYS; GDK; GDE; NDK; GDR; GDL; and GIS. 40. A protein of claim 36 wherein b and y are selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1-50; 124-129; 139; 140; 146; and/or 147. 41. A protein of claim 36 further comprising a functional domain (d) inserted in a (a-b-x-y) unit at a position selected from (d-a-b-x-y); (a-d-b-x-y); (a-b-d-x-y); (a-b-x-d-y); and (a-b-x-y-d). 42. A protein of claim 36 further comprising at least two functional domains inserted in at least two (a-b-x-y) units at positions selected from (d-a-b-x-y); (a-d-b-x-y); (a-b-d-x-y); (a-b-x-d-y); and/or (a-b-x-y-d). 43. An artificially-designed circular, handed α-helical repeat protein (cTRP) wherein each repetitive α-helical structure comprises an outer α helix and an inner α helix. 44. A cTRP of claim 43 wherein the outer α helix and the inner α helix are joined by a linker. 45. A cTRP of claim 43 wherein the linker is a flexible linker. 46. A cTRP of claim 43 wherein the linker is a GBB linker. 47. A cTRP of claim 46 wherein the GBB linker is a sequence selected from GKS; GIT; GTT; GYS; GDK; GDE; NDK; GDR; GDL; and GIS. 48. A cTRP of claim 43 wherein the outer α helix and the inner α helix are produced by a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1-50; 124-129; 139; 140; 146; and/or 147. 49. A cTRP of claim 43 comprising a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 51-70; 117-123; 135-138 or 145. 50. A cTRP of claim 43 further comprising a functional domain. 51. A cTRP of claim 43 further comprising at least two functional domains. 52. A cTRP of claim 50 selected from SEQ ID NOs. 71; 72; 149; 150; or 151. | 3,700 |
342,016 | 16,802,378 | 3,762 | The present invention provides a 2,4,6-trisubstituted s-triazine compound represented by general formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs or solvates thereof, a preparation method therefor, and use of these compounds in preparing drugs for preventing or treating diseases associated with protein kinase and vimentin dysregulation, and cell vacuolization, and in particular, drugs for treating or preventing cancer growth and metastasis, tissue fibrosis and atherosclerosis. | 1. A compound represented by general Formula I: 2. The compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 1, wherein:
R1 is hydrogen, halogen or nitro; and/or R2 is —NR4R5, wherein R4 and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl; or R4, R5 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated or unsaturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from the group consisting of NR6, O and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, amino or C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R6 is hydrogen, hydroxyl or C1-C6 alkyl; and/or R3 is hydrogen, halogen, nitro, amino, hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkyl, hydroxymethyl, aminomethyl or —CORa; wherein Ra is OH or NR7R8, wherein R7 and R8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen or NR9R10, and C1-C6 alkyl substituted with 3-(C2-C6 alkynyl)-3H-diaziridinyl; or R7, R8 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O and S, and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R9 and R10 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; or R9, R10 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; and/or X is NH, linked to the phenyl group at a para- or meta-position. 3. The compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 2, wherein:
R2 is —NR4R5, wherein R4 and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; or R4, R5 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from the group consisting of NR6, O and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, amino or C1-C6 alkyl, wherein R6 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; and/or R3 is halogen, C1-C6 alkoxyl or —CORa; wherein Ra is OH or NR7R8, wherein R7 and R8 are independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with NR9R10, and C1-C6 alkyl substituted with 3-(C2-C6 alkynyl)-3H-diaziridinyl; or R7, R8 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from N or O, and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R9 and R10 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; or R9, R10 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from N or O. 4. The compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 1, wherein:
R1 is hydrogen, halogen or nitro; R2 is —NR4R5, wherein R4, R5 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from the group consisting of NR6 and O, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with a substituent selected from hydroxyl and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R6 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R3 is halogen or —CORa; wherein Ra is OH or NR7R8, wherein R7 and R8 are independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with NR9R10, and C1-C6 alkyl substituted with 3-(C2-C6 alkynyl)-3H-diaziridinyl; or R7, R8 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from N or O, and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R9 and R10 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; or R9, R10 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from N or O; and X is NH, linked to the phenyl group at a para- or meta-position. 5. The compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 1, wherein the compound has a structure represented by Formula (I-1), (I-2) or (I-3): 6. The compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 5, wherein, in Formula (I-1),
R1 is hydrogen, halogen or nitro; R2 is morpholinyl; and R3 is halogen or CORa; wherein Ra is OH or NR7R8, wherein R7 and R8 are independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with NR9R10, and C1-C6 alkyl substituted with 3-(C2-C6 alkynyl)-3H-diaziridinyl; or R7, R8 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from N or O, and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R9 and R10 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; or R9, R10 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from N or O. 7. The compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
(E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-dimethylamino-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitro styrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-N,N-dimethyl-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-1-(4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)formyl)phenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)formyl)phenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-N-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-N-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-N-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-N-(2-(morpholin-1-yl)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(4-((4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxo)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-((4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxo)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-((4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxo)phenyl)urea; (E)-N-(2-(3-(1-butyn-4-yl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-((4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; and (E)-1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea. 8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 9. A method for treating or preventing a solid tumor or a hematological tumor, comprising administering the subject in need thereof the compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 1. 10. A method treating or preventing a disease associated with formation and transportation of vesicles in cells and release of vesicles from inside to outside of the cells, or for promoting cell death by methuosis, or for treating or preventing a disease mediated by vimentin, comprising administering the subject in need thereof the compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 1. 11. The compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 3, wherein R4, R5 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from the group consisting of NR6 and O, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl and C1-C6 alkyl, wherein is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl. 12. The compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 6, wherein when R1 is a group other than hydrogen, R1 and R3 each are independently located on a meta- or para-position of the phenyl group. 13. The compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 6, wherein when R1 is a group other than hydrogen, R1 is located on a meta-position of the phenyl group, and R3 is located on a para-position of the phenyl group; the saturated heterocyclic ring is selected from the group consisting of piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, and morpholinyl. 14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein the compound has a structure represented by Formula (I-1), (I-2) or (I-3): 15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14, wherein in Formula (I-1),
R1 is hydrogen, halogen or nitro; R2 is morpholinyl; and R3 is halogen or CORa; wherein Ra is OH or NR7R8, wherein R7 and R8 are independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with NR9R10, and C1-C6 alkyl substituted with 3-(C2-C6 alkynyl)-3H-diaziridinyl; or R7, R8 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from N or O, and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R9 and R10 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; or R9, R10 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from N or O. 16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein
when R1 is a group other than hydrogen, R1 and R3 each are independently located on a meta- or para-position of the phenyl group; or when R1 is a group other than hydrogen, R1 is located on a meta-position of the phenyl group, and R3 is located on a para-position of the phenyl group; the saturated heterocyclic ring is selected from the group consisting of piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, and morpholinyl. 17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
(E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-dimethylamino-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-N, N-dimethyl-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-1-(4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)formyl)phenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)formyl)phenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-N-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-N-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-N-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-N-(2-(morpholin-1-yl)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(4-((4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxo)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-((4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxo)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-((4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxo)phenyl)urea; (E)-N-(2-(3-(1-butyn-4-yl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-((4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; and (E)-1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea. 18. The method of claim 9, wherein the solid tumor is selected from the group consisting of colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, thyroid cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, prostatic cancer, sarcoma and glioma; and the hematological tumor is selected from the group consisting of leukemia and multiple myeloma. 19. The method of claim 10, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of diseases associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition; differentiation of stem cells;
infiltrative growth, metastasis, drug resistance and relapse of tumors; tissue fibrosis; infectious diseases and cardiovascular diseases. 20. The method of claim 10, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of solid tumors such as colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, thyroid cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, prostatic cancer, sarcoma and glioma; hematological tumors such as leukemia and multiple myeloma; and atherosclerosis. | The present invention provides a 2,4,6-trisubstituted s-triazine compound represented by general formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs or solvates thereof, a preparation method therefor, and use of these compounds in preparing drugs for preventing or treating diseases associated with protein kinase and vimentin dysregulation, and cell vacuolization, and in particular, drugs for treating or preventing cancer growth and metastasis, tissue fibrosis and atherosclerosis.1. A compound represented by general Formula I: 2. The compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 1, wherein:
R1 is hydrogen, halogen or nitro; and/or R2 is —NR4R5, wherein R4 and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl; or R4, R5 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated or unsaturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from the group consisting of NR6, O and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, amino or C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R6 is hydrogen, hydroxyl or C1-C6 alkyl; and/or R3 is hydrogen, halogen, nitro, amino, hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkyl, hydroxymethyl, aminomethyl or —CORa; wherein Ra is OH or NR7R8, wherein R7 and R8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen or NR9R10, and C1-C6 alkyl substituted with 3-(C2-C6 alkynyl)-3H-diaziridinyl; or R7, R8 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O and S, and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R9 and R10 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; or R9, R10 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; and/or X is NH, linked to the phenyl group at a para- or meta-position. 3. The compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 2, wherein:
R2 is —NR4R5, wherein R4 and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; or R4, R5 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from the group consisting of NR6, O and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, amino or C1-C6 alkyl, wherein R6 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; and/or R3 is halogen, C1-C6 alkoxyl or —CORa; wherein Ra is OH or NR7R8, wherein R7 and R8 are independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with NR9R10, and C1-C6 alkyl substituted with 3-(C2-C6 alkynyl)-3H-diaziridinyl; or R7, R8 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from N or O, and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R9 and R10 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; or R9, R10 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from N or O. 4. The compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 1, wherein:
R1 is hydrogen, halogen or nitro; R2 is —NR4R5, wherein R4, R5 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from the group consisting of NR6 and O, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with a substituent selected from hydroxyl and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R6 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R3 is halogen or —CORa; wherein Ra is OH or NR7R8, wherein R7 and R8 are independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with NR9R10, and C1-C6 alkyl substituted with 3-(C2-C6 alkynyl)-3H-diaziridinyl; or R7, R8 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from N or O, and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R9 and R10 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; or R9, R10 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from N or O; and X is NH, linked to the phenyl group at a para- or meta-position. 5. The compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 1, wherein the compound has a structure represented by Formula (I-1), (I-2) or (I-3): 6. The compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 5, wherein, in Formula (I-1),
R1 is hydrogen, halogen or nitro; R2 is morpholinyl; and R3 is halogen or CORa; wherein Ra is OH or NR7R8, wherein R7 and R8 are independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with NR9R10, and C1-C6 alkyl substituted with 3-(C2-C6 alkynyl)-3H-diaziridinyl; or R7, R8 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from N or O, and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R9 and R10 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; or R9, R10 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from N or O. 7. The compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
(E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-dimethylamino-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitro styrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-N,N-dimethyl-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-1-(4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)formyl)phenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)formyl)phenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-N-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-N-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-N-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-N-(2-(morpholin-1-yl)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(4-((4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxo)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-((4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxo)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-((4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxo)phenyl)urea; (E)-N-(2-(3-(1-butyn-4-yl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-((4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; and (E)-1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea. 8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 9. A method for treating or preventing a solid tumor or a hematological tumor, comprising administering the subject in need thereof the compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 1. 10. A method treating or preventing a disease associated with formation and transportation of vesicles in cells and release of vesicles from inside to outside of the cells, or for promoting cell death by methuosis, or for treating or preventing a disease mediated by vimentin, comprising administering the subject in need thereof the compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 1. 11. The compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 3, wherein R4, R5 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from the group consisting of NR6 and O, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl and C1-C6 alkyl, wherein is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl. 12. The compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 6, wherein when R1 is a group other than hydrogen, R1 and R3 each are independently located on a meta- or para-position of the phenyl group. 13. The compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate of claim 6, wherein when R1 is a group other than hydrogen, R1 is located on a meta-position of the phenyl group, and R3 is located on a para-position of the phenyl group; the saturated heterocyclic ring is selected from the group consisting of piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, and morpholinyl. 14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein the compound has a structure represented by Formula (I-1), (I-2) or (I-3): 15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14, wherein in Formula (I-1),
R1 is hydrogen, halogen or nitro; R2 is morpholinyl; and R3 is halogen or CORa; wherein Ra is OH or NR7R8, wherein R7 and R8 are independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with NR9R10, and C1-C6 alkyl substituted with 3-(C2-C6 alkynyl)-3H-diaziridinyl; or R7, R8 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from N or O, and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R9 and R10 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; or R9, R10 and the nitrogen atom bonded to them form a saturated 4 to 6-member heterocyclic ring containing optionally an additional heteroatom selected from N or O. 16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein
when R1 is a group other than hydrogen, R1 and R3 each are independently located on a meta- or para-position of the phenyl group; or when R1 is a group other than hydrogen, R1 is located on a meta-position of the phenyl group, and R3 is located on a para-position of the phenyl group; the saturated heterocyclic ring is selected from the group consisting of piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, and morpholinyl. 17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
(E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(4-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-dimethylamino-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-chlorostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(3-nitrostyrenyl)-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-N, N-dimethyl-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-1-(4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)formyl)phenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)formyl)phenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea; (E)-N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-N-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-N-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-N-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-N-(2-(morpholin-1-yl)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; (E)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(4-((4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxo)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-((4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxo)phenyl)urea; (E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-((4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxo)phenyl)urea; (E)-N-(2-(3-(1-butyn-4-yl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl)ethyl)-4-(3-(4-((4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)phenyl)urea)benzamide; and (E)-1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3-(4-(4-(morpholin-1-yl)-6-styrenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl-2-amino)phenyl)urea. 18. The method of claim 9, wherein the solid tumor is selected from the group consisting of colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, thyroid cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, prostatic cancer, sarcoma and glioma; and the hematological tumor is selected from the group consisting of leukemia and multiple myeloma. 19. The method of claim 10, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of diseases associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition; differentiation of stem cells;
infiltrative growth, metastasis, drug resistance and relapse of tumors; tissue fibrosis; infectious diseases and cardiovascular diseases. 20. The method of claim 10, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of solid tumors such as colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, thyroid cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, prostatic cancer, sarcoma and glioma; hematological tumors such as leukemia and multiple myeloma; and atherosclerosis. | 3,700 |
342,017 | 16,802,396 | 3,762 | A semiconductor device includes a substrate, two source/drain (S/D) regions over the substrate, a channel region between the two S/D regions and including a semiconductor material, a deposited capacitor material (DCM) layer over the channel region a dielectric layer over the DCM layer and a metallic gate electrode layer over the dielectric layer. | 1. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a substrate; two source/drain (S/D) regions over the substrate; a channel region between the two S/D regions and including a semiconductor material; a deposited capacitor material (DCM) layer over the channel region; a dielectric layer over the DCM layer; and a metallic gate electrode layer over the dielectric layer. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the DCM layer includes a layer of doped amorphous silicon. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the DCM layer includes silicon, silicon germanium, a metal, a silicide, or a 2-dimensional material. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 3, wherein the 2-dimensional material is graphene or MoS2. 5. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer includes a layer of a high-k dielectric material over a layer of silicon oxide. 6. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the DCM layer fully separates the dielectric layer from the channel region. 7. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the channel region includes a layer of the semiconductor material suspended between the two S/D regions and over the substrate, wherein the DCM layer wraps around a portion of the layer of the semiconductor material. 8. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the channel region includes two layers of the semiconductor material suspended between the two S/D regions and over the substrate, wherein the DCM layer fully fills space between the two layers of the semiconductor material in a cross-section perpendicular to the two layers of the semiconductor material. 9. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the channel region includes a fin of the semiconductor material, wherein the DCM layer covers a top surface and two sidewall surfaces of the fin above an isolation structure. 10. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a substrate; a first device over a first region of the substrate, wherein the first device includes two first source/drain (S/D) regions, a first channel region of a semiconductor material between the two first S/D regions, a first dielectric layer directly on the first channel region, and a first gate electrode layer over the first dielectric layer; and a second device over a second region of the substrate, wherein the second device includes two second S/D regions, a second channel region of the semiconductor material between the two second S/D regions, a deposited capacitor material (DCM) layer directly on the second channel region, a second dielectric layer directly on the DCM layer, and a second gate electrode layer over the second dielectric layer. 11. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein each of the first and the second dielectric layers includes a layer of a high-k dielectric material over an interfacial layer. 12. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the second channel region includes a layer of the semiconductor material suspended between the two second S/D regions and over the substrate, wherein the DCM layer wraps around a portion of the layer of the semiconductor material. 13. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the first channel region includes two first layers of the semiconductor material suspended between the two first S/D regions and over the substrate, wherein a portion of the first dielectric layer and a portion of the first gate electrode layer are disposed between the two first layers,
wherein the second channel region includes two second layers of the semiconductor material suspended between the two second S/D regions and over the substrate, wherein a portion of the DCM layer, a portion of the second dielectric layer, and a portion of the second gate electrode layer are disposed between the two second layers. 14. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the first channel region includes two first layers of the semiconductor material suspended between the two first S/D regions and over the substrate, wherein a portion of the first dielectric layer and a portion of the first gate electrode layer are disposed between the two first layers,
wherein the second channel region includes two second layers of the semiconductor material suspended between the two second S/D regions and over the substrate, wherein a portion of the DCM layer fully fills space between the two second layers in a cross-section perpendicular to the two second layers. 15-20. (canceled) 21. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a substrate; a first device over a first region of the substrate, wherein the first device includes two first source/drain (S/D) regions, multiple first channel layers between the two first S/D regions and suspended over the substrate, a first dielectric layer over the first channel layers, and a first gate electrode layer over the first dielectric layer; and a second device over a second region of the substrate, wherein the second device includes two second S/D regions, multiple second channel layers between the two second S/D regions and suspended over the substrate, a deposited capacitor material (DCM) layer directly on the second channel layers, a second dielectric layer over the DCM layer, and a second gate electrode layer over the second dielectric layer. 22. The semiconductor device of claim 21, wherein the DCM layer wraps around each of the multiple second channel layers. 23. The semiconductor device of claim 22, wherein the DCM layer directly contacts the second dielectric layer. 24. The semiconductor device of claim 22, wherein the DCM layer includes a layer of doped amorphous silicon. 25. The semiconductor device of claim 22, wherein the DCM layer includes silicon, silicon germanium, a metal, a silicide, graphene, or MoS2. 26. The semiconductor device of claim 21, further comprising a dielectric material horizontally between the DCM layer and each of the two second S/D regions. | A semiconductor device includes a substrate, two source/drain (S/D) regions over the substrate, a channel region between the two S/D regions and including a semiconductor material, a deposited capacitor material (DCM) layer over the channel region a dielectric layer over the DCM layer and a metallic gate electrode layer over the dielectric layer.1. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a substrate; two source/drain (S/D) regions over the substrate; a channel region between the two S/D regions and including a semiconductor material; a deposited capacitor material (DCM) layer over the channel region; a dielectric layer over the DCM layer; and a metallic gate electrode layer over the dielectric layer. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the DCM layer includes a layer of doped amorphous silicon. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the DCM layer includes silicon, silicon germanium, a metal, a silicide, or a 2-dimensional material. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 3, wherein the 2-dimensional material is graphene or MoS2. 5. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer includes a layer of a high-k dielectric material over a layer of silicon oxide. 6. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the DCM layer fully separates the dielectric layer from the channel region. 7. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the channel region includes a layer of the semiconductor material suspended between the two S/D regions and over the substrate, wherein the DCM layer wraps around a portion of the layer of the semiconductor material. 8. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the channel region includes two layers of the semiconductor material suspended between the two S/D regions and over the substrate, wherein the DCM layer fully fills space between the two layers of the semiconductor material in a cross-section perpendicular to the two layers of the semiconductor material. 9. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the channel region includes a fin of the semiconductor material, wherein the DCM layer covers a top surface and two sidewall surfaces of the fin above an isolation structure. 10. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a substrate; a first device over a first region of the substrate, wherein the first device includes two first source/drain (S/D) regions, a first channel region of a semiconductor material between the two first S/D regions, a first dielectric layer directly on the first channel region, and a first gate electrode layer over the first dielectric layer; and a second device over a second region of the substrate, wherein the second device includes two second S/D regions, a second channel region of the semiconductor material between the two second S/D regions, a deposited capacitor material (DCM) layer directly on the second channel region, a second dielectric layer directly on the DCM layer, and a second gate electrode layer over the second dielectric layer. 11. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein each of the first and the second dielectric layers includes a layer of a high-k dielectric material over an interfacial layer. 12. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the second channel region includes a layer of the semiconductor material suspended between the two second S/D regions and over the substrate, wherein the DCM layer wraps around a portion of the layer of the semiconductor material. 13. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the first channel region includes two first layers of the semiconductor material suspended between the two first S/D regions and over the substrate, wherein a portion of the first dielectric layer and a portion of the first gate electrode layer are disposed between the two first layers,
wherein the second channel region includes two second layers of the semiconductor material suspended between the two second S/D regions and over the substrate, wherein a portion of the DCM layer, a portion of the second dielectric layer, and a portion of the second gate electrode layer are disposed between the two second layers. 14. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the first channel region includes two first layers of the semiconductor material suspended between the two first S/D regions and over the substrate, wherein a portion of the first dielectric layer and a portion of the first gate electrode layer are disposed between the two first layers,
wherein the second channel region includes two second layers of the semiconductor material suspended between the two second S/D regions and over the substrate, wherein a portion of the DCM layer fully fills space between the two second layers in a cross-section perpendicular to the two second layers. 15-20. (canceled) 21. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a substrate; a first device over a first region of the substrate, wherein the first device includes two first source/drain (S/D) regions, multiple first channel layers between the two first S/D regions and suspended over the substrate, a first dielectric layer over the first channel layers, and a first gate electrode layer over the first dielectric layer; and a second device over a second region of the substrate, wherein the second device includes two second S/D regions, multiple second channel layers between the two second S/D regions and suspended over the substrate, a deposited capacitor material (DCM) layer directly on the second channel layers, a second dielectric layer over the DCM layer, and a second gate electrode layer over the second dielectric layer. 22. The semiconductor device of claim 21, wherein the DCM layer wraps around each of the multiple second channel layers. 23. The semiconductor device of claim 22, wherein the DCM layer directly contacts the second dielectric layer. 24. The semiconductor device of claim 22, wherein the DCM layer includes a layer of doped amorphous silicon. 25. The semiconductor device of claim 22, wherein the DCM layer includes silicon, silicon germanium, a metal, a silicide, graphene, or MoS2. 26. The semiconductor device of claim 21, further comprising a dielectric material horizontally between the DCM layer and each of the two second S/D regions. | 3,700 |
342,018 | 16,802,351 | 3,762 | A non-contact temperature measurement system for calculating estimated core body temperature is disclosed. The temperature measurement system can include a sensor that can detect temperature of a patient and temperature of ambient surrounding. The temperature of the patient and the ambient temperature can then be used to determine a core body temperature. The temperature measurement system includes an optical module having a light emitter and a light detector. The light emitter emits a beam of light towards the patient and the light detector detects a beam of light reflected by the patient. The reflected beam is analyzed to determine a distance between the temperature measurement system and the patient. | 1.-44. (canceled) 45. A temperature measurement system for determining a core body temperature of a patient, the system comprising:
a first sensor; a second sensor; and a hardware processor programmed to execute software instructions to cause a system to:
receive a first set of data from the first sensor, the first set of data representative of skin surface temperature of a patient;
receive a second set of data from the second sensor, the second set of data representative of an ambient air temperature; and
determine a core body temperature based at least in part on the first set of data and the second set of data. 46. The system of claim 45, wherein the software instructions further cause the hardware processor to:
process the first set of data using a data processing method, wherein the core body temperature is determined based at least in part on the processed first set of data and the second set of data. 47. The system of claim 46, wherein the data processing method discards at least a portion of the first set of data based at least in part on signal density distribution of the first set of data. 48. The system of claim 46, wherein the data processing method discards a data point of the first set of data when signal quality index the data point is less than a threshold value. 49. The system of claim 48, wherein the signal quality index is determined based at least in part on standard deviation of the first set of data and a sensor tolerance associated with the first sensor. 50. The system of claim 45, wherein the software instructions further cause the hardware processor to:
determine convective heat transfer between the skin of the patient and ambient air based at least in part on the first set of data and the second set of data; and determine radiative heat transfer between the skin of the patient and the ambient air based at least in part on the first set of data and the second set of data, wherein the core body temperature of the patient is determined based at least in part on the convective heat transfer and the radiative heat transfer. 51. The system of claim 45 comprising:
a display module configured to generate and display an indicator associated with the core body temperature, the indicator having a first variable characteristic based at least on the core body temperature. 52. The system of claim 51, wherein the first variable characteristic is color of the indicator. 53. The system of claim 52, wherein the indicator is in a first color when a predetermined condition is met, and wherein the indicator is in a second color when the predetermined condition is not met. 54. The system of claim 51, wherein the indicator has a second variable characteristic based at least on the core body temperature, and wherein the second variable characteristic is a frequency at which the indicator blinks. 55. The system of claim 54, wherein the indicator blinks at a first frequency when the core body temperature satisfies a predetermined condition, and wherein the indicator blinks at a second frequency when the core body temperature does not satisfy the predetermined condition. 56. The system of claim 45, wherein the first sensor is an infrared thermometer. 57. The system of claim 51, wherein the indicator is projected on the patient. 58. The system of claim 57, wherein the indicator is projected on an area of the patient from where the first set of data is taken. 59. The system of claim 51, wherein the indicator is legible when the temperature measurement system is positioned at a predetermined distance from the patient, and wherein the indicator is illegible when the first sensor is not positioned at the predetermined distance from the patient. 60. The system of claim 45 comprising:
a light source; and
a light detector,
wherein the light source is configured to emit a first beam of light towards the patient and the light detector is configured to detect a second beam of light from the patient, wherein the second beam of light is a portion of the first beam of light reflected by the patient, and wherein the hardware processor is configured to determine a distance between the temperature measurement system and the patient. 61. The system of claim 60, wherein the distance between the temperature measurement system and the patient is determined based at least in part on intensity of the second beam of light. 62. The system of claim 60, wherein the distance between the temperature measurement system and the patient is determined based at least in part on incident position of the second beam of light within the light detector. 63. A method for determining a core body temperature of a patient, the method comprising:
receiving a first set of data from a first sensor, the first set of data representative of skin surface temperature of a patient; receiving a second set of data from a second sensor, the second set of data representative of an ambient air temperature; and determine a core body temperature based at least in part on the first set of data and the second set of data. 64. The method of claim 63 comprising:
determining convective heat transfer between the skin of the patient and ambient air based at least in part on the first set of data and the second set of data; and
determining radiative heat transfer between the skin of the patient and the ambient air based at least in part on the first set of data and the second set of data,
wherein the core body temperature of the patient is determined based at least in part on the convective heat transfer and the radiative heat transfer. | A non-contact temperature measurement system for calculating estimated core body temperature is disclosed. The temperature measurement system can include a sensor that can detect temperature of a patient and temperature of ambient surrounding. The temperature of the patient and the ambient temperature can then be used to determine a core body temperature. The temperature measurement system includes an optical module having a light emitter and a light detector. The light emitter emits a beam of light towards the patient and the light detector detects a beam of light reflected by the patient. The reflected beam is analyzed to determine a distance between the temperature measurement system and the patient.1.-44. (canceled) 45. A temperature measurement system for determining a core body temperature of a patient, the system comprising:
a first sensor; a second sensor; and a hardware processor programmed to execute software instructions to cause a system to:
receive a first set of data from the first sensor, the first set of data representative of skin surface temperature of a patient;
receive a second set of data from the second sensor, the second set of data representative of an ambient air temperature; and
determine a core body temperature based at least in part on the first set of data and the second set of data. 46. The system of claim 45, wherein the software instructions further cause the hardware processor to:
process the first set of data using a data processing method, wherein the core body temperature is determined based at least in part on the processed first set of data and the second set of data. 47. The system of claim 46, wherein the data processing method discards at least a portion of the first set of data based at least in part on signal density distribution of the first set of data. 48. The system of claim 46, wherein the data processing method discards a data point of the first set of data when signal quality index the data point is less than a threshold value. 49. The system of claim 48, wherein the signal quality index is determined based at least in part on standard deviation of the first set of data and a sensor tolerance associated with the first sensor. 50. The system of claim 45, wherein the software instructions further cause the hardware processor to:
determine convective heat transfer between the skin of the patient and ambient air based at least in part on the first set of data and the second set of data; and determine radiative heat transfer between the skin of the patient and the ambient air based at least in part on the first set of data and the second set of data, wherein the core body temperature of the patient is determined based at least in part on the convective heat transfer and the radiative heat transfer. 51. The system of claim 45 comprising:
a display module configured to generate and display an indicator associated with the core body temperature, the indicator having a first variable characteristic based at least on the core body temperature. 52. The system of claim 51, wherein the first variable characteristic is color of the indicator. 53. The system of claim 52, wherein the indicator is in a first color when a predetermined condition is met, and wherein the indicator is in a second color when the predetermined condition is not met. 54. The system of claim 51, wherein the indicator has a second variable characteristic based at least on the core body temperature, and wherein the second variable characteristic is a frequency at which the indicator blinks. 55. The system of claim 54, wherein the indicator blinks at a first frequency when the core body temperature satisfies a predetermined condition, and wherein the indicator blinks at a second frequency when the core body temperature does not satisfy the predetermined condition. 56. The system of claim 45, wherein the first sensor is an infrared thermometer. 57. The system of claim 51, wherein the indicator is projected on the patient. 58. The system of claim 57, wherein the indicator is projected on an area of the patient from where the first set of data is taken. 59. The system of claim 51, wherein the indicator is legible when the temperature measurement system is positioned at a predetermined distance from the patient, and wherein the indicator is illegible when the first sensor is not positioned at the predetermined distance from the patient. 60. The system of claim 45 comprising:
a light source; and
a light detector,
wherein the light source is configured to emit a first beam of light towards the patient and the light detector is configured to detect a second beam of light from the patient, wherein the second beam of light is a portion of the first beam of light reflected by the patient, and wherein the hardware processor is configured to determine a distance between the temperature measurement system and the patient. 61. The system of claim 60, wherein the distance between the temperature measurement system and the patient is determined based at least in part on intensity of the second beam of light. 62. The system of claim 60, wherein the distance between the temperature measurement system and the patient is determined based at least in part on incident position of the second beam of light within the light detector. 63. A method for determining a core body temperature of a patient, the method comprising:
receiving a first set of data from a first sensor, the first set of data representative of skin surface temperature of a patient; receiving a second set of data from a second sensor, the second set of data representative of an ambient air temperature; and determine a core body temperature based at least in part on the first set of data and the second set of data. 64. The method of claim 63 comprising:
determining convective heat transfer between the skin of the patient and ambient air based at least in part on the first set of data and the second set of data; and
determining radiative heat transfer between the skin of the patient and the ambient air based at least in part on the first set of data and the second set of data,
wherein the core body temperature of the patient is determined based at least in part on the convective heat transfer and the radiative heat transfer. | 3,700 |
342,019 | 16,802,391 | 3,762 | Embodiments of 3D memory devices and methods for forming the same are disclosed. In an example, a 3D memory device includes a substrate having a first side and a second side opposite to the first side. The 3D memory device also includes a memory stack including interleaved conductive layers and dielectric layers at the first side of the substrate. The 3D memory device also includes a plurality of channel structures each extending vertically through the memory stack. The 3D memory device also includes a first insulating structure extending vertically through the memory stack and extending laterally to separate the plurality of channel structures into a plurality of blocks. The 3D memory device further includes a first doped region in the substrate and in contact with the first insulating structure. The 3D memory device further includes a first contact extending vertically from the second side of the substrate to be in contact with the first doped region. | 1. A three-dimensional (3D) memory device, comprising:
a substrate having a first side and a second side opposite to the first side; a memory stack comprising interleaved conductive layers and dielectric layers at the first side of the substrate; a plurality of channel structures each extending vertically through the memory stack; a first insulating structure extending vertically through the memory stack and extending laterally to separate the plurality of channel structures into a plurality of blocks; a first doped region in the substrate and in contact with the first insulating structure; and a first contact extending vertically from the second side of the substrate to be in contact with the first doped region. 2. The 3D memory device of claim 1, wherein the first insulating structure is filled with one or more dielectric materials. 3. The 3D memory device of claim 1, wherein the first contact comprises a vertical interconnect access (VIA) contact or a wall-shaped contact. 4. The 3D memory device of claim 1, further comprising:
a second doped region in the substrate and in contact with the first doped region; and a second contact in contact with the second doped region. 5. The 3D memory device of claim 4, wherein each of the channel structures is in contact with the second doped region. 6. The 3D memory device of claim 4, wherein the second contact extends to the first side of the substrate. 7. The 3D memory device of claim 4, wherein the second contact extends to the second side of the substrate. 8. The 3D memory device of claim 4, wherein the first doped region comprises an N-well, and the second doped region comprises a P-well. 9. The 3D memory device of claim 4, further comprising a plurality of the first insulating structures and a plurality of the first doped regions, such that each of the first doped regions is in contact with a respective one of the first insulating structures, wherein the second doped region is in contact with the plurality of first doped regions. 10. The 3D memory device of claim 4, further comprising a second insulating structure extending vertically from the second side of the substrate to the first doped region to separate the second doped region into the blocks, wherein the first contact is surrounded by the second insulating structure. 11. A three-dimensional (3D) memory device, comprising:
a first semiconductor structure comprising a peripheral circuit; a second semiconductor structure comprising: a memory stack comprising interleaved conductive layers and dielectric layers; a plurality of channel structures each extending vertically through the memory stack and electrically connected to the peripheral circuit; a plurality of insulating structures each extending vertically through the memory stack and extending laterally to separate the plurality of channel structures into a plurality of blocks; a semiconductor layer comprising a plurality of first doped regions each in contact with a respective one of the plurality of insulating structures, and a second doped region in contact with the plurality of first doped regions; and a plurality of contacts each extending vertically through the second doped region of the semiconductor layer to be in contact with a respective one of the first doped regions; and a joining interface between the first semiconductor structure and the second semiconductor structure. 12. The 3D memory device of claim 11, wherein each of the insulating structures are filled with one or more dielectric materials. 13. The 3D memory device of claim 11, wherein each of the contacts comprises a vertical interconnect access (VIA) contact or a wall-shaped contact. 14. The 3D memory device of claim 11, wherein each of the channel structures is in contact with the second doped region. 15. The 3D memory device of claim 11, wherein the first doped region comprises an N-well, and the second doped region comprises a P-well. 16. A method for forming a three-dimensional (3D) memory device, comprising:
forming a plurality of channel structures each extending vertically through a memory stack at a first side of a substrate; forming a first doped region in the substrate; forming a first insulating structure extending vertically through the memory stack to the first doped region, and extending laterally to separate the plurality of channel structures into a plurality of blocks; and forming a first contact extending vertically from the second side opposite to the first side of the substrate to be in contact with the first doped region. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
forming a dielectric stack comprising interleaved sacrificial layers and dielectric layers at the first side of the substrate; forming a slit opening extending vertically through the dielectric stack to the substrate; and forming the memory stack comprising interleaved conductive layers and the dielectric layers by replacing the sacrificial layers with the conductive layers through the slit opening. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
prior to forming the dielectric stack, forming a second doped region in the substrate, wherein the first doped region is in contact with the second doped region; and forming a second contact in contact with the second doped region. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising prior to forming the first contact, forming a second insulating structure extending vertically from the second side of the substrate to the first doped region to separate the second doped region into the blocks. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein forming the first contact comprises forming the first contact extending vertically through the second insulating structure to be in contact with the first doped region. | Embodiments of 3D memory devices and methods for forming the same are disclosed. In an example, a 3D memory device includes a substrate having a first side and a second side opposite to the first side. The 3D memory device also includes a memory stack including interleaved conductive layers and dielectric layers at the first side of the substrate. The 3D memory device also includes a plurality of channel structures each extending vertically through the memory stack. The 3D memory device also includes a first insulating structure extending vertically through the memory stack and extending laterally to separate the plurality of channel structures into a plurality of blocks. The 3D memory device further includes a first doped region in the substrate and in contact with the first insulating structure. The 3D memory device further includes a first contact extending vertically from the second side of the substrate to be in contact with the first doped region.1. A three-dimensional (3D) memory device, comprising:
a substrate having a first side and a second side opposite to the first side; a memory stack comprising interleaved conductive layers and dielectric layers at the first side of the substrate; a plurality of channel structures each extending vertically through the memory stack; a first insulating structure extending vertically through the memory stack and extending laterally to separate the plurality of channel structures into a plurality of blocks; a first doped region in the substrate and in contact with the first insulating structure; and a first contact extending vertically from the second side of the substrate to be in contact with the first doped region. 2. The 3D memory device of claim 1, wherein the first insulating structure is filled with one or more dielectric materials. 3. The 3D memory device of claim 1, wherein the first contact comprises a vertical interconnect access (VIA) contact or a wall-shaped contact. 4. The 3D memory device of claim 1, further comprising:
a second doped region in the substrate and in contact with the first doped region; and a second contact in contact with the second doped region. 5. The 3D memory device of claim 4, wherein each of the channel structures is in contact with the second doped region. 6. The 3D memory device of claim 4, wherein the second contact extends to the first side of the substrate. 7. The 3D memory device of claim 4, wherein the second contact extends to the second side of the substrate. 8. The 3D memory device of claim 4, wherein the first doped region comprises an N-well, and the second doped region comprises a P-well. 9. The 3D memory device of claim 4, further comprising a plurality of the first insulating structures and a plurality of the first doped regions, such that each of the first doped regions is in contact with a respective one of the first insulating structures, wherein the second doped region is in contact with the plurality of first doped regions. 10. The 3D memory device of claim 4, further comprising a second insulating structure extending vertically from the second side of the substrate to the first doped region to separate the second doped region into the blocks, wherein the first contact is surrounded by the second insulating structure. 11. A three-dimensional (3D) memory device, comprising:
a first semiconductor structure comprising a peripheral circuit; a second semiconductor structure comprising: a memory stack comprising interleaved conductive layers and dielectric layers; a plurality of channel structures each extending vertically through the memory stack and electrically connected to the peripheral circuit; a plurality of insulating structures each extending vertically through the memory stack and extending laterally to separate the plurality of channel structures into a plurality of blocks; a semiconductor layer comprising a plurality of first doped regions each in contact with a respective one of the plurality of insulating structures, and a second doped region in contact with the plurality of first doped regions; and a plurality of contacts each extending vertically through the second doped region of the semiconductor layer to be in contact with a respective one of the first doped regions; and a joining interface between the first semiconductor structure and the second semiconductor structure. 12. The 3D memory device of claim 11, wherein each of the insulating structures are filled with one or more dielectric materials. 13. The 3D memory device of claim 11, wherein each of the contacts comprises a vertical interconnect access (VIA) contact or a wall-shaped contact. 14. The 3D memory device of claim 11, wherein each of the channel structures is in contact with the second doped region. 15. The 3D memory device of claim 11, wherein the first doped region comprises an N-well, and the second doped region comprises a P-well. 16. A method for forming a three-dimensional (3D) memory device, comprising:
forming a plurality of channel structures each extending vertically through a memory stack at a first side of a substrate; forming a first doped region in the substrate; forming a first insulating structure extending vertically through the memory stack to the first doped region, and extending laterally to separate the plurality of channel structures into a plurality of blocks; and forming a first contact extending vertically from the second side opposite to the first side of the substrate to be in contact with the first doped region. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
forming a dielectric stack comprising interleaved sacrificial layers and dielectric layers at the first side of the substrate; forming a slit opening extending vertically through the dielectric stack to the substrate; and forming the memory stack comprising interleaved conductive layers and the dielectric layers by replacing the sacrificial layers with the conductive layers through the slit opening. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
prior to forming the dielectric stack, forming a second doped region in the substrate, wherein the first doped region is in contact with the second doped region; and forming a second contact in contact with the second doped region. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising prior to forming the first contact, forming a second insulating structure extending vertically from the second side of the substrate to the first doped region to separate the second doped region into the blocks. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein forming the first contact comprises forming the first contact extending vertically through the second insulating structure to be in contact with the first doped region. | 3,700 |
342,020 | 16,802,395 | 3,762 | A computer system with access to a database of curated content receives a content request (e.g., based on words spoken by a human user interacting with a virtual assistant). The content request relates to a feature of a property (e.g., a vacation rental house) or an area in which the property is located. The computer system determines, based on analysis of the content request, that curated content related to the content request is not available in the database. The computer system transmits a representation of the content request to a property host computing device or a location-based search service. The computer system receives content from the host computing device or search service, which is responsive to the content request. The received content may then be presented to a user (e.g., via email, SMS message, or as synthesized voice output generated by the virtual assistant). | 1. A method of using a voice-based information retrieval system as a virtual concierge service for a real property, the method comprising, by a computer system having access to a database of curated content:
receiving a first content request based on one or more uttered words, wherein the first content request relates to a feature of the real property or an area in which the real property is located; determining, based at least on part on analysis of the first content request, that curated content related to the first content request is not available in the database; transmitting a representation of the first content request to a property host computing device; and receiving host content from the property host computing device responsive to the first content request. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the analysis of the first content request comprises extracting one or more terms from the first content request and comparing the one or more extracted terms with voice topic tags associated with content in the curated content database. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
receiving a second content request, wherein the second content request relates to the area in which the real property is located;
determining whether curated content related to the second content request is available in the database; and
in a case where curated content related to the second content request is not available in the database:
transmitting a representation of the second content request to a location-based search service; and
receiving content responsive to the second content request from the location-based search service. 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising adding the host content to the database. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein transmitting the representation of the first content request to the property host computing device comprises delaying transmission of the representation until a designated time. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more uttered words are received by a virtual assistant at a client device, and wherein the virtual assistant interprets the one or more uttered words as the first content request. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the virtual assistant has not been previously trained for natural language understanding (NLU) of the first content request. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the virtual assistant is implemented in a mobile computing device. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the virtual assistant is implemented in a voice-enabled speaker. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more uttered words are spoken by a human user. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the real property comprises a private property, a rental property, a public property, or a combination thereof. 12. The method of claim 1 further comprising presenting the host content to a user. 13. A method of using a voice-based information retrieval system as a virtual concierge service for a real property, the method comprising, by a computer system having access to a database of curated content:
receiving a content request; determining, based at least on part on analysis of the content request, that curated content related to the content request is not available in the database; determining whether the content request relates to an area in which the real property is located or a feature of the real property itself; in a case where the content request relates to the area in which the real property is located, transmitting a representation of the content request to a location-based search service; and receiving content responsive to the content request from the location-based search service. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the analysis of the content request comprises extracting one or more terms from the content request and comparing the one or more extracted terms with voice topic tags associated with content in the curated content database. 15. The method of claim 13 wherein the one or more uttered words are received by a virtual assistant at a client device, and wherein the virtual assistant interprets the one or more uttered words as the content request. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the virtual assistant has not been previously trained for natural language understanding (NLU) of the content request. 17. The method of claim 15 further comprising transmitting the content received from the location-based search service to the client device for presentation via the virtual assistant. 18. A computer system comprising one or more computing devices programmed to, at least:
receive a first content request based on one or more uttered words, wherein the first content request relates to a feature of a real property or an area in which the real property is located; determine, based at least on part on analysis of the first content request, that curated content related to the first content request is not available in a database; transmit a representation of the first content request to a property host computing device; and receive host content from the property host computing device responsive to the first content request. 19. The computer system of claim 18, wherein the analysis of the first content request comprises extracting one or more terms from the first content request and comparing the one or more extracted terms with voice topic tags associated with content in the curated content database. 20. The computer system of claim 18, wherein the one or more computing devices are further programmed to:
receive a second content request, wherein the second content request relates to the area in which the real property is located; determine that curated content related to the second content request is not available in the database; transmit a representation of the second content request to a location-based search service; and receive content responsive to the second content request from the location-based search service. | A computer system with access to a database of curated content receives a content request (e.g., based on words spoken by a human user interacting with a virtual assistant). The content request relates to a feature of a property (e.g., a vacation rental house) or an area in which the property is located. The computer system determines, based on analysis of the content request, that curated content related to the content request is not available in the database. The computer system transmits a representation of the content request to a property host computing device or a location-based search service. The computer system receives content from the host computing device or search service, which is responsive to the content request. The received content may then be presented to a user (e.g., via email, SMS message, or as synthesized voice output generated by the virtual assistant).1. A method of using a voice-based information retrieval system as a virtual concierge service for a real property, the method comprising, by a computer system having access to a database of curated content:
receiving a first content request based on one or more uttered words, wherein the first content request relates to a feature of the real property or an area in which the real property is located; determining, based at least on part on analysis of the first content request, that curated content related to the first content request is not available in the database; transmitting a representation of the first content request to a property host computing device; and receiving host content from the property host computing device responsive to the first content request. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the analysis of the first content request comprises extracting one or more terms from the first content request and comparing the one or more extracted terms with voice topic tags associated with content in the curated content database. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
receiving a second content request, wherein the second content request relates to the area in which the real property is located;
determining whether curated content related to the second content request is available in the database; and
in a case where curated content related to the second content request is not available in the database:
transmitting a representation of the second content request to a location-based search service; and
receiving content responsive to the second content request from the location-based search service. 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising adding the host content to the database. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein transmitting the representation of the first content request to the property host computing device comprises delaying transmission of the representation until a designated time. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more uttered words are received by a virtual assistant at a client device, and wherein the virtual assistant interprets the one or more uttered words as the first content request. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the virtual assistant has not been previously trained for natural language understanding (NLU) of the first content request. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the virtual assistant is implemented in a mobile computing device. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the virtual assistant is implemented in a voice-enabled speaker. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more uttered words are spoken by a human user. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the real property comprises a private property, a rental property, a public property, or a combination thereof. 12. The method of claim 1 further comprising presenting the host content to a user. 13. A method of using a voice-based information retrieval system as a virtual concierge service for a real property, the method comprising, by a computer system having access to a database of curated content:
receiving a content request; determining, based at least on part on analysis of the content request, that curated content related to the content request is not available in the database; determining whether the content request relates to an area in which the real property is located or a feature of the real property itself; in a case where the content request relates to the area in which the real property is located, transmitting a representation of the content request to a location-based search service; and receiving content responsive to the content request from the location-based search service. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the analysis of the content request comprises extracting one or more terms from the content request and comparing the one or more extracted terms with voice topic tags associated with content in the curated content database. 15. The method of claim 13 wherein the one or more uttered words are received by a virtual assistant at a client device, and wherein the virtual assistant interprets the one or more uttered words as the content request. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the virtual assistant has not been previously trained for natural language understanding (NLU) of the content request. 17. The method of claim 15 further comprising transmitting the content received from the location-based search service to the client device for presentation via the virtual assistant. 18. A computer system comprising one or more computing devices programmed to, at least:
receive a first content request based on one or more uttered words, wherein the first content request relates to a feature of a real property or an area in which the real property is located; determine, based at least on part on analysis of the first content request, that curated content related to the first content request is not available in a database; transmit a representation of the first content request to a property host computing device; and receive host content from the property host computing device responsive to the first content request. 19. The computer system of claim 18, wherein the analysis of the first content request comprises extracting one or more terms from the first content request and comparing the one or more extracted terms with voice topic tags associated with content in the curated content database. 20. The computer system of claim 18, wherein the one or more computing devices are further programmed to:
receive a second content request, wherein the second content request relates to the area in which the real property is located; determine that curated content related to the second content request is not available in the database; transmit a representation of the second content request to a location-based search service; and receive content responsive to the second content request from the location-based search service. | 3,700 |
342,021 | 16,802,323 | 3,762 | Remote compensators for mobile devices are provided. In certain embodiments, a mobile device includes a cable-side circulator, an antenna, receive amplifier circuitry that amplifies a receive signal from the antenna and provides an amplified receive signal to the cable-side circulator, transmit amplifier circuitry that amplifies a transmit signal from the cable-side circulator, and a first antenna-side circulator and a second antenna-side circulator each coupled between the transmit amplifier circuitry and the antenna. The first antenna-side circulator and the second antenna-side circulator operate to compensate the receive signal for transmit leakage arising from the transmit amplifier circuitry. | 1. A mobile device comprising:
a cable-side circulator; an antenna; receive amplifier circuitry configured to amplify a receive signal from the antenna and to provide an amplified receive signal to the cable-side circulator; transmit amplifier circuitry configured to amplify a transmit signal from the cable-side circulator; and a first antenna-side circulator and a second antenna-side circulator each coupled between the transmit amplifier circuitry and the antenna, the first antenna-side circulator and the second antenna-side circulator configured to compensate the receive signal for transmit leakage arising from the transmit amplifier circuitry. 2. The mobile device of claim 1 wherein the transmit amplifier circuitry includes an input connected to the cable-side circulator and an output connected to the second antenna-side circulator, the first antenna-side circulator connected between the second antenna-side circulator and the antenna. 3. The mobile device of claim 2 further comprising a combiner configured to generate the receive signal at an output and coupled to the first antenna-side circulator at a first input, and a phase shifter coupled between the second antenna-side circulator and a second input of the combiner. 4. The mobile device of claim 1 wherein the transmit amplifier circuitry includes a first output providing a first amplified transmit signal and a second output providing a second amplified transmit signal, the first antenna-side circulator coupled between the first output and antenna and the second antenna-side circulator coupled between the second output and the antenna. 5. The mobile device of claim 4 further comprising a first combiner for combining the first amplified transmit signal and the second amplified transmit signal. 6. The mobile device of claim 5 further comprising a second combiner including a first input coupled to a receive terminal of the first antenna-side circulator and a second input coupled to a receive terminal of the second antenna-side circulator and configured to generate the receive signal. 7. The mobile device of claim 6 further comprising a first phase shifter coupled between an antenna terminal of the first antenna-side circulator and the first combiner, a second phase shifter coupled between the second output of the transmit amplifier circuitry and a transmit terminal of the second antenna-side circulator, and a third phase shifter coupled between a receive terminal of the second antenna-side circulator and the second input of the second combiner. 8. The mobile device of claim 1 wherein the transmit amplifier circuitry includes a push-pull transmit amplifier configured to generate a first transmit signal at a first output and a second transmit signal at a second output and having a quadrature phase relationship with respect to the first transmit signal, the first antenna-side circulator coupled between the first output and the antenna and the second antenna-side circulator coupled between the second output and the antenna. 9. The mobile device of claim 8 further comprising a first balun configured to combine the first amplified transmit signal and the second amplified transmit signal to generate a combined transmit signal for the antenna. 10. The mobile device of claim 9 further comprising a second balun coupled to a receive terminal of the first antenna-side circulator and to a receive terminal of the second antenna-side circulator and configured to generate the receive signal. 11. The mobile device of claim 10 further comprising a first phase shifter coupled between an antenna terminal of the first antenna-side circulator and the first balun, a second phase shifter coupled between the second output of the push-pull transmit amplifier and a transmit terminal of the second antenna-side circulator, and a third phase shifter coupled between a receive terminal of the second antenna-side circulator and the second balun. 12. The mobile device of claim 1 wherein the transmit amplifier circuitry comprises a first hybrid coupler configured to receive the transmit signal and to output a first transmit signal and a second transmit signal with a quadrature phase relationship, a first transmit amplifier configured to amplify the first transmit signal to generate a first amplified transmit signal at a first output, and a second transmit amplifier configured to amplify the second transit signal to generate a second amplified transmit signal at a second output, the first antenna-side circulator coupled between the first output and the antenna and the second antenna-side circulator coupled between the second output and the antenna. 13. The mobile device of claim 12 further comprising a second hybrid coupler for combining the first amplified transmit signal and the second amplified transmit signal to generate a combined transmit signal for the antenna. 14. The mobile device of claim 13 further comprising a third hybrid coupler coupled to a receive terminal of the first antenna-side circulator and to a receive terminal of the second antenna-side circulator and configured to generate the receive signal. 15. The mobile device of claim 12 further comprising a front-end system and a cable connecting the front-end system to the cable-side circulator. 16. A remote compensator for a mobile device, the remote compensator comprising:
a cable-side circulator coupled to a cable port; receive amplifier circuitry configured to amplify a receive signal from an antenna port to provide an amplified receive signal to the cable-side circulator; transmit amplifier circuitry configured to amplify a transmit signal from the cable-side circulator; and a first antenna-side circulator and a second antenna-side circulator each coupled between the transmit amplifier circuitry and the antenna port, the first antenna-side circulator and the second antenna-side circulator configured to compensate the receive signal for transmit leakage arising from the transmit amplifier circuitry 17. The remote compensator of claim 16 wherein the transmit amplifier circuitry includes an input connected to the cable-side circulator and an output connected to the second antenna-side circulator, the first antenna-side circulator connected between the second antenna-side circulator and the antenna port. 18. The remote compensator of claim 16 wherein the transmit amplifier circuitry is configured to generate a first amplified transmit signal at a first output and a second amplified transmit signal at a second output based on amplifying and splitting the transmit signal, the first antenna-side circulator coupled between the first output and antenna port and the second antenna-side circulator coupled between the second output and the antenna port. 19. The remote compensator of claim 16 wherein the transmit amplifier circuitry includes a push-pull transmit amplifier configured to generate a first transmit signal at a first output and a second transmit signal at a second output and having a quadrature phase relationship with respect to the first transmit signal, the first antenna-side circulator in cascade with a first phase shifter between the first output and the antenna port and the second antenna-side circulator in cascade with a second phase shifter between the second output and the antenna port. 20. A method of remote compensation in a mobile device, the method comprising:
amplifying a receive signal from an antenna to generate an amplified receive signal using receive amplifier circuitry; providing the amplified received signal from the receive amplifier circuitry to a cable by way of a cable-side circulator; amplifying a transmit signal from the cable-side circulator using transmit amplifier circuitry; and compensating the receive signal for transmit leakage arising from the transmit amplifier circuitry using a first antenna-side circulator and a second antenna-side circulator each coupled between the transmit amplifier circuitry and the antenna. | Remote compensators for mobile devices are provided. In certain embodiments, a mobile device includes a cable-side circulator, an antenna, receive amplifier circuitry that amplifies a receive signal from the antenna and provides an amplified receive signal to the cable-side circulator, transmit amplifier circuitry that amplifies a transmit signal from the cable-side circulator, and a first antenna-side circulator and a second antenna-side circulator each coupled between the transmit amplifier circuitry and the antenna. The first antenna-side circulator and the second antenna-side circulator operate to compensate the receive signal for transmit leakage arising from the transmit amplifier circuitry.1. A mobile device comprising:
a cable-side circulator; an antenna; receive amplifier circuitry configured to amplify a receive signal from the antenna and to provide an amplified receive signal to the cable-side circulator; transmit amplifier circuitry configured to amplify a transmit signal from the cable-side circulator; and a first antenna-side circulator and a second antenna-side circulator each coupled between the transmit amplifier circuitry and the antenna, the first antenna-side circulator and the second antenna-side circulator configured to compensate the receive signal for transmit leakage arising from the transmit amplifier circuitry. 2. The mobile device of claim 1 wherein the transmit amplifier circuitry includes an input connected to the cable-side circulator and an output connected to the second antenna-side circulator, the first antenna-side circulator connected between the second antenna-side circulator and the antenna. 3. The mobile device of claim 2 further comprising a combiner configured to generate the receive signal at an output and coupled to the first antenna-side circulator at a first input, and a phase shifter coupled between the second antenna-side circulator and a second input of the combiner. 4. The mobile device of claim 1 wherein the transmit amplifier circuitry includes a first output providing a first amplified transmit signal and a second output providing a second amplified transmit signal, the first antenna-side circulator coupled between the first output and antenna and the second antenna-side circulator coupled between the second output and the antenna. 5. The mobile device of claim 4 further comprising a first combiner for combining the first amplified transmit signal and the second amplified transmit signal. 6. The mobile device of claim 5 further comprising a second combiner including a first input coupled to a receive terminal of the first antenna-side circulator and a second input coupled to a receive terminal of the second antenna-side circulator and configured to generate the receive signal. 7. The mobile device of claim 6 further comprising a first phase shifter coupled between an antenna terminal of the first antenna-side circulator and the first combiner, a second phase shifter coupled between the second output of the transmit amplifier circuitry and a transmit terminal of the second antenna-side circulator, and a third phase shifter coupled between a receive terminal of the second antenna-side circulator and the second input of the second combiner. 8. The mobile device of claim 1 wherein the transmit amplifier circuitry includes a push-pull transmit amplifier configured to generate a first transmit signal at a first output and a second transmit signal at a second output and having a quadrature phase relationship with respect to the first transmit signal, the first antenna-side circulator coupled between the first output and the antenna and the second antenna-side circulator coupled between the second output and the antenna. 9. The mobile device of claim 8 further comprising a first balun configured to combine the first amplified transmit signal and the second amplified transmit signal to generate a combined transmit signal for the antenna. 10. The mobile device of claim 9 further comprising a second balun coupled to a receive terminal of the first antenna-side circulator and to a receive terminal of the second antenna-side circulator and configured to generate the receive signal. 11. The mobile device of claim 10 further comprising a first phase shifter coupled between an antenna terminal of the first antenna-side circulator and the first balun, a second phase shifter coupled between the second output of the push-pull transmit amplifier and a transmit terminal of the second antenna-side circulator, and a third phase shifter coupled between a receive terminal of the second antenna-side circulator and the second balun. 12. The mobile device of claim 1 wherein the transmit amplifier circuitry comprises a first hybrid coupler configured to receive the transmit signal and to output a first transmit signal and a second transmit signal with a quadrature phase relationship, a first transmit amplifier configured to amplify the first transmit signal to generate a first amplified transmit signal at a first output, and a second transmit amplifier configured to amplify the second transit signal to generate a second amplified transmit signal at a second output, the first antenna-side circulator coupled between the first output and the antenna and the second antenna-side circulator coupled between the second output and the antenna. 13. The mobile device of claim 12 further comprising a second hybrid coupler for combining the first amplified transmit signal and the second amplified transmit signal to generate a combined transmit signal for the antenna. 14. The mobile device of claim 13 further comprising a third hybrid coupler coupled to a receive terminal of the first antenna-side circulator and to a receive terminal of the second antenna-side circulator and configured to generate the receive signal. 15. The mobile device of claim 12 further comprising a front-end system and a cable connecting the front-end system to the cable-side circulator. 16. A remote compensator for a mobile device, the remote compensator comprising:
a cable-side circulator coupled to a cable port; receive amplifier circuitry configured to amplify a receive signal from an antenna port to provide an amplified receive signal to the cable-side circulator; transmit amplifier circuitry configured to amplify a transmit signal from the cable-side circulator; and a first antenna-side circulator and a second antenna-side circulator each coupled between the transmit amplifier circuitry and the antenna port, the first antenna-side circulator and the second antenna-side circulator configured to compensate the receive signal for transmit leakage arising from the transmit amplifier circuitry 17. The remote compensator of claim 16 wherein the transmit amplifier circuitry includes an input connected to the cable-side circulator and an output connected to the second antenna-side circulator, the first antenna-side circulator connected between the second antenna-side circulator and the antenna port. 18. The remote compensator of claim 16 wherein the transmit amplifier circuitry is configured to generate a first amplified transmit signal at a first output and a second amplified transmit signal at a second output based on amplifying and splitting the transmit signal, the first antenna-side circulator coupled between the first output and antenna port and the second antenna-side circulator coupled between the second output and the antenna port. 19. The remote compensator of claim 16 wherein the transmit amplifier circuitry includes a push-pull transmit amplifier configured to generate a first transmit signal at a first output and a second transmit signal at a second output and having a quadrature phase relationship with respect to the first transmit signal, the first antenna-side circulator in cascade with a first phase shifter between the first output and the antenna port and the second antenna-side circulator in cascade with a second phase shifter between the second output and the antenna port. 20. A method of remote compensation in a mobile device, the method comprising:
amplifying a receive signal from an antenna to generate an amplified receive signal using receive amplifier circuitry; providing the amplified received signal from the receive amplifier circuitry to a cable by way of a cable-side circulator; amplifying a transmit signal from the cable-side circulator using transmit amplifier circuitry; and compensating the receive signal for transmit leakage arising from the transmit amplifier circuitry using a first antenna-side circulator and a second antenna-side circulator each coupled between the transmit amplifier circuitry and the antenna. | 3,700 |
342,022 | 16,802,371 | 3,762 | A method for detecting an event in or around a building. The method includes recording a baseline signal characteristic that characterizes a wireless signal transmitted between devices in or around the building during a baseline time period and recording a second signal characteristic that characterizes the wireless signal during a second time period after the baseline time period. An event in or around the building is detected in response to a determination that the second signal characteristic is abnormal relative to the baseline signal characteristic, the event degrading the wireless signal during the second time period. An alarm is triggered in response to detecting the event. | 1. A method for detecting an event in or around a building, the method comprising:
recording a baseline signal characteristic that characterizes a wireless signal transmitted between devices in or around the building during a baseline time period; recording a second signal characteristic that characterizes the wireless signal during a second time period after the baseline time period; detecting an event in or around the building in response to a determination that the second signal characteristic is abnormal relative to the baseline signal characteristic; and triggering an alarm in response to detecting the event. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the wireless signal is within a frequency range compliant with IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi communications specifications or IEEE 802.15.4-based specifications and the base line signal characteristic comprises Channel State Information (CSI). 3. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the event comprises:
identifying a building location located between a first device from which the wireless signal is transmitted and a second device at which the wireless signal is received; determining that the event is occurring within the building location. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the event comprises at least one of a fire within the building or an increased level of water vapor within the building. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second signal characteristic is determined to be abnormal relative to the baseline signal characteristic if the second signal characteristic comprises at least one of a degradation in signal strength, a degradation in link quality, or a degradation in bit rate relative to the baseline signal characteristic. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
observing the baseline signal characteristic and the second signal characteristic at a plurality of locations throughout the building; and transmitting the baseline signal characteristic and the second signal characteristic observed at the plurality of locations to a controller. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the controller comprises at least one of a building management system (BMS) controller or a fire system controller. 8. A system for detecting an event within a building, the building comprising a wireless network comprising a plurality of wireless devices distributed throughout the building, the wireless network having a baseline signal characteristic associated with wireless signals of the wireless network, the system comprising:
an event detector configured to:
receive a current signal characteristic associated with wireless signals of the wireless network;
detect an event in or around the building in response to a determination that the second signal characteristic is abnormal relative to the baseline signal characteristic; and
trigger an alarm in response to detecting the event. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the wireless signals are a frequency range compliant with IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi communications specifications or IEEE 802.15.4-based specifications and the baseline signal characteristic comprises a signal to noise ratio and a channel state information. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the event detector is further configured to:
identify a building location located between a first device from which the wireless signal is transmitted and a second device at which the wireless signal is received; determine that the event is occurring within the building location. 11. The system of claim 8, wherein the event comprises at least one of a fire within the building or an increased level of water vapor within the building. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein the current signal characteristic is determined to be abnormal relative to the baseline signal characteristic if the current signal characteristic comprises at least one of a degradation in signal strength, a degradation in link quality, or a degradation in bit rate relative to the baseline signal characteristic. 13. The system of claim 8, wherein the plurality of wireless devices are configured to:
observe the baseline signal characteristic and the current signal characteristic at a plurality of locations throughout the building; and transmit the baseline signal characteristic and the current signal characteristic observed at the plurality of locations to the controller. 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the event detector comprises or is part of at least one of a building management system (BMS) controller or a fire system controller. 15. A method for detecting an event in or around a building, the method comprising:
providing an artificial intelligence engine trained using baseline signal characteristics associated a wireless communication in or around the building; receiving a current signal characteristic associated with the wireless communication; and detecting an event in or around the building in response to the artificial intelligence engine. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the wireless signal is within a frequency range compliant with IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi communications specifications or IEEE 802.15.4-based specifications, and the baseline signal characteristic and the current signal characteristic comprise signal to noise ratio, channel state information, and packet loss. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein detecting the event comprises:
identifying a building location located between a first device from which the wireless communication is transmitted and a second device at which the wireless communication is received; determining that the event is occurring within the building location. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the event comprises at least one of a fire within the building or an increased level of water vapor within the building. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the baseline signal characteristic comprises a degradation in signal strength, a degradation in link quality, a degradation in channel state, or a degradation in bit rate relative to the baseline signal characteristic. 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising:
observing the baseline signal characteristic and the current signal characteristic at a plurality of locations throughout the building; and transmitting the baseline signal characteristic and the current signal characteristic observed at the plurality of locations to a controller. | A method for detecting an event in or around a building. The method includes recording a baseline signal characteristic that characterizes a wireless signal transmitted between devices in or around the building during a baseline time period and recording a second signal characteristic that characterizes the wireless signal during a second time period after the baseline time period. An event in or around the building is detected in response to a determination that the second signal characteristic is abnormal relative to the baseline signal characteristic, the event degrading the wireless signal during the second time period. An alarm is triggered in response to detecting the event.1. A method for detecting an event in or around a building, the method comprising:
recording a baseline signal characteristic that characterizes a wireless signal transmitted between devices in or around the building during a baseline time period; recording a second signal characteristic that characterizes the wireless signal during a second time period after the baseline time period; detecting an event in or around the building in response to a determination that the second signal characteristic is abnormal relative to the baseline signal characteristic; and triggering an alarm in response to detecting the event. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the wireless signal is within a frequency range compliant with IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi communications specifications or IEEE 802.15.4-based specifications and the base line signal characteristic comprises Channel State Information (CSI). 3. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the event comprises:
identifying a building location located between a first device from which the wireless signal is transmitted and a second device at which the wireless signal is received; determining that the event is occurring within the building location. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the event comprises at least one of a fire within the building or an increased level of water vapor within the building. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second signal characteristic is determined to be abnormal relative to the baseline signal characteristic if the second signal characteristic comprises at least one of a degradation in signal strength, a degradation in link quality, or a degradation in bit rate relative to the baseline signal characteristic. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
observing the baseline signal characteristic and the second signal characteristic at a plurality of locations throughout the building; and transmitting the baseline signal characteristic and the second signal characteristic observed at the plurality of locations to a controller. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the controller comprises at least one of a building management system (BMS) controller or a fire system controller. 8. A system for detecting an event within a building, the building comprising a wireless network comprising a plurality of wireless devices distributed throughout the building, the wireless network having a baseline signal characteristic associated with wireless signals of the wireless network, the system comprising:
an event detector configured to:
receive a current signal characteristic associated with wireless signals of the wireless network;
detect an event in or around the building in response to a determination that the second signal characteristic is abnormal relative to the baseline signal characteristic; and
trigger an alarm in response to detecting the event. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the wireless signals are a frequency range compliant with IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi communications specifications or IEEE 802.15.4-based specifications and the baseline signal characteristic comprises a signal to noise ratio and a channel state information. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the event detector is further configured to:
identify a building location located between a first device from which the wireless signal is transmitted and a second device at which the wireless signal is received; determine that the event is occurring within the building location. 11. The system of claim 8, wherein the event comprises at least one of a fire within the building or an increased level of water vapor within the building. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein the current signal characteristic is determined to be abnormal relative to the baseline signal characteristic if the current signal characteristic comprises at least one of a degradation in signal strength, a degradation in link quality, or a degradation in bit rate relative to the baseline signal characteristic. 13. The system of claim 8, wherein the plurality of wireless devices are configured to:
observe the baseline signal characteristic and the current signal characteristic at a plurality of locations throughout the building; and transmit the baseline signal characteristic and the current signal characteristic observed at the plurality of locations to the controller. 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the event detector comprises or is part of at least one of a building management system (BMS) controller or a fire system controller. 15. A method for detecting an event in or around a building, the method comprising:
providing an artificial intelligence engine trained using baseline signal characteristics associated a wireless communication in or around the building; receiving a current signal characteristic associated with the wireless communication; and detecting an event in or around the building in response to the artificial intelligence engine. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the wireless signal is within a frequency range compliant with IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi communications specifications or IEEE 802.15.4-based specifications, and the baseline signal characteristic and the current signal characteristic comprise signal to noise ratio, channel state information, and packet loss. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein detecting the event comprises:
identifying a building location located between a first device from which the wireless communication is transmitted and a second device at which the wireless communication is received; determining that the event is occurring within the building location. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the event comprises at least one of a fire within the building or an increased level of water vapor within the building. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the baseline signal characteristic comprises a degradation in signal strength, a degradation in link quality, a degradation in channel state, or a degradation in bit rate relative to the baseline signal characteristic. 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising:
observing the baseline signal characteristic and the current signal characteristic at a plurality of locations throughout the building; and transmitting the baseline signal characteristic and the current signal characteristic observed at the plurality of locations to a controller. | 3,700 |
342,023 | 16,802,312 | 3,762 | A cell reselection method applied to a base station, includes: configuring a measurement parameter adjustment rule to be used by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in cell reselection, the measurement parameter adjustment rule including at least one UAV altitude level and each UAV altitude level corresponding to at least one altitude adjustment parameter; and sending the measurement parameter adjustment rule to the UAV. | 1. A method for cell reselection, applied to a base station, the method comprising:
configuring a measurement parameter adjustment rule to be used by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in cell reselection, the measurement parameter adjustment rule comprising at least one UAV altitude level and each UAV altitude level corresponding to at least one altitude adjustment parameter; and sending the measurement parameter adjustment rule to the UAV. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein configuring the measurement parameter adjustment rule to be used by the UAV in cell reselection comprises:
configuring an altitude determination rule for the UAV, the altitude determination rule comprising at least one altitude level; configuring at least one altitude adjustment parameter for each altitude level; and adding the at least one altitude level and the at least one altitude adjustment parameter for each altitude level to the measurement parameter adjustment rule. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one UAV altitude level comprises at least one of a first altitude level, a second altitude level, or a third altitude level, wherein each UAV altitude level corresponds to a UAV altitude segment, and respective UAV altitude segments of different UAV altitude levels are different from each other. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one altitude adjustment parameter comprises at least one of: an altitude offset value for a first measurement parameter or an altitude scale factor for a second measurement parameter, wherein different UAV altitude levels correspond to different values of a same altitude adjustment parameter, the first measurement parameter is a cell reselection hysteresis value, and the second measurement parameter is a cell reselection timer. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein sending the measurement parameter adjustment rule to the UAV comprises:
broadcasting the measurement parameter adjustment rule through system signaling. 6. A method for cell reselection, the method being applied to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and comprising:
receiving from a base station a measurement parameter adjustment rule for cell reselection, the measurement parameter adjustment rule comprising at least one UAV altitude level and each UAV altitude level corresponding to at least one altitude adjustment parameter; determining an altitude adjustment parameter corresponding to a current altitude of the UAV according to the measurement parameter adjustment rule; adjusting a corresponding measurement parameter for cell reselection according to the corresponding altitude adjustment parameter; and performing cell reselection by using the adjusted measurement parameter. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein determining the altitude adjustment parameter corresponding to the current altitude of the UAV according to the measurement parameter adjustment rule comprises:
determining, according to the measurement parameter adjustment rule, a UAV altitude level to which the current altitude of the UAV belongs; and reading, from the measurement parameter adjustment rule, all altitude adjustment parameters corresponding to the UAV altitude level to which the current altitude of the UAV belongs, all the read altitude adjustment parameters being altitude adjustment parameters corresponding to the current altitude of the UAV. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the corresponding altitude adjustment parameter comprises: an altitude offset value for a first measurement parameter, the first measurement parameter being a cell reselection hysteresis value, and
adjusting the corresponding measurement parameter for cell reselection according to the corresponding altitude adjustment parameter comprises: calculating a sum of the cell reselection hysteresis value and the altitude offset value for the cell reselection hysteresis value, as an adjusted cell reselection hysteresis value. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the corresponding altitude adjustment parameter comprises: an altitude scale factor for a second measurement parameter, the second measurement parameter being a cell reselection timer, and
adjusting a corresponding measurement parameter for cell reselection according to the corresponding altitude adjustment parameter comprises: calculating the product of the cell reselection timer and the altitude scale factor for the cell reselection timer, as an adjusted cell reselection timer. 10. A base station, comprising:
a processor; and a memory storing instructions executable by the processor, wherein the processor is configured to: configure a measurement parameter adjustment rule to be used by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in cell reselection, the measurement parameter adjustment rule comprising at least one UAV altitude level and each UAV altitude level corresponding to at least one altitude adjustment parameter; and send the measurement parameter adjustment rule to the UAV. 11. The base station of claim 10, wherein the processor is further configured to:
configure an altitude determination rule for the UAV, the altitude determination rule comprising at least one altitude level; configure at least one altitude adjustment parameter for each altitude level; and add the at least one altitude level and the at least one altitude adjustment parameter for each altitude level to the measurement parameter adjustment rule. 12. The base station of claim 10, wherein the at least one UAV altitude level comprises at least one of a first altitude level, a second altitude level, or a third altitude level, wherein each UAV altitude level corresponds to a UAV altitude segment, and respective UAV altitude segments of different UAV altitude levels are different from each other. 13. The base station of claim 10, wherein the at least one altitude adjustment parameter comprises at least one of: an altitude offset value for a first measurement parameter or an altitude scale factor for a second measurement parameter, wherein different UAV altitude levels correspond to different values of the same altitude adjustment parameter, the first measurement parameter is a cell reselection hysteresis value, and the second measurement parameter is a cell reselection timer. 14. The base station of claim 10, wherein the processor is further configured to:
broadcast the measurement parameter adjustment rule through system signaling. 15. A device for cell reselection, the device being applied to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and comprising:
a processor; and a memory storing instructions executable by the processor, wherein the processor is configured to: receive from a base station a measurement parameter adjustment rule for cell reselection, the measurement parameter adjustment rule comprising at least one UAV altitude level and each UAV altitude level corresponding to at least one altitude adjustment parameter; determine an altitude adjustment parameter corresponding to a current altitude of the UAV according to the measurement parameter adjustment rule; adjust a corresponding measurement parameter for cell reselection according to the corresponding altitude adjustment parameter; and perform cell reselection by using the adjusted measurement parameter. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the processor is further configured to:
determine, according to the measurement parameter adjustment rule, a UAV altitude level to which a current altitude of the UAV belongs; and read, from the measurement parameter adjustment rule, all altitude adjustment parameters corresponding to the UAV altitude level to which the current altitude of the UAV belongs, all the read altitude adjustment parameters being altitude adjustment parameters corresponding to the current altitude of the UAV. 17. The device of claim 15, wherein the corresponding altitude adjustment parameter comprises: an altitude offset value for a first measurement parameter, the first measurement parameter being a cell reselection hysteresis value, and
the processor is further configured to: calculate a sum of the cell reselection hysteresis value and the altitude offset value for the cell reselection hysteresis value, as an adjusted cell reselection hysteresis value. 18. The device of claim 15, wherein the corresponding altitude adjustment parameter comprises: an altitude scale factor for a second measurement parameter, the second measurement parameter being a cell reselection timer, and
the processor is further configured to: calculate a product of the cell reselection timer and the altitude scale factor for the cell reselection timer, as an adjusted cell reselection timer. | A cell reselection method applied to a base station, includes: configuring a measurement parameter adjustment rule to be used by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in cell reselection, the measurement parameter adjustment rule including at least one UAV altitude level and each UAV altitude level corresponding to at least one altitude adjustment parameter; and sending the measurement parameter adjustment rule to the UAV.1. A method for cell reselection, applied to a base station, the method comprising:
configuring a measurement parameter adjustment rule to be used by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in cell reselection, the measurement parameter adjustment rule comprising at least one UAV altitude level and each UAV altitude level corresponding to at least one altitude adjustment parameter; and sending the measurement parameter adjustment rule to the UAV. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein configuring the measurement parameter adjustment rule to be used by the UAV in cell reselection comprises:
configuring an altitude determination rule for the UAV, the altitude determination rule comprising at least one altitude level; configuring at least one altitude adjustment parameter for each altitude level; and adding the at least one altitude level and the at least one altitude adjustment parameter for each altitude level to the measurement parameter adjustment rule. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one UAV altitude level comprises at least one of a first altitude level, a second altitude level, or a third altitude level, wherein each UAV altitude level corresponds to a UAV altitude segment, and respective UAV altitude segments of different UAV altitude levels are different from each other. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one altitude adjustment parameter comprises at least one of: an altitude offset value for a first measurement parameter or an altitude scale factor for a second measurement parameter, wherein different UAV altitude levels correspond to different values of a same altitude adjustment parameter, the first measurement parameter is a cell reselection hysteresis value, and the second measurement parameter is a cell reselection timer. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein sending the measurement parameter adjustment rule to the UAV comprises:
broadcasting the measurement parameter adjustment rule through system signaling. 6. A method for cell reselection, the method being applied to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and comprising:
receiving from a base station a measurement parameter adjustment rule for cell reselection, the measurement parameter adjustment rule comprising at least one UAV altitude level and each UAV altitude level corresponding to at least one altitude adjustment parameter; determining an altitude adjustment parameter corresponding to a current altitude of the UAV according to the measurement parameter adjustment rule; adjusting a corresponding measurement parameter for cell reselection according to the corresponding altitude adjustment parameter; and performing cell reselection by using the adjusted measurement parameter. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein determining the altitude adjustment parameter corresponding to the current altitude of the UAV according to the measurement parameter adjustment rule comprises:
determining, according to the measurement parameter adjustment rule, a UAV altitude level to which the current altitude of the UAV belongs; and reading, from the measurement parameter adjustment rule, all altitude adjustment parameters corresponding to the UAV altitude level to which the current altitude of the UAV belongs, all the read altitude adjustment parameters being altitude adjustment parameters corresponding to the current altitude of the UAV. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the corresponding altitude adjustment parameter comprises: an altitude offset value for a first measurement parameter, the first measurement parameter being a cell reselection hysteresis value, and
adjusting the corresponding measurement parameter for cell reselection according to the corresponding altitude adjustment parameter comprises: calculating a sum of the cell reselection hysteresis value and the altitude offset value for the cell reselection hysteresis value, as an adjusted cell reselection hysteresis value. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the corresponding altitude adjustment parameter comprises: an altitude scale factor for a second measurement parameter, the second measurement parameter being a cell reselection timer, and
adjusting a corresponding measurement parameter for cell reselection according to the corresponding altitude adjustment parameter comprises: calculating the product of the cell reselection timer and the altitude scale factor for the cell reselection timer, as an adjusted cell reselection timer. 10. A base station, comprising:
a processor; and a memory storing instructions executable by the processor, wherein the processor is configured to: configure a measurement parameter adjustment rule to be used by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in cell reselection, the measurement parameter adjustment rule comprising at least one UAV altitude level and each UAV altitude level corresponding to at least one altitude adjustment parameter; and send the measurement parameter adjustment rule to the UAV. 11. The base station of claim 10, wherein the processor is further configured to:
configure an altitude determination rule for the UAV, the altitude determination rule comprising at least one altitude level; configure at least one altitude adjustment parameter for each altitude level; and add the at least one altitude level and the at least one altitude adjustment parameter for each altitude level to the measurement parameter adjustment rule. 12. The base station of claim 10, wherein the at least one UAV altitude level comprises at least one of a first altitude level, a second altitude level, or a third altitude level, wherein each UAV altitude level corresponds to a UAV altitude segment, and respective UAV altitude segments of different UAV altitude levels are different from each other. 13. The base station of claim 10, wherein the at least one altitude adjustment parameter comprises at least one of: an altitude offset value for a first measurement parameter or an altitude scale factor for a second measurement parameter, wherein different UAV altitude levels correspond to different values of the same altitude adjustment parameter, the first measurement parameter is a cell reselection hysteresis value, and the second measurement parameter is a cell reselection timer. 14. The base station of claim 10, wherein the processor is further configured to:
broadcast the measurement parameter adjustment rule through system signaling. 15. A device for cell reselection, the device being applied to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and comprising:
a processor; and a memory storing instructions executable by the processor, wherein the processor is configured to: receive from a base station a measurement parameter adjustment rule for cell reselection, the measurement parameter adjustment rule comprising at least one UAV altitude level and each UAV altitude level corresponding to at least one altitude adjustment parameter; determine an altitude adjustment parameter corresponding to a current altitude of the UAV according to the measurement parameter adjustment rule; adjust a corresponding measurement parameter for cell reselection according to the corresponding altitude adjustment parameter; and perform cell reselection by using the adjusted measurement parameter. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the processor is further configured to:
determine, according to the measurement parameter adjustment rule, a UAV altitude level to which a current altitude of the UAV belongs; and read, from the measurement parameter adjustment rule, all altitude adjustment parameters corresponding to the UAV altitude level to which the current altitude of the UAV belongs, all the read altitude adjustment parameters being altitude adjustment parameters corresponding to the current altitude of the UAV. 17. The device of claim 15, wherein the corresponding altitude adjustment parameter comprises: an altitude offset value for a first measurement parameter, the first measurement parameter being a cell reselection hysteresis value, and
the processor is further configured to: calculate a sum of the cell reselection hysteresis value and the altitude offset value for the cell reselection hysteresis value, as an adjusted cell reselection hysteresis value. 18. The device of claim 15, wherein the corresponding altitude adjustment parameter comprises: an altitude scale factor for a second measurement parameter, the second measurement parameter being a cell reselection timer, and
the processor is further configured to: calculate a product of the cell reselection timer and the altitude scale factor for the cell reselection timer, as an adjusted cell reselection timer. | 3,700 |
342,024 | 16,802,412 | 3,753 | Disclosed herein are embodiments of a connector system for releasably connecting together tubes, for example medical tubing, and methods of making and using such a connector system, whereby the connector system includes a female coupler having a first passageway, a male coupler having a second passageway, a catch movably coupled to the female coupler, and a catch-receiving element coupled to the male coupler. The connector system further includes a release element movably coupled to the female coupler, whereby travel of the release element along or over a female coupler outer surface of the female coupler disengages the catch from the catch-receiving element to achieve a disconnected condition of the connector system. Further disclosed herein are embodiments of a connector system for releasably connecting together tubes, whereby the connector system includes at least one valve biased by a valve-biasing member disposed external to or outside of the fluid flow path. | 1-102. (canceled) 103. A connector system for releasably connecting tubes, comprising:
a female coupler comprising a first conduit defining a first passageway; a first valve disposed within said female coupler, said first valve operable to interrupt fluid flow through said first passageway; a male coupler comprising a second conduit defining a second passageway; a second valve disposed within said male coupler, said second valve operable to interrupt fluid flow through said second passageway; wherein upon releasable matable axial coupling of said female and male couplers, an axial position of said female coupler is fixed in relation to said male coupler, thereby achieving a connected condition of said connector system; wherein in said connected condition, said first valve urges said second valve toward a second valve open position and said second valve urges said first valve toward a first valve open position to dispose said first and second passageways in fluidic communication to provide a fluid flow path. 104. The connector system of claim 103, wherein said first and second valves abuttingly engage to dispose said first and second passageways in fluidic communication to provide said fluid flow path. 105. The connector system of claim 104, wherein:
a first valve outer surface of said first valve disposes adjacent a first conduit inner surface of said first conduit; and a second valve outer surface of said second valve disposes adjacent a second conduit inner surface of said second conduit. 106. The connector system of claim 105, further comprising:
a first fluid-tight seal between said first valve outer surface and said first conduit inner surface; and a second fluid-tight seal between said second valve outer surface and said second conduit inner surface. 107. The connector system of claim 106, further comprising:
a first o-ring disposed about said first valve outer surface to provide said first fluid tight seal between said first valve outer surface and said first conduit inner surface; and a second o-ring disposed about said second valve outer surface to provide said second fluid tight seal between said second valve outer surface and said second conduit inner surface. 108. The connector system of claim 107, wherein:
a portion of said first conduit inner surface provides a first valve seat in which said first valve is movable; and a portion of said second conduit inner surface provides a second valve seat in which said second valve is movable. 109. The connector system of claim 108, wherein:
upon travel of said first valve within said first valve seat in a first direction to a first valve closed position, said first valve sealably occludes a first port in fluid communication with said first passageway to provide a first passageway closed condition in which fluid flow through said first passageway is interrupted; and upon travel of said second valve within said second valve seat in a first direction to a second valve closed position, said second valve sealably occludes a second port in fluid communication with said second passageway to provide a second passageway closed condition in which fluid flow through said second passageway is interrupted. 110. The connector system of claim 109, wherein said first and second valves are biased by corresponding first and second resiliently flexible members. 111. The connector of claim 110, wherein:
in a non-flexed condition, said first resiliently flexible member biases said first valve toward said first valve closed position; and in a non-flexed condition, said second resiliently flexible member biases said second valve toward said second valve closed position. 112. The connector of claim 111, wherein:
in a flexed condition, said first resiliently flexible member allows said first valve to travel within said first valve seat toward said first valve open position away from said first port to provide a first passageway open condition; and in a flexed condition, said second resiliently flexible member allows said second valve to travel within said second valve seat toward said second valve open position away from said second port to provide a second passageway open condition. 113. The connector of claim 112, wherein:
said first resiliently flexible member comprises a first plurality of resiliently flexible members which dispose in circumferentially spaced-apart relation to define a first internal space therebetween; and said second resiliently flexible member comprises a second plurality of resiliently flexible members which dispose in circumferentially spaced-apart relation to define a second internal space therebetween. 114. The connector of claim 113, further comprising:
a first angled surface disposed in axially-adjacent relation to said first plurality of resiliently flexible members; and a second angled surface disposed in axially-adjacent relation to said second plurality of resiliently flexible members. 115. The connector of claim 114, wherein:
upon urging by said second valve, said first plurality of resiliently flexible members move axially toward said first angled surface to receive said first angled surface within said first internal space while urging said first plurality of resiliently flexible members to flex about said angled surface toward said flexed condition; and upon urging by said first valve, said second plurality of resiliently flexible members move axially toward said second angled surface to receive said second angled surface within said second internal space while urging said second plurality of resiliently flexible members to flex about said second angled surface toward said flexed condition. 116. The connector of claim 115, wherein:
said first valve and said first resiliently flexible member are formed as a one-piece construct; and said second valve and said second resiliently flexible member are formed as a one-piece construct. 117. The connector of claim 115, wherein:
said first valve and said first resiliently flexible member are molded as a one-piece construct; and said second valve and said second resiliently flexible member are molded as a one-piece construct. 118. The connector of claim 115, wherein said first and second resiliently flexible members dispose outside of said fluid flow path. 119. The connector of claim 103, wherein said first and second valves have an identical configuration. 120. The connector of claim 103, wherein:
said first valve disposes entirely axially inward from a female coupler matable end; and said second valve disposes entirely axially inward from a male coupler matable end. | Disclosed herein are embodiments of a connector system for releasably connecting together tubes, for example medical tubing, and methods of making and using such a connector system, whereby the connector system includes a female coupler having a first passageway, a male coupler having a second passageway, a catch movably coupled to the female coupler, and a catch-receiving element coupled to the male coupler. The connector system further includes a release element movably coupled to the female coupler, whereby travel of the release element along or over a female coupler outer surface of the female coupler disengages the catch from the catch-receiving element to achieve a disconnected condition of the connector system. Further disclosed herein are embodiments of a connector system for releasably connecting together tubes, whereby the connector system includes at least one valve biased by a valve-biasing member disposed external to or outside of the fluid flow path.1-102. (canceled) 103. A connector system for releasably connecting tubes, comprising:
a female coupler comprising a first conduit defining a first passageway; a first valve disposed within said female coupler, said first valve operable to interrupt fluid flow through said first passageway; a male coupler comprising a second conduit defining a second passageway; a second valve disposed within said male coupler, said second valve operable to interrupt fluid flow through said second passageway; wherein upon releasable matable axial coupling of said female and male couplers, an axial position of said female coupler is fixed in relation to said male coupler, thereby achieving a connected condition of said connector system; wherein in said connected condition, said first valve urges said second valve toward a second valve open position and said second valve urges said first valve toward a first valve open position to dispose said first and second passageways in fluidic communication to provide a fluid flow path. 104. The connector system of claim 103, wherein said first and second valves abuttingly engage to dispose said first and second passageways in fluidic communication to provide said fluid flow path. 105. The connector system of claim 104, wherein:
a first valve outer surface of said first valve disposes adjacent a first conduit inner surface of said first conduit; and a second valve outer surface of said second valve disposes adjacent a second conduit inner surface of said second conduit. 106. The connector system of claim 105, further comprising:
a first fluid-tight seal between said first valve outer surface and said first conduit inner surface; and a second fluid-tight seal between said second valve outer surface and said second conduit inner surface. 107. The connector system of claim 106, further comprising:
a first o-ring disposed about said first valve outer surface to provide said first fluid tight seal between said first valve outer surface and said first conduit inner surface; and a second o-ring disposed about said second valve outer surface to provide said second fluid tight seal between said second valve outer surface and said second conduit inner surface. 108. The connector system of claim 107, wherein:
a portion of said first conduit inner surface provides a first valve seat in which said first valve is movable; and a portion of said second conduit inner surface provides a second valve seat in which said second valve is movable. 109. The connector system of claim 108, wherein:
upon travel of said first valve within said first valve seat in a first direction to a first valve closed position, said first valve sealably occludes a first port in fluid communication with said first passageway to provide a first passageway closed condition in which fluid flow through said first passageway is interrupted; and upon travel of said second valve within said second valve seat in a first direction to a second valve closed position, said second valve sealably occludes a second port in fluid communication with said second passageway to provide a second passageway closed condition in which fluid flow through said second passageway is interrupted. 110. The connector system of claim 109, wherein said first and second valves are biased by corresponding first and second resiliently flexible members. 111. The connector of claim 110, wherein:
in a non-flexed condition, said first resiliently flexible member biases said first valve toward said first valve closed position; and in a non-flexed condition, said second resiliently flexible member biases said second valve toward said second valve closed position. 112. The connector of claim 111, wherein:
in a flexed condition, said first resiliently flexible member allows said first valve to travel within said first valve seat toward said first valve open position away from said first port to provide a first passageway open condition; and in a flexed condition, said second resiliently flexible member allows said second valve to travel within said second valve seat toward said second valve open position away from said second port to provide a second passageway open condition. 113. The connector of claim 112, wherein:
said first resiliently flexible member comprises a first plurality of resiliently flexible members which dispose in circumferentially spaced-apart relation to define a first internal space therebetween; and said second resiliently flexible member comprises a second plurality of resiliently flexible members which dispose in circumferentially spaced-apart relation to define a second internal space therebetween. 114. The connector of claim 113, further comprising:
a first angled surface disposed in axially-adjacent relation to said first plurality of resiliently flexible members; and a second angled surface disposed in axially-adjacent relation to said second plurality of resiliently flexible members. 115. The connector of claim 114, wherein:
upon urging by said second valve, said first plurality of resiliently flexible members move axially toward said first angled surface to receive said first angled surface within said first internal space while urging said first plurality of resiliently flexible members to flex about said angled surface toward said flexed condition; and upon urging by said first valve, said second plurality of resiliently flexible members move axially toward said second angled surface to receive said second angled surface within said second internal space while urging said second plurality of resiliently flexible members to flex about said second angled surface toward said flexed condition. 116. The connector of claim 115, wherein:
said first valve and said first resiliently flexible member are formed as a one-piece construct; and said second valve and said second resiliently flexible member are formed as a one-piece construct. 117. The connector of claim 115, wherein:
said first valve and said first resiliently flexible member are molded as a one-piece construct; and said second valve and said second resiliently flexible member are molded as a one-piece construct. 118. The connector of claim 115, wherein said first and second resiliently flexible members dispose outside of said fluid flow path. 119. The connector of claim 103, wherein said first and second valves have an identical configuration. 120. The connector of claim 103, wherein:
said first valve disposes entirely axially inward from a female coupler matable end; and said second valve disposes entirely axially inward from a male coupler matable end. | 3,700 |
342,025 | 16,802,380 | 3,753 | A disposable support pan has a sidewall with a top lip that support the lips of rectangular food trays above a support surface. A disposable suspension tray inside the support pan has a flange resting on a support pan shoulder so the bottoms of two pockets in the suspension tray are between the support surface and the bottom of the food trays. Water in each pocket reacts with a calcium-oxide packet in each pocket to boils a predetermined amount of water to generate steam that heats the food trays without having the packets contact the food trays. One or two tray supports on each side of the pan may extend from the shoulder to a top support flange extending outward around a periphery of the support pan. The suspension tray has corresponding recesses to mate with the tray supports to keep steam from entering the area below the suspension tray. | 1-39. (canceled) 40. A chafing dish for supporting a food tray on a top periphery of the chaffing dish when the chaffing dish rests on a support surface, the chafing dish configured for use with water and a water reactive, exothermic material to heat the food tray, comprising:
a support pan having an open top, two hollow legs with closed bottoms for resting on the support surface during use, each of the legs opening toward the open top and extending along opposing sides of the open top with an outward facing side of each leg inclined outward and extending upward to form an opposing side of the open top, each leg having an inward facing side extending inward and upward to connect to an opposing side of a pocket configured to hold the water and exothermic material during use, the pocket having a depth less than a height of the inward facing sides of the legs so a bottom of the pocket is spaced apart from the support surface during use, the support pan having a top support lip extending outward around the top periphery and connected to the outward facing sides and further connected to end walls which in turn connect to the legs and pocket, the end walls and the outward facing side of the legs cooperating to enclose the chafing dish below the top support lip so the entire support pan is formed of a continuous sheet of material. 41. The chaffing dish of claim 40, wherein the support pan is rectangular in shape with the legs extending along a majority of a length of two opposing sides of the open top, and wherein the inward and outward facing sides of each leg form a cross-section having a V-shape. 42. The chafing dish of claim 40, wherein the support pan is made of thin plastic or aluminum having a thickness between 0.04 and 0.06 inches. 43. The chafing dish of claim 40, wherein the support pan is made of stainless steel and has a lid. 44. (canceled) 45. (canceled) 46. A chafing dish for supporting a food tray when the chaffing dish rests on a support surface, the chafing dish configured for use with a water reactive, exothermic material to heat the food tray, the chafing dish comprising:
a support pan having;
a top periphery for supporting the food tray;
an open top;
opposing pan sides extending from the top periphery;
two hollow legs opening toward the open top and extending along the opposing pan sides of the open top, each leg having:
a closed bottom for resting on the support surface during use;
an outward facing side extending upward to form a respective one of the opposing pan sides; and
an inward facing side;
a pocket configured to hold the water and exothermic material during use, the pocket having opposing pocket sidewalls, each inward facing side extending upward to connect to a respective one of the opposing pocket sidewalls, the pocket having a depth less than a height of the inward facing sides of the legs so the pocket bottom is spaced apart from the support surface during use; and
a top support lip extending outward around the top periphery and connected to the outward facing sidewalls which in turn connect to the pocket, the outward facing sides cooperating to enclose the chafing dish below the top support lip so an entirety of the support pan is formed of a continuous sheet of material. 47. The chafing dish of claim 46 wherein the support pan further has opposing pan end walls, the pan end walls are disposed between the opposing pan sides, the top support lip are connected to the pan end walls, the pan end walls and the outward facing sides cooperating to enclose the chafing dish below the top support lip. 48. The chafing dish of claim 47 wherein each leg is formed by a respective one of the opposing pan sides and a respective one of the opposing pan end walls. 49. The chafing dish of claim 46 wherein the support pan is made of plastic. 50. The chafing dish of claim 46 wherein each outward facing side extending outward and upward to form a respective one of the opposing pan sides. 51. The chafing dish of claim 46 wherein each inward facing side extending inward and upward to connect to a respective one of the opposing pocket sidewalls. 52. The chafing dish of claim 46 wherein the inward and outward facing sides of each leg form a cross-section having a V-shape. | A disposable support pan has a sidewall with a top lip that support the lips of rectangular food trays above a support surface. A disposable suspension tray inside the support pan has a flange resting on a support pan shoulder so the bottoms of two pockets in the suspension tray are between the support surface and the bottom of the food trays. Water in each pocket reacts with a calcium-oxide packet in each pocket to boils a predetermined amount of water to generate steam that heats the food trays without having the packets contact the food trays. One or two tray supports on each side of the pan may extend from the shoulder to a top support flange extending outward around a periphery of the support pan. The suspension tray has corresponding recesses to mate with the tray supports to keep steam from entering the area below the suspension tray.1-39. (canceled) 40. A chafing dish for supporting a food tray on a top periphery of the chaffing dish when the chaffing dish rests on a support surface, the chafing dish configured for use with water and a water reactive, exothermic material to heat the food tray, comprising:
a support pan having an open top, two hollow legs with closed bottoms for resting on the support surface during use, each of the legs opening toward the open top and extending along opposing sides of the open top with an outward facing side of each leg inclined outward and extending upward to form an opposing side of the open top, each leg having an inward facing side extending inward and upward to connect to an opposing side of a pocket configured to hold the water and exothermic material during use, the pocket having a depth less than a height of the inward facing sides of the legs so a bottom of the pocket is spaced apart from the support surface during use, the support pan having a top support lip extending outward around the top periphery and connected to the outward facing sides and further connected to end walls which in turn connect to the legs and pocket, the end walls and the outward facing side of the legs cooperating to enclose the chafing dish below the top support lip so the entire support pan is formed of a continuous sheet of material. 41. The chaffing dish of claim 40, wherein the support pan is rectangular in shape with the legs extending along a majority of a length of two opposing sides of the open top, and wherein the inward and outward facing sides of each leg form a cross-section having a V-shape. 42. The chafing dish of claim 40, wherein the support pan is made of thin plastic or aluminum having a thickness between 0.04 and 0.06 inches. 43. The chafing dish of claim 40, wherein the support pan is made of stainless steel and has a lid. 44. (canceled) 45. (canceled) 46. A chafing dish for supporting a food tray when the chaffing dish rests on a support surface, the chafing dish configured for use with a water reactive, exothermic material to heat the food tray, the chafing dish comprising:
a support pan having;
a top periphery for supporting the food tray;
an open top;
opposing pan sides extending from the top periphery;
two hollow legs opening toward the open top and extending along the opposing pan sides of the open top, each leg having:
a closed bottom for resting on the support surface during use;
an outward facing side extending upward to form a respective one of the opposing pan sides; and
an inward facing side;
a pocket configured to hold the water and exothermic material during use, the pocket having opposing pocket sidewalls, each inward facing side extending upward to connect to a respective one of the opposing pocket sidewalls, the pocket having a depth less than a height of the inward facing sides of the legs so the pocket bottom is spaced apart from the support surface during use; and
a top support lip extending outward around the top periphery and connected to the outward facing sidewalls which in turn connect to the pocket, the outward facing sides cooperating to enclose the chafing dish below the top support lip so an entirety of the support pan is formed of a continuous sheet of material. 47. The chafing dish of claim 46 wherein the support pan further has opposing pan end walls, the pan end walls are disposed between the opposing pan sides, the top support lip are connected to the pan end walls, the pan end walls and the outward facing sides cooperating to enclose the chafing dish below the top support lip. 48. The chafing dish of claim 47 wherein each leg is formed by a respective one of the opposing pan sides and a respective one of the opposing pan end walls. 49. The chafing dish of claim 46 wherein the support pan is made of plastic. 50. The chafing dish of claim 46 wherein each outward facing side extending outward and upward to form a respective one of the opposing pan sides. 51. The chafing dish of claim 46 wherein each inward facing side extending inward and upward to connect to a respective one of the opposing pocket sidewalls. 52. The chafing dish of claim 46 wherein the inward and outward facing sides of each leg form a cross-section having a V-shape. | 3,700 |
342,026 | 16,802,369 | 3,753 | A system for computer-aided triage can include a router, a remote computing system, and a client application. A method for computer-aided triage can include determining a parameter associated with a data packet, determining a treatment option based on the parameter, and transmitting information to a device associated with a second point of care. | 1. A method for computer-aided triage, the method comprising:
at a remote computing system remote from a first point of care, receiving a set of images associated with a patient and taken at the first point of care, wherein the set of images is concurrently sent to a standard radiology workflow operating in parallel with the method, wherein the standard radiology workflow takes a first amount of time; at the remote computing system, automatically detecting a potential pathology from the set of images based on an automated processing of the set of images; upon detecting the potential pathology from the set of images, automatically:
determining, at the remote computing system, a specialist associated with a second point of care;
notifying the specialist on a device associated with the specialist, wherein the specialist is notified in a second amount of time shorter than the first amount of time, wherein the radiologist is not automatically notified upon potential pathology detection;
displaying a compressed version of the set of images on the device of the specialist; and
receiving an input from the specialist, wherein the input initiates a transfer of the patient to the second point of care. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising displaying a high-resolution version of the set of images on a workstation associated with the specialist and located at the second point of care. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the compressed version of the set of images is absent of patient metadata. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising, at the remote computing system, determining a procedure associated with the potential pathology, wherein the specialist associated with the second point of care is selected, at least in part, based on an association with the procedure. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the procedure comprises a mechanical thrombectomy. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the device is a mobile user device. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein notifying the specialist comprises sending an email to an account associated with the specialist and accessible at the device. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the device comprises at least one of a mobile device and a workstation. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the device is a mobile device. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising displaying a high-resolution version of the images on a workstation associated with the specialist. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein notifying the specialist comprises presenting a notification on the device, the method further comprising, prior to displaying the compressed version of the set of images:
monitoring for an input associated with the notification; displaying the compressed version of the set of images on the device after receipt of the input; and when the input is not received within a predetermined time threshold, determining a second specialist and presenting the notification on a second device associated with the second specialist. 12. A method for computer-aided triage, the method comprising:
at a remote computing system remote from a first point of care, receiving a set of images associated with a patient and taken at the first point of care, wherein the set of images is concurrently sent to a standard radiology workflow operating in parallel with the method, wherein the standard radiology workflow takes a first amount of time; at the remote computing system, automatically detecting a potential pathology from the set of images based on an automated processing of the set of images; upon detecting the potential pathology from the set of images, automatically:
determining, at the remote computing system, a specialist associated with a second point of care;
notifying the specialist on a device associated with the specialist, wherein the specialist is notified in a second amount of time shorter than the first amount of time, wherein the radiologist is not automatically notified upon potential pathology detection;
receiving an input from the specialist, wherein the input initiates a transfer of the patient to the second point of care. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein, in the standard radiology workflow, a radiologist analyzes the set of images at the first point of care and notifies a specialist based on a visual assessment of the set of images at a workstation. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein determining the specialist associated with the second point of care comprises determining a specialist associated with a procedure associated with the potential pathology. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the procedure comprises a mechanical thrombectomy. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein notifying the specialist comprises sending an email to an account associated with the specialist. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the device comprises at least one of a mobile device and a workstation. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the device is a mobile device. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising displaying a high-resolution version of the images on a workstation associated with the specialist. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein the second amount of time is less than 2 minutes. | A system for computer-aided triage can include a router, a remote computing system, and a client application. A method for computer-aided triage can include determining a parameter associated with a data packet, determining a treatment option based on the parameter, and transmitting information to a device associated with a second point of care.1. A method for computer-aided triage, the method comprising:
at a remote computing system remote from a first point of care, receiving a set of images associated with a patient and taken at the first point of care, wherein the set of images is concurrently sent to a standard radiology workflow operating in parallel with the method, wherein the standard radiology workflow takes a first amount of time; at the remote computing system, automatically detecting a potential pathology from the set of images based on an automated processing of the set of images; upon detecting the potential pathology from the set of images, automatically:
determining, at the remote computing system, a specialist associated with a second point of care;
notifying the specialist on a device associated with the specialist, wherein the specialist is notified in a second amount of time shorter than the first amount of time, wherein the radiologist is not automatically notified upon potential pathology detection;
displaying a compressed version of the set of images on the device of the specialist; and
receiving an input from the specialist, wherein the input initiates a transfer of the patient to the second point of care. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising displaying a high-resolution version of the set of images on a workstation associated with the specialist and located at the second point of care. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the compressed version of the set of images is absent of patient metadata. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising, at the remote computing system, determining a procedure associated with the potential pathology, wherein the specialist associated with the second point of care is selected, at least in part, based on an association with the procedure. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the procedure comprises a mechanical thrombectomy. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the device is a mobile user device. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein notifying the specialist comprises sending an email to an account associated with the specialist and accessible at the device. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the device comprises at least one of a mobile device and a workstation. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the device is a mobile device. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising displaying a high-resolution version of the images on a workstation associated with the specialist. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein notifying the specialist comprises presenting a notification on the device, the method further comprising, prior to displaying the compressed version of the set of images:
monitoring for an input associated with the notification; displaying the compressed version of the set of images on the device after receipt of the input; and when the input is not received within a predetermined time threshold, determining a second specialist and presenting the notification on a second device associated with the second specialist. 12. A method for computer-aided triage, the method comprising:
at a remote computing system remote from a first point of care, receiving a set of images associated with a patient and taken at the first point of care, wherein the set of images is concurrently sent to a standard radiology workflow operating in parallel with the method, wherein the standard radiology workflow takes a first amount of time; at the remote computing system, automatically detecting a potential pathology from the set of images based on an automated processing of the set of images; upon detecting the potential pathology from the set of images, automatically:
determining, at the remote computing system, a specialist associated with a second point of care;
notifying the specialist on a device associated with the specialist, wherein the specialist is notified in a second amount of time shorter than the first amount of time, wherein the radiologist is not automatically notified upon potential pathology detection;
receiving an input from the specialist, wherein the input initiates a transfer of the patient to the second point of care. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein, in the standard radiology workflow, a radiologist analyzes the set of images at the first point of care and notifies a specialist based on a visual assessment of the set of images at a workstation. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein determining the specialist associated with the second point of care comprises determining a specialist associated with a procedure associated with the potential pathology. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the procedure comprises a mechanical thrombectomy. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein notifying the specialist comprises sending an email to an account associated with the specialist. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the device comprises at least one of a mobile device and a workstation. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the device is a mobile device. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising displaying a high-resolution version of the images on a workstation associated with the specialist. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein the second amount of time is less than 2 minutes. | 3,700 |
342,027 | 16,802,409 | 3,753 | Methods and systems for automated health assessment of fiber optic links of a fiber optic communication system are described. Tables are used to describe the fiber optic links, including access addresses to communication modules used in the links. Telemetry data representative of operation of the communication modules can be read via the access addresses into a central station. OTDR/OFDR measurement data of fiber optic segments used in the links can be read via the access addresses into the central station. The telemetry and/or OTDR/OFDR measurement data can be used by the central station for comparison against reference data to assess health of the links. The communication modules locally and continuously capture the telemetry data to detect transient events that may be the result of tampering of the links. | 1. An automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network comprising a plurality of fiber optic links, the ASLHA comprising:
a) a computer-based station for communication with communication modules that participate in fiber optic links of the fiber optic network, each fiber optic link at least comprising:
a-i) a transmitter at a transmit side of the fiber optic link, and
a-ii) one or more optical fiber segments coupled between said transmit side and a receive side of the fiber optic link; and
b) an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) in communication with the computer-based station, the OTDR coupled to the one or more optical fiber segments at the transmit side of the fiber optic link, wherein the computer-based station is configured to:
access a database to obtain:
access address for communication of the computer-based station to the transmitter and the OTDR,
linking information of the transmitter and the OTDR to the fiber optic link based on the access address, and
reference data representative of a known healthy configuration of the fiber optic link,
communicate with the OTDR to read health information of the fiber optic link, the health information comprising OTDR measurement data representative of reflected light signal from the one or more optical fiber segments detected at the transmit side of the fiber optic link, and
assess health of the fiber optic link by comparing the OTDR measurement data to reference data representative of a known healthy configuration of the fiber optic link. 2. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 1, wherein the reference data comprises predetermined limits for the OTDR measurement data. 3. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 2, wherein the predetermined limits are based on OTDR data obtained during an initial condition of the fiber optic link. 4. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 3, wherein the computer-based station is further configured to:
communicate with the transmitter to read telemetry data representative of internal and external operating conditions of the transmitter, and further assess the health of the fiber optic link by comparing the telemetry data to the reference data representative of a known healthy configuration of the fiber optic link. 5. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 4, wherein the reference data further comprises predetermined limits for the telemetry data. 6. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 5, wherein the predetermined limits are based on a priori known design parameters of the fiber optic link. 7. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 1, wherein the computer-based station is further configured to:
divide the OTDR measurement data according to contiguous time intervals, each time interval describing reflected light signal from a physical portion of the fiber optic link, and for each time interval, compare associated OTDR measurement data to corresponding predetermined limits stored in the reference data. 8. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 5, wherein the predetermined limits define parametric signature values that comprise one or more of: a) a maximum value, b) a minimum value, c) an average value, d) an integrated value, e) a root mean square (rms) value, f) a range value, and g) a combination of a)-f), of an intensity of the reflected light. 9. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 1, wherein the OTDR measurement data represents reflected light signal of data traffic communicated through the fiber optic link. 10. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 1, wherein the OTDR operates at a light wavelength that is different from a light wavelength of the transmitter. 11. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 1, wherein a reference light signal generated by the OTDR is selectively coupled to the one or more optical fiber segments during an OTDR measurement cycle. 12. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 1, wherein a reference light signal used by the OTDR is generated by the transmitter. 13. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 1, wherein the OTDR is an optical frequency domain reflector (OFDR) that operates in a frequency domain. 14. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 1, wherein the computer-based station is further configured to communicate with the OTDR to continuously monitor the health information of the fiber optic link and detect a transient event affecting one or more parameters represented by the OTDR measurement data. 15. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 14, wherein the transient event is defined by a maximum or a minimum value of the one or more parameters. 16. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 1, wherein:
the fiber optic link further comprises a receiver at the receive side of the fiber optic link, and the computer-based station is further configured to
access the database to obtain:
access address for communication of the computer-based station to the receiver, and
linking information to the transmitter and the OTDR based on the access address, and
communicate with the receiver to read corresponding receiver telemetry data, and
further assess health of the fiber optic link by comparing the receiver telemetry data to the reference data. 17. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 16, wherein the receiver is configured to continuously monitor the telemetry data and detect a transient event affecting one or more parameters represented by the telemetry data. 18. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 17, wherein the transient event triggers the computer-based station to communicate with the OTDR to read health information of the fiber optic link. 19. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 17, wherein the transient event is defined by a maximum or a minimum value of the one or more parameters. 20. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 13, wherein the receiver is further configured to compare the maximum or minimum value with corresponding predetermined limit values to set a flag indicative of a tampering of the fiber optic link. 21. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 20, wherein the computer-based station is further configured to:
communicate with the receiver to read the flag, and assess health of the fiber optic link when the flag indicates a tampering event. 22. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 19, wherein the computer-based station is further configured to:
communicate with the receiver to read the maximum or minimum value of the one or more parameters, and compare the maximum or minimum value with corresponding predetermined limit values of the reference data to set a flag indicative of a tampering of the fiber optic link. 23. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 22, wherein the one or more parameters include a receiver power representative of optical power of a light signal received at the receive side of the fiber optic link. 24. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 1, wherein the computer-based station communicates with the OTDR via a communication link that is separate from a network link used by the fiber optic network for data traffic. 25.-79. (canceled) | Methods and systems for automated health assessment of fiber optic links of a fiber optic communication system are described. Tables are used to describe the fiber optic links, including access addresses to communication modules used in the links. Telemetry data representative of operation of the communication modules can be read via the access addresses into a central station. OTDR/OFDR measurement data of fiber optic segments used in the links can be read via the access addresses into the central station. The telemetry and/or OTDR/OFDR measurement data can be used by the central station for comparison against reference data to assess health of the links. The communication modules locally and continuously capture the telemetry data to detect transient events that may be the result of tampering of the links.1. An automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network comprising a plurality of fiber optic links, the ASLHA comprising:
a) a computer-based station for communication with communication modules that participate in fiber optic links of the fiber optic network, each fiber optic link at least comprising:
a-i) a transmitter at a transmit side of the fiber optic link, and
a-ii) one or more optical fiber segments coupled between said transmit side and a receive side of the fiber optic link; and
b) an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) in communication with the computer-based station, the OTDR coupled to the one or more optical fiber segments at the transmit side of the fiber optic link, wherein the computer-based station is configured to:
access a database to obtain:
access address for communication of the computer-based station to the transmitter and the OTDR,
linking information of the transmitter and the OTDR to the fiber optic link based on the access address, and
reference data representative of a known healthy configuration of the fiber optic link,
communicate with the OTDR to read health information of the fiber optic link, the health information comprising OTDR measurement data representative of reflected light signal from the one or more optical fiber segments detected at the transmit side of the fiber optic link, and
assess health of the fiber optic link by comparing the OTDR measurement data to reference data representative of a known healthy configuration of the fiber optic link. 2. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 1, wherein the reference data comprises predetermined limits for the OTDR measurement data. 3. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 2, wherein the predetermined limits are based on OTDR data obtained during an initial condition of the fiber optic link. 4. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 3, wherein the computer-based station is further configured to:
communicate with the transmitter to read telemetry data representative of internal and external operating conditions of the transmitter, and further assess the health of the fiber optic link by comparing the telemetry data to the reference data representative of a known healthy configuration of the fiber optic link. 5. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 4, wherein the reference data further comprises predetermined limits for the telemetry data. 6. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 5, wherein the predetermined limits are based on a priori known design parameters of the fiber optic link. 7. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 1, wherein the computer-based station is further configured to:
divide the OTDR measurement data according to contiguous time intervals, each time interval describing reflected light signal from a physical portion of the fiber optic link, and for each time interval, compare associated OTDR measurement data to corresponding predetermined limits stored in the reference data. 8. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 5, wherein the predetermined limits define parametric signature values that comprise one or more of: a) a maximum value, b) a minimum value, c) an average value, d) an integrated value, e) a root mean square (rms) value, f) a range value, and g) a combination of a)-f), of an intensity of the reflected light. 9. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 1, wherein the OTDR measurement data represents reflected light signal of data traffic communicated through the fiber optic link. 10. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 1, wherein the OTDR operates at a light wavelength that is different from a light wavelength of the transmitter. 11. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 1, wherein a reference light signal generated by the OTDR is selectively coupled to the one or more optical fiber segments during an OTDR measurement cycle. 12. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 1, wherein a reference light signal used by the OTDR is generated by the transmitter. 13. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 1, wherein the OTDR is an optical frequency domain reflector (OFDR) that operates in a frequency domain. 14. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 1, wherein the computer-based station is further configured to communicate with the OTDR to continuously monitor the health information of the fiber optic link and detect a transient event affecting one or more parameters represented by the OTDR measurement data. 15. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 14, wherein the transient event is defined by a maximum or a minimum value of the one or more parameters. 16. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 1, wherein:
the fiber optic link further comprises a receiver at the receive side of the fiber optic link, and the computer-based station is further configured to
access the database to obtain:
access address for communication of the computer-based station to the receiver, and
linking information to the transmitter and the OTDR based on the access address, and
communicate with the receiver to read corresponding receiver telemetry data, and
further assess health of the fiber optic link by comparing the receiver telemetry data to the reference data. 17. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 16, wherein the receiver is configured to continuously monitor the telemetry data and detect a transient event affecting one or more parameters represented by the telemetry data. 18. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 17, wherein the transient event triggers the computer-based station to communicate with the OTDR to read health information of the fiber optic link. 19. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 17, wherein the transient event is defined by a maximum or a minimum value of the one or more parameters. 20. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 13, wherein the receiver is further configured to compare the maximum or minimum value with corresponding predetermined limit values to set a flag indicative of a tampering of the fiber optic link. 21. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 20, wherein the computer-based station is further configured to:
communicate with the receiver to read the flag, and assess health of the fiber optic link when the flag indicates a tampering event. 22. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 19, wherein the computer-based station is further configured to:
communicate with the receiver to read the maximum or minimum value of the one or more parameters, and compare the maximum or minimum value with corresponding predetermined limit values of the reference data to set a flag indicative of a tampering of the fiber optic link. 23. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 22, wherein the one or more parameters include a receiver power representative of optical power of a light signal received at the receive side of the fiber optic link. 24. The automated system for link health assessment (ASLHA) of a fiber optic network according to claim 1, wherein the computer-based station communicates with the OTDR via a communication link that is separate from a network link used by the fiber optic network for data traffic. 25.-79. (canceled) | 3,700 |
342,028 | 16,802,421 | 3,753 | The present disclosure provides variant Pol6 polymerase polypeptides, compositions comprising the Pol6 variant polypeptides, and methods for using the variant Pol6 polypeptides for determining the sequencing of nucleic acids, for example, by nanopore sequencing. The variant Pol6 polymerases possess decreased rates of dissociation of template from the polymerase-template complex, which result in increased processivity relative to the parental Pol6 polypeptides from which they are derived. | 1. A variant polypeptide capable of catalyzing polymerization of deoxynucleotides, said polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 70% identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises a substitution corresponding to a position of SEQ ID NO: 2 selected from the group consisting of V173, N175, N176, N177, I178, V179, Y180, S211, Y212, I214, T287, G288, M289, R290, T291, A292, S293, S294, 1295, Y338, T339, G340, G341, Y342, T343, H344, A345, D417, I418, F419, K420, I421, G422, G434, A435, V436, S437, G438, Q439, E440, Y441, G559, T560, N563, E565, E566, D568, L569, I570, M571, D572, N574, G575, L576, L577, T578, F579, T580, G581, S582, V583, T584, E587, G588, E590, F591, Y596, Q662, V667, L668, G669, Q670, L685, C687, C688, G689, L690, P691, S692, D693, A694, L708, G709, Q717, R718, V721, L731, F732, T733, I734, I737, M738, and F739. 2. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said substitution is a substitution to an amino acid selected from the group consisting of K, R, H, Y, F, W, and T. 3. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said substitution is selected from the group consisting of V173K, N175K, N176K, N177K, I178K, V179K, Y180K, S211K, Y212K, I214K, T287K, G288K, M289K, R290K, T291 K, A292K, S293K, S294K, I295K, Y338K, T339K, G340K, G341K, Y342K, T343K, H344K, A345K, D417K, I418K, F419K, K420K, I421K, G422K, G434K, A435K, V436K, S437K, G438K, Q439K, E440K, Y441 K, G559K, T560K, N563K, E566K, E565K, D568K, L569K, I570K, M571 K, D572K, N574K, G575K, L576K, L577K, T578K, F579K, T580K, G581 K, S582K, V583K, T584K, E587K, G588K, E590K, F591 K, Y596K, Q662K, V667K, L668K, G669K, Q670K, L685K, C687K, C688K, G689K, L690K, P691 K, S692K, D693K, A694K, L708K, G709K, Q717K, R718K, V721K, L731K, F732K, T733K , I734K, I737K, M738K, and F739K. 4. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said polypeptide comprises at least two substitutions selected from the group consisting of V173K, N175K, N176K, N177K, I178K, V179K, Y180K, S211K, Y212K, I214K, T287K, G288K, M289K, R290K, T291 K, A292K, S293K, S294K, I295K, Y338K, T339K, G340K, G341K, Y342K, T343K, H344K, A345K, D417K, I418K, F419K, K420K, I421 K, G422K, G434K, A435K, V436K, S437K, G438K, Q439K, E440K, Y441 K, G559K, T560K, N563K, E566K, E565K, D568K, L569K, I570K, M571 K, D572K, N574K, G575K, L576K, L577K, T578K, F579K, T580K, G581 K, S582K, V583K, T584K, E587K, G588K, E590K, F591 K, Y596K, Q662K, V667K, L668K, G669K, Q670K, L685K, C687K, C688K, G689K, L690K, P691 K, S692K, D693K, A694K, L708K, G709K, Q717K, R718K, V721 K, L731K, F732K, T733K , I734K, I737K, M738K, and F739K. 5. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said substitution is L731 K/R/H. 6. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said substitution is M738K/R/H. 7. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said amino acid sequence further comprises a D44A substitution relative to SEQ ID NO: 2. 8. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said amino acid sequence further comprises a S366A substitution relative to SEQ ID NO: 2. 9. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said amino acid sequence further comprises a T529M substitution relative to SEQ ID NO: 2. 10. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said amino acid sequence further comprises a A547F substitution relative to SEQ ID NO: 2. 11. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said polypeptide has a reduced rate of dissociation in the presence of 500 mM potassium glutamate relative to a polypeptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4. 12. The polypeptide of claim 1, further comprising an affinity tag. 13. The polypeptide of claim 1, further comprising a member of an attachment selected from the group consisting of (a) a SpyCatcher/SpyTag peptide system, (b) a native chemical ligation system, (c) a sortase system, (d) a transglutaminase system, (e) a formylglycine linkage system, and (g) a zinc finger system. 14. A composition comprising the polypeptide of claim 1 attached to a biological nanopore. 15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the attachment between the polypeptide and the biological nanopore results from an attachment system selected from the group consisting of: (a) a SpyCatcher/SpyTag peptide system, (b) a native chemical ligation system, (c) a sortase system, (d) a transglutaminase systems, (e) a formylglycine linkage system, (f) a system comprising reaction between 6-hydrazino-nicotinic acid and 4-formylbenzoate, and (g) a zinc finger system. 16. The composition of claim 14, further comprising a polynucleotide complexed with the polypeptide. 17. The composition of claim 14, wherein said composition is a part of a nanopore sequencing complex on a biochip, the nanopore sequencing complex comprising:
the nanopore of the composition inserted in a membrane adjacent to an electrode of a sensing circuit of the biochip, and a polynucleotide complexed with the polypeptide. 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein the biochip comprises at least 500 nanopore sequencing complexes per 1 mm2. 19. A method for nanopore sequencing a polynucleotide, said method comprising:
(a) providing a biochip comprising a plurality of nanopore sequencing complexes, each nanopore sequencing complex comprising:
(a1) a sensing circuit comprising an electrode,
(a2) a nanopore adjacent to the electrode,
(a3) the polypeptide of claim 1 attached to the nanopore, and
(a4) the polynucleotide complexed with the polypeptide;
(b) contacting the nanopore sequencing complexes with a set of tagged nucleotides, wherein the tagged nucleotides of the set contain a tag coupled to a nucleotide, which tag is detectable with the aid of said nanopore; (c) carrying out a polymerization reaction catalyzed by the polypeptide of the nanopore sequencing complex, thereby incorporating individual tagged nucleotides of the set into a growing strand complementary to a single stranded portion of the polynucleotide; and (d) detecting, with the aid of said nanopore, the tag associated with the individual tagged nucleotide during incorporation of the individual tagged nucleotide into the growing strand, wherein said tag is detected with the aid of the nanopore while the nucleotide is associated with the polypeptide. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the nanopore is a biological nanopore inserted into a membrane. | The present disclosure provides variant Pol6 polymerase polypeptides, compositions comprising the Pol6 variant polypeptides, and methods for using the variant Pol6 polypeptides for determining the sequencing of nucleic acids, for example, by nanopore sequencing. The variant Pol6 polymerases possess decreased rates of dissociation of template from the polymerase-template complex, which result in increased processivity relative to the parental Pol6 polypeptides from which they are derived.1. A variant polypeptide capable of catalyzing polymerization of deoxynucleotides, said polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 70% identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises a substitution corresponding to a position of SEQ ID NO: 2 selected from the group consisting of V173, N175, N176, N177, I178, V179, Y180, S211, Y212, I214, T287, G288, M289, R290, T291, A292, S293, S294, 1295, Y338, T339, G340, G341, Y342, T343, H344, A345, D417, I418, F419, K420, I421, G422, G434, A435, V436, S437, G438, Q439, E440, Y441, G559, T560, N563, E565, E566, D568, L569, I570, M571, D572, N574, G575, L576, L577, T578, F579, T580, G581, S582, V583, T584, E587, G588, E590, F591, Y596, Q662, V667, L668, G669, Q670, L685, C687, C688, G689, L690, P691, S692, D693, A694, L708, G709, Q717, R718, V721, L731, F732, T733, I734, I737, M738, and F739. 2. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said substitution is a substitution to an amino acid selected from the group consisting of K, R, H, Y, F, W, and T. 3. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said substitution is selected from the group consisting of V173K, N175K, N176K, N177K, I178K, V179K, Y180K, S211K, Y212K, I214K, T287K, G288K, M289K, R290K, T291 K, A292K, S293K, S294K, I295K, Y338K, T339K, G340K, G341K, Y342K, T343K, H344K, A345K, D417K, I418K, F419K, K420K, I421K, G422K, G434K, A435K, V436K, S437K, G438K, Q439K, E440K, Y441 K, G559K, T560K, N563K, E566K, E565K, D568K, L569K, I570K, M571 K, D572K, N574K, G575K, L576K, L577K, T578K, F579K, T580K, G581 K, S582K, V583K, T584K, E587K, G588K, E590K, F591 K, Y596K, Q662K, V667K, L668K, G669K, Q670K, L685K, C687K, C688K, G689K, L690K, P691 K, S692K, D693K, A694K, L708K, G709K, Q717K, R718K, V721K, L731K, F732K, T733K , I734K, I737K, M738K, and F739K. 4. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said polypeptide comprises at least two substitutions selected from the group consisting of V173K, N175K, N176K, N177K, I178K, V179K, Y180K, S211K, Y212K, I214K, T287K, G288K, M289K, R290K, T291 K, A292K, S293K, S294K, I295K, Y338K, T339K, G340K, G341K, Y342K, T343K, H344K, A345K, D417K, I418K, F419K, K420K, I421 K, G422K, G434K, A435K, V436K, S437K, G438K, Q439K, E440K, Y441 K, G559K, T560K, N563K, E566K, E565K, D568K, L569K, I570K, M571 K, D572K, N574K, G575K, L576K, L577K, T578K, F579K, T580K, G581 K, S582K, V583K, T584K, E587K, G588K, E590K, F591 K, Y596K, Q662K, V667K, L668K, G669K, Q670K, L685K, C687K, C688K, G689K, L690K, P691 K, S692K, D693K, A694K, L708K, G709K, Q717K, R718K, V721 K, L731K, F732K, T733K , I734K, I737K, M738K, and F739K. 5. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said substitution is L731 K/R/H. 6. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said substitution is M738K/R/H. 7. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said amino acid sequence further comprises a D44A substitution relative to SEQ ID NO: 2. 8. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said amino acid sequence further comprises a S366A substitution relative to SEQ ID NO: 2. 9. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said amino acid sequence further comprises a T529M substitution relative to SEQ ID NO: 2. 10. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said amino acid sequence further comprises a A547F substitution relative to SEQ ID NO: 2. 11. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said polypeptide has a reduced rate of dissociation in the presence of 500 mM potassium glutamate relative to a polypeptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4. 12. The polypeptide of claim 1, further comprising an affinity tag. 13. The polypeptide of claim 1, further comprising a member of an attachment selected from the group consisting of (a) a SpyCatcher/SpyTag peptide system, (b) a native chemical ligation system, (c) a sortase system, (d) a transglutaminase system, (e) a formylglycine linkage system, and (g) a zinc finger system. 14. A composition comprising the polypeptide of claim 1 attached to a biological nanopore. 15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the attachment between the polypeptide and the biological nanopore results from an attachment system selected from the group consisting of: (a) a SpyCatcher/SpyTag peptide system, (b) a native chemical ligation system, (c) a sortase system, (d) a transglutaminase systems, (e) a formylglycine linkage system, (f) a system comprising reaction between 6-hydrazino-nicotinic acid and 4-formylbenzoate, and (g) a zinc finger system. 16. The composition of claim 14, further comprising a polynucleotide complexed with the polypeptide. 17. The composition of claim 14, wherein said composition is a part of a nanopore sequencing complex on a biochip, the nanopore sequencing complex comprising:
the nanopore of the composition inserted in a membrane adjacent to an electrode of a sensing circuit of the biochip, and a polynucleotide complexed with the polypeptide. 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein the biochip comprises at least 500 nanopore sequencing complexes per 1 mm2. 19. A method for nanopore sequencing a polynucleotide, said method comprising:
(a) providing a biochip comprising a plurality of nanopore sequencing complexes, each nanopore sequencing complex comprising:
(a1) a sensing circuit comprising an electrode,
(a2) a nanopore adjacent to the electrode,
(a3) the polypeptide of claim 1 attached to the nanopore, and
(a4) the polynucleotide complexed with the polypeptide;
(b) contacting the nanopore sequencing complexes with a set of tagged nucleotides, wherein the tagged nucleotides of the set contain a tag coupled to a nucleotide, which tag is detectable with the aid of said nanopore; (c) carrying out a polymerization reaction catalyzed by the polypeptide of the nanopore sequencing complex, thereby incorporating individual tagged nucleotides of the set into a growing strand complementary to a single stranded portion of the polynucleotide; and (d) detecting, with the aid of said nanopore, the tag associated with the individual tagged nucleotide during incorporation of the individual tagged nucleotide into the growing strand, wherein said tag is detected with the aid of the nanopore while the nucleotide is associated with the polypeptide. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the nanopore is a biological nanopore inserted into a membrane. | 3,700 |
342,029 | 16,802,416 | 3,753 | A mobile communication tower assembly comprising a stand, an enclosure and a plurality of electronic components. The stand includes an attachment plate, a shaft and a base. The enclosure is connected to the attachment plate and defines a cavity. The enclosure includes a cover attached to a body. The body includes a top, a first side, a second side, a bottom and a back. The plurality of electronic components is located in the cavity of the enclosure. | 1. A mobile communication tower assembly comprising:
a stand including an attachment plate, a shaft and a base; an enclosure connected to the attachment plate and defining a cavity and including a cover attached to a body, the body including a top, a first side, a second side, a bottom and a back; and a plurality of electronic components located in the cavity. 2. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 1, further comprising a latch securing the cover to the cover upon the enclosure in a closed position. 3. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 1, wherein the cover is pivotably attached to the body. 4. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 1, wherein the base includes a tripod. 5. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 1, wherein the plurality of electronic component includes a first electronic component attached to the back of the body. 6. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 5, wherein the first electronic component is an electronics controller. 7. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 5, wherein the first electronic component is a data repeater. 8. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 5, wherein the first electronic component is an intercom station. 9. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 5, wherein the first electronic component is an RFID reader. 10. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 5, wherein the first electronic component is a battery pack. 11. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 1, further comprising an electronic component attached to an outer surface of the cover. 12. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 11, wherein the electronic component attached to the outer surface of the cover is a pendant pull station. 13. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 12, further comprising a protection window attached to the outer surface of the cover and surrounding the pendant pull station. 14. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 1, further comprising an electronic component attached to the top of the body. 15. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 14, wherein the electronic component attached to the top of the body is a waterproof speaker. 16. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 14, wherein the electronic component attached to the top of the body is a light. 17. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 14, wherein the electronic component attached to the top of the body is a camera. 18. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 1, wherein the shaft defines a plurality of holes for mounting at least one accessory. 19. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 18, wherein the accessory is a fire extinguisher. 20. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 18, wherein the accessory is a solar panel. | A mobile communication tower assembly comprising a stand, an enclosure and a plurality of electronic components. The stand includes an attachment plate, a shaft and a base. The enclosure is connected to the attachment plate and defines a cavity. The enclosure includes a cover attached to a body. The body includes a top, a first side, a second side, a bottom and a back. The plurality of electronic components is located in the cavity of the enclosure.1. A mobile communication tower assembly comprising:
a stand including an attachment plate, a shaft and a base; an enclosure connected to the attachment plate and defining a cavity and including a cover attached to a body, the body including a top, a first side, a second side, a bottom and a back; and a plurality of electronic components located in the cavity. 2. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 1, further comprising a latch securing the cover to the cover upon the enclosure in a closed position. 3. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 1, wherein the cover is pivotably attached to the body. 4. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 1, wherein the base includes a tripod. 5. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 1, wherein the plurality of electronic component includes a first electronic component attached to the back of the body. 6. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 5, wherein the first electronic component is an electronics controller. 7. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 5, wherein the first electronic component is a data repeater. 8. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 5, wherein the first electronic component is an intercom station. 9. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 5, wherein the first electronic component is an RFID reader. 10. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 5, wherein the first electronic component is a battery pack. 11. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 1, further comprising an electronic component attached to an outer surface of the cover. 12. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 11, wherein the electronic component attached to the outer surface of the cover is a pendant pull station. 13. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 12, further comprising a protection window attached to the outer surface of the cover and surrounding the pendant pull station. 14. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 1, further comprising an electronic component attached to the top of the body. 15. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 14, wherein the electronic component attached to the top of the body is a waterproof speaker. 16. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 14, wherein the electronic component attached to the top of the body is a light. 17. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 14, wherein the electronic component attached to the top of the body is a camera. 18. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 1, wherein the shaft defines a plurality of holes for mounting at least one accessory. 19. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 18, wherein the accessory is a fire extinguisher. 20. The mobile communication tower assembly of claim 18, wherein the accessory is a solar panel. | 3,700 |
342,030 | 16,802,417 | 3,753 | A memory system includes a nonvolatile memory and a controller that performs first, second, and third processes on memory cells of the nonvolatile memory. The first process is performed on first memory cells to store a first value therein, such that a highest threshold voltage among the threshold voltages of the first memory cells is set as a first threshold voltage. The second process is performed on second memory cells to store a second value therein, such that a lowest threshold voltage among the threshold voltages of the second memory cells is set as a second threshold voltage higher than the first threshold voltage. The third process performed on third memory cells such that a lowest threshold voltage in the third memory cells is lower than the first threshold voltage, and a highest threshold voltage in the third memory cells is higher than the second threshold voltage. | 1. A memory system comprising:
a nonvolatile memory including a first storage area and a second storage area each including a plurality of memory cells; and a controller configured to perform a first process on a plurality of first memory cells provided in the first storage area, a second process on a plurality of second memory cells provided in the first storage area, and in response to a request for a random number, a third process on a plurality of third memory cells provided in the second storage area, wherein each of the plurality of memory cells stores a plurality of values according to a threshold voltage, the plurality of values including at least a first value and a second value, the second value being adjacent to the first value in relation to the threshold voltage, the first process is a process of storing the first value in the plurality of first memory cells and setting a highest threshold voltage among the threshold voltages of the plurality of first memory cells as a first threshold voltage, the second process is a process of storing the second value in the plurality of second memory cells and setting a lowest threshold voltage among the threshold voltages of the plurality of second memory cells as a second threshold voltage that is higher than the first threshold voltage, and the third process is a process in which a lowest threshold voltage among the threshold voltages of the plurality of third memory cells is made lower than the first threshold voltage, and a highest threshold voltage among the threshold voltages of the plurality of third memory cells is made higher than the second threshold voltage. 2. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the controller is configured to use a result read from the second storage area in a read operation using a read level that is higher than the first threshold voltage and lower than the second threshold voltage as the random number. 3. The memory system according to claim 2, wherein
the controller is configured to set a central voltage of a threshold voltage distribution of the plurality of third memory cells to the read level. 4. The memory system according to claim 2, wherein
the controller is configured to generate key information for encrypting data to be written into the nonvolatile memory by using the result read from the second storage area in the read operation using the read level. 5. The memory system according to claim 2, wherein
the controller is configured to generate a timing for reading data from the nonvolatile memory by using the result read from the second storage area in the read operation using the read level. 6. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
a threshold voltage distribution width of the plurality of third memory cells is wider than a threshold voltage distribution width of the plurality of second memory cells. 7. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the first process is an erase process performed on the plurality of first memory cells. 8. A memory system comprising:
a nonvolatile memory including a plurality of memory cells; and a controller configured to generate a random number by performing: a rough write operation on the plurality of memory cells; and a read operation on the plurality of memory cells after the rough write operation, wherein a read voltage that is applied during the read operation is set to be higher than a lowest voltage of threshold voltages of the plurality of memory cells on which the rough write operation has been performed by substantially one-half of a width of a range of the threshold voltages of the plurality of memory cells on which the rough write operation has been performed. 9. The memory system according to claim 8, wherein no other write operation is performed on the plurality of memory cells after the rough write operation before the read operation. 10. The memory system according to claim 9, wherein the controller is configured to output results of the read operation as the random number. 11. The memory system according to claim 9, wherein the controller is configured to perform one or more additional read operations after the rough write operation and outputs combined results of the read operations as the random number. 12. The memory system according to claim 8, wherein during the rough write operation, threshold voltages of the plurality of memory cells are changed to a target threshold voltage level without performing any verification against the target threshold voltage level. 13. A method of operating a memory system using a random number, the memory system comprising a nonvolatile memory including a first storage area and a second storage area, each including a plurality of memory cells, said method comprising:
performing a first process on a plurality of first memory cells provided in the first storage area, a second process on a plurality of second memory cells provided in the first storage area, and in response to a request for a random number, a third process on a plurality of third memory cells provided in the second storage area; performing a read operation on the third memory cells; and outputting a result of the read operation as the random number, wherein each of the plurality of memory cells stores a plurality of values according to a threshold voltage, the plurality of values including at least a first value and a second value, the second value being adjacent to the first value in relation to the threshold voltage, the first process is a process of storing the first value in the plurality of first memory cells and setting a highest threshold voltage among the threshold voltages of the plurality of first memory cells as a first threshold voltage, the second process is a process of storing the second value in the plurality of second memory cells and setting a lowest threshold voltage among the threshold voltages of the plurality of second memory cells as a second threshold voltage that is higher than the first threshold voltage, the third process is a process in which a lowest threshold voltage among the threshold voltages of the plurality of third memory cells is made lower than the first threshold voltage, and a highest threshold voltage among the threshold voltages of the plurality of third memory cells is made higher than the second threshold voltage, and the read operation on the third memory cells is performed using a read level that is higher than the first threshold voltage and lower than the second threshold voltage. 14. The method according to claim 13, further comprising:
setting as the read level a central voltage of a threshold voltage distribution of the plurality of third memory cells. 15. The method according to claim 13, further comprising:
generating key information for encrypting data to be written into the nonvolatile memory by using the result read from the second storage area in the read operation using the read level. 16. The method according to claim 13, further comprising:
generating a timing for reading data from the nonvolatile memory by using the result read from the second storage area in the read operation using the read level. 17. The method according to claim 13, wherein
a threshold voltage distribution width of the plurality of third memory cells is wider than a threshold voltage distribution width of the plurality of second memory cells. 18. The method according to claim 13, wherein
the first process is an erase process performed on the plurality of first memory cells. | A memory system includes a nonvolatile memory and a controller that performs first, second, and third processes on memory cells of the nonvolatile memory. The first process is performed on first memory cells to store a first value therein, such that a highest threshold voltage among the threshold voltages of the first memory cells is set as a first threshold voltage. The second process is performed on second memory cells to store a second value therein, such that a lowest threshold voltage among the threshold voltages of the second memory cells is set as a second threshold voltage higher than the first threshold voltage. The third process performed on third memory cells such that a lowest threshold voltage in the third memory cells is lower than the first threshold voltage, and a highest threshold voltage in the third memory cells is higher than the second threshold voltage.1. A memory system comprising:
a nonvolatile memory including a first storage area and a second storage area each including a plurality of memory cells; and a controller configured to perform a first process on a plurality of first memory cells provided in the first storage area, a second process on a plurality of second memory cells provided in the first storage area, and in response to a request for a random number, a third process on a plurality of third memory cells provided in the second storage area, wherein each of the plurality of memory cells stores a plurality of values according to a threshold voltage, the plurality of values including at least a first value and a second value, the second value being adjacent to the first value in relation to the threshold voltage, the first process is a process of storing the first value in the plurality of first memory cells and setting a highest threshold voltage among the threshold voltages of the plurality of first memory cells as a first threshold voltage, the second process is a process of storing the second value in the plurality of second memory cells and setting a lowest threshold voltage among the threshold voltages of the plurality of second memory cells as a second threshold voltage that is higher than the first threshold voltage, and the third process is a process in which a lowest threshold voltage among the threshold voltages of the plurality of third memory cells is made lower than the first threshold voltage, and a highest threshold voltage among the threshold voltages of the plurality of third memory cells is made higher than the second threshold voltage. 2. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the controller is configured to use a result read from the second storage area in a read operation using a read level that is higher than the first threshold voltage and lower than the second threshold voltage as the random number. 3. The memory system according to claim 2, wherein
the controller is configured to set a central voltage of a threshold voltage distribution of the plurality of third memory cells to the read level. 4. The memory system according to claim 2, wherein
the controller is configured to generate key information for encrypting data to be written into the nonvolatile memory by using the result read from the second storage area in the read operation using the read level. 5. The memory system according to claim 2, wherein
the controller is configured to generate a timing for reading data from the nonvolatile memory by using the result read from the second storage area in the read operation using the read level. 6. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
a threshold voltage distribution width of the plurality of third memory cells is wider than a threshold voltage distribution width of the plurality of second memory cells. 7. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the first process is an erase process performed on the plurality of first memory cells. 8. A memory system comprising:
a nonvolatile memory including a plurality of memory cells; and a controller configured to generate a random number by performing: a rough write operation on the plurality of memory cells; and a read operation on the plurality of memory cells after the rough write operation, wherein a read voltage that is applied during the read operation is set to be higher than a lowest voltage of threshold voltages of the plurality of memory cells on which the rough write operation has been performed by substantially one-half of a width of a range of the threshold voltages of the plurality of memory cells on which the rough write operation has been performed. 9. The memory system according to claim 8, wherein no other write operation is performed on the plurality of memory cells after the rough write operation before the read operation. 10. The memory system according to claim 9, wherein the controller is configured to output results of the read operation as the random number. 11. The memory system according to claim 9, wherein the controller is configured to perform one or more additional read operations after the rough write operation and outputs combined results of the read operations as the random number. 12. The memory system according to claim 8, wherein during the rough write operation, threshold voltages of the plurality of memory cells are changed to a target threshold voltage level without performing any verification against the target threshold voltage level. 13. A method of operating a memory system using a random number, the memory system comprising a nonvolatile memory including a first storage area and a second storage area, each including a plurality of memory cells, said method comprising:
performing a first process on a plurality of first memory cells provided in the first storage area, a second process on a plurality of second memory cells provided in the first storage area, and in response to a request for a random number, a third process on a plurality of third memory cells provided in the second storage area; performing a read operation on the third memory cells; and outputting a result of the read operation as the random number, wherein each of the plurality of memory cells stores a plurality of values according to a threshold voltage, the plurality of values including at least a first value and a second value, the second value being adjacent to the first value in relation to the threshold voltage, the first process is a process of storing the first value in the plurality of first memory cells and setting a highest threshold voltage among the threshold voltages of the plurality of first memory cells as a first threshold voltage, the second process is a process of storing the second value in the plurality of second memory cells and setting a lowest threshold voltage among the threshold voltages of the plurality of second memory cells as a second threshold voltage that is higher than the first threshold voltage, the third process is a process in which a lowest threshold voltage among the threshold voltages of the plurality of third memory cells is made lower than the first threshold voltage, and a highest threshold voltage among the threshold voltages of the plurality of third memory cells is made higher than the second threshold voltage, and the read operation on the third memory cells is performed using a read level that is higher than the first threshold voltage and lower than the second threshold voltage. 14. The method according to claim 13, further comprising:
setting as the read level a central voltage of a threshold voltage distribution of the plurality of third memory cells. 15. The method according to claim 13, further comprising:
generating key information for encrypting data to be written into the nonvolatile memory by using the result read from the second storage area in the read operation using the read level. 16. The method according to claim 13, further comprising:
generating a timing for reading data from the nonvolatile memory by using the result read from the second storage area in the read operation using the read level. 17. The method according to claim 13, wherein
a threshold voltage distribution width of the plurality of third memory cells is wider than a threshold voltage distribution width of the plurality of second memory cells. 18. The method according to claim 13, wherein
the first process is an erase process performed on the plurality of first memory cells. | 3,700 |
342,031 | 16,802,394 | 2,697 | A system and method for an imaging circadiometer that measures the spatial distribution of eye-mediated, non-image-forming optical radiation within the visible spectrum. | 1. An imaging circadiometer comprising:
one or more optical elements positioned in sequence on an optical axis to image an environment; a photodetector array on the optical axis; a filter wheel having multiple filters that are individually positionable on the optical axis, the filter wheel positioned between the one or more optical elements and the photodetector array; and a digital image processing unit electrically connected to the photodetector array. 2. The imaging circadiometer of claim 1, comprising:
a prefiltering optic positioned on the optical axis between the one or more optical elements and the filter wheel to perform beam apodization, shaping, steering or attenuation; or a postfiltering optic positioned on the optical axis between the filter wheel and the photodetector array to perform further beam apodization, shaping, steering or attenuation; or both the prefiltering optic and the post filtering optic. 3. The imaging circadiometer of claim 1, wherein the multiple filters include:
a filter with a melanopic spectral transmittance; a filter with a rhodopic spectral transmittance; a filter with an erythropic spectral transmittance; a filter with a chloropic spectral transmittance; and a filter with a cyanopic spectral transmittance. 4. The imaging circadiometer of claim 3, wherein the multiple filters include a filter with a neuropic spectral transmittance. 5. The imaging circadiometer of claim 1, comprising another identical imaging circadiometer apparatus positioned so that the two optical axes are separated by a distance. 6. The imaging circadiometer of claim 5, wherein the distance is a human interocular distance or an average human interocular distance. 7. The imaging circadiometer of claim 5, wherein spectral transmittances of the multiple filters and spectral responsivities of the photodetector arrays are combined to enable the imaging circadiometer to quantify α-opic distributions of a display or scene. 8. The imaging circadiometer of claim 7, wherein the display is a virtual reality display or a head-up stereo display. 9. An imaging circadiometer comprised of two or more arrangements of optical components, wherein:
a first arrangement of optical components comprises:
one or more imaging lenses;
five or more filters;
one or more neutral density filters;
a mechanical or electro-optic shutter; and
a digital image sensor;
the one or more imaging lenses, the mechanical or electro-optic shutter and the digital image sensor are aligned on an optical axis; the five or more filters are individually positionable on the optical axis; the one or more neutral density filters are individually positionable on the optical axis; a second arrangement of optical components comprises:
one or more further imaging lenses;
the five or more filters;
the one or more neutral density filters;
a further mechanical or electro-optic shutter; and
a further digital image sensor;
the one or more further imaging lenses, the further mechanical or electro-optic shutter and the further digital image sensor are aligned on a further optical axis; the five or more filters are individually positionable on the further optical axis; and the one or more neutral density filters are individually positionable on the further optical axis. 10. The imaging circadiometer of claim 9, comprising:
a first mechanically rotatable disk on which the five or more filters are mounted; and a second mechanically rotatable disk on which the one or more neutral density filters are mounted. 11. The imaging circadiometer of claim 10, wherein:
there are three or more arrangements of optical components; and the five or more filters are individually positionable on an optical axis of each of a third or more of the three or more arrangements of optical components; and the one or more neutral density filters are individually positionable on the optical axis of each of the third or more of the three or more arrangements of optical components. 12. The imaging circadiometer of claim 9, wherein:
the optical axis is parallel to the further optical axis; or the optical axis is not parallel to the further optical axis and the two or more arrangements of optical components have fields of view that overlap. 13. The imaging circadiometer of claim 9, comprising:
a first mechanically rotatable disk on which the five or more filters are mounted; and a second mechanically rotatable disk on which the one or more neutral density filters are mounted; 14. The imaging circadiometer of claim 9, comprising:
a linear translation stage on which the five or more filters are mounted; and a further linear translation stage on which the neutral density filters are mounted. 15. The imaging circadiometer of claim 9, wherein five of the five or more filters are different α-opic filters. 16. The imaging circadiometer of claim 9, wherein one of the five or more filters is a neuropic spectral response filter. 17. The imaging circadiometer of claim 9, wherein:
the digital image sensors have different resolutions, sizes or types; or at least one digital image sensor is offset from its optical axis; or the arrangements of optical components have a common alignment axis; or the arrangements of optical components have a common point of focus. 18. The imaging circadiometer of claim 9, wherein:
the arrangements of optical components have a common point of focus; and at least some of the digital image sensors are tilted with respect to their optical axes in accordance with the Scheimpflug condition. 19. The imaging circadiometer of claim 9 wherein one or more of the arrangements of optical components include a Scheimpflug normalizer prism. 20. The imaging circadiometer apparatus of claim 9, comprising:
a laser range finder, wherein each arrangement of optical components autofocuses on an object plane at a distance indicated by the laser range finder; a spectroradiometer that improves a measurement accuracy of each arrangement of optical components; an optical flicker sensor configured to determine an exposure time for the arrangements of optical components; or in each arrangement of optical components, a plenoptic imaging subsystem for determining a depth of field and a target plane of the arrangement of optical elements using computational photographic imaging. | A system and method for an imaging circadiometer that measures the spatial distribution of eye-mediated, non-image-forming optical radiation within the visible spectrum.1. An imaging circadiometer comprising:
one or more optical elements positioned in sequence on an optical axis to image an environment; a photodetector array on the optical axis; a filter wheel having multiple filters that are individually positionable on the optical axis, the filter wheel positioned between the one or more optical elements and the photodetector array; and a digital image processing unit electrically connected to the photodetector array. 2. The imaging circadiometer of claim 1, comprising:
a prefiltering optic positioned on the optical axis between the one or more optical elements and the filter wheel to perform beam apodization, shaping, steering or attenuation; or a postfiltering optic positioned on the optical axis between the filter wheel and the photodetector array to perform further beam apodization, shaping, steering or attenuation; or both the prefiltering optic and the post filtering optic. 3. The imaging circadiometer of claim 1, wherein the multiple filters include:
a filter with a melanopic spectral transmittance; a filter with a rhodopic spectral transmittance; a filter with an erythropic spectral transmittance; a filter with a chloropic spectral transmittance; and a filter with a cyanopic spectral transmittance. 4. The imaging circadiometer of claim 3, wherein the multiple filters include a filter with a neuropic spectral transmittance. 5. The imaging circadiometer of claim 1, comprising another identical imaging circadiometer apparatus positioned so that the two optical axes are separated by a distance. 6. The imaging circadiometer of claim 5, wherein the distance is a human interocular distance or an average human interocular distance. 7. The imaging circadiometer of claim 5, wherein spectral transmittances of the multiple filters and spectral responsivities of the photodetector arrays are combined to enable the imaging circadiometer to quantify α-opic distributions of a display or scene. 8. The imaging circadiometer of claim 7, wherein the display is a virtual reality display or a head-up stereo display. 9. An imaging circadiometer comprised of two or more arrangements of optical components, wherein:
a first arrangement of optical components comprises:
one or more imaging lenses;
five or more filters;
one or more neutral density filters;
a mechanical or electro-optic shutter; and
a digital image sensor;
the one or more imaging lenses, the mechanical or electro-optic shutter and the digital image sensor are aligned on an optical axis; the five or more filters are individually positionable on the optical axis; the one or more neutral density filters are individually positionable on the optical axis; a second arrangement of optical components comprises:
one or more further imaging lenses;
the five or more filters;
the one or more neutral density filters;
a further mechanical or electro-optic shutter; and
a further digital image sensor;
the one or more further imaging lenses, the further mechanical or electro-optic shutter and the further digital image sensor are aligned on a further optical axis; the five or more filters are individually positionable on the further optical axis; and the one or more neutral density filters are individually positionable on the further optical axis. 10. The imaging circadiometer of claim 9, comprising:
a first mechanically rotatable disk on which the five or more filters are mounted; and a second mechanically rotatable disk on which the one or more neutral density filters are mounted. 11. The imaging circadiometer of claim 10, wherein:
there are three or more arrangements of optical components; and the five or more filters are individually positionable on an optical axis of each of a third or more of the three or more arrangements of optical components; and the one or more neutral density filters are individually positionable on the optical axis of each of the third or more of the three or more arrangements of optical components. 12. The imaging circadiometer of claim 9, wherein:
the optical axis is parallel to the further optical axis; or the optical axis is not parallel to the further optical axis and the two or more arrangements of optical components have fields of view that overlap. 13. The imaging circadiometer of claim 9, comprising:
a first mechanically rotatable disk on which the five or more filters are mounted; and a second mechanically rotatable disk on which the one or more neutral density filters are mounted; 14. The imaging circadiometer of claim 9, comprising:
a linear translation stage on which the five or more filters are mounted; and a further linear translation stage on which the neutral density filters are mounted. 15. The imaging circadiometer of claim 9, wherein five of the five or more filters are different α-opic filters. 16. The imaging circadiometer of claim 9, wherein one of the five or more filters is a neuropic spectral response filter. 17. The imaging circadiometer of claim 9, wherein:
the digital image sensors have different resolutions, sizes or types; or at least one digital image sensor is offset from its optical axis; or the arrangements of optical components have a common alignment axis; or the arrangements of optical components have a common point of focus. 18. The imaging circadiometer of claim 9, wherein:
the arrangements of optical components have a common point of focus; and at least some of the digital image sensors are tilted with respect to their optical axes in accordance with the Scheimpflug condition. 19. The imaging circadiometer of claim 9 wherein one or more of the arrangements of optical components include a Scheimpflug normalizer prism. 20. The imaging circadiometer apparatus of claim 9, comprising:
a laser range finder, wherein each arrangement of optical components autofocuses on an object plane at a distance indicated by the laser range finder; a spectroradiometer that improves a measurement accuracy of each arrangement of optical components; an optical flicker sensor configured to determine an exposure time for the arrangements of optical components; or in each arrangement of optical components, a plenoptic imaging subsystem for determining a depth of field and a target plane of the arrangement of optical elements using computational photographic imaging. | 2,600 |
342,032 | 16,802,411 | 2,697 | An electronic message is transformed into moving images uttering the content of the electronic message. Methods of the present invention may be implemented on devices such as smart phones to enable users to compose text and select an animation character which may include cartoons, persons, animals, or avatars. The recipient is presented with an animation or video of the animation character with a voice that speaks the words of the text. The user may further select and include a catch-phrase associated with the character. The user may further select a background music identifier and a background music associated with the background music identifier is played back while the animated text is being presented. The user may further select a type of animation and the animation character will be animated according to the type of animation. | 1. A machine implemented method of communicating, comprising:
(i) composing an electronic message, via a first device having a processing unit and program code stored on a storage device of said first device; (ii) selecting a well-known animation character, via the first device; (iii) transmitting the electronic message and the well-known animation character, via the first device; (iv) receiving the electronic message and the well-known animation character, via a server having a processing unit and program code stored on a storage device of said server; (v) converting the electronic message into speech using one of synthesized voice of the well-known animation character and actual voice of the well-known animation character, via the server; (vi) transmitting the speech and previously stored moving images of a combination of a portion of the well-known animation character and a concomitant image, via the server; (vii) receiving the speech and the moving images, via a second device having a processing unit and program code stored on a storage device of said second device; and (viii) outputting the speech and displaying the moving images, via the second device. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(ix) receiving a background-music identifier, via the second device; and (x) outputting a background music according to the background-music identifier, via the second device. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(ix) selecting a type of animation, via the first device; and wherein the moving images are according to the type of animation. 4. A machine implemented method of communicating, comprising:
(i) receiving an electronic message and a well-known animation character, via a device having a processing unit and program code stored on a storage device of said device; (ii) converting the electronic message into speech using one of synthesized voice of the well-known animation character and actual voice of the well-known animation character, via the device; and (iii) outputting the speech and displaying previously stored moving images of a combination of a portion of the well-known animation character and a concomitant image, via the device. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the concomitant image is one of an image of an animal and an image of an inanimate object. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the animal is one of cat, dog, lion, elephant, bird, fish, worm, and a snake. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the inanimate object is one of a vehicle and an airplane. 8. The method of claim 4, wherein the combination of a portion of the well-known animation character and a concomitant image is the combination of the head of the well-known animation character and the body of an animal. 9. A non-transitory machine-readable storage medium, which provides instructions that, when executed by a processing unit, causes the processing unit to perform communication operations according to a method as in claim 4. 10. A device having a processing unit and program code stored on a storage device of said device, said program code to perform a method as in claim 4 when executed by said processing unit. 11. The method of claim 4, wherein the combination of a portion of the well-known animation character and a concomitant image is the combination of the head of the well-known animation character and the body of an animal. 12. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of converting the electronic message into speech comprises utilizing pre-recorded speech of the well-known animation character. 13. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of converting the electronic message into speech comprises synthesizing speech of the well-known animation character. 14. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
(iv) generating moving images of a combination a portion of the well-known known animation character and a concomitant image, via the device; and wherein the step (iii) comprises outputting the speech and displaying the generated moving images of a combination of a portion of the well-known animation character and a concomitant image. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of generating moving images of a combination of a portion of the well-known animation character and a concomitant image comprises animating images of a combination of a portion of the well-known animation character and a concomitant image. 16. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of outputting the speech comprises playing back the speech. 17. The method of claim 4, wherein the electronic message comprises a catch-phrase associated with the well-known animation character. 18. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
(iv) receiving a background-music identifier, via the device; and (v) outputting a background music according to the background-music identifier, via the device. 19. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
(iv) selecting a type of animation, via the device; and wherein the moving images are according to the type of animation. 20. A computer network system for communication, comprising:
(a) a first device having a processing unit and program code stored on a storage device of said first device, said program code to perform a method when executed by said processing unit, said method, comprising: composing an electronic message; (ii) selecting a well-known animation character; (iii) transmitting the electronic message and the well-known animation character; (b) a server having a processing unit and program code stored on a storage device of said server, said program code to perform a method when executed by said processing unit, said method, comprising: (i) receiving the electronic message and the well-known animation character; (ii) converting the electronic message into speech using one of synthesized voice of the well-known animation character and actual voice of the well-known animation character; (iii) transmitting the speech and previously stored moving images of a combination of a portion of the well-known animation character and a concomitant image; (c) a second device having a processing unit and program code stored on a storage device of said second device, said program code to perform a method when executed by said processing unit, said method, comprising (i) receiving the electronic message and the moving images; and (ii) outputting the speech and displaying the moving images. | An electronic message is transformed into moving images uttering the content of the electronic message. Methods of the present invention may be implemented on devices such as smart phones to enable users to compose text and select an animation character which may include cartoons, persons, animals, or avatars. The recipient is presented with an animation or video of the animation character with a voice that speaks the words of the text. The user may further select and include a catch-phrase associated with the character. The user may further select a background music identifier and a background music associated with the background music identifier is played back while the animated text is being presented. The user may further select a type of animation and the animation character will be animated according to the type of animation.1. A machine implemented method of communicating, comprising:
(i) composing an electronic message, via a first device having a processing unit and program code stored on a storage device of said first device; (ii) selecting a well-known animation character, via the first device; (iii) transmitting the electronic message and the well-known animation character, via the first device; (iv) receiving the electronic message and the well-known animation character, via a server having a processing unit and program code stored on a storage device of said server; (v) converting the electronic message into speech using one of synthesized voice of the well-known animation character and actual voice of the well-known animation character, via the server; (vi) transmitting the speech and previously stored moving images of a combination of a portion of the well-known animation character and a concomitant image, via the server; (vii) receiving the speech and the moving images, via a second device having a processing unit and program code stored on a storage device of said second device; and (viii) outputting the speech and displaying the moving images, via the second device. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(ix) receiving a background-music identifier, via the second device; and (x) outputting a background music according to the background-music identifier, via the second device. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(ix) selecting a type of animation, via the first device; and wherein the moving images are according to the type of animation. 4. A machine implemented method of communicating, comprising:
(i) receiving an electronic message and a well-known animation character, via a device having a processing unit and program code stored on a storage device of said device; (ii) converting the electronic message into speech using one of synthesized voice of the well-known animation character and actual voice of the well-known animation character, via the device; and (iii) outputting the speech and displaying previously stored moving images of a combination of a portion of the well-known animation character and a concomitant image, via the device. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the concomitant image is one of an image of an animal and an image of an inanimate object. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the animal is one of cat, dog, lion, elephant, bird, fish, worm, and a snake. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the inanimate object is one of a vehicle and an airplane. 8. The method of claim 4, wherein the combination of a portion of the well-known animation character and a concomitant image is the combination of the head of the well-known animation character and the body of an animal. 9. A non-transitory machine-readable storage medium, which provides instructions that, when executed by a processing unit, causes the processing unit to perform communication operations according to a method as in claim 4. 10. A device having a processing unit and program code stored on a storage device of said device, said program code to perform a method as in claim 4 when executed by said processing unit. 11. The method of claim 4, wherein the combination of a portion of the well-known animation character and a concomitant image is the combination of the head of the well-known animation character and the body of an animal. 12. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of converting the electronic message into speech comprises utilizing pre-recorded speech of the well-known animation character. 13. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of converting the electronic message into speech comprises synthesizing speech of the well-known animation character. 14. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
(iv) generating moving images of a combination a portion of the well-known known animation character and a concomitant image, via the device; and wherein the step (iii) comprises outputting the speech and displaying the generated moving images of a combination of a portion of the well-known animation character and a concomitant image. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of generating moving images of a combination of a portion of the well-known animation character and a concomitant image comprises animating images of a combination of a portion of the well-known animation character and a concomitant image. 16. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of outputting the speech comprises playing back the speech. 17. The method of claim 4, wherein the electronic message comprises a catch-phrase associated with the well-known animation character. 18. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
(iv) receiving a background-music identifier, via the device; and (v) outputting a background music according to the background-music identifier, via the device. 19. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
(iv) selecting a type of animation, via the device; and wherein the moving images are according to the type of animation. 20. A computer network system for communication, comprising:
(a) a first device having a processing unit and program code stored on a storage device of said first device, said program code to perform a method when executed by said processing unit, said method, comprising: composing an electronic message; (ii) selecting a well-known animation character; (iii) transmitting the electronic message and the well-known animation character; (b) a server having a processing unit and program code stored on a storage device of said server, said program code to perform a method when executed by said processing unit, said method, comprising: (i) receiving the electronic message and the well-known animation character; (ii) converting the electronic message into speech using one of synthesized voice of the well-known animation character and actual voice of the well-known animation character; (iii) transmitting the speech and previously stored moving images of a combination of a portion of the well-known animation character and a concomitant image; (c) a second device having a processing unit and program code stored on a storage device of said second device, said program code to perform a method when executed by said processing unit, said method, comprising (i) receiving the electronic message and the moving images; and (ii) outputting the speech and displaying the moving images. | 2,600 |
342,033 | 16,802,414 | 2,697 | An inrush current limiting circuit in aspects of the present disclosure may have one or more of the following features: a printed circuit board, an electrical input disposed on the circuit board, one or more electrical outputs disposed on the circuit board, a current limiting circuit connected between the electrical input and the one or more electrical outputs, at least one microcontroller connected within the current limiting circuit, at least one current sensor connected within the current limiting circuit, one or more current limiting components within the current limiting circuit for increasing voltage and current over time from the electrical input to the one or more electrical outputs by operation of the current sensor and the microcontroller. | 1. An inrush current limiting circuit, comprising:
a printed circuit board; an electrical input disposed on the circuit board; one or more electrical outputs disposed on the circuit board; a current limiting circuit connected between the electrical input and the one or more electrical outputs; at least one microcontroller connected within the current limiting circuit; at least one current sensor connected within the current limiting circuit; one or more current limiting components within the current limiting circuit for increasing voltage and current over time from the electrical input to the one or more electrical outputs by operation of the current sensor and the microcontroller. 2. The inrush current limiting circuit of claim 1, wherein the one or more current limiting components comprises a triode for alternating current. 3. The inrush current limiting circuit of claim 1, wherein the at least one current sensor comprises hall effect current sensor. 4. The inrush current limiting circuit of claim 1, further comprising:
one or more zero-crossing detectors connected within the current limiting circuit for sending a signal to the at least one microcontroller for the phase of incoming alternating current. 5. The inrush current limiting circuit of claim 1, further comprising:
one or more circuit breakers connected with the current limiting circuit. 6. The inrush current limiting circuit of claim 1, further comprising:
a hardwired electrical outlet connected to the one or more electrical outputs. 7. The inrush current limiting circuit of claim 1, further comprising:
an electrical service subpanel housing the current limiting circuit, the subpanel having an electrical wire hardwire connected to an electrical service main panel and the electrical input of the current limiting circuit within the subpanel. 8. A method for limiting inrush current, comprising:
providing a current limiting circuit having at least one microcontroller, at least one current sensor, and one or more current limiting components having a preset current level; configuring the one or more current limiting components to a reduced voltage and current potential by operation of the at least one microcontroller; detecting current draw with the at least one current sensor; and increasing current over time with the one or more current limiting components by operation of the microcontroller if the current exceeds the preset current level. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
sending a signal to the at least one microcontroller for the phase of incoming alternating current using one or more zero-crossing detectors. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
housing the current limiting circuit within an electrical service subpanel and hardwire connecting an electrical input of the current limiting circuit to an electrical service main panel. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
controlling current to a plurality of electrical outlets with the current limiting circuit. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
operating the microcontroller with software code loaded onto the microcontroller for controlling current differently to two or more electrical outlets. 13. A method for limiting inrush current, comprising:
providing a housing enclosure having an electrical input and an electrical output, where at least one thermistor is in series with the electrical input and electrical output and the at least one thermistor has a temperature switch coupled to the at least one thermistor and an axial cooling fan; detecting an inrush of current cause by a high-current device being powered on; dissipating the inrush current with the at least one thermistor; detecting a temperature of the at least one thermistor; and powering on the axial fan based upon the detected temperature of the at least one thermistor. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
determining if the temperature of the at least one thermistor is above a preset limit for the at least one thermistor. 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
powering off the axial fan if the sensed temperature of the at least one thermistor is below a preset limit for the at least one thermistor. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least one thermistor is an NTC or PTC thermistor. 17. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
bypassing the at least one thermistor when the inrush current has subsided. 18. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
determining elapsed time from the initiation of the inrush current. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein a microcontroller determines the elapsed time from the initiation of the inrush current. 20. The method of claim 13, wherein the housing enclosure is hardwired to an electrical service subpanel, the subpanel having an electrical wire hardwire connected to an electrical service main panel and the electrical input within the subpanel. | An inrush current limiting circuit in aspects of the present disclosure may have one or more of the following features: a printed circuit board, an electrical input disposed on the circuit board, one or more electrical outputs disposed on the circuit board, a current limiting circuit connected between the electrical input and the one or more electrical outputs, at least one microcontroller connected within the current limiting circuit, at least one current sensor connected within the current limiting circuit, one or more current limiting components within the current limiting circuit for increasing voltage and current over time from the electrical input to the one or more electrical outputs by operation of the current sensor and the microcontroller.1. An inrush current limiting circuit, comprising:
a printed circuit board; an electrical input disposed on the circuit board; one or more electrical outputs disposed on the circuit board; a current limiting circuit connected between the electrical input and the one or more electrical outputs; at least one microcontroller connected within the current limiting circuit; at least one current sensor connected within the current limiting circuit; one or more current limiting components within the current limiting circuit for increasing voltage and current over time from the electrical input to the one or more electrical outputs by operation of the current sensor and the microcontroller. 2. The inrush current limiting circuit of claim 1, wherein the one or more current limiting components comprises a triode for alternating current. 3. The inrush current limiting circuit of claim 1, wherein the at least one current sensor comprises hall effect current sensor. 4. The inrush current limiting circuit of claim 1, further comprising:
one or more zero-crossing detectors connected within the current limiting circuit for sending a signal to the at least one microcontroller for the phase of incoming alternating current. 5. The inrush current limiting circuit of claim 1, further comprising:
one or more circuit breakers connected with the current limiting circuit. 6. The inrush current limiting circuit of claim 1, further comprising:
a hardwired electrical outlet connected to the one or more electrical outputs. 7. The inrush current limiting circuit of claim 1, further comprising:
an electrical service subpanel housing the current limiting circuit, the subpanel having an electrical wire hardwire connected to an electrical service main panel and the electrical input of the current limiting circuit within the subpanel. 8. A method for limiting inrush current, comprising:
providing a current limiting circuit having at least one microcontroller, at least one current sensor, and one or more current limiting components having a preset current level; configuring the one or more current limiting components to a reduced voltage and current potential by operation of the at least one microcontroller; detecting current draw with the at least one current sensor; and increasing current over time with the one or more current limiting components by operation of the microcontroller if the current exceeds the preset current level. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
sending a signal to the at least one microcontroller for the phase of incoming alternating current using one or more zero-crossing detectors. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
housing the current limiting circuit within an electrical service subpanel and hardwire connecting an electrical input of the current limiting circuit to an electrical service main panel. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
controlling current to a plurality of electrical outlets with the current limiting circuit. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
operating the microcontroller with software code loaded onto the microcontroller for controlling current differently to two or more electrical outlets. 13. A method for limiting inrush current, comprising:
providing a housing enclosure having an electrical input and an electrical output, where at least one thermistor is in series with the electrical input and electrical output and the at least one thermistor has a temperature switch coupled to the at least one thermistor and an axial cooling fan; detecting an inrush of current cause by a high-current device being powered on; dissipating the inrush current with the at least one thermistor; detecting a temperature of the at least one thermistor; and powering on the axial fan based upon the detected temperature of the at least one thermistor. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
determining if the temperature of the at least one thermistor is above a preset limit for the at least one thermistor. 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
powering off the axial fan if the sensed temperature of the at least one thermistor is below a preset limit for the at least one thermistor. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least one thermistor is an NTC or PTC thermistor. 17. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
bypassing the at least one thermistor when the inrush current has subsided. 18. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
determining elapsed time from the initiation of the inrush current. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein a microcontroller determines the elapsed time from the initiation of the inrush current. 20. The method of claim 13, wherein the housing enclosure is hardwired to an electrical service subpanel, the subpanel having an electrical wire hardwire connected to an electrical service main panel and the electrical input within the subpanel. | 2,600 |
342,034 | 16,802,341 | 2,697 | Embodiments of the present disclosure provides a processor, a device, and a method for executing instructions, comprising: decoding instructions to identify a instruction to be split; splitting the identified instruction into two or more split instructions, the split instructions including correlated instructions having a correlation, and the correlated instructions having a corresponding virtual register; performing register renaming on the split instructions, wherein for the correlated instructions, a first physical register configured to save results and allocated to the corresponding virtual register is the same as a second physical register designated to be released after executing at least one of the split instructions; and executing the split instructions after the register renaming. | 1. A method for executing instructions, comprising:
decoding instructions to identify an instruction to be split; splitting the identified instruction into two or more split instructions, the split instructions comprising correlated instructions having a correlation, and the correlated instructions having a corresponding virtual register; performing register renaming on the split instructions, wherein for the correlated instructions, a first physical register configured to store results and allocated to the corresponding virtual register is the same as a second physical register designated to be released after executing at least one of the split instructions; and executing the split instructions after the register renaming. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
making correlation marks on the correlated instructions to indicate a producer instruction and a consumer instruction in the correlated instructions, wherein the corresponding virtual register is used as a destination register in the producer instruction, and the corresponding virtual register is used as a source register in the consumer instruction; wherein performing register renaming further comprises:
allocating the first physical register to the destination register in the split instructions and designating the second physical register to be released after executing the producer instruction; and
designating a third physical register from which a value is taken for the source register in the consumer instruction;
wherein for the corresponding virtual register in the producer instruction, the allocated first physical register is the same as the designated second physical register; and wherein the designated third physical register for the corresponding virtual register in the consumer instruction is the same as the first physical register and allocated to the corresponding virtual register in the producer instruction. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein performing register renaming further comprises:
recording, in a register renaming table, information of the first physical register allocated to the destination register in the split instructions and information of the designated second physical register to be released after executing the producer instruction. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the information of the first physical register, the information of the second physical register, and a ready mark of the corresponding virtual register are recorded in the register renaming table for the virtual register, wherein the ready mark indicates whether the value in the virtual register is ready; and
wherein executing the renamed split instructions comprises:
saving the consumer instruction in an issue queue; and
fetching the consumer instruction from the issue queue and executing the consumer instruction when the ready mark of the virtual register associated with the consumer instruction in the register renaming table indicates a ready state. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the correlation mark further comprises a mapping relation between the corresponding virtual register and the first physical register, and performing register renaming comprises:
recording, for the producer instruction, the allocated first physical register in the correlation mark; and acquiring, for the consumer instruction, the allocated first physical register according to the correlation mark as the third physical register designated for the corresponding virtual register and from which a value is taken. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the register renaming of the producer instruction and the register renaming of the consumer instruction are not performed in the same processor cycle, and performing register renaming comprises:
writing, for the producer instruction, a number of the corresponding virtual register and a number of the allocated first physical register into a particular register; and reading, for the consumer instruction, the number of the allocated first physical register from the particular register to serve as the number of the third physical register designated for the corresponding virtual register and from which a value is taken. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the correlation mark is implemented using a signal or a table entry record. 8. An instruction executing device in a processor, comprising:
a decoding unit including circuitry configured to decode instructions to identify an instruction to be split; an instruction splitting unit including circuitry configured to split the identified instruction into two or more split instructions, the split instructions comprising correlated instructions having a correlation, and the correlated instructions having a corresponding virtual register; a register renaming unit including circuitry configured to perform register renaming on the split instructions, wherein for the correlated instructions, a first physical register configured to store results and allocated to the corresponding virtual register is the same as a second physical register designated to be released after executing at least one of the split instructions; and an executing unit including circuitry configured to execute the split instructions after the register renaming. 9. The instruction executing device of claim 8, further comprising:
a correlation marking unit including circuitry configured to make correlation marks on the correlated instructions to indicate a producer instruction and a consumer instruction in the correlated instructions, wherein the corresponding virtual register is used as a destination register in the producer instruction, and the corresponding virtual register is used as a source register in the consumer instruction, wherein the register renaming unit is configured to:
allocate the first physical register to the destination register in the split instructions and designate the second physical register to be released after executing the producer instruction; and
designate a third physical register from which a value is taken for the source register in the consumer instruction;
wherein for the corresponding virtual register in the producer instruction, the allocated first physical register is the same as the designated second physical register, and wherein the designated third physical register for the corresponding virtual register in the consumer instruction is the same as the first physical register and allocated to the corresponding virtual register in the producer instruction. 10. The instruction executing device of claim 9, further comprising:
a register renaming table configured to record information of the first physical register and allocated to the destination register in the split instructions when the register is renamed and information of the second physical register designated to be released after executing the producer instruction. 11. The instruction executing device of claim 10, wherein the register renaming table further comprises a ready mark of each virtual register, the ready mark indicating whether the value in the corresponding virtual register is ready; and
wherein the executing unit is configured to save the consumer instruction in an issue queue; and fetch the consumer instruction from the issue queue and execute the consumer instruction when the ready mark of the virtual register associated with the consumer instruction in the register renaming table indicates a ready state. 12. The instruction executing device of claim 9, wherein the correlation mark further comprises a mapping relation between the corresponding virtual register and the first physical register; and
the register renaming unit is further adapted to record, for the producer instruction, the allocated first physical register in the correlation mark; and acquire, for the consumer instruction, the allocated first physical register according to the correlation mark as the third physical register designated for the corresponding virtual register and from which a value is taken. 13. The instruction executing device of claim 12, wherein the register renaming of the producer instruction and the register renaming of the consumer instruction are not performed in the same processor cycle, and the register renaming unit is configured to write, for the producer instruction, a number of the corresponding virtual register and a number of the allocated physical register configured to save results into a particular register; and read, for the consumer instruction, the number of the allocated first physical register configured to save results from the particular register to serve as the number of the third physical register designated for the corresponding virtual register and from which a value is taken. 14. The instruction executing device of claim 9, wherein the correlation mark is implemented using a signal or a table entry record. 15. A processor comprising:
an instruction executing device comprising:
a decoding unit including circuitry configured to decode instructions to identify an instruction to be split;
an instruction splitting unit including circuitry configured to split the identified instruction into two or more split instructions, the split instructions comprising correlated instructions having a correlation, and the correlated instructions having a corresponding virtual register;
a register renaming unit including circuitry configured to perform register renaming on the split instructions, wherein for the correlated instructions, a first physical register configured to store results and allocated to the corresponding virtual register is the same as a second physical register designated to be released after executing at least one of the split instructions; and
an executing unit including circuitry configured to execute the split instructions after the register renaming. 16. The processor of claim 15, wherein the instruction executing device further comprises:
a correlation marking unit including circuitry configured to make correlation marks on the correlated instructions to indicate a producer instruction and a consumer instruction in the correlated instructions, wherein the corresponding virtual register is used as a destination register in the producer instruction, and the corresponding virtual register is used as a source register in the consumer instruction, wherein the register renaming unit is configured to:
allocate the first physical register to the destination register in the split instructions and designate the second physical register to be released after executing the producer instruction; and
designate a third physical register from which a value is taken for the source register in the consumer instruction;
wherein for the corresponding virtual register in the producer instruction, the allocated first physical register is the same as the designated second physical register, and wherein the designated third physical register for the corresponding virtual register in the consumer instruction is the same as the first physical register and allocated to the corresponding virtual register in the producer instruction. 17. The processor of claim 15, further comprising:
a register renaming table configured to record information of the first physical register and allocated to the destination register in the split instructions when the register is renamed and information of the second physical register designated to be released after executing the producer instruction. 18. The processor of claim 17, wherein the register renaming table further comprises a ready mark of each virtual register, the ready mark indicating whether the value in the corresponding virtual register is ready; and
wherein the executing unit is configured to save the consumer instruction in an issue queue; and fetch the consumer instruction from the issue queue and execute the consumer instruction when the ready mark of the virtual register associated with the consumer instruction in the register renaming table indicates a ready state. 19. The processor of claim 16, wherein the correlation mark further comprises a mapping relation between the corresponding virtual register and the first physical register; and
the register renaming unit is further adapted to record, for the producer instruction, the allocated first physical register in the correlation mark; and acquire, for the consumer instruction, the allocated first physical register according to the correlation mark as the third physical register designated for the corresponding virtual register and from which a value is taken. 20. The processor of claim 19, wherein the register renaming of the producer instruction and the register renaming of the consumer instruction are not performed in the same processor cycle, and the register renaming unit is configured to write, for the producer instruction, a number of the corresponding virtual register and a number of the allocated physical register configured to save results into a particular register; and read, for the consumer instruction, the number of the allocated first physical register configured to save results from the particular register to serve as the number of the third physical register designated for the corresponding virtual register and from which a value is taken. | Embodiments of the present disclosure provides a processor, a device, and a method for executing instructions, comprising: decoding instructions to identify a instruction to be split; splitting the identified instruction into two or more split instructions, the split instructions including correlated instructions having a correlation, and the correlated instructions having a corresponding virtual register; performing register renaming on the split instructions, wherein for the correlated instructions, a first physical register configured to save results and allocated to the corresponding virtual register is the same as a second physical register designated to be released after executing at least one of the split instructions; and executing the split instructions after the register renaming.1. A method for executing instructions, comprising:
decoding instructions to identify an instruction to be split; splitting the identified instruction into two or more split instructions, the split instructions comprising correlated instructions having a correlation, and the correlated instructions having a corresponding virtual register; performing register renaming on the split instructions, wherein for the correlated instructions, a first physical register configured to store results and allocated to the corresponding virtual register is the same as a second physical register designated to be released after executing at least one of the split instructions; and executing the split instructions after the register renaming. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
making correlation marks on the correlated instructions to indicate a producer instruction and a consumer instruction in the correlated instructions, wherein the corresponding virtual register is used as a destination register in the producer instruction, and the corresponding virtual register is used as a source register in the consumer instruction; wherein performing register renaming further comprises:
allocating the first physical register to the destination register in the split instructions and designating the second physical register to be released after executing the producer instruction; and
designating a third physical register from which a value is taken for the source register in the consumer instruction;
wherein for the corresponding virtual register in the producer instruction, the allocated first physical register is the same as the designated second physical register; and wherein the designated third physical register for the corresponding virtual register in the consumer instruction is the same as the first physical register and allocated to the corresponding virtual register in the producer instruction. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein performing register renaming further comprises:
recording, in a register renaming table, information of the first physical register allocated to the destination register in the split instructions and information of the designated second physical register to be released after executing the producer instruction. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the information of the first physical register, the information of the second physical register, and a ready mark of the corresponding virtual register are recorded in the register renaming table for the virtual register, wherein the ready mark indicates whether the value in the virtual register is ready; and
wherein executing the renamed split instructions comprises:
saving the consumer instruction in an issue queue; and
fetching the consumer instruction from the issue queue and executing the consumer instruction when the ready mark of the virtual register associated with the consumer instruction in the register renaming table indicates a ready state. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the correlation mark further comprises a mapping relation between the corresponding virtual register and the first physical register, and performing register renaming comprises:
recording, for the producer instruction, the allocated first physical register in the correlation mark; and acquiring, for the consumer instruction, the allocated first physical register according to the correlation mark as the third physical register designated for the corresponding virtual register and from which a value is taken. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the register renaming of the producer instruction and the register renaming of the consumer instruction are not performed in the same processor cycle, and performing register renaming comprises:
writing, for the producer instruction, a number of the corresponding virtual register and a number of the allocated first physical register into a particular register; and reading, for the consumer instruction, the number of the allocated first physical register from the particular register to serve as the number of the third physical register designated for the corresponding virtual register and from which a value is taken. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the correlation mark is implemented using a signal or a table entry record. 8. An instruction executing device in a processor, comprising:
a decoding unit including circuitry configured to decode instructions to identify an instruction to be split; an instruction splitting unit including circuitry configured to split the identified instruction into two or more split instructions, the split instructions comprising correlated instructions having a correlation, and the correlated instructions having a corresponding virtual register; a register renaming unit including circuitry configured to perform register renaming on the split instructions, wherein for the correlated instructions, a first physical register configured to store results and allocated to the corresponding virtual register is the same as a second physical register designated to be released after executing at least one of the split instructions; and an executing unit including circuitry configured to execute the split instructions after the register renaming. 9. The instruction executing device of claim 8, further comprising:
a correlation marking unit including circuitry configured to make correlation marks on the correlated instructions to indicate a producer instruction and a consumer instruction in the correlated instructions, wherein the corresponding virtual register is used as a destination register in the producer instruction, and the corresponding virtual register is used as a source register in the consumer instruction, wherein the register renaming unit is configured to:
allocate the first physical register to the destination register in the split instructions and designate the second physical register to be released after executing the producer instruction; and
designate a third physical register from which a value is taken for the source register in the consumer instruction;
wherein for the corresponding virtual register in the producer instruction, the allocated first physical register is the same as the designated second physical register, and wherein the designated third physical register for the corresponding virtual register in the consumer instruction is the same as the first physical register and allocated to the corresponding virtual register in the producer instruction. 10. The instruction executing device of claim 9, further comprising:
a register renaming table configured to record information of the first physical register and allocated to the destination register in the split instructions when the register is renamed and information of the second physical register designated to be released after executing the producer instruction. 11. The instruction executing device of claim 10, wherein the register renaming table further comprises a ready mark of each virtual register, the ready mark indicating whether the value in the corresponding virtual register is ready; and
wherein the executing unit is configured to save the consumer instruction in an issue queue; and fetch the consumer instruction from the issue queue and execute the consumer instruction when the ready mark of the virtual register associated with the consumer instruction in the register renaming table indicates a ready state. 12. The instruction executing device of claim 9, wherein the correlation mark further comprises a mapping relation between the corresponding virtual register and the first physical register; and
the register renaming unit is further adapted to record, for the producer instruction, the allocated first physical register in the correlation mark; and acquire, for the consumer instruction, the allocated first physical register according to the correlation mark as the third physical register designated for the corresponding virtual register and from which a value is taken. 13. The instruction executing device of claim 12, wherein the register renaming of the producer instruction and the register renaming of the consumer instruction are not performed in the same processor cycle, and the register renaming unit is configured to write, for the producer instruction, a number of the corresponding virtual register and a number of the allocated physical register configured to save results into a particular register; and read, for the consumer instruction, the number of the allocated first physical register configured to save results from the particular register to serve as the number of the third physical register designated for the corresponding virtual register and from which a value is taken. 14. The instruction executing device of claim 9, wherein the correlation mark is implemented using a signal or a table entry record. 15. A processor comprising:
an instruction executing device comprising:
a decoding unit including circuitry configured to decode instructions to identify an instruction to be split;
an instruction splitting unit including circuitry configured to split the identified instruction into two or more split instructions, the split instructions comprising correlated instructions having a correlation, and the correlated instructions having a corresponding virtual register;
a register renaming unit including circuitry configured to perform register renaming on the split instructions, wherein for the correlated instructions, a first physical register configured to store results and allocated to the corresponding virtual register is the same as a second physical register designated to be released after executing at least one of the split instructions; and
an executing unit including circuitry configured to execute the split instructions after the register renaming. 16. The processor of claim 15, wherein the instruction executing device further comprises:
a correlation marking unit including circuitry configured to make correlation marks on the correlated instructions to indicate a producer instruction and a consumer instruction in the correlated instructions, wherein the corresponding virtual register is used as a destination register in the producer instruction, and the corresponding virtual register is used as a source register in the consumer instruction, wherein the register renaming unit is configured to:
allocate the first physical register to the destination register in the split instructions and designate the second physical register to be released after executing the producer instruction; and
designate a third physical register from which a value is taken for the source register in the consumer instruction;
wherein for the corresponding virtual register in the producer instruction, the allocated first physical register is the same as the designated second physical register, and wherein the designated third physical register for the corresponding virtual register in the consumer instruction is the same as the first physical register and allocated to the corresponding virtual register in the producer instruction. 17. The processor of claim 15, further comprising:
a register renaming table configured to record information of the first physical register and allocated to the destination register in the split instructions when the register is renamed and information of the second physical register designated to be released after executing the producer instruction. 18. The processor of claim 17, wherein the register renaming table further comprises a ready mark of each virtual register, the ready mark indicating whether the value in the corresponding virtual register is ready; and
wherein the executing unit is configured to save the consumer instruction in an issue queue; and fetch the consumer instruction from the issue queue and execute the consumer instruction when the ready mark of the virtual register associated with the consumer instruction in the register renaming table indicates a ready state. 19. The processor of claim 16, wherein the correlation mark further comprises a mapping relation between the corresponding virtual register and the first physical register; and
the register renaming unit is further adapted to record, for the producer instruction, the allocated first physical register in the correlation mark; and acquire, for the consumer instruction, the allocated first physical register according to the correlation mark as the third physical register designated for the corresponding virtual register and from which a value is taken. 20. The processor of claim 19, wherein the register renaming of the producer instruction and the register renaming of the consumer instruction are not performed in the same processor cycle, and the register renaming unit is configured to write, for the producer instruction, a number of the corresponding virtual register and a number of the allocated physical register configured to save results into a particular register; and read, for the consumer instruction, the number of the allocated first physical register configured to save results from the particular register to serve as the number of the third physical register designated for the corresponding virtual register and from which a value is taken. | 2,600 |
342,035 | 16,802,405 | 2,697 | A radio frequency (RF) test probe adapter comprises a cable adapter operable for use with a RF test probe and a housing. The cable adapter comprises a cable connector configured to physically couple to a connector of a coaxial cable, a first pin operable to electrically couple a center conductor of the coaxial cable to a first lead of the RF test probe, and a second pin operable to electrically couple an outer conductor of the coaxial cable to a second lead of the test probe. The housing is sized and shaped to secure the RF test probe and the cable adapter in a physically coupled configuration | 1. A radio frequency (RF) test probe adapter comprising:
a cable adapter operable for use with a RF test probe, the cable adapter comprising:
a cable connector configured to physically couple to a connector of a coaxial cable,
a first pin operable to electrically couple a center conductor of the coaxial cable to a first lead of the RF test probe, and
a second pin operable to electrically couple an outer conductor of the coaxial cable to a second lead of the test probe; and
a housing sized and shaped to secure the RF test probe and the cable adapter in a physically coupled configuration. 2. The RF test probe adapter of claim 1, wherein the cable adapter further comprises a base, the base supporting the cable connector and each of the first and second pins. 3. The RF test probe adapter of claim 2, wherein the housing further comprises a ledge operable to interface with and secure the base of the cable adapter within the housing. 4. The RE test probe adapter of claim 3, wherein the base is configured to be received within the housing, and to be removably supported by the housing, such that the cable adapter is interchangeable with a second cable adapter. 5. The RF test probe adapter of claim 3, wherein the housing comprises a first portion configured to support a first side of the RF test probe and a first side of the base of the cable adapter and a second portion configured to support a second side of the RF test probe and a second side of the base of the cable adapter. 6. The RF test probe adapter of claim 5, wherein the housing further comprises a hinge mechanism, and the first portion and the second portion are pivotally coupled together via the hinge mechanism. 7. The RF test probe adapter of claim 1, wherein the housing is made, at least in part, of an electrostatic discharge material. 8. A radio frequency (RF) test probe assembly comprising:
a radio frequency (RF) test probe having a first lead and a second lead; a radio frequency (RF) test probe adapter operable to receive and support the RF test probe, the radio frequency (RF) test probe adapter comprising:
a cable adapter operable for use with the RF test probe, the cable adapter comprising:
a cable connector configured to physically couple to a connector of a coaxial cable,
a first pin operable to electrically couple a center lead of the coaxial cable to the first lead of the RF test probe, and
a second pin operable to electrically couple an outer conductor of the coaxial cable adapter to the second lead of the test probe; and
a housing removably securing the RF test probe and the cable adapter in a physically coupled configuration. 9. The RF test probe assembly of claim 8, wherein the cable adapter further comprises a base, the base supporting the cable connector and each of the first and second pins. 10. The RF test probe assembly of claim 8, wherein the housing further comprises a ledge removably securing the base of the cable adapter within the housing. 11. The RF test probe assembly of claim 8, further comprising a second cable adapter operable for use with the RF test probe, wherein a base of the second cable adapter is configured to be received within the housing, and to be removably supported by the housing, such that the second cable adapter is interchangeable with the cable adapter. 12. The RF test probe assembly of claim 9, wherein the housing comprises a first portion configured to support a first side of the RF test probe and a first side of the base of the cable adapter and a second portion configured to support a second side of the RF test probe and a second side of the base of the cable adapter. 13. The RF test probe assembly of claim 12, wherein the housing further comprises a hinge mechanism, and the first portion and the second portion are pivotally coupled together via the hinge mechanism. 14. A method for facilitating adaption of leads of a radio frequency (RF) test probe to a coaxial cable, the method comprising:
configuring a cable adapter to have a cable connector operable to physically couple to a coaxial cable, a first pin operable to electrically couple a center lead of the coaxial cable to a first lead of the RF test probe, and a second pin operable to electrically couple an outer conductor of the coaxial cable to a second lead of the RF test probe; and configuring a housing to have an internal cavity sized and shaped to secure the RF test probe and the cable adapter in a physically coupled configuration. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising configuring the cable adapter to comprise a base supporting the cable connector and each of the first and second pins. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising configuring the internal cavity to be operable to secure a second cable adapter in a physically coupled configuration with the RF test probe. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising configuring a second cable adapter to have a second cable connector operable to physically couple to a second coaxial cable, a first pin operable to electrically couple a center lead of the second coaxial cable to the first lead of the RF test probe, and a second pin operable to electrically couple an outer conductor of the second coaxial cable to the second lead of the RF test probe. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the cable adapter has a first base supporting the cable connector and each of the first and second pins of the cable connector and the second cable adapter has a second base supporting the cable connector and each of the first and second pins of the second cable connector, and wherein the first base and the second base have substantially the same shape. 19. The method of claim 14, further comprising configuring the housing to have a first portion operable to support a first side of a RF test probe and a second portion, joinable to the first portion, and operable to support a second side of the RF test probe. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising configuring the housing with a hinge mechanism to facilitate the pivotal coupling of the first portion and the second portion. | A radio frequency (RF) test probe adapter comprises a cable adapter operable for use with a RF test probe and a housing. The cable adapter comprises a cable connector configured to physically couple to a connector of a coaxial cable, a first pin operable to electrically couple a center conductor of the coaxial cable to a first lead of the RF test probe, and a second pin operable to electrically couple an outer conductor of the coaxial cable to a second lead of the test probe. The housing is sized and shaped to secure the RF test probe and the cable adapter in a physically coupled configuration1. A radio frequency (RF) test probe adapter comprising:
a cable adapter operable for use with a RF test probe, the cable adapter comprising:
a cable connector configured to physically couple to a connector of a coaxial cable,
a first pin operable to electrically couple a center conductor of the coaxial cable to a first lead of the RF test probe, and
a second pin operable to electrically couple an outer conductor of the coaxial cable to a second lead of the test probe; and
a housing sized and shaped to secure the RF test probe and the cable adapter in a physically coupled configuration. 2. The RF test probe adapter of claim 1, wherein the cable adapter further comprises a base, the base supporting the cable connector and each of the first and second pins. 3. The RF test probe adapter of claim 2, wherein the housing further comprises a ledge operable to interface with and secure the base of the cable adapter within the housing. 4. The RE test probe adapter of claim 3, wherein the base is configured to be received within the housing, and to be removably supported by the housing, such that the cable adapter is interchangeable with a second cable adapter. 5. The RF test probe adapter of claim 3, wherein the housing comprises a first portion configured to support a first side of the RF test probe and a first side of the base of the cable adapter and a second portion configured to support a second side of the RF test probe and a second side of the base of the cable adapter. 6. The RF test probe adapter of claim 5, wherein the housing further comprises a hinge mechanism, and the first portion and the second portion are pivotally coupled together via the hinge mechanism. 7. The RF test probe adapter of claim 1, wherein the housing is made, at least in part, of an electrostatic discharge material. 8. A radio frequency (RF) test probe assembly comprising:
a radio frequency (RF) test probe having a first lead and a second lead; a radio frequency (RF) test probe adapter operable to receive and support the RF test probe, the radio frequency (RF) test probe adapter comprising:
a cable adapter operable for use with the RF test probe, the cable adapter comprising:
a cable connector configured to physically couple to a connector of a coaxial cable,
a first pin operable to electrically couple a center lead of the coaxial cable to the first lead of the RF test probe, and
a second pin operable to electrically couple an outer conductor of the coaxial cable adapter to the second lead of the test probe; and
a housing removably securing the RF test probe and the cable adapter in a physically coupled configuration. 9. The RF test probe assembly of claim 8, wherein the cable adapter further comprises a base, the base supporting the cable connector and each of the first and second pins. 10. The RF test probe assembly of claim 8, wherein the housing further comprises a ledge removably securing the base of the cable adapter within the housing. 11. The RF test probe assembly of claim 8, further comprising a second cable adapter operable for use with the RF test probe, wherein a base of the second cable adapter is configured to be received within the housing, and to be removably supported by the housing, such that the second cable adapter is interchangeable with the cable adapter. 12. The RF test probe assembly of claim 9, wherein the housing comprises a first portion configured to support a first side of the RF test probe and a first side of the base of the cable adapter and a second portion configured to support a second side of the RF test probe and a second side of the base of the cable adapter. 13. The RF test probe assembly of claim 12, wherein the housing further comprises a hinge mechanism, and the first portion and the second portion are pivotally coupled together via the hinge mechanism. 14. A method for facilitating adaption of leads of a radio frequency (RF) test probe to a coaxial cable, the method comprising:
configuring a cable adapter to have a cable connector operable to physically couple to a coaxial cable, a first pin operable to electrically couple a center lead of the coaxial cable to a first lead of the RF test probe, and a second pin operable to electrically couple an outer conductor of the coaxial cable to a second lead of the RF test probe; and configuring a housing to have an internal cavity sized and shaped to secure the RF test probe and the cable adapter in a physically coupled configuration. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising configuring the cable adapter to comprise a base supporting the cable connector and each of the first and second pins. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising configuring the internal cavity to be operable to secure a second cable adapter in a physically coupled configuration with the RF test probe. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising configuring a second cable adapter to have a second cable connector operable to physically couple to a second coaxial cable, a first pin operable to electrically couple a center lead of the second coaxial cable to the first lead of the RF test probe, and a second pin operable to electrically couple an outer conductor of the second coaxial cable to the second lead of the RF test probe. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the cable adapter has a first base supporting the cable connector and each of the first and second pins of the cable connector and the second cable adapter has a second base supporting the cable connector and each of the first and second pins of the second cable connector, and wherein the first base and the second base have substantially the same shape. 19. The method of claim 14, further comprising configuring the housing to have a first portion operable to support a first side of a RF test probe and a second portion, joinable to the first portion, and operable to support a second side of the RF test probe. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising configuring the housing with a hinge mechanism to facilitate the pivotal coupling of the first portion and the second portion. | 2,600 |
342,036 | 16,802,422 | 3,732 | A system and method for interchanging footwear uppers provide a shoe body that is manually divisible between a sole portion and one or more interchangeable upper portions. One or more upper portion utilize a hook and loop fastening mechanism to detachably mate with a single sole portion. The system comprises a hook panel having multiple hooks, such as those found on Velcro™. The hook panel overlays a top face of the sole portion, with the hooks facing outwardly. The system also provides a loop panel comprising multiple small loops, from the same hook and loop fastener. The loop panel overlays a lasting panel from the upper portions. The hook panel and the loop panel detachably and temporarily mate to create a detachable mating relationship between the upper portions and a single sole portion. Consequently, multiple upper portions can be interchanged on a single, reusable sole portion. | 1. A system for interchanging footwear uppers, the system comprising:
one or more upper portions comprising a lasting panel and a vamp; a loop panel defined by a loop face and an opposing upper mount face, the loop face comprising a plurality of loops, the upper mount face being joined with the lasting panel of the upper portions in an affixed, parallel relationship; a sole portion comprising an outsole and a midsole; and a hook panel defined by a hook face and an opposing sole mount face, the hook face comprising a plurality of hooks, the hooks being sized and dimensioned to removably catch in the loops of the loop face, whereby the hook face and the loop face temporarily mate, the sole mount face being joined with the midsole of the sole portion in an affixed, parallel relationship, whereby multiple upper portions detachably mate with the sole portion. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the upper portion further comprises a toe box, a quarter, and a tongue. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the sole portion further comprises a heel. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the hooks are larger than the loops. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the hook panel and the loop panel temporarily mate until a force is applied to separate the panels. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the hooks and the loops are derived from a hook and loop mechanism. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the loop panel has an elongated shape. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the hook panel has an elongated shape. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the loop panel and the hook panel are flexible. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the upper mount face affixes to the lasting panel of the upper portions with an adhesive or a stitch. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the sole mount face affixes to the midsole of the sole portion with an adhesive or a stitch. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the footwear comprises an athletic shoe. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the upper portions are fabricated from a synthetic material. 14. A system for interchanging footwear uppers, the system comprising:
a shoe body having one or more upper portions and a sole portion, the upper portions comprising a lasting panel, a toe box, a vamp, and a quarter, the sole portion comprising an outsole and a midsole; an elongated, flexible loop panel defined by a loop face and an opposing upper mount face, the loop face comprising a plurality of loops, the upper mount face being joined with the lasting panel of the upper portions in an affixed, parallel relationship; and an elongated, flexible hook panel defined by a hook face and an opposing sole mount face, the hook face comprising a plurality of hooks, the hooks being sized and dimensioned to removably catch in the loops of the loop face, whereby the hook face and the loop face temporarily mate until a force is applied to separate the panels, the sole mount face being joined with the midsole of the sole portion in an affixed, parallel relationship, whereby multiple upper portions detachably mate with the sole portion. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the upper portion further comprises a tongue. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the sole portion further comprises a heel. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the hooks are larger than the loops. 18. The system of claim 14, wherein the hooks and the loops are derived from a hook and loop mechanism. 19. The system of claim 14, wherein the upper portions are fabricated from a synthetic material. 20. A method for interchanging footwear uppers from a sole, the method comprising:
providing one or more upper portions comprising a lasting panel, a vamp, and a quarter; affixing an elongated, flexible loop panel to the lasting panel of the upper portions, the loop panel defined by a loop face comprising a plurality of loops; providing a sole portion comprising an outsole and a midsole; orienting the midsole into alignment with the lasting panel of the upper portions; affixing a hook panel to the outsole, the hook panel comprising a hook face comprising a plurality of hooks, the hooks being sized and dimensioned to removably catch in the loops of the loop face; mating the hook face and the loop face, whereby the hooks and loops temporarily mate; wearing the footwear with the joined upper portion and sole portion; applying a force to separate the hook panel from the loop panel, whereby the upper portion detaches from the sole portion; and mating a loop face from a second loop panel joined to a second upper portion to the loop face from the lop panel of the first sole portion, whereby the hooks and loops temporarily mate. | A system and method for interchanging footwear uppers provide a shoe body that is manually divisible between a sole portion and one or more interchangeable upper portions. One or more upper portion utilize a hook and loop fastening mechanism to detachably mate with a single sole portion. The system comprises a hook panel having multiple hooks, such as those found on Velcro™. The hook panel overlays a top face of the sole portion, with the hooks facing outwardly. The system also provides a loop panel comprising multiple small loops, from the same hook and loop fastener. The loop panel overlays a lasting panel from the upper portions. The hook panel and the loop panel detachably and temporarily mate to create a detachable mating relationship between the upper portions and a single sole portion. Consequently, multiple upper portions can be interchanged on a single, reusable sole portion.1. A system for interchanging footwear uppers, the system comprising:
one or more upper portions comprising a lasting panel and a vamp; a loop panel defined by a loop face and an opposing upper mount face, the loop face comprising a plurality of loops, the upper mount face being joined with the lasting panel of the upper portions in an affixed, parallel relationship; a sole portion comprising an outsole and a midsole; and a hook panel defined by a hook face and an opposing sole mount face, the hook face comprising a plurality of hooks, the hooks being sized and dimensioned to removably catch in the loops of the loop face, whereby the hook face and the loop face temporarily mate, the sole mount face being joined with the midsole of the sole portion in an affixed, parallel relationship, whereby multiple upper portions detachably mate with the sole portion. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the upper portion further comprises a toe box, a quarter, and a tongue. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the sole portion further comprises a heel. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the hooks are larger than the loops. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the hook panel and the loop panel temporarily mate until a force is applied to separate the panels. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the hooks and the loops are derived from a hook and loop mechanism. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the loop panel has an elongated shape. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the hook panel has an elongated shape. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the loop panel and the hook panel are flexible. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the upper mount face affixes to the lasting panel of the upper portions with an adhesive or a stitch. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the sole mount face affixes to the midsole of the sole portion with an adhesive or a stitch. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the footwear comprises an athletic shoe. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the upper portions are fabricated from a synthetic material. 14. A system for interchanging footwear uppers, the system comprising:
a shoe body having one or more upper portions and a sole portion, the upper portions comprising a lasting panel, a toe box, a vamp, and a quarter, the sole portion comprising an outsole and a midsole; an elongated, flexible loop panel defined by a loop face and an opposing upper mount face, the loop face comprising a plurality of loops, the upper mount face being joined with the lasting panel of the upper portions in an affixed, parallel relationship; and an elongated, flexible hook panel defined by a hook face and an opposing sole mount face, the hook face comprising a plurality of hooks, the hooks being sized and dimensioned to removably catch in the loops of the loop face, whereby the hook face and the loop face temporarily mate until a force is applied to separate the panels, the sole mount face being joined with the midsole of the sole portion in an affixed, parallel relationship, whereby multiple upper portions detachably mate with the sole portion. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the upper portion further comprises a tongue. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the sole portion further comprises a heel. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the hooks are larger than the loops. 18. The system of claim 14, wherein the hooks and the loops are derived from a hook and loop mechanism. 19. The system of claim 14, wherein the upper portions are fabricated from a synthetic material. 20. A method for interchanging footwear uppers from a sole, the method comprising:
providing one or more upper portions comprising a lasting panel, a vamp, and a quarter; affixing an elongated, flexible loop panel to the lasting panel of the upper portions, the loop panel defined by a loop face comprising a plurality of loops; providing a sole portion comprising an outsole and a midsole; orienting the midsole into alignment with the lasting panel of the upper portions; affixing a hook panel to the outsole, the hook panel comprising a hook face comprising a plurality of hooks, the hooks being sized and dimensioned to removably catch in the loops of the loop face; mating the hook face and the loop face, whereby the hooks and loops temporarily mate; wearing the footwear with the joined upper portion and sole portion; applying a force to separate the hook panel from the loop panel, whereby the upper portion detaches from the sole portion; and mating a loop face from a second loop panel joined to a second upper portion to the loop face from the lop panel of the first sole portion, whereby the hooks and loops temporarily mate. | 3,700 |
342,037 | 16,802,403 | 3,732 | Embodiments of 3D memory devices and methods for forming the same are disclosed. In an example, a 3D memory device includes a substrate having a first side and a second side opposite to the first side. The 3D memory device also includes a memory stack including interleaved conductive layers and dielectric layers at the first side of the substrate. The 3D memory device also includes a plurality of channel structures each extending vertically through the memory stack. The 3D memory device also includes a slit structure extending vertically through the memory stack and extending laterally to separate the plurality of channel structures into a plurality of blocks. The 3D memory device further includes a first doped region in the substrate and in contact with the slit structure. The 3D memory device further includes an insulating structure extending vertically from the second side of the substrate to the first doped region. The 3D memory device further includes a plurality of second doped regions in the substrate and separated by the insulating structure. | 1. A three-dimensional (3D) memory device, comprising:
a substrate having a first side and a second side opposite to the first side; a memory stack comprising interleaved conductive layers and dielectric layers at the first side of the substrate; a plurality of channel structures each extending vertically through the memory stack; a slit structure extending vertically through the memory stack and extending laterally to separate the plurality of channel structures into a plurality of blocks; a first doped region in the substrate and in contact with the slit structure; an insulating structure extending vertically from the second side of the substrate to the first doped region; and a plurality of second doped regions in the substrate and separated by the insulating structure. 2. The 3D memory device of claim 1, wherein the insulating structure comprises a trench isolation. 3. The 3D memory device of claim 1, wherein the second doped regions are in contact with the first doped region and are separated into the blocks by the insulating structure and the first doped region. 4. The 3D memory device of claim 3, wherein the one or more channel structures in each of the blocks are in contact with a respective one of the second doped regions in the block. 5. The 3D memory device of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of first contacts each in contact with a respective one of the second doped regions for controlling the voltage of the corresponding second doped region. 6. The 3D memory device of claim 5, wherein the first contacts extend to the first side of the substrate. 7. The 3D memory device of claim 5, wherein the first contacts extend to the second side of the substrate. 8. The 3D memory device of claim 1, wherein the first doped region comprises an N-well, and each of the second doped regions comprises a P-well. 9. The 3D memory device of claim 1, further comprising a second contact surrounded by the insulating structure and extending vertically from the second side of the substrate to be in contact with the first doped region. 10. The 3D memory device of claim 1, wherein the slit structure is filled with one or more dielectric materials. 11. A three-dimensional (3D) memory device, comprising:
a first semiconductor structure comprising a peripheral circuit; a second semiconductor structure comprising:
a memory stack comprising interleaved conductive layers and dielectric layers;
a plurality of channel structures each extending vertically through the memory stack and electrically connected to the peripheral circuit;
a plurality of slit structures each extending vertically through the memory stack and extending laterally to separate the plurality of channel structures into a plurality of blocks;
a semiconductor layer comprising a plurality of first doped regions each in contact with a respective one of the plurality of slit structures, and a plurality of second doped regions in contact with the plurality of first doped regions; and
a plurality of insulating structures each extending vertically from a backside of the semiconductor layer to a respective one of the plurality of first doped regions to separate the plurality of second doped regions into the blocks; and
a joining interface between the first semiconductor structure and the second semiconductor structure. 12. The 3D memory device of claim 11, wherein each of the insulating structures comprises a trench isolation. 13. The 3D memory device of claim 11, wherein the one or more channel structures in each of the blocks are in contact with a respective one of the second doped regions in the block. 14. The 3D memory device of claim 11, further comprising a plurality of contacts each in contact with a respective one of the second doped regions for controlling the voltage of the corresponding second doped region. 15. The 3D memory device of claim 14, wherein the contacts extend to a front side of the semiconductor layer. 16. The 3D memory device of claim 14, wherein the contacts extend to the backside of the semiconductor layer. 17. The 3D memory device of claim 11, wherein the first doped region comprises an N-well, and each of the second doped regions comprises a P-well. 18. A method for forming a three-dimensional (3D) memory device, comprising:
forming, from a first side of a substrate, a doped area in the substrate; forming a plurality of channel structures each extending vertically through a memory stack at the first side of the substrate; forming a first doped region in the substrate and in contact with the doped area; forming a slit structure extending vertically through the memory stack to the first doped region, and extending laterally to separate the plurality of channel structures into a plurality of blocks; and forming an insulating structure extending vertically from the second side of the substrate to the first doped region to separate the doped area into a plurality of second doped regions. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
forming a dielectric stack comprising interleaved sacrificial layers and dielectric layers at the first side of the substrate; forming a slit opening extending vertically through the dielectric stack to the substrate; and forming the memory stack comprising interleaved conductive layers and the dielectric layers by replacing the sacrificial layers with the conductive layers through the slit opening. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein forming the insulating structure comprises:
etching, from the second side of the substrate, a trench until the first doped region; and filling the trench with one or more dielectric materials. | Embodiments of 3D memory devices and methods for forming the same are disclosed. In an example, a 3D memory device includes a substrate having a first side and a second side opposite to the first side. The 3D memory device also includes a memory stack including interleaved conductive layers and dielectric layers at the first side of the substrate. The 3D memory device also includes a plurality of channel structures each extending vertically through the memory stack. The 3D memory device also includes a slit structure extending vertically through the memory stack and extending laterally to separate the plurality of channel structures into a plurality of blocks. The 3D memory device further includes a first doped region in the substrate and in contact with the slit structure. The 3D memory device further includes an insulating structure extending vertically from the second side of the substrate to the first doped region. The 3D memory device further includes a plurality of second doped regions in the substrate and separated by the insulating structure.1. A three-dimensional (3D) memory device, comprising:
a substrate having a first side and a second side opposite to the first side; a memory stack comprising interleaved conductive layers and dielectric layers at the first side of the substrate; a plurality of channel structures each extending vertically through the memory stack; a slit structure extending vertically through the memory stack and extending laterally to separate the plurality of channel structures into a plurality of blocks; a first doped region in the substrate and in contact with the slit structure; an insulating structure extending vertically from the second side of the substrate to the first doped region; and a plurality of second doped regions in the substrate and separated by the insulating structure. 2. The 3D memory device of claim 1, wherein the insulating structure comprises a trench isolation. 3. The 3D memory device of claim 1, wherein the second doped regions are in contact with the first doped region and are separated into the blocks by the insulating structure and the first doped region. 4. The 3D memory device of claim 3, wherein the one or more channel structures in each of the blocks are in contact with a respective one of the second doped regions in the block. 5. The 3D memory device of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of first contacts each in contact with a respective one of the second doped regions for controlling the voltage of the corresponding second doped region. 6. The 3D memory device of claim 5, wherein the first contacts extend to the first side of the substrate. 7. The 3D memory device of claim 5, wherein the first contacts extend to the second side of the substrate. 8. The 3D memory device of claim 1, wherein the first doped region comprises an N-well, and each of the second doped regions comprises a P-well. 9. The 3D memory device of claim 1, further comprising a second contact surrounded by the insulating structure and extending vertically from the second side of the substrate to be in contact with the first doped region. 10. The 3D memory device of claim 1, wherein the slit structure is filled with one or more dielectric materials. 11. A three-dimensional (3D) memory device, comprising:
a first semiconductor structure comprising a peripheral circuit; a second semiconductor structure comprising:
a memory stack comprising interleaved conductive layers and dielectric layers;
a plurality of channel structures each extending vertically through the memory stack and electrically connected to the peripheral circuit;
a plurality of slit structures each extending vertically through the memory stack and extending laterally to separate the plurality of channel structures into a plurality of blocks;
a semiconductor layer comprising a plurality of first doped regions each in contact with a respective one of the plurality of slit structures, and a plurality of second doped regions in contact with the plurality of first doped regions; and
a plurality of insulating structures each extending vertically from a backside of the semiconductor layer to a respective one of the plurality of first doped regions to separate the plurality of second doped regions into the blocks; and
a joining interface between the first semiconductor structure and the second semiconductor structure. 12. The 3D memory device of claim 11, wherein each of the insulating structures comprises a trench isolation. 13. The 3D memory device of claim 11, wherein the one or more channel structures in each of the blocks are in contact with a respective one of the second doped regions in the block. 14. The 3D memory device of claim 11, further comprising a plurality of contacts each in contact with a respective one of the second doped regions for controlling the voltage of the corresponding second doped region. 15. The 3D memory device of claim 14, wherein the contacts extend to a front side of the semiconductor layer. 16. The 3D memory device of claim 14, wherein the contacts extend to the backside of the semiconductor layer. 17. The 3D memory device of claim 11, wherein the first doped region comprises an N-well, and each of the second doped regions comprises a P-well. 18. A method for forming a three-dimensional (3D) memory device, comprising:
forming, from a first side of a substrate, a doped area in the substrate; forming a plurality of channel structures each extending vertically through a memory stack at the first side of the substrate; forming a first doped region in the substrate and in contact with the doped area; forming a slit structure extending vertically through the memory stack to the first doped region, and extending laterally to separate the plurality of channel structures into a plurality of blocks; and forming an insulating structure extending vertically from the second side of the substrate to the first doped region to separate the doped area into a plurality of second doped regions. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
forming a dielectric stack comprising interleaved sacrificial layers and dielectric layers at the first side of the substrate; forming a slit opening extending vertically through the dielectric stack to the substrate; and forming the memory stack comprising interleaved conductive layers and the dielectric layers by replacing the sacrificial layers with the conductive layers through the slit opening. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein forming the insulating structure comprises:
etching, from the second side of the substrate, a trench until the first doped region; and filling the trench with one or more dielectric materials. | 3,700 |
342,038 | 16,802,407 | 1,722 | The present application relates to a method comprising: (a) providing a battery comprising a manganese oxide composition as a primary active material; and (b) cycling the battery by: (i) galvanostatically discharging the battery to a first Vcell; (ii) galvanostatically charging the battery to a second Vcell; and (iii) potentiostatically charging at the second Vcell for a first defined period of time. The present application also relates to a chemical composition produced by the method above. The present application also relates to a battery comprising one or more chemical species, the one or more chemical species produced by cycling an activated composition. | 1. A method comprising:
(a) providing a battery comprising: (i) a cathode; (ii) an anode; (iii) an electrolytic solution in fluid communication with the anode and the cathode; and (b) cycling the battery by: (i) galvanostatically discharging the battery to a first Vcell; (ii) galvanostatically charging the battery to a second Vcell; and (iii) potentiostatically charging at the second Vcell for a first defined period of time. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first Vcell is between 1.0V and 1.2V. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second Vcell is between 1.8V and 2.0V. 4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising potentiostatically charging the battery at a third Vcell for a second defined period of time, said potentiostatic charging at the third Vcell occurring after galvanostatically discharging the battery to the first Vcell and before galvanostatically charging the battery to the second Vcell. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the third Vcell is between 1.7V and 1.8V. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cathode comprises a manganese oxide composition as a primary cathodic active material. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the manganese oxide composition comprises Mn3O4 or a derivative thereof. 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein the manganese oxide composition is an activated composition. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the activated composition is produced by chemically treating LiMn2O4. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrolytic solution is neutral. 11. A chemical composition produced by the method according to claim 1. | The present application relates to a method comprising: (a) providing a battery comprising a manganese oxide composition as a primary active material; and (b) cycling the battery by: (i) galvanostatically discharging the battery to a first Vcell; (ii) galvanostatically charging the battery to a second Vcell; and (iii) potentiostatically charging at the second Vcell for a first defined period of time. The present application also relates to a chemical composition produced by the method above. The present application also relates to a battery comprising one or more chemical species, the one or more chemical species produced by cycling an activated composition.1. A method comprising:
(a) providing a battery comprising: (i) a cathode; (ii) an anode; (iii) an electrolytic solution in fluid communication with the anode and the cathode; and (b) cycling the battery by: (i) galvanostatically discharging the battery to a first Vcell; (ii) galvanostatically charging the battery to a second Vcell; and (iii) potentiostatically charging at the second Vcell for a first defined period of time. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first Vcell is between 1.0V and 1.2V. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second Vcell is between 1.8V and 2.0V. 4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising potentiostatically charging the battery at a third Vcell for a second defined period of time, said potentiostatic charging at the third Vcell occurring after galvanostatically discharging the battery to the first Vcell and before galvanostatically charging the battery to the second Vcell. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the third Vcell is between 1.7V and 1.8V. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cathode comprises a manganese oxide composition as a primary cathodic active material. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the manganese oxide composition comprises Mn3O4 or a derivative thereof. 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein the manganese oxide composition is an activated composition. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the activated composition is produced by chemically treating LiMn2O4. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrolytic solution is neutral. 11. A chemical composition produced by the method according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
342,039 | 16,802,415 | 3,685 | The present application relates to a method comprising: (a) providing a battery comprising a manganese oxide composition as a primary active material; and (b) cycling the battery by: (i) galvanostatically discharging the battery to a first Vcell; (ii) galvanostatically charging the battery to a second Vcell; and (iii) potentiostatically charging at the second Vcell for a first defined period of time. The present application also relates to a chemical composition produced by the method above. The present application also relates to a battery comprising one or more chemical species, the one or more chemical species produced by cycling an activated composition. | 1. A method comprising:
(a) providing a battery comprising: (i) a cathode; (ii) an anode; (iii) an electrolytic solution in fluid communication with the anode and the cathode; and (b) cycling the battery by: (i) galvanostatically discharging the battery to a first Vcell; (ii) galvanostatically charging the battery to a second Vcell; and (iii) potentiostatically charging at the second Vcell for a first defined period of time. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first Vcell is between 1.0V and 1.2V. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second Vcell is between 1.8V and 2.0V. 4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising potentiostatically charging the battery at a third Vcell for a second defined period of time, said potentiostatic charging at the third Vcell occurring after galvanostatically discharging the battery to the first Vcell and before galvanostatically charging the battery to the second Vcell. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the third Vcell is between 1.7V and 1.8V. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cathode comprises a manganese oxide composition as a primary cathodic active material. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the manganese oxide composition comprises Mn3O4 or a derivative thereof. 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein the manganese oxide composition is an activated composition. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the activated composition is produced by chemically treating LiMn2O4. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrolytic solution is neutral. 11. A chemical composition produced by the method according to claim 1. | The present application relates to a method comprising: (a) providing a battery comprising a manganese oxide composition as a primary active material; and (b) cycling the battery by: (i) galvanostatically discharging the battery to a first Vcell; (ii) galvanostatically charging the battery to a second Vcell; and (iii) potentiostatically charging at the second Vcell for a first defined period of time. The present application also relates to a chemical composition produced by the method above. The present application also relates to a battery comprising one or more chemical species, the one or more chemical species produced by cycling an activated composition.1. A method comprising:
(a) providing a battery comprising: (i) a cathode; (ii) an anode; (iii) an electrolytic solution in fluid communication with the anode and the cathode; and (b) cycling the battery by: (i) galvanostatically discharging the battery to a first Vcell; (ii) galvanostatically charging the battery to a second Vcell; and (iii) potentiostatically charging at the second Vcell for a first defined period of time. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first Vcell is between 1.0V and 1.2V. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second Vcell is between 1.8V and 2.0V. 4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising potentiostatically charging the battery at a third Vcell for a second defined period of time, said potentiostatic charging at the third Vcell occurring after galvanostatically discharging the battery to the first Vcell and before galvanostatically charging the battery to the second Vcell. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the third Vcell is between 1.7V and 1.8V. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cathode comprises a manganese oxide composition as a primary cathodic active material. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the manganese oxide composition comprises Mn3O4 or a derivative thereof. 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein the manganese oxide composition is an activated composition. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the activated composition is produced by chemically treating LiMn2O4. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrolytic solution is neutral. 11. A chemical composition produced by the method according to claim 1. | 3,600 |
342,040 | 16,802,402 | 2,881 | A mobile radiation oncology coach system is disclosed. The mobile radiation oncology coach system comprise a trailer having a control console area and a treatment area, the treatment area is equipped with a medical treatment facility. The mobile radiation oncology coach system further comprise an internal shielding provided between the control console area and the treatment area. The mobile radiation oncology coach system further comprise an external shielding provided at the outside of the trailer. | 1. A mobile radiation oncology coach system comprising:
a trailer configured to include a control console area and a treatment area, the treatment area being equipped with a medical treatment facility that can emit radiation; internal shielding disposed between the control console area and the treatment area; and external shielding provided at a predetermined location outside of the trailer. 2. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 1, wherein said internal shielding comprises interlocked lead bricks. 3. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 2, wherein the interlocked lead bricks comprises a predetermined thickness to provide substantially effective shielding between the control console area and the treatment area. 4. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 1 further comprising:
a vestibule area located between the control console area and the treatment room; and
a second internal shielding provided between the vestibule area and the control console area. 5. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 4, wherein the second internal shielding comprises additional interlocked lead bricks comprising a second thickness to provide substantially effective shielding between the control console area and the vestibule area. 6. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 1 further comprising:
an alternating door between the treatment room and the control console area, wherein the alternating door contains interlocked lead bricks to shield direct line of sight of the medical treatment facility and people located in the control console area. 7. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 4 further comprising:
a first door configured and providing access between the treatment area and the vestibule area, the first door including first shielding; and
a second door configured and providing access between the vestibule area and the control console area, the second door is further configured to be constructed near an opposite side of said trailer, preventing a direct line of sight between the treatment area and the control console area. 8. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 1 further comprising:
a first door configured and providing access between the treatment area and the control console area, the first door including first supplemental shielding. 9. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 8, wherein the first door is further configured to be constructed and positioned to prevent a direct line of sight between the treatment area and the control console area. 10. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 8, further comprising:
a swing door including a second supplemental shielding, and constructed and positioned to shield radiation that may be emitted in an area associated with the first door between the treatment area and the control console area. 11. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 1, wherein the medical treatment facility includes medical linear particle accelerator (LINAC). 12. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 1, wherein the external shielding comprising a plurality of barriers. 13. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 2, wherein the plurality of barriers are made of concrete. 14. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 1 further comprising a support pad dimensioned to support the trailer, and wherein the support pad comprises concrete. 15. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 1 further comprising a tractor, and wherein said tractor and said trailer are arranged in tandem. 16. A method for providing a mobile radiation oncology services, the method comprising:
moving a trailer to a designated site, the trailer having a control console area and a treatment area being equipped with a medical treatment facility that can emit radiation; providing an internal shielding disposed between the control console area and the treatment area; and providing an external shielding at a predetermined location outside of the trailer. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the internal shielding comprising interlocked lead bricks. 18. The method of claim 16 further comprising:
providing an alternating door positioned between the treatment area and the control console area, wherein the alternating door contains interlocked lead bricks to take away direct line of sight of the medical treatment facility and people located in the control console area. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the medical treatment facility is a LINAC. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the external shielding comprising a plurality of barriers. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the plurality of barriers is made of concrete. 22. The method of claim 16 further comprising:
providing a support pad dimensioned to support the trailer, wherein the support pad is made of concrete. 23. The method of claim 16 further comprising:
providing a tractor, wherein the tractor and the trailer are arranged in tandem. 24. The method of claim 16 further comprising:
securing the trailer after the trailer is moved to the designated site. 25. The method of claim 16 further comprising:
removing the external shielding after the services is complete. | A mobile radiation oncology coach system is disclosed. The mobile radiation oncology coach system comprise a trailer having a control console area and a treatment area, the treatment area is equipped with a medical treatment facility. The mobile radiation oncology coach system further comprise an internal shielding provided between the control console area and the treatment area. The mobile radiation oncology coach system further comprise an external shielding provided at the outside of the trailer.1. A mobile radiation oncology coach system comprising:
a trailer configured to include a control console area and a treatment area, the treatment area being equipped with a medical treatment facility that can emit radiation; internal shielding disposed between the control console area and the treatment area; and external shielding provided at a predetermined location outside of the trailer. 2. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 1, wherein said internal shielding comprises interlocked lead bricks. 3. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 2, wherein the interlocked lead bricks comprises a predetermined thickness to provide substantially effective shielding between the control console area and the treatment area. 4. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 1 further comprising:
a vestibule area located between the control console area and the treatment room; and
a second internal shielding provided between the vestibule area and the control console area. 5. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 4, wherein the second internal shielding comprises additional interlocked lead bricks comprising a second thickness to provide substantially effective shielding between the control console area and the vestibule area. 6. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 1 further comprising:
an alternating door between the treatment room and the control console area, wherein the alternating door contains interlocked lead bricks to shield direct line of sight of the medical treatment facility and people located in the control console area. 7. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 4 further comprising:
a first door configured and providing access between the treatment area and the vestibule area, the first door including first shielding; and
a second door configured and providing access between the vestibule area and the control console area, the second door is further configured to be constructed near an opposite side of said trailer, preventing a direct line of sight between the treatment area and the control console area. 8. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 1 further comprising:
a first door configured and providing access between the treatment area and the control console area, the first door including first supplemental shielding. 9. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 8, wherein the first door is further configured to be constructed and positioned to prevent a direct line of sight between the treatment area and the control console area. 10. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 8, further comprising:
a swing door including a second supplemental shielding, and constructed and positioned to shield radiation that may be emitted in an area associated with the first door between the treatment area and the control console area. 11. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 1, wherein the medical treatment facility includes medical linear particle accelerator (LINAC). 12. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 1, wherein the external shielding comprising a plurality of barriers. 13. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 2, wherein the plurality of barriers are made of concrete. 14. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 1 further comprising a support pad dimensioned to support the trailer, and wherein the support pad comprises concrete. 15. The mobile radiation oncology coach system of claim 1 further comprising a tractor, and wherein said tractor and said trailer are arranged in tandem. 16. A method for providing a mobile radiation oncology services, the method comprising:
moving a trailer to a designated site, the trailer having a control console area and a treatment area being equipped with a medical treatment facility that can emit radiation; providing an internal shielding disposed between the control console area and the treatment area; and providing an external shielding at a predetermined location outside of the trailer. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the internal shielding comprising interlocked lead bricks. 18. The method of claim 16 further comprising:
providing an alternating door positioned between the treatment area and the control console area, wherein the alternating door contains interlocked lead bricks to take away direct line of sight of the medical treatment facility and people located in the control console area. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the medical treatment facility is a LINAC. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the external shielding comprising a plurality of barriers. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the plurality of barriers is made of concrete. 22. The method of claim 16 further comprising:
providing a support pad dimensioned to support the trailer, wherein the support pad is made of concrete. 23. The method of claim 16 further comprising:
providing a tractor, wherein the tractor and the trailer are arranged in tandem. 24. The method of claim 16 further comprising:
securing the trailer after the trailer is moved to the designated site. 25. The method of claim 16 further comprising:
removing the external shielding after the services is complete. | 2,800 |
342,041 | 16,802,356 | 2,881 | A system that allows non-engineers administrators, without programming, machine language, or artificial intelligence system knowledge, to expand the capabilities of a dialogue system. The dialogue system may have a knowledge system, user interface, and learning model. A user interface allows non-engineers to utilize the knowledge system, defined by a small set of primitives and a simple language, to annotate a user utterance. The annotation may include selecting actions to take based on the utterance and subsequent actions and configuring associations. A dialogue state is continuously updated and provided to the user as the actions and associations take place. Rules are generated based on the actions, associations and dialogue state that allows for computing a wide range of results. | 1. A method for training a dialogue learning model, comprising:
automatically presenting, via a user interface of a computing device, an utterance and a list of actions based on the utterance; receiving, via the user interface of the computing device, a selection of an action from the list of actions; receiving, via the user interface of the computing device, a designated span of the utterance less than an entirety of the utterance; and automatically training the dialogue learning model with the action and the designated span of the utterance. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the utterance is a computer-generated agent utterance. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the utterance is a user utterance from a natural language conversation between a user and an automated assistant. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the utterance is a user utterance received via the user interface. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the action is one of a plurality of actions for responding to the utterance, and the designated span of the utterance is one of a plurality of designated spans of the utterance each corresponding to an action of the plurality of actions. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the automatic training configures the dialogue learning model to recognize an association between the action and natural language content in the designated span of the utterance. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the natural language content includes one or more tokens within the utterance. 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising automatically generating one or more rules based on the association between the action and the natural language content. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the one or more rules include a rule for recognizing whether the action is applicable based on the natural language content. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the one or more rules include a rule for determining parameters of the action based on the natural language content. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the one or more rules include a rule for generating an agent utterance describing the action. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the dialogue learning model is a grammar induction learning model and the one or more rules are grammar rules derived based on the association by the grammar induction learning model. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein each of the one or more rules is associated with a set of features, and the automatic training of the dialogue model include assessing relevance of the one or more features in the set of features, based on the association. 14. A method for training a dialogue learning model, comprising:
automatically presenting, via a user interface of a computing device, an utterance and a list of actions based on the utterance; receiving, via the user interface of the computing device, a selection of a plurality of actions from the list of actions, and for each selected action, a designated span of the utterance less than an entirety of the utterance; and automatically training the dialogue learning model with an exemplary response to the utterance including the plurality of selected actions and corresponding designated spans of the utterance. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the automatic training configures the dialogue learning model to recognize an association between actions and natural language content in utterances, based on the plurality of selected actions and natural language content in the corresponding designated spans of the utterance. 16. A computer system, comprising:
a processor; and a storage device holding instructions executable by the processor to:
automatically present, via an interface of a computing device, an utterance and a list of actions based on the utterance;
receive, via the interface of the computing device, a selection of an action from the list of actions;
receive, via the interface of the computing device, a designated span of the utterance less than an entirety of the utterance; and
automatically train the dialogue learning model with the action and the designated span of the utterance. 17. The computer system of claim 16, wherein the utterance is a computer-generated agent utterance. 18. The computer system of claim 16, wherein the utterance is a user utterance from a natural language conversation between a user and an automated assistant. 19. The computer system of claim 16, wherein the utterance is a user utterance received via the interface. 20. The computer system of claim 16, wherein the action is one of a plurality of actions for responding to the utterance, and the designated span of the utterance is one of a plurality of designated spans of the utterance each corresponding to an action of the plurality of actions. | A system that allows non-engineers administrators, without programming, machine language, or artificial intelligence system knowledge, to expand the capabilities of a dialogue system. The dialogue system may have a knowledge system, user interface, and learning model. A user interface allows non-engineers to utilize the knowledge system, defined by a small set of primitives and a simple language, to annotate a user utterance. The annotation may include selecting actions to take based on the utterance and subsequent actions and configuring associations. A dialogue state is continuously updated and provided to the user as the actions and associations take place. Rules are generated based on the actions, associations and dialogue state that allows for computing a wide range of results.1. A method for training a dialogue learning model, comprising:
automatically presenting, via a user interface of a computing device, an utterance and a list of actions based on the utterance; receiving, via the user interface of the computing device, a selection of an action from the list of actions; receiving, via the user interface of the computing device, a designated span of the utterance less than an entirety of the utterance; and automatically training the dialogue learning model with the action and the designated span of the utterance. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the utterance is a computer-generated agent utterance. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the utterance is a user utterance from a natural language conversation between a user and an automated assistant. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the utterance is a user utterance received via the user interface. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the action is one of a plurality of actions for responding to the utterance, and the designated span of the utterance is one of a plurality of designated spans of the utterance each corresponding to an action of the plurality of actions. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the automatic training configures the dialogue learning model to recognize an association between the action and natural language content in the designated span of the utterance. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the natural language content includes one or more tokens within the utterance. 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising automatically generating one or more rules based on the association between the action and the natural language content. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the one or more rules include a rule for recognizing whether the action is applicable based on the natural language content. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the one or more rules include a rule for determining parameters of the action based on the natural language content. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the one or more rules include a rule for generating an agent utterance describing the action. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the dialogue learning model is a grammar induction learning model and the one or more rules are grammar rules derived based on the association by the grammar induction learning model. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein each of the one or more rules is associated with a set of features, and the automatic training of the dialogue model include assessing relevance of the one or more features in the set of features, based on the association. 14. A method for training a dialogue learning model, comprising:
automatically presenting, via a user interface of a computing device, an utterance and a list of actions based on the utterance; receiving, via the user interface of the computing device, a selection of a plurality of actions from the list of actions, and for each selected action, a designated span of the utterance less than an entirety of the utterance; and automatically training the dialogue learning model with an exemplary response to the utterance including the plurality of selected actions and corresponding designated spans of the utterance. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the automatic training configures the dialogue learning model to recognize an association between actions and natural language content in utterances, based on the plurality of selected actions and natural language content in the corresponding designated spans of the utterance. 16. A computer system, comprising:
a processor; and a storage device holding instructions executable by the processor to:
automatically present, via an interface of a computing device, an utterance and a list of actions based on the utterance;
receive, via the interface of the computing device, a selection of an action from the list of actions;
receive, via the interface of the computing device, a designated span of the utterance less than an entirety of the utterance; and
automatically train the dialogue learning model with the action and the designated span of the utterance. 17. The computer system of claim 16, wherein the utterance is a computer-generated agent utterance. 18. The computer system of claim 16, wherein the utterance is a user utterance from a natural language conversation between a user and an automated assistant. 19. The computer system of claim 16, wherein the utterance is a user utterance received via the interface. 20. The computer system of claim 16, wherein the action is one of a plurality of actions for responding to the utterance, and the designated span of the utterance is one of a plurality of designated spans of the utterance each corresponding to an action of the plurality of actions. | 2,800 |
342,042 | 16,802,393 | 2,881 | The present disclosure relates to a communication method and system for converging a 5th-Generation (5G) communication system for supporting higher data rates beyond a 4th-Generation (4G) system with a technology for Internet of Things (IoT). The present disclosure may be applied to intelligent services based on the 5G communication technology and the IoT-related technology, such as smart home, smart building, smart city, smart car, connected car, health care, digital education, smart retail, security and safety services. The present application provides a method for light connection control for a User Equipment (UE), comprising the following steps of: acquiring, by a first radio access network node, light connection information for a UE; storing, by the first radio access network node, the acquired light connection Information; and, performing, by the first radio access network node, light connection control of the UE based on the acquired light connection information for the UE. By adopting the technical scheme disclosed in the present application, the signaling overhead can be saved, and the delay of the UE access network can be reduced. | 1. A method performed by a first base station in a communication system, the method comprising:
receiving, from a core network, inactive state assistance information; determining whether a user equipment (UE) is moved to an inactive state based on the inactive state assistance information; transmitting, to the UE, a control message for entering into the inactive state for the UE, the control message including an identifier associated with a context of the UE in the inactive state, in case that the UE is moved to the inactive state based on the inactive state assistance information; and transmitting, to a second base station, a paging message including the identifier associated with the context of the UE in the inactive state, wherein the inactive state is a state in which a connection between the UE and the core network is maintained, a connection between the UE and a base station is suspended, and the context of the UE is maintained. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the control message further includes paging area information and paging cycle information. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the paging area information includes at least one of a list of tracking areas or a list of cell identities. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the inactive state assistance information includes at least one of discontinuous reception (DRX) information or mobility area information. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the paging message further includes paging priority information. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving, from the UE, capability information including information indicating the UE supports the inactive state. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving, from the second base station, a request message for a retrieval of the context of the UE; and transmitting, to the second base station, a response message as a response to the request message, the response message including the context of the UE. 8. A method performed by a second base station in a communication system, the method comprising:
receiving, from a first base station, a first paging message including an identifier associated with a context of a user equipment (UE) in an inactive state; transmitting, to the UE, a second paging message for the UE based on the first paging message, the second paging message including the identifier associated with the context of the UE in the inactive state; and receiving, from the UE, a control message for requesting resumption of a radio resource control (RRC) connection, wherein the inactive state is a state in which a connection between the UE and a core network is maintained, a connection between the UE and a base station is suspended, and the context of the UE is maintained. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
transmitting, to the first base station, a request message for a retrieval of the context of the UE; and receiving, from the first base station, a response message as a response to the request message, the response message including the context of the UE. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the first paging message further includes paging priority information. 11. A first base station in a communication system, the first base station comprising:
a transceiver; and a controller coupled with the transceiver and configured to:
receive, from a core network, inactive state assistance information,
determine whether a user equipment (UE) is moved to an inactive state based on the inactive state assistance information,
transmit, to the UE, a control message for entering into the inactive state for the UE, the control message including an identifier associated with a context of the UE in the inactive state, in case that the UE is moved to the inactive state based on the inactive state assistance information, and
transmit, to a second base station, a paging message including the identifier associated with the context of the UE in the inactive state,
wherein the inactive state is a state in which a connection between the UE and the core network is maintained, a connection between the UE and a base station is suspended, and the context of the UE is maintained. 12. The first base station of claim 11,
wherein the control message further includes paging area information and paging cycle information. 13. The first base station of claim 12,
wherein the paging area information includes at least one of a list of tracking areas or a list of cell identities. 14. The first base station of claim 11, wherein the inactive state assistance information includes at least one of discontinuous reception (DRX) information or mobility area information. 15. The first base station of claim 11, wherein the paging message further includes paging priority information. 16. The first base station of claim 11, wherein the controller is further configured to receive, from the UE, capability information including information indicating the UE supports the inactive state. 17. The first base station of claim 11, wherein the controller is further configured to:
receive, from the second base station, a request message for a retrieval of the context of the UE, and transmit, to the second base station, a response message as a response to the request message, the response message including the context of the UE. 18. A second base station in a communication system, the second base station comprising:
a transceiver; and a controller coupled with the transceiver and configured to:
receive, from a first base station, a first paging message including an identifier associated with a context of a user equipment (UE) in an inactive state,
transmit, to the UE, a second paging message for the UE based on the first paging message, the second paging message including the identifier associated with the context of the UE in the inactive state, and
receive, from the UE, a control message for requesting resumption of a radio resource control (RRC) connection,
wherein the inactive state is a state in which a connection between the UE and a core network is maintained, a connection between the UE and a base station is suspended, and the context of the UE is maintained. 19. The second base station of claim 18, wherein the controller is further configured to:
transmit, to the first base station, a request message for a retrieval of the context of the UE, and receive, from the first base station, a response message as a response to the request message, the response message including the context of the UE. 20. The second base station of claim 18, wherein the first paging message further includes paging priority information. 21. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
transmitting, to the core network, a path switch request message after a complete of the resumption of the RRC connection; and receiving, from the core network, a response message as a response to the path switch request message. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the response message as a response to the path switch request message includes inactive state assistance information. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the inactive state assistance information includes at least one of discontinuous reception (DRX) information or mobility area information. 24. The second base station of claim 19, wherein the controller is further configured to:
transmit, to the core network, a path switch request message after a complete of the resumption of the RRC connection; and receive, from the core network, a response message as a response to the path switch request message. 25. The second base station of claim 24, wherein the response message as a response to the path switch request message includes inactive state assistance information. 26. The second base station of claim 25, wherein the inactive state assistance information includes at least one of discontinuous reception (DRX) information or mobility area information. | The present disclosure relates to a communication method and system for converging a 5th-Generation (5G) communication system for supporting higher data rates beyond a 4th-Generation (4G) system with a technology for Internet of Things (IoT). The present disclosure may be applied to intelligent services based on the 5G communication technology and the IoT-related technology, such as smart home, smart building, smart city, smart car, connected car, health care, digital education, smart retail, security and safety services. The present application provides a method for light connection control for a User Equipment (UE), comprising the following steps of: acquiring, by a first radio access network node, light connection information for a UE; storing, by the first radio access network node, the acquired light connection Information; and, performing, by the first radio access network node, light connection control of the UE based on the acquired light connection information for the UE. By adopting the technical scheme disclosed in the present application, the signaling overhead can be saved, and the delay of the UE access network can be reduced.1. A method performed by a first base station in a communication system, the method comprising:
receiving, from a core network, inactive state assistance information; determining whether a user equipment (UE) is moved to an inactive state based on the inactive state assistance information; transmitting, to the UE, a control message for entering into the inactive state for the UE, the control message including an identifier associated with a context of the UE in the inactive state, in case that the UE is moved to the inactive state based on the inactive state assistance information; and transmitting, to a second base station, a paging message including the identifier associated with the context of the UE in the inactive state, wherein the inactive state is a state in which a connection between the UE and the core network is maintained, a connection between the UE and a base station is suspended, and the context of the UE is maintained. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the control message further includes paging area information and paging cycle information. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the paging area information includes at least one of a list of tracking areas or a list of cell identities. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the inactive state assistance information includes at least one of discontinuous reception (DRX) information or mobility area information. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the paging message further includes paging priority information. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving, from the UE, capability information including information indicating the UE supports the inactive state. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving, from the second base station, a request message for a retrieval of the context of the UE; and transmitting, to the second base station, a response message as a response to the request message, the response message including the context of the UE. 8. A method performed by a second base station in a communication system, the method comprising:
receiving, from a first base station, a first paging message including an identifier associated with a context of a user equipment (UE) in an inactive state; transmitting, to the UE, a second paging message for the UE based on the first paging message, the second paging message including the identifier associated with the context of the UE in the inactive state; and receiving, from the UE, a control message for requesting resumption of a radio resource control (RRC) connection, wherein the inactive state is a state in which a connection between the UE and a core network is maintained, a connection between the UE and a base station is suspended, and the context of the UE is maintained. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
transmitting, to the first base station, a request message for a retrieval of the context of the UE; and receiving, from the first base station, a response message as a response to the request message, the response message including the context of the UE. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the first paging message further includes paging priority information. 11. A first base station in a communication system, the first base station comprising:
a transceiver; and a controller coupled with the transceiver and configured to:
receive, from a core network, inactive state assistance information,
determine whether a user equipment (UE) is moved to an inactive state based on the inactive state assistance information,
transmit, to the UE, a control message for entering into the inactive state for the UE, the control message including an identifier associated with a context of the UE in the inactive state, in case that the UE is moved to the inactive state based on the inactive state assistance information, and
transmit, to a second base station, a paging message including the identifier associated with the context of the UE in the inactive state,
wherein the inactive state is a state in which a connection between the UE and the core network is maintained, a connection between the UE and a base station is suspended, and the context of the UE is maintained. 12. The first base station of claim 11,
wherein the control message further includes paging area information and paging cycle information. 13. The first base station of claim 12,
wherein the paging area information includes at least one of a list of tracking areas or a list of cell identities. 14. The first base station of claim 11, wherein the inactive state assistance information includes at least one of discontinuous reception (DRX) information or mobility area information. 15. The first base station of claim 11, wherein the paging message further includes paging priority information. 16. The first base station of claim 11, wherein the controller is further configured to receive, from the UE, capability information including information indicating the UE supports the inactive state. 17. The first base station of claim 11, wherein the controller is further configured to:
receive, from the second base station, a request message for a retrieval of the context of the UE, and transmit, to the second base station, a response message as a response to the request message, the response message including the context of the UE. 18. A second base station in a communication system, the second base station comprising:
a transceiver; and a controller coupled with the transceiver and configured to:
receive, from a first base station, a first paging message including an identifier associated with a context of a user equipment (UE) in an inactive state,
transmit, to the UE, a second paging message for the UE based on the first paging message, the second paging message including the identifier associated with the context of the UE in the inactive state, and
receive, from the UE, a control message for requesting resumption of a radio resource control (RRC) connection,
wherein the inactive state is a state in which a connection between the UE and a core network is maintained, a connection between the UE and a base station is suspended, and the context of the UE is maintained. 19. The second base station of claim 18, wherein the controller is further configured to:
transmit, to the first base station, a request message for a retrieval of the context of the UE, and receive, from the first base station, a response message as a response to the request message, the response message including the context of the UE. 20. The second base station of claim 18, wherein the first paging message further includes paging priority information. 21. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
transmitting, to the core network, a path switch request message after a complete of the resumption of the RRC connection; and receiving, from the core network, a response message as a response to the path switch request message. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the response message as a response to the path switch request message includes inactive state assistance information. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the inactive state assistance information includes at least one of discontinuous reception (DRX) information or mobility area information. 24. The second base station of claim 19, wherein the controller is further configured to:
transmit, to the core network, a path switch request message after a complete of the resumption of the RRC connection; and receive, from the core network, a response message as a response to the path switch request message. 25. The second base station of claim 24, wherein the response message as a response to the path switch request message includes inactive state assistance information. 26. The second base station of claim 25, wherein the inactive state assistance information includes at least one of discontinuous reception (DRX) information or mobility area information. | 2,800 |
342,043 | 16,802,385 | 2,881 | An electronic device may have a support structure that supports a display and lenses. Each lens may be a reflective lens such as a catadioptric lens that receives polarized image light from the display and provides a corresponding image to an eye box. The display may be an emissive display with pixels that include light-emitting diodes. The light-emitting diodes may be overlapped by a light recycling layer such as a reflective polarizer or cholesteric liquid crystal layer. The light recycling layer recycles emitted light to enhance display efficiency. | 1. An electronic device comprising:
a support structure; a display supported by the support structure that has pixels configured to display an image, wherein each of the pixels includes a light-emitting device and wherein the display has a light recycling layer that overlaps the pixels; and a reflective lens configured to receive image light from the display and provide the image light to an eye box. 2. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the light-emitting device of each pixel comprises a light-emitting diode. 3. The electronic device defined in claim 2 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a reflective polarizer. 4. The electronic device defined in claim 2 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a cholesteric liquid crystal layer. 5. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the light-emitting device of each pixel comprises a thin-film organic light-emitting diode and wherein the display comprises a quarter wave plate between the light recycling layer and the pixels. 6. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the display comprises an absorptive polarizer and wherein the light recycling layer is interposed between the absorptive polarizer and the pixels. 7. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the display comprises light-blocking walls between the pixels. 8. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the display comprises a white coating layer and wherein the pixels are in openings in the white coating layer. 9. The electronic device defined in claim 7 wherein each of the pixels has a reflective anode and a partially reflective cathode and has a cavity formed from the reflective anode, the partially reflective cathode, and a respective portion of the light recycling layer. 10. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the reflective lens comprises a catadioptric lens configured to receive polarized light from the display. 11. An electronic device, comprising:
a head-mounted support structure; a display supported by the head-mounted support structure, wherein the display has a substrate, light-emitting diodes on the substrate that are configured to display an image, and a light recycling layer that overlaps the light-emitting diodes; and a catadioptric lens supported by the head-mounted support structure that is configured to receive polarized light from the display. 12. The electronic device defined in claim 11 wherein the light recycling layer is located at a distance of less than 50 microns from the pixels. 13. The electronic device defined in claim 12 wherein the display is configured to exhibit a light emission efficiency of at least 55%. 14. The electronic device defined in claim 11 wherein the substrate comprises a flexible substrate, wherein the light-emitting diodes comprises thin-film organic light-emitting diodes, wherein the display has a thin-film encapsulation layer that covers the thin-film organic light-emitting diodes, and wherein the display has a quarter wave plate between the light recycling layer and the thin-film encapsulation layer. 15. The electronic device defined in claim 14 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a reflective polarizer and wherein the display has a layer of adhesive between the quarter wave plate and the pixels. 16. The electronic device defined in claim 11 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a cholesteric liquid crystal layer. 17. The electronic device defined in claim 16 wherein the display further comprises a quarter wave plate and wherein the cholesteric liquid crystal layer is between the quarter wave plate and the pixels. 18. The electronic device defined in claim 11 wherein the substrate comprises a silicon substrate having transistors. 19. An electronic device, comprising:
a head-mounted support structure; a catadioptric lens supported by the head-mounted support structure that is configured to receive polarized image light and supply a corresponding image to an eye box; and a display supported by the head-mounted support structure that is configured to supply the polarized image light to the catadioptric lens, wherein the display comprises light-emitting diodes, a quarter wave plate; an absorptive linear polarizer between the quarter wave plate and the light-emitting diodes, and a light recycling layer between the absorptive polarizer and the light-emitting diodes. 20. The electronic device defined in claim 19 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a reflective polarizer and wherein the display comprises an additional quarter wave plate between the reflective polarizer and the light-emitting diodes. 21. The electronic device defined in claim 19 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a cholesteric liquid crystal layer and wherein the display comprises an additional quarter wave plate between the absorptive linear polarizer and the cholesteric liquid crystal layer. | An electronic device may have a support structure that supports a display and lenses. Each lens may be a reflective lens such as a catadioptric lens that receives polarized image light from the display and provides a corresponding image to an eye box. The display may be an emissive display with pixels that include light-emitting diodes. The light-emitting diodes may be overlapped by a light recycling layer such as a reflective polarizer or cholesteric liquid crystal layer. The light recycling layer recycles emitted light to enhance display efficiency.1. An electronic device comprising:
a support structure; a display supported by the support structure that has pixels configured to display an image, wherein each of the pixels includes a light-emitting device and wherein the display has a light recycling layer that overlaps the pixels; and a reflective lens configured to receive image light from the display and provide the image light to an eye box. 2. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the light-emitting device of each pixel comprises a light-emitting diode. 3. The electronic device defined in claim 2 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a reflective polarizer. 4. The electronic device defined in claim 2 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a cholesteric liquid crystal layer. 5. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the light-emitting device of each pixel comprises a thin-film organic light-emitting diode and wherein the display comprises a quarter wave plate between the light recycling layer and the pixels. 6. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the display comprises an absorptive polarizer and wherein the light recycling layer is interposed between the absorptive polarizer and the pixels. 7. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the display comprises light-blocking walls between the pixels. 8. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the display comprises a white coating layer and wherein the pixels are in openings in the white coating layer. 9. The electronic device defined in claim 7 wherein each of the pixels has a reflective anode and a partially reflective cathode and has a cavity formed from the reflective anode, the partially reflective cathode, and a respective portion of the light recycling layer. 10. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the reflective lens comprises a catadioptric lens configured to receive polarized light from the display. 11. An electronic device, comprising:
a head-mounted support structure; a display supported by the head-mounted support structure, wherein the display has a substrate, light-emitting diodes on the substrate that are configured to display an image, and a light recycling layer that overlaps the light-emitting diodes; and a catadioptric lens supported by the head-mounted support structure that is configured to receive polarized light from the display. 12. The electronic device defined in claim 11 wherein the light recycling layer is located at a distance of less than 50 microns from the pixels. 13. The electronic device defined in claim 12 wherein the display is configured to exhibit a light emission efficiency of at least 55%. 14. The electronic device defined in claim 11 wherein the substrate comprises a flexible substrate, wherein the light-emitting diodes comprises thin-film organic light-emitting diodes, wherein the display has a thin-film encapsulation layer that covers the thin-film organic light-emitting diodes, and wherein the display has a quarter wave plate between the light recycling layer and the thin-film encapsulation layer. 15. The electronic device defined in claim 14 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a reflective polarizer and wherein the display has a layer of adhesive between the quarter wave plate and the pixels. 16. The electronic device defined in claim 11 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a cholesteric liquid crystal layer. 17. The electronic device defined in claim 16 wherein the display further comprises a quarter wave plate and wherein the cholesteric liquid crystal layer is between the quarter wave plate and the pixels. 18. The electronic device defined in claim 11 wherein the substrate comprises a silicon substrate having transistors. 19. An electronic device, comprising:
a head-mounted support structure; a catadioptric lens supported by the head-mounted support structure that is configured to receive polarized image light and supply a corresponding image to an eye box; and a display supported by the head-mounted support structure that is configured to supply the polarized image light to the catadioptric lens, wherein the display comprises light-emitting diodes, a quarter wave plate; an absorptive linear polarizer between the quarter wave plate and the light-emitting diodes, and a light recycling layer between the absorptive polarizer and the light-emitting diodes. 20. The electronic device defined in claim 19 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a reflective polarizer and wherein the display comprises an additional quarter wave plate between the reflective polarizer and the light-emitting diodes. 21. The electronic device defined in claim 19 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a cholesteric liquid crystal layer and wherein the display comprises an additional quarter wave plate between the absorptive linear polarizer and the cholesteric liquid crystal layer. | 2,800 |
342,044 | 16,802,382 | 2,881 | An electronic device may have a support structure that supports a display and lenses. Each lens may be a reflective lens such as a catadioptric lens that receives polarized image light from the display and provides a corresponding image to an eye box. The display may be an emissive display with pixels that include light-emitting diodes. The light-emitting diodes may be overlapped by a light recycling layer such as a reflective polarizer or cholesteric liquid crystal layer. The light recycling layer recycles emitted light to enhance display efficiency. | 1. An electronic device comprising:
a support structure; a display supported by the support structure that has pixels configured to display an image, wherein each of the pixels includes a light-emitting device and wherein the display has a light recycling layer that overlaps the pixels; and a reflective lens configured to receive image light from the display and provide the image light to an eye box. 2. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the light-emitting device of each pixel comprises a light-emitting diode. 3. The electronic device defined in claim 2 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a reflective polarizer. 4. The electronic device defined in claim 2 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a cholesteric liquid crystal layer. 5. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the light-emitting device of each pixel comprises a thin-film organic light-emitting diode and wherein the display comprises a quarter wave plate between the light recycling layer and the pixels. 6. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the display comprises an absorptive polarizer and wherein the light recycling layer is interposed between the absorptive polarizer and the pixels. 7. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the display comprises light-blocking walls between the pixels. 8. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the display comprises a white coating layer and wherein the pixels are in openings in the white coating layer. 9. The electronic device defined in claim 7 wherein each of the pixels has a reflective anode and a partially reflective cathode and has a cavity formed from the reflective anode, the partially reflective cathode, and a respective portion of the light recycling layer. 10. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the reflective lens comprises a catadioptric lens configured to receive polarized light from the display. 11. An electronic device, comprising:
a head-mounted support structure; a display supported by the head-mounted support structure, wherein the display has a substrate, light-emitting diodes on the substrate that are configured to display an image, and a light recycling layer that overlaps the light-emitting diodes; and a catadioptric lens supported by the head-mounted support structure that is configured to receive polarized light from the display. 12. The electronic device defined in claim 11 wherein the light recycling layer is located at a distance of less than 50 microns from the pixels. 13. The electronic device defined in claim 12 wherein the display is configured to exhibit a light emission efficiency of at least 55%. 14. The electronic device defined in claim 11 wherein the substrate comprises a flexible substrate, wherein the light-emitting diodes comprises thin-film organic light-emitting diodes, wherein the display has a thin-film encapsulation layer that covers the thin-film organic light-emitting diodes, and wherein the display has a quarter wave plate between the light recycling layer and the thin-film encapsulation layer. 15. The electronic device defined in claim 14 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a reflective polarizer and wherein the display has a layer of adhesive between the quarter wave plate and the pixels. 16. The electronic device defined in claim 11 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a cholesteric liquid crystal layer. 17. The electronic device defined in claim 16 wherein the display further comprises a quarter wave plate and wherein the cholesteric liquid crystal layer is between the quarter wave plate and the pixels. 18. The electronic device defined in claim 11 wherein the substrate comprises a silicon substrate having transistors. 19. An electronic device, comprising:
a head-mounted support structure; a catadioptric lens supported by the head-mounted support structure that is configured to receive polarized image light and supply a corresponding image to an eye box; and a display supported by the head-mounted support structure that is configured to supply the polarized image light to the catadioptric lens, wherein the display comprises light-emitting diodes, a quarter wave plate; an absorptive linear polarizer between the quarter wave plate and the light-emitting diodes, and a light recycling layer between the absorptive polarizer and the light-emitting diodes. 20. The electronic device defined in claim 19 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a reflective polarizer and wherein the display comprises an additional quarter wave plate between the reflective polarizer and the light-emitting diodes. 21. The electronic device defined in claim 19 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a cholesteric liquid crystal layer and wherein the display comprises an additional quarter wave plate between the absorptive linear polarizer and the cholesteric liquid crystal layer. | An electronic device may have a support structure that supports a display and lenses. Each lens may be a reflective lens such as a catadioptric lens that receives polarized image light from the display and provides a corresponding image to an eye box. The display may be an emissive display with pixels that include light-emitting diodes. The light-emitting diodes may be overlapped by a light recycling layer such as a reflective polarizer or cholesteric liquid crystal layer. The light recycling layer recycles emitted light to enhance display efficiency.1. An electronic device comprising:
a support structure; a display supported by the support structure that has pixels configured to display an image, wherein each of the pixels includes a light-emitting device and wherein the display has a light recycling layer that overlaps the pixels; and a reflective lens configured to receive image light from the display and provide the image light to an eye box. 2. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the light-emitting device of each pixel comprises a light-emitting diode. 3. The electronic device defined in claim 2 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a reflective polarizer. 4. The electronic device defined in claim 2 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a cholesteric liquid crystal layer. 5. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the light-emitting device of each pixel comprises a thin-film organic light-emitting diode and wherein the display comprises a quarter wave plate between the light recycling layer and the pixels. 6. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the display comprises an absorptive polarizer and wherein the light recycling layer is interposed between the absorptive polarizer and the pixels. 7. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the display comprises light-blocking walls between the pixels. 8. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the display comprises a white coating layer and wherein the pixels are in openings in the white coating layer. 9. The electronic device defined in claim 7 wherein each of the pixels has a reflective anode and a partially reflective cathode and has a cavity formed from the reflective anode, the partially reflective cathode, and a respective portion of the light recycling layer. 10. The electronic device defined in claim 1 wherein the reflective lens comprises a catadioptric lens configured to receive polarized light from the display. 11. An electronic device, comprising:
a head-mounted support structure; a display supported by the head-mounted support structure, wherein the display has a substrate, light-emitting diodes on the substrate that are configured to display an image, and a light recycling layer that overlaps the light-emitting diodes; and a catadioptric lens supported by the head-mounted support structure that is configured to receive polarized light from the display. 12. The electronic device defined in claim 11 wherein the light recycling layer is located at a distance of less than 50 microns from the pixels. 13. The electronic device defined in claim 12 wherein the display is configured to exhibit a light emission efficiency of at least 55%. 14. The electronic device defined in claim 11 wherein the substrate comprises a flexible substrate, wherein the light-emitting diodes comprises thin-film organic light-emitting diodes, wherein the display has a thin-film encapsulation layer that covers the thin-film organic light-emitting diodes, and wherein the display has a quarter wave plate between the light recycling layer and the thin-film encapsulation layer. 15. The electronic device defined in claim 14 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a reflective polarizer and wherein the display has a layer of adhesive between the quarter wave plate and the pixels. 16. The electronic device defined in claim 11 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a cholesteric liquid crystal layer. 17. The electronic device defined in claim 16 wherein the display further comprises a quarter wave plate and wherein the cholesteric liquid crystal layer is between the quarter wave plate and the pixels. 18. The electronic device defined in claim 11 wherein the substrate comprises a silicon substrate having transistors. 19. An electronic device, comprising:
a head-mounted support structure; a catadioptric lens supported by the head-mounted support structure that is configured to receive polarized image light and supply a corresponding image to an eye box; and a display supported by the head-mounted support structure that is configured to supply the polarized image light to the catadioptric lens, wherein the display comprises light-emitting diodes, a quarter wave plate; an absorptive linear polarizer between the quarter wave plate and the light-emitting diodes, and a light recycling layer between the absorptive polarizer and the light-emitting diodes. 20. The electronic device defined in claim 19 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a reflective polarizer and wherein the display comprises an additional quarter wave plate between the reflective polarizer and the light-emitting diodes. 21. The electronic device defined in claim 19 wherein the light recycling layer comprises a cholesteric liquid crystal layer and wherein the display comprises an additional quarter wave plate between the absorptive linear polarizer and the cholesteric liquid crystal layer. | 2,800 |
342,045 | 16,802,381 | 2,881 | A field-effect transistor (FET) device having a modulated threshold voltage (Vt) includes a source electrode, a drain electrode, a channel region extending between the source electrode and the drain electrode, and a gate stack on the channel region. The gate stack includes an ultrathin dielectric dipole layer on the channel region configured to shift the modulated Vt in a first direction, a high-k (HK) insulating layer on the ultrathin dielectric dipole layer, and a doped gate metal layer on the HK insulating layer configured to shift the modulated Vt in a second direction. | 1. A field-effect transistor (FET) device having a modulated threshold voltage (Vt), the FET device comprising:
a source electrode; a drain electrode; a channel region extending between the source electrode and the drain electrode; and a gate stack on the channel region, the gate stack comprising:
an ultrathin dielectric dipole layer on the channel region configured to shift the modulated Vt in a first direction;
a high-k (HK) insulating layer on the ultrathin dielectric dipole layer; and
a doped gate metal layer on the HK insulating layer configured to shift the modulated Vt in a second direction. 2. The FET device of claim 1, wherein the second direction is opposite the first direction. 3. The FET device of claim 1, wherein the second direction is the same as the first direction. 4. The FET device of claim 1, wherein:
the ultrathin dielectric dipole layer comprises at least one of Lu2O3, LuSiOx, Y2O3, MgO, MgSiOx, YSiOx, La2O3, LaSiOx, BaO, BaSiOx, SrO, SrSiOx, or a combination thereof; and (i) the FET device is an nFET device, and the first direction is a downward voltage level direction, or (ii) the FET device is a pFET device, and the first direction is an upward voltage level direction. 5. The FET device of claim 1, wherein:
the ultrathin dielectric dipole layer comprises at least one of Al2O3, AlSiOx, TiO2, TiSiOx, HfO2, HfSiOx, ZrO2, ZrSiOx, TaO2, TaSiOx, ScO, ScSiOx, or a combination thereof; and (i) the FET device is an nFET device, and the first direction is an upward voltage level direction, or (ii) the FET device is a pFET device, and the first direction is a downward voltage level direction. 6. The FET device of claim 1, wherein the doped gate metal layer comprises at least one of Al-doped TiN, Al-doped TaN, Zr-doped TiN, Zr-doped TaN, Hf-doped TiN, Hf-doped TaN, or a combination thereof; and
(i) the FET device is an nFET device, and the first direction is a downward voltage level direction, or (ii) the FET device is a pFET device, and the first direction is an upward voltage level direction. 7. The FET device of claim 1, wherein the doped gate metal layer comprises at least one of Si-doped TiN, Si-doped TaN, LaO-doped TiN, LaO-doped TaN, SiO-doped TiN, SiO-doped TaN, ZrO-doped TiN, ZrO doped TaN, lanthanide metal-doped TiN, La-doped TaN, or a combination thereof; and
(i) the FET device is an nFET device, and the first direction is an upward voltage level direction, or (ii) the FET device is a pFET device, and the first direction is a downward voltage level direction. 8. The FET device of claim 1, wherein the doped gate metal layer has a doping amount of greater than 0 at % to 4 at %. 9. The FET device of claim 1, wherein the ultrathin dielectric dipole layer has a thickness of less than 1 nm after annealing. 10. The FET device of claim 1, wherein the doped gate metal layer has a thickness of 1 nm to 5 nm. 11. The FET device of claim 1, wherein the channel region comprises silicon (Si), silicon-germanium (SiGe), or SiGe; and an overlying layer of naturally formed SiOx. 12. The FET device of claim 1, wherein the channel region is on a silicon (Si), silicon on insulator (SOI), strain-SOI (sS01), silicon-germanium on insulator (SGOI), or strain-SGOI (sSGOI) substrate; and
the substrate and/or the channel region has a crystal orientation of (110), (111), or (100). 13. The FET device of claim 1, wherein:
the channel region comprises a plurality of nanosheets having a vertical spacing (VSP) therebetween of 5 nm to 15 nm, the nanosheets being interposed by an interfacial layer (IL) oxide and the gate stack. 14. A CMOS circuit comprising a first FET device and a second FET device, wherein:
the first FET device and the second FET device are each the FET device of claim 1, and the first FET device is an nFET device and the second FET device is a pFET device. 15. The CMOS circuit of claim 14, wherein the nFET device and the pFET device are each independently selected from a high Vt (HVT) device, a regular Vt (RVT) device, a low Vt (LVT) device, and a super low Vt (SLVT) device,
the HVT device and the RVT device being different in voltage by 50 mV to 100 mV, the RVT device and the LVT device being different in voltage by 50 mV to 100 mV, and the LVT device and the SLVT device being different in voltage by 50 mV to 100 mV. 16. The CMOS circuit of claim 15, wherein the HVT device and the RVT device are different in voltage by 60 mV to 80 mV, the RVT device and the LVT device are different in voltage by 60 mV to 80 mV, and the LVT device and the SLVT device are different in voltage by 60 mV to 80 mV. 17. A method of manufacturing a CMOS circuit, the method comprising:
providing a first channel region between a first source electrode and a first drain electrode in a first area corresponding to a first FET device, providing a second channel region between a second source electrode and a second drain electrode in a second area corresponding to the second FET device; selectively depositing a first gate stack for the first FET device by:
depositing a first organic planarization layer on the second channel region of the second FET device;
depositing a first ultrathin dielectric dipole layer in the first and second areas;
depositing a first high-k (HK) insulating layer in the first and second areas;
depositing a first doped gate metal layer in the first and second areas; and
utilizing lift-off to etch the first organic planarization layer, the first ultrathin dielectric dipole layer, the first high-k (HK) insulating layer, and the first doped gate metal layer in the second area; and
selectively depositing a second gate stack for the second FET device by:
depositing a second organic planarization layer on the first FET device;
depositing a second ultrathin dielectric dipole layer in the first and second areas;
depositing a second high-k (HK) insulating layer in the first and second areas;
depositing a second doped gate metal layer in the first and second areas; and
utilizing lift-off to etch the second organic planarization layer, the second ultrathin dielectric dipole layer, the second high-k (HK) insulating layer, and the second doped gate metal layer in the first area. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the first ultrathin dielectric dipole layer and the second ultrathin dielectric dipole layer are each deposited via atomic layer deposition (ALD) at a temperature of 100° C. to 500° C. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the first doped gate metal layer and the second doped gate metal layer are each deposited via atomic layer deposition (ALD) at a temperature of 100° C. to 500° C. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the first doped gate metal layer and the second doped gate metal layer each comprise doping amounts of 0 at % to 4 at %, the amounts being different from each other. | A field-effect transistor (FET) device having a modulated threshold voltage (Vt) includes a source electrode, a drain electrode, a channel region extending between the source electrode and the drain electrode, and a gate stack on the channel region. The gate stack includes an ultrathin dielectric dipole layer on the channel region configured to shift the modulated Vt in a first direction, a high-k (HK) insulating layer on the ultrathin dielectric dipole layer, and a doped gate metal layer on the HK insulating layer configured to shift the modulated Vt in a second direction.1. A field-effect transistor (FET) device having a modulated threshold voltage (Vt), the FET device comprising:
a source electrode; a drain electrode; a channel region extending between the source electrode and the drain electrode; and a gate stack on the channel region, the gate stack comprising:
an ultrathin dielectric dipole layer on the channel region configured to shift the modulated Vt in a first direction;
a high-k (HK) insulating layer on the ultrathin dielectric dipole layer; and
a doped gate metal layer on the HK insulating layer configured to shift the modulated Vt in a second direction. 2. The FET device of claim 1, wherein the second direction is opposite the first direction. 3. The FET device of claim 1, wherein the second direction is the same as the first direction. 4. The FET device of claim 1, wherein:
the ultrathin dielectric dipole layer comprises at least one of Lu2O3, LuSiOx, Y2O3, MgO, MgSiOx, YSiOx, La2O3, LaSiOx, BaO, BaSiOx, SrO, SrSiOx, or a combination thereof; and (i) the FET device is an nFET device, and the first direction is a downward voltage level direction, or (ii) the FET device is a pFET device, and the first direction is an upward voltage level direction. 5. The FET device of claim 1, wherein:
the ultrathin dielectric dipole layer comprises at least one of Al2O3, AlSiOx, TiO2, TiSiOx, HfO2, HfSiOx, ZrO2, ZrSiOx, TaO2, TaSiOx, ScO, ScSiOx, or a combination thereof; and (i) the FET device is an nFET device, and the first direction is an upward voltage level direction, or (ii) the FET device is a pFET device, and the first direction is a downward voltage level direction. 6. The FET device of claim 1, wherein the doped gate metal layer comprises at least one of Al-doped TiN, Al-doped TaN, Zr-doped TiN, Zr-doped TaN, Hf-doped TiN, Hf-doped TaN, or a combination thereof; and
(i) the FET device is an nFET device, and the first direction is a downward voltage level direction, or (ii) the FET device is a pFET device, and the first direction is an upward voltage level direction. 7. The FET device of claim 1, wherein the doped gate metal layer comprises at least one of Si-doped TiN, Si-doped TaN, LaO-doped TiN, LaO-doped TaN, SiO-doped TiN, SiO-doped TaN, ZrO-doped TiN, ZrO doped TaN, lanthanide metal-doped TiN, La-doped TaN, or a combination thereof; and
(i) the FET device is an nFET device, and the first direction is an upward voltage level direction, or (ii) the FET device is a pFET device, and the first direction is a downward voltage level direction. 8. The FET device of claim 1, wherein the doped gate metal layer has a doping amount of greater than 0 at % to 4 at %. 9. The FET device of claim 1, wherein the ultrathin dielectric dipole layer has a thickness of less than 1 nm after annealing. 10. The FET device of claim 1, wherein the doped gate metal layer has a thickness of 1 nm to 5 nm. 11. The FET device of claim 1, wherein the channel region comprises silicon (Si), silicon-germanium (SiGe), or SiGe; and an overlying layer of naturally formed SiOx. 12. The FET device of claim 1, wherein the channel region is on a silicon (Si), silicon on insulator (SOI), strain-SOI (sS01), silicon-germanium on insulator (SGOI), or strain-SGOI (sSGOI) substrate; and
the substrate and/or the channel region has a crystal orientation of (110), (111), or (100). 13. The FET device of claim 1, wherein:
the channel region comprises a plurality of nanosheets having a vertical spacing (VSP) therebetween of 5 nm to 15 nm, the nanosheets being interposed by an interfacial layer (IL) oxide and the gate stack. 14. A CMOS circuit comprising a first FET device and a second FET device, wherein:
the first FET device and the second FET device are each the FET device of claim 1, and the first FET device is an nFET device and the second FET device is a pFET device. 15. The CMOS circuit of claim 14, wherein the nFET device and the pFET device are each independently selected from a high Vt (HVT) device, a regular Vt (RVT) device, a low Vt (LVT) device, and a super low Vt (SLVT) device,
the HVT device and the RVT device being different in voltage by 50 mV to 100 mV, the RVT device and the LVT device being different in voltage by 50 mV to 100 mV, and the LVT device and the SLVT device being different in voltage by 50 mV to 100 mV. 16. The CMOS circuit of claim 15, wherein the HVT device and the RVT device are different in voltage by 60 mV to 80 mV, the RVT device and the LVT device are different in voltage by 60 mV to 80 mV, and the LVT device and the SLVT device are different in voltage by 60 mV to 80 mV. 17. A method of manufacturing a CMOS circuit, the method comprising:
providing a first channel region between a first source electrode and a first drain electrode in a first area corresponding to a first FET device, providing a second channel region between a second source electrode and a second drain electrode in a second area corresponding to the second FET device; selectively depositing a first gate stack for the first FET device by:
depositing a first organic planarization layer on the second channel region of the second FET device;
depositing a first ultrathin dielectric dipole layer in the first and second areas;
depositing a first high-k (HK) insulating layer in the first and second areas;
depositing a first doped gate metal layer in the first and second areas; and
utilizing lift-off to etch the first organic planarization layer, the first ultrathin dielectric dipole layer, the first high-k (HK) insulating layer, and the first doped gate metal layer in the second area; and
selectively depositing a second gate stack for the second FET device by:
depositing a second organic planarization layer on the first FET device;
depositing a second ultrathin dielectric dipole layer in the first and second areas;
depositing a second high-k (HK) insulating layer in the first and second areas;
depositing a second doped gate metal layer in the first and second areas; and
utilizing lift-off to etch the second organic planarization layer, the second ultrathin dielectric dipole layer, the second high-k (HK) insulating layer, and the second doped gate metal layer in the first area. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the first ultrathin dielectric dipole layer and the second ultrathin dielectric dipole layer are each deposited via atomic layer deposition (ALD) at a temperature of 100° C. to 500° C. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the first doped gate metal layer and the second doped gate metal layer are each deposited via atomic layer deposition (ALD) at a temperature of 100° C. to 500° C. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the first doped gate metal layer and the second doped gate metal layer each comprise doping amounts of 0 at % to 4 at %, the amounts being different from each other. | 2,800 |
342,046 | 16,802,413 | 2,881 | A training, tracking, and placement system determines a competence score for a job seeker with respect to a skill set and matches the job seeker with recruiters and/or employers based on the competence score. Competence scores of job seekers may be compared with thresholds provided by recruiters and/or employers to recommend training activities that may improve job seekers' skills in the skill set. Moreover, the training, tracking, and placement system can compare data associated with job seekers with predetermined criteria provided by recruiters and/or employers. Recruiters and/or employers can define predetermined criteria for various industry sectors, roles, and/or employment opportunities and search for and/or receive matches of job seekers who fulfill the specified criteria. The predetermined criteria may include a suitable competence score that a job seeker should have for the job, enabling the competence score to be used to match the job seeker with recruiters, employers, and/or employment opportunities. | 1. A method comprising:
accessing a set of scores associated with a user, individual scores of the set of scores representing a competency of the user with respect to performing individual skills in a skill set; accessing a set of threshold scores to be considered for a target role or a target employer that uses the one or more skills in the skill set; comparing the set of scores associated with the user with the set of threshold scores; based at least in part on the comparing, recommending one or more training activities to assist the user in improving one or more of the individual skills corresponding to the target role or the target employer; determining that the user completes at least some of the one or more training activities; and based at least in part on a determination that the user completes the one or more training activities, updating at least one of the individual scores associated with the user. 2. The method as claim 1 recites, wherein the comparing the set of scores associated with the user with the set of threshold scores comprises:
comparing each of the individual scores with respective individual threshold scores of the set of threshold scores;
determining that an individual score of the individual scores is less than a respective individual threshold score of the individual threshold scores;
identifying at least one skill in the skill set corresponding to the individual score that is less than the respective individual threshold score; and
recommending a training activity of the one or more training activities to assist the user in improving the at least one skill. 3. The method as claim 1 recites, further comprising:
determining a first score based at least in part on the set of scores, the first score representative of a competency of the user with respect to the skill set; and
determining a second score based at least in part on the set of threshold scores, the second score indicative of the first score the user should achieve to be considered for the target role or the target employer. 4. The method as claim 3 recites, wherein determining the first score is based at least in part on:
assigning a baseline score to each of the individual scores;
receiving input from the user associated with one or more questions associated with a diagnostic assessment;
adjusting the baseline score for one or more of the individual scores based at least in part on receiving the input from the user; and
computing the first score based on adjusted baseline scores. 5. The method as claim 4 recites, wherein adjusting the baseline score for each of the individual scores is further based at least in part on data corresponding to one or more of data associated with demographics of the user, data associated with a resume of the user, data accessed from social media accounts, retail purchase accounts, or online banking accounts associated with the user, or geolocation devices. 6. The method as claim 3 recites, further comprising:
based at least in part on updating the at least one of the individual scores, updating the first score;
comparing the first score and the second score;
determining that the first score at least equals the second score; and
based at least in part on determining that the first score at least equals the second score, recommending the user to the target employer. 7. The method as claim 1 recites, further comprising:
based at least in part on updating the at least one of the individual scores, comparing the individual scores with respective individual threshold scores of the set of threshold scores; and
determining that each of the individual scores at least equals each of the respective individual threshold scores. 8. The method as claim 7 recites, further comprising, based at least in part on determining that each of the individual scores at least equals each of the respective individual threshold scores, scheduling an interview between the user and the target employer. 9. One or more computer-readable media encoded with instructions that, when executed by a processor, configure a computer to:
access user information associated with a user, the user information including scores, wherein individual of the scores represent a competency of the user with respect to performing individual skills in a skill set; access threshold scores associated with one or more employers, wherein individual of the threshold scores indicate minimum scores the user should achieve with respect to performing the individual skills to be considered by the one or more employers; compare the scores with the threshold scores; and based at least in part on comparing the scores with the threshold scores, recommend one or more training activities to assist the user in improving one or more of the individual skills in the skill set. 10. The one or more computer-readable media of claim 9, wherein the instructions further configure a computer to determine the one or more employers based at least in part on preferences and personality traits of the user. 11. The one or more computer-readable media of claim 9, wherein the instructions further configure a computer to:
determine one or more roles associated with the one or more employers based at least in part on preferences and qualifications of the user; access additional threshold scores associated with the one or more roles, wherein the additional threshold scores represent minimum scores the user should achieve with respect to performing the individual skills to be considered for the one or more roles; compare the scores with the additional threshold scores; and based at least in part on comparing the scores with the additional threshold scores, recommend one or more additional training activities to assist the user in improving one or more of the individual skills in the skill set. 12. The one or more computer-readable media of claim 9, wherein the one or more training activities include in-person training activities and online training activities. 13. The one or more computer-readable media of claim 9, wherein the instructions further configure the computer to:
determine the user completes at least some of the one or more training activities; and increase at least one of the individual of the scores associated with the user. 14. The one or more computer-readable media of claim 13, wherein the instructions further configure the computer to:
based at least in part on increasing the at least one of the individual of the scores, compare the scores and the threshold scores; determine that each of the individual of the scores are at least equal to respective of the individual threshold scores; and schedule an interview between the user and the one or more employers. 15. The one or more computer-readable media of claim 13, wherein, based at least in part on increasing the at least one of the individual scores, the instructions further configure the computer to:
determine a first score based at least in part on the scores, the first score representative of a competency of the user with respect to the skill set; and determining a second score based at least in part on the threshold scores, the second score indicative of the first score the user should achieve with respect to performing the individual skills to be considered by the one or more employers; compare the first score and the second score; determine the first score at least equals the second score; determine that at least one of the individual of the scores is less than a respective of the individual threshold scores; and recommend the user to the one or more employers. | A training, tracking, and placement system determines a competence score for a job seeker with respect to a skill set and matches the job seeker with recruiters and/or employers based on the competence score. Competence scores of job seekers may be compared with thresholds provided by recruiters and/or employers to recommend training activities that may improve job seekers' skills in the skill set. Moreover, the training, tracking, and placement system can compare data associated with job seekers with predetermined criteria provided by recruiters and/or employers. Recruiters and/or employers can define predetermined criteria for various industry sectors, roles, and/or employment opportunities and search for and/or receive matches of job seekers who fulfill the specified criteria. The predetermined criteria may include a suitable competence score that a job seeker should have for the job, enabling the competence score to be used to match the job seeker with recruiters, employers, and/or employment opportunities.1. A method comprising:
accessing a set of scores associated with a user, individual scores of the set of scores representing a competency of the user with respect to performing individual skills in a skill set; accessing a set of threshold scores to be considered for a target role or a target employer that uses the one or more skills in the skill set; comparing the set of scores associated with the user with the set of threshold scores; based at least in part on the comparing, recommending one or more training activities to assist the user in improving one or more of the individual skills corresponding to the target role or the target employer; determining that the user completes at least some of the one or more training activities; and based at least in part on a determination that the user completes the one or more training activities, updating at least one of the individual scores associated with the user. 2. The method as claim 1 recites, wherein the comparing the set of scores associated with the user with the set of threshold scores comprises:
comparing each of the individual scores with respective individual threshold scores of the set of threshold scores;
determining that an individual score of the individual scores is less than a respective individual threshold score of the individual threshold scores;
identifying at least one skill in the skill set corresponding to the individual score that is less than the respective individual threshold score; and
recommending a training activity of the one or more training activities to assist the user in improving the at least one skill. 3. The method as claim 1 recites, further comprising:
determining a first score based at least in part on the set of scores, the first score representative of a competency of the user with respect to the skill set; and
determining a second score based at least in part on the set of threshold scores, the second score indicative of the first score the user should achieve to be considered for the target role or the target employer. 4. The method as claim 3 recites, wherein determining the first score is based at least in part on:
assigning a baseline score to each of the individual scores;
receiving input from the user associated with one or more questions associated with a diagnostic assessment;
adjusting the baseline score for one or more of the individual scores based at least in part on receiving the input from the user; and
computing the first score based on adjusted baseline scores. 5. The method as claim 4 recites, wherein adjusting the baseline score for each of the individual scores is further based at least in part on data corresponding to one or more of data associated with demographics of the user, data associated with a resume of the user, data accessed from social media accounts, retail purchase accounts, or online banking accounts associated with the user, or geolocation devices. 6. The method as claim 3 recites, further comprising:
based at least in part on updating the at least one of the individual scores, updating the first score;
comparing the first score and the second score;
determining that the first score at least equals the second score; and
based at least in part on determining that the first score at least equals the second score, recommending the user to the target employer. 7. The method as claim 1 recites, further comprising:
based at least in part on updating the at least one of the individual scores, comparing the individual scores with respective individual threshold scores of the set of threshold scores; and
determining that each of the individual scores at least equals each of the respective individual threshold scores. 8. The method as claim 7 recites, further comprising, based at least in part on determining that each of the individual scores at least equals each of the respective individual threshold scores, scheduling an interview between the user and the target employer. 9. One or more computer-readable media encoded with instructions that, when executed by a processor, configure a computer to:
access user information associated with a user, the user information including scores, wherein individual of the scores represent a competency of the user with respect to performing individual skills in a skill set; access threshold scores associated with one or more employers, wherein individual of the threshold scores indicate minimum scores the user should achieve with respect to performing the individual skills to be considered by the one or more employers; compare the scores with the threshold scores; and based at least in part on comparing the scores with the threshold scores, recommend one or more training activities to assist the user in improving one or more of the individual skills in the skill set. 10. The one or more computer-readable media of claim 9, wherein the instructions further configure a computer to determine the one or more employers based at least in part on preferences and personality traits of the user. 11. The one or more computer-readable media of claim 9, wherein the instructions further configure a computer to:
determine one or more roles associated with the one or more employers based at least in part on preferences and qualifications of the user; access additional threshold scores associated with the one or more roles, wherein the additional threshold scores represent minimum scores the user should achieve with respect to performing the individual skills to be considered for the one or more roles; compare the scores with the additional threshold scores; and based at least in part on comparing the scores with the additional threshold scores, recommend one or more additional training activities to assist the user in improving one or more of the individual skills in the skill set. 12. The one or more computer-readable media of claim 9, wherein the one or more training activities include in-person training activities and online training activities. 13. The one or more computer-readable media of claim 9, wherein the instructions further configure the computer to:
determine the user completes at least some of the one or more training activities; and increase at least one of the individual of the scores associated with the user. 14. The one or more computer-readable media of claim 13, wherein the instructions further configure the computer to:
based at least in part on increasing the at least one of the individual of the scores, compare the scores and the threshold scores; determine that each of the individual of the scores are at least equal to respective of the individual threshold scores; and schedule an interview between the user and the one or more employers. 15. The one or more computer-readable media of claim 13, wherein, based at least in part on increasing the at least one of the individual scores, the instructions further configure the computer to:
determine a first score based at least in part on the scores, the first score representative of a competency of the user with respect to the skill set; and determining a second score based at least in part on the threshold scores, the second score indicative of the first score the user should achieve with respect to performing the individual skills to be considered by the one or more employers; compare the first score and the second score; determine the first score at least equals the second score; determine that at least one of the individual of the scores is less than a respective of the individual threshold scores; and recommend the user to the one or more employers. | 2,800 |
342,047 | 16,802,428 | 2,139 | In connection with a write operation, a memory controller transmits a first command sequence to a memory chip, thereby causing the memory chip to execute a first-stage program operation that includes a first operation and a first part of a second operation after the first operation, and a second command sequence to the memory chip after the first-stage program operation is executed, thereby causing the memory chip to execute a second-stage program operation that includes a second part of the second operation and no part of the first operation. During the first operation, a program voltage is applied a plurality of times while increasing the program voltage each of the times by a first step size. During the second operation, the program voltage is applied a plurality of times while increasing the program voltage each of the times by a second step size smaller than the first step size. | 1. A memory system comprising:
a memory chip that includes
a first word line, and
a first plurality of memory cells connected to the first word line, each of the first plurality of memory cells being configured to store a plurality of bits of data corresponding to a plurality of threshold voltages; and
a memory controller configured to carry out a write operation by:
transmitting a first command sequence to the memory chip, thereby causing the memory chip to execute a first-stage program operation that includes a first operation and a first part of a second operation after the first operation, on the first plurality of memory cells, and
transmitting a second command sequence to the memory chip after the first-stage program operation for the first plurality of memory cells is executed, thereby causing the memory chip to execute a second-stage program operation that includes a second part of the second operation and no part of the first operation, on the first plurality of memory cells, wherein
the memory chip is configured to carry out the first operation by applying a program voltage a plurality of times while increasing the program voltage each of the times by a first step size, and
the memory chip is configured to carry out the first part of the second operation by applying the program voltage a plurality of times while increasing the program voltage each of the times by a second step size smaller than the first step size. 2. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
in the first-stage program operation, the memory chip executes the first operation on a first memory cell of the first plurality of memory cells without executing the first part of the second operation and executes the first part of the second operation on a second memory cell different from the first memory cell of the first plurality of memory cells without executing the first operation, and in the second-stage program operation, the memory chip executes the second part of the second operation on the first memory cell and does not execute the second part of the second operation on the second memory cell. 3. The memory system according to claim 2, wherein
the first memory cell is a memory cell whose target threshold voltage is in a first range, and the second memory cell is a memory cell whose target threshold voltage is in a second range and is lower than the target threshold voltage of the first memory cell. 4. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein an initial program voltage applied in the second-stage program operation is greater than an initial program voltage applied in the first part of the second operation of the first-stage program operation. 5. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the memory chip further includes
a second word line, and
a second plurality of memory cells connected to the second word line, each of the second plurality of memory cells being configured to store a plurality of bits of data corresponding to a plurality of threshold voltages, and
the memory controller is further configured to transmit the first command sequence to the memory chip after the first-stage program operation for the first plurality of memory cells is executed, thereby causing the memory chip to execute the first-stage program operation on the second plurality of memory cells, and
to transmit the second command sequence to the memory chip after the first-stage program operation for the second plurality of memory cells is executed, thereby causing the memory chip to execute the second-stage program operation on the first plurality of memory cells. 6. The memory system according to claim 5, wherein each of the first plurality of memory cells is connected in series with one of the second plurality of memory cells are connected in series. 7. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the plurality of threshold voltages are first to i-th threshold voltages (i is a natural number of 2 to the power of j and j is a natural number of 2 or more), the (k+1)-th threshold voltage is higher than the k-th threshold voltage (k is a natural number less than i), the first part of the second operation of the first-stage program operation includes storing data corresponding to the m-th threshold voltage (m is a natural number of 2 or more) in the memory cell, and the second part of the second operation of the second-stage program includes storing data corresponding to the n-th threshold voltage (n is a natural number greater than m and less than or equal to i) in the memory cell. 8. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
a plurality of the memory chips are provided, and the memory controller is configured to transmit the first command sequence to a first memory chip of the plurality of memory chips, to transmit the first command sequence to the second memory chip among the plurality of memory chips without waiting for the first memory chip to end the first-stage program operation according to the first command sequence, after transmitting the first command sequence to the first memory chip, to transmit the second command sequence to the first memory chip when the first memory chip ends the first-stage program operation according to the first command sequence, after transmitting the first command sequence to the second memory chip, and to transmit the second command sequence to the second memory chip without waiting for the first memory chip to end the second-stage program operation according to the second command sequence, after transmitting the second command sequence to the first memory chip. 9. The memory system according to claim 8, wherein
after the second command sequence is transmitted to the second memory chip and the first memory chip ends the second-stage program operation according to the second command sequence, the memory controller transmits the first command sequence to the first memory chip. 10. The memory system according to claim 8, further comprising:
a bus connected to the memory controller, wherein the first memory chip and the second memory chip are commonly connected to the bus. 11. A memory system comprising:
a memory chip that includes
a first word line,
a first plurality of memory cells connected to the first word line, each of the first plurality of memory cells being configured to store a plurality of bits of data corresponding to a plurality of threshold voltages,
a second word line, and
a second plurality of memory cells connected to the second word line, each of the second plurality of memory cells being configured to store a plurality of bits of data corresponding to the plurality of threshold voltages; and
a memory controller configured to carry out a write operation by:
transmitting a first command sequence to the memory chip, thereby causing the memory chip to execute a first-stage program operation on the first plurality of memory cells, and
transmitting the first command sequence to the memory chip after the first-stage program operation is executed for the first plurality of memory cells, thereby causing the memory chip to execute the first-stage program operation on the second plurality of memory cells,
the first-stage program operation including a first operation and a first part of a second operation after the first operation, wherein the memory chip carries out the first operation by applying a program voltage a plurality of times while increasing the program voltage each of the times by a first step size, wherein
the memory chip is configured to carry out the first part of the second operation by applying the program voltage a plurality of times while increasing the program voltage each of the times by a second step size smaller than the first step size. 12. The memory system according to claim 11, wherein
the memory controller is configured to transmit a second command sequence to the memory chip after the first-stage program operation for the second plurality of memory cells is executed, thereby causing the memory chip to execute a second-stage program operation on the first plurality of memory cells, and the second-stage program operation includes a second part of the second operation and no part of the first operation. 13. The memory system according to claim 12, wherein
in the first-stage program operation for the first plurality of memory cells, the memory chip executes the first operation on a first memory cell of the first plurality of memory cells without executing the first part of the second operation and executes the first part of the second operation on a second memory cell different from the first memory cell of the first plurality of memory cells without executing the first operation, and in the second-stage program operation for the first plurality of memory cells, the memory chip executes the second part of the second operation on the first memory cell and does not execute the second part of the second operation on the second memory cell. 14. The memory system according to claim 13, wherein
the first memory cell is a memory cell whose target threshold voltage is in a first range, and the second memory cell is a memory cell whose target threshold voltage is in a second range and is lower than the target threshold voltage of the first memory cell. 15. The memory system according to claim 12, wherein
an initial program voltage applied in the second-stage program operation is greater than an initial program voltage applied in the first part of the second operation of the first-stage program operation. 16. The memory system according to claim 12, wherein
the plurality of threshold voltages are first to i-th threshold voltages (i is a natural number of 2 to the power of j, j is a natural number of 2 or more), the (k+1)-th threshold voltage is higher than the k-th threshold voltage (k is a natural number less than i), the first part of the second operation of the first-stage program operation includes storing data corresponding to the m-th threshold voltage (m is a natural number of 2 or more) in the memory cell, and the second part of the second operation of the second-stage program operation includes storing data corresponding to the n-th threshold voltage (n is a natural number greater than m and less than or equal to i) in the memory cell. 17. The memory system according to claim 12, wherein
a plurality of the memory chips are provided, and the memory controller is configured to transmit the first command sequence to a first memory chip of the plurality of memory chips, to transmit the first command sequence to the second memory chip among the plurality of memory chips without waiting for the first memory chip to end the first-stage program operation according to the first command sequence, after transmitting the first command sequence to the first memory chip, to transmit the second command sequence to the first memory chip when the first memory chip ends the first-stage program operation according to the first command sequence, after transmitting the first command sequence to the second memory chip, and to transmit the second command sequence to the second memory chip without waiting for the first memory chip to end the second-stage program operation according to the second command sequence, after transmitting the second command sequence to the first memory chip. 18. The memory system according to claim 17, wherein
after the second command sequence is transmitted to the second memory chip and the first memory chip ends the second-stage program operation according to the second command sequence, the memory controller transmits the first command sequence to the first memory chip. 19. The memory system according to claim 17, further comprising:
a bus connected to the memory controller, wherein the first memory chip and the second memory chip are commonly connected to the bus. 20. A method of performing a write operation in a memory chip that includes a first word line, and a first plurality of memory cells connected to the first word line, each of the first plurality of memory cells being configured to store a plurality of bits of data corresponding to a plurality of threshold voltages, said method comprising:
transmitting a first command sequence to the memory chip, thereby causing the memory chip to execute a first-stage program operation that includes a first operation and a first part of a second operation after the first operation, on the first plurality of memory cells, the first operation including applying a program voltage a plurality of times while increasing the program voltage each of the times by a first step size, the first part of the second operation including applying the program voltage a plurality of times while increasing the program voltage each of the times by a second step size smaller than the first step size; and transmitting a second command sequence to the memory chip after the first-stage program operation for the first plurality of memory cells is executed, thereby causing the memory chip to execute a second-stage program operation that includes a second part of the second operation and no part of the first operation, on the first plurality of memory cells. | In connection with a write operation, a memory controller transmits a first command sequence to a memory chip, thereby causing the memory chip to execute a first-stage program operation that includes a first operation and a first part of a second operation after the first operation, and a second command sequence to the memory chip after the first-stage program operation is executed, thereby causing the memory chip to execute a second-stage program operation that includes a second part of the second operation and no part of the first operation. During the first operation, a program voltage is applied a plurality of times while increasing the program voltage each of the times by a first step size. During the second operation, the program voltage is applied a plurality of times while increasing the program voltage each of the times by a second step size smaller than the first step size.1. A memory system comprising:
a memory chip that includes
a first word line, and
a first plurality of memory cells connected to the first word line, each of the first plurality of memory cells being configured to store a plurality of bits of data corresponding to a plurality of threshold voltages; and
a memory controller configured to carry out a write operation by:
transmitting a first command sequence to the memory chip, thereby causing the memory chip to execute a first-stage program operation that includes a first operation and a first part of a second operation after the first operation, on the first plurality of memory cells, and
transmitting a second command sequence to the memory chip after the first-stage program operation for the first plurality of memory cells is executed, thereby causing the memory chip to execute a second-stage program operation that includes a second part of the second operation and no part of the first operation, on the first plurality of memory cells, wherein
the memory chip is configured to carry out the first operation by applying a program voltage a plurality of times while increasing the program voltage each of the times by a first step size, and
the memory chip is configured to carry out the first part of the second operation by applying the program voltage a plurality of times while increasing the program voltage each of the times by a second step size smaller than the first step size. 2. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
in the first-stage program operation, the memory chip executes the first operation on a first memory cell of the first plurality of memory cells without executing the first part of the second operation and executes the first part of the second operation on a second memory cell different from the first memory cell of the first plurality of memory cells without executing the first operation, and in the second-stage program operation, the memory chip executes the second part of the second operation on the first memory cell and does not execute the second part of the second operation on the second memory cell. 3. The memory system according to claim 2, wherein
the first memory cell is a memory cell whose target threshold voltage is in a first range, and the second memory cell is a memory cell whose target threshold voltage is in a second range and is lower than the target threshold voltage of the first memory cell. 4. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein an initial program voltage applied in the second-stage program operation is greater than an initial program voltage applied in the first part of the second operation of the first-stage program operation. 5. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the memory chip further includes
a second word line, and
a second plurality of memory cells connected to the second word line, each of the second plurality of memory cells being configured to store a plurality of bits of data corresponding to a plurality of threshold voltages, and
the memory controller is further configured to transmit the first command sequence to the memory chip after the first-stage program operation for the first plurality of memory cells is executed, thereby causing the memory chip to execute the first-stage program operation on the second plurality of memory cells, and
to transmit the second command sequence to the memory chip after the first-stage program operation for the second plurality of memory cells is executed, thereby causing the memory chip to execute the second-stage program operation on the first plurality of memory cells. 6. The memory system according to claim 5, wherein each of the first plurality of memory cells is connected in series with one of the second plurality of memory cells are connected in series. 7. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
the plurality of threshold voltages are first to i-th threshold voltages (i is a natural number of 2 to the power of j and j is a natural number of 2 or more), the (k+1)-th threshold voltage is higher than the k-th threshold voltage (k is a natural number less than i), the first part of the second operation of the first-stage program operation includes storing data corresponding to the m-th threshold voltage (m is a natural number of 2 or more) in the memory cell, and the second part of the second operation of the second-stage program includes storing data corresponding to the n-th threshold voltage (n is a natural number greater than m and less than or equal to i) in the memory cell. 8. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein
a plurality of the memory chips are provided, and the memory controller is configured to transmit the first command sequence to a first memory chip of the plurality of memory chips, to transmit the first command sequence to the second memory chip among the plurality of memory chips without waiting for the first memory chip to end the first-stage program operation according to the first command sequence, after transmitting the first command sequence to the first memory chip, to transmit the second command sequence to the first memory chip when the first memory chip ends the first-stage program operation according to the first command sequence, after transmitting the first command sequence to the second memory chip, and to transmit the second command sequence to the second memory chip without waiting for the first memory chip to end the second-stage program operation according to the second command sequence, after transmitting the second command sequence to the first memory chip. 9. The memory system according to claim 8, wherein
after the second command sequence is transmitted to the second memory chip and the first memory chip ends the second-stage program operation according to the second command sequence, the memory controller transmits the first command sequence to the first memory chip. 10. The memory system according to claim 8, further comprising:
a bus connected to the memory controller, wherein the first memory chip and the second memory chip are commonly connected to the bus. 11. A memory system comprising:
a memory chip that includes
a first word line,
a first plurality of memory cells connected to the first word line, each of the first plurality of memory cells being configured to store a plurality of bits of data corresponding to a plurality of threshold voltages,
a second word line, and
a second plurality of memory cells connected to the second word line, each of the second plurality of memory cells being configured to store a plurality of bits of data corresponding to the plurality of threshold voltages; and
a memory controller configured to carry out a write operation by:
transmitting a first command sequence to the memory chip, thereby causing the memory chip to execute a first-stage program operation on the first plurality of memory cells, and
transmitting the first command sequence to the memory chip after the first-stage program operation is executed for the first plurality of memory cells, thereby causing the memory chip to execute the first-stage program operation on the second plurality of memory cells,
the first-stage program operation including a first operation and a first part of a second operation after the first operation, wherein the memory chip carries out the first operation by applying a program voltage a plurality of times while increasing the program voltage each of the times by a first step size, wherein
the memory chip is configured to carry out the first part of the second operation by applying the program voltage a plurality of times while increasing the program voltage each of the times by a second step size smaller than the first step size. 12. The memory system according to claim 11, wherein
the memory controller is configured to transmit a second command sequence to the memory chip after the first-stage program operation for the second plurality of memory cells is executed, thereby causing the memory chip to execute a second-stage program operation on the first plurality of memory cells, and the second-stage program operation includes a second part of the second operation and no part of the first operation. 13. The memory system according to claim 12, wherein
in the first-stage program operation for the first plurality of memory cells, the memory chip executes the first operation on a first memory cell of the first plurality of memory cells without executing the first part of the second operation and executes the first part of the second operation on a second memory cell different from the first memory cell of the first plurality of memory cells without executing the first operation, and in the second-stage program operation for the first plurality of memory cells, the memory chip executes the second part of the second operation on the first memory cell and does not execute the second part of the second operation on the second memory cell. 14. The memory system according to claim 13, wherein
the first memory cell is a memory cell whose target threshold voltage is in a first range, and the second memory cell is a memory cell whose target threshold voltage is in a second range and is lower than the target threshold voltage of the first memory cell. 15. The memory system according to claim 12, wherein
an initial program voltage applied in the second-stage program operation is greater than an initial program voltage applied in the first part of the second operation of the first-stage program operation. 16. The memory system according to claim 12, wherein
the plurality of threshold voltages are first to i-th threshold voltages (i is a natural number of 2 to the power of j, j is a natural number of 2 or more), the (k+1)-th threshold voltage is higher than the k-th threshold voltage (k is a natural number less than i), the first part of the second operation of the first-stage program operation includes storing data corresponding to the m-th threshold voltage (m is a natural number of 2 or more) in the memory cell, and the second part of the second operation of the second-stage program operation includes storing data corresponding to the n-th threshold voltage (n is a natural number greater than m and less than or equal to i) in the memory cell. 17. The memory system according to claim 12, wherein
a plurality of the memory chips are provided, and the memory controller is configured to transmit the first command sequence to a first memory chip of the plurality of memory chips, to transmit the first command sequence to the second memory chip among the plurality of memory chips without waiting for the first memory chip to end the first-stage program operation according to the first command sequence, after transmitting the first command sequence to the first memory chip, to transmit the second command sequence to the first memory chip when the first memory chip ends the first-stage program operation according to the first command sequence, after transmitting the first command sequence to the second memory chip, and to transmit the second command sequence to the second memory chip without waiting for the first memory chip to end the second-stage program operation according to the second command sequence, after transmitting the second command sequence to the first memory chip. 18. The memory system according to claim 17, wherein
after the second command sequence is transmitted to the second memory chip and the first memory chip ends the second-stage program operation according to the second command sequence, the memory controller transmits the first command sequence to the first memory chip. 19. The memory system according to claim 17, further comprising:
a bus connected to the memory controller, wherein the first memory chip and the second memory chip are commonly connected to the bus. 20. A method of performing a write operation in a memory chip that includes a first word line, and a first plurality of memory cells connected to the first word line, each of the first plurality of memory cells being configured to store a plurality of bits of data corresponding to a plurality of threshold voltages, said method comprising:
transmitting a first command sequence to the memory chip, thereby causing the memory chip to execute a first-stage program operation that includes a first operation and a first part of a second operation after the first operation, on the first plurality of memory cells, the first operation including applying a program voltage a plurality of times while increasing the program voltage each of the times by a first step size, the first part of the second operation including applying the program voltage a plurality of times while increasing the program voltage each of the times by a second step size smaller than the first step size; and transmitting a second command sequence to the memory chip after the first-stage program operation for the first plurality of memory cells is executed, thereby causing the memory chip to execute a second-stage program operation that includes a second part of the second operation and no part of the first operation, on the first plurality of memory cells. | 2,100 |
342,048 | 16,802,397 | 2,139 | An encoder for encoding an audio signal is configured to encode the audio signal in a transform domain or filter-bank domain, is configured to determine spectral coefficients of the audio signal for a current frame and at least one previous frame, and is configured to selectively apply predictive encoding to a plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients which are separated by at least one spectral coefficient. | 1. An encoder for encoding an audio signal, wherein the encoder is configured to encode the audio signal in a transform domain or filter-bank domain, wherein the encoder is configured to determine spectral coefficients of the audio signal for a current frame and at least one previous frame, wherein the encoder is configured to selectively apply predictive encoding to a plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients, wherein the encoder is configured to determine a spacing value, wherein the encoder is configured to select the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients to which predictive encoding is applied based on the spacing value. 2. The encoder according to claim 1, wherein the spacing value is a harmonic spacing value describing a spacing between harmonics. 3. The encoder according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients are separated by at least one spectral coefficient. 4. The encoder according to claim 3, wherein the predictive encoding is not applied to the at least one spectral coefficient by which the individual spectral coefficients or the groups of spectral coefficients are separated. 5. The encoder according to claim 1, wherein the encoder is configured to predictively encode the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or the groups of spectral coefficients of the current frame, by coding prediction errors between a plurality of predicted individual spectral coefficients or groups of predicted spectral coefficients of the current frame and the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients of the current frame. 6. The encoder according to claim 5, wherein the encoder is configured to derive prediction coefficients from the spacing value, and wherein the encoder is configured to calculate the plurality of predicted individual spectral coefficients or groups of predicted spectral coefficients for the current frame using a corresponding plurality of individual spectral coefficients or corresponding groups of spectral coefficients of at least two previous frames and using the derived prediction coefficients. 7. The encoder according to claim 5, wherein the encoder is configured to determine the plurality of predicted individual spectral coefficients or groups of predicted spectral coefficients for the current frame using corresponding quantized versions of the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or the groups of spectral coefficients of the previous frame. 8. The encoder according to claim 7, wherein the encoder is configured to derive prediction coefficients from the spacing value, and wherein the encoder is configured to calculate the plurality of predicted individual spectral coefficients or groups of predicted spectral coefficients for the current frame using corresponding quantized versions of the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or the groups of spectral coefficients of at least two previous frames and using the derived prediction coefficients. 9. The encoder according to claim 6, wherein the encoder is configured to provide an encoded audio signal, the encoded audio signal not comprising the prediction coefficients or encoded versions thereof. 10. The encoder according to claim 5, wherein the encoder is configured to provide an encoded audio signal, the encoded audio signal comprising quantized versions of the prediction errors instead of quantized versions of the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or of the groups of spectral coefficients for the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients to which predictive encoding is applied. 11. The encoder according to claim 10, wherein the encoded audio signal comprises quantized versions of the spectral coefficients to which predictive encoding is not applied, such that there is an alternation of spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients for which quantized versions of the prediction errors are comprised in the encoded audio signal and spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients for which quantized versions are provided without using predictive encoding. 12. The encoder according to claim 1, wherein the encoder is configured to determine an instantaneous fundamental frequency of the audio signal and to derive the spacing value from the instantaneous fundamental frequency or a fraction or a multiple thereof. 13. The encoder according to claim 1, wherein the encoder is configured to select individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients spectrally arranged according to a harmonic grid defined by the spacing value for a predictive encoding. 14. The encoder according to claim 1, wherein the encoder is configured to select spectral coefficients, spectral indices of which are equal to or lie within a range around a plurality of spectral indices derived on the basis of the spacing value, for a predictive encoding. 15. The encoder according to claim 14, wherein the encoder is configured to set a width of the range in dependence on the spacing value. 16. The encoder according to claim 1, wherein the encoder is configured to select the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients to which predictive encoding is applied such that there is a periodic alternation, periodic with a tolerance of +/−1 spectral coefficient, between the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients to which predictive encoding is applied and the spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients to which predictive encoding is not applied. 17. The encoder according to claim 1, wherein the audio signal comprises at least two harmonic signal components, wherein the encoder is configured to selectively apply predictive encoding to those plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients which represent the at least two harmonic signal components or spectral environments around the at least two harmonic signal components of the audio signal. 18. The encoder according to claim 17, wherein the encoder is configured to not apply predictive encoding to those plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients which do not represent the at least two harmonic signal components or spectral environments of the at least two harmonic signal components of the audio signal. 19. The encoder according to claim 17, wherein the encoder is configured to not apply predictive encoding to those plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients which belong to a non-tonal background noise between signal harmonics. 20. The encoder according to claim 17, wherein the spacing value is a harmonic spacing value indicating a spectral spacing between the at least two harmonic signal components of the audio signal, the harmonic spacing value indicating those plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients which represent the at least two harmonic signal components of the audio signal. 21. The encoder according to claim 1, wherein the encoder is configured to provide an encoded audio signal, wherein the encoder is configured to comprise in the encoded audio signal the spacing value or an encoded version thereof. 22. The encoder according to claim 1, wherein the spectral coefficients are spectral bins. 23. A decoder for decoding an encoded audio signal, wherein the decoder is configured to decode the encoded audio signal in a transform domain or filter-bank domain, wherein the decoder is configured to parse the encoded audio signal to acquire encoded spectral coefficients of the audio signal for a current frame and at least one previous frame, and wherein the decoder is configured to selectively apply predictive decoding to a plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients, wherein the decoder is configured to acquire a spacing value, wherein the decoder is configured to select the plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is applied based on the spacing value. 24. The decoder according to claim 23, wherein the spacing value is a harmonic spacing value describing a spacing between harmonics. 25. The decoder according to claim 24, wherein the plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients are separated by at least one encoded spectral coefficient. 26. The decoder according to claim 25, wherein the predictive decoding is not applied to the at least one spectral coefficient by which the individual spectral coefficients or the group of spectral coefficients are separated. 27. The decoder according to claim 24, wherein the decoder is configured to entropy decode the encoded spectral coefficients, to acquire quantized prediction errors for the spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is to be applied and quantized spectral coefficients for spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is not to be applied; and
wherein the decoder is configured to apply the quantized prediction errors to a plurality of predicted individual spectral coefficients or groups of predicted spectral coefficients, to acquire, for the current frame, decoded spectral coefficients associated with the encoded spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is applied. 28. The decoder according to claim 27, wherein the decoder is configured to determine the plurality of predicted individual spectral coefficients or groups of predicted spectral coefficients for the current frame based on a corresponding plurality of the individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients of the previous frame. 29. The decoder according to claim 28, wherein the decoder is configured to derive prediction coefficients from the spacing value, and wherein the decoder is configured to calculate the plurality of predicted individual spectral coefficients or groups of predicted spectral coefficients for the current frame using a corresponding plurality of previously decoded individual spectral coefficients or groups of previously decoded spectral coefficients of at least two previous frames and using the derived prediction coefficients. 30. The decoder according to claim 24, wherein the decoder is configured to decode the encoded audio signal in order to acquire quantized prediction errors instead of a plurality of individual quantized spectral coefficients or groups of quantized spectral coefficients for the plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is applied. 31. The decoder according to claim 30, wherein the decoder is configured to decode the encoded audio signal in order to acquire quantized spectral coefficients for encoded spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is not applied, such that there is an alternation of encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients for which quantized prediction errors are acquired and encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients for which quantized spectral coefficients are acquired. 32. The decoder according to claim 23, wherein the decoder is configured to select individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients spectrally arranged according to a harmonic grid defined by the spacing value for a predictive decoding. 33. The decoder according to claim 23, wherein the decoder is configured to select spectral coefficients, spectral indices of which are equal to or lie within a range around a plurality of spectral indices derived on the basis of the spacing value, for a predictive decoding. 34. The decoder according to claim 33, wherein the decoder is configured to set a width of the range in dependence on the spacing value. 35. The decoder according to claim 24, wherein the encoded audio signal comprises the spacing value or an encoded version thereof, wherein the decoder is configured to extract the spacing value or the encoded version thereof from the encoded audio signal to acquire the spacing value. 36. The decoder according to claim 24, wherein the decoder is configured to determine the spacing value. 37. The decoder according to claim 36, wherein the decoder is configured to determine an instantaneous fundamental frequency and to derive the spacing value from the instantaneous fundamental frequency or a fraction or a multiple thereof. 38. The decoder according to claim 24, wherein the decoder is configured to select the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is applied such that there is a periodic alternation, periodic with a tolerance of +/−1 spectral coefficients, between the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is applied and the spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is not applied. 39. The decoder according to claim 24, wherein the audio signal represented by the encoded audio signal comprises at least two harmonic signal components, wherein the decoder is configured to selectively apply predictive decoding to those plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients which represent the at least two harmonic signal components or spectral environments around the at least two harmonic signal components of the audio signal. 40. The decoder according to claim 39, wherein the decoder is configured to identify the at least two harmonic signal components, and to selectively apply predictive decoding to those plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients which are associated with the identified harmonic signal components. 41. The decoder according to claim 39, wherein the encoded audio signal comprises the spacing value or an encoded version thereof, wherein the spacing value identifies the at least two harmonic signal components, wherein the decoder is configured to selectively apply predictive decoding to those plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients which are associated with the identified harmonic signal components. 42. The decoder according to claim 39, wherein the decoder is configured to not apply predictive decoding to those plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients which do not represent the at least two harmonic signal components or spectral environments of the at least two harmonic signal components of the audio signal. 43. The decoder according to claim 39, wherein the decoder is configured to not apply predictive decoding to those plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients which belong to a non-tonal background noise between signal harmonics of the audio signal. 44. The decoder according to claim 24, wherein the encoded audio signal comprises the spacing value or an encoded version thereof, wherein the spacing value is a harmonic spacing value, the harmonic spacing value indicating those plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients which represent at least two harmonic signal components of the audio signal. 45. The decoder according to claim 24, wherein the spectral coefficients are spectral bins. 46. Method for encoding an audio signal in a transform domain or filter-bank domain, the method comprising:
determining spectral coefficients of the audio signal for a current frame and at least one previous frame; determining a spacing value; and selectively applying predictive encoding to a plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients, wherein the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients to which predictive encoding is applied are selected based on the spacing value. 47. Method for decoding an encoded audio signal in a transform domain or filter-bank domain, the method comprising:
parsing the encoded audio signal to acquire encoded spectral coefficients of the audio signal for a current frame and at least one previous frame; acquiring a spacing value; and selectively applying predictive decoding to a plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients, wherein the plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is applied are selected based on the spacing value. 48. A non-transitory digital storage medium having a computer program stored thereon to perform the method for encoding an audio signal in a transform domain or filter-bank domain, the method comprising:
determining spectral coefficients of the audio signal for a current frame and at least one previous frame; determining a spacing value; and selectively applying predictive encoding to a plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients, wherein the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients to which predictive encoding is applied are selected based on the spacing value, when said computer program is run by a computer. 49. A non-transitory digital storage medium having a computer program stored thereon to perform the method for decoding an encoded audio signal in a transform domain or filter-bank domain, the method comprising:
parsing the encoded audio signal to acquire encoded spectral coefficients of the audio signal for a current frame and at least one previous frame; acquiring a spacing value; and selectively applying predictive decoding to a plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients, wherein the plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is applied are selected based on the spacing value, when said computer program is run by a computer. 50. An encoder for encoding an audio signal, wherein the encoder is configured to encode the audio signal in a transform domain or filter-bank domain, wherein the encoder is configured to determine spectral coefficients of the audio signal for a current frame and at least one previous frame, wherein the encoder is configured to selectively apply predictive encoding to a plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients, wherein the encoder is configured to determine a spacing value, wherein the encoder is configured to select the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients to which predictive encoding is applied based on the spacing value;
wherein the encoder is configured to select individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients spectrally arranged according to a harmonic grid defined by the spacing value for a predictive encoding. 51. A decoder for decoding an encoded audio signal, wherein the decoder is configured to decode the encoded audio signal in a transform domain or filter-bank domain, wherein the decoder is configured to parse the encoded audio signal to acquire encoded spectral coefficients of the audio signal for a current frame and at least one previous frame, and wherein the decoder is configured to selectively apply predictive decoding to a plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients, wherein the decoder is configured to acquire a spacing value, wherein the decoder is configured to select the plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is applied based on the spacing value;
wherein the decoder is configured to select individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients spectrally arranged according to a harmonic grid defined by the spacing value for a predictive decoding. | An encoder for encoding an audio signal is configured to encode the audio signal in a transform domain or filter-bank domain, is configured to determine spectral coefficients of the audio signal for a current frame and at least one previous frame, and is configured to selectively apply predictive encoding to a plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients which are separated by at least one spectral coefficient.1. An encoder for encoding an audio signal, wherein the encoder is configured to encode the audio signal in a transform domain or filter-bank domain, wherein the encoder is configured to determine spectral coefficients of the audio signal for a current frame and at least one previous frame, wherein the encoder is configured to selectively apply predictive encoding to a plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients, wherein the encoder is configured to determine a spacing value, wherein the encoder is configured to select the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients to which predictive encoding is applied based on the spacing value. 2. The encoder according to claim 1, wherein the spacing value is a harmonic spacing value describing a spacing between harmonics. 3. The encoder according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients are separated by at least one spectral coefficient. 4. The encoder according to claim 3, wherein the predictive encoding is not applied to the at least one spectral coefficient by which the individual spectral coefficients or the groups of spectral coefficients are separated. 5. The encoder according to claim 1, wherein the encoder is configured to predictively encode the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or the groups of spectral coefficients of the current frame, by coding prediction errors between a plurality of predicted individual spectral coefficients or groups of predicted spectral coefficients of the current frame and the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients of the current frame. 6. The encoder according to claim 5, wherein the encoder is configured to derive prediction coefficients from the spacing value, and wherein the encoder is configured to calculate the plurality of predicted individual spectral coefficients or groups of predicted spectral coefficients for the current frame using a corresponding plurality of individual spectral coefficients or corresponding groups of spectral coefficients of at least two previous frames and using the derived prediction coefficients. 7. The encoder according to claim 5, wherein the encoder is configured to determine the plurality of predicted individual spectral coefficients or groups of predicted spectral coefficients for the current frame using corresponding quantized versions of the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or the groups of spectral coefficients of the previous frame. 8. The encoder according to claim 7, wherein the encoder is configured to derive prediction coefficients from the spacing value, and wherein the encoder is configured to calculate the plurality of predicted individual spectral coefficients or groups of predicted spectral coefficients for the current frame using corresponding quantized versions of the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or the groups of spectral coefficients of at least two previous frames and using the derived prediction coefficients. 9. The encoder according to claim 6, wherein the encoder is configured to provide an encoded audio signal, the encoded audio signal not comprising the prediction coefficients or encoded versions thereof. 10. The encoder according to claim 5, wherein the encoder is configured to provide an encoded audio signal, the encoded audio signal comprising quantized versions of the prediction errors instead of quantized versions of the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or of the groups of spectral coefficients for the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients to which predictive encoding is applied. 11. The encoder according to claim 10, wherein the encoded audio signal comprises quantized versions of the spectral coefficients to which predictive encoding is not applied, such that there is an alternation of spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients for which quantized versions of the prediction errors are comprised in the encoded audio signal and spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients for which quantized versions are provided without using predictive encoding. 12. The encoder according to claim 1, wherein the encoder is configured to determine an instantaneous fundamental frequency of the audio signal and to derive the spacing value from the instantaneous fundamental frequency or a fraction or a multiple thereof. 13. The encoder according to claim 1, wherein the encoder is configured to select individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients spectrally arranged according to a harmonic grid defined by the spacing value for a predictive encoding. 14. The encoder according to claim 1, wherein the encoder is configured to select spectral coefficients, spectral indices of which are equal to or lie within a range around a plurality of spectral indices derived on the basis of the spacing value, for a predictive encoding. 15. The encoder according to claim 14, wherein the encoder is configured to set a width of the range in dependence on the spacing value. 16. The encoder according to claim 1, wherein the encoder is configured to select the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients to which predictive encoding is applied such that there is a periodic alternation, periodic with a tolerance of +/−1 spectral coefficient, between the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients to which predictive encoding is applied and the spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients to which predictive encoding is not applied. 17. The encoder according to claim 1, wherein the audio signal comprises at least two harmonic signal components, wherein the encoder is configured to selectively apply predictive encoding to those plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients which represent the at least two harmonic signal components or spectral environments around the at least two harmonic signal components of the audio signal. 18. The encoder according to claim 17, wherein the encoder is configured to not apply predictive encoding to those plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients which do not represent the at least two harmonic signal components or spectral environments of the at least two harmonic signal components of the audio signal. 19. The encoder according to claim 17, wherein the encoder is configured to not apply predictive encoding to those plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients which belong to a non-tonal background noise between signal harmonics. 20. The encoder according to claim 17, wherein the spacing value is a harmonic spacing value indicating a spectral spacing between the at least two harmonic signal components of the audio signal, the harmonic spacing value indicating those plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients which represent the at least two harmonic signal components of the audio signal. 21. The encoder according to claim 1, wherein the encoder is configured to provide an encoded audio signal, wherein the encoder is configured to comprise in the encoded audio signal the spacing value or an encoded version thereof. 22. The encoder according to claim 1, wherein the spectral coefficients are spectral bins. 23. A decoder for decoding an encoded audio signal, wherein the decoder is configured to decode the encoded audio signal in a transform domain or filter-bank domain, wherein the decoder is configured to parse the encoded audio signal to acquire encoded spectral coefficients of the audio signal for a current frame and at least one previous frame, and wherein the decoder is configured to selectively apply predictive decoding to a plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients, wherein the decoder is configured to acquire a spacing value, wherein the decoder is configured to select the plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is applied based on the spacing value. 24. The decoder according to claim 23, wherein the spacing value is a harmonic spacing value describing a spacing between harmonics. 25. The decoder according to claim 24, wherein the plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients are separated by at least one encoded spectral coefficient. 26. The decoder according to claim 25, wherein the predictive decoding is not applied to the at least one spectral coefficient by which the individual spectral coefficients or the group of spectral coefficients are separated. 27. The decoder according to claim 24, wherein the decoder is configured to entropy decode the encoded spectral coefficients, to acquire quantized prediction errors for the spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is to be applied and quantized spectral coefficients for spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is not to be applied; and
wherein the decoder is configured to apply the quantized prediction errors to a plurality of predicted individual spectral coefficients or groups of predicted spectral coefficients, to acquire, for the current frame, decoded spectral coefficients associated with the encoded spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is applied. 28. The decoder according to claim 27, wherein the decoder is configured to determine the plurality of predicted individual spectral coefficients or groups of predicted spectral coefficients for the current frame based on a corresponding plurality of the individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients of the previous frame. 29. The decoder according to claim 28, wherein the decoder is configured to derive prediction coefficients from the spacing value, and wherein the decoder is configured to calculate the plurality of predicted individual spectral coefficients or groups of predicted spectral coefficients for the current frame using a corresponding plurality of previously decoded individual spectral coefficients or groups of previously decoded spectral coefficients of at least two previous frames and using the derived prediction coefficients. 30. The decoder according to claim 24, wherein the decoder is configured to decode the encoded audio signal in order to acquire quantized prediction errors instead of a plurality of individual quantized spectral coefficients or groups of quantized spectral coefficients for the plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is applied. 31. The decoder according to claim 30, wherein the decoder is configured to decode the encoded audio signal in order to acquire quantized spectral coefficients for encoded spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is not applied, such that there is an alternation of encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients for which quantized prediction errors are acquired and encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients for which quantized spectral coefficients are acquired. 32. The decoder according to claim 23, wherein the decoder is configured to select individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients spectrally arranged according to a harmonic grid defined by the spacing value for a predictive decoding. 33. The decoder according to claim 23, wherein the decoder is configured to select spectral coefficients, spectral indices of which are equal to or lie within a range around a plurality of spectral indices derived on the basis of the spacing value, for a predictive decoding. 34. The decoder according to claim 33, wherein the decoder is configured to set a width of the range in dependence on the spacing value. 35. The decoder according to claim 24, wherein the encoded audio signal comprises the spacing value or an encoded version thereof, wherein the decoder is configured to extract the spacing value or the encoded version thereof from the encoded audio signal to acquire the spacing value. 36. The decoder according to claim 24, wherein the decoder is configured to determine the spacing value. 37. The decoder according to claim 36, wherein the decoder is configured to determine an instantaneous fundamental frequency and to derive the spacing value from the instantaneous fundamental frequency or a fraction or a multiple thereof. 38. The decoder according to claim 24, wherein the decoder is configured to select the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is applied such that there is a periodic alternation, periodic with a tolerance of +/−1 spectral coefficients, between the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is applied and the spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is not applied. 39. The decoder according to claim 24, wherein the audio signal represented by the encoded audio signal comprises at least two harmonic signal components, wherein the decoder is configured to selectively apply predictive decoding to those plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients which represent the at least two harmonic signal components or spectral environments around the at least two harmonic signal components of the audio signal. 40. The decoder according to claim 39, wherein the decoder is configured to identify the at least two harmonic signal components, and to selectively apply predictive decoding to those plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients which are associated with the identified harmonic signal components. 41. The decoder according to claim 39, wherein the encoded audio signal comprises the spacing value or an encoded version thereof, wherein the spacing value identifies the at least two harmonic signal components, wherein the decoder is configured to selectively apply predictive decoding to those plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients which are associated with the identified harmonic signal components. 42. The decoder according to claim 39, wherein the decoder is configured to not apply predictive decoding to those plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients which do not represent the at least two harmonic signal components or spectral environments of the at least two harmonic signal components of the audio signal. 43. The decoder according to claim 39, wherein the decoder is configured to not apply predictive decoding to those plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients which belong to a non-tonal background noise between signal harmonics of the audio signal. 44. The decoder according to claim 24, wherein the encoded audio signal comprises the spacing value or an encoded version thereof, wherein the spacing value is a harmonic spacing value, the harmonic spacing value indicating those plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients which represent at least two harmonic signal components of the audio signal. 45. The decoder according to claim 24, wherein the spectral coefficients are spectral bins. 46. Method for encoding an audio signal in a transform domain or filter-bank domain, the method comprising:
determining spectral coefficients of the audio signal for a current frame and at least one previous frame; determining a spacing value; and selectively applying predictive encoding to a plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients, wherein the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients to which predictive encoding is applied are selected based on the spacing value. 47. Method for decoding an encoded audio signal in a transform domain or filter-bank domain, the method comprising:
parsing the encoded audio signal to acquire encoded spectral coefficients of the audio signal for a current frame and at least one previous frame; acquiring a spacing value; and selectively applying predictive decoding to a plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients, wherein the plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is applied are selected based on the spacing value. 48. A non-transitory digital storage medium having a computer program stored thereon to perform the method for encoding an audio signal in a transform domain or filter-bank domain, the method comprising:
determining spectral coefficients of the audio signal for a current frame and at least one previous frame; determining a spacing value; and selectively applying predictive encoding to a plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients, wherein the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients to which predictive encoding is applied are selected based on the spacing value, when said computer program is run by a computer. 49. A non-transitory digital storage medium having a computer program stored thereon to perform the method for decoding an encoded audio signal in a transform domain or filter-bank domain, the method comprising:
parsing the encoded audio signal to acquire encoded spectral coefficients of the audio signal for a current frame and at least one previous frame; acquiring a spacing value; and selectively applying predictive decoding to a plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients, wherein the plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is applied are selected based on the spacing value, when said computer program is run by a computer. 50. An encoder for encoding an audio signal, wherein the encoder is configured to encode the audio signal in a transform domain or filter-bank domain, wherein the encoder is configured to determine spectral coefficients of the audio signal for a current frame and at least one previous frame, wherein the encoder is configured to selectively apply predictive encoding to a plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients, wherein the encoder is configured to determine a spacing value, wherein the encoder is configured to select the plurality of individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients to which predictive encoding is applied based on the spacing value;
wherein the encoder is configured to select individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients spectrally arranged according to a harmonic grid defined by the spacing value for a predictive encoding. 51. A decoder for decoding an encoded audio signal, wherein the decoder is configured to decode the encoded audio signal in a transform domain or filter-bank domain, wherein the decoder is configured to parse the encoded audio signal to acquire encoded spectral coefficients of the audio signal for a current frame and at least one previous frame, and wherein the decoder is configured to selectively apply predictive decoding to a plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients, wherein the decoder is configured to acquire a spacing value, wherein the decoder is configured to select the plurality of individual encoded spectral coefficients or groups of encoded spectral coefficients to which predictive decoding is applied based on the spacing value;
wherein the decoder is configured to select individual spectral coefficients or groups of spectral coefficients spectrally arranged according to a harmonic grid defined by the spacing value for a predictive decoding. | 2,100 |
342,049 | 16,802,408 | 2,139 | The present disclosure relates to devices, systems and methods providing evaluation and feedback to an operator of a device providing neuromodulation treatment, such as modulation of renal nerves of a human patient. In one embodiment, for example, a system monitors parameters or values generated before treatment. Feedback provided to an operator is based on the monitored values and relates to an assessment of various electrical properties associated with an electrode carried by a catheter. The electrode measures an electrical property of biological material making contact with the electrode while deploying the electrode, the electrical property being dependent on a ratio of a wall-interface area to a fluid-interface area. | 1.-25. (canceled) 26. A method for neuromodulation energy delivery, comprising:
advancing a catheter including an elongate shaft and a neuromodulation element operably connected to the elongate shaft toward a treatment location within a lumen of a patient; detecting or determining that the neuromodulation element is in stable contact with a wall of the lumen of the patient; and determining an inner diameter of the lumen at the treatment location. 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising:
measuring a longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element relative to the elongate shaft during deployment; wherein determining the inner diameter of the lumen at the treatment location is based on the longitudinal shift. 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising:
correlating values of the longitudinal shift to values of the inner diameter of the inner diameter of the lumen based on predetermined data, wherein determining the inner diameter of the lumen is based on the correlation. 29. The method of claim 27, further comprising:
controlling or adjusting energy delivery based on the inner diameter of the lumen. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein an amount of energy that is delivered has a direct or indirect linear relationship with the longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element at a time of detection of stable contact. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the amount of energy that is delivered increases as the longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element is greater and the amount of energy that is delivered decreases as the longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element is less. 32. The method of claim 29, wherein an amount of time that the energy is delivered increases as the longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element is greater and the amount of time that the energy is delivered decreases as the longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element is less. 33. The method of claim 26, wherein detecting or determining that the neuromodulation element is in stable contact with the wall of the lumen of the patient is based on measured impedance values. 34. An apparatus for neuromodulation treatment, comprising:
a catheter having an elongate shaft that is configured to be delivered to a treatment site within a vessel; a neuromodulation element coupled to the elongate shaft and configured to be positioned into contact with and delivery energy to a wall of the vessel; and a console coupled to the neuromodulation element and configured to:
determine an inner diameter of the vessel at the treatment site, and
deliver neuromodulation energy to the treatment site within the vessel based on the inner diameter of the vessel. 35. The apparatus of claim 34, Wherein the console is configured to:
determine that the neuromodulation element is in stable contact with the wall of the vessel based on measured impedance values; determine a longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element; and determine the inner diameter of the vessel based on the longitudinal shift. 36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein to deliver the neuromodulation energy to the treatment site the console is configured to:
deliver an amount of energy that has a direct or indirect linear relationship with the longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element at a time of detection of stable contact with the vessel. 37. The apparatus of claim 36, wherein the amount of energy that is delivered increases as the longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element is greater and the amount of energy that is delivered decreases as the longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element is less. 38. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein an amount of time that the energy is delivered increases as the longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element is greater and the amount of time that the energy is delivered decreases as the longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element is less. 39. The apparatus of claim 34, further comprising:
a gauge coupled to the neuromodulation element and configured to measure a longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element relative to the elongate shaft during deployment. 40. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein the console is configured to correlate values of the longitudinal shift to values of the inner diameter of the inner diameter of the vessel based on predetermined data. 41. The apparatus of claim 40, wherein the console is configured to determine the inner diameter of the vessel based on the correlation. 42. An apparatus for neuromodulation treatment, comprising:
a catheter having an elongate shaft that is configured to be delivered to a treatment site within a vessel; an electrode coupled to the elongate shaft and configured to be positioned into contact with and delivery energy to a wall of the vessel; and a console coupled to the electrode and configured to:
determine an inner diameter of the vessel at the treatment site, and
deliver neuromodulation energy to the treatment site within the vessel based on the inner diameter of the vessel. 43. The apparatus of claim 42, further comprising:
a gauge coupled to the electrode and configured to measure a longitudinal shift of the electrode relative to the elongate shaft during deployment; wherein the console is configured to: determine the longitudinal shift of the electrode, and determine the inner diameter of the vessel at the treatment site based on the longitudinal shift. 44. The apparatus of claim 43, wherein the console is configured to determine the inner diameter of the vessel further based on a correlation of values of the longitudinal shift to values of the inner diameter. 45. The apparatus of claim 43, wherein an amount of energy that is delivered increases as the longitudinal shift of the electrode is greater and the amount of energy that is delivered decreases as the longitudinal shift of the electrode is less. | The present disclosure relates to devices, systems and methods providing evaluation and feedback to an operator of a device providing neuromodulation treatment, such as modulation of renal nerves of a human patient. In one embodiment, for example, a system monitors parameters or values generated before treatment. Feedback provided to an operator is based on the monitored values and relates to an assessment of various electrical properties associated with an electrode carried by a catheter. The electrode measures an electrical property of biological material making contact with the electrode while deploying the electrode, the electrical property being dependent on a ratio of a wall-interface area to a fluid-interface area.1.-25. (canceled) 26. A method for neuromodulation energy delivery, comprising:
advancing a catheter including an elongate shaft and a neuromodulation element operably connected to the elongate shaft toward a treatment location within a lumen of a patient; detecting or determining that the neuromodulation element is in stable contact with a wall of the lumen of the patient; and determining an inner diameter of the lumen at the treatment location. 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising:
measuring a longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element relative to the elongate shaft during deployment; wherein determining the inner diameter of the lumen at the treatment location is based on the longitudinal shift. 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising:
correlating values of the longitudinal shift to values of the inner diameter of the inner diameter of the lumen based on predetermined data, wherein determining the inner diameter of the lumen is based on the correlation. 29. The method of claim 27, further comprising:
controlling or adjusting energy delivery based on the inner diameter of the lumen. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein an amount of energy that is delivered has a direct or indirect linear relationship with the longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element at a time of detection of stable contact. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the amount of energy that is delivered increases as the longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element is greater and the amount of energy that is delivered decreases as the longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element is less. 32. The method of claim 29, wherein an amount of time that the energy is delivered increases as the longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element is greater and the amount of time that the energy is delivered decreases as the longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element is less. 33. The method of claim 26, wherein detecting or determining that the neuromodulation element is in stable contact with the wall of the lumen of the patient is based on measured impedance values. 34. An apparatus for neuromodulation treatment, comprising:
a catheter having an elongate shaft that is configured to be delivered to a treatment site within a vessel; a neuromodulation element coupled to the elongate shaft and configured to be positioned into contact with and delivery energy to a wall of the vessel; and a console coupled to the neuromodulation element and configured to:
determine an inner diameter of the vessel at the treatment site, and
deliver neuromodulation energy to the treatment site within the vessel based on the inner diameter of the vessel. 35. The apparatus of claim 34, Wherein the console is configured to:
determine that the neuromodulation element is in stable contact with the wall of the vessel based on measured impedance values; determine a longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element; and determine the inner diameter of the vessel based on the longitudinal shift. 36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein to deliver the neuromodulation energy to the treatment site the console is configured to:
deliver an amount of energy that has a direct or indirect linear relationship with the longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element at a time of detection of stable contact with the vessel. 37. The apparatus of claim 36, wherein the amount of energy that is delivered increases as the longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element is greater and the amount of energy that is delivered decreases as the longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element is less. 38. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein an amount of time that the energy is delivered increases as the longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element is greater and the amount of time that the energy is delivered decreases as the longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element is less. 39. The apparatus of claim 34, further comprising:
a gauge coupled to the neuromodulation element and configured to measure a longitudinal shift of the neuromodulation element relative to the elongate shaft during deployment. 40. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein the console is configured to correlate values of the longitudinal shift to values of the inner diameter of the inner diameter of the vessel based on predetermined data. 41. The apparatus of claim 40, wherein the console is configured to determine the inner diameter of the vessel based on the correlation. 42. An apparatus for neuromodulation treatment, comprising:
a catheter having an elongate shaft that is configured to be delivered to a treatment site within a vessel; an electrode coupled to the elongate shaft and configured to be positioned into contact with and delivery energy to a wall of the vessel; and a console coupled to the electrode and configured to:
determine an inner diameter of the vessel at the treatment site, and
deliver neuromodulation energy to the treatment site within the vessel based on the inner diameter of the vessel. 43. The apparatus of claim 42, further comprising:
a gauge coupled to the electrode and configured to measure a longitudinal shift of the electrode relative to the elongate shaft during deployment; wherein the console is configured to: determine the longitudinal shift of the electrode, and determine the inner diameter of the vessel at the treatment site based on the longitudinal shift. 44. The apparatus of claim 43, wherein the console is configured to determine the inner diameter of the vessel further based on a correlation of values of the longitudinal shift to values of the inner diameter. 45. The apparatus of claim 43, wherein an amount of energy that is delivered increases as the longitudinal shift of the electrode is greater and the amount of energy that is delivered decreases as the longitudinal shift of the electrode is less. | 2,100 |
342,050 | 16,802,435 | 3,725 | Tapered, stepped, or non-tapered router guide templates, and optionally combined template holder system, each template comprising: a base portion, a top portion, at least one of an exterior surface interconnecting the base portion and the top portion along an outer periphery of the template and an interior surface interconnecting the base portion and the top portion along an inner periphery of the template, wherein optionally one of the exterior surface and the interior surface may be continuously tapered between the base portion and the top portion, or stepped, and wherein the base portion is adapted for removable and adjustable interconnection with the template holder system. | 1. A router guide template comprising:
a base portion; a top portion; an exterior surface interconnecting said base portion and said top portion along an outer periphery of the template, wherein at least a portion of said exterior surface is tapered between said base portion and said top portion; and a stepped interior surface interconnecting said base portion and said top portion, said stepped interior surface extending along an inner periphery of the template, wherein said base portion is adapted for removable and adjustable interconnection with a template holder. 2. The router guide template of claim 1, wherein said stepped interior surface comprises an upper interior surface generally describing in cross section a stadium shape having first and second ends and an elongated middle portion and a lower interior surface generally describing in cross section a stadium shape having first and second ends and an elongated middle portion, wherein at least the ends of said lower interior surface comprise a smaller circumference surface than at least the ends of said upper interior surface such that an intermediate step is formed at least adjacent the ends of and between the upper interior surface and the lower interior surface. 3. The router guide template of claim 2, wherein said exterior surface is continuously tapered inwardly from said base portion to said top portion. 4. The router guide template of claim 2, wherein the taper of said exterior surface extends around the entire outer periphery of the template. 5. A combination router guide template and template holder system, comprising a template and a template holder, said template comprising:
a base portion; a top portion; an exterior surface interconnecting said base portion and said top portion along an outer periphery of the template, wherein at least a portion of said exterior surface is tapered between said base portion and said top portion; a stepped interior surface interconnecting said base portion and said top portion, said stepped interior surface extending along an inner periphery of the template; said template holder comprising a plurality of support post members and a cross member interconnecting the support post members and having a plurality of linear keyed slots therein, wherein said base portion of said template is adapted for removable and adjustable interconnection with the linear keyed slots of the cross member of said template holder. 6. The combination router guide template and template holder system of claim 5, wherein said stepped interior surface comprises an upper interior surface generally describing in cross section a stadium shape having first and second ends and an elongated middle portion and a lower interior surface generally describing in cross section a stadium shape having first and second ends and an elongated middle portion, wherein at least the ends of said lower interior surface comprise a smaller circumference surface than at least the ends of said upper interior surface such that an intermediate step is formed at least adjacent the ends of and between the upper interior surface and the lower interior surface. 7. The combination router guide template and template holder system of claim 6, wherein said exterior surface is continuously tapered inwardly from said base portion to said top portion. 8. The combination router guide template and template holder system of claim 7, wherein the taper of said exterior surface extends around the entire outer periphery of the template. 9. The combination router guide template and template holder system of claim 5, further comprising at least one tenon extending from said base portion, said tenon adapted for aligning the template in a desired orientation on said template holder. 10. The combination router guide template and template holder system of claim 9, wherein said at least one tenon is tapered. 11. The combination router guide template and template holder system of claim 10, wherein said at least one tenon is a plurality of tenons, each of said plurality of tenons being tapered. 12. The combination router guide template and template holder system of claim 11, where in said plurality of tenons are adapted for holding said template in a horizontal orientation on said template. 13. A router guide template comprising:
a base portion; at least one tapered tenon extending from said base portion; a top portion; an exterior surface interconnecting said base portion and said top portion along an outer periphery of the template, wherein at least a portion of said exterior surface is tapered between said base portion and said top portion; and an interior surface interconnecting said base portion and said top portion, wherein said base portion is adapted for removable and adjustable interconnection with a template holder, said at least one tapered tenon adapted for aligning the template in a desired orientation on a template holder. 14. The router guide template of claim 13, wherein said interior surface defines at least one step. 15. The router guide template of claim 14, wherein said interior surface comprises an upper interior surface generally describing in cross section a stadium shape having first and second ends and an elongated middle portion and a lower interior surface generally describing in cross section a stadium shape having first and second ends and an elongated middle portion, wherein at least the ends of said lower interior surface comprise a smaller circumference surface than at least the ends of said upper interior surface such that an intermediate step is defined at least adjacent the ends of and between the upper interior surface and the lower interior surface. 16. The router guide template of claim 15, wherein said exterior surface is continuously tapered inwardly from said base portion to said top portion. 17. The router guide template of claim 13, wherein the taper of said exterior surface extends around the entire outer periphery of the template. 18. The router guide template of claim 13, wherein said at least one tapered tenon comprises a plurality of tapered tenons. 19. The router guide template of claim 18, wherein said plurality of tapered tenons are adapted for aligning the template in a horizontal orientation on a template holder. | Tapered, stepped, or non-tapered router guide templates, and optionally combined template holder system, each template comprising: a base portion, a top portion, at least one of an exterior surface interconnecting the base portion and the top portion along an outer periphery of the template and an interior surface interconnecting the base portion and the top portion along an inner periphery of the template, wherein optionally one of the exterior surface and the interior surface may be continuously tapered between the base portion and the top portion, or stepped, and wherein the base portion is adapted for removable and adjustable interconnection with the template holder system.1. A router guide template comprising:
a base portion; a top portion; an exterior surface interconnecting said base portion and said top portion along an outer periphery of the template, wherein at least a portion of said exterior surface is tapered between said base portion and said top portion; and a stepped interior surface interconnecting said base portion and said top portion, said stepped interior surface extending along an inner periphery of the template, wherein said base portion is adapted for removable and adjustable interconnection with a template holder. 2. The router guide template of claim 1, wherein said stepped interior surface comprises an upper interior surface generally describing in cross section a stadium shape having first and second ends and an elongated middle portion and a lower interior surface generally describing in cross section a stadium shape having first and second ends and an elongated middle portion, wherein at least the ends of said lower interior surface comprise a smaller circumference surface than at least the ends of said upper interior surface such that an intermediate step is formed at least adjacent the ends of and between the upper interior surface and the lower interior surface. 3. The router guide template of claim 2, wherein said exterior surface is continuously tapered inwardly from said base portion to said top portion. 4. The router guide template of claim 2, wherein the taper of said exterior surface extends around the entire outer periphery of the template. 5. A combination router guide template and template holder system, comprising a template and a template holder, said template comprising:
a base portion; a top portion; an exterior surface interconnecting said base portion and said top portion along an outer periphery of the template, wherein at least a portion of said exterior surface is tapered between said base portion and said top portion; a stepped interior surface interconnecting said base portion and said top portion, said stepped interior surface extending along an inner periphery of the template; said template holder comprising a plurality of support post members and a cross member interconnecting the support post members and having a plurality of linear keyed slots therein, wherein said base portion of said template is adapted for removable and adjustable interconnection with the linear keyed slots of the cross member of said template holder. 6. The combination router guide template and template holder system of claim 5, wherein said stepped interior surface comprises an upper interior surface generally describing in cross section a stadium shape having first and second ends and an elongated middle portion and a lower interior surface generally describing in cross section a stadium shape having first and second ends and an elongated middle portion, wherein at least the ends of said lower interior surface comprise a smaller circumference surface than at least the ends of said upper interior surface such that an intermediate step is formed at least adjacent the ends of and between the upper interior surface and the lower interior surface. 7. The combination router guide template and template holder system of claim 6, wherein said exterior surface is continuously tapered inwardly from said base portion to said top portion. 8. The combination router guide template and template holder system of claim 7, wherein the taper of said exterior surface extends around the entire outer periphery of the template. 9. The combination router guide template and template holder system of claim 5, further comprising at least one tenon extending from said base portion, said tenon adapted for aligning the template in a desired orientation on said template holder. 10. The combination router guide template and template holder system of claim 9, wherein said at least one tenon is tapered. 11. The combination router guide template and template holder system of claim 10, wherein said at least one tenon is a plurality of tenons, each of said plurality of tenons being tapered. 12. The combination router guide template and template holder system of claim 11, where in said plurality of tenons are adapted for holding said template in a horizontal orientation on said template. 13. A router guide template comprising:
a base portion; at least one tapered tenon extending from said base portion; a top portion; an exterior surface interconnecting said base portion and said top portion along an outer periphery of the template, wherein at least a portion of said exterior surface is tapered between said base portion and said top portion; and an interior surface interconnecting said base portion and said top portion, wherein said base portion is adapted for removable and adjustable interconnection with a template holder, said at least one tapered tenon adapted for aligning the template in a desired orientation on a template holder. 14. The router guide template of claim 13, wherein said interior surface defines at least one step. 15. The router guide template of claim 14, wherein said interior surface comprises an upper interior surface generally describing in cross section a stadium shape having first and second ends and an elongated middle portion and a lower interior surface generally describing in cross section a stadium shape having first and second ends and an elongated middle portion, wherein at least the ends of said lower interior surface comprise a smaller circumference surface than at least the ends of said upper interior surface such that an intermediate step is defined at least adjacent the ends of and between the upper interior surface and the lower interior surface. 16. The router guide template of claim 15, wherein said exterior surface is continuously tapered inwardly from said base portion to said top portion. 17. The router guide template of claim 13, wherein the taper of said exterior surface extends around the entire outer periphery of the template. 18. The router guide template of claim 13, wherein said at least one tapered tenon comprises a plurality of tapered tenons. 19. The router guide template of claim 18, wherein said plurality of tapered tenons are adapted for aligning the template in a horizontal orientation on a template holder. | 3,700 |
342,051 | 16,802,374 | 3,725 | An information management system provides a data deduplication system that uses a primary table, a deduplication chunk table, and a chunk integrity table to ensure that a referenced deduplicated data block is only verified once during the data verification of a backup or other replication operation. The data deduplication system may reduce the computational and storage overhead associated with traditional data verification processes. The primary table, the deduplication chunk table, and the chunk integrity table, all of which may be stored in a deduplication database, can also ensure synchronization between the deduplication database and secondary storage devices. | 1. A networked information management system configured to verify integrity of deduplication data, the networked information management system comprising:
one or more computing devices comprising computer hardware configured to:
retrieve a deduplication chunk table, wherein the deduplication chunk table identifies a first data chunk;
retrieve a first data file associated with the first data chunk, wherein the first data file comprises a plurality of containers that each store one or more data blocks;
for each container in the plurality of containers,
perform a data integrity verification of corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container,
wherein the data integrity verification includes determining whether the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container is valid, and
store results of the data integrity verification of the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container in association with an entry corresponding to the first data chunk in a chunk integrity table;
receive a request to verify integrity of at least one or more data blocks referenced in the plurality of containers; and
for each data block of the at least one or more data blocks,
determine that a first link in the first data chunk references a data block of a corresponding container in the plurality of containers, and
verify integrity of the data block of the corresponding container by performing a lookup of the chunk integrity table to determine whether the data block is verified instead. 2. The networked information management system of claim 1, wherein the computer hardware is further configured to, for each container in the plurality of containers, store a zero bit in association with the entry corresponding to the first data chunk in the chunk integrity table in response to a determination that least one of the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container cannot be verified. 3. The networked information management system of claim 1, wherein the computer hardware is further configured to, for each container in the plurality of containers, store a one bit in association with the entry corresponding to the first data chunk in the chunk integrity table in response to a determination that all of the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container can be verified. 4. The networked information management system of claim 1, wherein the computer hardware is further configured to retrieve the deduplication chunk table in response to a request to verify data in a backup. 5. The networked information management system of claim 4, wherein the computer hardware is further configured to cause the chunk integrity table to be deleted after verification of the data in the backup is complete. 6. The networked information management system of claim 1, wherein the corresponding container in the plurality of containers is verified if the one or more data blocks stored in the corresponding container are also decompressible, and decryptable. 7. The networked information management system of claim 1, wherein, for each container in the plurality of containers, the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container are referenced by one or more links in the first data chunk. 8. The networked information management system of claim 1, wherein the stored values allow the networked information management system to verify the integrity of the data stored in the first data chunk without having to verify the one or more data blocks in the plurality of containers more than once. 9. The networked information management system of claim 1, wherein the computer hardware is further configured to retrieve the corresponding first data file based on an index stored in the first data chunk. 10. The networked information management system of claim 1, wherein the deduplication chunk table identifies the first data chunk and a set of other data chunks. 11. The networked information management system of claim 10, wherein the computer hardware is further configured to:
perform a verification of other containers of other data files associated with the other data chunks; and store results of the verification of the other containers in the chunk integrity table. 12. A computer-implemented method for verifying integrity of deduplication data, the computer-implemented method comprising:
retrieving a deduplication chunk table, wherein the deduplication chunk table identifies a first data chunk; retrieving a first file associated with the first data chunk, wherein the first file comprises a plurality of containers that each store one or more data blocks; for each container in the plurality of containers,
performing a data integrity verification of corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container,
wherein the data integrity verification includes determining whether the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container is readable, and
storing a value representing a result of the data integrity verification of the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container in association with an entry corresponding to the first data chunk in a chunk integrity table;
identifying a request to verify integrity of at least one or more data blocks referenced in one or more containers in the plurality of the containers; and for each data block of the at least one or more data blocks,
determining that a first link in the first data chunk references data block of a corresponding container in the plurality of containers, and
verifying integrity of the first data block of the corresponding container is verified by performing a lookup of the chunk integrity table to determine whether the first data block is verified. 13. The computer-implemented method of claim 12, further comprising, for each container in the plurality of containers, storing a zero bit in association with the entry corresponding to the first data chunk in the chunk integrity table in response to a determination that least one of the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container cannot be verified. 14. The computer-implemented method of claim 12, further comprising, for each container in the plurality of containers, storing a one bit in association with the entry corresponding to the first data chunk in the chunk integrity table in response to a determination that all of the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container can be verified. 15. The computer-implemented method of claim 12, further comprising retrieving the deduplication chunk table in response to a request to verify data in a backup. 16. The computer-implemented method of claim 15, further comprising causing the chunk integrity table to be deleted after verification of the data in the backup is complete. 17. The computer-implemented method of claim 12, wherein the corresponding container in the plurality of containers is verified if the one or more data blocks stored in the corresponding container are also decompressible, and decryptable. 18. The computer-implemented method of claim 12, wherein, for each container in the plurality of containers, the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container are referenced by one or more links in the first data chunk. 19. The computer-implemented method of claim 12, further comprising retrieving the first data file based on an index stored in the first data chunk. 20. An information management system configured to verify integrity of deduplication data, the information management system comprising:
one or more computing devices comprising computer hardware configured to:
retrieve a first data file associated with a first data chunk, wherein the first data file comprises a plurality of containers that each store one or more data blocks;
for each container in the plurality of containers,
perform a data integrity verification of corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container, wherein the data integrity verification includes determining whether the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container is valid, and
store results of the data integrity verification of the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container in a chunk integrity table;
receive a request to verify integrity of at least one or more data blocks referenced in the plurality of containers; and
for each data block of the at least one or more data blocks,
verify integrity of the data block of the corresponding container by performing a lookup of the chunk integrity table to determine whether the at least one or more data blocks is verified. | An information management system provides a data deduplication system that uses a primary table, a deduplication chunk table, and a chunk integrity table to ensure that a referenced deduplicated data block is only verified once during the data verification of a backup or other replication operation. The data deduplication system may reduce the computational and storage overhead associated with traditional data verification processes. The primary table, the deduplication chunk table, and the chunk integrity table, all of which may be stored in a deduplication database, can also ensure synchronization between the deduplication database and secondary storage devices.1. A networked information management system configured to verify integrity of deduplication data, the networked information management system comprising:
one or more computing devices comprising computer hardware configured to:
retrieve a deduplication chunk table, wherein the deduplication chunk table identifies a first data chunk;
retrieve a first data file associated with the first data chunk, wherein the first data file comprises a plurality of containers that each store one or more data blocks;
for each container in the plurality of containers,
perform a data integrity verification of corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container,
wherein the data integrity verification includes determining whether the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container is valid, and
store results of the data integrity verification of the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container in association with an entry corresponding to the first data chunk in a chunk integrity table;
receive a request to verify integrity of at least one or more data blocks referenced in the plurality of containers; and
for each data block of the at least one or more data blocks,
determine that a first link in the first data chunk references a data block of a corresponding container in the plurality of containers, and
verify integrity of the data block of the corresponding container by performing a lookup of the chunk integrity table to determine whether the data block is verified instead. 2. The networked information management system of claim 1, wherein the computer hardware is further configured to, for each container in the plurality of containers, store a zero bit in association with the entry corresponding to the first data chunk in the chunk integrity table in response to a determination that least one of the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container cannot be verified. 3. The networked information management system of claim 1, wherein the computer hardware is further configured to, for each container in the plurality of containers, store a one bit in association with the entry corresponding to the first data chunk in the chunk integrity table in response to a determination that all of the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container can be verified. 4. The networked information management system of claim 1, wherein the computer hardware is further configured to retrieve the deduplication chunk table in response to a request to verify data in a backup. 5. The networked information management system of claim 4, wherein the computer hardware is further configured to cause the chunk integrity table to be deleted after verification of the data in the backup is complete. 6. The networked information management system of claim 1, wherein the corresponding container in the plurality of containers is verified if the one or more data blocks stored in the corresponding container are also decompressible, and decryptable. 7. The networked information management system of claim 1, wherein, for each container in the plurality of containers, the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container are referenced by one or more links in the first data chunk. 8. The networked information management system of claim 1, wherein the stored values allow the networked information management system to verify the integrity of the data stored in the first data chunk without having to verify the one or more data blocks in the plurality of containers more than once. 9. The networked information management system of claim 1, wherein the computer hardware is further configured to retrieve the corresponding first data file based on an index stored in the first data chunk. 10. The networked information management system of claim 1, wherein the deduplication chunk table identifies the first data chunk and a set of other data chunks. 11. The networked information management system of claim 10, wherein the computer hardware is further configured to:
perform a verification of other containers of other data files associated with the other data chunks; and store results of the verification of the other containers in the chunk integrity table. 12. A computer-implemented method for verifying integrity of deduplication data, the computer-implemented method comprising:
retrieving a deduplication chunk table, wherein the deduplication chunk table identifies a first data chunk; retrieving a first file associated with the first data chunk, wherein the first file comprises a plurality of containers that each store one or more data blocks; for each container in the plurality of containers,
performing a data integrity verification of corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container,
wherein the data integrity verification includes determining whether the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container is readable, and
storing a value representing a result of the data integrity verification of the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container in association with an entry corresponding to the first data chunk in a chunk integrity table;
identifying a request to verify integrity of at least one or more data blocks referenced in one or more containers in the plurality of the containers; and for each data block of the at least one or more data blocks,
determining that a first link in the first data chunk references data block of a corresponding container in the plurality of containers, and
verifying integrity of the first data block of the corresponding container is verified by performing a lookup of the chunk integrity table to determine whether the first data block is verified. 13. The computer-implemented method of claim 12, further comprising, for each container in the plurality of containers, storing a zero bit in association with the entry corresponding to the first data chunk in the chunk integrity table in response to a determination that least one of the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container cannot be verified. 14. The computer-implemented method of claim 12, further comprising, for each container in the plurality of containers, storing a one bit in association with the entry corresponding to the first data chunk in the chunk integrity table in response to a determination that all of the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container can be verified. 15. The computer-implemented method of claim 12, further comprising retrieving the deduplication chunk table in response to a request to verify data in a backup. 16. The computer-implemented method of claim 15, further comprising causing the chunk integrity table to be deleted after verification of the data in the backup is complete. 17. The computer-implemented method of claim 12, wherein the corresponding container in the plurality of containers is verified if the one or more data blocks stored in the corresponding container are also decompressible, and decryptable. 18. The computer-implemented method of claim 12, wherein, for each container in the plurality of containers, the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container are referenced by one or more links in the first data chunk. 19. The computer-implemented method of claim 12, further comprising retrieving the first data file based on an index stored in the first data chunk. 20. An information management system configured to verify integrity of deduplication data, the information management system comprising:
one or more computing devices comprising computer hardware configured to:
retrieve a first data file associated with a first data chunk, wherein the first data file comprises a plurality of containers that each store one or more data blocks;
for each container in the plurality of containers,
perform a data integrity verification of corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container, wherein the data integrity verification includes determining whether the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container is valid, and
store results of the data integrity verification of the corresponding one or more data blocks of the respective container in a chunk integrity table;
receive a request to verify integrity of at least one or more data blocks referenced in the plurality of containers; and
for each data block of the at least one or more data blocks,
verify integrity of the data block of the corresponding container by performing a lookup of the chunk integrity table to determine whether the at least one or more data blocks is verified. | 3,700 |
342,052 | 16,802,386 | 3,725 | An organic light emitting display device includes an overcoating layer on a substrate; a first electrode on the overcoating layer; a bank layer on the overcoating layer and the first electrode, the bank layer including an opening through which the first electrode is exposed; a pattern layer having an island shape on the exposed portion of the first electrode; an organic emission layer on the first electrode and the pattern layer; and a second electrode on the organic emission layer. | 1. An organic light emitting display device, comprising:
a substrate; a thin film transistor on the substrate; a flattening layer on the thin film transistor; an overcoating layer on the flattening layer; a color filter between the flattening layer and the overcoating layer; a first electrode on the overcoating layer and electrically connected to the thin film transistor; an organic emission layer on the first electrode; and a second electrode on the organic emission layer, wherein the overcoating layer includes a plurality of concave portions between the color filter and the first electrode. 2. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 1,
wherein the overcoating layer further includes a connection portion between the plurality of concave portions, and wherein at least one of the connection portion and the concave portions is configured to have a hexagonal shape, an overall hemispherical shape, semi-elliptical shape or square shape in a plane view. 3. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 1, wherein the overcoating layer further includes a connection portion between the plurality of concave portions, and
wherein the connection portion is a higher portion between the concave portions adjacent to each other, or wherein the connection portion is a flattening portion between the concave portions adjacent to each other. 4. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of concave portions is configured to have a hexagonal honeycomb structure in a plane view. 5. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 1,
wherein the overcoating layer further includes an opening to expose a portion of the color filter, wherein the first electrode includes a plurality of concave portions contacted with the color filter through the opening of the overcoating layer. 6. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 5, further comprising a pattern layer interposed between each of the plurality of concave portions of the first electrode and the organic emission layer. 7. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 6, wherein the pattern layer is filled in each of the concave portions of the first electrode by more than half,
wherein the pattern layer has an island shape, or wherein a lower surface of the pattern layer has a curved surface shape, and an upper surface of the pattern layer has a flat surface shape, or wherein an upper surface of the pattern layer in contact with the organic emission layer is planar. 8. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a pattern layer interposed between each of the plurality of concave portions of the first electrode and the organic emission layer; and an emission area overlapping with the color filter, wherein the overcoating layer further includes a connection portion between the plurality of concave portions, and wherein the emission area includes: an effective emission area overlapping with the connection portion and configured to have a convex surface shape, and a non-effective emission area overlapping with the pattern layer and configured to have a flat surface shape. 9. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a bank layer disposed on the overcoating layer and the first electrode, the bank layer including an opening through which the first electrode is exposed; and a pattern layer interposed between the first electrode and the organic emission layer overlapping with each of the plurality of concave portions, wherein the pattern layer includes a same material as the bank layer, or wherein the pattern layer has a low height than the bank pattern. 10. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of concave portions are arranged in a line along the first direction and staggered along the second direction. 11. An organic light emitting display device, comprising:
a substrate; and a plurality of pixels disposed on the substrate, wherein each of the plurality of pixels includes: a thin film transistor on the substrate; a flattening layer on the thin film transistor; a color filter on the flattening layer; an overcoating layer on the flattening layer and the color filter, and including a plurality of concave portions on the color filter; and an organic light emitting diode on the overcoating layer, 12. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 11, wherein the each of the plurality of pixels includes an emission area on the color filter,
wherein the emission area includes: an effective emission area on each of the plurality of concave portions and configured to have a convex surface shape, and a non-effective emission area disposed between the effective emission areas and configured to have a flat surface shape. 13. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 11,
wherein the overcoating layer further includes a connection portion between the plurality of concave portions, and wherein at least one of the connection portion and the concave portions is configured to have a hexagonal shape, an overall hemispherical shape, semi-elliptical shape or square shape in a plane view, or wherein the plurality of concave portions is configured to have a hexagonal honeycomb structure in a plane view. 14. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 11, wherein the overcoating layer further includes a connection portion between the plurality of concave portions, and
wherein the connection portion is a higher portion between the concave portions adjacent to each other, or wherein the connection portion is a flattening portion between the concave portions adjacent to each other. 15. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 11, wherein the organic light emitting diode includes an organic emission layer,
wherein in the emission area, a surface morphology of the organic emission layer differs from a surface morphology of the overcoating layer. 16. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 15, wherein the organic light emitting diode further includes a first electrode interposed between the overcoating layer and the organic emission layer, and electrically connected to the thin film transistor,
wherein the overcoating layer further includes an opening to expose a portion of the color filter overlapping with the non-effective emission area, and wherein the first electrode includes a plurality of concave portions contacted with the color filter through the opening of the overcoating layer. 17. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 15, wherein the organic light emitting diode includes a pattern layer on the non-effective emission area. 18. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 17, wherein the pattern layer has an island shape, or
wherein a lower surface of the pattern layer has a curved surface shape, and an upper surface of the pattern layer has a flat surface shape, or wherein an upper surface of the pattern layer in contact with the organic emission layer is planar. 19. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 17,
wherein the organic light emitting diode further includes a first electrode interposed between the overcoating layer and the organic emission layer, and electrically connected to the thin film transistor, and wherein the pattern layer is interposed between the first electrode and the organic emission layer overlapping each of the plurality of concave portions in the emission area, and wherein a surface morphology of the organic emission layer differs from a surface morphology of the first electrode. 20. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 19, further comprising a bank layer disposed on the overcoating layer and the first electrode, the bank layer including an opening through which the first electrode is exposed, and
wherein the organic emission layer is disposed on the first electrode, the pattern layer, and the bank layer, wherein the pattern layer includes a same material as the bank layer, or wherein the pattern layer has a low height than the bank pattern. | An organic light emitting display device includes an overcoating layer on a substrate; a first electrode on the overcoating layer; a bank layer on the overcoating layer and the first electrode, the bank layer including an opening through which the first electrode is exposed; a pattern layer having an island shape on the exposed portion of the first electrode; an organic emission layer on the first electrode and the pattern layer; and a second electrode on the organic emission layer.1. An organic light emitting display device, comprising:
a substrate; a thin film transistor on the substrate; a flattening layer on the thin film transistor; an overcoating layer on the flattening layer; a color filter between the flattening layer and the overcoating layer; a first electrode on the overcoating layer and electrically connected to the thin film transistor; an organic emission layer on the first electrode; and a second electrode on the organic emission layer, wherein the overcoating layer includes a plurality of concave portions between the color filter and the first electrode. 2. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 1,
wherein the overcoating layer further includes a connection portion between the plurality of concave portions, and wherein at least one of the connection portion and the concave portions is configured to have a hexagonal shape, an overall hemispherical shape, semi-elliptical shape or square shape in a plane view. 3. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 1, wherein the overcoating layer further includes a connection portion between the plurality of concave portions, and
wherein the connection portion is a higher portion between the concave portions adjacent to each other, or wherein the connection portion is a flattening portion between the concave portions adjacent to each other. 4. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of concave portions is configured to have a hexagonal honeycomb structure in a plane view. 5. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 1,
wherein the overcoating layer further includes an opening to expose a portion of the color filter, wherein the first electrode includes a plurality of concave portions contacted with the color filter through the opening of the overcoating layer. 6. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 5, further comprising a pattern layer interposed between each of the plurality of concave portions of the first electrode and the organic emission layer. 7. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 6, wherein the pattern layer is filled in each of the concave portions of the first electrode by more than half,
wherein the pattern layer has an island shape, or wherein a lower surface of the pattern layer has a curved surface shape, and an upper surface of the pattern layer has a flat surface shape, or wherein an upper surface of the pattern layer in contact with the organic emission layer is planar. 8. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a pattern layer interposed between each of the plurality of concave portions of the first electrode and the organic emission layer; and an emission area overlapping with the color filter, wherein the overcoating layer further includes a connection portion between the plurality of concave portions, and wherein the emission area includes: an effective emission area overlapping with the connection portion and configured to have a convex surface shape, and a non-effective emission area overlapping with the pattern layer and configured to have a flat surface shape. 9. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a bank layer disposed on the overcoating layer and the first electrode, the bank layer including an opening through which the first electrode is exposed; and a pattern layer interposed between the first electrode and the organic emission layer overlapping with each of the plurality of concave portions, wherein the pattern layer includes a same material as the bank layer, or wherein the pattern layer has a low height than the bank pattern. 10. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of concave portions are arranged in a line along the first direction and staggered along the second direction. 11. An organic light emitting display device, comprising:
a substrate; and a plurality of pixels disposed on the substrate, wherein each of the plurality of pixels includes: a thin film transistor on the substrate; a flattening layer on the thin film transistor; a color filter on the flattening layer; an overcoating layer on the flattening layer and the color filter, and including a plurality of concave portions on the color filter; and an organic light emitting diode on the overcoating layer, 12. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 11, wherein the each of the plurality of pixels includes an emission area on the color filter,
wherein the emission area includes: an effective emission area on each of the plurality of concave portions and configured to have a convex surface shape, and a non-effective emission area disposed between the effective emission areas and configured to have a flat surface shape. 13. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 11,
wherein the overcoating layer further includes a connection portion between the plurality of concave portions, and wherein at least one of the connection portion and the concave portions is configured to have a hexagonal shape, an overall hemispherical shape, semi-elliptical shape or square shape in a plane view, or wherein the plurality of concave portions is configured to have a hexagonal honeycomb structure in a plane view. 14. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 11, wherein the overcoating layer further includes a connection portion between the plurality of concave portions, and
wherein the connection portion is a higher portion between the concave portions adjacent to each other, or wherein the connection portion is a flattening portion between the concave portions adjacent to each other. 15. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 11, wherein the organic light emitting diode includes an organic emission layer,
wherein in the emission area, a surface morphology of the organic emission layer differs from a surface morphology of the overcoating layer. 16. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 15, wherein the organic light emitting diode further includes a first electrode interposed between the overcoating layer and the organic emission layer, and electrically connected to the thin film transistor,
wherein the overcoating layer further includes an opening to expose a portion of the color filter overlapping with the non-effective emission area, and wherein the first electrode includes a plurality of concave portions contacted with the color filter through the opening of the overcoating layer. 17. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 15, wherein the organic light emitting diode includes a pattern layer on the non-effective emission area. 18. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 17, wherein the pattern layer has an island shape, or
wherein a lower surface of the pattern layer has a curved surface shape, and an upper surface of the pattern layer has a flat surface shape, or wherein an upper surface of the pattern layer in contact with the organic emission layer is planar. 19. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 17,
wherein the organic light emitting diode further includes a first electrode interposed between the overcoating layer and the organic emission layer, and electrically connected to the thin film transistor, and wherein the pattern layer is interposed between the first electrode and the organic emission layer overlapping each of the plurality of concave portions in the emission area, and wherein a surface morphology of the organic emission layer differs from a surface morphology of the first electrode. 20. The organic light emitting display device according to claim 19, further comprising a bank layer disposed on the overcoating layer and the first electrode, the bank layer including an opening through which the first electrode is exposed, and
wherein the organic emission layer is disposed on the first electrode, the pattern layer, and the bank layer, wherein the pattern layer includes a same material as the bank layer, or wherein the pattern layer has a low height than the bank pattern. | 3,700 |
342,053 | 16,802,429 | 2,659 | The present disclosure relates to a method and an electronic device for substituting the name of an object for a corresponding pronoun occurring in a speech. The method includes acquiring a speech, generating text data from the speech, generate a pronoun list and first target object assumption information, recognizing objects from the images, recognizing a speaker from among the recognized objects, generate second target object assumption information, determine target objects referred to by the respective pronouns; and determine target object names corresponding to the determined target objects. Since each of the pronouns is replaced with the name of a corresponding one of the target objects, listeners or viewers who later listen to or view a record file can avoid having difficulty in understanding the content of the record file. Therefore, usability and each of use of a recording application or device can be improved. | 1. An electronic device comprising:
at least one camera configured to capture one or more images; a microphone configured to acquire speech; and at least one processor configured to: acquire the speech through the microphone; generate text data from the acquired speech; generate a pronoun list and first target object assumption information from the generated text data, wherein the first target object assumption information includes target objects assumed to be referred to by respective pronouns in the pronoun list based on contextual information from the generated text data; recognize one or more objects from the one or more images captured by the at least one camera; recognize a speaker from among the recognized one or more objects; generate second target object assumption information based at least in part on a gaze of the recognized speaker or a behavior of the recognized speaker, wherein the second target object assumption information includes information on the recognized one or more objects assumed to be indicated by the respective pronouns in the pronoun list based on image recognition; determine target objects referred to by the respective pronouns; and determine target object names corresponding to the determined target objects based on the generated first target object assumption information and the generated second target object assumption information. 2. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to replace audio portions including pronouns in the acquired speech with corresponding generated voice representations of the determined target object names or replace textual portions including the pronouns from the generated text data with corresponding text representations of the determined target object names. 3. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to associate at least one of an object image, a memo, or a hypertext representing a determined target object name to a corresponding pronoun in the generated text data. 4. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:
analyze a context of a sentence associated with each pronoun in the pronoun list; generate a target object list based on the generated second target object assumption information, wherein the target object list includes particular objects assumed to be indicated by the respective pronouns in the pronoun list; and generate confidence values for the particular target objects in the target object list based on a result of the analysis. 5. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein generating the second target object assumption information comprises:
detecting the gaze of the recognized speaker by tracking facial orientation and pupils of the recognized speaker from the one or more captured images; determining a first position corresponding to a target of the gaze of the recognized speaker or a second position indicated by the recognized speaker; and setting an area of a predetermined size in a vicinity of at least one of the first position or the second position, wherein the second target object assumption information is generated based on recognizing particular objects in the set area. 6. The electronic device of claim 1, further comprising:
a plurality of cameras each facing different orientations; wherein the one or more processors are further configured to recognize the one or more objects by: detecting the gaze of the recognized speaker by tracking facial orientation and pupils of the recognized speaker in a first image in which the recognized speaker is included from among the one or more images captured by the plurality of cameras; determining a first position corresponding to a target of the gaze of the recognized speaker or a second position indicated by the recognized speaker; recognizing a second image including at least one of the first position or the second position from among the captured one or more images based at least in part on the orientation of each of the plurality of cameras; and setting an area of a predetermined size in a vicinity of at least one of the first position or the second in the second image, wherein the second target object assumption information is generated based on recognizing particular objects in the set area. 7. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to determine that a specific target object from among the determined target objects as an object indicated by a corresponding one of the pronouns in the pronoun list when the specific target object is included in both the first target object assumption information and the second target object assumption information. 8. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the one or more objects is recognized from the captured one or more images by using artificial intelligence and the speaker is recognized from the recognized one or more objects by using artificial intelligence. 9. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein recognizing the speaker from among the recognized one or more objects comprises:
acquiring position information of the speaker when the speech is acquired through the microphone and determining whether a person is detected in an area in which the speaker is expected to be present within the captured one or more images based on the acquired position information of the speaker; wherein the speaker is recognized by determining that lips of the detected person in the area are moving when the detected person is present within the captured one or more images. 10. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to obtain third target object assumption information from an external device, and wherein the target objects are determined based at least in part on the first target object assumption information, the second target object assumption information, and the third target object assumption information. 11. A method, the method comprising:
acquiring speech through a microphone; generating text data from the acquired speech; generating a pronoun list and first target object assumption information from the generated text data, wherein the first target object assumption information includes target objects assumed to be referred to by respective pronouns in the pronoun list based on contextual information from the generated text data;
recognizing one or more objects from one or more images captured by at least one camera;
recognizing a speaker from among the recognized one or more objects; generating second target object assumption information based at least in part on a gaze of the recognized speaker or a behavior of the recognized speaker, wherein the second target object assumption information includes information on the recognized one or more objects assumed to be indicated by the respective pronouns in the pronoun list based on image recognition; determining target objects referred to by the respective pronouns; and determining target object names corresponding to the determined target objects based on the generated first target object assumption information and the generated second target object assumption information. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: replacing audio portions including pronouns in the acquired speech with corresponding generated voice representations of the determined target object names or replacing textual portions including the pronouns from the generated text data with corresponding text representations of the determined target object names. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising associating at least one of an object image, a memo, or a hypertext representing a determined target object name to a corresponding pronoun in the generated text data. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
analyzing a context of a sentence associated with each pronoun in the pronoun list; generating a target object list based on the generated second target object assumption information, wherein the target object list includes particular objects assumed to be indicated by the respective pronouns in the pronoun list; and generating confidence values for the particular target objects in the target object list based on a result of the analysis. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the generating the second target object assumption information comprises:
detecting the gaze of the recognized speaker by tracking facial orientation and pupils of the recognized speaker from the one or more captured images; determining a first position corresponding to a target of the gaze of the recognized speaker or a second position indicated by the recognized speaker; and setting an area of a predetermined size in a vicinity of at least one of the first position or the second position, wherein the second target object assumption information is generated based on recognizing particular objects in the set area. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the one or more objects are recognized by:
detecting the gaze of the recognized speaker by tracking facial orientation and pupils of the recognized speaker in a first image in which the recognized speaker is included from among one or more images captured by a plurality of cameras, wherein the plurality of cameras each face different orientations; determining a first position corresponding to a target of the gaze of the recognized speaker or a second position indicated by the recognized speaker; recognizing a second image including at least one of the first position or the second position from among the captured one or more images based at least in part on the orientation of each of the plurality of cameras; and setting an area of a predetermined size in a vicinity of at least one of the first position or the second in the second image, wherein the second target object assumption information is generated based on recognizing particular objects in the set area. 17. The method of claim 11, further comprising determining that a specific target object from among the determined target objects as an object indicated by a corresponding one of the pronouns in the pronoun list when the specific target object is included in both the first target object assumption information and the second target object assumption information. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the one or more objects is recognized from the captured one or more images by using artificial intelligence and the speaker is recognized from the recognized one or more objects by using artificial intelligence. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein recognizing the speaker from among the recognized one or more objects comprises:
acquiring position information of the speaker when the speech is acquired through the microphone and determining whether a person is detected in an area in which the speaker is expected to be present within the captured one or more images based on the acquired position information of the speaker; wherein the speaker is recognized by determining that lips of the detected person in the area are moving when the detected person is present within the captured one or more images. 20. The method of claim 11, further comprising obtaining third target object assumption information from an external device, and wherein the target objects are determined based at least in part on the first target object assumption information, the second target object assumption information, and the third target object assumption information. | The present disclosure relates to a method and an electronic device for substituting the name of an object for a corresponding pronoun occurring in a speech. The method includes acquiring a speech, generating text data from the speech, generate a pronoun list and first target object assumption information, recognizing objects from the images, recognizing a speaker from among the recognized objects, generate second target object assumption information, determine target objects referred to by the respective pronouns; and determine target object names corresponding to the determined target objects. Since each of the pronouns is replaced with the name of a corresponding one of the target objects, listeners or viewers who later listen to or view a record file can avoid having difficulty in understanding the content of the record file. Therefore, usability and each of use of a recording application or device can be improved.1. An electronic device comprising:
at least one camera configured to capture one or more images; a microphone configured to acquire speech; and at least one processor configured to: acquire the speech through the microphone; generate text data from the acquired speech; generate a pronoun list and first target object assumption information from the generated text data, wherein the first target object assumption information includes target objects assumed to be referred to by respective pronouns in the pronoun list based on contextual information from the generated text data; recognize one or more objects from the one or more images captured by the at least one camera; recognize a speaker from among the recognized one or more objects; generate second target object assumption information based at least in part on a gaze of the recognized speaker or a behavior of the recognized speaker, wherein the second target object assumption information includes information on the recognized one or more objects assumed to be indicated by the respective pronouns in the pronoun list based on image recognition; determine target objects referred to by the respective pronouns; and determine target object names corresponding to the determined target objects based on the generated first target object assumption information and the generated second target object assumption information. 2. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to replace audio portions including pronouns in the acquired speech with corresponding generated voice representations of the determined target object names or replace textual portions including the pronouns from the generated text data with corresponding text representations of the determined target object names. 3. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to associate at least one of an object image, a memo, or a hypertext representing a determined target object name to a corresponding pronoun in the generated text data. 4. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:
analyze a context of a sentence associated with each pronoun in the pronoun list; generate a target object list based on the generated second target object assumption information, wherein the target object list includes particular objects assumed to be indicated by the respective pronouns in the pronoun list; and generate confidence values for the particular target objects in the target object list based on a result of the analysis. 5. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein generating the second target object assumption information comprises:
detecting the gaze of the recognized speaker by tracking facial orientation and pupils of the recognized speaker from the one or more captured images; determining a first position corresponding to a target of the gaze of the recognized speaker or a second position indicated by the recognized speaker; and setting an area of a predetermined size in a vicinity of at least one of the first position or the second position, wherein the second target object assumption information is generated based on recognizing particular objects in the set area. 6. The electronic device of claim 1, further comprising:
a plurality of cameras each facing different orientations; wherein the one or more processors are further configured to recognize the one or more objects by: detecting the gaze of the recognized speaker by tracking facial orientation and pupils of the recognized speaker in a first image in which the recognized speaker is included from among the one or more images captured by the plurality of cameras; determining a first position corresponding to a target of the gaze of the recognized speaker or a second position indicated by the recognized speaker; recognizing a second image including at least one of the first position or the second position from among the captured one or more images based at least in part on the orientation of each of the plurality of cameras; and setting an area of a predetermined size in a vicinity of at least one of the first position or the second in the second image, wherein the second target object assumption information is generated based on recognizing particular objects in the set area. 7. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to determine that a specific target object from among the determined target objects as an object indicated by a corresponding one of the pronouns in the pronoun list when the specific target object is included in both the first target object assumption information and the second target object assumption information. 8. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the one or more objects is recognized from the captured one or more images by using artificial intelligence and the speaker is recognized from the recognized one or more objects by using artificial intelligence. 9. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein recognizing the speaker from among the recognized one or more objects comprises:
acquiring position information of the speaker when the speech is acquired through the microphone and determining whether a person is detected in an area in which the speaker is expected to be present within the captured one or more images based on the acquired position information of the speaker; wherein the speaker is recognized by determining that lips of the detected person in the area are moving when the detected person is present within the captured one or more images. 10. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to obtain third target object assumption information from an external device, and wherein the target objects are determined based at least in part on the first target object assumption information, the second target object assumption information, and the third target object assumption information. 11. A method, the method comprising:
acquiring speech through a microphone; generating text data from the acquired speech; generating a pronoun list and first target object assumption information from the generated text data, wherein the first target object assumption information includes target objects assumed to be referred to by respective pronouns in the pronoun list based on contextual information from the generated text data;
recognizing one or more objects from one or more images captured by at least one camera;
recognizing a speaker from among the recognized one or more objects; generating second target object assumption information based at least in part on a gaze of the recognized speaker or a behavior of the recognized speaker, wherein the second target object assumption information includes information on the recognized one or more objects assumed to be indicated by the respective pronouns in the pronoun list based on image recognition; determining target objects referred to by the respective pronouns; and determining target object names corresponding to the determined target objects based on the generated first target object assumption information and the generated second target object assumption information. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: replacing audio portions including pronouns in the acquired speech with corresponding generated voice representations of the determined target object names or replacing textual portions including the pronouns from the generated text data with corresponding text representations of the determined target object names. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising associating at least one of an object image, a memo, or a hypertext representing a determined target object name to a corresponding pronoun in the generated text data. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
analyzing a context of a sentence associated with each pronoun in the pronoun list; generating a target object list based on the generated second target object assumption information, wherein the target object list includes particular objects assumed to be indicated by the respective pronouns in the pronoun list; and generating confidence values for the particular target objects in the target object list based on a result of the analysis. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the generating the second target object assumption information comprises:
detecting the gaze of the recognized speaker by tracking facial orientation and pupils of the recognized speaker from the one or more captured images; determining a first position corresponding to a target of the gaze of the recognized speaker or a second position indicated by the recognized speaker; and setting an area of a predetermined size in a vicinity of at least one of the first position or the second position, wherein the second target object assumption information is generated based on recognizing particular objects in the set area. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the one or more objects are recognized by:
detecting the gaze of the recognized speaker by tracking facial orientation and pupils of the recognized speaker in a first image in which the recognized speaker is included from among one or more images captured by a plurality of cameras, wherein the plurality of cameras each face different orientations; determining a first position corresponding to a target of the gaze of the recognized speaker or a second position indicated by the recognized speaker; recognizing a second image including at least one of the first position or the second position from among the captured one or more images based at least in part on the orientation of each of the plurality of cameras; and setting an area of a predetermined size in a vicinity of at least one of the first position or the second in the second image, wherein the second target object assumption information is generated based on recognizing particular objects in the set area. 17. The method of claim 11, further comprising determining that a specific target object from among the determined target objects as an object indicated by a corresponding one of the pronouns in the pronoun list when the specific target object is included in both the first target object assumption information and the second target object assumption information. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the one or more objects is recognized from the captured one or more images by using artificial intelligence and the speaker is recognized from the recognized one or more objects by using artificial intelligence. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein recognizing the speaker from among the recognized one or more objects comprises:
acquiring position information of the speaker when the speech is acquired through the microphone and determining whether a person is detected in an area in which the speaker is expected to be present within the captured one or more images based on the acquired position information of the speaker; wherein the speaker is recognized by determining that lips of the detected person in the area are moving when the detected person is present within the captured one or more images. 20. The method of claim 11, further comprising obtaining third target object assumption information from an external device, and wherein the target objects are determined based at least in part on the first target object assumption information, the second target object assumption information, and the third target object assumption information. | 2,600 |
342,054 | 16,802,427 | 2,139 | Graphics processors for implementing multi-tile memory management are disclosed. In one embodiment, a graphics processor includes a first graphics device having a local memory, a second graphics device having a local memory, and a graphics driver to provide a single virtual allocation with a common virtual address range to mirror a resource to each local memory of the first and second graphics devices. | 1. A graphics processor for a multi-tile architecture, comprising:
a first graphics device having a local memory; a second graphics device having a local memory; and a graphics driver to provide a single virtual allocation with a common virtual address range to mirror a resource to each local memory of the first and second graphics devices. 2. The graphics processor of claim 1, wherein the single virtual allocation includes a first page table for the first graphics device and a second page table for the second graphics device with the first and second page tables providing a unified physical address space. 3. The graphics processor of claim 2, wherein the first graphics device is communicatively coupled to the second graphics device and each graphics device comprises a graphics tile of the multi-tile architecture for a process. 4. The graphics processor of claim 2, wherein the single virtual allocation to mirror the resource including physical pages for each local memory of the first and second graphics device. 5. The graphics processor of claim 1, wherein the mirrored resource comprises a read only resource. 6. The graphics processor of claim 1, wherein the first graphics device comprises a graphics processing unit. 7. The graphics processor claim 1, wherein the graphics driver comprises a kernel mode graphics driver. 8. The graphics processor claim 7, further comprising:
a user mode graphics driver to provide private data with an allocation creation request to the kernel mode graphics driver to indicate whether the resource needs to be mirrored or not along with a node mask to indicate which graphics devices will be accessing the resource. 9. A graphics processor for a multi-tile architecture, comprising:
a first graphics device having a local memory; a second graphics device having a local memory; and a graphics driver to provide a single virtual allocation with a common virtual address range to interleave physical pages of a shared resource to local memory of the first and second graphics devices. 10. The graphics processor of claim 9, wherein the single virtual allocation interleaves a first physical page to the local memory of the first graphics device and a second physical page to the local memory of the second graphics device. 11. The graphics processor of claim 9, wherein the single virtual allocation interleaves a first subset of a physical page to the local memory of the first graphics device and a second subset of the physical page to the local memory of the second graphics device. 12. The graphics processor of claim 9, wherein the first graphics device is communicatively coupled to the second graphics device. 13. The graphics processor of claim 9, wherein the shared resource comprises a shared read/write buffer. 14. The graphics processor of claim 9, further comprising:
a third graphics device having a local memory; and a fourth graphics device having a local memory, wherein the graphics driver comprises a kernel mode graphics driver to form a first group including the first and third graphics devices for rendering frame N of a display device based on a node mask. 15. The graphics processor of claim 14, wherein the kernel mode graphics driver to form a second group including the second and the fourth graphics devices for rendering frame N+1 of the display device based on the node mask. 16. The graphics processor of claim 9, wherein the first graphics device comprises a graphics tile of the multi-tile hierarchy. 17. The graphics processor of claim 9, wherein the single virtual allocation with a common virtual address range to partition a render target on a per graphics device basis. 18. The graphics processor of claim 17, wherein the single virtual allocation to allocate a first page of the render target to the local memory of the first graphics device and to allocate a second page of the render target to the local memory of the second graphics device. 19. A graphics processor for a multi-tile architecture, comprising:
a first graphics device having a local memory; a second graphics device having a local memory; and a graphics driver to provide a heap with a common virtual address range for mapping virtual addresses of at least one resource into the heap and to interleave the at least one resource into local memory of the first and second graphics devices. 20. The graphics processor of claim 19, wherein the heap interleaves a first physical page to the local memory of the first graphics device and a second physical page to the local memory of the second graphics device. 21. The graphics processor of claim 19, wherein the heap interleaves a first subset of a physical page to the local memory of the first graphics device and a second subset of the physical page to the local memory of the second graphics device. 22. The graphics processor of claim 19, wherein the at least one resource comprises a first resource including a texture and a second resource including a buffer. 23. A graphics processor, comprising:
a first graphics device having a local memory; a second graphics device having a local memory; a communication link to couple the first and second graphics devices; and a memory management unit is configured to utilize a single virtual allocation with a common virtual address range to mirror a resource or to interleave physical pages of the resource to the local memory of the first and second graphics devices. 24. The graphics processor of claim 23, wherein the memory management unit is further configured with a monitoring feature to monitor accesses to the communication link, the local memory of the first graphics device, the local memory of the second graphics device, to allocate data from resources to the first and second graphics devices, and to change allocation of the data to the first and second graphics devices based on the monitoring feature. 25. The graphics processor of claim 23, wherein the single virtual allocation interleaves a first physical page to the local memory of the first graphics device and a second physical page to the local memory of the second graphics device. | Graphics processors for implementing multi-tile memory management are disclosed. In one embodiment, a graphics processor includes a first graphics device having a local memory, a second graphics device having a local memory, and a graphics driver to provide a single virtual allocation with a common virtual address range to mirror a resource to each local memory of the first and second graphics devices.1. A graphics processor for a multi-tile architecture, comprising:
a first graphics device having a local memory; a second graphics device having a local memory; and a graphics driver to provide a single virtual allocation with a common virtual address range to mirror a resource to each local memory of the first and second graphics devices. 2. The graphics processor of claim 1, wherein the single virtual allocation includes a first page table for the first graphics device and a second page table for the second graphics device with the first and second page tables providing a unified physical address space. 3. The graphics processor of claim 2, wherein the first graphics device is communicatively coupled to the second graphics device and each graphics device comprises a graphics tile of the multi-tile architecture for a process. 4. The graphics processor of claim 2, wherein the single virtual allocation to mirror the resource including physical pages for each local memory of the first and second graphics device. 5. The graphics processor of claim 1, wherein the mirrored resource comprises a read only resource. 6. The graphics processor of claim 1, wherein the first graphics device comprises a graphics processing unit. 7. The graphics processor claim 1, wherein the graphics driver comprises a kernel mode graphics driver. 8. The graphics processor claim 7, further comprising:
a user mode graphics driver to provide private data with an allocation creation request to the kernel mode graphics driver to indicate whether the resource needs to be mirrored or not along with a node mask to indicate which graphics devices will be accessing the resource. 9. A graphics processor for a multi-tile architecture, comprising:
a first graphics device having a local memory; a second graphics device having a local memory; and a graphics driver to provide a single virtual allocation with a common virtual address range to interleave physical pages of a shared resource to local memory of the first and second graphics devices. 10. The graphics processor of claim 9, wherein the single virtual allocation interleaves a first physical page to the local memory of the first graphics device and a second physical page to the local memory of the second graphics device. 11. The graphics processor of claim 9, wherein the single virtual allocation interleaves a first subset of a physical page to the local memory of the first graphics device and a second subset of the physical page to the local memory of the second graphics device. 12. The graphics processor of claim 9, wherein the first graphics device is communicatively coupled to the second graphics device. 13. The graphics processor of claim 9, wherein the shared resource comprises a shared read/write buffer. 14. The graphics processor of claim 9, further comprising:
a third graphics device having a local memory; and a fourth graphics device having a local memory, wherein the graphics driver comprises a kernel mode graphics driver to form a first group including the first and third graphics devices for rendering frame N of a display device based on a node mask. 15. The graphics processor of claim 14, wherein the kernel mode graphics driver to form a second group including the second and the fourth graphics devices for rendering frame N+1 of the display device based on the node mask. 16. The graphics processor of claim 9, wherein the first graphics device comprises a graphics tile of the multi-tile hierarchy. 17. The graphics processor of claim 9, wherein the single virtual allocation with a common virtual address range to partition a render target on a per graphics device basis. 18. The graphics processor of claim 17, wherein the single virtual allocation to allocate a first page of the render target to the local memory of the first graphics device and to allocate a second page of the render target to the local memory of the second graphics device. 19. A graphics processor for a multi-tile architecture, comprising:
a first graphics device having a local memory; a second graphics device having a local memory; and a graphics driver to provide a heap with a common virtual address range for mapping virtual addresses of at least one resource into the heap and to interleave the at least one resource into local memory of the first and second graphics devices. 20. The graphics processor of claim 19, wherein the heap interleaves a first physical page to the local memory of the first graphics device and a second physical page to the local memory of the second graphics device. 21. The graphics processor of claim 19, wherein the heap interleaves a first subset of a physical page to the local memory of the first graphics device and a second subset of the physical page to the local memory of the second graphics device. 22. The graphics processor of claim 19, wherein the at least one resource comprises a first resource including a texture and a second resource including a buffer. 23. A graphics processor, comprising:
a first graphics device having a local memory; a second graphics device having a local memory; a communication link to couple the first and second graphics devices; and a memory management unit is configured to utilize a single virtual allocation with a common virtual address range to mirror a resource or to interleave physical pages of the resource to the local memory of the first and second graphics devices. 24. The graphics processor of claim 23, wherein the memory management unit is further configured with a monitoring feature to monitor accesses to the communication link, the local memory of the first graphics device, the local memory of the second graphics device, to allocate data from resources to the first and second graphics devices, and to change allocation of the data to the first and second graphics devices based on the monitoring feature. 25. The graphics processor of claim 23, wherein the single virtual allocation interleaves a first physical page to the local memory of the first graphics device and a second physical page to the local memory of the second graphics device. | 2,100 |
342,055 | 16,802,448 | 2,139 | A video decoder that implements a mutually exclusive grouping of coding modes is provided. The video decoder receives data for a block of pixels to be decoded as a current block of a current picture of a video. When a first coding mode for the current block is enabled, a second coding mode is disabled for the current block, wherein the first and second coding modes specify different methods for computing an inter-prediction for the current block. The current block is decoded by using an inter-prediction that is computed according to an enabled coding mode. | 1. A video decoding method comprising:
receiving data for a block of pixels to be decoded as a current block of a current picture of a video; when a first coding mode for the current block is enabled, disabling a second coding mode for the current block, wherein the first and second coding modes specify different methods for computing an inter-prediction for the current block; and decoding the current block by using an inter-prediction that is computed according to an enabled coding mode. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein a particular set of two or more coding modes comprises the first and second coding modes, and wherein when the first coding mode is enabled, disabling all coding modes in the particular set of coding modes except the first coding mode. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the particular set of coding modes comprises generalized bi-prediction (GBI), decoder-side motion vector refinement (DMVR), and combined inter and intra prediction (CIIP), and wherein:
GBI is a coding mode in which the video decoder performs weighted averaging of two prediction signals in two different directions to generate the inter-prediction, DMVR is a coding mode in which the video decoder searches for a refined motion vector around an initial motion vector and uses the refined motion vector to generate the inter-prediction, and CIIP is a coding mode in which the video decoder combines an inter-prediction signal with an intra-prediction signal to generate the inter-prediction. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the particular set of coding modes comprises generalized bi-prediction (GBI), bi-directional optical flow (BDOF), and combined inter and intra prediction (CIIP), and wherein:
GBI is a coding mode in which the video decoder performs weighted averaging of two prediction signals in two different directions to generate the inter-prediction, BDOF is a coding mode in which the video decoder calculates a motion refinement to minimize distortion between prediction samples of different directions and adjusts the inter-prediction based on the calculated refinement, and CIIP is a coding mode in which the video decoder combines an inter-prediction signal with an intra-prediction signal to generate the inter-prediction. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first coding mode is combined inter and intra prediction (CIIP) and the second coding mode is generalized bi-prediction (GBI). 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first coding mode is generalized bi-prediction (GBI) and the second coding mode is bi-directional optical flow (BDOF). 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first coding mode is generalized bi-prediction (GBI) and the second coding mode is decoder-side motion vector refinement (DMVR). 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first coding mode is combined inter and intra prediction (CIIP) and the second coding mode is bi-directional optical flow (BDOF). 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first coding mode is combined inter and intra prediction (CIIP) and the second coding mode is decoder-side motion vector refinement (DMVR). 10. An electronic apparatus comprising:
a video decoder circuit configured to perform operations comprising:
receiving data for a block of pixels to be decoded as a current block of a current picture of a video;
when a first coding mode for the current block is enabled, disabling a second coding mode for the current block, wherein the first and second coding modes specify different methods for computing an inter-prediction for the current block; and
decoding the current block by using an inter-prediction that is computed according to an enabled coding mode. 11. The electronic apparatus of claim 10, wherein a particular set of two or more coding modes comprises the first and second coding modes, and wherein when the first coding mode is enabled, disabling all coding modes in the particular set of coding modes except the first coding mode. 12. The electronic apparatus of claim 10, wherein the particular set of coding modes comprises generalized bi-prediction (GBI), decoder-side motion vector refinement (DMVR), and combined inter and intra prediction (CIIP), and wherein:
GBI is a coding mode in which the video decoder performs weighted averaging of two prediction signals in two different directions to generate the inter-prediction, DMVR is a coding mode in which the video decoder searches for a refined motion vector around an initial motion vector and uses the refined motion vector to generate the inter-prediction, and CIIP is a coding mode in which the video decoder combines an inter-prediction signal with an intra-prediction signal to generate the inter-prediction. 13. The electronic apparatus of claim 10, wherein the particular set of coding modes comprises generalized bi-prediction (GBI), bi-directional optical flow (BDOF), and combined inter and intra prediction (CIIP), and wherein:
GBI is a coding mode in which the video decoder performs weighted averaging of two prediction signals in two different directions to generate the inter-prediction, BDOF is a coding mode in which the video decoder calculates a motion refinement to minimize distortion between prediction samples of different directions and adjusts the inter-prediction based on the calculated refinement, and CIIP is a coding mode in which the video decoder combines an inter-prediction signal with an intra-prediction signal to generate the inter-prediction. | A video decoder that implements a mutually exclusive grouping of coding modes is provided. The video decoder receives data for a block of pixels to be decoded as a current block of a current picture of a video. When a first coding mode for the current block is enabled, a second coding mode is disabled for the current block, wherein the first and second coding modes specify different methods for computing an inter-prediction for the current block. The current block is decoded by using an inter-prediction that is computed according to an enabled coding mode.1. A video decoding method comprising:
receiving data for a block of pixels to be decoded as a current block of a current picture of a video; when a first coding mode for the current block is enabled, disabling a second coding mode for the current block, wherein the first and second coding modes specify different methods for computing an inter-prediction for the current block; and decoding the current block by using an inter-prediction that is computed according to an enabled coding mode. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein a particular set of two or more coding modes comprises the first and second coding modes, and wherein when the first coding mode is enabled, disabling all coding modes in the particular set of coding modes except the first coding mode. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the particular set of coding modes comprises generalized bi-prediction (GBI), decoder-side motion vector refinement (DMVR), and combined inter and intra prediction (CIIP), and wherein:
GBI is a coding mode in which the video decoder performs weighted averaging of two prediction signals in two different directions to generate the inter-prediction, DMVR is a coding mode in which the video decoder searches for a refined motion vector around an initial motion vector and uses the refined motion vector to generate the inter-prediction, and CIIP is a coding mode in which the video decoder combines an inter-prediction signal with an intra-prediction signal to generate the inter-prediction. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the particular set of coding modes comprises generalized bi-prediction (GBI), bi-directional optical flow (BDOF), and combined inter and intra prediction (CIIP), and wherein:
GBI is a coding mode in which the video decoder performs weighted averaging of two prediction signals in two different directions to generate the inter-prediction, BDOF is a coding mode in which the video decoder calculates a motion refinement to minimize distortion between prediction samples of different directions and adjusts the inter-prediction based on the calculated refinement, and CIIP is a coding mode in which the video decoder combines an inter-prediction signal with an intra-prediction signal to generate the inter-prediction. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first coding mode is combined inter and intra prediction (CIIP) and the second coding mode is generalized bi-prediction (GBI). 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first coding mode is generalized bi-prediction (GBI) and the second coding mode is bi-directional optical flow (BDOF). 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first coding mode is generalized bi-prediction (GBI) and the second coding mode is decoder-side motion vector refinement (DMVR). 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first coding mode is combined inter and intra prediction (CIIP) and the second coding mode is bi-directional optical flow (BDOF). 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first coding mode is combined inter and intra prediction (CIIP) and the second coding mode is decoder-side motion vector refinement (DMVR). 10. An electronic apparatus comprising:
a video decoder circuit configured to perform operations comprising:
receiving data for a block of pixels to be decoded as a current block of a current picture of a video;
when a first coding mode for the current block is enabled, disabling a second coding mode for the current block, wherein the first and second coding modes specify different methods for computing an inter-prediction for the current block; and
decoding the current block by using an inter-prediction that is computed according to an enabled coding mode. 11. The electronic apparatus of claim 10, wherein a particular set of two or more coding modes comprises the first and second coding modes, and wherein when the first coding mode is enabled, disabling all coding modes in the particular set of coding modes except the first coding mode. 12. The electronic apparatus of claim 10, wherein the particular set of coding modes comprises generalized bi-prediction (GBI), decoder-side motion vector refinement (DMVR), and combined inter and intra prediction (CIIP), and wherein:
GBI is a coding mode in which the video decoder performs weighted averaging of two prediction signals in two different directions to generate the inter-prediction, DMVR is a coding mode in which the video decoder searches for a refined motion vector around an initial motion vector and uses the refined motion vector to generate the inter-prediction, and CIIP is a coding mode in which the video decoder combines an inter-prediction signal with an intra-prediction signal to generate the inter-prediction. 13. The electronic apparatus of claim 10, wherein the particular set of coding modes comprises generalized bi-prediction (GBI), bi-directional optical flow (BDOF), and combined inter and intra prediction (CIIP), and wherein:
GBI is a coding mode in which the video decoder performs weighted averaging of two prediction signals in two different directions to generate the inter-prediction, BDOF is a coding mode in which the video decoder calculates a motion refinement to minimize distortion between prediction samples of different directions and adjusts the inter-prediction based on the calculated refinement, and CIIP is a coding mode in which the video decoder combines an inter-prediction signal with an intra-prediction signal to generate the inter-prediction. | 2,100 |
342,056 | 16,802,401 | 2,139 | A touch sensitive mechanical keyboard configured to enable a standard look and feel mechanical keyboard to sense fine hand/finger motion over the surface of the keys. Command and cursor input (e.g., pointing and gestures) can be received from the user on the touch sensitive mechanical keyboard without requiring the user to move the user's hand off the keyboard. Fine hand/finger motion detection can be enabled by embedding clusters of capacitive sensors near the surface of the keyboard's keys. The touch sensitive mechanical keyboard can operate in two or more modes—e.g., a typing mode and a mouse mode—and operating the keyboard in mouse mode or switching between the modes can be facilitated by holding (depressing and holding) or tapping (depressing and releasing) arbitrary combinations of keys, or by detecting the number of fingers touching the touch sensitive mechanical keyboard. | 1. A touch input system, comprising:
a touch sensitive keyboard including a plurality of keys,
each key of the plurality of keys having a touch surface including a plurality of sensor nodes, each sensor node configurable for detecting an object touching or in proximity to the sensor node and generating one of a plurality of first signals, and
each key of the plurality of keys configurable for detecting a depression of that key and generating one of a plurality of second signals; and
a processor communicatively coupled to the touch sensitive keyboard, the processor configured for, upon a detection of one or more key depressions, causing the touch sensitive keyboard to switch between operating in a typing mode and operating in a mouse mode. 2. The touch input system of claim 1, the processor further configured for detecting a holding down of one or more keys and causing the touch sensitive keyboard to switch from the typing mode to the mouse mode. 3. The touch input system of claim 1, the processor further configured for detecting a holding down of an arbitrary combination of keys to cause the touch sensitive keyboard to switch from the typing mode to the mouse mode. 4. The touch input system of claim 1, the processor further configured for detecting a holding down of a predetermined number of keys to cause the touch sensitive keyboard to switch from the typing mode to the mouse mode. 5. The touch input system of claim 4, wherein the predetermined number of keys comprise adjacent keys. 6. The touch input system of claim 1, the processor further configured for causing the touch sensitive keyboard to operate in the mouse mode when a holding down of a dedicated key is detected. 7. The touch input system of claim 1, wherein after the processor causes the touch sensitive keyboard to operate in the mouse mode, the processor is further configured for using the plurality of first signals to detect a gesture. 8. The touch input system of claim 1, the processor further configured for detecting a tapping of one or more keys and causing the touch sensitive keyboard to switch between operating in the typing mode and operating in the mouse mode. 9. The touch input system of claim 1, the processor further configured for detecting a tapping of an arbitrary combination of keys to cause the touch sensitive keyboard to switch from the typing mode to the mouse mode. 10. The touch input system of claim 1, the processor further configured for detecting a tapping of a predetermined number of keys to cause the touch sensitive keyboard to switch from the typing mode to the mouse mode. 11. The touch input system of claim 10, wherein the predetermined number of keys comprise adjacent keys. 12. The touch input system of claim 1, the processor further configured to cause the touch sensitive keyboard to operate in the mouse mode when a tapping of a dedicated key is detected. 13. A method for operating a touch sensitive keyboard including a plurality of keys, comprising:
upon detecting one or more key depressions at the plurality of keys, causing the touch sensitive keyboard to switch between operating in a typing mode and operating in a mouse mode; when operating in the mouse mode, detecting an object touching or in proximity to one or more sensor nodes of a plurality of sensor nodes on a touch surface of each of one or more keys of the plurality of keys and generating one of a plurality of first signals; and when operating in the typing mode, detecting a depression of one or more keys of the plurality of keys and generating one of a plurality of second signals. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising detecting a holding down of one or more keys and causing the touch sensitive keyboard to switch from the typing mode to the mouse mode. 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising detecting a holding down of an arbitrary combination of keys to cause the touch sensitive keyboard to switch from the typing mode to the mouse mode. 16. The method of claim 13, further comprising detecting a holding down of a predetermined number of keys to cause the touch sensitive keyboard to switch from the typing mode to the mouse mode. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the predetermined number of keys comprise adjacent keys. 18. The method of claim 13, further comprising causing the touch sensitive keyboard to operate in the mouse mode when a holding down of a dedicated key is detected. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein after causing the touch sensitive keyboard to operate in the mouse mode, the method further comprises using the plurality of first signals to detect a gesture. 20. The method of claim 13, further comprising detecting a tapping of one or more keys and causing the touch sensitive keyboard to switch between operating in the typing mode and operating in the mouse mode. 21. The method of claim 13, further comprising detecting a tapping of an arbitrary combination of keys to cause the touch sensitive keyboard to switch from the typing mode to the mouse mode. 22. The method of claim 13, further comprising detecting a tapping of a predetermined number of keys to cause the touch sensitive keyboard to switch from the typing mode to the mouse mode. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the predetermined number of keys comprise adjacent keys. 24. The method of claim 13, further comprising causing the touch sensitive keyboard to operate in the mouse mode when a tapping of a dedicated key is detected. | A touch sensitive mechanical keyboard configured to enable a standard look and feel mechanical keyboard to sense fine hand/finger motion over the surface of the keys. Command and cursor input (e.g., pointing and gestures) can be received from the user on the touch sensitive mechanical keyboard without requiring the user to move the user's hand off the keyboard. Fine hand/finger motion detection can be enabled by embedding clusters of capacitive sensors near the surface of the keyboard's keys. The touch sensitive mechanical keyboard can operate in two or more modes—e.g., a typing mode and a mouse mode—and operating the keyboard in mouse mode or switching between the modes can be facilitated by holding (depressing and holding) or tapping (depressing and releasing) arbitrary combinations of keys, or by detecting the number of fingers touching the touch sensitive mechanical keyboard.1. A touch input system, comprising:
a touch sensitive keyboard including a plurality of keys,
each key of the plurality of keys having a touch surface including a plurality of sensor nodes, each sensor node configurable for detecting an object touching or in proximity to the sensor node and generating one of a plurality of first signals, and
each key of the plurality of keys configurable for detecting a depression of that key and generating one of a plurality of second signals; and
a processor communicatively coupled to the touch sensitive keyboard, the processor configured for, upon a detection of one or more key depressions, causing the touch sensitive keyboard to switch between operating in a typing mode and operating in a mouse mode. 2. The touch input system of claim 1, the processor further configured for detecting a holding down of one or more keys and causing the touch sensitive keyboard to switch from the typing mode to the mouse mode. 3. The touch input system of claim 1, the processor further configured for detecting a holding down of an arbitrary combination of keys to cause the touch sensitive keyboard to switch from the typing mode to the mouse mode. 4. The touch input system of claim 1, the processor further configured for detecting a holding down of a predetermined number of keys to cause the touch sensitive keyboard to switch from the typing mode to the mouse mode. 5. The touch input system of claim 4, wherein the predetermined number of keys comprise adjacent keys. 6. The touch input system of claim 1, the processor further configured for causing the touch sensitive keyboard to operate in the mouse mode when a holding down of a dedicated key is detected. 7. The touch input system of claim 1, wherein after the processor causes the touch sensitive keyboard to operate in the mouse mode, the processor is further configured for using the plurality of first signals to detect a gesture. 8. The touch input system of claim 1, the processor further configured for detecting a tapping of one or more keys and causing the touch sensitive keyboard to switch between operating in the typing mode and operating in the mouse mode. 9. The touch input system of claim 1, the processor further configured for detecting a tapping of an arbitrary combination of keys to cause the touch sensitive keyboard to switch from the typing mode to the mouse mode. 10. The touch input system of claim 1, the processor further configured for detecting a tapping of a predetermined number of keys to cause the touch sensitive keyboard to switch from the typing mode to the mouse mode. 11. The touch input system of claim 10, wherein the predetermined number of keys comprise adjacent keys. 12. The touch input system of claim 1, the processor further configured to cause the touch sensitive keyboard to operate in the mouse mode when a tapping of a dedicated key is detected. 13. A method for operating a touch sensitive keyboard including a plurality of keys, comprising:
upon detecting one or more key depressions at the plurality of keys, causing the touch sensitive keyboard to switch between operating in a typing mode and operating in a mouse mode; when operating in the mouse mode, detecting an object touching or in proximity to one or more sensor nodes of a plurality of sensor nodes on a touch surface of each of one or more keys of the plurality of keys and generating one of a plurality of first signals; and when operating in the typing mode, detecting a depression of one or more keys of the plurality of keys and generating one of a plurality of second signals. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising detecting a holding down of one or more keys and causing the touch sensitive keyboard to switch from the typing mode to the mouse mode. 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising detecting a holding down of an arbitrary combination of keys to cause the touch sensitive keyboard to switch from the typing mode to the mouse mode. 16. The method of claim 13, further comprising detecting a holding down of a predetermined number of keys to cause the touch sensitive keyboard to switch from the typing mode to the mouse mode. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the predetermined number of keys comprise adjacent keys. 18. The method of claim 13, further comprising causing the touch sensitive keyboard to operate in the mouse mode when a holding down of a dedicated key is detected. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein after causing the touch sensitive keyboard to operate in the mouse mode, the method further comprises using the plurality of first signals to detect a gesture. 20. The method of claim 13, further comprising detecting a tapping of one or more keys and causing the touch sensitive keyboard to switch between operating in the typing mode and operating in the mouse mode. 21. The method of claim 13, further comprising detecting a tapping of an arbitrary combination of keys to cause the touch sensitive keyboard to switch from the typing mode to the mouse mode. 22. The method of claim 13, further comprising detecting a tapping of a predetermined number of keys to cause the touch sensitive keyboard to switch from the typing mode to the mouse mode. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the predetermined number of keys comprise adjacent keys. 24. The method of claim 13, further comprising causing the touch sensitive keyboard to operate in the mouse mode when a tapping of a dedicated key is detected. | 2,100 |
342,057 | 16,802,359 | 2,139 | Systems and methods for storage pruning can enable users to delete, edit, or copy backed up data that matches a pattern. Storage pruning can enable fine-grain deletion or copying of files from backups stored in secondary storage devices. Systems and methods can also enable editing of metadata associated with backups so that when the backups are restored or browsed, the logical edits to the metadata can then be performed physically on the data to create a custom restore or a custom view. A user may perform operations such as renaming, deleting, modifying flags, and modifying retention policies on backed up items. Although the underlying data in the backup may not change, the view of the backup data when the user browses the backup data can appear to include the user's changes. A restore of the data can cause those changes to be performed on the backup data. | 1. A method for manually managing secondary copies of data, the method comprising:
by a computing system comprising one or more computing devices,
generating primary data in a native format associated with an application installed on a source computing device, wherein the source computing device is configured to store the primary data in a primary data store;
by a secondary storage computing device in networked communication with the source computing device, storing a copy at least a portion of the primary data in the native format in a secondary data store; generating a first graphical user interface for presentation to a user, wherein the graphical user interface allows the user to modify metadata associated with a file, receiving a request from a user provided via the first graphical user interface to modify metadata associated with a selected file of a plurality of files, based on the modification requested by the user, modifying a first version of the metadata associated with the selected file and store the modified version in a metadata index without removing or modifying the first version of the metadata associated with the selected file, and using the modified version of the metadata associated with the selected file to generate a second graphical user interface to display at least some of the modified version of the metadata associated with the selected file and display at least some content of the selected file. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
deleting selected files containing a user-defined textual pattern without physically deleting the selected files from the secondary data store. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the modification to the metadata is a file name change. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the metadata index is maintained by a secondary storage editor. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
receiving a request to restore one or more files including the selected file from the secondary data store to the primary data store, and
in response to the request to restore, using the first version of the metadata associated with the selected file to access the selected file from the secondary data store. 6. The method of claim 6 further comprising:
in response to the request to restore, replacing an instance of the first version of the metadata stored in the secondary data store with the modified version. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
receiving a request to prune files from secondary data storage that match a textual pattern. 8. The method of claim 7 further comprising:
in response to the request to prune files from the secondary data storage, using the modified version of the metadata to determine files that match the textual pattern, and delete from secondary storage the files that match the textual pattern. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first graphical user interface allows the user to select a file for browsing. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the second graphical user interface is generated in response to the user selecting the selected file to browse. 11. A networked data storage system for manually managing secondary copies of data, the networked data storage system comprising:
a primary data store; a secondary data store; a metadata index of the secondary copies of data, the metadata index comprising metadata associated with the secondary copies of data; a computing system comprising one or more computing devices, the one or more computing devices comprising:
a client computing device comprising an application installed thereon configured to generate primary data in a native format associated with the application, wherein the client computing device is configured to store the primary data in the primary data store, and
a secondary storage computing device in networked communication with the client computing device, the secondary storage computing device configured to store a copy at least a portion of primary data in the native format in the secondary data store;
wherein the computing system is configured to:
generate a first graphical user interface for presentation to a user, wherein the graphical user interface allows the user to modify metadata associated with a file,
receive a request from a user provided via the first graphical user interface to modify metadata associated with a selected file of a plurality of files,
based on the modification requested by the user, modify a first version of the metadata associated with the selected file,
store the modified version in the metadata index without removing or modifying the first version of the metadata associated with the selected file,
receive a request to prune files from secondary data storage that match a textual pattern,
in response to the request to the request to prune files from secondary data storage, use the modified version of the metadata to determine files that match the textual pattern, and
delete from secondary storage the files that match the textual pattern. 12. The networked data storage system of claim 11, wherein the computing system is further configured to logically delete selected files containing a user-defined textual pattern without physically deleting the selected files from the secondary data store. 13. The networked data storage system of claim 11, wherein the metadata index is maintained by a secondary storage editor. 14. The networked data storage system of claim 11, wherein the computing system is further configured to:
receive a request to restore one or more files including the selected file from the secondary data store to the primary data store, and in response to the request to restore, use the first version of the metadata associated with the selected file to access the selected file from the secondary data store. 15. The networked data storage system of claim 14, wherein the computing system is further configured to, in response to the request to restore, replace an instance of the first version of the metadata stored in the secondary data store with the modified version. 16. The networked data storage system of claim 11, wherein the first graphical user interface allows the user to select a file for browsing. 17. The networked data storage system of claim 11, wherein the computing system is further configured to:
subsequent to storing the modified version of the metadata associated with the selected file, receive a request to browse the selected file, and in response to the browse request, use the modified version of the metadata associated with the selected file to generate a second graphical user interface to display at least some of the modified version of the metadata associated with the selected file and display at least some content of the selected file. 18. A networked data storage system for manually managing secondary copies of data, the networked data storage system comprising:
a primary data store; a secondary data store; a metadata index of the secondary copies of data, the metadata index comprising metadata associated with the secondary copies of data; a computing system comprising one or more computing devices, the one or more computing devices comprising:
a client computing device comprising an application installed thereon configured to generate primary data in a native format associated with the application, wherein the client computing device is configured to store the primary data in the primary data store, and
a secondary storage computing device in networked communication with the client computing device, the secondary storage computing device configured to store a copy at least a portion of primary data in the native format in the secondary data store;
wherein the computing system is configured to:
generate a first graphical user interface for presentation to a user, wherein the graphical user interface allows the user to modify metadata associated with a file,
receive a request from a user provided via the first graphical user interface to modify metadata associated with a selected file of a plurality of files,
based on the modification requested by the user, modify a first version of the metadata associated with the selected file,
store the modified version in the metadata index without removing or modifying the first version of the metadata associated with the selected file,
receive a request to restore one or more files including the selected file from the secondary data store to the primary data store, and
in response to the request to restore, use the first version of the metadata associated with the selected file to access the selected file from the secondary data store. 19. The networked data storage system of claim 18, wherein the computing system is further configured to, in response to the request to restore, replace an instance of the first version of the metadata stored in the secondary data store with the modified version. 20. The networked data storage system of claim 18, wherein the computing system is further configured to logically delete selected files containing a user-defined textual pattern without physically deleting the selected files from the secondary data store. 21. The networked data storage system of claim 18, wherein the computing system is further configured to receive a request to prune files from secondary data storage that match a textual pattern. 22. The networked data storage system of claim 21, wherein the computing system is further configured to:
in response to the request to prune files from the secondary data storage, use the modified version of the metadata to determine files that match the textual pattern, and delete from secondary storage the files that match the textual pattern. | Systems and methods for storage pruning can enable users to delete, edit, or copy backed up data that matches a pattern. Storage pruning can enable fine-grain deletion or copying of files from backups stored in secondary storage devices. Systems and methods can also enable editing of metadata associated with backups so that when the backups are restored or browsed, the logical edits to the metadata can then be performed physically on the data to create a custom restore or a custom view. A user may perform operations such as renaming, deleting, modifying flags, and modifying retention policies on backed up items. Although the underlying data in the backup may not change, the view of the backup data when the user browses the backup data can appear to include the user's changes. A restore of the data can cause those changes to be performed on the backup data.1. A method for manually managing secondary copies of data, the method comprising:
by a computing system comprising one or more computing devices,
generating primary data in a native format associated with an application installed on a source computing device, wherein the source computing device is configured to store the primary data in a primary data store;
by a secondary storage computing device in networked communication with the source computing device, storing a copy at least a portion of the primary data in the native format in a secondary data store; generating a first graphical user interface for presentation to a user, wherein the graphical user interface allows the user to modify metadata associated with a file, receiving a request from a user provided via the first graphical user interface to modify metadata associated with a selected file of a plurality of files, based on the modification requested by the user, modifying a first version of the metadata associated with the selected file and store the modified version in a metadata index without removing or modifying the first version of the metadata associated with the selected file, and using the modified version of the metadata associated with the selected file to generate a second graphical user interface to display at least some of the modified version of the metadata associated with the selected file and display at least some content of the selected file. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
deleting selected files containing a user-defined textual pattern without physically deleting the selected files from the secondary data store. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the modification to the metadata is a file name change. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the metadata index is maintained by a secondary storage editor. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
receiving a request to restore one or more files including the selected file from the secondary data store to the primary data store, and
in response to the request to restore, using the first version of the metadata associated with the selected file to access the selected file from the secondary data store. 6. The method of claim 6 further comprising:
in response to the request to restore, replacing an instance of the first version of the metadata stored in the secondary data store with the modified version. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
receiving a request to prune files from secondary data storage that match a textual pattern. 8. The method of claim 7 further comprising:
in response to the request to prune files from the secondary data storage, using the modified version of the metadata to determine files that match the textual pattern, and delete from secondary storage the files that match the textual pattern. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first graphical user interface allows the user to select a file for browsing. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the second graphical user interface is generated in response to the user selecting the selected file to browse. 11. A networked data storage system for manually managing secondary copies of data, the networked data storage system comprising:
a primary data store; a secondary data store; a metadata index of the secondary copies of data, the metadata index comprising metadata associated with the secondary copies of data; a computing system comprising one or more computing devices, the one or more computing devices comprising:
a client computing device comprising an application installed thereon configured to generate primary data in a native format associated with the application, wherein the client computing device is configured to store the primary data in the primary data store, and
a secondary storage computing device in networked communication with the client computing device, the secondary storage computing device configured to store a copy at least a portion of primary data in the native format in the secondary data store;
wherein the computing system is configured to:
generate a first graphical user interface for presentation to a user, wherein the graphical user interface allows the user to modify metadata associated with a file,
receive a request from a user provided via the first graphical user interface to modify metadata associated with a selected file of a plurality of files,
based on the modification requested by the user, modify a first version of the metadata associated with the selected file,
store the modified version in the metadata index without removing or modifying the first version of the metadata associated with the selected file,
receive a request to prune files from secondary data storage that match a textual pattern,
in response to the request to the request to prune files from secondary data storage, use the modified version of the metadata to determine files that match the textual pattern, and
delete from secondary storage the files that match the textual pattern. 12. The networked data storage system of claim 11, wherein the computing system is further configured to logically delete selected files containing a user-defined textual pattern without physically deleting the selected files from the secondary data store. 13. The networked data storage system of claim 11, wherein the metadata index is maintained by a secondary storage editor. 14. The networked data storage system of claim 11, wherein the computing system is further configured to:
receive a request to restore one or more files including the selected file from the secondary data store to the primary data store, and in response to the request to restore, use the first version of the metadata associated with the selected file to access the selected file from the secondary data store. 15. The networked data storage system of claim 14, wherein the computing system is further configured to, in response to the request to restore, replace an instance of the first version of the metadata stored in the secondary data store with the modified version. 16. The networked data storage system of claim 11, wherein the first graphical user interface allows the user to select a file for browsing. 17. The networked data storage system of claim 11, wherein the computing system is further configured to:
subsequent to storing the modified version of the metadata associated with the selected file, receive a request to browse the selected file, and in response to the browse request, use the modified version of the metadata associated with the selected file to generate a second graphical user interface to display at least some of the modified version of the metadata associated with the selected file and display at least some content of the selected file. 18. A networked data storage system for manually managing secondary copies of data, the networked data storage system comprising:
a primary data store; a secondary data store; a metadata index of the secondary copies of data, the metadata index comprising metadata associated with the secondary copies of data; a computing system comprising one or more computing devices, the one or more computing devices comprising:
a client computing device comprising an application installed thereon configured to generate primary data in a native format associated with the application, wherein the client computing device is configured to store the primary data in the primary data store, and
a secondary storage computing device in networked communication with the client computing device, the secondary storage computing device configured to store a copy at least a portion of primary data in the native format in the secondary data store;
wherein the computing system is configured to:
generate a first graphical user interface for presentation to a user, wherein the graphical user interface allows the user to modify metadata associated with a file,
receive a request from a user provided via the first graphical user interface to modify metadata associated with a selected file of a plurality of files,
based on the modification requested by the user, modify a first version of the metadata associated with the selected file,
store the modified version in the metadata index without removing or modifying the first version of the metadata associated with the selected file,
receive a request to restore one or more files including the selected file from the secondary data store to the primary data store, and
in response to the request to restore, use the first version of the metadata associated with the selected file to access the selected file from the secondary data store. 19. The networked data storage system of claim 18, wherein the computing system is further configured to, in response to the request to restore, replace an instance of the first version of the metadata stored in the secondary data store with the modified version. 20. The networked data storage system of claim 18, wherein the computing system is further configured to logically delete selected files containing a user-defined textual pattern without physically deleting the selected files from the secondary data store. 21. The networked data storage system of claim 18, wherein the computing system is further configured to receive a request to prune files from secondary data storage that match a textual pattern. 22. The networked data storage system of claim 21, wherein the computing system is further configured to:
in response to the request to prune files from the secondary data storage, use the modified version of the metadata to determine files that match the textual pattern, and delete from secondary storage the files that match the textual pattern. | 2,100 |
342,058 | 16,802,353 | 2,139 | Apparatus is provided, including: (A) a valve body (204) including a first frame (206) shaped to define a lumen therethrough, and a valve member (205) disposed within the lumen, (B) an upstream support (210), configured to be placed against an upstream surface of a native heart valve, and (C) a flexible sheet (214) that couples the upstream support to the valve body. The valve body has a compressed state in which the first frame has a first diameter, and an expanded state in which the first frame has a second diameter that is greater than the first diameter. The support includes a second frame (212) that has a compressed state, and an expanded state in which the second frame is annular, has an inner perimeter that defines an opening through the second frame, and has an outer perimeter. Other embodiments are also described. | 1-165. (canceled) 166. Apparatus for use at a native valve of a heart of a subject, the apparatus comprising:
a prosthetic valve, comprising:
a valve body, comprising a tubular frame and a plurality of prosthetic leaflets arranged to facilitate upstream-to-downstream fluid flow through the prosthetic valve;
an upstream support, comprising a second frame that is distinct from the tubular frame; and
a flexible sheet that flexibly couples the upstream support to the valve body; and
a delivery tool comprising, at a distal portion of the delivery tool, a first housing and a second housing, 167. The apparatus according to claim 166, wherein, in the delivery configuration, at least the part of the sheet is exposed between the first housing and the second housing. 168. The apparatus according to claim 166, wherein, in the delivery configuration, the sheet articulatably couples the tubular frame to the second frame. 169. The apparatus according to claim 166, wherein, in the delivery configuration, the apparatus defines an articulation zone in which (a) at least the part of the sheet is disposed, and (b) neither the tubular frame nor the second frame is disposed, and about which the valve body and the upstream support are articulatable with respect to each other. 170. The apparatus according to claim 169, wherein the delivery tool further comprises a flexible control rod assembly via which the first housing is articulatably coupled to the second housing. 171. The apparatus according to claim 166, wherein, in the expanded state, the sheet is frustoconical. 172. The apparatus according to claim 166, wherein, in the expanded state, the second frame is annular. 173. The apparatus according to claim 166, wherein, in the compressed state, the second frame is tubular. 174. The apparatus according to claim 166, wherein:
in the compressed state, the second frame has a first end, and a second end that is closer to the tubular frame than is the first end, and the prosthetic valve is configured such that when the prosthetic valve automatically expands into the expanded state, the first end expands more than the second end. 175. The apparatus according to claim 166, wherein at least one side of the tubular frame and at least one side of the second frame are covered with a covering, and the part of the sheet is defined by a portion of the covering that extends between the tubular frame and the second frame. 176. The apparatus according to claim 175, wherein the covering is disposed on a tissue-facing side of the second frame, the tissue-facing side being oriented to be placed against the upstream surface of the native valve. 177. The apparatus according to claim 175, wherein, in the compressed state, the second frame is tubular, and the covering is disposed on an outer surface of the second frame. 178. The apparatus according to claim 177, wherein the covering lines an inner surface of the tubular frame. 179. The apparatus according to claim 166, wherein the prosthetic valve is configured such that, upon deployment from the delivery tool, the second frame becomes annular by deflecting with respect to the valve body. | Apparatus is provided, including: (A) a valve body (204) including a first frame (206) shaped to define a lumen therethrough, and a valve member (205) disposed within the lumen, (B) an upstream support (210), configured to be placed against an upstream surface of a native heart valve, and (C) a flexible sheet (214) that couples the upstream support to the valve body. The valve body has a compressed state in which the first frame has a first diameter, and an expanded state in which the first frame has a second diameter that is greater than the first diameter. The support includes a second frame (212) that has a compressed state, and an expanded state in which the second frame is annular, has an inner perimeter that defines an opening through the second frame, and has an outer perimeter. Other embodiments are also described.1-165. (canceled) 166. Apparatus for use at a native valve of a heart of a subject, the apparatus comprising:
a prosthetic valve, comprising:
a valve body, comprising a tubular frame and a plurality of prosthetic leaflets arranged to facilitate upstream-to-downstream fluid flow through the prosthetic valve;
an upstream support, comprising a second frame that is distinct from the tubular frame; and
a flexible sheet that flexibly couples the upstream support to the valve body; and
a delivery tool comprising, at a distal portion of the delivery tool, a first housing and a second housing, 167. The apparatus according to claim 166, wherein, in the delivery configuration, at least the part of the sheet is exposed between the first housing and the second housing. 168. The apparatus according to claim 166, wherein, in the delivery configuration, the sheet articulatably couples the tubular frame to the second frame. 169. The apparatus according to claim 166, wherein, in the delivery configuration, the apparatus defines an articulation zone in which (a) at least the part of the sheet is disposed, and (b) neither the tubular frame nor the second frame is disposed, and about which the valve body and the upstream support are articulatable with respect to each other. 170. The apparatus according to claim 169, wherein the delivery tool further comprises a flexible control rod assembly via which the first housing is articulatably coupled to the second housing. 171. The apparatus according to claim 166, wherein, in the expanded state, the sheet is frustoconical. 172. The apparatus according to claim 166, wherein, in the expanded state, the second frame is annular. 173. The apparatus according to claim 166, wherein, in the compressed state, the second frame is tubular. 174. The apparatus according to claim 166, wherein:
in the compressed state, the second frame has a first end, and a second end that is closer to the tubular frame than is the first end, and the prosthetic valve is configured such that when the prosthetic valve automatically expands into the expanded state, the first end expands more than the second end. 175. The apparatus according to claim 166, wherein at least one side of the tubular frame and at least one side of the second frame are covered with a covering, and the part of the sheet is defined by a portion of the covering that extends between the tubular frame and the second frame. 176. The apparatus according to claim 175, wherein the covering is disposed on a tissue-facing side of the second frame, the tissue-facing side being oriented to be placed against the upstream surface of the native valve. 177. The apparatus according to claim 175, wherein, in the compressed state, the second frame is tubular, and the covering is disposed on an outer surface of the second frame. 178. The apparatus according to claim 177, wherein the covering lines an inner surface of the tubular frame. 179. The apparatus according to claim 166, wherein the prosthetic valve is configured such that, upon deployment from the delivery tool, the second frame becomes annular by deflecting with respect to the valve body. | 2,100 |
342,059 | 16,802,400 | 2,139 | An apparatus and method are described for performing an early depth test on graphics data. For example, one embodiment of a graphics processing apparatus comprises: early depth test circuitry to perform an early depth test on blocks of pixels to determine whether all pixels in the block of pixels can be resolved by the early depth test; a plurality of execution circuits to execute pixel shading operations on the blocks of pixels; and a scheduler circuit to schedule the blocks of pixels for the pixel shading operations, the scheduler circuit to prioritize the blocks of pixels in accordance with the determination as to whether all pixels in the block of pixels can be resolved by the early depth test. | 1. A method comprising:
performing an early depth test on blocks of pixels to determine whether all pixels in each block of pixels can be resolved by the early depth test; scheduling the blocks of pixels for the pixel shading operations, the scheduler circuit to prioritize the blocks of pixels in accordance with the determination as to whether all pixels in the block of pixels can be resolved by the early depth test. executing the pixel shading operations on the blocks of pixels in an order determined by the prioritization. 2. The method as in claim 1 wherein the scheduler circuit is to implement a prioritization policy in which those blocks of pixels which cannot be resolved by the early depth test are prioritized ahead of blocks of pixels which can be resolved by the early depth test. 3. The method as in claim 2 wherein blocks of pixels which can be resolved by the early depth test includes blocks of pixels which are fully occluded. 4. The method as in claim 3 further comprising:
updating a depth cache during the pixel shading operations and/or by a conservative depth test circuit following the pixel shading operations. 5. The method as in claim 4 further comprising:
updating a hierarchical Z (HiZ) buffer with hierarchical depth information when the depth cache is updated. 6. The method as in claim 5 wherein the hierarchical depth information is to be used to perform coarse depth tests on subsequent pixel blocks. 7. The method as in claim 1 wherein the scheduler circuit is to set a high priority flag for a pixel block which cannot be resolved by the early depth test, the high priority flag indicating that the pixel block is to be prioritized ahead of pixel blocks which do not have a high priority flag set. 8. A machine-readable medium having program code stored thereon which, when executed by a machine, causes the machine to perform the operations of:
performing an early depth test on blocks of pixels to determine whether all pixels in each block of pixels can be resolved by the early depth test; scheduling the blocks of pixels for the pixel shading operations, the scheduler circuit to prioritize the blocks of pixels in accordance with the determination as to whether all pixels in the block of pixels can be resolved by the early depth test. executing the pixel shading operations on the blocks of pixels in an order determined by the prioritization. 9. The machine-readable medium as in claim 8 wherein the scheduler circuit is to implement a prioritization policy in which those blocks of pixels which cannot be resolved by the early depth test are prioritized ahead of blocks of pixels which can be resolved by the early depth test. 10. The machine-readable medium as in claim 9 wherein blocks of pixels which can be resolved by the early depth test includes blocks of pixels which are fully occluded. 11. The machine-readable medium as in claim 10 further comprising program code to cause the machine to perform the operations of:
updating a depth cache during the pixel shading operations and/or by a conservative depth test circuit following the pixel shading operations. 12. The machine-readable medium as in claim 11 further comprising program code to cause the machine to perform the operations of:
updating a hierarchical Z (HiZ) buffer with hierarchical depth information when the depth cache is updated. 13. The machine-readable medium apparatus as in claim 12 wherein the hierarchical depth information is to be used to perform coarse depth tests on subsequent pixel blocks. 14. The machine-readable medium as in claim 8 wherein the scheduler circuit is to set a high priority flag for a pixel block which cannot be resolved by the early depth test, the high priority flag indicating that the pixel block is to be prioritized ahead of pixel blocks which do not have a high priority flag set. 15. An apparatus comprising:
means for performing an early depth test on blocks of pixels to determine whether all pixels in each block of pixels can be resolved by the early depth test; means for scheduling the blocks of pixels for the pixel shading operations, the scheduler circuit to prioritize the blocks of pixels in accordance with the determination as to whether all pixels in the block of pixels can be resolved by the early depth test. means for executing the pixel shading operations on the blocks of pixels in an order determined by the prioritization. 16. The apparatus as in claim 15 wherein the scheduler circuit is to implement a prioritization policy in which those blocks of pixels which cannot be resolved by the early depth test are prioritized ahead of blocks of pixels which can be resolved by the early depth test. 17. The apparatus as in claim 16 wherein blocks of pixels which can be resolved by the early depth test includes blocks of pixels which are fully occluded. 18. The apparatus as in claim 17 further comprising:
updating a depth cache during the pixel shading operations and/or by a conservative depth test circuit following the pixel shading operations. 19. The apparatus as in claim 18 further comprising:
updating a hierarchical Z (HiZ) buffer with hierarchical depth information when the depth cache is updated. 20. The apparatus as in claim 19 wherein the hierarchical depth information is to be used to perform coarse depth tests on subsequent pixel blocks. 21. The apparatus as in claim 15 wherein the scheduler circuit is to set a high priority flag for a pixel block which cannot be resolved by the early depth test, the high priority flag indicating that the pixel block is to be prioritized ahead of pixel blocks which do not have a high priority flag set. 22. A graphics processing apparatus comprising:
an image rendering circuit to render left and right image frames to be viewed by a user's left and right eyes, respectively; one or more display buffers to store image frames rendered by the image rendering circuit; and a time warping circuit to perform time warping operations on image frames stored in the one or more display buffers, a time warping operation to transform an image frame in accordance with current sensor data provided from a user/eye tracking module, the time warping circuit to alternate between time warping a left image frame and a right image frame to be viewed by the user's left and right eyes, respectively; wherein when a time warped image frame is displayed for the user's right eye, a non-warped rendered image is displayed for the user's left eye and wherein when a time warped image frame is displayed for the user's left eye, a non-warped rendered image is displayed for the user's right eye. 23. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 22 further comprising:
a depth buffer to store depth data associated with one or more objects in the image frame, wherein the time warping circuit is to perform the time warping operations in accordance with the depth data. 24. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 23 wherein the current sensor data comprises coordinate data indicating a current orientation of the user's head and/or a current gaze of the user's eyes. 25. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 24 further comprising:
a head mounted display comprising a left display to display the left image frames and a right display to display the right image frames, the user/eye tracking module mounted on the head mounted display. 26. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 22 wherein the time warping module is to alternate between time warping the left image frame and the right image frame at a specified frame rate. 27. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 22 wherein the image rendering circuit comprises a rasterization pipeline including a vertex shader, a geometry shader and a rasterizer. 28. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 22 wherein the image rendering circuit comprises a ray tracing-based pipeline including ray generation circuitry, ray traversal circuitry, and ray intersection circuitry. 29. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 22 wherein the one or more display buffers comprise a first front buffer to store left image frames and a second front buffer to store right image frames, the time warping circuit to alternate between warping image frames from the first front buffer and the second front buffer. 30. A method comprising:
rendering left and right image frames to be viewed by a user's left and right eyes, respectively; storing the image frames in one or more display buffers; alternating between time warping a left image frame and a right image frame to be viewed by the user's left and right eyes, respectively, the time warping to transform a the left and right image frames in accordance with current sensor data provided from a user/eye tracking module; and wherein when a time warped image frame is displayed for the user's right eye, a non-warped rendered image is displayed for the user's left eye and wherein when a time warped image frame is displayed for the user's left eye, a non-warped rendered image is displayed for the user's right eye. 31. The method as in claim 30 further comprising:
storing depth data associated with one or more objects in the image frame; and
performing the time warping operations in accordance with the depth data. 32. The method as in claim 31 wherein the current sensor data comprises coordinate data indicating a current orientation of the user's head and/or a current gaze of the user's eyes. 33. The method as in claim 32 further comprising:
displaying the left and right image frames on a left display and a right display, respectively, of a head mounted display, the user/eye tracking module mounted on the head mounted display. 34. The method as in claim 30 further comprising:
alternating between time warping the left image frame and the right image frame at a specified frame rate. 35. The method as in claim 30 wherein the operation of rendering left and right image frames includes performing vertex shading and/or geometry shading for primitives and rasterizing the primitives. 36. The method as in claim 30 wherein the operation of rendering left and right image frames includes generating rays, traversing the rays through a scene with primitives, and determining intersections between the rays and primitives. 37. The method as in claim 30 wherein the one or more display buffers comprise a first front buffer to store left image frames and a second front buffer to store right image frames. 38. An apparatus comprising:
means for rendering left and right image frames to be viewed by a user's left and right eyes, respectively; means for storing the image frames in one or more display buffers; means for alternating between time warping a left image frame and a right image frame to be viewed by the user's left and right eyes, respectively, the time warping to transform a the left and right image frames in accordance with current sensor data provided from a user/eye tracking module; and wherein when a time warped image frame is displayed for the user's right eye, a non-warped rendered image is displayed for the user's left eye and wherein when a time warped image frame is displayed for the user's left eye, a non-warped rendered image is displayed for the user's right eye. 39. The apparatus as in claim 38 further comprising:
means for storing depth data associated with one or more objects in the image frame; and
means for performing the time warping operations in accordance with the depth data. 40. The apparatus as in claim 39 wherein the current sensor data comprises coordinate data indicating a current orientation of the user's head and/or a current gaze of the user's eyes. 41. The apparatus as in claim 40 further comprising:
displaying the left and right image frames on a left display and a right display, respectively, of a head mounted display, the user/eye tracking module mounted on the head mounted display. 42. The apparatus as in claim 38 further comprising:
alternating between time warping the left image frame and the right image frame at a specified frame rate. 43. The apparatus as in claim 38 wherein the operation of rendering left and right image frames includes performing vertex shading and/or geometry shading for primitives and rasterizing the primitives. 44. The apparatus as in claim 38 wherein the operation of rendering left and right image frames includes generating rays, traversing the rays through a scene with primitives, and determining intersections between the rays and primitives. 45. The apparatus as in claim 38 wherein the one or more display buffers comprise a first front buffer to store left image frames and a second front buffer to store right image frames. 46. A graphics processing apparatus comprising:
an image rendering circuit to render left and right image frames to be viewed by a user's left and right eyes, respectively; one or more display buffers to store image frames rendered by the image rendering circuit; and a time warping circuit to perform time warping operations on image frames stored in the one or more display buffers, a time warping operation to transform an image frame in accordance with current sensor data provided from a user/eye tracking module; a frame selection circuit to determine whether to select a first frame currently being rendered or to perform a time warp operation on a second previously rendered frame to display on a left or right display, the frame selection circuit to make the determination based on a first amount of time remaining to complete rendering of the first frame and a second amount of time required to perform the time warp operation on the second frame. 47. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 46 wherein if the first amount of time is less than the second amount of time, then the frame selection circuit is to select the first frame to be displayed. 48. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 47 wherein if the first amount of time is greater than the second amount of time, then the frame selection circuit is to select the second frame to be displayed following a time warp of the second frame. 49. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 48 wherein the time to perform the time warp operation comprises a known, fixed value. 50. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 49 further comprising:
a depth buffer to store depth data associated with one or more objects in each image frame, wherein the time warping circuit is to perform the time warping operations in accordance with the depth data. 51. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 50 wherein the current sensor data comprises coordinate data indicating a current orientation of the user's head and/or a current gaze of the user's eyes. 52. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 51 further comprising:
a head mounted display comprising a left display to display the left image frames and a right display to display the right image frames, the user/eye tracking module mounted on the head mounted display. 53. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 46 wherein the image rendering circuit comprises a rasterization pipeline including a vertex shader, a geometry shader and a rasterizer. 54. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 46 wherein the image rendering circuit comprises a ray tracing-based pipeline including ray generation circuitry, ray traversal circuitry, and ray intersection circuitry. 55. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 46 wherein the one or more display buffers comprise a first front buffer to store left image frames and a second front buffer to store right image frames. 56. A method comprising:
rendering left and right image frames to be viewed by a user's left and right eyes, respectively; storing the rendered image frames in one or more display buffers; and performing time warping operations on image frames stored in the one or more display buffers, a time warping operation to transform an image frame in accordance with current sensor data provided from a user/eye tracking module; determining whether to select a first frame currently being rendered or to perform a time warp operation on a second previously rendered frame to display on a left or right display, the determination being made based on a first amount of time remaining to complete rendering of the first frame and a second amount of time required to perform the time warp operation on the second frame. 57. An apparatus comprising:
means for rendering left and right image frames to be viewed by a user's left and right eyes, respectively; means for storing the rendered image frames in one or more display buffers; and means for performing time warping operations on image frames stored in the one or more display buffers, a time warping operation to transform an image frame in accordance with current sensor data provided from a user/eye tracking module; means for determining whether to select a first frame currently being rendered or to perform a time warp operation on a second previously rendered frame to display on a left or right display, the determination being made based on a first amount of time remaining to complete rendering of the first frame and a second amount of time required to perform the time warp operation on the second frame. | An apparatus and method are described for performing an early depth test on graphics data. For example, one embodiment of a graphics processing apparatus comprises: early depth test circuitry to perform an early depth test on blocks of pixels to determine whether all pixels in the block of pixels can be resolved by the early depth test; a plurality of execution circuits to execute pixel shading operations on the blocks of pixels; and a scheduler circuit to schedule the blocks of pixels for the pixel shading operations, the scheduler circuit to prioritize the blocks of pixels in accordance with the determination as to whether all pixels in the block of pixels can be resolved by the early depth test.1. A method comprising:
performing an early depth test on blocks of pixels to determine whether all pixels in each block of pixels can be resolved by the early depth test; scheduling the blocks of pixels for the pixel shading operations, the scheduler circuit to prioritize the blocks of pixels in accordance with the determination as to whether all pixels in the block of pixels can be resolved by the early depth test. executing the pixel shading operations on the blocks of pixels in an order determined by the prioritization. 2. The method as in claim 1 wherein the scheduler circuit is to implement a prioritization policy in which those blocks of pixels which cannot be resolved by the early depth test are prioritized ahead of blocks of pixels which can be resolved by the early depth test. 3. The method as in claim 2 wherein blocks of pixels which can be resolved by the early depth test includes blocks of pixels which are fully occluded. 4. The method as in claim 3 further comprising:
updating a depth cache during the pixel shading operations and/or by a conservative depth test circuit following the pixel shading operations. 5. The method as in claim 4 further comprising:
updating a hierarchical Z (HiZ) buffer with hierarchical depth information when the depth cache is updated. 6. The method as in claim 5 wherein the hierarchical depth information is to be used to perform coarse depth tests on subsequent pixel blocks. 7. The method as in claim 1 wherein the scheduler circuit is to set a high priority flag for a pixel block which cannot be resolved by the early depth test, the high priority flag indicating that the pixel block is to be prioritized ahead of pixel blocks which do not have a high priority flag set. 8. A machine-readable medium having program code stored thereon which, when executed by a machine, causes the machine to perform the operations of:
performing an early depth test on blocks of pixels to determine whether all pixels in each block of pixels can be resolved by the early depth test; scheduling the blocks of pixels for the pixel shading operations, the scheduler circuit to prioritize the blocks of pixels in accordance with the determination as to whether all pixels in the block of pixels can be resolved by the early depth test. executing the pixel shading operations on the blocks of pixels in an order determined by the prioritization. 9. The machine-readable medium as in claim 8 wherein the scheduler circuit is to implement a prioritization policy in which those blocks of pixels which cannot be resolved by the early depth test are prioritized ahead of blocks of pixels which can be resolved by the early depth test. 10. The machine-readable medium as in claim 9 wherein blocks of pixels which can be resolved by the early depth test includes blocks of pixels which are fully occluded. 11. The machine-readable medium as in claim 10 further comprising program code to cause the machine to perform the operations of:
updating a depth cache during the pixel shading operations and/or by a conservative depth test circuit following the pixel shading operations. 12. The machine-readable medium as in claim 11 further comprising program code to cause the machine to perform the operations of:
updating a hierarchical Z (HiZ) buffer with hierarchical depth information when the depth cache is updated. 13. The machine-readable medium apparatus as in claim 12 wherein the hierarchical depth information is to be used to perform coarse depth tests on subsequent pixel blocks. 14. The machine-readable medium as in claim 8 wherein the scheduler circuit is to set a high priority flag for a pixel block which cannot be resolved by the early depth test, the high priority flag indicating that the pixel block is to be prioritized ahead of pixel blocks which do not have a high priority flag set. 15. An apparatus comprising:
means for performing an early depth test on blocks of pixels to determine whether all pixels in each block of pixels can be resolved by the early depth test; means for scheduling the blocks of pixels for the pixel shading operations, the scheduler circuit to prioritize the blocks of pixels in accordance with the determination as to whether all pixels in the block of pixels can be resolved by the early depth test. means for executing the pixel shading operations on the blocks of pixels in an order determined by the prioritization. 16. The apparatus as in claim 15 wherein the scheduler circuit is to implement a prioritization policy in which those blocks of pixels which cannot be resolved by the early depth test are prioritized ahead of blocks of pixels which can be resolved by the early depth test. 17. The apparatus as in claim 16 wherein blocks of pixels which can be resolved by the early depth test includes blocks of pixels which are fully occluded. 18. The apparatus as in claim 17 further comprising:
updating a depth cache during the pixel shading operations and/or by a conservative depth test circuit following the pixel shading operations. 19. The apparatus as in claim 18 further comprising:
updating a hierarchical Z (HiZ) buffer with hierarchical depth information when the depth cache is updated. 20. The apparatus as in claim 19 wherein the hierarchical depth information is to be used to perform coarse depth tests on subsequent pixel blocks. 21. The apparatus as in claim 15 wherein the scheduler circuit is to set a high priority flag for a pixel block which cannot be resolved by the early depth test, the high priority flag indicating that the pixel block is to be prioritized ahead of pixel blocks which do not have a high priority flag set. 22. A graphics processing apparatus comprising:
an image rendering circuit to render left and right image frames to be viewed by a user's left and right eyes, respectively; one or more display buffers to store image frames rendered by the image rendering circuit; and a time warping circuit to perform time warping operations on image frames stored in the one or more display buffers, a time warping operation to transform an image frame in accordance with current sensor data provided from a user/eye tracking module, the time warping circuit to alternate between time warping a left image frame and a right image frame to be viewed by the user's left and right eyes, respectively; wherein when a time warped image frame is displayed for the user's right eye, a non-warped rendered image is displayed for the user's left eye and wherein when a time warped image frame is displayed for the user's left eye, a non-warped rendered image is displayed for the user's right eye. 23. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 22 further comprising:
a depth buffer to store depth data associated with one or more objects in the image frame, wherein the time warping circuit is to perform the time warping operations in accordance with the depth data. 24. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 23 wherein the current sensor data comprises coordinate data indicating a current orientation of the user's head and/or a current gaze of the user's eyes. 25. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 24 further comprising:
a head mounted display comprising a left display to display the left image frames and a right display to display the right image frames, the user/eye tracking module mounted on the head mounted display. 26. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 22 wherein the time warping module is to alternate between time warping the left image frame and the right image frame at a specified frame rate. 27. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 22 wherein the image rendering circuit comprises a rasterization pipeline including a vertex shader, a geometry shader and a rasterizer. 28. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 22 wherein the image rendering circuit comprises a ray tracing-based pipeline including ray generation circuitry, ray traversal circuitry, and ray intersection circuitry. 29. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 22 wherein the one or more display buffers comprise a first front buffer to store left image frames and a second front buffer to store right image frames, the time warping circuit to alternate between warping image frames from the first front buffer and the second front buffer. 30. A method comprising:
rendering left and right image frames to be viewed by a user's left and right eyes, respectively; storing the image frames in one or more display buffers; alternating between time warping a left image frame and a right image frame to be viewed by the user's left and right eyes, respectively, the time warping to transform a the left and right image frames in accordance with current sensor data provided from a user/eye tracking module; and wherein when a time warped image frame is displayed for the user's right eye, a non-warped rendered image is displayed for the user's left eye and wherein when a time warped image frame is displayed for the user's left eye, a non-warped rendered image is displayed for the user's right eye. 31. The method as in claim 30 further comprising:
storing depth data associated with one or more objects in the image frame; and
performing the time warping operations in accordance with the depth data. 32. The method as in claim 31 wherein the current sensor data comprises coordinate data indicating a current orientation of the user's head and/or a current gaze of the user's eyes. 33. The method as in claim 32 further comprising:
displaying the left and right image frames on a left display and a right display, respectively, of a head mounted display, the user/eye tracking module mounted on the head mounted display. 34. The method as in claim 30 further comprising:
alternating between time warping the left image frame and the right image frame at a specified frame rate. 35. The method as in claim 30 wherein the operation of rendering left and right image frames includes performing vertex shading and/or geometry shading for primitives and rasterizing the primitives. 36. The method as in claim 30 wherein the operation of rendering left and right image frames includes generating rays, traversing the rays through a scene with primitives, and determining intersections between the rays and primitives. 37. The method as in claim 30 wherein the one or more display buffers comprise a first front buffer to store left image frames and a second front buffer to store right image frames. 38. An apparatus comprising:
means for rendering left and right image frames to be viewed by a user's left and right eyes, respectively; means for storing the image frames in one or more display buffers; means for alternating between time warping a left image frame and a right image frame to be viewed by the user's left and right eyes, respectively, the time warping to transform a the left and right image frames in accordance with current sensor data provided from a user/eye tracking module; and wherein when a time warped image frame is displayed for the user's right eye, a non-warped rendered image is displayed for the user's left eye and wherein when a time warped image frame is displayed for the user's left eye, a non-warped rendered image is displayed for the user's right eye. 39. The apparatus as in claim 38 further comprising:
means for storing depth data associated with one or more objects in the image frame; and
means for performing the time warping operations in accordance with the depth data. 40. The apparatus as in claim 39 wherein the current sensor data comprises coordinate data indicating a current orientation of the user's head and/or a current gaze of the user's eyes. 41. The apparatus as in claim 40 further comprising:
displaying the left and right image frames on a left display and a right display, respectively, of a head mounted display, the user/eye tracking module mounted on the head mounted display. 42. The apparatus as in claim 38 further comprising:
alternating between time warping the left image frame and the right image frame at a specified frame rate. 43. The apparatus as in claim 38 wherein the operation of rendering left and right image frames includes performing vertex shading and/or geometry shading for primitives and rasterizing the primitives. 44. The apparatus as in claim 38 wherein the operation of rendering left and right image frames includes generating rays, traversing the rays through a scene with primitives, and determining intersections between the rays and primitives. 45. The apparatus as in claim 38 wherein the one or more display buffers comprise a first front buffer to store left image frames and a second front buffer to store right image frames. 46. A graphics processing apparatus comprising:
an image rendering circuit to render left and right image frames to be viewed by a user's left and right eyes, respectively; one or more display buffers to store image frames rendered by the image rendering circuit; and a time warping circuit to perform time warping operations on image frames stored in the one or more display buffers, a time warping operation to transform an image frame in accordance with current sensor data provided from a user/eye tracking module; a frame selection circuit to determine whether to select a first frame currently being rendered or to perform a time warp operation on a second previously rendered frame to display on a left or right display, the frame selection circuit to make the determination based on a first amount of time remaining to complete rendering of the first frame and a second amount of time required to perform the time warp operation on the second frame. 47. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 46 wherein if the first amount of time is less than the second amount of time, then the frame selection circuit is to select the first frame to be displayed. 48. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 47 wherein if the first amount of time is greater than the second amount of time, then the frame selection circuit is to select the second frame to be displayed following a time warp of the second frame. 49. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 48 wherein the time to perform the time warp operation comprises a known, fixed value. 50. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 49 further comprising:
a depth buffer to store depth data associated with one or more objects in each image frame, wherein the time warping circuit is to perform the time warping operations in accordance with the depth data. 51. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 50 wherein the current sensor data comprises coordinate data indicating a current orientation of the user's head and/or a current gaze of the user's eyes. 52. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 51 further comprising:
a head mounted display comprising a left display to display the left image frames and a right display to display the right image frames, the user/eye tracking module mounted on the head mounted display. 53. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 46 wherein the image rendering circuit comprises a rasterization pipeline including a vertex shader, a geometry shader and a rasterizer. 54. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 46 wherein the image rendering circuit comprises a ray tracing-based pipeline including ray generation circuitry, ray traversal circuitry, and ray intersection circuitry. 55. The graphics processing apparatus as in claim 46 wherein the one or more display buffers comprise a first front buffer to store left image frames and a second front buffer to store right image frames. 56. A method comprising:
rendering left and right image frames to be viewed by a user's left and right eyes, respectively; storing the rendered image frames in one or more display buffers; and performing time warping operations on image frames stored in the one or more display buffers, a time warping operation to transform an image frame in accordance with current sensor data provided from a user/eye tracking module; determining whether to select a first frame currently being rendered or to perform a time warp operation on a second previously rendered frame to display on a left or right display, the determination being made based on a first amount of time remaining to complete rendering of the first frame and a second amount of time required to perform the time warp operation on the second frame. 57. An apparatus comprising:
means for rendering left and right image frames to be viewed by a user's left and right eyes, respectively; means for storing the rendered image frames in one or more display buffers; and means for performing time warping operations on image frames stored in the one or more display buffers, a time warping operation to transform an image frame in accordance with current sensor data provided from a user/eye tracking module; means for determining whether to select a first frame currently being rendered or to perform a time warp operation on a second previously rendered frame to display on a left or right display, the determination being made based on a first amount of time remaining to complete rendering of the first frame and a second amount of time required to perform the time warp operation on the second frame. | 2,100 |
342,060 | 16,802,410 | 1,611 | Disclosed herein are compound embodiments that are useful for treating a variety of diseases, particularly neurological diseases, motor neuron diseases, copper deficiency-related diseases, and/or mitochondrial deficiencies. The compound embodiments described herein also can be used in PET methods. Also disclosed herein are embodiments of methods of making and using the compound embodiments, as well as pharmaceutical formulations comprising the disclosed compound embodiments. | 1. A compound, having a structure satisfying Formula I 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has a structure satisfying one or more of Formulas IIA-IIR: 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has a structure satisfying one or more of Formulas IIIA-IIIY′: 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein M is Cu, Co, Ni, Cu2+, 60Cu2+, 61Cu2+, 62Cu2+, 63Cu2+, 64Cu2+, or 65Cu2+; R1 is selected from phenyl, pyridyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, benzoquinolinyl, benzoquinoxalinyl, benzoquinazolinyl, phenyl-(R5)n, pyridyl-(R5)n, naphthyl-(R5)n, anthracenyl-(R5)n, quinolinyl-(R5)n, quinazolinyl-(R5)n, quinoxalinyl-(R5)n, benzoquinolinyl-(R5)n, benzoquinoxalinyl-(R5)n, or benzoquinazolinyl-(R5)n, wherein each R5 independently is selected from aliphatic; aryl; haloaliphatic; heteroaliphatic; aliphatic-aryl; heteroaryl; aliphatic-heteroaryl; heteroaliphatic-aryl; heteroaliphatic-heteroaryl; hydroxyl; —NH2; —P+(Rd)3 or —N+(Rd)3 wherein each Rd independently is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, aliphatic-aryl, heteroaryl, aliphatic-heteroaryl, heteroaliphatic-aryl, or heteroaliphatic-heteroaryl; nitro; thiol; halogen; phosphate; phosphoryl; sulfino; sulfo; azide; a linker-X group; or any combination of such groups; and n is an integer selected from 1 to 10. 5. The compound of claim 4, wherein n is 1 and R5 is selected from —C(O)RcX, —C[(Rc)2]mX, —[(CH2)2O]mX, —O(CH2)mX, —[O(CH2)2]mX, —NRc(CH2)mX, —[(CH2)2NRc]mX, —[NRc(CH2)2]mX, —C(═NH2 +)NRcX, —CH2C(O)NHRcX, —SRcX, or 6. The compound of claim 4, wherein each R5 independently is selected from alkyl, alkyenyl, alkynyl, amine, carboxylic acid, ester, alkoxy, amide, cyano, ether, silyl ether, phosphine, thioether, disulfide, isothiocyanate, isocyanate, carbonate, ketone, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, carbonothioyl, isonitrile, or any combination of such groups; and n is 1. 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is selected from phenyl; -PhC[(Rc)2]mPPh3 wherein each Rc independently is selected from aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, aliphatic-aryl, heteroaryl, aliphatic-heteroaryl, heteroaliphatic-aryl, or heteroaliphatic-heteroaryl; -Ph[(CH2)2O]mPPh3; -Ph[O(CH2)2]mPPh3; -PhOH; -PhOPPh3; -PhNRPPh3; -Ph[(CH2)2NR]mPPh3, or -Ph[NR(CH2)2]mPPh3, wherein R is hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, aliphatic-aryl, heteroaryl, aliphatic-heteroaryl, heteroaliphatic-aryl, or heteroaliphatic-heteroaryl; -PhO-aliphatic; -PhN(R)aliphatic wherein R is hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, aliphatic-aryl, heteroaryl, aliphatic-heteroaryl, heteroaliphatic-aryl, or heteroaliphatic-heteroaryl; or -Ph(Z)1-5 wherein Z is Cl, F, Br, I, NO2, CF3, or C(CF3)3; and m is an integer selected from 1 to 30. 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is selected from phenyl, -PhOH, -PhOMe, -PhCl, -PhNO2, -PhCF3, -PhC(CF3)3, -PhF5, or -PhNMe2 and/or R2 is selected from alkyl or phenyl. 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein each of R2, R3, and R4 independently comprises a linker-X group, wherein the linker is selected from a carbonyl-containing group, an alkylene oxide, an aliphatic group, an imidoester; or the linker is generated from a maleimide, a haloacetyl, or a pyridyl disulfide; and wherein X is selected from —P+(Rd)3 or —N+(Rd)3, wherein each Rd independently is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, aliphatic-aryl, heteroaryl, aliphatic-heteroaryl, heteroaliphatic-aryl, or heteroaliphatic-heteroaryl. 10. The compound of claim 9, wherein the linker-X group is selected from —C(O)RX, —C[(Rc)2]mX, —[(CH2)2O]mX, —O(CH2)mX, —[O(CH2)2]mX, —NRc(CH2)mX, —[(CH2)2NR]mX, —[NRc(CH2)2]mX, —C(═NH2 +)NRcX, —CH2C(O)NHRcX, —SRcX, or 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein each of R3 and R4 independently is selected from —N(H)linker-X, —N[(CH2)nCH3]linker-X, or —N[(CH2)nCF3]linker-X, wherein the linker is selected from a carbonyl-containing group, an alkylene oxide, an aliphatic group, an imidoester; or the linker is generated from a maleimide, a haloacetyl, or a pyridyl disulfide; and wherein X is a targeting moiety. 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein each of R3 and R4 independently is selected from —N(H)(CH2)nCH3, —N(H)(CH2)nCF3, —N[(CH2)nCH3]2, or —N[(CH2)nCF3]2, wherein each n independently is an integer selected from 0 to 10. 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein each of R3 and R4 is —N(H)(CH2)2CF3 or —N[(CH2)2CH3]2 and each of R1 and R2 is phenyl. 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from 15. A dosage form, comprising:
a compound according to claim 1, or a compound selected from 16. The dosage form of claim 15, further comprising an adjuvant, a therapeutic agent, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, or any combination thereof. 17. A method, comprising administering (i) a compound of claim 1 or (ii) a dosage form containing the compound to a subject that has or is at risk of developing a motor neuron disease and/or a neurological disease. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the motor neuron disease and/or the neurological disease is selected from ALS, Parkinson's disease, Menkes disease, Lou Gehrig's disease, primary lateral sclerosis, Kennedy's syndrome, frontal temporal dementia associated with ALS, spinal muscular atrophy, and canine degenerative myelopathy; a copper deficiency-based disease; or mitochondrial deficiency. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising administering edaravone or riluzole sequentially or simultaneously with the compound or the dosage form thereof. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the subject is a human that carries one or more mutations to a superoxide dismutase gene and the mutation is not or is other than a mutation at a G85, H46, or H48 residue of the superoxide dismutase gene; or wherein the subject is a canine and the canine belongs to a breed susceptible to canine degenerative myelopathy. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein the compound is administered in a loading dosage ranging from 10 mg/day to 100 mg/day. 22. The method of claim 17, wherein the compound is administered in a maintenance dosage ranging from 1 mg/day to 50 mg/day. | Disclosed herein are compound embodiments that are useful for treating a variety of diseases, particularly neurological diseases, motor neuron diseases, copper deficiency-related diseases, and/or mitochondrial deficiencies. The compound embodiments described herein also can be used in PET methods. Also disclosed herein are embodiments of methods of making and using the compound embodiments, as well as pharmaceutical formulations comprising the disclosed compound embodiments.1. A compound, having a structure satisfying Formula I 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has a structure satisfying one or more of Formulas IIA-IIR: 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has a structure satisfying one or more of Formulas IIIA-IIIY′: 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein M is Cu, Co, Ni, Cu2+, 60Cu2+, 61Cu2+, 62Cu2+, 63Cu2+, 64Cu2+, or 65Cu2+; R1 is selected from phenyl, pyridyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, benzoquinolinyl, benzoquinoxalinyl, benzoquinazolinyl, phenyl-(R5)n, pyridyl-(R5)n, naphthyl-(R5)n, anthracenyl-(R5)n, quinolinyl-(R5)n, quinazolinyl-(R5)n, quinoxalinyl-(R5)n, benzoquinolinyl-(R5)n, benzoquinoxalinyl-(R5)n, or benzoquinazolinyl-(R5)n, wherein each R5 independently is selected from aliphatic; aryl; haloaliphatic; heteroaliphatic; aliphatic-aryl; heteroaryl; aliphatic-heteroaryl; heteroaliphatic-aryl; heteroaliphatic-heteroaryl; hydroxyl; —NH2; —P+(Rd)3 or —N+(Rd)3 wherein each Rd independently is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, aliphatic-aryl, heteroaryl, aliphatic-heteroaryl, heteroaliphatic-aryl, or heteroaliphatic-heteroaryl; nitro; thiol; halogen; phosphate; phosphoryl; sulfino; sulfo; azide; a linker-X group; or any combination of such groups; and n is an integer selected from 1 to 10. 5. The compound of claim 4, wherein n is 1 and R5 is selected from —C(O)RcX, —C[(Rc)2]mX, —[(CH2)2O]mX, —O(CH2)mX, —[O(CH2)2]mX, —NRc(CH2)mX, —[(CH2)2NRc]mX, —[NRc(CH2)2]mX, —C(═NH2 +)NRcX, —CH2C(O)NHRcX, —SRcX, or 6. The compound of claim 4, wherein each R5 independently is selected from alkyl, alkyenyl, alkynyl, amine, carboxylic acid, ester, alkoxy, amide, cyano, ether, silyl ether, phosphine, thioether, disulfide, isothiocyanate, isocyanate, carbonate, ketone, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, carbonothioyl, isonitrile, or any combination of such groups; and n is 1. 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is selected from phenyl; -PhC[(Rc)2]mPPh3 wherein each Rc independently is selected from aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, aliphatic-aryl, heteroaryl, aliphatic-heteroaryl, heteroaliphatic-aryl, or heteroaliphatic-heteroaryl; -Ph[(CH2)2O]mPPh3; -Ph[O(CH2)2]mPPh3; -PhOH; -PhOPPh3; -PhNRPPh3; -Ph[(CH2)2NR]mPPh3, or -Ph[NR(CH2)2]mPPh3, wherein R is hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, aliphatic-aryl, heteroaryl, aliphatic-heteroaryl, heteroaliphatic-aryl, or heteroaliphatic-heteroaryl; -PhO-aliphatic; -PhN(R)aliphatic wherein R is hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, aliphatic-aryl, heteroaryl, aliphatic-heteroaryl, heteroaliphatic-aryl, or heteroaliphatic-heteroaryl; or -Ph(Z)1-5 wherein Z is Cl, F, Br, I, NO2, CF3, or C(CF3)3; and m is an integer selected from 1 to 30. 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is selected from phenyl, -PhOH, -PhOMe, -PhCl, -PhNO2, -PhCF3, -PhC(CF3)3, -PhF5, or -PhNMe2 and/or R2 is selected from alkyl or phenyl. 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein each of R2, R3, and R4 independently comprises a linker-X group, wherein the linker is selected from a carbonyl-containing group, an alkylene oxide, an aliphatic group, an imidoester; or the linker is generated from a maleimide, a haloacetyl, or a pyridyl disulfide; and wherein X is selected from —P+(Rd)3 or —N+(Rd)3, wherein each Rd independently is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, aliphatic-aryl, heteroaryl, aliphatic-heteroaryl, heteroaliphatic-aryl, or heteroaliphatic-heteroaryl. 10. The compound of claim 9, wherein the linker-X group is selected from —C(O)RX, —C[(Rc)2]mX, —[(CH2)2O]mX, —O(CH2)mX, —[O(CH2)2]mX, —NRc(CH2)mX, —[(CH2)2NR]mX, —[NRc(CH2)2]mX, —C(═NH2 +)NRcX, —CH2C(O)NHRcX, —SRcX, or 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein each of R3 and R4 independently is selected from —N(H)linker-X, —N[(CH2)nCH3]linker-X, or —N[(CH2)nCF3]linker-X, wherein the linker is selected from a carbonyl-containing group, an alkylene oxide, an aliphatic group, an imidoester; or the linker is generated from a maleimide, a haloacetyl, or a pyridyl disulfide; and wherein X is a targeting moiety. 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein each of R3 and R4 independently is selected from —N(H)(CH2)nCH3, —N(H)(CH2)nCF3, —N[(CH2)nCH3]2, or —N[(CH2)nCF3]2, wherein each n independently is an integer selected from 0 to 10. 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein each of R3 and R4 is —N(H)(CH2)2CF3 or —N[(CH2)2CH3]2 and each of R1 and R2 is phenyl. 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from 15. A dosage form, comprising:
a compound according to claim 1, or a compound selected from 16. The dosage form of claim 15, further comprising an adjuvant, a therapeutic agent, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, or any combination thereof. 17. A method, comprising administering (i) a compound of claim 1 or (ii) a dosage form containing the compound to a subject that has or is at risk of developing a motor neuron disease and/or a neurological disease. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the motor neuron disease and/or the neurological disease is selected from ALS, Parkinson's disease, Menkes disease, Lou Gehrig's disease, primary lateral sclerosis, Kennedy's syndrome, frontal temporal dementia associated with ALS, spinal muscular atrophy, and canine degenerative myelopathy; a copper deficiency-based disease; or mitochondrial deficiency. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising administering edaravone or riluzole sequentially or simultaneously with the compound or the dosage form thereof. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the subject is a human that carries one or more mutations to a superoxide dismutase gene and the mutation is not or is other than a mutation at a G85, H46, or H48 residue of the superoxide dismutase gene; or wherein the subject is a canine and the canine belongs to a breed susceptible to canine degenerative myelopathy. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein the compound is administered in a loading dosage ranging from 10 mg/day to 100 mg/day. 22. The method of claim 17, wherein the compound is administered in a maintenance dosage ranging from 1 mg/day to 50 mg/day. | 1,600 |
342,061 | 16,802,404 | 1,611 | A method for right-left discrimination of a gait trajectory includes: a) obtaining a gait trajectory of a motion sensor based on motion information outputted by the motion sensor, where the motion sensor is mounted on one of left and right shoes, the motion information contains plural sets of coordinates representing positions of the one of left and right shoes, and the gait trajectory is constituted by the plural sets of coordinates; and b) calculating a slope of at least one line each between corresponding adjacent two sets of coordinates among the plural sets of coordinates, determining that the motion sensor is mounted on the right shoe When the slope is greater than zero, and determining that the motion sensor is mounted on the left shoe when the slope is smaller than zero. | 1. A method for right-left discrimination of a gait trajectory, a motion sensor mounted on one of a left shoe and a right shoe, the motion sensor outputting motion information that contains plural sets of coordinates representing positions of the one of the left shoe and the right shoe, the method to be implemented by a processing unit and comprising:
a) obtaining a gait trajectory of the motion sensor based on the motion information outputted by the motion sensor, where the gait trajectory is constituted by the plural sets of coordinates; and b) calculating a slope of at least one line each between corresponding adjacent two sets of coordinates among the plural sets of coordinates, determining that the motion sensor is mounted on the right shoe when it is determined that the slope is greater than zero, and determining that the motion sensor is mounted on the left shoe when it is determined that the slope is smaller than zero. 2. The method for right-left discrimination of a gait trajectory as claimed in claim 1, wherein step b) includes sub-steps of:
b-1) selecting n sets of coordinates from among the plural sets of coordinates constituting the gait trajectory, where any adjacent two sets of coordinates among the n sets of coordinates define a line; b-2) calculating slopes of the lines each between respective adjacent two sets of coordinates among the n sets of coordinates; b-3) making a determination as to whether at least one of the slopes of the lines is greater than zero; b-4) setting the motion sensor as a right motion sensor mounted on the right shoe when a result of the determination made in step b-3) is positive; b-5) making another determination as to whether at least one of the slopes of the lines is smaller than zero when the result of the determination made in step b-3) is negative; b-6) setting the motion sensor as a left motion sensor mounted on the left shoe when a result of the another determination made in step b-5) is positive; and b-7) returning to step a) when the result of the another determination made in step b-5) is negative. 3. The method for right-left discrimination of a gait trajectory as claimed in claim 2, wherein:
in step b-3), the processing unit makes the determination as to whether more than half of the slopes of the lines are greater than zero; and in step b-5), the processing unit makes the another determination as to whether more than half of the slopes of the lines are smaller than zero. 4. The method for right-left discrimination of a gait trajectory as claimed in claim 2, wherein step a) includes:
obtaining the gait trajectory based on the motion information which is outputted by the motion sensor within a time period between a start time point and an end time point, where the time period ranges from one second to three seconds. 5. The method for right-left discrimination of a gait trajectory as claimed in claim 4, further comprising:
obtaining m sets of coordinates based on the motion information outputted by the motion sensor within the time period between the start time point and the end time point, where m ranges between 10 and 50, the gait trajectory being constituted by the m sets of coordinates. 6. The method for right-left discrimination of a gait trajectory as claimed in claim 4, wherein in step b-1), then sets of coordinates are selected by the processing unit sequentially from a first one of the plural sets of coordinates, and the first one of the plural sets of coordinates is obtained by the processing unit at the start time point. 7. A device for right-left discrimination of a gait trajectory comprising:
a motion sensor to be mounted on one of a left shoe and a right shoe and configured to output motion information that contains plural sets of coordinates representing positions of the one of the left shoe and the right shoe; and a processing unit including a processor configured to
obtain a gait trajectory of said motion sensor based on the motion information outputted by said motion sensor, where the gait trajectory is constituted by the plural sets of coordinates,
calculate a slope of at least one line each between corresponding adjacent two sets of coordinates among the plural sets of coordinates,
determine that said motion sensor is mounted on the right shoe when it is determined that the slope is greater than zero, and
determine that said motion sensor is mounted on the left shoe when it is determined that the slope is smaller than zero. 8. The device for right-left discrimination of a gait trajectory as claimed in claim 7, wherein said device comprises two of said motion sensors, and two of said processing units electrically and respectively connected to said motion sensors. 9. The device for right-left discrimination of a gait trajectory as claimed in claim 7, wherein said processing unit is communicable with said motion sensor through a set of wireless communication technologies. 10. The device for right-left discrimination of a gait trajectory as claimed in claim 7, wherein any adjacent two sets of coordinates among the plural sets of coordinates define a line, and said processor obtains the gait trajectory based on the motion information which is outputted by said motion sensor within a time period between a start time point and an end time point, where the time period ranges from one second to three seconds. | A method for right-left discrimination of a gait trajectory includes: a) obtaining a gait trajectory of a motion sensor based on motion information outputted by the motion sensor, where the motion sensor is mounted on one of left and right shoes, the motion information contains plural sets of coordinates representing positions of the one of left and right shoes, and the gait trajectory is constituted by the plural sets of coordinates; and b) calculating a slope of at least one line each between corresponding adjacent two sets of coordinates among the plural sets of coordinates, determining that the motion sensor is mounted on the right shoe When the slope is greater than zero, and determining that the motion sensor is mounted on the left shoe when the slope is smaller than zero.1. A method for right-left discrimination of a gait trajectory, a motion sensor mounted on one of a left shoe and a right shoe, the motion sensor outputting motion information that contains plural sets of coordinates representing positions of the one of the left shoe and the right shoe, the method to be implemented by a processing unit and comprising:
a) obtaining a gait trajectory of the motion sensor based on the motion information outputted by the motion sensor, where the gait trajectory is constituted by the plural sets of coordinates; and b) calculating a slope of at least one line each between corresponding adjacent two sets of coordinates among the plural sets of coordinates, determining that the motion sensor is mounted on the right shoe when it is determined that the slope is greater than zero, and determining that the motion sensor is mounted on the left shoe when it is determined that the slope is smaller than zero. 2. The method for right-left discrimination of a gait trajectory as claimed in claim 1, wherein step b) includes sub-steps of:
b-1) selecting n sets of coordinates from among the plural sets of coordinates constituting the gait trajectory, where any adjacent two sets of coordinates among the n sets of coordinates define a line; b-2) calculating slopes of the lines each between respective adjacent two sets of coordinates among the n sets of coordinates; b-3) making a determination as to whether at least one of the slopes of the lines is greater than zero; b-4) setting the motion sensor as a right motion sensor mounted on the right shoe when a result of the determination made in step b-3) is positive; b-5) making another determination as to whether at least one of the slopes of the lines is smaller than zero when the result of the determination made in step b-3) is negative; b-6) setting the motion sensor as a left motion sensor mounted on the left shoe when a result of the another determination made in step b-5) is positive; and b-7) returning to step a) when the result of the another determination made in step b-5) is negative. 3. The method for right-left discrimination of a gait trajectory as claimed in claim 2, wherein:
in step b-3), the processing unit makes the determination as to whether more than half of the slopes of the lines are greater than zero; and in step b-5), the processing unit makes the another determination as to whether more than half of the slopes of the lines are smaller than zero. 4. The method for right-left discrimination of a gait trajectory as claimed in claim 2, wherein step a) includes:
obtaining the gait trajectory based on the motion information which is outputted by the motion sensor within a time period between a start time point and an end time point, where the time period ranges from one second to three seconds. 5. The method for right-left discrimination of a gait trajectory as claimed in claim 4, further comprising:
obtaining m sets of coordinates based on the motion information outputted by the motion sensor within the time period between the start time point and the end time point, where m ranges between 10 and 50, the gait trajectory being constituted by the m sets of coordinates. 6. The method for right-left discrimination of a gait trajectory as claimed in claim 4, wherein in step b-1), then sets of coordinates are selected by the processing unit sequentially from a first one of the plural sets of coordinates, and the first one of the plural sets of coordinates is obtained by the processing unit at the start time point. 7. A device for right-left discrimination of a gait trajectory comprising:
a motion sensor to be mounted on one of a left shoe and a right shoe and configured to output motion information that contains plural sets of coordinates representing positions of the one of the left shoe and the right shoe; and a processing unit including a processor configured to
obtain a gait trajectory of said motion sensor based on the motion information outputted by said motion sensor, where the gait trajectory is constituted by the plural sets of coordinates,
calculate a slope of at least one line each between corresponding adjacent two sets of coordinates among the plural sets of coordinates,
determine that said motion sensor is mounted on the right shoe when it is determined that the slope is greater than zero, and
determine that said motion sensor is mounted on the left shoe when it is determined that the slope is smaller than zero. 8. The device for right-left discrimination of a gait trajectory as claimed in claim 7, wherein said device comprises two of said motion sensors, and two of said processing units electrically and respectively connected to said motion sensors. 9. The device for right-left discrimination of a gait trajectory as claimed in claim 7, wherein said processing unit is communicable with said motion sensor through a set of wireless communication technologies. 10. The device for right-left discrimination of a gait trajectory as claimed in claim 7, wherein any adjacent two sets of coordinates among the plural sets of coordinates define a line, and said processor obtains the gait trajectory based on the motion information which is outputted by said motion sensor within a time period between a start time point and an end time point, where the time period ranges from one second to three seconds. | 1,600 |
342,062 | 16,802,438 | 1,611 | A package structure of a directly modulated laser in a photonics module includes a thermoelectric cooler including multiple conductor traces formed in a cool surface. The package structure further includes a directly modulated laser (DML) chip having a first electrode being attached with the cool surface and a second electrode at a distance away from the cool surface. Additionally, the package structure includes an interposer having a plurality of through-holes formed between a first surface to a second surface. The first surface is mounted to the cool surface such that each through-hole is aligned with one of the multiple conductor traces and the second surface being leveled with the second electrode. Moreover, the package structure includes a driver disposed on the second surface of the interposer with at least a galvanically coupled output port coupled directly to the second electrode of the DML chip. | 1. A package structure of a directly modulated laser in a photonics module comprising:
a substrate configured as a thermoelectric cooler including multiple conductor traces embedded in a first surface, the first surface having a cavity region including a second surface; a directly modulated laser (DML) chip having a first electrode attached to the second surface within the cavity region and at least one second electrode positioned to be leveled with the first surface; and a driver chip flipped and disposed on the substrate, the driver chip including multiple electrodes configured to be coupled with the multiple conductor traces in the first surface and including at least one galvanically coupled output port to be coupled directly to the at least one second electrode of the DML chip. 2. The package structure of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises silicon and silicon oxide, each conductor trace is configured to carry electrical signals interfacing the driver chip. 3. The package structure of claim 2 wherein the second surface comprises a cool surface of the thermoelectric cooler. 4. The package structure of claim 3 wherein the DML chip comprises multiple laser diodes having a common electrode being attached with the cool surface with a thermal conductive pad inserted between the common electrode and the cool surface. 5. The package structure of claim 4 wherein the multiple laser diodes comprise respective multiple second electrodes, and the driver chip comprises multiple galvanically coupled output ports coupled to the respective multiple second electrodes of the DML chip. 6. A method of packaging a directly modulated laser in a photonics module comprising:
providing a thermoelectric cooler having a cool surface including multiple conductor traces formed in the cool surface; disposing a directly modulated laser (DML) chip having a common electrode attached to the cool surface and one or more separate electrodes at a distance away from the cool surface; mounting an interposer on the cool surface, the interposer having a plurality of through-holes formed from a first surface of the interposer to a second surface of the interposer, the first surface being attached with the cool surface such that each through-hole is aligned with one of the multiple conductor traces and the second surface being leveled with a first separate electrode of the one or more separate electrodes; and disposing a driver chip flipped on the second surface of the interposer with at least a galvanically coupled output port being coupled directly to the first separate electrode of the DML chip. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the DML chip comprises multiple laser diodes having respective first electrodes being formed as the common electrode attached to the cool surface. 8. The method of claim 7 further comprising a thermal conductive pad inserted between the common electrode and the cool surface. 9. The method of claim 6 wherein the mounting an interposer comprises coupling a conductor material filled in one of the plurality of through-holes at the first surface with each of the multiple conductor traces in the cool surface. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the disposing the driver chip comprises coupling each of a plurality of electrodes with the conductor material filled in one of the plurality of through-holes at the second surface. 11. A method of packaging a directly modulated laser in a photonics module comprising:
providing a substrate configured as a thermoelectric cooler including multiple conductor traces embedded in a first surface, the first surface having a cavity region including a second surface; disposing a directly modulated laser (DML) chip having a first electrode attached to the second surface within the cavity region and at least one second electrode positioned to be leveled with the first surface; and disposing a driver chip flipped on the substrate such that multiple electrodes are coupled respectively to the multiple conductor traces in the first surface and at least one galvanically coupled output port is coupled directly to the at least one second electrode of the DML chip. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the substrate comprises silicon and silicon oxide, each conductor trace is configured to carry electrical signals interfacing the driver chip. 13. The method of claim 11 wherein providing the substrate comprises configuring the second surface to a cool surface of the thermoelectric cooler. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein providing the substrate further comprises configuring each conductor trace to be an electrical input of the thermoelectric cooler. 15. The package structure of claim 11 wherein the DML chip comprises multiple laser diodes having a common electrode being connected to multiple first electrodes of the multiple laser diodes. 16. The package structure of claim 15 wherein disposing the DML chip comprises attaching the common electrode to the cool surface with a thermal conductive pad inserted between the common electrode and the cool surface. | A package structure of a directly modulated laser in a photonics module includes a thermoelectric cooler including multiple conductor traces formed in a cool surface. The package structure further includes a directly modulated laser (DML) chip having a first electrode being attached with the cool surface and a second electrode at a distance away from the cool surface. Additionally, the package structure includes an interposer having a plurality of through-holes formed between a first surface to a second surface. The first surface is mounted to the cool surface such that each through-hole is aligned with one of the multiple conductor traces and the second surface being leveled with the second electrode. Moreover, the package structure includes a driver disposed on the second surface of the interposer with at least a galvanically coupled output port coupled directly to the second electrode of the DML chip.1. A package structure of a directly modulated laser in a photonics module comprising:
a substrate configured as a thermoelectric cooler including multiple conductor traces embedded in a first surface, the first surface having a cavity region including a second surface; a directly modulated laser (DML) chip having a first electrode attached to the second surface within the cavity region and at least one second electrode positioned to be leveled with the first surface; and a driver chip flipped and disposed on the substrate, the driver chip including multiple electrodes configured to be coupled with the multiple conductor traces in the first surface and including at least one galvanically coupled output port to be coupled directly to the at least one second electrode of the DML chip. 2. The package structure of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises silicon and silicon oxide, each conductor trace is configured to carry electrical signals interfacing the driver chip. 3. The package structure of claim 2 wherein the second surface comprises a cool surface of the thermoelectric cooler. 4. The package structure of claim 3 wherein the DML chip comprises multiple laser diodes having a common electrode being attached with the cool surface with a thermal conductive pad inserted between the common electrode and the cool surface. 5. The package structure of claim 4 wherein the multiple laser diodes comprise respective multiple second electrodes, and the driver chip comprises multiple galvanically coupled output ports coupled to the respective multiple second electrodes of the DML chip. 6. A method of packaging a directly modulated laser in a photonics module comprising:
providing a thermoelectric cooler having a cool surface including multiple conductor traces formed in the cool surface; disposing a directly modulated laser (DML) chip having a common electrode attached to the cool surface and one or more separate electrodes at a distance away from the cool surface; mounting an interposer on the cool surface, the interposer having a plurality of through-holes formed from a first surface of the interposer to a second surface of the interposer, the first surface being attached with the cool surface such that each through-hole is aligned with one of the multiple conductor traces and the second surface being leveled with a first separate electrode of the one or more separate electrodes; and disposing a driver chip flipped on the second surface of the interposer with at least a galvanically coupled output port being coupled directly to the first separate electrode of the DML chip. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the DML chip comprises multiple laser diodes having respective first electrodes being formed as the common electrode attached to the cool surface. 8. The method of claim 7 further comprising a thermal conductive pad inserted between the common electrode and the cool surface. 9. The method of claim 6 wherein the mounting an interposer comprises coupling a conductor material filled in one of the plurality of through-holes at the first surface with each of the multiple conductor traces in the cool surface. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the disposing the driver chip comprises coupling each of a plurality of electrodes with the conductor material filled in one of the plurality of through-holes at the second surface. 11. A method of packaging a directly modulated laser in a photonics module comprising:
providing a substrate configured as a thermoelectric cooler including multiple conductor traces embedded in a first surface, the first surface having a cavity region including a second surface; disposing a directly modulated laser (DML) chip having a first electrode attached to the second surface within the cavity region and at least one second electrode positioned to be leveled with the first surface; and disposing a driver chip flipped on the substrate such that multiple electrodes are coupled respectively to the multiple conductor traces in the first surface and at least one galvanically coupled output port is coupled directly to the at least one second electrode of the DML chip. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the substrate comprises silicon and silicon oxide, each conductor trace is configured to carry electrical signals interfacing the driver chip. 13. The method of claim 11 wherein providing the substrate comprises configuring the second surface to a cool surface of the thermoelectric cooler. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein providing the substrate further comprises configuring each conductor trace to be an electrical input of the thermoelectric cooler. 15. The package structure of claim 11 wherein the DML chip comprises multiple laser diodes having a common electrode being connected to multiple first electrodes of the multiple laser diodes. 16. The package structure of claim 15 wherein disposing the DML chip comprises attaching the common electrode to the cool surface with a thermal conductive pad inserted between the common electrode and the cool surface. | 1,600 |
342,063 | 16,802,346 | 1,611 | Methods and devices are described which allow sound waves to be safely be applied to the eyelid of an eye of a patient or through the eyelid to other structures in the eye or to or through structures in the facial region to effect changes to one or more structures in and around the eye or directly through the cornea or sclera to regions of the eye to treat one or more diseases of the eye. | 1. A device to stimulate an external nasal nerve to activate the lacrimal glands at the junction of the upper lateral nasal cartilage and nasal bone of a patient comprising:
an applicator having a handle; a skin interface on the applicator, said skin interface having a curved skin contact surface with a rounded edge with an edge radius in a range from 0.5 mm to 5 mm and a skin contact area in a range from 0.5 mm2 to 10 mm2; an actuator coupled to the skin interface and configured to vibrate the skin surface with a substantially linear displacement in a range from 0.1 mm to 3 mm, at a frequency in a range from 100 Hz to 500 Hz, and with a force in a range from 0.5N to 5N when the interface is manually pressed against a skin surface. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the skin interface is configured to fit in the ridge at the junction of the nasal bone and nasal cartilage. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the skin contact surface has a thickness between 0.5 mm and 5 mm selected to be pressed into the junction of the nasal bone and the anterior lateral nasal cartilage. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein skin contact surface comprises a compliant member configured to be pressed against the target location to transmit a variable amount of user controlled vibratory energy to the patient's external nasal nerve.] 5. The device of claim 4, wherein the compliant surface has a hardness in a range from Shore A40 to Shore A80. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the actuator comprises a linear resonance actuator. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the actuator comprises an eccentrically weighted motor. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein the actuator comprises a voice coil. 9. The device of claim 1, wherein the actuator comprises an electromagnet. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the actuator comprises a piezoelectric crystal. 11. The device of claim 4, wherein the device is further configured to apply the end effector to the skin at difference angles and positions to maximize activation of the lacrimal glands. 12. The device of claim 1, wherein the edge comprises a lateral curvature, the lateral curvature determining the sharpness of the tip; and, wherein the sharpness is configured to activate an external nasal nerve at the junction 13. The device of claim 1, further comprising a variable frequency AND adjustability of application angle and position by the user to optimize stimulation of the lacrimal gland. 14. The device of claim 1, wherein the actuator is configured to create a user defined variation in excursion. 15. The device of claim 1, wherein the actuator comprises an eccentrically weighted motor coupled to the actuator allowing the user to apply a variable vibrational force to optimize stimulation of the lacrimal gland. | Methods and devices are described which allow sound waves to be safely be applied to the eyelid of an eye of a patient or through the eyelid to other structures in the eye or to or through structures in the facial region to effect changes to one or more structures in and around the eye or directly through the cornea or sclera to regions of the eye to treat one or more diseases of the eye.1. A device to stimulate an external nasal nerve to activate the lacrimal glands at the junction of the upper lateral nasal cartilage and nasal bone of a patient comprising:
an applicator having a handle; a skin interface on the applicator, said skin interface having a curved skin contact surface with a rounded edge with an edge radius in a range from 0.5 mm to 5 mm and a skin contact area in a range from 0.5 mm2 to 10 mm2; an actuator coupled to the skin interface and configured to vibrate the skin surface with a substantially linear displacement in a range from 0.1 mm to 3 mm, at a frequency in a range from 100 Hz to 500 Hz, and with a force in a range from 0.5N to 5N when the interface is manually pressed against a skin surface. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the skin interface is configured to fit in the ridge at the junction of the nasal bone and nasal cartilage. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the skin contact surface has a thickness between 0.5 mm and 5 mm selected to be pressed into the junction of the nasal bone and the anterior lateral nasal cartilage. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein skin contact surface comprises a compliant member configured to be pressed against the target location to transmit a variable amount of user controlled vibratory energy to the patient's external nasal nerve.] 5. The device of claim 4, wherein the compliant surface has a hardness in a range from Shore A40 to Shore A80. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the actuator comprises a linear resonance actuator. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the actuator comprises an eccentrically weighted motor. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein the actuator comprises a voice coil. 9. The device of claim 1, wherein the actuator comprises an electromagnet. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the actuator comprises a piezoelectric crystal. 11. The device of claim 4, wherein the device is further configured to apply the end effector to the skin at difference angles and positions to maximize activation of the lacrimal glands. 12. The device of claim 1, wherein the edge comprises a lateral curvature, the lateral curvature determining the sharpness of the tip; and, wherein the sharpness is configured to activate an external nasal nerve at the junction 13. The device of claim 1, further comprising a variable frequency AND adjustability of application angle and position by the user to optimize stimulation of the lacrimal gland. 14. The device of claim 1, wherein the actuator is configured to create a user defined variation in excursion. 15. The device of claim 1, wherein the actuator comprises an eccentrically weighted motor coupled to the actuator allowing the user to apply a variable vibrational force to optimize stimulation of the lacrimal gland. | 1,600 |
342,064 | 16,802,432 | 3,785 | The hiccup relieving apparatus includes a body with a first end having a mouthpiece, a second end having a restriction in the body between the first end and the second end. The restriction makes it difficult to draw fluid through the body to the user's mouth. The fluid can be air or the body can be immersed in water or other potable liquid in a container. The restriction requires an adult user, using the mouthpiece, to produce a threshold suction of for example water before water can flow from the water in the water container, through the body, through the mouthpiece, and to the user. | 1. A device for relieving hiccups comprising:
a body having a first end and a second end, said first and second ends being spaced from one another; said body defining an interior space; said first end having a first opening in fluid communication with said interior space and said second end having a first hole in communication with said interior space, said first opening adapted to receive a user's mouth to draw fluid through said first hole into said interior space and through said first opening into the user's mouth; said first hole is smaller than said first opening to create a pressure differential between the users lungs and the atmospheric pressure when the user draws fluid through said first opening to lower the users diaphragm while simultaneously requiring the user to open and then close the user's epiglottis. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein said body is a hollow tube. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein said hollow tube has a rectangular cross section. 4. The device of claim 1, further including a mouthpiece connected to said first end in fluid communication with said first opening. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein said second end has a second opening;
a removeable cap closes said second opening. 6. The device of claim 5, wherein said cap has at least one second hole and said cap is rotatable upon said second end to align said second hole with said first hole. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein said first hole extends through said body portion. 8. A device for relieving hiccups comprising:
a hollow body having a first end and a second end, said first end being adopted to receive a user's mouth; said second end being spaced from said first end; a first hole extends through said hollow body adjacent said second end; and a cap mounted to said second end, said cap having at least one second hole, said cap being rotatable to align said first and second holes to allow fluid to be drawn through said aligned first and second holes through said hollow tube and through said first end; whereby said first and second holes are sized to require a suction of at least 10 cm of water. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein said body is a hollow tube. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein said hollow tube has a rectangular cross section. 11. The device of claim 8, further including a mouthpiece connected to said first end in fluid communication with said first opening. 12. The device of claim 8, wherein said cap is snap fit to said second end for easy removal and re-attachment. 13. A device for relieving hiccups comprising:
a body having a first open end and a second open end, said body defining an interior space; a mouth placement section on said first end, said mouth placement section being in fluid communication with said interior space; a closure covering said second open end, closing off said second open end; a hole extending into said body adjacent said second end, said hole being in fluid communication with said interior space and said mouth placement section; said hole being substantially smaller than said first open end; whereby a user suffering from hiccups places their mouth over the mouth placement section sucks on the mouthpiece to draw fluid through the hole into the interior space and through the mouth placement section to create a pressure differential between the user's lungs and the atmospheric pressure to lower the users diaphragm. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein said body is a hollow tube. 15. The device of claim 14, wherein said hollow tube has a rectangular cross section. 16. The device of claim 13, further including a mouthpiece connected to said first end in fluid communication with said first opening. 17. The device of claim 13, wherein said closure is a cap attached to said second open end. 18. The device of claim 17, wherein said cap has at least one second hole and said cap is rotatable upon said second end to align said second hole with said first hole. | The hiccup relieving apparatus includes a body with a first end having a mouthpiece, a second end having a restriction in the body between the first end and the second end. The restriction makes it difficult to draw fluid through the body to the user's mouth. The fluid can be air or the body can be immersed in water or other potable liquid in a container. The restriction requires an adult user, using the mouthpiece, to produce a threshold suction of for example water before water can flow from the water in the water container, through the body, through the mouthpiece, and to the user.1. A device for relieving hiccups comprising:
a body having a first end and a second end, said first and second ends being spaced from one another; said body defining an interior space; said first end having a first opening in fluid communication with said interior space and said second end having a first hole in communication with said interior space, said first opening adapted to receive a user's mouth to draw fluid through said first hole into said interior space and through said first opening into the user's mouth; said first hole is smaller than said first opening to create a pressure differential between the users lungs and the atmospheric pressure when the user draws fluid through said first opening to lower the users diaphragm while simultaneously requiring the user to open and then close the user's epiglottis. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein said body is a hollow tube. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein said hollow tube has a rectangular cross section. 4. The device of claim 1, further including a mouthpiece connected to said first end in fluid communication with said first opening. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein said second end has a second opening;
a removeable cap closes said second opening. 6. The device of claim 5, wherein said cap has at least one second hole and said cap is rotatable upon said second end to align said second hole with said first hole. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein said first hole extends through said body portion. 8. A device for relieving hiccups comprising:
a hollow body having a first end and a second end, said first end being adopted to receive a user's mouth; said second end being spaced from said first end; a first hole extends through said hollow body adjacent said second end; and a cap mounted to said second end, said cap having at least one second hole, said cap being rotatable to align said first and second holes to allow fluid to be drawn through said aligned first and second holes through said hollow tube and through said first end; whereby said first and second holes are sized to require a suction of at least 10 cm of water. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein said body is a hollow tube. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein said hollow tube has a rectangular cross section. 11. The device of claim 8, further including a mouthpiece connected to said first end in fluid communication with said first opening. 12. The device of claim 8, wherein said cap is snap fit to said second end for easy removal and re-attachment. 13. A device for relieving hiccups comprising:
a body having a first open end and a second open end, said body defining an interior space; a mouth placement section on said first end, said mouth placement section being in fluid communication with said interior space; a closure covering said second open end, closing off said second open end; a hole extending into said body adjacent said second end, said hole being in fluid communication with said interior space and said mouth placement section; said hole being substantially smaller than said first open end; whereby a user suffering from hiccups places their mouth over the mouth placement section sucks on the mouthpiece to draw fluid through the hole into the interior space and through the mouth placement section to create a pressure differential between the user's lungs and the atmospheric pressure to lower the users diaphragm. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein said body is a hollow tube. 15. The device of claim 14, wherein said hollow tube has a rectangular cross section. 16. The device of claim 13, further including a mouthpiece connected to said first end in fluid communication with said first opening. 17. The device of claim 13, wherein said closure is a cap attached to said second open end. 18. The device of claim 17, wherein said cap has at least one second hole and said cap is rotatable upon said second end to align said second hole with said first hole. | 3,700 |
342,065 | 16,802,453 | 3,617 | An automatic-direction-alignment-system aligns a floating platform axial-centerline with the water-flowing-direction automatically. In the ocean, the ocean-wave-flowing-direction keeps changing. This system maneuvers the floating platform to let the center-line of the floating platform to be aligned with the ocean-wave-flowing-direction automatically. | 1. An automatic-directional-alignment-system designed for aligning the floating-platform-center-line-direction with the water-mass-flowing-direction automatically in a river or ocean, comprising: a floating platform, a set of wings, windows on the wings with window frames, a floating-platform-air/water-tank, a system-air/water-tank, yaw maneuver supporting rollers, and floating-platform center-line. 2. The mechanical system of claim 1, wherein each of the wings has a plurality of windows with window frames. 3. The mechanical system of claim 2, wherein the windows have hinges at the top of the window frame and the windows rotate around the hinges. 4. The mechanical system of claim 3, wherein the windows are allowed to be opened either clockwise or counter-clockwise rotation depending on the water-mass-flowing-direction in a river or ocean. 5. The mechanical system of claim 1, claim 2, claim 3, and claim 4, wherein the wings are attached to the floating platform symmetrically with respect to the axial-centerline such a way that the windows of the wings that encounter the water-wave-mass flow first are to be opened and let the water-mass pass through while the windows that encounter the water wave-mass last are designed to be closed and block the water-mass-flow and build up water-mass pressure on these wings, and thus balance the floating platform. 6. The mechanical system of claim 5, wherein the floating platform is installed on the top of the floating-platform-air/water-tank, and the floating-platform-air/water-tank with floating platform is installed in the system-air/water-tank, and the floating-platform-air/water-tank is floating in the system-air/water-tank and there is a space between the floating-platform-air/water-tank and the system-air/water-tank, and the space is filled with water. 7. The mechanical system of claim 5, wherein the yaw-maneuver-supporting-rollers are installed between the floating-platform-air/water-tank and the system-air/water-tank for easy yaw maneuver of the floating-platform-air/water-tank. 8. The mechanical system of claim 5, wherein since the wings are attached symmetrically with respect to the axial-centerline, when the water-mass flowing direction is not aligned with the direction of the axial-centerline, the offset generates a torque that causes the floating platform to rotate until the axial-centerline of the floating platform is aligned with the water-mass flowing direction. | An automatic-direction-alignment-system aligns a floating platform axial-centerline with the water-flowing-direction automatically. In the ocean, the ocean-wave-flowing-direction keeps changing. This system maneuvers the floating platform to let the center-line of the floating platform to be aligned with the ocean-wave-flowing-direction automatically.1. An automatic-directional-alignment-system designed for aligning the floating-platform-center-line-direction with the water-mass-flowing-direction automatically in a river or ocean, comprising: a floating platform, a set of wings, windows on the wings with window frames, a floating-platform-air/water-tank, a system-air/water-tank, yaw maneuver supporting rollers, and floating-platform center-line. 2. The mechanical system of claim 1, wherein each of the wings has a plurality of windows with window frames. 3. The mechanical system of claim 2, wherein the windows have hinges at the top of the window frame and the windows rotate around the hinges. 4. The mechanical system of claim 3, wherein the windows are allowed to be opened either clockwise or counter-clockwise rotation depending on the water-mass-flowing-direction in a river or ocean. 5. The mechanical system of claim 1, claim 2, claim 3, and claim 4, wherein the wings are attached to the floating platform symmetrically with respect to the axial-centerline such a way that the windows of the wings that encounter the water-wave-mass flow first are to be opened and let the water-mass pass through while the windows that encounter the water wave-mass last are designed to be closed and block the water-mass-flow and build up water-mass pressure on these wings, and thus balance the floating platform. 6. The mechanical system of claim 5, wherein the floating platform is installed on the top of the floating-platform-air/water-tank, and the floating-platform-air/water-tank with floating platform is installed in the system-air/water-tank, and the floating-platform-air/water-tank is floating in the system-air/water-tank and there is a space between the floating-platform-air/water-tank and the system-air/water-tank, and the space is filled with water. 7. The mechanical system of claim 5, wherein the yaw-maneuver-supporting-rollers are installed between the floating-platform-air/water-tank and the system-air/water-tank for easy yaw maneuver of the floating-platform-air/water-tank. 8. The mechanical system of claim 5, wherein since the wings are attached symmetrically with respect to the axial-centerline, when the water-mass flowing direction is not aligned with the direction of the axial-centerline, the offset generates a torque that causes the floating platform to rotate until the axial-centerline of the floating platform is aligned with the water-mass flowing direction. | 3,600 |
342,066 | 16,802,455 | 3,617 | A video codec receives data to be encoded or decoded as a current block of a current picture of a video. first and/or second flags indicate whether to apply a first combined prediction mode or a second combined prediction mode. The video codec decodes or encodes the current block. When the combined inter and intra prediction mode is applied, the current block is coded by using a combined prediction that is generated based on an inter-prediction and an intra-prediction. When the triangle prediction mode is applied, the current block is coded by using a combined prediction that is generated based on at least two inter-predictions. | 1. A video coding method comprising:
receiving, at a video codec, data to be encoded or decoded as a current block of a current picture of a video, wherein at least one of first and second flags indicate whether to apply combined inter and intra prediction mode or triangle prediction mode, wherein the combined inter and intra prediction mode and the triangle prediction mode are taken as a group for combined prediction modes; and decoding or encoding the current block, wherein when combined inter and intra prediction mode is applied, the current block is coded by using a combined prediction that is generated based on an inter-prediction and an intra-prediction, and wherein when triangle prediction mode is applied, the current block is coded by using a combined prediction that is generated based on at least two inter-predictions. 2. The video coding method of claim 1, wherein the first flag indicates whether a multi-hypothesis prediction mode is applied to combine two prediction signals to generate a combined prediction for decoding or encoding the current block. 3. The video coding method of claim 1, wherein the second flag selects combined inter and intra prediction mode or triangle prediction mode. 4. The video coding method of claim 1, wherein when triangle prediction mode is applied, the video codec combines a first inter-prediction signal with a second inter-prediction signal to generate the combined prediction for a diagonal region between two triangular prediction units of the current block. 5. The video coding method of claim 1, wherein when triangle prediction mode is applied, the video codec combines a first inter-prediction signal with a second inter-prediction signal to generate the combined prediction for an overlap prediction region that is defined based on a partitioning along a straight line bifurcating the current block. 6. The video coding method of claim 5, wherein the straight line is a diagonal line connecting two opposing vertices of the current block. 7. The video coding method of claim 5, wherein the combined prediction is a weighted sum of the first inter-prediction signal and the second inter-prediction signal. 8. The video coding method of claim 1, wherein the first flag is coded by a first bin and the second flag is coded by a second bin that are signaled with different contexts. 9. The video coding method of claim 1, wherein at least one of first and second flags are coded by one or more bins that are signaled with one or more contexts that are chosen based on properties of a set of the current block or neighboring blocks of the current block. 10. The video coding method of claim 1, wherein at least one of first and second flags are coded by one or more bins that are signaled with one or more contexts that are chosen based on a selected motion candidate or a selected intra prediction mode. 11. The video coding method of claim 1, wherein the first flag and the second flag are signaled using truncated unary codewords. 12. The video coding method of claim 11, wherein the first flag and the second flag are signaled using fixed length codewords. 13. An electronic apparatus comprising:
a video decoder circuit configured to perform operations comprising:
receiving data from a bitstream for a block of pixels to be decoded as a current block of a current picture of a video;
receiving at least one of first and second flags that indicate whether to apply combined inter and intra prediction mode or triangle prediction mode, wherein the combined inter and intra prediction mode and the triangle prediction mode are taken as a group for combined prediction modes; and
decoding the current block,
wherein when combined inter and intra prediction mode is applied, the current block is decoded by using a combined prediction that is generated based on an inter-prediction and an intra-prediction, and
wherein when triangle prediction mode is applied, the current block is decoded by using a combined prediction that is generated based on at least two inter-predictions. 14. An electronic apparatus comprising:
a video encoder circuit configured to perform operations comprising:
receiving raw pixel data for a block of pixels to be encoded as a current block of a current picture of a video into a bitstream;
signaling at least one of first and second flags in the bitstream to indicate whether to apply combined inter and intra prediction mode or triangle prediction mode, wherein the combined inter and intra prediction mode and the triangle prediction mode are taken as a group for combined prediction modes; and
encoding the current block,
wherein when combined inter and intra prediction mode is applied, the current block is encoded by a combined prediction that is generated based on an inter-prediction and an intra-prediction, and
wherein when triangle prediction mode is applied, the current block is encoded by a combined prediction that is generated based on at least two different inter-predictions. | A video codec receives data to be encoded or decoded as a current block of a current picture of a video. first and/or second flags indicate whether to apply a first combined prediction mode or a second combined prediction mode. The video codec decodes or encodes the current block. When the combined inter and intra prediction mode is applied, the current block is coded by using a combined prediction that is generated based on an inter-prediction and an intra-prediction. When the triangle prediction mode is applied, the current block is coded by using a combined prediction that is generated based on at least two inter-predictions.1. A video coding method comprising:
receiving, at a video codec, data to be encoded or decoded as a current block of a current picture of a video, wherein at least one of first and second flags indicate whether to apply combined inter and intra prediction mode or triangle prediction mode, wherein the combined inter and intra prediction mode and the triangle prediction mode are taken as a group for combined prediction modes; and decoding or encoding the current block, wherein when combined inter and intra prediction mode is applied, the current block is coded by using a combined prediction that is generated based on an inter-prediction and an intra-prediction, and wherein when triangle prediction mode is applied, the current block is coded by using a combined prediction that is generated based on at least two inter-predictions. 2. The video coding method of claim 1, wherein the first flag indicates whether a multi-hypothesis prediction mode is applied to combine two prediction signals to generate a combined prediction for decoding or encoding the current block. 3. The video coding method of claim 1, wherein the second flag selects combined inter and intra prediction mode or triangle prediction mode. 4. The video coding method of claim 1, wherein when triangle prediction mode is applied, the video codec combines a first inter-prediction signal with a second inter-prediction signal to generate the combined prediction for a diagonal region between two triangular prediction units of the current block. 5. The video coding method of claim 1, wherein when triangle prediction mode is applied, the video codec combines a first inter-prediction signal with a second inter-prediction signal to generate the combined prediction for an overlap prediction region that is defined based on a partitioning along a straight line bifurcating the current block. 6. The video coding method of claim 5, wherein the straight line is a diagonal line connecting two opposing vertices of the current block. 7. The video coding method of claim 5, wherein the combined prediction is a weighted sum of the first inter-prediction signal and the second inter-prediction signal. 8. The video coding method of claim 1, wherein the first flag is coded by a first bin and the second flag is coded by a second bin that are signaled with different contexts. 9. The video coding method of claim 1, wherein at least one of first and second flags are coded by one or more bins that are signaled with one or more contexts that are chosen based on properties of a set of the current block or neighboring blocks of the current block. 10. The video coding method of claim 1, wherein at least one of first and second flags are coded by one or more bins that are signaled with one or more contexts that are chosen based on a selected motion candidate or a selected intra prediction mode. 11. The video coding method of claim 1, wherein the first flag and the second flag are signaled using truncated unary codewords. 12. The video coding method of claim 11, wherein the first flag and the second flag are signaled using fixed length codewords. 13. An electronic apparatus comprising:
a video decoder circuit configured to perform operations comprising:
receiving data from a bitstream for a block of pixels to be decoded as a current block of a current picture of a video;
receiving at least one of first and second flags that indicate whether to apply combined inter and intra prediction mode or triangle prediction mode, wherein the combined inter and intra prediction mode and the triangle prediction mode are taken as a group for combined prediction modes; and
decoding the current block,
wherein when combined inter and intra prediction mode is applied, the current block is decoded by using a combined prediction that is generated based on an inter-prediction and an intra-prediction, and
wherein when triangle prediction mode is applied, the current block is decoded by using a combined prediction that is generated based on at least two inter-predictions. 14. An electronic apparatus comprising:
a video encoder circuit configured to perform operations comprising:
receiving raw pixel data for a block of pixels to be encoded as a current block of a current picture of a video into a bitstream;
signaling at least one of first and second flags in the bitstream to indicate whether to apply combined inter and intra prediction mode or triangle prediction mode, wherein the combined inter and intra prediction mode and the triangle prediction mode are taken as a group for combined prediction modes; and
encoding the current block,
wherein when combined inter and intra prediction mode is applied, the current block is encoded by a combined prediction that is generated based on an inter-prediction and an intra-prediction, and
wherein when triangle prediction mode is applied, the current block is encoded by a combined prediction that is generated based on at least two different inter-predictions. | 3,600 |
342,067 | 16,802,442 | 3,617 | A display device according to an embodiment of the present inventive concept includes: a substrate including a first region and a second region; and a plurality of pixels disposed on the substrate, wherein the plurality of pixels each include a first data line and a second data line overlapping a pixel electrode, a first capacitance between the first data line and the pixel electrode is smaller than a second capacitance between the second data line and the pixel electrode in a pixel disposed in the first region, and the first capacitance between the first data line and the pixel electrode is larger than the second capacitance between the second data line and a pixel electrode in the pixel disposed in the second region. | 1. A display device comprising:
a substrate including a first region and a second region; and a plurality of pixels disposed on the substrate, wherein the plurality of pixels each include a first data line and a second data line overlapping a pixel electrode, a first capacitance between the first data line and the pixel electrode is smaller than a second capacitance between the second data line and the pixel electrode in a pixel disposed in the first region, and the first capacitance between the first data line and the pixel electrode is larger than the second capacitance between the second data line and the pixel electrode in a pixel disposed in the second region. 2. The display device of claim 1, wherein
the display panel is scanned in a direction from the first region to the second region. 3. The display device of claim 1, wherein
the plurality of pixels each include: a gate line disposed on the substrate; and a data line disposed to be insulated from the gate line, wherein the data line includes the first data line and the second data line, the pixel electrode is disposed to overlap the first data line and the second data line, a pixel electrode protrusion is connected to the pixel electrode, and the pixel disposed in the first region includes a second pixel electrode protrusion overlapping the second data line. 4. The display device of claim 3, wherein
the area of the first pixel electrode protrusion overlapping the first data line in the pixel disposed in the second region is wider than the area of the first pixel electrode protrusion overlapping the first data line of the pixel disposed in the first region. 5. The display device of claim 1, wherein
the first data line is electrically connected to the pixel electrode of the pixel, and the second data line is not electrically connected to the pixel electrode that is electrically connected to the first data line. 6. The display device of claim 5, wherein
the pixel includes a display area and a light blocking area, and in the light blocking area of the pixel disposed in the first region, a width of the first data line is narrower than a width of the second data line. 7. The display device of claim 6, wherein
in the light blocking area of the pixel disposed in the second region, the width of the first data line is wider than the width of the second data line. 8. The display device of claim 1, further comprising
a plurality of semiconductor layers disposed between the gate line and the data line, wherein the plurality of semiconductor layers each include a dummy semiconductor layer disposed at a region where the gate line and the data line cross each other. 9. The display device of claim 8, wherein
the gate line includes a first gate line and a second gate line parallel to each other, and a gate electrode disposed between the first gate line and the second gate line, and a part of the plurality of semiconductor layers is disposed to overlap the gate electrode so as to configure a transistor. 10. The display device of claim 1, wherein
the first data line and the second data line are curved at one edge of the pixel electrode, and a curved length of the second data line is longer than a curved length of the first data line. 11. The display device of claim 3, further comprising
a storage electrode line disposed on the same layer as the gate line, wherein the storage electrode line includes a first storage electrode line, a second storage electrode line, and a third storage electrode line, the first storage electrode line is disposed to be adjacent to one edge of the pixel electrode, the third storage electrode line is disposed to be adjacent to another edge of the pixel electrode, and the second storage electrode line is disposed to overlap the center of the pixel electrode. 12. The display device of claim 11, wherein
the first data line is disposed between the first storage electrode line and the second storage electrode line, and the second data line is disposed between the second storage electrode line and the third storage electrode line. 13. A display device comprising:
a substrate including a first region and a second region; and a plurality of pixels disposed on the substrate, wherein the plurality of pixels each include a first data line and a second data line overlapping a pixel electrode, in a pixel disposed in the first region, a first capacitance between the first data line and the pixel electrode is smaller than a second capacitance between the second data line and the pixel electrode, and a difference between the first capacitance and the second capacitance in the first region decreases stepwise closer to the second region. 14. The display device of claim 13, wherein
in the pixel disposed in the second region, a first capacitance between the first data line and the pixel electrode is larger than a second capacitance between the second data line and the pixel electrode, and in the second region, a difference between the first capacitance and the second capacitance increases stepwise farther away from the first region. 15. The display device of claim 13, wherein
the first capacitance and the second capacitance are equal in the center region of the substrate. 16. The display device of claim 13, wherein
the plurality of pixels each include: a gate line disposed on the substrate; and a data line disposed to be insulated from the gate line, wherein the data line includes the first data line and the second data line, the pixel electrode is disposed to overlap the first data line and the second data line, a pixel electrode protrusion is connected to the pixel electrode, the pixel disposed in the first region includes a second pixel electrode protrusion overlapping the second data line, and an area of the first pixel electrode protrusion overlapping the first data line in the pixel disposed in the second region is larger than an area of the first pixel electrode protrusion overlapping the first data line of the pixel disposed in the first region. 17. The display device of claim 13, wherein
the pixel includes a display area and a light blocking area, in the pixel disposed in the first region, the width of the first data line is narrower than the width of the second data line in the light blocking area, and in the pixel disposed in the second region, the width of the first data line is wider than the width of the second data line in the light blocking area. 18. The display device of claim 13, wherein
the first data line is electrically connected to the pixel electrode of the pixel, and the second data line is not electrically connected to the pixel electrode that is electrically connected to the first data line. 19. A display device comprising:
a substrate including a first region and a second region; and a plurality of pixels disposed on the substrate, wherein the pixel includes a first data line and a second data line overlapping a pixel electrode, a pixel disposed in the first region includes a second pixel electrode protrusion overlapping the second data line, and an area of the first pixel electrode protrusion overlapping the first data line in the pixel disposed in the second region is larger than an area of the first pixel electrode protrusion overlapping the first data line of the pixel disposed in the first region. 20. A display device comprising:
a substrate including a first region and a second region; and a plurality of pixels disposed on the substrate, wherein the plurality of pixels each include a first data line and a second data line overlapping the pixel electrode, each pixel includes a display area and a light blocking area, in a pixel disposed in the first region, a width of the first data line is narrower than a width of the second data line in the light blocking area, and in the pixel disposed in the second region, the width of the first data line is wider than the width of the second data line in the light blocking area. | A display device according to an embodiment of the present inventive concept includes: a substrate including a first region and a second region; and a plurality of pixels disposed on the substrate, wherein the plurality of pixels each include a first data line and a second data line overlapping a pixel electrode, a first capacitance between the first data line and the pixel electrode is smaller than a second capacitance between the second data line and the pixel electrode in a pixel disposed in the first region, and the first capacitance between the first data line and the pixel electrode is larger than the second capacitance between the second data line and a pixel electrode in the pixel disposed in the second region.1. A display device comprising:
a substrate including a first region and a second region; and a plurality of pixels disposed on the substrate, wherein the plurality of pixels each include a first data line and a second data line overlapping a pixel electrode, a first capacitance between the first data line and the pixel electrode is smaller than a second capacitance between the second data line and the pixel electrode in a pixel disposed in the first region, and the first capacitance between the first data line and the pixel electrode is larger than the second capacitance between the second data line and the pixel electrode in a pixel disposed in the second region. 2. The display device of claim 1, wherein
the display panel is scanned in a direction from the first region to the second region. 3. The display device of claim 1, wherein
the plurality of pixels each include: a gate line disposed on the substrate; and a data line disposed to be insulated from the gate line, wherein the data line includes the first data line and the second data line, the pixel electrode is disposed to overlap the first data line and the second data line, a pixel electrode protrusion is connected to the pixel electrode, and the pixel disposed in the first region includes a second pixel electrode protrusion overlapping the second data line. 4. The display device of claim 3, wherein
the area of the first pixel electrode protrusion overlapping the first data line in the pixel disposed in the second region is wider than the area of the first pixel electrode protrusion overlapping the first data line of the pixel disposed in the first region. 5. The display device of claim 1, wherein
the first data line is electrically connected to the pixel electrode of the pixel, and the second data line is not electrically connected to the pixel electrode that is electrically connected to the first data line. 6. The display device of claim 5, wherein
the pixel includes a display area and a light blocking area, and in the light blocking area of the pixel disposed in the first region, a width of the first data line is narrower than a width of the second data line. 7. The display device of claim 6, wherein
in the light blocking area of the pixel disposed in the second region, the width of the first data line is wider than the width of the second data line. 8. The display device of claim 1, further comprising
a plurality of semiconductor layers disposed between the gate line and the data line, wherein the plurality of semiconductor layers each include a dummy semiconductor layer disposed at a region where the gate line and the data line cross each other. 9. The display device of claim 8, wherein
the gate line includes a first gate line and a second gate line parallel to each other, and a gate electrode disposed between the first gate line and the second gate line, and a part of the plurality of semiconductor layers is disposed to overlap the gate electrode so as to configure a transistor. 10. The display device of claim 1, wherein
the first data line and the second data line are curved at one edge of the pixel electrode, and a curved length of the second data line is longer than a curved length of the first data line. 11. The display device of claim 3, further comprising
a storage electrode line disposed on the same layer as the gate line, wherein the storage electrode line includes a first storage electrode line, a second storage electrode line, and a third storage electrode line, the first storage electrode line is disposed to be adjacent to one edge of the pixel electrode, the third storage electrode line is disposed to be adjacent to another edge of the pixel electrode, and the second storage electrode line is disposed to overlap the center of the pixel electrode. 12. The display device of claim 11, wherein
the first data line is disposed between the first storage electrode line and the second storage electrode line, and the second data line is disposed between the second storage electrode line and the third storage electrode line. 13. A display device comprising:
a substrate including a first region and a second region; and a plurality of pixels disposed on the substrate, wherein the plurality of pixels each include a first data line and a second data line overlapping a pixel electrode, in a pixel disposed in the first region, a first capacitance between the first data line and the pixel electrode is smaller than a second capacitance between the second data line and the pixel electrode, and a difference between the first capacitance and the second capacitance in the first region decreases stepwise closer to the second region. 14. The display device of claim 13, wherein
in the pixel disposed in the second region, a first capacitance between the first data line and the pixel electrode is larger than a second capacitance between the second data line and the pixel electrode, and in the second region, a difference between the first capacitance and the second capacitance increases stepwise farther away from the first region. 15. The display device of claim 13, wherein
the first capacitance and the second capacitance are equal in the center region of the substrate. 16. The display device of claim 13, wherein
the plurality of pixels each include: a gate line disposed on the substrate; and a data line disposed to be insulated from the gate line, wherein the data line includes the first data line and the second data line, the pixel electrode is disposed to overlap the first data line and the second data line, a pixel electrode protrusion is connected to the pixel electrode, the pixel disposed in the first region includes a second pixel electrode protrusion overlapping the second data line, and an area of the first pixel electrode protrusion overlapping the first data line in the pixel disposed in the second region is larger than an area of the first pixel electrode protrusion overlapping the first data line of the pixel disposed in the first region. 17. The display device of claim 13, wherein
the pixel includes a display area and a light blocking area, in the pixel disposed in the first region, the width of the first data line is narrower than the width of the second data line in the light blocking area, and in the pixel disposed in the second region, the width of the first data line is wider than the width of the second data line in the light blocking area. 18. The display device of claim 13, wherein
the first data line is electrically connected to the pixel electrode of the pixel, and the second data line is not electrically connected to the pixel electrode that is electrically connected to the first data line. 19. A display device comprising:
a substrate including a first region and a second region; and a plurality of pixels disposed on the substrate, wherein the pixel includes a first data line and a second data line overlapping a pixel electrode, a pixel disposed in the first region includes a second pixel electrode protrusion overlapping the second data line, and an area of the first pixel electrode protrusion overlapping the first data line in the pixel disposed in the second region is larger than an area of the first pixel electrode protrusion overlapping the first data line of the pixel disposed in the first region. 20. A display device comprising:
a substrate including a first region and a second region; and a plurality of pixels disposed on the substrate, wherein the plurality of pixels each include a first data line and a second data line overlapping the pixel electrode, each pixel includes a display area and a light blocking area, in a pixel disposed in the first region, a width of the first data line is narrower than a width of the second data line in the light blocking area, and in the pixel disposed in the second region, the width of the first data line is wider than the width of the second data line in the light blocking area. | 3,600 |
342,068 | 16,802,424 | 3,617 | Systems and methods for frequency spectrum interference coordination in communication systems with dynamically-assigned spectrum. Embodiments provided herein include a spectrum management entity proxy between a cellular network's base stations and the spectrum management entity. The spectrum management entity proxy determines and implements an interference coordination scheme between the base stations of the cellular network. To determine and implement the interference coordination scheme, the spectrum management entity proxy modifies the messages exchanged between one or more base stations and a spectrum management entity before forwarding the messages. In some embodiments, the spectrum management entity proxy generates request messages to the spectrum management entity on behalf of the base stations (and vice versa). | 1. A radio frequency spectrum interference coordination system comprising:
a communication interface; and an electronic processor, coupled to the communication interface and configured to
send a proxy spectrum inquiry request to a spectrum management entity via the communication interface;
receive a proxy spectrum inquiry response, including a spectrum allocation, from the spectrum management entity via the communication interface;
send a first spectrum inquiry response, including the spectrum allocation, to a first base station via the communication interface;
receive a first grant request, including a first frequency range based on the spectrum allocation, from the first base station via the communication interface;
determine a second spectrum inquiry response based on the first grant request; and
send the second spectrum inquiry response to a second base station via the communication interface. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the electronic processor is further configured to:
determine a second frequency range based on the first frequency range and the spectrum allocation; and wherein the second spectrum inquiry response includes the second frequency range. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the electronic processor is further configured to:
determine a fractional frequency reuse configuration for the second base station based on the first frequency range; and wherein the second spectrum inquiry response includes the first frequency range and the fractional frequency reuse configuration. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the electronic processor is further configured to:
receive a first spectrum inquiry request from the first base station via the communication interface; and receive a second spectrum inquiry request from the second base station via the communication interface; wherein the proxy spectrum inquiry request is based on the first spectrum inquiry request and the second spectrum inquiry request. 5. The system of claim 1, where in the electronic processor is further configured to:
determine whether at least one of the group consisting of the first base station and the second base station should be reconfigured; and responsive to making the determination, send a grant suspend message to at least one of the group consisting of the first base station and the second base station via the communication interface. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the electronic processor is further configured to
receive performance metrics for a plurality of base stations including the first and second base stations; and wherein determining whether at least one of the group consisting of the first base station and the second base station should be reconfigured is based on the performance metrics for the plurality of base stations. 7. The system of claim 5, wherein the electronic processor is further configured to:
receive a third spectrum inquiry request from a third base station via the communication interface; send a second proxy spectrum inquiry request, based on the third spectrum inquiry request, to the spectrum management entity via the communication interface; receive, from the spectrum management entity via the communication interface, a second proxy spectrum inquiry response including a second spectrum allocation; determine, based on the desired inter-cell interference coordination scheme and the second spectrum allocation, a third frequency range for a third base station; and send a third spectrum inquiry response, including the third frequency range, to the third base station via the communication interface; wherein determining whether at least one of the group consisting of the first base station and the second base station should be reconfigured is based on at least one selected from the group consisting of the third frequency range, the desired inter-cell interference coordination scheme, a location of the first base station, a location of the second base station, and a location of the third base station. 8. The system of claim 6, wherein the performance metrics include at least one selected from the group consisting of a loading statistic, a time division duplexing configuration, and a channel interference. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the loading statistic includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a number of idle users, a number of active users, a number of users transitioning from idle to active for a push-to-talk group call, and a distribution of resource block utilization within a cell. 10. A method for radio frequency spectrum interference coordination comprising:
sending a proxy spectrum inquiry request to a spectrum management entity via a communication interface; receiving a proxy spectrum inquiry response, including a spectrum allocation, from the spectrum management entity via the communication interface; sending a first spectrum inquiry response, including the spectrum allocation, to a first base station via the communication interface; receiving a first grant request, including a first frequency range based on the spectrum allocation, from the first base station via the communication interface; determining, with an electronic processor, a second spectrum inquiry response based on the first grant request; and sending the second spectrum inquiry response to a second base station via the communication interface. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
determining a second frequency range based on the first frequency range and the spectrum allocation; wherein the second spectrum inquiry response includes the second frequency range. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
determining a fractional frequency reuse configuration for the second base station based on the first frequency range; wherein the second spectrum inquiry response includes the first frequency range and the fractional frequency reuse configuration. 13. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
receiving a first spectrum inquiry request from the first base station via the communication interface; and receiving a second spectrum inquiry request from the second base station via the communication interface; wherein the proxy spectrum inquiry request is based on the first spectrum inquiry request and the second spectrum inquiry request. 14. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
determining whether at least one of the group consisting of the first base station and the second base station should be reconfigured; and responsive to making the determination, sending a grant suspend message to at least one of the group consisting of the first base station and the second base station via the communication interface. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
receiving performance metrics for a plurality of base stations including the first and second base stations; wherein determining whether at least one of the group consisting of the first base station and the second base station should be reconfigured is based on the performance metrics for the plurality of base stations. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
receiving a third spectrum inquiry request from a third base station via the communication interface; sending a second proxy spectrum inquiry request, based on the third spectrum inquiry request, to the spectrum management entity via the communication interface; receiving, from the spectrum management entity via the communication interface, a second proxy spectrum inquiry response including a second spectrum allocation; determine, based on the desired inter-cell interference coordination scheme and the second spectrum allocation, a third frequency range for a third base station; and send a third spectrum inquiry response, including the third frequency range, to the third base station via the communication interface; wherein determining whether at least one of the group consisting of the first base station and the second base station should be reconfigured is based on at least one selected from the group consisting of the third frequency range, the desired inter-cell interference coordination scheme, a location of the first base station, a location of the second base station, and a location of the third base station. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein receiving performance metrics for a plurality of base stations includes receiving at least one selected from the group consisting of a loading statistic, a time division duplexing configuration, and a channel interference. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein receiving a loading statistic includes receiving at least one selected from the group consisting of a number of idle users, a number of active users, a number of users transitioning from idle to active for a push-to-talk group call, and a distribution of resource block utilization within a cell. | Systems and methods for frequency spectrum interference coordination in communication systems with dynamically-assigned spectrum. Embodiments provided herein include a spectrum management entity proxy between a cellular network's base stations and the spectrum management entity. The spectrum management entity proxy determines and implements an interference coordination scheme between the base stations of the cellular network. To determine and implement the interference coordination scheme, the spectrum management entity proxy modifies the messages exchanged between one or more base stations and a spectrum management entity before forwarding the messages. In some embodiments, the spectrum management entity proxy generates request messages to the spectrum management entity on behalf of the base stations (and vice versa).1. A radio frequency spectrum interference coordination system comprising:
a communication interface; and an electronic processor, coupled to the communication interface and configured to
send a proxy spectrum inquiry request to a spectrum management entity via the communication interface;
receive a proxy spectrum inquiry response, including a spectrum allocation, from the spectrum management entity via the communication interface;
send a first spectrum inquiry response, including the spectrum allocation, to a first base station via the communication interface;
receive a first grant request, including a first frequency range based on the spectrum allocation, from the first base station via the communication interface;
determine a second spectrum inquiry response based on the first grant request; and
send the second spectrum inquiry response to a second base station via the communication interface. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the electronic processor is further configured to:
determine a second frequency range based on the first frequency range and the spectrum allocation; and wherein the second spectrum inquiry response includes the second frequency range. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the electronic processor is further configured to:
determine a fractional frequency reuse configuration for the second base station based on the first frequency range; and wherein the second spectrum inquiry response includes the first frequency range and the fractional frequency reuse configuration. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the electronic processor is further configured to:
receive a first spectrum inquiry request from the first base station via the communication interface; and receive a second spectrum inquiry request from the second base station via the communication interface; wherein the proxy spectrum inquiry request is based on the first spectrum inquiry request and the second spectrum inquiry request. 5. The system of claim 1, where in the electronic processor is further configured to:
determine whether at least one of the group consisting of the first base station and the second base station should be reconfigured; and responsive to making the determination, send a grant suspend message to at least one of the group consisting of the first base station and the second base station via the communication interface. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the electronic processor is further configured to
receive performance metrics for a plurality of base stations including the first and second base stations; and wherein determining whether at least one of the group consisting of the first base station and the second base station should be reconfigured is based on the performance metrics for the plurality of base stations. 7. The system of claim 5, wherein the electronic processor is further configured to:
receive a third spectrum inquiry request from a third base station via the communication interface; send a second proxy spectrum inquiry request, based on the third spectrum inquiry request, to the spectrum management entity via the communication interface; receive, from the spectrum management entity via the communication interface, a second proxy spectrum inquiry response including a second spectrum allocation; determine, based on the desired inter-cell interference coordination scheme and the second spectrum allocation, a third frequency range for a third base station; and send a third spectrum inquiry response, including the third frequency range, to the third base station via the communication interface; wherein determining whether at least one of the group consisting of the first base station and the second base station should be reconfigured is based on at least one selected from the group consisting of the third frequency range, the desired inter-cell interference coordination scheme, a location of the first base station, a location of the second base station, and a location of the third base station. 8. The system of claim 6, wherein the performance metrics include at least one selected from the group consisting of a loading statistic, a time division duplexing configuration, and a channel interference. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the loading statistic includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a number of idle users, a number of active users, a number of users transitioning from idle to active for a push-to-talk group call, and a distribution of resource block utilization within a cell. 10. A method for radio frequency spectrum interference coordination comprising:
sending a proxy spectrum inquiry request to a spectrum management entity via a communication interface; receiving a proxy spectrum inquiry response, including a spectrum allocation, from the spectrum management entity via the communication interface; sending a first spectrum inquiry response, including the spectrum allocation, to a first base station via the communication interface; receiving a first grant request, including a first frequency range based on the spectrum allocation, from the first base station via the communication interface; determining, with an electronic processor, a second spectrum inquiry response based on the first grant request; and sending the second spectrum inquiry response to a second base station via the communication interface. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
determining a second frequency range based on the first frequency range and the spectrum allocation; wherein the second spectrum inquiry response includes the second frequency range. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
determining a fractional frequency reuse configuration for the second base station based on the first frequency range; wherein the second spectrum inquiry response includes the first frequency range and the fractional frequency reuse configuration. 13. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
receiving a first spectrum inquiry request from the first base station via the communication interface; and receiving a second spectrum inquiry request from the second base station via the communication interface; wherein the proxy spectrum inquiry request is based on the first spectrum inquiry request and the second spectrum inquiry request. 14. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
determining whether at least one of the group consisting of the first base station and the second base station should be reconfigured; and responsive to making the determination, sending a grant suspend message to at least one of the group consisting of the first base station and the second base station via the communication interface. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
receiving performance metrics for a plurality of base stations including the first and second base stations; wherein determining whether at least one of the group consisting of the first base station and the second base station should be reconfigured is based on the performance metrics for the plurality of base stations. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
receiving a third spectrum inquiry request from a third base station via the communication interface; sending a second proxy spectrum inquiry request, based on the third spectrum inquiry request, to the spectrum management entity via the communication interface; receiving, from the spectrum management entity via the communication interface, a second proxy spectrum inquiry response including a second spectrum allocation; determine, based on the desired inter-cell interference coordination scheme and the second spectrum allocation, a third frequency range for a third base station; and send a third spectrum inquiry response, including the third frequency range, to the third base station via the communication interface; wherein determining whether at least one of the group consisting of the first base station and the second base station should be reconfigured is based on at least one selected from the group consisting of the third frequency range, the desired inter-cell interference coordination scheme, a location of the first base station, a location of the second base station, and a location of the third base station. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein receiving performance metrics for a plurality of base stations includes receiving at least one selected from the group consisting of a loading statistic, a time division duplexing configuration, and a channel interference. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein receiving a loading statistic includes receiving at least one selected from the group consisting of a number of idle users, a number of active users, a number of users transitioning from idle to active for a push-to-talk group call, and a distribution of resource block utilization within a cell. | 3,600 |
342,069 | 16,802,450 | 2,887 | A finger wearable scanner includes a scanner unit detachably coupled to a trigger unit. The scanner unit includes an upper enclosure and a lower enclosure that are detachable from each other, and a scan engine mount assembly and a scan engine mounted thereto that is configured to read and decode an identifier on an object. The scan engine assembly includes mounting locations that engage with fasteners to mount be mounted to both the upper enclosure and the lower enclosure. The trigger assembly is configured to be attached to and detached from the wearable scanner, and to be worn by a body part of a user. The trigger assembly includes a trigger switch to control operational functions of the wearable scanner responsive to an input from the user. | 1. A wearable scanner comprising:
a scanner unit including:
an upper enclosure and a lower enclosure that are detachable from each other; and
a scan engine mount assembly and a scan engine mounted thereto that is configured to read and decode an identifier on an object, wherein the scan engine assembly includes mounting locations that engage with fasteners to mount be mounted to both the upper enclosure and the lower enclosure; and
a trigger assembly configured to be attached to and detached from the wearable scanner, and to be worn by a body part of a user, the trigger assembly including a trigger switch to control operational functions of the wearable scanner responsive to an input from the user. 2. The wearable scanner of claim 1, wherein the scan engine includes one or more imagers, light sources, processors, or memory, or any combination thereof. 3. The wearable scanner of claim 1, wherein a top portion of the trigger assembly is configured to attach to the underside of the scanner unit to establish electrical connections therebetween and provide a support for the scanner unit when worn by the user. 4. The wearable scanner of claim 3, wherein the scanner unit includes a removable side latch and an internal slot within which a battery pack is inserted. 5. The wearable scanner of claim 3, wherein the bottom enclosure of the scanner unit includes a recessed portion that mates with a corresponding protruding portion of the trigger assembly to attached thereto. 6. The wearable scanner of claim 5, wherein the recessed portion includes a first cavity proximate a first end thereof to engage with a spring latch on the trigger assembly. 7. The wearable scanner of claim 6, wherein the recessed portion includes a second cavity proximate a second end thereof to engage with the spring latch on the trigger assembly to enable the scanner unit to be attachable in either a right hand or a left hand configuration. 8. The wearable scanner of claim 6, wherein the trigger assembly includes a strap ring that contacts the spring latch, wherein the strap ring is rotated inward to move the spring latch downward and disengage the spring latch with the corresponding cavity in the bottom enclosure when detaching the scanner unit from the trigger assembly. 9. The wearable scanner of claim 6, wherein the strap ring is pushed outward to engage the spring latch with the corresponding cavity in the bottom enclosure and prevent the spring latch from moving downward when attaching the scanner unit with the trigger assembly.
a trigger assembly configured to be attached to and detached from the wearable scanner, and to be worn by a body part of a user, the trigger assembly including a trigger switch to control operational functions of the wearable scanner responsive to an input from the user. 10. The wearable scanner of claim 1, wherein the trigger switch of the trigger assembly is operably coupled with contact springs via a connector cable. 11. The wearable scanner of claim 10, wherein the trigger assembly includes a hinge plate having arms, a connector spring, and rotational pins. 12. The wearable scanner of claim 11, wherein the trigger assembly further comprises a seal, wherein the connector spring is elevated vertically by the hinge plate to create pressure for the seal against the bottom enclosure and for the connector spring against the copper contacts when the trigger assembly is at a final position in the scanner bottom enclosure. 13. The wearable scanner of claim 12, wherein the seal and the connector spring retract downward when the trigger assembly detached from of the scanner unit. 14. The wearable scanner of claim 13, wherein the hinge plate moves up or down when the hinge plate arms are pushed by side ribs on the bottom enclosure of the scanner unit. 15. The wearable scanner of claim 14, wherein the hinge plate arms have ramps configured to move up or down when engaged with a front surface of the side ribs on the bottom enclosure of the scanner unit. 16. The wearable scanner of claim 14, wherein the hinge plate includes an integrated spring to maintain the seal and the connectors pushed downward when the trigger assembly is moving along an outside portion the bottom enclosure of the scanner unit to avoid the connectors from scraping on the bottom enclosure surface of the scanner unit during insertion. 17. The wearable scanner of claim 1, wherein the trigger assembly is configured to be activated by a thumb when worn by the user. 18. The wearable scanner of claim 1, wherein the trigger assembly is configured to be worn by one or more fingers of the user. 19. The wearable scanner of claim 1, wherein the trigger assembly is incorporated within a glove to be worn on the hand of a user. 20. The wearable scanner of claim 1, wherein the trigger assembly is incorporated within a glove to be worn on the hand of a user. | A finger wearable scanner includes a scanner unit detachably coupled to a trigger unit. The scanner unit includes an upper enclosure and a lower enclosure that are detachable from each other, and a scan engine mount assembly and a scan engine mounted thereto that is configured to read and decode an identifier on an object. The scan engine assembly includes mounting locations that engage with fasteners to mount be mounted to both the upper enclosure and the lower enclosure. The trigger assembly is configured to be attached to and detached from the wearable scanner, and to be worn by a body part of a user. The trigger assembly includes a trigger switch to control operational functions of the wearable scanner responsive to an input from the user.1. A wearable scanner comprising:
a scanner unit including:
an upper enclosure and a lower enclosure that are detachable from each other; and
a scan engine mount assembly and a scan engine mounted thereto that is configured to read and decode an identifier on an object, wherein the scan engine assembly includes mounting locations that engage with fasteners to mount be mounted to both the upper enclosure and the lower enclosure; and
a trigger assembly configured to be attached to and detached from the wearable scanner, and to be worn by a body part of a user, the trigger assembly including a trigger switch to control operational functions of the wearable scanner responsive to an input from the user. 2. The wearable scanner of claim 1, wherein the scan engine includes one or more imagers, light sources, processors, or memory, or any combination thereof. 3. The wearable scanner of claim 1, wherein a top portion of the trigger assembly is configured to attach to the underside of the scanner unit to establish electrical connections therebetween and provide a support for the scanner unit when worn by the user. 4. The wearable scanner of claim 3, wherein the scanner unit includes a removable side latch and an internal slot within which a battery pack is inserted. 5. The wearable scanner of claim 3, wherein the bottom enclosure of the scanner unit includes a recessed portion that mates with a corresponding protruding portion of the trigger assembly to attached thereto. 6. The wearable scanner of claim 5, wherein the recessed portion includes a first cavity proximate a first end thereof to engage with a spring latch on the trigger assembly. 7. The wearable scanner of claim 6, wherein the recessed portion includes a second cavity proximate a second end thereof to engage with the spring latch on the trigger assembly to enable the scanner unit to be attachable in either a right hand or a left hand configuration. 8. The wearable scanner of claim 6, wherein the trigger assembly includes a strap ring that contacts the spring latch, wherein the strap ring is rotated inward to move the spring latch downward and disengage the spring latch with the corresponding cavity in the bottom enclosure when detaching the scanner unit from the trigger assembly. 9. The wearable scanner of claim 6, wherein the strap ring is pushed outward to engage the spring latch with the corresponding cavity in the bottom enclosure and prevent the spring latch from moving downward when attaching the scanner unit with the trigger assembly.
a trigger assembly configured to be attached to and detached from the wearable scanner, and to be worn by a body part of a user, the trigger assembly including a trigger switch to control operational functions of the wearable scanner responsive to an input from the user. 10. The wearable scanner of claim 1, wherein the trigger switch of the trigger assembly is operably coupled with contact springs via a connector cable. 11. The wearable scanner of claim 10, wherein the trigger assembly includes a hinge plate having arms, a connector spring, and rotational pins. 12. The wearable scanner of claim 11, wherein the trigger assembly further comprises a seal, wherein the connector spring is elevated vertically by the hinge plate to create pressure for the seal against the bottom enclosure and for the connector spring against the copper contacts when the trigger assembly is at a final position in the scanner bottom enclosure. 13. The wearable scanner of claim 12, wherein the seal and the connector spring retract downward when the trigger assembly detached from of the scanner unit. 14. The wearable scanner of claim 13, wherein the hinge plate moves up or down when the hinge plate arms are pushed by side ribs on the bottom enclosure of the scanner unit. 15. The wearable scanner of claim 14, wherein the hinge plate arms have ramps configured to move up or down when engaged with a front surface of the side ribs on the bottom enclosure of the scanner unit. 16. The wearable scanner of claim 14, wherein the hinge plate includes an integrated spring to maintain the seal and the connectors pushed downward when the trigger assembly is moving along an outside portion the bottom enclosure of the scanner unit to avoid the connectors from scraping on the bottom enclosure surface of the scanner unit during insertion. 17. The wearable scanner of claim 1, wherein the trigger assembly is configured to be activated by a thumb when worn by the user. 18. The wearable scanner of claim 1, wherein the trigger assembly is configured to be worn by one or more fingers of the user. 19. The wearable scanner of claim 1, wherein the trigger assembly is incorporated within a glove to be worn on the hand of a user. 20. The wearable scanner of claim 1, wherein the trigger assembly is incorporated within a glove to be worn on the hand of a user. | 2,800 |
342,070 | 16,802,430 | 2,887 | Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method, device, and computer program product for managing processes. There is provided a method of managing processes. The method comprises: in response to detecting a job to be executed in a job processing system, determining attribute information related to execution of a message queue in the job processing system; and determining, based on the attribute information, allocation information for a process to execute the job. Through embodiments of the present disclosure, the number of processes can be dynamically adjusted according to the current processing capacity of the job processing system, thereby maximizing the use of the resources of the job processing system and meanwhile avoiding crashing of the job processing system. | 1. A method of managing processes, comprising:
in response to detecting a job to be executed in a job processing system, determining attribute information related to execution of a message queue in the job processing system; and determining, based on the attribute information, allocation information for a process to execute the job. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein determining the attribute information comprises:
determining a number of messages, read within a predetermined time period, of the message queue; and determining, based on the predetermined time period and the number, a speed at which the message queue is read. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein determining the attribute information comprises:
obtaining a plurality of speeds at which the message queue is read; and determining, based on the plurality of speeds, a rate of change in speed at which the message queue is read. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein determining the attribute information comprises:
determining a total number of messages in the message queue. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein determining the allocation information comprises:
determining whether the speed at which the message queue is read is greater than a predetermined threshold of speed; and in response to determining that a speed at which the message queue is read is greater than the predetermined threshold of speed, determining to allocate the process for the job. 6. The method according to claim 5, further comprising:
in response to determining that the speed at which the message queue is read is less than or equal to the predetermined threshold of speed, determining whether the rate of change in speed at which the message queue is read is greater than a predetermined threshold of rate of change; and in response to determining that the rate of change in speed at which the message queue is read is greater than the predetermined threshold of rate of change, determining to allocate the process for the job. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein determining the allocation information comprises:
determining whether a total number of messages in the message queue is less than a predetermined threshold of number; and in response to determining that the total number is less than the predetermined threshold of number, determining to allocate the process for the job. 8. An electronic device, comprising:
at least one processing unit; and at least one memory, coupled to the at least one processing unit and storing instructions executed by the at least one processing unit, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processing unit, causing the device to perform acts, the acts comprising:
in response to detecting a job to be executed in a job processing system, determining attribute information related to execution of a message queue in the job processing system; and
determining, based on the attribute information, allocation information for a process to execute the job. 9. The device according to claim 8, wherein determining the attribute information comprises:
determining a number of messages, read within a predetermined time period, of the message queue; and determining, based on the predetermined time period and the number, a speed at which the message queue is read. 10. The device according to claim 8, wherein determining the attribute information comprises:
obtaining a plurality of speeds at which the message queue is read; and determining, based on the plurality of speeds, a rate of change in speed at which the message queue is read. 11. The device according to claim 8, wherein determining the attribute information comprises:
determining a total number of messages in the message queue. 12. The device according to claim 8, wherein determining the allocation information comprises:
determining whether a speed at which the message queue is read is greater than a predetermined threshold of speed; and in response to determining that the speed at which the message queue is read is greater than the predetermined threshold of speed, determining to allocate the process for the job. 13. The device according to claim 12, wherein the acts further comprise:
in response to determining that the speed at which the message queue is read is less than or equal to the predetermined threshold of speed, determining whether the rate of change in speed at which the message queue is read is greater than a predetermined threshold of rate of change; and in response to determining that the rate of change in speed at which the message queue is read is greater than the predetermined threshold of rate of change, determining to allocate the process for the job. 14. The device according to claim 8, wherein determining the allocation information comprises:
determining whether a total number of messages in the message queue is less than a predetermined threshold of number; and in response to determining that the total number is less than the predetermined threshold of number, determining to allocate the process for the job. 15. A computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium and comprising machine-executable instructions, the machine-executable instructions, when executed by a device, cause the device to perform operations, the operations comprising:
in response to detecting a job to be executed in a job processing system, determining attribute information related to execution of a message queue in the job processing system; and determining, based on the attribute information, allocation information for a process to execute the job. 16. The computer program product according to claim 15, wherein determining the attribute information comprises:
determining a number of messages, read within a predetermined time period, of the message queue; and determining, based on the predetermined time period and the number, a speed at which the message queue is read. 17. The computer program product according to claim 15, wherein determining the attribute information comprises:
obtaining a plurality of speeds at which the message queue is read; and determining, based on the plurality of speeds, a rate of change in speed at which the message queue is read. 18. The computer program product according to claim 15, wherein determining the attribute information comprises:
determining a total number of messages in the message queue. 19. The computer program product according to claim 15, wherein determining the allocation information comprises:
determining whether the speed at which the message queue is read is greater than a predetermined threshold of speed; and in response to determining that a speed at which the message queue is read is greater than the predetermined threshold of speed, determining to allocate the process for the job. 20. The computer program product according to claim 19, wherein the operations further comprise:
in response to determining that the speed at which the message queue is read is less than or equal to the predetermined threshold of speed, determining whether the rate of change in speed at which the message queue is read is greater than a predetermined threshold of rate of change; and in response to determining that the rate of change in speed at which the message queue is read is greater than the predetermined threshold of rate of change, determining to allocate the process for the job. | Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method, device, and computer program product for managing processes. There is provided a method of managing processes. The method comprises: in response to detecting a job to be executed in a job processing system, determining attribute information related to execution of a message queue in the job processing system; and determining, based on the attribute information, allocation information for a process to execute the job. Through embodiments of the present disclosure, the number of processes can be dynamically adjusted according to the current processing capacity of the job processing system, thereby maximizing the use of the resources of the job processing system and meanwhile avoiding crashing of the job processing system.1. A method of managing processes, comprising:
in response to detecting a job to be executed in a job processing system, determining attribute information related to execution of a message queue in the job processing system; and determining, based on the attribute information, allocation information for a process to execute the job. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein determining the attribute information comprises:
determining a number of messages, read within a predetermined time period, of the message queue; and determining, based on the predetermined time period and the number, a speed at which the message queue is read. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein determining the attribute information comprises:
obtaining a plurality of speeds at which the message queue is read; and determining, based on the plurality of speeds, a rate of change in speed at which the message queue is read. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein determining the attribute information comprises:
determining a total number of messages in the message queue. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein determining the allocation information comprises:
determining whether the speed at which the message queue is read is greater than a predetermined threshold of speed; and in response to determining that a speed at which the message queue is read is greater than the predetermined threshold of speed, determining to allocate the process for the job. 6. The method according to claim 5, further comprising:
in response to determining that the speed at which the message queue is read is less than or equal to the predetermined threshold of speed, determining whether the rate of change in speed at which the message queue is read is greater than a predetermined threshold of rate of change; and in response to determining that the rate of change in speed at which the message queue is read is greater than the predetermined threshold of rate of change, determining to allocate the process for the job. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein determining the allocation information comprises:
determining whether a total number of messages in the message queue is less than a predetermined threshold of number; and in response to determining that the total number is less than the predetermined threshold of number, determining to allocate the process for the job. 8. An electronic device, comprising:
at least one processing unit; and at least one memory, coupled to the at least one processing unit and storing instructions executed by the at least one processing unit, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processing unit, causing the device to perform acts, the acts comprising:
in response to detecting a job to be executed in a job processing system, determining attribute information related to execution of a message queue in the job processing system; and
determining, based on the attribute information, allocation information for a process to execute the job. 9. The device according to claim 8, wherein determining the attribute information comprises:
determining a number of messages, read within a predetermined time period, of the message queue; and determining, based on the predetermined time period and the number, a speed at which the message queue is read. 10. The device according to claim 8, wherein determining the attribute information comprises:
obtaining a plurality of speeds at which the message queue is read; and determining, based on the plurality of speeds, a rate of change in speed at which the message queue is read. 11. The device according to claim 8, wherein determining the attribute information comprises:
determining a total number of messages in the message queue. 12. The device according to claim 8, wherein determining the allocation information comprises:
determining whether a speed at which the message queue is read is greater than a predetermined threshold of speed; and in response to determining that the speed at which the message queue is read is greater than the predetermined threshold of speed, determining to allocate the process for the job. 13. The device according to claim 12, wherein the acts further comprise:
in response to determining that the speed at which the message queue is read is less than or equal to the predetermined threshold of speed, determining whether the rate of change in speed at which the message queue is read is greater than a predetermined threshold of rate of change; and in response to determining that the rate of change in speed at which the message queue is read is greater than the predetermined threshold of rate of change, determining to allocate the process for the job. 14. The device according to claim 8, wherein determining the allocation information comprises:
determining whether a total number of messages in the message queue is less than a predetermined threshold of number; and in response to determining that the total number is less than the predetermined threshold of number, determining to allocate the process for the job. 15. A computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium and comprising machine-executable instructions, the machine-executable instructions, when executed by a device, cause the device to perform operations, the operations comprising:
in response to detecting a job to be executed in a job processing system, determining attribute information related to execution of a message queue in the job processing system; and determining, based on the attribute information, allocation information for a process to execute the job. 16. The computer program product according to claim 15, wherein determining the attribute information comprises:
determining a number of messages, read within a predetermined time period, of the message queue; and determining, based on the predetermined time period and the number, a speed at which the message queue is read. 17. The computer program product according to claim 15, wherein determining the attribute information comprises:
obtaining a plurality of speeds at which the message queue is read; and determining, based on the plurality of speeds, a rate of change in speed at which the message queue is read. 18. The computer program product according to claim 15, wherein determining the attribute information comprises:
determining a total number of messages in the message queue. 19. The computer program product according to claim 15, wherein determining the allocation information comprises:
determining whether the speed at which the message queue is read is greater than a predetermined threshold of speed; and in response to determining that a speed at which the message queue is read is greater than the predetermined threshold of speed, determining to allocate the process for the job. 20. The computer program product according to claim 19, wherein the operations further comprise:
in response to determining that the speed at which the message queue is read is less than or equal to the predetermined threshold of speed, determining whether the rate of change in speed at which the message queue is read is greater than a predetermined threshold of rate of change; and in response to determining that the rate of change in speed at which the message queue is read is greater than the predetermined threshold of rate of change, determining to allocate the process for the job. | 2,800 |
342,071 | 16,802,440 | 2,887 | Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed towards improved models trained using unsupervised domain adaptation. In particular, a style-content adaptation system provides improved translation during unsupervised domain adaptation by controlling the alignment of conditional distributions of a model during training such that content (e.g., a class) from a target domain is correctly mapped to content (e.g., the same class) in a source domain. The style-content adaptation system improves unsupervised domain adaptation using independent control over content (e.g., related to a class) as well as style (e.g., related to a domain) to control alignment when translating between the source and target domain. This independent control over content and style can also allow for images to be generated using the style-content adaptation system that contain desired content and/or style. | 1. A computer-implemented method, comprising:
receiving a selection of a class label indicating content and a domain label indicating a style; aligning an input latent vector, using a neural network, in relation to coarse network parameters of the neural network based on the content indicated by the class label and in relation to fine network parameters of the neural network based on the style indicated by the domain label; and generating an image, using the aligned latent vector, wherein the image contains the content and the style based on the selected class label and domain label. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein aligning the input latent vector in relation to the coarse network parameters of the neural network comprises:
matching the input latent vector to a content vector generated based on the class label using coarse layers of the neural network. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein aligning the input latent vector in relation to the fine network parameters of the neural network further comprises:
matching the input latent vector to a style vector generated based on the domain label using fine layers of the neural network. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the coarse layers of the neural network are used to learn coarse layer parameters that align low-resolution images to both a source domain and a target domain in relation to a corresponding class label. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein the fine layers of the neural network are used to learn fine layer parameters that control a domain of the image, the domain based on the domain label, while not affecting content of the image related to the class label. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining, using an image classifier, a predicted class label for the image generated using the neural network, wherein the image is in a target domain. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
training a style-content adaptation system, wherein the training comprises:
training coarse layers of the neural network using class labels to align low-resolution images to both a source domain and a target domain in relation to a corresponding class label;
training fine layers of the neural network using domain labels to maintain a style based on the domain labels;
training an image classifier to predict the class labels for generated images; and
updating the style-content adaptation system for errors using loss. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, wherein the class labels predicted by the image classifier are used by a joint discriminator as ground-truth class labels for training the image generator, wherein the joint discriminator further evaluates the generated images for realism. 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, wherein the loss comprises one or more of conditional loss, classification loss, target entropy loss, regularization loss, and domain adversarial loss. 10. One or more computer storage media storing computer-usable instructions that, when used by one or more computing devices, cause the one or more computing devices to perform operations comprising:
receiving a class label and a domain label; matching an input latent vector to a content vector generated based on the class label using coarse layers of a neural network, wherein the coarse layers of the neural network are used to learn coarse layer parameters that align low-resolution images to both a source domain and a target domain in relation to a corresponding class label; and generating an image using the neural network, wherein the image is based the latent vector matched to the content vector using the coarse layers of the neural network and the latent vector matched to the domain label using the fine layers of the neural network. 11. The one or more computer storage media of claim 10, wherein the class label indicates content of interest to contain in the image. 12. The one or more computer storage media of claim 10, wherein the domain label indicates a domain of interest to contain in the image. 13. The one or more computer storage media of claim 10, wherein the fine layers of the neural network to learn fine layer parameters that control a domain of the image, the domain based on the domain label, while not affecting content of the image related to the class label. 14. The one or more computer storage media of claim 10, the operations further comprising:
determining, using an image classifier, a predicted class label for the image generated using the neural network, wherein the image is in the target domain. 15. The one or more computer storage media of claim 10, the operations further comprising:
training a style-content adaptation system, wherein the training comprises:
training the coarse layers of the neural network using class labels to align the low-resolution images to both the source domain and the target domain in relation to the corresponding class label;
training the fine layers of the neural network using domain labels to maintain a style based on the domain labels;
training an image classifier to predict the class labels for generated images; and
updating the style-content adaptation system for errors using loss. 16. The one or more computer storage media of claim 15, wherein the loss comprises one or more of conditional loss, classification loss, target entropy loss, regularization loss, and domain adversarial loss. 17. The one or more computer storage media of claim 15, wherein the class labels predicted by the image classifier are used by a joint discriminator as ground-truth class labels for training the neural network, wherein the joint discriminator further evaluates the generated images for realism. 18. A computing system comprising:
means for receiving class label and a domain label; means for matching a latent vector to a content vector generated based on the class label; means for matching the latent vector to a style vector generated based on the domain label; and means for generating an image, based on the latent vector matched to the content vector and the domain label matched to the style vector. 19. The computing system of claim 18, further comprising:
means for classifying the image based on content of the image, the classification indicated using a predicted class label. 20. The computing system of claim 18, further comprising:
means for training a style-content adaptation system, the style-content adaptation system providing the means for matching the latent vector to the content vector and the means for matching the latent vector to the style vector. | Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed towards improved models trained using unsupervised domain adaptation. In particular, a style-content adaptation system provides improved translation during unsupervised domain adaptation by controlling the alignment of conditional distributions of a model during training such that content (e.g., a class) from a target domain is correctly mapped to content (e.g., the same class) in a source domain. The style-content adaptation system improves unsupervised domain adaptation using independent control over content (e.g., related to a class) as well as style (e.g., related to a domain) to control alignment when translating between the source and target domain. This independent control over content and style can also allow for images to be generated using the style-content adaptation system that contain desired content and/or style.1. A computer-implemented method, comprising:
receiving a selection of a class label indicating content and a domain label indicating a style; aligning an input latent vector, using a neural network, in relation to coarse network parameters of the neural network based on the content indicated by the class label and in relation to fine network parameters of the neural network based on the style indicated by the domain label; and generating an image, using the aligned latent vector, wherein the image contains the content and the style based on the selected class label and domain label. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein aligning the input latent vector in relation to the coarse network parameters of the neural network comprises:
matching the input latent vector to a content vector generated based on the class label using coarse layers of the neural network. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein aligning the input latent vector in relation to the fine network parameters of the neural network further comprises:
matching the input latent vector to a style vector generated based on the domain label using fine layers of the neural network. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the coarse layers of the neural network are used to learn coarse layer parameters that align low-resolution images to both a source domain and a target domain in relation to a corresponding class label. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein the fine layers of the neural network are used to learn fine layer parameters that control a domain of the image, the domain based on the domain label, while not affecting content of the image related to the class label. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining, using an image classifier, a predicted class label for the image generated using the neural network, wherein the image is in a target domain. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
training a style-content adaptation system, wherein the training comprises:
training coarse layers of the neural network using class labels to align low-resolution images to both a source domain and a target domain in relation to a corresponding class label;
training fine layers of the neural network using domain labels to maintain a style based on the domain labels;
training an image classifier to predict the class labels for generated images; and
updating the style-content adaptation system for errors using loss. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, wherein the class labels predicted by the image classifier are used by a joint discriminator as ground-truth class labels for training the image generator, wherein the joint discriminator further evaluates the generated images for realism. 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, wherein the loss comprises one or more of conditional loss, classification loss, target entropy loss, regularization loss, and domain adversarial loss. 10. One or more computer storage media storing computer-usable instructions that, when used by one or more computing devices, cause the one or more computing devices to perform operations comprising:
receiving a class label and a domain label; matching an input latent vector to a content vector generated based on the class label using coarse layers of a neural network, wherein the coarse layers of the neural network are used to learn coarse layer parameters that align low-resolution images to both a source domain and a target domain in relation to a corresponding class label; and generating an image using the neural network, wherein the image is based the latent vector matched to the content vector using the coarse layers of the neural network and the latent vector matched to the domain label using the fine layers of the neural network. 11. The one or more computer storage media of claim 10, wherein the class label indicates content of interest to contain in the image. 12. The one or more computer storage media of claim 10, wherein the domain label indicates a domain of interest to contain in the image. 13. The one or more computer storage media of claim 10, wherein the fine layers of the neural network to learn fine layer parameters that control a domain of the image, the domain based on the domain label, while not affecting content of the image related to the class label. 14. The one or more computer storage media of claim 10, the operations further comprising:
determining, using an image classifier, a predicted class label for the image generated using the neural network, wherein the image is in the target domain. 15. The one or more computer storage media of claim 10, the operations further comprising:
training a style-content adaptation system, wherein the training comprises:
training the coarse layers of the neural network using class labels to align the low-resolution images to both the source domain and the target domain in relation to the corresponding class label;
training the fine layers of the neural network using domain labels to maintain a style based on the domain labels;
training an image classifier to predict the class labels for generated images; and
updating the style-content adaptation system for errors using loss. 16. The one or more computer storage media of claim 15, wherein the loss comprises one or more of conditional loss, classification loss, target entropy loss, regularization loss, and domain adversarial loss. 17. The one or more computer storage media of claim 15, wherein the class labels predicted by the image classifier are used by a joint discriminator as ground-truth class labels for training the neural network, wherein the joint discriminator further evaluates the generated images for realism. 18. A computing system comprising:
means for receiving class label and a domain label; means for matching a latent vector to a content vector generated based on the class label; means for matching the latent vector to a style vector generated based on the domain label; and means for generating an image, based on the latent vector matched to the content vector and the domain label matched to the style vector. 19. The computing system of claim 18, further comprising:
means for classifying the image based on content of the image, the classification indicated using a predicted class label. 20. The computing system of claim 18, further comprising:
means for training a style-content adaptation system, the style-content adaptation system providing the means for matching the latent vector to the content vector and the means for matching the latent vector to the style vector. | 2,800 |
342,072 | 16,802,446 | 2,827 | A semiconductor memory device includes memory cells, a first circuit that includes a first latch group including first and second data latch circuits and a second latch group including third and fourth data latch circuits, and a control circuit configured to control a write operation during which first and second data to be written into the memory cells are stored in the first and second data latch circuits, respectively, wherein the first and second data are also stored in the third and fourth data latch circuits, respectively, while the first and second data stored in the first and second data latch circuits, respectively, are being written in the memory cells. | 1. A semiconductor memory device comprising:
memory cells; a first circuit that includes a first latch group including first and second data latch circuits and a second latch group including third and fourth data latch circuits; and a control circuit configured to control a write operation during which first and second data to be written into the memory cells are stored in the first and second data latch circuits, respectively, wherein the first and second data are also stored in the third and fourth data latch circuits, respectively, while the first and second data stored in the first and second data latch circuits, respectively, are being written in the memory cells. 2. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein
in response to a first command, the control circuit executes an operation of copying the first and second data from the first and second data latch circuits, respectively, into the third and fourth data latch circuits, respectively. 3. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 2, wherein the first circuit includes a sense amplifier and a data line connected to the sense amplifier, and the first, second, third, and fourth data latch circuits are connected in parallel to the data line. 4. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein
the first circuit includes:
a sense amplifier,
a first data line connected to the sense amplifier,
second and third data lines,
a first switch element connected between the first data line and the second data line, and
a second switch element connected between the first data line and the third data line, and
the first and third data latch circuits are connected in parallel to the second data line, and the second and fourth data latch circuits are connected in parallel to the third data line. 5. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 4, wherein
in response to a first command, the control circuit executes a first operation of storing the first data into the first and third data latch circuits, in parallel and a second operation of storing the second data into the second and fourth data latch circuits, in parallel. 6. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein
the first circuit includes a sense amplifier and a data line connected to the sense amplifier, and in response to a first command, the control circuit executes an operation of copying the first data from the first data latch into the third data latch circuit without using the data line, and the second data from the second data latch into the fourth data latch circuit without using the data line. 7. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 6, wherein the first circuit includes a sense amplifier and a data line connected to the sense amplifier,
the first and second data latch circuits are connected in parallel to the data line, the first and third data latch circuits are connected in series, such that the first data latch is between the data line and the third data latch, and the second and fourth data latch circuits are connected in series, such that the second data latch is between the data line and the fourth data latch circuit. 8. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein the write operation includes a foggy program operation and a fine program operation and the first and second data are stored in the third and fourth data latch circuits, respectively, while the first and second data stored in the first and second data latch circuits, respectively, are being written in the memory cells during the foggy program operation. 9. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 8, wherein
after the foggy program operation and prior to the fine program operation, the control circuit copies the first and second stored in the third and fourth data latch circuits, respectively, to the first and second data latch circuits, respectively. 10. A semiconductor memory device comprising:
memory cells; a first circuit that includes first, second, third, and fourth data latch circuits; and a control circuit configured to: store first and second data in the first and second data latch circuits, respectively, when performing a write operation on the memory cells, store data read from the memory cells in the third data latch circuit in response to a first command that is received during the write operation, and store data read from the memory cells in the fourth data latch circuit in response to a second command that is received during the write operation. 11. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 10, wherein the same address is designated in the first command and the second command. 12. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 11, wherein the first command designates one of lower, middle, and upper pages of the memory cells to be read and the second command designates another of the lower, middle, and upper pages of the memory cells to be read. 13. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 10, wherein the first circuit includes a sense amplifier and a data line connected to the sense amplifier, and the first, second, third, and fourth data latch circuits are connected in parallel to the data line. 14. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 10, further comprising:
stacked first and second chips, wherein the memory cell is provided in the first chip, and the first circuit is provided in the second chip. 15. A semiconductor memory device comprising:
first memory cells connected to a first word line; second memory cells connected to a second word line; a first circuit that includes a sense amplifier and a data line connected to the sense amplifier, first, second, and third data latch circuits connected in series, and fourth, fifth, and sixth data latch circuits connected in series, wherein the data line is connected to the first and fourth data latch circuits so that data can be transmitted between the data line and the first and fourth data latch circuits and to the third and sixth data latch circuits so that data can be received therefrom; and a control circuit configured to perform a write operation that includes a foggy program operation and a fine program operation, wherein during the foggy program operation of the first memory cells, first and second data to be written into the first memory cells are stored in the first and fourth data latch circuits, respectively, and in the second and fifth data latch circuits, respectively, and third and fourth data to be written in to the second memory cells are stored in the third and sixth data latch circuits, respectively. 16. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 15, wherein
the second data latch circuit is connected to the first data latch circuit to receive data therefrom and to the third data latch circuit to transmit data thereto; and the fifth data latch circuit is connected to the fourth data latch circuit to receive data therefrom and to the sixth data latch circuit to transmit data thereto. 17. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 16, wherein each of the data latch circuits has a first-in first-out structure. 18. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 15, wherein
the control circuit performs a fine program operation of the second memory cells after the foggy program operation of the first memory cells, and the control circuit copies the third and fourth data stored in the third and sixth data latch circuits, respectively, to the first and fourth data latch circuits, respectively in preparation for the fine program operation of the second memory cells. | A semiconductor memory device includes memory cells, a first circuit that includes a first latch group including first and second data latch circuits and a second latch group including third and fourth data latch circuits, and a control circuit configured to control a write operation during which first and second data to be written into the memory cells are stored in the first and second data latch circuits, respectively, wherein the first and second data are also stored in the third and fourth data latch circuits, respectively, while the first and second data stored in the first and second data latch circuits, respectively, are being written in the memory cells.1. A semiconductor memory device comprising:
memory cells; a first circuit that includes a first latch group including first and second data latch circuits and a second latch group including third and fourth data latch circuits; and a control circuit configured to control a write operation during which first and second data to be written into the memory cells are stored in the first and second data latch circuits, respectively, wherein the first and second data are also stored in the third and fourth data latch circuits, respectively, while the first and second data stored in the first and second data latch circuits, respectively, are being written in the memory cells. 2. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein
in response to a first command, the control circuit executes an operation of copying the first and second data from the first and second data latch circuits, respectively, into the third and fourth data latch circuits, respectively. 3. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 2, wherein the first circuit includes a sense amplifier and a data line connected to the sense amplifier, and the first, second, third, and fourth data latch circuits are connected in parallel to the data line. 4. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein
the first circuit includes:
a sense amplifier,
a first data line connected to the sense amplifier,
second and third data lines,
a first switch element connected between the first data line and the second data line, and
a second switch element connected between the first data line and the third data line, and
the first and third data latch circuits are connected in parallel to the second data line, and the second and fourth data latch circuits are connected in parallel to the third data line. 5. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 4, wherein
in response to a first command, the control circuit executes a first operation of storing the first data into the first and third data latch circuits, in parallel and a second operation of storing the second data into the second and fourth data latch circuits, in parallel. 6. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein
the first circuit includes a sense amplifier and a data line connected to the sense amplifier, and in response to a first command, the control circuit executes an operation of copying the first data from the first data latch into the third data latch circuit without using the data line, and the second data from the second data latch into the fourth data latch circuit without using the data line. 7. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 6, wherein the first circuit includes a sense amplifier and a data line connected to the sense amplifier,
the first and second data latch circuits are connected in parallel to the data line, the first and third data latch circuits are connected in series, such that the first data latch is between the data line and the third data latch, and the second and fourth data latch circuits are connected in series, such that the second data latch is between the data line and the fourth data latch circuit. 8. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein the write operation includes a foggy program operation and a fine program operation and the first and second data are stored in the third and fourth data latch circuits, respectively, while the first and second data stored in the first and second data latch circuits, respectively, are being written in the memory cells during the foggy program operation. 9. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 8, wherein
after the foggy program operation and prior to the fine program operation, the control circuit copies the first and second stored in the third and fourth data latch circuits, respectively, to the first and second data latch circuits, respectively. 10. A semiconductor memory device comprising:
memory cells; a first circuit that includes first, second, third, and fourth data latch circuits; and a control circuit configured to: store first and second data in the first and second data latch circuits, respectively, when performing a write operation on the memory cells, store data read from the memory cells in the third data latch circuit in response to a first command that is received during the write operation, and store data read from the memory cells in the fourth data latch circuit in response to a second command that is received during the write operation. 11. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 10, wherein the same address is designated in the first command and the second command. 12. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 11, wherein the first command designates one of lower, middle, and upper pages of the memory cells to be read and the second command designates another of the lower, middle, and upper pages of the memory cells to be read. 13. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 10, wherein the first circuit includes a sense amplifier and a data line connected to the sense amplifier, and the first, second, third, and fourth data latch circuits are connected in parallel to the data line. 14. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 10, further comprising:
stacked first and second chips, wherein the memory cell is provided in the first chip, and the first circuit is provided in the second chip. 15. A semiconductor memory device comprising:
first memory cells connected to a first word line; second memory cells connected to a second word line; a first circuit that includes a sense amplifier and a data line connected to the sense amplifier, first, second, and third data latch circuits connected in series, and fourth, fifth, and sixth data latch circuits connected in series, wherein the data line is connected to the first and fourth data latch circuits so that data can be transmitted between the data line and the first and fourth data latch circuits and to the third and sixth data latch circuits so that data can be received therefrom; and a control circuit configured to perform a write operation that includes a foggy program operation and a fine program operation, wherein during the foggy program operation of the first memory cells, first and second data to be written into the first memory cells are stored in the first and fourth data latch circuits, respectively, and in the second and fifth data latch circuits, respectively, and third and fourth data to be written in to the second memory cells are stored in the third and sixth data latch circuits, respectively. 16. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 15, wherein
the second data latch circuit is connected to the first data latch circuit to receive data therefrom and to the third data latch circuit to transmit data thereto; and the fifth data latch circuit is connected to the fourth data latch circuit to receive data therefrom and to the sixth data latch circuit to transmit data thereto. 17. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 16, wherein each of the data latch circuits has a first-in first-out structure. 18. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 15, wherein
the control circuit performs a fine program operation of the second memory cells after the foggy program operation of the first memory cells, and the control circuit copies the third and fourth data stored in the third and sixth data latch circuits, respectively, to the first and fourth data latch circuits, respectively in preparation for the fine program operation of the second memory cells. | 2,800 |
342,073 | 16,802,454 | 2,827 | A semiconductor storage device comprises first and second memory cells each including a variable-resistance element, a write driver, and a control circuit that concurrently performs an operation to read first data in the first memory cell and second data in the second memory cell, the operation to read the first data including a first write operation for a first time length and the operation to read the second data including a second write operation for a second time length. In the first write operation, the write driver applies, to the first memory cell, a first voltage for a third time length and a second voltage different from the first voltage for a fourth time length. In the second write operation, the write driver applies the first voltage to the second memory cell for a fifth time length longer than the third time length and longer than the fourth time length. | 1. A semiconductor storage device comprising:
first and second memory cells each including a variable-resistance element; a write driver configured to apply a voltage to each of the first and second memory cells; and a control circuit configured to concurrently perform an operation to read first data in the first memory cell and second data in the second memory cell, the operation to read the first data in the first memory cell including a first write operation for a first time length and the operation to read the second data in the second memory cell including a second write operation for a second time length, wherein in the first write operation, the write driver applies, to the first memory cell, a first voltage for a third time length and a second voltage different from the first voltage for a fourth time length, and in the second write operation, the write driver applies the first voltage to the second memory cell for a fifth time length longer than the third time length and longer than the fourth time length. 2. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein the first time length is equal to the second time length. 3. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a sense amplifier connected to the first memory cell, wherein the operation to read the first data stored in the first memory cell includes a first read operation, a third write operation, and a second read operation, which are carried out sequentially in that order, in the first read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a third voltage based on the first data stored in the first memory cell, in the third write operation, the write driver writes third data to the first memory cell, in the second read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a fourth voltage based on the third data written to the first memory cell, and after the second read operation, the control circuit determines the first data based on the third voltage and the fourth voltage, and performs the first write operation using the determined first data. 4. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 3, wherein
in the operation to read the first data stored in the first memory cell, an error correction process is performed on the determined first data, and after the second read operation, the control circuit performs the first write operation upon determining that there is an error in the determined first data. 5. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 4, wherein
in the first write operation, the write driver applies the second voltage after applying the first voltage, wherein the first voltage is applied to write the determined first data, and the second voltage is applied to write data obtained by correcting the determined first data. 6. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a sense amplifier connected to the second memory cell, wherein the operation to read the second data stored in the second memory cell includes a first read operation, a third write operation, and a second read operation, which are carried out sequentially in that order, in the first read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a third voltage based on the second data stored in the second memory cell, in the third write operation, the write driver writes third data to the second memory cell, in the second read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a fourth voltage based on the third data written to the second memory cell, and after the second read operation, the control circuit determines the second data based on the third voltage and the fourth voltage, and performs the second write operation using the determined second data. 7. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 6, wherein
in the operation to read the second data stored in the second memory cell, an error correction process is performed on the determined second data, and after the second read operation, the control circuit continues performing the second write operation using the determined second data upon determining that there is no error in the determined second data. 8. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 6, wherein
in the second write operation, the write driver applies the first voltage to write the determined second data. 9. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein
an absolute value of the first voltage is smaller than an absolute value of the second voltage. 10. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein
in the first write operation, a direction in which the first voltage is applied to the first memory cell is different from a direction in which the second voltage is applied to the first memory cell. 11. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a first bit line connected to one end of the first memory cell; and a second bit line connected to the other end of the first memory cell, wherein the write driver applies a voltage to the first bit line and a voltage to the second bit line, so that a voltage applied to the first memory cell is equal to a voltage difference between the voltage applied to the first bit line and the voltage applied to the second bit line. 12. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein
the fifth time length is longer than a sum of the third time length and the fourth time length. 13. A method of performing an operation to read first data in a first memory cell of a semiconductor storage device and second data in a second memory cell of the semiconductor storage device, the first and second memory cells each including a variable-resistance element, said method comprising:
concurrently performing an operation to read first data in the first memory cell and second data in the second memory cell, the operation to read the first data in the first memory cell including a first write operation for a first time length and the operation to read the second data in the second memory cell including a second write operation for a second time length, wherein in the first write operation, a first voltage is applied to the first memory cell for a third time length and a second voltage different from the first voltage is applied to the first memory cell for a fourth time length, and in the second write operation, the first voltage is applied to the second memory cell for a fifth time length longer than the third time length and longer than the fourth time length. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the first time length is equal to the second time length. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein
the operation to read the first data stored in the first memory cell includes a first read operation, a third write operation, and a second read operation, which are carried out sequentially in that order, in the first read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a third voltage based on the first data stored in the first memory cell, in the third write operation, the write driver writes third data to the first memory cell, in the second read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a fourth voltage based on the third data written to the first memory cell, and after the second read operation, the control circuit determines the first data based on the third voltage and the fourth voltage, and performs the first write operation using the determined first data. 16. The method according to claim 15, further comprising:
performing an error correction process on the determined first data; and after the second read operation, performing the first write operation upon determining that there is an error in the determined first data. 17. The method according to claim 13, wherein
the operation to read the second data stored in the second memory cell includes a first read operation, a third write operation, and a second read operation, which are carried out sequentially in that order, in the first read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a third voltage based on the second data stored in the second memory cell, in the third write operation, the write driver writes third data to the second memory cell, in the second read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a fourth voltage based on the third data written to the second memory cell, and after the second read operation, the control circuit determines the second data based on the third voltage and the fourth voltage, and performs the second write operation using the determined second data. 18. The method according to claim 17, further comprising:
performing an error correction process on the determined second data; and after the second read operation, continuing to perform the second write operation using the determined second data upon determining that there is no error in the determined second data. 19. The method according to claim 13, wherein
in the first write operation, a direction in which the first voltage is applied to the first memory cell is different from a direction in which the second voltage is applied to the first memory cell. 20. The method according to claim 13, wherein
the fifth time length is longer than a sum of the third time length and the fourth time length. | A semiconductor storage device comprises first and second memory cells each including a variable-resistance element, a write driver, and a control circuit that concurrently performs an operation to read first data in the first memory cell and second data in the second memory cell, the operation to read the first data including a first write operation for a first time length and the operation to read the second data including a second write operation for a second time length. In the first write operation, the write driver applies, to the first memory cell, a first voltage for a third time length and a second voltage different from the first voltage for a fourth time length. In the second write operation, the write driver applies the first voltage to the second memory cell for a fifth time length longer than the third time length and longer than the fourth time length.1. A semiconductor storage device comprising:
first and second memory cells each including a variable-resistance element; a write driver configured to apply a voltage to each of the first and second memory cells; and a control circuit configured to concurrently perform an operation to read first data in the first memory cell and second data in the second memory cell, the operation to read the first data in the first memory cell including a first write operation for a first time length and the operation to read the second data in the second memory cell including a second write operation for a second time length, wherein in the first write operation, the write driver applies, to the first memory cell, a first voltage for a third time length and a second voltage different from the first voltage for a fourth time length, and in the second write operation, the write driver applies the first voltage to the second memory cell for a fifth time length longer than the third time length and longer than the fourth time length. 2. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein the first time length is equal to the second time length. 3. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a sense amplifier connected to the first memory cell, wherein the operation to read the first data stored in the first memory cell includes a first read operation, a third write operation, and a second read operation, which are carried out sequentially in that order, in the first read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a third voltage based on the first data stored in the first memory cell, in the third write operation, the write driver writes third data to the first memory cell, in the second read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a fourth voltage based on the third data written to the first memory cell, and after the second read operation, the control circuit determines the first data based on the third voltage and the fourth voltage, and performs the first write operation using the determined first data. 4. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 3, wherein
in the operation to read the first data stored in the first memory cell, an error correction process is performed on the determined first data, and after the second read operation, the control circuit performs the first write operation upon determining that there is an error in the determined first data. 5. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 4, wherein
in the first write operation, the write driver applies the second voltage after applying the first voltage, wherein the first voltage is applied to write the determined first data, and the second voltage is applied to write data obtained by correcting the determined first data. 6. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a sense amplifier connected to the second memory cell, wherein the operation to read the second data stored in the second memory cell includes a first read operation, a third write operation, and a second read operation, which are carried out sequentially in that order, in the first read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a third voltage based on the second data stored in the second memory cell, in the third write operation, the write driver writes third data to the second memory cell, in the second read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a fourth voltage based on the third data written to the second memory cell, and after the second read operation, the control circuit determines the second data based on the third voltage and the fourth voltage, and performs the second write operation using the determined second data. 7. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 6, wherein
in the operation to read the second data stored in the second memory cell, an error correction process is performed on the determined second data, and after the second read operation, the control circuit continues performing the second write operation using the determined second data upon determining that there is no error in the determined second data. 8. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 6, wherein
in the second write operation, the write driver applies the first voltage to write the determined second data. 9. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein
an absolute value of the first voltage is smaller than an absolute value of the second voltage. 10. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein
in the first write operation, a direction in which the first voltage is applied to the first memory cell is different from a direction in which the second voltage is applied to the first memory cell. 11. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a first bit line connected to one end of the first memory cell; and a second bit line connected to the other end of the first memory cell, wherein the write driver applies a voltage to the first bit line and a voltage to the second bit line, so that a voltage applied to the first memory cell is equal to a voltage difference between the voltage applied to the first bit line and the voltage applied to the second bit line. 12. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein
the fifth time length is longer than a sum of the third time length and the fourth time length. 13. A method of performing an operation to read first data in a first memory cell of a semiconductor storage device and second data in a second memory cell of the semiconductor storage device, the first and second memory cells each including a variable-resistance element, said method comprising:
concurrently performing an operation to read first data in the first memory cell and second data in the second memory cell, the operation to read the first data in the first memory cell including a first write operation for a first time length and the operation to read the second data in the second memory cell including a second write operation for a second time length, wherein in the first write operation, a first voltage is applied to the first memory cell for a third time length and a second voltage different from the first voltage is applied to the first memory cell for a fourth time length, and in the second write operation, the first voltage is applied to the second memory cell for a fifth time length longer than the third time length and longer than the fourth time length. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the first time length is equal to the second time length. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein
the operation to read the first data stored in the first memory cell includes a first read operation, a third write operation, and a second read operation, which are carried out sequentially in that order, in the first read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a third voltage based on the first data stored in the first memory cell, in the third write operation, the write driver writes third data to the first memory cell, in the second read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a fourth voltage based on the third data written to the first memory cell, and after the second read operation, the control circuit determines the first data based on the third voltage and the fourth voltage, and performs the first write operation using the determined first data. 16. The method according to claim 15, further comprising:
performing an error correction process on the determined first data; and after the second read operation, performing the first write operation upon determining that there is an error in the determined first data. 17. The method according to claim 13, wherein
the operation to read the second data stored in the second memory cell includes a first read operation, a third write operation, and a second read operation, which are carried out sequentially in that order, in the first read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a third voltage based on the second data stored in the second memory cell, in the third write operation, the write driver writes third data to the second memory cell, in the second read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a fourth voltage based on the third data written to the second memory cell, and after the second read operation, the control circuit determines the second data based on the third voltage and the fourth voltage, and performs the second write operation using the determined second data. 18. The method according to claim 17, further comprising:
performing an error correction process on the determined second data; and after the second read operation, continuing to perform the second write operation using the determined second data upon determining that there is no error in the determined second data. 19. The method according to claim 13, wherein
in the first write operation, a direction in which the first voltage is applied to the first memory cell is different from a direction in which the second voltage is applied to the first memory cell. 20. The method according to claim 13, wherein
the fifth time length is longer than a sum of the third time length and the fourth time length. | 2,800 |
342,074 | 16,802,443 | 2,827 | A semiconductor storage device comprises first and second memory cells each including a variable-resistance element, a write driver, and a control circuit that concurrently performs an operation to read first data in the first memory cell and second data in the second memory cell, the operation to read the first data including a first write operation for a first time length and the operation to read the second data including a second write operation for a second time length. In the first write operation, the write driver applies, to the first memory cell, a first voltage for a third time length and a second voltage different from the first voltage for a fourth time length. In the second write operation, the write driver applies the first voltage to the second memory cell for a fifth time length longer than the third time length and longer than the fourth time length. | 1. A semiconductor storage device comprising:
first and second memory cells each including a variable-resistance element; a write driver configured to apply a voltage to each of the first and second memory cells; and a control circuit configured to concurrently perform an operation to read first data in the first memory cell and second data in the second memory cell, the operation to read the first data in the first memory cell including a first write operation for a first time length and the operation to read the second data in the second memory cell including a second write operation for a second time length, wherein in the first write operation, the write driver applies, to the first memory cell, a first voltage for a third time length and a second voltage different from the first voltage for a fourth time length, and in the second write operation, the write driver applies the first voltage to the second memory cell for a fifth time length longer than the third time length and longer than the fourth time length. 2. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein the first time length is equal to the second time length. 3. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a sense amplifier connected to the first memory cell, wherein the operation to read the first data stored in the first memory cell includes a first read operation, a third write operation, and a second read operation, which are carried out sequentially in that order, in the first read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a third voltage based on the first data stored in the first memory cell, in the third write operation, the write driver writes third data to the first memory cell, in the second read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a fourth voltage based on the third data written to the first memory cell, and after the second read operation, the control circuit determines the first data based on the third voltage and the fourth voltage, and performs the first write operation using the determined first data. 4. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 3, wherein
in the operation to read the first data stored in the first memory cell, an error correction process is performed on the determined first data, and after the second read operation, the control circuit performs the first write operation upon determining that there is an error in the determined first data. 5. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 4, wherein
in the first write operation, the write driver applies the second voltage after applying the first voltage, wherein the first voltage is applied to write the determined first data, and the second voltage is applied to write data obtained by correcting the determined first data. 6. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a sense amplifier connected to the second memory cell, wherein the operation to read the second data stored in the second memory cell includes a first read operation, a third write operation, and a second read operation, which are carried out sequentially in that order, in the first read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a third voltage based on the second data stored in the second memory cell, in the third write operation, the write driver writes third data to the second memory cell, in the second read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a fourth voltage based on the third data written to the second memory cell, and after the second read operation, the control circuit determines the second data based on the third voltage and the fourth voltage, and performs the second write operation using the determined second data. 7. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 6, wherein
in the operation to read the second data stored in the second memory cell, an error correction process is performed on the determined second data, and after the second read operation, the control circuit continues performing the second write operation using the determined second data upon determining that there is no error in the determined second data. 8. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 6, wherein
in the second write operation, the write driver applies the first voltage to write the determined second data. 9. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein
an absolute value of the first voltage is smaller than an absolute value of the second voltage. 10. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein
in the first write operation, a direction in which the first voltage is applied to the first memory cell is different from a direction in which the second voltage is applied to the first memory cell. 11. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a first bit line connected to one end of the first memory cell; and a second bit line connected to the other end of the first memory cell, wherein the write driver applies a voltage to the first bit line and a voltage to the second bit line, so that a voltage applied to the first memory cell is equal to a voltage difference between the voltage applied to the first bit line and the voltage applied to the second bit line. 12. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein
the fifth time length is longer than a sum of the third time length and the fourth time length. 13. A method of performing an operation to read first data in a first memory cell of a semiconductor storage device and second data in a second memory cell of the semiconductor storage device, the first and second memory cells each including a variable-resistance element, said method comprising:
concurrently performing an operation to read first data in the first memory cell and second data in the second memory cell, the operation to read the first data in the first memory cell including a first write operation for a first time length and the operation to read the second data in the second memory cell including a second write operation for a second time length, wherein in the first write operation, a first voltage is applied to the first memory cell for a third time length and a second voltage different from the first voltage is applied to the first memory cell for a fourth time length, and in the second write operation, the first voltage is applied to the second memory cell for a fifth time length longer than the third time length and longer than the fourth time length. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the first time length is equal to the second time length. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein
the operation to read the first data stored in the first memory cell includes a first read operation, a third write operation, and a second read operation, which are carried out sequentially in that order, in the first read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a third voltage based on the first data stored in the first memory cell, in the third write operation, the write driver writes third data to the first memory cell, in the second read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a fourth voltage based on the third data written to the first memory cell, and after the second read operation, the control circuit determines the first data based on the third voltage and the fourth voltage, and performs the first write operation using the determined first data. 16. The method according to claim 15, further comprising:
performing an error correction process on the determined first data; and after the second read operation, performing the first write operation upon determining that there is an error in the determined first data. 17. The method according to claim 13, wherein
the operation to read the second data stored in the second memory cell includes a first read operation, a third write operation, and a second read operation, which are carried out sequentially in that order, in the first read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a third voltage based on the second data stored in the second memory cell, in the third write operation, the write driver writes third data to the second memory cell, in the second read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a fourth voltage based on the third data written to the second memory cell, and after the second read operation, the control circuit determines the second data based on the third voltage and the fourth voltage, and performs the second write operation using the determined second data. 18. The method according to claim 17, further comprising:
performing an error correction process on the determined second data; and after the second read operation, continuing to perform the second write operation using the determined second data upon determining that there is no error in the determined second data. 19. The method according to claim 13, wherein
in the first write operation, a direction in which the first voltage is applied to the first memory cell is different from a direction in which the second voltage is applied to the first memory cell. 20. The method according to claim 13, wherein
the fifth time length is longer than a sum of the third time length and the fourth time length. | A semiconductor storage device comprises first and second memory cells each including a variable-resistance element, a write driver, and a control circuit that concurrently performs an operation to read first data in the first memory cell and second data in the second memory cell, the operation to read the first data including a first write operation for a first time length and the operation to read the second data including a second write operation for a second time length. In the first write operation, the write driver applies, to the first memory cell, a first voltage for a third time length and a second voltage different from the first voltage for a fourth time length. In the second write operation, the write driver applies the first voltage to the second memory cell for a fifth time length longer than the third time length and longer than the fourth time length.1. A semiconductor storage device comprising:
first and second memory cells each including a variable-resistance element; a write driver configured to apply a voltage to each of the first and second memory cells; and a control circuit configured to concurrently perform an operation to read first data in the first memory cell and second data in the second memory cell, the operation to read the first data in the first memory cell including a first write operation for a first time length and the operation to read the second data in the second memory cell including a second write operation for a second time length, wherein in the first write operation, the write driver applies, to the first memory cell, a first voltage for a third time length and a second voltage different from the first voltage for a fourth time length, and in the second write operation, the write driver applies the first voltage to the second memory cell for a fifth time length longer than the third time length and longer than the fourth time length. 2. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein the first time length is equal to the second time length. 3. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a sense amplifier connected to the first memory cell, wherein the operation to read the first data stored in the first memory cell includes a first read operation, a third write operation, and a second read operation, which are carried out sequentially in that order, in the first read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a third voltage based on the first data stored in the first memory cell, in the third write operation, the write driver writes third data to the first memory cell, in the second read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a fourth voltage based on the third data written to the first memory cell, and after the second read operation, the control circuit determines the first data based on the third voltage and the fourth voltage, and performs the first write operation using the determined first data. 4. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 3, wherein
in the operation to read the first data stored in the first memory cell, an error correction process is performed on the determined first data, and after the second read operation, the control circuit performs the first write operation upon determining that there is an error in the determined first data. 5. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 4, wherein
in the first write operation, the write driver applies the second voltage after applying the first voltage, wherein the first voltage is applied to write the determined first data, and the second voltage is applied to write data obtained by correcting the determined first data. 6. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a sense amplifier connected to the second memory cell, wherein the operation to read the second data stored in the second memory cell includes a first read operation, a third write operation, and a second read operation, which are carried out sequentially in that order, in the first read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a third voltage based on the second data stored in the second memory cell, in the third write operation, the write driver writes third data to the second memory cell, in the second read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a fourth voltage based on the third data written to the second memory cell, and after the second read operation, the control circuit determines the second data based on the third voltage and the fourth voltage, and performs the second write operation using the determined second data. 7. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 6, wherein
in the operation to read the second data stored in the second memory cell, an error correction process is performed on the determined second data, and after the second read operation, the control circuit continues performing the second write operation using the determined second data upon determining that there is no error in the determined second data. 8. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 6, wherein
in the second write operation, the write driver applies the first voltage to write the determined second data. 9. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein
an absolute value of the first voltage is smaller than an absolute value of the second voltage. 10. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein
in the first write operation, a direction in which the first voltage is applied to the first memory cell is different from a direction in which the second voltage is applied to the first memory cell. 11. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a first bit line connected to one end of the first memory cell; and a second bit line connected to the other end of the first memory cell, wherein the write driver applies a voltage to the first bit line and a voltage to the second bit line, so that a voltage applied to the first memory cell is equal to a voltage difference between the voltage applied to the first bit line and the voltage applied to the second bit line. 12. The semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein
the fifth time length is longer than a sum of the third time length and the fourth time length. 13. A method of performing an operation to read first data in a first memory cell of a semiconductor storage device and second data in a second memory cell of the semiconductor storage device, the first and second memory cells each including a variable-resistance element, said method comprising:
concurrently performing an operation to read first data in the first memory cell and second data in the second memory cell, the operation to read the first data in the first memory cell including a first write operation for a first time length and the operation to read the second data in the second memory cell including a second write operation for a second time length, wherein in the first write operation, a first voltage is applied to the first memory cell for a third time length and a second voltage different from the first voltage is applied to the first memory cell for a fourth time length, and in the second write operation, the first voltage is applied to the second memory cell for a fifth time length longer than the third time length and longer than the fourth time length. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the first time length is equal to the second time length. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein
the operation to read the first data stored in the first memory cell includes a first read operation, a third write operation, and a second read operation, which are carried out sequentially in that order, in the first read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a third voltage based on the first data stored in the first memory cell, in the third write operation, the write driver writes third data to the first memory cell, in the second read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a fourth voltage based on the third data written to the first memory cell, and after the second read operation, the control circuit determines the first data based on the third voltage and the fourth voltage, and performs the first write operation using the determined first data. 16. The method according to claim 15, further comprising:
performing an error correction process on the determined first data; and after the second read operation, performing the first write operation upon determining that there is an error in the determined first data. 17. The method according to claim 13, wherein
the operation to read the second data stored in the second memory cell includes a first read operation, a third write operation, and a second read operation, which are carried out sequentially in that order, in the first read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a third voltage based on the second data stored in the second memory cell, in the third write operation, the write driver writes third data to the second memory cell, in the second read operation, the sense amplifier obtains a fourth voltage based on the third data written to the second memory cell, and after the second read operation, the control circuit determines the second data based on the third voltage and the fourth voltage, and performs the second write operation using the determined second data. 18. The method according to claim 17, further comprising:
performing an error correction process on the determined second data; and after the second read operation, continuing to perform the second write operation using the determined second data upon determining that there is no error in the determined second data. 19. The method according to claim 13, wherein
in the first write operation, a direction in which the first voltage is applied to the first memory cell is different from a direction in which the second voltage is applied to the first memory cell. 20. The method according to claim 13, wherein
the fifth time length is longer than a sum of the third time length and the fourth time length. | 2,800 |
342,075 | 16,802,437 | 2,632 | A system for data and clock recovery includes a timing error detector, a phase detector, and a phase increment injector. The phase increment injector may be used to determine an increment to affect an output of the phase detector or a clocking element. A sign of the increment is determined from a sign or direction of an accumulated version of a clock and data recovery gradient value. | 1. A clock and data recovery device comprising:
a timing error detector; a phase detector; and a phase increment injector responsive to an illegal data detector to determine an increment to affect an output of one or both of (a) the phase detector, and (b) a clocking element, wherein a sign of the increment is determined from a sign or direction of an accumulated version of a clock and data recovery gradient value. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the clock and data recovery device is configured to receive a plurality of error values for each of a plurality of data transmitted through a communication channel. 3. The device of claim 2, the error values and data decision estimates generated by a partial response detector. 4. The device of claim 2, the error values and data decision estimates generated by a non-return to zero detector. 5. The device of claim 2 wherein the phase detector is configured to determine the accumulated version of gradient value by: 6. The device of claim 2, wherein the phase detector is configured to determine the gradient value by: 7. The device of claim 2, wherein the phase detector is configured to determine a minimum mean squared (MMSE) derived gradient. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein the clock and data recovery device is a baud rate-type clock and data recovery device. 9. The device of claim 1, wherein the phase increment injector is further configured to:
determine a number of consecutive decision estimates, in a pre-determined measurement time interval, that satisfy one or more criteria; in response to reaching the number to a pre-determined threshold, determine an additional increment; add the additional increment to the accumulated version of a clock and data recovery gradient value; and determine a total increment to affect the output of the phase detector. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the total increment is determined by:
K=Km*sign(ΔL(n−S))
wherein K is the total increment; Km is the magnitude of the increment; and ΔL(n−S) is an extent of the gradient to utilize. 11.-20. (canceled) | A system for data and clock recovery includes a timing error detector, a phase detector, and a phase increment injector. The phase increment injector may be used to determine an increment to affect an output of the phase detector or a clocking element. A sign of the increment is determined from a sign or direction of an accumulated version of a clock and data recovery gradient value.1. A clock and data recovery device comprising:
a timing error detector; a phase detector; and a phase increment injector responsive to an illegal data detector to determine an increment to affect an output of one or both of (a) the phase detector, and (b) a clocking element, wherein a sign of the increment is determined from a sign or direction of an accumulated version of a clock and data recovery gradient value. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the clock and data recovery device is configured to receive a plurality of error values for each of a plurality of data transmitted through a communication channel. 3. The device of claim 2, the error values and data decision estimates generated by a partial response detector. 4. The device of claim 2, the error values and data decision estimates generated by a non-return to zero detector. 5. The device of claim 2 wherein the phase detector is configured to determine the accumulated version of gradient value by: 6. The device of claim 2, wherein the phase detector is configured to determine the gradient value by: 7. The device of claim 2, wherein the phase detector is configured to determine a minimum mean squared (MMSE) derived gradient. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein the clock and data recovery device is a baud rate-type clock and data recovery device. 9. The device of claim 1, wherein the phase increment injector is further configured to:
determine a number of consecutive decision estimates, in a pre-determined measurement time interval, that satisfy one or more criteria; in response to reaching the number to a pre-determined threshold, determine an additional increment; add the additional increment to the accumulated version of a clock and data recovery gradient value; and determine a total increment to affect the output of the phase detector. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the total increment is determined by:
K=Km*sign(ΔL(n−S))
wherein K is the total increment; Km is the magnitude of the increment; and ΔL(n−S) is an extent of the gradient to utilize. 11.-20. (canceled) | 2,600 |
342,076 | 16,802,452 | 2,632 | An apparatus and method for joining pipes includes a plate for melting mating surfaces of the pipes to be joined. Additionally, the apparatus utilizes a vacuum in order to push the first and second pipes together in lieu of hand or mechanical pressure which may be inconsistent. Additionally, the vacuum allows the pipes to be joined to settle on each other in order to create a pressure about a periphery of the end of the pipe being joined to the other pipe. The consistent pressure creates a very strong joint between the first and second pipes. | 1. A method of forming a liquid tight seal between a distal end of a first pipe and a second pipe, the method comprising the steps of:
heating the distal end of the first pipe and the second pipe with a heater until the distal end of the first pipe and the second pipe have reached a softening temperature; contacting the distal end of the first pipe to the second pipe; creating a negative pressure within a cavity of the first pipe after the contacting step so that the distal end of the first pipe is pushed into the second pipe; applying even pressure about the circumference of the distal end of the first pipe onto the second pipe. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the heating step is performed until at least ½ inch of the distal end of the first pipe has reached the softening temperature. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein heating step is performed with a plate having opposed first and second sides sized and configured to mate with the distal end of the first pipe and the exterior surface of the second pipe. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the first side has a convex configuration and the second side has a concave configuration. 5. The method of claim 4 further comprising the step of forming a vacuum with an edge of a cup to the exterior surface of the second pipe. 6. The method of claim 3 wherein the first side is flat and the second side is flat. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the creating the vacuum step includes the step of capping an opposed distal end of the first pipe with a cap which is in fluid communication with a vacuum device for creating the negative pressure. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the applying step includes the steps of allowing an angular relationship between the first pipe and the second pipe to change as negative pressure is applied to the cavity of the first pipe and the distal end of the first pipe is pushed into the second pipe. 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of creating the negative pressure within the cavity of the first pipe during the heating step so that the negative pressure created in the cavity of the first pipe is sufficient to hold the first side of the plate of the heater on the distal end of the first pipe. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the plate of the heater has a through hole so that the negative pressure created in the cavity of the first pipe is applied between the plate and the second pipe to hold the plate on the second pipe. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the distal end of the first pipe is attached to an exterior surface of the second pipe. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the distal end of the first pipe is attached to a distal end of the second pipe, and the vacuum is created by capping an opposed distal end of the second pipe. 13. A pipe attaching machine for forming a liquid tight seal between a distal end of a first pipe and a second pipe, the pipe attaching machine comprising:
a heater having:
a plate having opposed first and second sides sized and configured to mate with the distal end of the first pipe and the second pipe, the plate being operative to provide heat to the distal end of the first pipe and the second pipe for raising its temperature to a softening temperature of the first and second pipes;
a handle attached to the plate, the handle being insulated from the plate so that the handle can be gripped by a person to manipulate the heater plate even when the plate is heated;
a cap sized and configured to provide a seal with an opposed distal end of the first pipe; a vacuum operative to create a negative pressure, the vacuum in fluid communication with the cap to create negative pressure within a cavity of the first pipe when the cap is mounted to the opposed distal end of the first pipe to hold the first pipe to the heater when heating the distal end of the first pipe and also to hold the distal end against the exterior surface of the second pipe when attaching the distal end of the first pipe to the second pipe. 14. The branch pipe attaching machine of claim 13 wherein the plate has a through hole so that negative pressure created in the cavity of the first pipe is applied between the plate and the second pipe to hold the plate to the second pipe. 15. The pipe attaching machine of claim 13 wherein the first side has a convex configuration sized and configured to mate with the distal end of the first pipe and the second side has a concave configuration sized and configured to mate with an exterior surface of the second pipe. 16. The pipe attaching machine of claim 15 further comprising a cup disposed in the second side, an edge of the cup sized and configured to contact the exterior surface of the second pipe before the concave configured second side of the plate. 17. The pipe attaching machine of claim 13 wherein the first side is flat which is sized and configured to mate with the distal end of the first pipe and the second side is flat which is sized and configured to mate with a distal end of the second pipe. 18. A method for expediting fusion of a distal end of a first pipe to a contact surface of a second pipe, the method comprising the steps of:
cooling a distal end portion of the first pipe and/or a contact patch portion of the second pipe below its normal temperature; heating the distal end of the first pipe and/or the contact surface of the second pipe so that a portion less than the distal end portion and/or less than the contact patch portion of the second pipe is heated to a softening temperature of a material of the first pipe and/or second pipe; pushing the distal end of the first pipe onto the contact surface of the second pipe; directing heat away from the distal end of the first pipe and/or the contact patch of the second pipe since less than the distal end portion of the first pipe and/or less than the contact patch portion of the second pipe was heated and the entire distal end portion of the first pipe and the entire contact patch portion was cooled below its normal temperature. 19. The method of claim 16 wherein the contact patch is a distal end of the second pipe. 20. The method of claim 16 wherein the contact patch is an exterior surface of the second pipe. | An apparatus and method for joining pipes includes a plate for melting mating surfaces of the pipes to be joined. Additionally, the apparatus utilizes a vacuum in order to push the first and second pipes together in lieu of hand or mechanical pressure which may be inconsistent. Additionally, the vacuum allows the pipes to be joined to settle on each other in order to create a pressure about a periphery of the end of the pipe being joined to the other pipe. The consistent pressure creates a very strong joint between the first and second pipes.1. A method of forming a liquid tight seal between a distal end of a first pipe and a second pipe, the method comprising the steps of:
heating the distal end of the first pipe and the second pipe with a heater until the distal end of the first pipe and the second pipe have reached a softening temperature; contacting the distal end of the first pipe to the second pipe; creating a negative pressure within a cavity of the first pipe after the contacting step so that the distal end of the first pipe is pushed into the second pipe; applying even pressure about the circumference of the distal end of the first pipe onto the second pipe. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the heating step is performed until at least ½ inch of the distal end of the first pipe has reached the softening temperature. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein heating step is performed with a plate having opposed first and second sides sized and configured to mate with the distal end of the first pipe and the exterior surface of the second pipe. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the first side has a convex configuration and the second side has a concave configuration. 5. The method of claim 4 further comprising the step of forming a vacuum with an edge of a cup to the exterior surface of the second pipe. 6. The method of claim 3 wherein the first side is flat and the second side is flat. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the creating the vacuum step includes the step of capping an opposed distal end of the first pipe with a cap which is in fluid communication with a vacuum device for creating the negative pressure. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the applying step includes the steps of allowing an angular relationship between the first pipe and the second pipe to change as negative pressure is applied to the cavity of the first pipe and the distal end of the first pipe is pushed into the second pipe. 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of creating the negative pressure within the cavity of the first pipe during the heating step so that the negative pressure created in the cavity of the first pipe is sufficient to hold the first side of the plate of the heater on the distal end of the first pipe. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the plate of the heater has a through hole so that the negative pressure created in the cavity of the first pipe is applied between the plate and the second pipe to hold the plate on the second pipe. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the distal end of the first pipe is attached to an exterior surface of the second pipe. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the distal end of the first pipe is attached to a distal end of the second pipe, and the vacuum is created by capping an opposed distal end of the second pipe. 13. A pipe attaching machine for forming a liquid tight seal between a distal end of a first pipe and a second pipe, the pipe attaching machine comprising:
a heater having:
a plate having opposed first and second sides sized and configured to mate with the distal end of the first pipe and the second pipe, the plate being operative to provide heat to the distal end of the first pipe and the second pipe for raising its temperature to a softening temperature of the first and second pipes;
a handle attached to the plate, the handle being insulated from the plate so that the handle can be gripped by a person to manipulate the heater plate even when the plate is heated;
a cap sized and configured to provide a seal with an opposed distal end of the first pipe; a vacuum operative to create a negative pressure, the vacuum in fluid communication with the cap to create negative pressure within a cavity of the first pipe when the cap is mounted to the opposed distal end of the first pipe to hold the first pipe to the heater when heating the distal end of the first pipe and also to hold the distal end against the exterior surface of the second pipe when attaching the distal end of the first pipe to the second pipe. 14. The branch pipe attaching machine of claim 13 wherein the plate has a through hole so that negative pressure created in the cavity of the first pipe is applied between the plate and the second pipe to hold the plate to the second pipe. 15. The pipe attaching machine of claim 13 wherein the first side has a convex configuration sized and configured to mate with the distal end of the first pipe and the second side has a concave configuration sized and configured to mate with an exterior surface of the second pipe. 16. The pipe attaching machine of claim 15 further comprising a cup disposed in the second side, an edge of the cup sized and configured to contact the exterior surface of the second pipe before the concave configured second side of the plate. 17. The pipe attaching machine of claim 13 wherein the first side is flat which is sized and configured to mate with the distal end of the first pipe and the second side is flat which is sized and configured to mate with a distal end of the second pipe. 18. A method for expediting fusion of a distal end of a first pipe to a contact surface of a second pipe, the method comprising the steps of:
cooling a distal end portion of the first pipe and/or a contact patch portion of the second pipe below its normal temperature; heating the distal end of the first pipe and/or the contact surface of the second pipe so that a portion less than the distal end portion and/or less than the contact patch portion of the second pipe is heated to a softening temperature of a material of the first pipe and/or second pipe; pushing the distal end of the first pipe onto the contact surface of the second pipe; directing heat away from the distal end of the first pipe and/or the contact patch of the second pipe since less than the distal end portion of the first pipe and/or less than the contact patch portion of the second pipe was heated and the entire distal end portion of the first pipe and the entire contact patch portion was cooled below its normal temperature. 19. The method of claim 16 wherein the contact patch is a distal end of the second pipe. 20. The method of claim 16 wherein the contact patch is an exterior surface of the second pipe. | 2,600 |
342,077 | 16,802,426 | 2,632 | Described herein is a variant pol6 polymerase having at least one mutation selected from H223, N224, Y225, H227, I295, Y342, T343, I357, S360, L361, I363, S365Q, S366, Y367, P368, D417, E475, Y476, F478, K518, H527, T529, M531, N535, G539, P542, N545, Q546, A547, L549, I550, N552, G553, F558, A596, G603, A610, V615, Y622, C623, D624, I628, Y629, R632, N635, M641, A643, I644, T647, I648, T651, I652, K655, W656, D657, V658, H660, F662, L690 and combinations thereof. | 1. An isolated polypeptide having a DNA polymerase activity comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises at least two amino acid substitutions relative to SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein one of said at least two amino acid substitutions corresponds to a position of SEQ ID NO: 2 selected from the group consisting of H223, N224, Y225, H227, I295, Y342, T343, I357, S360, L361, I363, S365, Y367, P368, D417, E475, Y476, F478, K518, H527, M531, N535, G539, P542, N545, Q546, A547, L549, I550, N552, G553, F558, A596, G603, A610, V615, Y622, C623, D624, I628, Y629, R632, N635, M641, A643, I644, T647, I648, T651, I652, K655, W656, D657, V658, H660, F662, and L690. 2. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein at least one of the at least two substitutions is selected from the group consisting of H223A, N224Y/L, Y225L/T/I/F/A, H227P, I295W/F/M/E, Y342L/F, T343N/F, I357G/L/Q/H/W/M/A/E/Y/P, S360G, L361 M/W/V, I363V, S365Q/W/M/A/G, Y367L/E/M/P/N, P368G, D417P, E475D, Y476V, F478L, K518Q, H527 W/R/L, M531H/Y/A/K/R/W/T/L/V, N535L/Y/M/K/I, G539Y/F, P542E/S, N545K/D/S/L/R, Q546W/F, A547M/Y/W/F/V/S, L549Q/Y/H/G/R, I550A/W/T/G/F/S, N552L/M/S, G553S/T, F558P/T, A596S, G603T, A610T/E, V615A/T, Y622A/M, C623G/S/Y, D624F, I628Y/V/F, Y629 W/H/M, R632L/C, N635D, M641 L/Y, A643L, I644H/M/Y, T647G/A/E/K/S, I648K/R/V/N/T, T651Y/F/M, I652Q/G/S/N/F/T, K655G/F/E/N, W656E, D657R/P/A, V658L, H660A/Y, F662I/L, and L690M. 3. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has an altered characteristic as compared to a polymerase comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein said altered characteristic is selected from the group consisting of fidelity, processivity, elongation rate, stability, solubility, and the ability to bind a nucleotide polyphosphate, and/or the ability to incorporate a nucleotide polyphosphate into a growing DNA strand. 4. The isolated polypeptide of claim 3, wherein the nucleotide polyphosphate has 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 phosphates. 5. The isolated polypeptide of claim 4, wherein the polyphosphate nucleotides are tagged. 6. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has a substitution corresponding to E475D. 7. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has a substitution corresponding to F478L. 8. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has a substitution corresponding to K518Q. 9. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has a substitution corresponding to T529M. 10. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has a substitution corresponding to N535L. 11. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has a substitution corresponding to N545K/L. 12. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has a substitution corresponding to A547F. 13. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has a substitution corresponding to G553S. 14. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has a substitution corresponding to T647G. 15. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has a substitution corresponding to T651Y. 16. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has a substitution corresponding to I652Q. 17. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said at least two amino acid substitutions comprises a set of substitutions selected from the group consisting of:
T651Y+N535L; Y342L+E475D+F478L; T343N+D417P+K518Q; N535L+N545K+T651Y; I363V+E475D+Y476V; T651Y+P542E+N545K; T651Y+P542E+Q546 W; T651Y+P542E+S366A; T651Y+N535L+N545K; T647G+A547F+Y225T; A547F+A610T+Y225I; T529M+T647G+A547F; T647G+A547F+T529M; T529M+A610T+A547F; M641Y+T529M+A547F; T647G+C623G+A547F; A610T+I295 W+T651Y; V615A+M531Y+T647G; H223A+G553S+A643L+F662I; N535L+N545K+T651Y+T529M; N535L+N545K+T651Y+N635D; N535L+N545K+T651Y+I652Q; N535L+N545K+T651Y+T647G; N535I+N545K+T651Y+T529M; N535I+N545K+T651Y+N635D; N535I+N545K+T651Y+I652Q; N535L+N545K+I651Y+I647G+C623G; N535L+N545K+T651Y+T647G+I628Y; N535I+N545K+T651Y+I652Q+Y225I; N535L+N545K+T651Y+T647G+K655G; and N535L+N545K+I651Y+I647G+L549Q. 18. A composition comprising a DNA polymerase attached to an alpha-hemolysin monomer, wherein said DNA polymerase comprises a polypeptide of claim 1. 19. The composition of claim 18, wherein the alpha-hemolysin monomer is a part of a heptameric alpha-hemolysin nanopore. 20. A biochip comprising a nanopore formed in a membrane disposed adjacent to a sensing electrode, wherein said nanopore is attached to a DNA polymerase comprising a polypeptide according to claim 1. | Described herein is a variant pol6 polymerase having at least one mutation selected from H223, N224, Y225, H227, I295, Y342, T343, I357, S360, L361, I363, S365Q, S366, Y367, P368, D417, E475, Y476, F478, K518, H527, T529, M531, N535, G539, P542, N545, Q546, A547, L549, I550, N552, G553, F558, A596, G603, A610, V615, Y622, C623, D624, I628, Y629, R632, N635, M641, A643, I644, T647, I648, T651, I652, K655, W656, D657, V658, H660, F662, L690 and combinations thereof.1. An isolated polypeptide having a DNA polymerase activity comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises at least two amino acid substitutions relative to SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein one of said at least two amino acid substitutions corresponds to a position of SEQ ID NO: 2 selected from the group consisting of H223, N224, Y225, H227, I295, Y342, T343, I357, S360, L361, I363, S365, Y367, P368, D417, E475, Y476, F478, K518, H527, M531, N535, G539, P542, N545, Q546, A547, L549, I550, N552, G553, F558, A596, G603, A610, V615, Y622, C623, D624, I628, Y629, R632, N635, M641, A643, I644, T647, I648, T651, I652, K655, W656, D657, V658, H660, F662, and L690. 2. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein at least one of the at least two substitutions is selected from the group consisting of H223A, N224Y/L, Y225L/T/I/F/A, H227P, I295W/F/M/E, Y342L/F, T343N/F, I357G/L/Q/H/W/M/A/E/Y/P, S360G, L361 M/W/V, I363V, S365Q/W/M/A/G, Y367L/E/M/P/N, P368G, D417P, E475D, Y476V, F478L, K518Q, H527 W/R/L, M531H/Y/A/K/R/W/T/L/V, N535L/Y/M/K/I, G539Y/F, P542E/S, N545K/D/S/L/R, Q546W/F, A547M/Y/W/F/V/S, L549Q/Y/H/G/R, I550A/W/T/G/F/S, N552L/M/S, G553S/T, F558P/T, A596S, G603T, A610T/E, V615A/T, Y622A/M, C623G/S/Y, D624F, I628Y/V/F, Y629 W/H/M, R632L/C, N635D, M641 L/Y, A643L, I644H/M/Y, T647G/A/E/K/S, I648K/R/V/N/T, T651Y/F/M, I652Q/G/S/N/F/T, K655G/F/E/N, W656E, D657R/P/A, V658L, H660A/Y, F662I/L, and L690M. 3. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has an altered characteristic as compared to a polymerase comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein said altered characteristic is selected from the group consisting of fidelity, processivity, elongation rate, stability, solubility, and the ability to bind a nucleotide polyphosphate, and/or the ability to incorporate a nucleotide polyphosphate into a growing DNA strand. 4. The isolated polypeptide of claim 3, wherein the nucleotide polyphosphate has 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 phosphates. 5. The isolated polypeptide of claim 4, wherein the polyphosphate nucleotides are tagged. 6. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has a substitution corresponding to E475D. 7. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has a substitution corresponding to F478L. 8. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has a substitution corresponding to K518Q. 9. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has a substitution corresponding to T529M. 10. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has a substitution corresponding to N535L. 11. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has a substitution corresponding to N545K/L. 12. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has a substitution corresponding to A547F. 13. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has a substitution corresponding to G553S. 14. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has a substitution corresponding to T647G. 15. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has a substitution corresponding to T651Y. 16. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated polypeptide has a substitution corresponding to I652Q. 17. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said at least two amino acid substitutions comprises a set of substitutions selected from the group consisting of:
T651Y+N535L; Y342L+E475D+F478L; T343N+D417P+K518Q; N535L+N545K+T651Y; I363V+E475D+Y476V; T651Y+P542E+N545K; T651Y+P542E+Q546 W; T651Y+P542E+S366A; T651Y+N535L+N545K; T647G+A547F+Y225T; A547F+A610T+Y225I; T529M+T647G+A547F; T647G+A547F+T529M; T529M+A610T+A547F; M641Y+T529M+A547F; T647G+C623G+A547F; A610T+I295 W+T651Y; V615A+M531Y+T647G; H223A+G553S+A643L+F662I; N535L+N545K+T651Y+T529M; N535L+N545K+T651Y+N635D; N535L+N545K+T651Y+I652Q; N535L+N545K+T651Y+T647G; N535I+N545K+T651Y+T529M; N535I+N545K+T651Y+N635D; N535I+N545K+T651Y+I652Q; N535L+N545K+I651Y+I647G+C623G; N535L+N545K+T651Y+T647G+I628Y; N535I+N545K+T651Y+I652Q+Y225I; N535L+N545K+T651Y+T647G+K655G; and N535L+N545K+I651Y+I647G+L549Q. 18. A composition comprising a DNA polymerase attached to an alpha-hemolysin monomer, wherein said DNA polymerase comprises a polypeptide of claim 1. 19. The composition of claim 18, wherein the alpha-hemolysin monomer is a part of a heptameric alpha-hemolysin nanopore. 20. A biochip comprising a nanopore formed in a membrane disposed adjacent to a sensing electrode, wherein said nanopore is attached to a DNA polymerase comprising a polypeptide according to claim 1. | 2,600 |
342,078 | 16,802,419 | 2,632 | A method for analyzing gait of a user includes: detecting, by left and right motion sensors respectively mounted on left and right shoes, movement of the left and right shoes so as to generate and output left-foot motion information and right-foot motion information; and by a processing unit, performing gait analysis based on plural sets of coordinates in a Cartesian coordinate system that are contained in the left-foot motion information and the right-foot motion information so as to generate a result of the gait analysis. | 1. A method for analyzing gait of a user, to be implemented by a system that includes a left motion sensor mounted on a left shoe that is to be worn by a left foot of the user, a right motion sensor mounted on a right shoe that is to be worn by a right foot of the user, and a processing unit, the method comprising:
by the left motion sensor, detecting movement of the left shoe so as to generate left-foot motion information that is related to motion of the left foot of the user, and outputting the left-foot motion information, the left-foot motion information containing plural sets of coordinates representing positions of the left shoe in a Cartesian coordinate system defined by a Z-axis along a vertical direction perpendicular to a horizontal plane, an X-axis perpendicular to the Z-axis and parallel to a direction in which the user is progressing straight, and a Y-axis perpendicular to the X-axis and the Z-axis; by the right motion sensor, detecting movement of the right shoe so as to generate right-foot motion information that is related to motion of the right foot of the user, and outputting the right-foot motion information, the right-foot motion information containing plural sets of coordinates representing positions of the right shoe in the Cartesian coordinate system; and performing, by the processing unit, gait analysis based on the plural sets of coordinates contained in the left-foot motion information and the plural sets of coordinates contained in the right-foot motion information so as to generate a result of the gait analysis. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, the processing unit storing a threshold value of yaw angle, wherein:
the performing gait analysis includes
calculating, by the processing unit based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of the left shoe, a left-shoe yaw angle that is a yaw angle of the left shoe turning around the Z-axis with respect to the X-axis,
calculating, by the processing unit based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of the right shoe, a right-shoe yaw angle that is a yaw angle of the right shoe turning around the Z-axis with respect to the X-axis,
determining, by the processing unit, the gait of the user as out-toeing when it is determined that the left shoe is turning around the Z-axis in a counter-clockwise direction from top of the user, that the right shoe is turning around the Z-axis in a clockwise direction from top of the user, and that at least one of the left-shoe yaw angle and the right-shoe yaw angle is greater than the threshold value of yaw angle, and
determining, by the processing unit, the gait of the user as in-toeing when it is determined that the left shoe is turning around the Z-axis in the clockwise direction from top of the user, that the right shoe is turning around the Z-axis in the counter-clockwise direction from top of the user, and that at least one of the left-shoe yaw angle and the right-shoe yaw angle is greater than the threshold value of yaw angle. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, the user progressing along a line of progression, wherein:
the left-foot motion information contains the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of the left shoe during progression of the user; the right-foot motion information contains the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of the right shoe during progression of the user; and the performing gait analysis includes
determining, by the processing unit based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of the left shoe and the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of the right shoe, the line of progression and an imaginary midline between the left shoe and the right shoe, and
by the processing unit when it is determined that the line of progression is spaced apart from the imaginary midline, determining
that the gait of the user deviates from the imaginary midline,
that a lateral distance of a right stride is greater than a lateral distance of a left stride when it is determined that the line of progression is more adjacent to the left shoe than to the right shoe, and
that the lateral distance of the left stride is greater than the lateral distance of the right stride when it is determined that the line of progression is more adjacent to the right shoe than to the left shoe. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, the processing unit storing a threshold value of roll angle, wherein:
the performing gait analysis includes
calculating, by the processing unit based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of the left shoe, a left-shoe roll angle that is a roll angle of the left shoe turning around the X-axis with respect to the Z-axis,
calculating, by the processing unit based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of the right shoe, a right-shoe roll angle that is a roll angle of the right shoe turning around the X-axis with respect to the Z-axis,
determining, by the processing unit, the gait of the user as eversion when it is determined that the left shoe is turning around the X-axis in a clockwise direction from back of the user, that the right shoe is turning around the X-axis in a counter-clockwise direction from back of the user, and that at least one of the left-shoe roll angle and the right-shoe roll angle is greater than the threshold value of roll angle, and
determining, by the processing unit, the gait of the user as inversion when it is determined that the left shoe is turning around the X-axis in the counter-clockwise direction from back of the user, that the right shoe is turning around the X-axis in the clockwise direction from back of the user, and that at least one of the left-shoe roll angle and the right-shoe roll angle is greater than the threshold value of roll angle. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
the performing gait analysis includes
calculating, by the processing unit based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of the left shoe, a left-shoe pitch angle that is a pitch angle of the left shoe turning around the Y-axis with respect to the horizontal plane,
calculating, by the processing unit based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of the right shoe, a right-shoe pitch angle that is a pitch angle of the right shoe turning around the Y-axis with respect to the horizontal plane,
determining, by the processing unit, that the gait of the user features a forefoot strike when it is determined that one of the left-shoe pitch angle and the right-shoe pitch angle is smaller than zero degrees immediately before a time point when a z-coordinate of the plural sets of coordinates contained in a corresponding one of the left-foot motion information and the right-foot motion information reaches a local minimum, and
determining, by the processing unit, that the gait of the user features a rearfoot strike when it is determined that the one of the left-shoe pitch angle and the right-shoe pitch angle is greater than zero degrees immediately before the time point when the z-coordinate of the plural sets of coordinates contained in the corresponding one of the left-foot motion information and the right-foot motion information reaches a local minimum. 6. A system for analyzing gait of a user, comprising:
a pair of shoes including a left shoe to be worn by a left foot of the user and a right shoe to be worn by a right foot of the user; a left motion sensor mounted on said left shoe, and configured to detect movement of said left shoe so as to generate left-foot motion information that is related to motion of a left foot of the user, and to output the left-foot motion information, the left-foot motion information containing plural sets of coordinates representing positions of said left shoe in a Cartesian coordinate system defined by a Z-axis along a vertical direction perpendicular to a horizontal plane, an X-axis perpendicular to the Z-axis and parallel to a direction in which the user is progressing straight, and a Y-axis perpendicular to the X-axis and the Z-axis; a right motion sensor mounted on said right shoe, and configured to detect movement of said right shoe so as to generate right-foot motion information that is related to motion of the right foot of the user, and to output the right-foot motion information, the right-foot motion information containing plural sets of coordinates representing positions of said right shoe in the Cartesian coordinate system; and a processing unit configured to perform gait analysis based on the plural sets of coordinates contained in the left-foot motion information and the plural sets of coordinates contained in the right-foot motion information so as to generate a result of the gait analysis. 7. The system as claimed in claim 6, wherein said processing unit is further configured to:
store a threshold value of yaw angle; calculate, based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of said left shoe, a left-shoe yaw angle that is a yaw angle of said left shoe with respect to the X-axis; calculate, based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of said right shoe, a right-shoe yaw angle that is a yaw angle of said right shoe with respect to the X-axis; determine the gait of the user as out-toeing when it is determined that said left shoe is turning about the Z-axis in a counter-clockwise direction when viewed from above, that said right shoe is turning about the Z-axis in a clockwise direction when viewed from above, and that at least one of the left-shoe yaw angle or the right-shoe yaw angle is greater than the threshold value of yaw angle, and determine the gait of the user as in-toeing when it is determined that said left shoe is turning about the Z-axis in the clockwise direction when viewed from above, that said right shoe is turning about the Z-axis in the counter-clockwise direction when viewed from above, and that at least one of the left-shoe yaw angle or the right-shoe yaw angle is greater than the threshold value of yaw angle. 8. The system as claimed in claim 6, the user progressing along a line of progression, wherein:
the left-foot motion information contains the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of said left shoe during progression of the user; the right-foot motion information contains the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of said right shoe during progression of the user; and said processing unit is further configured to
determine, based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of said left shoe and the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of said right shoe, the line of progression and an imaginary midline between said left shoe and said right shoe, and
when it is determined that the line of progression is non-coincident with the imaginary midline in the horizontal plane, determine
that the gait of said user deviates from the imaginary midline,
that a lateral distance of a right stride is greater than a lateral distance of a left stride when it is determined that between said left shoe and said right shoe, the line of progression is closer to said left shoe, and
that the lateral distance of the left stride is greater than the lateral distance of the right stride when it is determined that between said left shoe and said right shoe. the line of progression is closer to said right shoe. 9. The system as claimed in claim 6, wherein said processing unit is further configured to:
store a threshold value of roll angle; calculate, based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of said left shoe, a left-shoe roll angle that is a roll angle of said left shoe with respect to the Z-axis; calculate, based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of said right shoe, a right-shoe roll angle that is a roll angle of said right shoe with respect to the Z-axis; determine the gait of the user as eversion when it is determined that said left shoe is turning about the X-axis in a clockwise direction when viewed from the back of the user, that said right shoe is turning about the X-axis in a counter-clockwise direction when viewed from the back of the user, and that at least one of the left-shoe roll angle or the right-shoe roll angle is greater than the threshold value of roll angle; and determine the gait of the user as inversion when it is determined that said left shoe is turning about the X-axis in the counter-clockwise direction when viewed from the back of the user, that said right shoe is turning about the X-axis in the clockwise direction when viewed from the back of the user, and that at least one of the left-shoe roll angle or the right-shoe roll angle is greater than the threshold value of roll angle. 10. The system as claimed in claim 6, wherein said processing unit is further configured to:
calculate, based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of said left shoe, a left-shoe pitch angle that is a pitch angle of said left shoe with respect to the horizontal plane; calculate, based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of said right shoe, a right-shoe pitch angle that is a pitch angle of said right shoe with respect to the horizontal plane; determine that the gait of the user features a forefoot strike when it is determined that one of the left-shoe pitch angle and the right-shoe pitch angle is smaller than zero degrees immediately before a time point when a z-coordinate of the plural sets of coordinates contained in a corresponding one of the left-foot motion information and the right-foot motion information reaches a local minimum; and determine that the gait of the user features a rearfoot strike when it is determined that the one of the left-shoe pitch angle and the right-shoe pitch angle is greater than zero degrees immediately before the time point when the z-coordinate of the plural sets of coordinates contained in the corresponding one of the left-foot motion information and the right-foot motion information reaches a local minimum. | A method for analyzing gait of a user includes: detecting, by left and right motion sensors respectively mounted on left and right shoes, movement of the left and right shoes so as to generate and output left-foot motion information and right-foot motion information; and by a processing unit, performing gait analysis based on plural sets of coordinates in a Cartesian coordinate system that are contained in the left-foot motion information and the right-foot motion information so as to generate a result of the gait analysis.1. A method for analyzing gait of a user, to be implemented by a system that includes a left motion sensor mounted on a left shoe that is to be worn by a left foot of the user, a right motion sensor mounted on a right shoe that is to be worn by a right foot of the user, and a processing unit, the method comprising:
by the left motion sensor, detecting movement of the left shoe so as to generate left-foot motion information that is related to motion of the left foot of the user, and outputting the left-foot motion information, the left-foot motion information containing plural sets of coordinates representing positions of the left shoe in a Cartesian coordinate system defined by a Z-axis along a vertical direction perpendicular to a horizontal plane, an X-axis perpendicular to the Z-axis and parallel to a direction in which the user is progressing straight, and a Y-axis perpendicular to the X-axis and the Z-axis; by the right motion sensor, detecting movement of the right shoe so as to generate right-foot motion information that is related to motion of the right foot of the user, and outputting the right-foot motion information, the right-foot motion information containing plural sets of coordinates representing positions of the right shoe in the Cartesian coordinate system; and performing, by the processing unit, gait analysis based on the plural sets of coordinates contained in the left-foot motion information and the plural sets of coordinates contained in the right-foot motion information so as to generate a result of the gait analysis. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, the processing unit storing a threshold value of yaw angle, wherein:
the performing gait analysis includes
calculating, by the processing unit based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of the left shoe, a left-shoe yaw angle that is a yaw angle of the left shoe turning around the Z-axis with respect to the X-axis,
calculating, by the processing unit based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of the right shoe, a right-shoe yaw angle that is a yaw angle of the right shoe turning around the Z-axis with respect to the X-axis,
determining, by the processing unit, the gait of the user as out-toeing when it is determined that the left shoe is turning around the Z-axis in a counter-clockwise direction from top of the user, that the right shoe is turning around the Z-axis in a clockwise direction from top of the user, and that at least one of the left-shoe yaw angle and the right-shoe yaw angle is greater than the threshold value of yaw angle, and
determining, by the processing unit, the gait of the user as in-toeing when it is determined that the left shoe is turning around the Z-axis in the clockwise direction from top of the user, that the right shoe is turning around the Z-axis in the counter-clockwise direction from top of the user, and that at least one of the left-shoe yaw angle and the right-shoe yaw angle is greater than the threshold value of yaw angle. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, the user progressing along a line of progression, wherein:
the left-foot motion information contains the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of the left shoe during progression of the user; the right-foot motion information contains the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of the right shoe during progression of the user; and the performing gait analysis includes
determining, by the processing unit based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of the left shoe and the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of the right shoe, the line of progression and an imaginary midline between the left shoe and the right shoe, and
by the processing unit when it is determined that the line of progression is spaced apart from the imaginary midline, determining
that the gait of the user deviates from the imaginary midline,
that a lateral distance of a right stride is greater than a lateral distance of a left stride when it is determined that the line of progression is more adjacent to the left shoe than to the right shoe, and
that the lateral distance of the left stride is greater than the lateral distance of the right stride when it is determined that the line of progression is more adjacent to the right shoe than to the left shoe. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, the processing unit storing a threshold value of roll angle, wherein:
the performing gait analysis includes
calculating, by the processing unit based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of the left shoe, a left-shoe roll angle that is a roll angle of the left shoe turning around the X-axis with respect to the Z-axis,
calculating, by the processing unit based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of the right shoe, a right-shoe roll angle that is a roll angle of the right shoe turning around the X-axis with respect to the Z-axis,
determining, by the processing unit, the gait of the user as eversion when it is determined that the left shoe is turning around the X-axis in a clockwise direction from back of the user, that the right shoe is turning around the X-axis in a counter-clockwise direction from back of the user, and that at least one of the left-shoe roll angle and the right-shoe roll angle is greater than the threshold value of roll angle, and
determining, by the processing unit, the gait of the user as inversion when it is determined that the left shoe is turning around the X-axis in the counter-clockwise direction from back of the user, that the right shoe is turning around the X-axis in the clockwise direction from back of the user, and that at least one of the left-shoe roll angle and the right-shoe roll angle is greater than the threshold value of roll angle. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
the performing gait analysis includes
calculating, by the processing unit based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of the left shoe, a left-shoe pitch angle that is a pitch angle of the left shoe turning around the Y-axis with respect to the horizontal plane,
calculating, by the processing unit based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of the right shoe, a right-shoe pitch angle that is a pitch angle of the right shoe turning around the Y-axis with respect to the horizontal plane,
determining, by the processing unit, that the gait of the user features a forefoot strike when it is determined that one of the left-shoe pitch angle and the right-shoe pitch angle is smaller than zero degrees immediately before a time point when a z-coordinate of the plural sets of coordinates contained in a corresponding one of the left-foot motion information and the right-foot motion information reaches a local minimum, and
determining, by the processing unit, that the gait of the user features a rearfoot strike when it is determined that the one of the left-shoe pitch angle and the right-shoe pitch angle is greater than zero degrees immediately before the time point when the z-coordinate of the plural sets of coordinates contained in the corresponding one of the left-foot motion information and the right-foot motion information reaches a local minimum. 6. A system for analyzing gait of a user, comprising:
a pair of shoes including a left shoe to be worn by a left foot of the user and a right shoe to be worn by a right foot of the user; a left motion sensor mounted on said left shoe, and configured to detect movement of said left shoe so as to generate left-foot motion information that is related to motion of a left foot of the user, and to output the left-foot motion information, the left-foot motion information containing plural sets of coordinates representing positions of said left shoe in a Cartesian coordinate system defined by a Z-axis along a vertical direction perpendicular to a horizontal plane, an X-axis perpendicular to the Z-axis and parallel to a direction in which the user is progressing straight, and a Y-axis perpendicular to the X-axis and the Z-axis; a right motion sensor mounted on said right shoe, and configured to detect movement of said right shoe so as to generate right-foot motion information that is related to motion of the right foot of the user, and to output the right-foot motion information, the right-foot motion information containing plural sets of coordinates representing positions of said right shoe in the Cartesian coordinate system; and a processing unit configured to perform gait analysis based on the plural sets of coordinates contained in the left-foot motion information and the plural sets of coordinates contained in the right-foot motion information so as to generate a result of the gait analysis. 7. The system as claimed in claim 6, wherein said processing unit is further configured to:
store a threshold value of yaw angle; calculate, based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of said left shoe, a left-shoe yaw angle that is a yaw angle of said left shoe with respect to the X-axis; calculate, based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of said right shoe, a right-shoe yaw angle that is a yaw angle of said right shoe with respect to the X-axis; determine the gait of the user as out-toeing when it is determined that said left shoe is turning about the Z-axis in a counter-clockwise direction when viewed from above, that said right shoe is turning about the Z-axis in a clockwise direction when viewed from above, and that at least one of the left-shoe yaw angle or the right-shoe yaw angle is greater than the threshold value of yaw angle, and determine the gait of the user as in-toeing when it is determined that said left shoe is turning about the Z-axis in the clockwise direction when viewed from above, that said right shoe is turning about the Z-axis in the counter-clockwise direction when viewed from above, and that at least one of the left-shoe yaw angle or the right-shoe yaw angle is greater than the threshold value of yaw angle. 8. The system as claimed in claim 6, the user progressing along a line of progression, wherein:
the left-foot motion information contains the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of said left shoe during progression of the user; the right-foot motion information contains the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of said right shoe during progression of the user; and said processing unit is further configured to
determine, based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of said left shoe and the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of said right shoe, the line of progression and an imaginary midline between said left shoe and said right shoe, and
when it is determined that the line of progression is non-coincident with the imaginary midline in the horizontal plane, determine
that the gait of said user deviates from the imaginary midline,
that a lateral distance of a right stride is greater than a lateral distance of a left stride when it is determined that between said left shoe and said right shoe, the line of progression is closer to said left shoe, and
that the lateral distance of the left stride is greater than the lateral distance of the right stride when it is determined that between said left shoe and said right shoe. the line of progression is closer to said right shoe. 9. The system as claimed in claim 6, wherein said processing unit is further configured to:
store a threshold value of roll angle; calculate, based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of said left shoe, a left-shoe roll angle that is a roll angle of said left shoe with respect to the Z-axis; calculate, based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of said right shoe, a right-shoe roll angle that is a roll angle of said right shoe with respect to the Z-axis; determine the gait of the user as eversion when it is determined that said left shoe is turning about the X-axis in a clockwise direction when viewed from the back of the user, that said right shoe is turning about the X-axis in a counter-clockwise direction when viewed from the back of the user, and that at least one of the left-shoe roll angle or the right-shoe roll angle is greater than the threshold value of roll angle; and determine the gait of the user as inversion when it is determined that said left shoe is turning about the X-axis in the counter-clockwise direction when viewed from the back of the user, that said right shoe is turning about the X-axis in the clockwise direction when viewed from the back of the user, and that at least one of the left-shoe roll angle or the right-shoe roll angle is greater than the threshold value of roll angle. 10. The system as claimed in claim 6, wherein said processing unit is further configured to:
calculate, based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of said left shoe, a left-shoe pitch angle that is a pitch angle of said left shoe with respect to the horizontal plane; calculate, based on the plural sets of coordinates representing the positions of said right shoe, a right-shoe pitch angle that is a pitch angle of said right shoe with respect to the horizontal plane; determine that the gait of the user features a forefoot strike when it is determined that one of the left-shoe pitch angle and the right-shoe pitch angle is smaller than zero degrees immediately before a time point when a z-coordinate of the plural sets of coordinates contained in a corresponding one of the left-foot motion information and the right-foot motion information reaches a local minimum; and determine that the gait of the user features a rearfoot strike when it is determined that the one of the left-shoe pitch angle and the right-shoe pitch angle is greater than zero degrees immediately before the time point when the z-coordinate of the plural sets of coordinates contained in the corresponding one of the left-foot motion information and the right-foot motion information reaches a local minimum. | 2,600 |
342,079 | 16,802,444 | 2,632 | Embodiments of the disclosure provide laser beam scanners and receivers for controlling the directions of laser beams. An exemplary scanner may include a first polarizer configured to polarize a laser beam emitted from a laser source. The scanner may also include first and second transparent electrodes disposed in parallel with the first polarizer. The first transparent electrode may be closer to the first polarizer than the second transparent electrode. The scanner may also include a liquid crystal disposed between the first and second transparent electrodes and configured to selectively alter at least one property of the laser beam polarized by the first polarizer in response to a signal applied to the first or second transparent electrodes. The signal may generate a predetermined pattern on the first or second electrode to direct the laser beam polarized by the first polarizer to a predetermined direction corresponding to the predetermined pattern. | 1. A laser beam scanner, comprising:
a first polarizer configured to polarize a laser beam emitted from a laser source; first and second transparent electrodes disposed in parallel with the first polarizer, the first transparent electrode being closer to the first polarizer than the second transparent electrode; and a liquid crystal disposed between the first and second transparent electrodes and configured to selectively alter at least one property of the laser beam polarized by the first polarizer in response to a signal applied to the first or second transparent electrodes, wherein the signal generates a predetermined pattern on the first or second electrode to direct the laser beam polarized by the first polarizer to a predetermined direction corresponding to the predetermined pattern. 2. The laser beam scanner of claim 1, comprising:
a controller coupled to at least one of the first or second transparent electrode and configured to generate a plurality of signals to be sequentially applied to the first or second transparent electrode to generate a sequence of predetermined patterns, each pattern corresponding to a predetermined direction to which the laser beam polarized by the first polarizer is directed. 3. The laser beam scanner of claim 1, wherein:
at least one of the first or second transparent electrode comprises a plurality of excitable regions that, when excited by the signal, collectively assemble the predetermined pattern. 4. The laser beam scanner of claim 1, wherein:
at least one of the first or second transparent electrode comprises a grid of pixels that generate the predetermined pattern in response to the application of the signal. 5. The laser beam scanner of claim 1, wherein the predetermined pattern comprises:
a first type of regions for blocking the laser beam polarized by the first polarizer; and a second type of regions allowing passage of the laser beam polarized by the first polarizer. 6. The laser beam scanner of claim 5, comprising:
a second polarizer disposed in parallel with the second transparent electrode and further away from the first polarizer than the second transparent electrode, wherein:
the first polarizer is configured to polarize the laser beam in a first polarization direction;
the second polarizer is configured to polarize the laser beam in a second polarization direction that is perpendicular to the first polarization direction;
the first type of regions, upon application of the signal, cause molecules of an underlying portion of the liquid crystal to align along the first polarization direction and maintain a polarization direction of the laser beam passing therethrough, thereby blocking the laser beam at the second polarizer; and
a portion of the liquid crystal underlying the second type of regions alters the polarization direction of the laser beam passing therethrough from the first polarization direction to the second polarization direction, thereby allowing passage of the laser beam through the second polarizer. 7. The laser beam scanner of claim 5, wherein the predetermined pattern comprises a Fresnel zone plate pattern. 8. The laser beam scanner of claim 7, wherein:
the first type of regions corresponds to opaque zones of the Fresnel zone plate pattern; and the second type of regions corresponds to transparent zones of the Fresnel zone plate pattern. 9. The laser beam scanner of claim 1, wherein the predetermined pattern comprises a plurality of regions, and each of the plurality of regions, upon application of the signal, causes a corresponding underlying portion of the liquid crystal to alter a phase of the laser beam passing therethrough, thereby directing the laser beam toward the predetermined direction. 10. The laser beam scanner of claim 9, wherein the plurality of regions assemble a Fresnel lens pattern. 11. A laser signal receiver, comprising:
first and second transparent electrodes disposed in parallel with each other; a liquid crystal disposed between the first and second transparent electrodes and configured to selectively alter at least one property of a laser beam passing therethrough in response to a signal applied to the first or second transparent electrodes, wherein the signal generates a predetermined pattern on the first or second electrode to direct the laser beam from a predetermined direction toward a photodetector; and a first polarizer disposed in parallel with the first and second transparent electrodes and configured to polarize the laser beam passing through the liquid crystal. 12. The laser signal receiver of claim 11, comprising:
a controller coupled to at least one of the first or second transparent electrode and configured to generate a plurality of signals to be sequentially applied to the first or second transparent electrode to generate a sequence of predetermined patterns, each pattern corresponding to a predetermined direction from which the laser beam is received by the laser beam receiver. 13. The laser signal receiver of claim 11, wherein:
at least one of the first or second transparent electrode comprises a plurality of excitable regions that, when excited by the signal, collectively assemble the predetermined pattern. 14. The laser signal receiver of claim 11, wherein:
at least one of the first or second transparent electrode comprises a grid of pixels that generate the predetermined pattern in response to the application of the signal. 15. The laser signal receiver of claim 11, wherein the predetermined pattern comprises:
a first type of regions for blocking the laser beam; and a second type of regions allowing passage of the laser beam. 16. The laser signal receiver of claim 15, comprising:
a second polarizer disposed in parallel with the second transparent electrode and further away from the photodetector than the first polarizer, wherein:
the first polarizer is configured to polarize the laser beam in a first polarization direction;
the second polarizer is configured to polarize the laser beam in a second polarization direction that is perpendicular to the first polarization direction;
the first type of regions, upon application of the signal, cause an underlying portion of the liquid crystal to align along the second polarization direction and maintain a polarization direction of the laser beam passing therethrough, thereby blocking the laser beam at the first polarizer; and
a portion of the liquid crystal underlying the second type of regions alters the polarization direction of the laser beam passing therethrough from the second polarization direction to the first polarization direction, thereby allowing passage of the laser beam through the first polarizer. 17. The laser signal receiver of claim 15, wherein the predetermined pattern comprises a Fresnel zone plate pattern. 18. The laser signal receiver of claim 17, wherein:
the first type of regions corresponds to opaque zones of the Fresnel zone plate pattern; and the second type of regions corresponds to transparent zones of the Fresnel zone plate pattern. 19. The laser signal receiver of claim 11, wherein the predetermined pattern comprises a plurality of regions, and each of the plurality of regions, upon application of the signal, causes a corresponding underlying portion of the liquid crystal to alter a phase of the laser beam passing therethrough, thereby directing the laser beam from the predetermined direction toward the photodetector. 20. The laser signal receiver of claim 19, wherein the plurality of regions assemble a Fresnel lens pattern. | Embodiments of the disclosure provide laser beam scanners and receivers for controlling the directions of laser beams. An exemplary scanner may include a first polarizer configured to polarize a laser beam emitted from a laser source. The scanner may also include first and second transparent electrodes disposed in parallel with the first polarizer. The first transparent electrode may be closer to the first polarizer than the second transparent electrode. The scanner may also include a liquid crystal disposed between the first and second transparent electrodes and configured to selectively alter at least one property of the laser beam polarized by the first polarizer in response to a signal applied to the first or second transparent electrodes. The signal may generate a predetermined pattern on the first or second electrode to direct the laser beam polarized by the first polarizer to a predetermined direction corresponding to the predetermined pattern.1. A laser beam scanner, comprising:
a first polarizer configured to polarize a laser beam emitted from a laser source; first and second transparent electrodes disposed in parallel with the first polarizer, the first transparent electrode being closer to the first polarizer than the second transparent electrode; and a liquid crystal disposed between the first and second transparent electrodes and configured to selectively alter at least one property of the laser beam polarized by the first polarizer in response to a signal applied to the first or second transparent electrodes, wherein the signal generates a predetermined pattern on the first or second electrode to direct the laser beam polarized by the first polarizer to a predetermined direction corresponding to the predetermined pattern. 2. The laser beam scanner of claim 1, comprising:
a controller coupled to at least one of the first or second transparent electrode and configured to generate a plurality of signals to be sequentially applied to the first or second transparent electrode to generate a sequence of predetermined patterns, each pattern corresponding to a predetermined direction to which the laser beam polarized by the first polarizer is directed. 3. The laser beam scanner of claim 1, wherein:
at least one of the first or second transparent electrode comprises a plurality of excitable regions that, when excited by the signal, collectively assemble the predetermined pattern. 4. The laser beam scanner of claim 1, wherein:
at least one of the first or second transparent electrode comprises a grid of pixels that generate the predetermined pattern in response to the application of the signal. 5. The laser beam scanner of claim 1, wherein the predetermined pattern comprises:
a first type of regions for blocking the laser beam polarized by the first polarizer; and a second type of regions allowing passage of the laser beam polarized by the first polarizer. 6. The laser beam scanner of claim 5, comprising:
a second polarizer disposed in parallel with the second transparent electrode and further away from the first polarizer than the second transparent electrode, wherein:
the first polarizer is configured to polarize the laser beam in a first polarization direction;
the second polarizer is configured to polarize the laser beam in a second polarization direction that is perpendicular to the first polarization direction;
the first type of regions, upon application of the signal, cause molecules of an underlying portion of the liquid crystal to align along the first polarization direction and maintain a polarization direction of the laser beam passing therethrough, thereby blocking the laser beam at the second polarizer; and
a portion of the liquid crystal underlying the second type of regions alters the polarization direction of the laser beam passing therethrough from the first polarization direction to the second polarization direction, thereby allowing passage of the laser beam through the second polarizer. 7. The laser beam scanner of claim 5, wherein the predetermined pattern comprises a Fresnel zone plate pattern. 8. The laser beam scanner of claim 7, wherein:
the first type of regions corresponds to opaque zones of the Fresnel zone plate pattern; and the second type of regions corresponds to transparent zones of the Fresnel zone plate pattern. 9. The laser beam scanner of claim 1, wherein the predetermined pattern comprises a plurality of regions, and each of the plurality of regions, upon application of the signal, causes a corresponding underlying portion of the liquid crystal to alter a phase of the laser beam passing therethrough, thereby directing the laser beam toward the predetermined direction. 10. The laser beam scanner of claim 9, wherein the plurality of regions assemble a Fresnel lens pattern. 11. A laser signal receiver, comprising:
first and second transparent electrodes disposed in parallel with each other; a liquid crystal disposed between the first and second transparent electrodes and configured to selectively alter at least one property of a laser beam passing therethrough in response to a signal applied to the first or second transparent electrodes, wherein the signal generates a predetermined pattern on the first or second electrode to direct the laser beam from a predetermined direction toward a photodetector; and a first polarizer disposed in parallel with the first and second transparent electrodes and configured to polarize the laser beam passing through the liquid crystal. 12. The laser signal receiver of claim 11, comprising:
a controller coupled to at least one of the first or second transparent electrode and configured to generate a plurality of signals to be sequentially applied to the first or second transparent electrode to generate a sequence of predetermined patterns, each pattern corresponding to a predetermined direction from which the laser beam is received by the laser beam receiver. 13. The laser signal receiver of claim 11, wherein:
at least one of the first or second transparent electrode comprises a plurality of excitable regions that, when excited by the signal, collectively assemble the predetermined pattern. 14. The laser signal receiver of claim 11, wherein:
at least one of the first or second transparent electrode comprises a grid of pixels that generate the predetermined pattern in response to the application of the signal. 15. The laser signal receiver of claim 11, wherein the predetermined pattern comprises:
a first type of regions for blocking the laser beam; and a second type of regions allowing passage of the laser beam. 16. The laser signal receiver of claim 15, comprising:
a second polarizer disposed in parallel with the second transparent electrode and further away from the photodetector than the first polarizer, wherein:
the first polarizer is configured to polarize the laser beam in a first polarization direction;
the second polarizer is configured to polarize the laser beam in a second polarization direction that is perpendicular to the first polarization direction;
the first type of regions, upon application of the signal, cause an underlying portion of the liquid crystal to align along the second polarization direction and maintain a polarization direction of the laser beam passing therethrough, thereby blocking the laser beam at the first polarizer; and
a portion of the liquid crystal underlying the second type of regions alters the polarization direction of the laser beam passing therethrough from the second polarization direction to the first polarization direction, thereby allowing passage of the laser beam through the first polarizer. 17. The laser signal receiver of claim 15, wherein the predetermined pattern comprises a Fresnel zone plate pattern. 18. The laser signal receiver of claim 17, wherein:
the first type of regions corresponds to opaque zones of the Fresnel zone plate pattern; and the second type of regions corresponds to transparent zones of the Fresnel zone plate pattern. 19. The laser signal receiver of claim 11, wherein the predetermined pattern comprises a plurality of regions, and each of the plurality of regions, upon application of the signal, causes a corresponding underlying portion of the liquid crystal to alter a phase of the laser beam passing therethrough, thereby directing the laser beam from the predetermined direction toward the photodetector. 20. The laser signal receiver of claim 19, wherein the plurality of regions assemble a Fresnel lens pattern. | 2,600 |
342,080 | 16,802,431 | 2,632 | The present description relates to T-cell receptors (TCRs) binding to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) for targeting cancer cells, T-cells expressing same, methods for producing same, and methods for treating cancers using same. In particular, the present description relates to TCRs and their variants that bind to HLA class I or II molecules with a peptide, such as IGF2BP3-001 have the amino acid sequence of KIQEILTQV (SEQ ID NO:1). The present description further relates to peptides, proteins, nucleic acids and cells for use in immunotherapeutic methods. In particular, the present description relates to the immunotherapy of cancer. The present description furthermore relates to tumor-associated T-cell peptide epitopes, alone or in combination with other tumor-associated peptides that can for example serve as active pharmaceutical ingredients of vaccine compositions that stimulate anti-tumor immune responses, or to stimulate T-cells ex vivo and transfer into patients. Peptides bound to molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), or peptides as such, can also be targets of antibodies, soluble T-cell receptors, and other binding molecules. | 1. A soluble T-cell receptor (TCR) comprising an alpha chain and a beta chain,
wherein the alpha chain comprises
SEQ ID NO: 5,
SEQ ID NO: 6,
SEQ ID NO: 7, and
the beta chain comprises
SEQ ID NO: 13,
SEQ ID NO: 14, and
SEQ ID NO: 15. 2. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein
the alpha chain further comprises an alpha constant domain comprising at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 and the beta chain further comprises a beta constant domain comprising at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17. 3. The soluble TCR of claim 2, wherein the alpha constant domain comprises an alpha transmembrane domain VIGFRILLLKVAGFNLLMTL (SEQ ID NO: 18) and the beta constant domain comprises a beta transmembrane domain TILYEILLGKATLYAVLVSALVL (SEQ ID NO: 19). 4. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein the alpha chain comprises an alpha variable domain comprising at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:4; and the beta chain comprises a beta variable domain comprising at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12. 5. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein the alpha constant domain consists of SEQ ID NO:9, and the beta constant domain consists of SEQ ID NO: 17. 6. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein the alpha chain comprises at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:2 and the beta chain comprises at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10. 7. The soluble TCR, wherein the alpha chain comprises SEQ ID NO:2; and the beta chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 10. 8. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein the soluble TCR binds to the peptide sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 in a complex with an MHC class I molecule. 9. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein the soluble TCR comprises
the CDR1α chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 5, the CDR2α chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 6, the CDR3α chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 7, the CDR1β chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 13, the CDR2β chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 14, and the CDR3β chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 15. 10. The soluble TCR of claim 9, wherein the soluble TCR binds to the peptide sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 in a complex with an MHC class I molecule. 11. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein the soluble TCR comprises
the CDR1α chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 5, the CDR2α chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 6, the CDR3α chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 7, the CDR1β chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 13, the CDR2β chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 14, and the CDR3β chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 15. 12. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein the soluble TCR comprises
the CDR1α chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 5, the CDR2α chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 6, the CDR3α chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 7, the CDR1β chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 13, the CDR2β chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 14, and the CDR3β chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 15. 13. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein the soluble TCR comprises
the CDR1α chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 5, the CDR2α chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 6, the CDR3α chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 7, the CDR1β chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 13, the CDR2β chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 14, and the CDR3β chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 15. 14. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein the soluble TCR comprises
the CDR1α chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 5, the CDR2α chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 6, the CDR3α chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 7, the CDR1β chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 13, the CDR2β chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 14, and the CDR3β chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 15. 15. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein the alpha chain comprises an alpha variable domain comprising at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:4 and wherein the alpha chain comprises the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO:4; and the beta chain comprises a beta variable domain comprising at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12 and wherein the beta chain comprises the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 12. 16. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein the soluble TCR specifically binds to a IGF2BP3-001 peptide-MHC molecule complex, wherein the IGF2BP3-001 peptide consists of SEQ ID NO: 1, and the MHC molecule is an HLA class I molecule. 17. A nucleic acid encoding the alpha chain and/or beta chain of claim 1. 18. An expression vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim 17 operably linked to at least one promoter sequence. 19. A host cell transformed with the expression vector of claim 18. 20. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the TCR of claim 1. | The present description relates to T-cell receptors (TCRs) binding to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) for targeting cancer cells, T-cells expressing same, methods for producing same, and methods for treating cancers using same. In particular, the present description relates to TCRs and their variants that bind to HLA class I or II molecules with a peptide, such as IGF2BP3-001 have the amino acid sequence of KIQEILTQV (SEQ ID NO:1). The present description further relates to peptides, proteins, nucleic acids and cells for use in immunotherapeutic methods. In particular, the present description relates to the immunotherapy of cancer. The present description furthermore relates to tumor-associated T-cell peptide epitopes, alone or in combination with other tumor-associated peptides that can for example serve as active pharmaceutical ingredients of vaccine compositions that stimulate anti-tumor immune responses, or to stimulate T-cells ex vivo and transfer into patients. Peptides bound to molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), or peptides as such, can also be targets of antibodies, soluble T-cell receptors, and other binding molecules.1. A soluble T-cell receptor (TCR) comprising an alpha chain and a beta chain,
wherein the alpha chain comprises
SEQ ID NO: 5,
SEQ ID NO: 6,
SEQ ID NO: 7, and
the beta chain comprises
SEQ ID NO: 13,
SEQ ID NO: 14, and
SEQ ID NO: 15. 2. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein
the alpha chain further comprises an alpha constant domain comprising at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 and the beta chain further comprises a beta constant domain comprising at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17. 3. The soluble TCR of claim 2, wherein the alpha constant domain comprises an alpha transmembrane domain VIGFRILLLKVAGFNLLMTL (SEQ ID NO: 18) and the beta constant domain comprises a beta transmembrane domain TILYEILLGKATLYAVLVSALVL (SEQ ID NO: 19). 4. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein the alpha chain comprises an alpha variable domain comprising at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:4; and the beta chain comprises a beta variable domain comprising at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12. 5. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein the alpha constant domain consists of SEQ ID NO:9, and the beta constant domain consists of SEQ ID NO: 17. 6. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein the alpha chain comprises at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:2 and the beta chain comprises at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10. 7. The soluble TCR, wherein the alpha chain comprises SEQ ID NO:2; and the beta chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 10. 8. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein the soluble TCR binds to the peptide sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 in a complex with an MHC class I molecule. 9. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein the soluble TCR comprises
the CDR1α chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 5, the CDR2α chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 6, the CDR3α chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 7, the CDR1β chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 13, the CDR2β chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 14, and the CDR3β chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 15. 10. The soluble TCR of claim 9, wherein the soluble TCR binds to the peptide sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 in a complex with an MHC class I molecule. 11. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein the soluble TCR comprises
the CDR1α chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 5, the CDR2α chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 6, the CDR3α chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 7, the CDR1β chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 13, the CDR2β chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 14, and the CDR3β chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 15. 12. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein the soluble TCR comprises
the CDR1α chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 5, the CDR2α chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 6, the CDR3α chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 7, the CDR1β chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 13, the CDR2β chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 14, and the CDR3β chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 15. 13. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein the soluble TCR comprises
the CDR1α chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 5, the CDR2α chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 6, the CDR3α chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 7, the CDR1β chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 13, the CDR2β chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 14, and the CDR3β chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 15. 14. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein the soluble TCR comprises
the CDR1α chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 5, the CDR2α chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 6, the CDR3α chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 7, the CDR1β chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 13, the CDR2β chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 14, and the CDR3β chain consists of SEQ ID NO: 15. 15. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein the alpha chain comprises an alpha variable domain comprising at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:4 and wherein the alpha chain comprises the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO:4; and the beta chain comprises a beta variable domain comprising at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12 and wherein the beta chain comprises the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 12. 16. The soluble TCR of claim 1, wherein the soluble TCR specifically binds to a IGF2BP3-001 peptide-MHC molecule complex, wherein the IGF2BP3-001 peptide consists of SEQ ID NO: 1, and the MHC molecule is an HLA class I molecule. 17. A nucleic acid encoding the alpha chain and/or beta chain of claim 1. 18. An expression vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim 17 operably linked to at least one promoter sequence. 19. A host cell transformed with the expression vector of claim 18. 20. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the TCR of claim 1. | 2,600 |
342,081 | 16,802,436 | 2,632 | A piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) device includes a substrate having an opening therethrough and a membrane attached to the substrate over the opening. An actuating structure layer on a surface of the membrane includes a piezoelectric layer sandwiched between the membrane and an upper electrode layer. The actuating structure layer is patterned to selectively remove portions of the actuating structure from portions of the membrane to form a central portion proximate a center of the open cavity and three or more rib portions projecting radially outward from the central portion. | 1. A piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) device, comprising:
a substrate having an open cavity; and a membrane attached to the substrate such that a portion of the membrane overlies the open cavity; and an actuating structure on a surface of the membrane, the actuating structure including a piezoelectric layer sandwiched between the membrane and an upper electrode layer, wherein the actuating structure is patterned so that portions of the actuating structure are selectively removed from portions of the membrane to form a central portion proximate a center of the open cavity and three or more rib portions projecting radially outward from the central portion. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the membrane is attached to the substrate at one or more anchor portions of the membrane proximate the perimeter of the open cavity. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein one or more of the three or more ribs is patterned such that it is mechanically coupled to the central portion but electrically isolated from the central portion. 4. The device of claim 2, wherein the actuating structure is encapsulated by a passivation layer. 5. The device of claim 4, wherein the passivation layer is patterned such that it is substantially removed from the portions of the membrane not covered by the actuating structure layers. 6. The device of claim 2, wherein the three or more ribs include four or more rib portions. 7. The device of claim 2, wherein the three or more ribs include six or more rib portions. 8. The device of claim 2, wherein the three or more ribs include eight or more rib portions. 9. The device of claim 2, wherein the three or more ribs include one or more tapered rib portions. 10. The device of claim 2, wherein the three or more ribs include one or more tapered rib portions that are wider proximate the perimeter of the membrane than at the central portion. 11. The device of claim 1, wherein the membrane layer is perforated with one or more holes that pass through the actuating structure and the membrane layer. 12. The device of claim 1, wherein the actuating structure includes a lower electrode layer sandwiched between the piezoelectric layer and the membrane. 13. The device of claim 1, wherein the perimeter of the open cavity is circular in shape. 14. The device of claim 1, wherein the perimeter of the open cavity is square in shape. 15. The device of claim 1, wherein a shape of the membrane is a polygonal shape. 16. The device of claim 1, further comprising an opening formed through the central portion of the actuating structure and through an underlying portion of the membrane to the open cavity. 17. The device of claim 1, wherein a ratio of a radius of central portion to a radius the perimeter is between 0.4 and 0.8. 18. The device of claim 1, wherein a ratio of a radius of central portion to a radius the perimeter is about 0.6. 19. A method for fabricating a piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) device, comprising:
forming a membrane attached to a substrate; forming an actuating structure on a surface of the membrane, the actuating structure layer including a piezoelectric layer sandwiched between the membrane and an upper electrode layer; patterning the actuating structure to selectively remove portions of the actuating structure from portions of the membrane to form a central portion proximate a center of the open cavity and three or more rib portions projecting radially outward from the central portion; and forming an opening through a portion of the substrate underlying the membrane and actuating structure. | A piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) device includes a substrate having an opening therethrough and a membrane attached to the substrate over the opening. An actuating structure layer on a surface of the membrane includes a piezoelectric layer sandwiched between the membrane and an upper electrode layer. The actuating structure layer is patterned to selectively remove portions of the actuating structure from portions of the membrane to form a central portion proximate a center of the open cavity and three or more rib portions projecting radially outward from the central portion.1. A piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) device, comprising:
a substrate having an open cavity; and a membrane attached to the substrate such that a portion of the membrane overlies the open cavity; and an actuating structure on a surface of the membrane, the actuating structure including a piezoelectric layer sandwiched between the membrane and an upper electrode layer, wherein the actuating structure is patterned so that portions of the actuating structure are selectively removed from portions of the membrane to form a central portion proximate a center of the open cavity and three or more rib portions projecting radially outward from the central portion. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the membrane is attached to the substrate at one or more anchor portions of the membrane proximate the perimeter of the open cavity. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein one or more of the three or more ribs is patterned such that it is mechanically coupled to the central portion but electrically isolated from the central portion. 4. The device of claim 2, wherein the actuating structure is encapsulated by a passivation layer. 5. The device of claim 4, wherein the passivation layer is patterned such that it is substantially removed from the portions of the membrane not covered by the actuating structure layers. 6. The device of claim 2, wherein the three or more ribs include four or more rib portions. 7. The device of claim 2, wherein the three or more ribs include six or more rib portions. 8. The device of claim 2, wherein the three or more ribs include eight or more rib portions. 9. The device of claim 2, wherein the three or more ribs include one or more tapered rib portions. 10. The device of claim 2, wherein the three or more ribs include one or more tapered rib portions that are wider proximate the perimeter of the membrane than at the central portion. 11. The device of claim 1, wherein the membrane layer is perforated with one or more holes that pass through the actuating structure and the membrane layer. 12. The device of claim 1, wherein the actuating structure includes a lower electrode layer sandwiched between the piezoelectric layer and the membrane. 13. The device of claim 1, wherein the perimeter of the open cavity is circular in shape. 14. The device of claim 1, wherein the perimeter of the open cavity is square in shape. 15. The device of claim 1, wherein a shape of the membrane is a polygonal shape. 16. The device of claim 1, further comprising an opening formed through the central portion of the actuating structure and through an underlying portion of the membrane to the open cavity. 17. The device of claim 1, wherein a ratio of a radius of central portion to a radius the perimeter is between 0.4 and 0.8. 18. The device of claim 1, wherein a ratio of a radius of central portion to a radius the perimeter is about 0.6. 19. A method for fabricating a piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) device, comprising:
forming a membrane attached to a substrate; forming an actuating structure on a surface of the membrane, the actuating structure layer including a piezoelectric layer sandwiched between the membrane and an upper electrode layer; patterning the actuating structure to selectively remove portions of the actuating structure from portions of the membrane to form a central portion proximate a center of the open cavity and three or more rib portions projecting radially outward from the central portion; and forming an opening through a portion of the substrate underlying the membrane and actuating structure. | 2,600 |
342,082 | 16,802,472 | 2,632 | An aperture unit includes a base plate, a cover, a plurality of aperture blades, a drive ring, and protrusions. The aperture blades are disposed between the base plate and the cover, and adjust the amount of light passing through by varying the size of an opening. The drive ring is disposed between the base plate and the cover, and is rotationally driven when the aperture blades are opened and closed. The protrusions are provided to the drive ring and the cover, respectively, and support the aperture blades in the direction of suppressing upward warpage of the aperture blades in a state in which the aperture blades move in the direction of reducing the size of the opening. | 1. A light shielding unit, comprising:
a first frame having a first opening through which light passes; a second frame having a second opening through which the light passes; a plurality of movable blades that are disposed between the first frame and the second frame, in which is formed a third opening through which the light that has passed through the first opening passes, and that adjust the amount of light passing through by varying the size of the third opening; a drive ring that is disposed between the first frame and the second frame and is rotatably driven when the movable blades are opened and closed; and a support that is provided to the first frame and/or the second frame and supports the movable blades in the direction of suppressing upward warpage of the movable blades in a state in which the movable blades have moved in the direction of reducing the size of the third opening. 2. The light shielding unit according to claim 1,
wherein the support includes a first support that is provided to the first frame, the second frame, or the drive ring, which is in contact with the surface on the opposite side from the direction of upward warpage of the movable blades. 3. The light shielding unit according to claim 2,
wherein a plurality of the first supports are provided in the circumferential direction. 4. The light shielding unit according to claim 2,
wherein the support includes a second support that is located closer to the center axis side of the first opening, the second opening, or the third opening than the first support, and is provided so as to be in contact with the surface on the same side as the direction of the upward warpage of the movable blades. 5. The light shielding unit according to claim 4,
wherein the second support is a protrusion that is provided in an annular shape with respect to the center axis of the first opening, the second opening, or the third opening, and protrudes to the opposite side from the direction of the upward warpage of the movable blades. 6. The light shielding unit according to claim 4,
wherein the second support has a curved shape in a cross section that includes the center axis of the first opening, the second opening, or the third opening. 7. The light shielding unit according to claim 4,
wherein the second support is disposed near the first opening, the second opening, or the third opening. 8. The light shielding unit according to claim 1,
wherein the movable blades include first blades having a first main shaft or a first main hole provided on a first end side, and a free end provided on a second end side that is on the opposite side from the first main shaft or the first main hole, and when the movable member moves in the direction of reducing the size of the third opening, the free end side rotates around the first main shaft or the first main hole and toward the center axis of the third opening. 9. The light shielding unit according to claim 8,
wherein the first support is constituted by the first frame, the second frame, or the drive ring, and supports the vicinity of the first main shaft or the first main hole. 10. The light shielding unit according to claim 2,
wherein the first support is configured in a convex shape from the surface of the first frame, the second frame, or the drive ring. 11. The light shielding unit according to claim 8,
wherein the first support is constituted by the first frame, the second frame, or the drive ring, and supports the distal end of the first main shaft. 12. The light shielding unit according to claim 8,
wherein the first support is configured in a concave shape from the surface of the first frame, the second frame, or the drive ring. 13. The light shielding unit according to claim 8,
wherein the first blades further have a first auxiliary shaft or a first auxiliary hole, and the size of the third opening is changed by changing the relative positions of the first main shaft or the first main hole and the first auxiliary shaft or the first auxiliary hole. 14. The light shielding unit according to claim 13,
wherein the first main shaft or the first main hole is engaged with the first frame, and the first auxiliary shaft or the first auxiliary hole is engaged with the drive ring. 15. The light shielding unit according to claim 13,
wherein the first main shaft or the first main hole is engaged with the second frame, and the first auxiliary shaft or the first auxiliary hole is engaged with the drive ring. 16. The light shielding unit according to claim 13,
wherein the first main shaft or the first main hole is engaged with the drive ring, and the first auxiliary shaft or the first auxiliary hole is engaged with the first frame. 17. The light shielding unit according to claim 13,
wherein the first main shaft or the first main hole is engaged with the drive ring, and the first auxiliary shaft or the first auxiliary hole is engaged with the second frame. 18. The light shielding unit according to claim 13,
wherein, at least when moving in the direction of reducing the size of the third opening, the first auxiliary shaft or the first auxiliary hole moves toward the center axis side of the first opening, the second opening, or the third opening with respect to the first main shaft or the first main hole. 19. The light shielding unit according to claim 8,
wherein, when the movable blades move in the direction of reducing the size of the third opening, the free end sides of movable blades that are adjacent to each other are woven together. 20. The light shielding unit according to claim 1,
further comprising a drive motor that imparts a drive force to move the movable blades. 21. The light shielding unit according to claim 20,
wherein the drive ring is rotationally driven around the center axis of the first opening, the second opening, and/or the third opening by the drive motor. 22. The light shielding unit according to claim 1,
wherein the movable blades have a shape that is warped to the opposite side from the upward warpage direction. 23. The light shielding unit according to claim 1,
wherein the movable blades have a second main shaft or a second main hole, and a second auxiliary shaft or a second auxiliary hole, and the movable blades include second blades having a rotating portion that is provided on a second end side that is the opposite side from the second main shaft or the second main hole, and rotates along a gap between the first frame and the second frame. 24. The light shielding unit according to claim 23,
wherein, when the drive ring is rotationally driven, there is a change in the relative positions between the second main shaft or the second main hole and the second auxiliary shaft or the second auxiliary hole, and the second vane rotates around the second main shaft or the second main hole, and the size of the third opening changes. 25. The light shielding unit according to claim 23,
wherein the movable blades include first blades having a first main shaft or a first main hole provided on a first end side, and a free end provided on a second end side that is on the opposite side from the first main shaft or the first main hole, and when the movable member moves in the direction of reducing the size of the third opening, the free end side rotates around the first main shaft or the first main hole and toward the center axis of the third opening, and wherein the first blades and the second blades are disposed alternately in the circumferential direction. 26. The light shielding unit according to claim 1,
wherein the second frame further has a fixed opening member that constitutes the second opening that is substantially the same size as or smaller than the third opening when the movable blades are in a fully opened state, and when the movable blades move in the direction of reducing the size of the third opening, the movable blades move in the same direction as the direction of the upward warpage, so as to go beyond the plane constituting the third opening formed by the fixed opening member as the amount of upward warpage increases. 27. The light shielding unit according to claim 26,
wherein part of the main body of the second frame is disposed between the fixed opening member and the movable blades, and when the movable blades move in the direction of reducing the size of the third opening while the third opening is in its fully opened state and the fixed opening member and the movable blades are not in contact with each other, the movable blades approach the fixed opening member as the amount of upward warpage increases. 28. The light shielding unit according to claim 1,
wherein the first frame has a first wall that covers a gap formed between the first frame and the second frame, from the outside in the radial direction, the second frame has a second wall that covers a gap formed between the first frame and the second frame, from the outside in the radial direction, and the first wall and the second wall are disposed so as to cover the gap from different directions. 29. A light shielding unit, comprising:
a first frame having a first opening through which light passes; a second frame having a second opening through which the light passes; and a plurality of movable blades that are disposed between the first frame and the second frame, in which is formed a third opening through which the light that has passed through the first opening passes, and that adjust the amount of light passing through by varying the size of the third opening, wherein the movable blades have a shape that is warped to the opposite side from the direction of upward warpage of the movable blades in a state where the movable blades have moved in the direction of reducing the size of the third opening. 30. A light shielding unit, comprising:
a first frame having a first opening through which light passes; a second frame having a second opening through which the light passes; and a plurality of movable blades that are disposed between the first frame and the second frame, in which is formed a third opening through which the light that has passed through the first opening passes, and that adjust the amount of light passing through by varying the size of the third opening, wherein the movable blades include first blades having a first main shaft or a first main hole provided on a first end side, and a free end provided on a second end side that is on the opposite side from the first main shaft or the first main hole, and second blades having a rotating portion that is provided on a second end side that is the opposite side from the second main shaft or the second main hole, and rotates along a gap between the first frame and the second frame, and the first blades and the second blades are disposed alternately in the circumferential direction. 31. A light shielding unit, comprising:
a first frame having a first opening through which light passes; a second frame having a second opening through which the light passes; a plurality of movable blades that are disposed between the first frame and the second frame, in which is formed a third opening through which the light that has passed through the first opening passes, and that adjust the amount of light passing through by varying the size of the third opening; and a fixed opening member that constitutes the second opening that is provided to the second frame and is substantially the same size as or smaller than the third opening when the movable blades are in a fully opened state, wherein, when the movable blades move in the direction of reducing the size of the third opening, the movable blades move in the same direction as the direction of the upward warpage, so as to go beyond the virtual plane constituting the third opening formed by the fixed opening member. 32. A lens barrel, comprising:
the light shielding unit according to claim 1; and a plurality of lens groups that guide the light incident on the light shielding unit in the desired direction. 33. The lens barrel according to claim 32,
wherein the light shielding unit is an aperture unit that adjusts the amount of light passing through the plurality of lens groups. | An aperture unit includes a base plate, a cover, a plurality of aperture blades, a drive ring, and protrusions. The aperture blades are disposed between the base plate and the cover, and adjust the amount of light passing through by varying the size of an opening. The drive ring is disposed between the base plate and the cover, and is rotationally driven when the aperture blades are opened and closed. The protrusions are provided to the drive ring and the cover, respectively, and support the aperture blades in the direction of suppressing upward warpage of the aperture blades in a state in which the aperture blades move in the direction of reducing the size of the opening.1. A light shielding unit, comprising:
a first frame having a first opening through which light passes; a second frame having a second opening through which the light passes; a plurality of movable blades that are disposed between the first frame and the second frame, in which is formed a third opening through which the light that has passed through the first opening passes, and that adjust the amount of light passing through by varying the size of the third opening; a drive ring that is disposed between the first frame and the second frame and is rotatably driven when the movable blades are opened and closed; and a support that is provided to the first frame and/or the second frame and supports the movable blades in the direction of suppressing upward warpage of the movable blades in a state in which the movable blades have moved in the direction of reducing the size of the third opening. 2. The light shielding unit according to claim 1,
wherein the support includes a first support that is provided to the first frame, the second frame, or the drive ring, which is in contact with the surface on the opposite side from the direction of upward warpage of the movable blades. 3. The light shielding unit according to claim 2,
wherein a plurality of the first supports are provided in the circumferential direction. 4. The light shielding unit according to claim 2,
wherein the support includes a second support that is located closer to the center axis side of the first opening, the second opening, or the third opening than the first support, and is provided so as to be in contact with the surface on the same side as the direction of the upward warpage of the movable blades. 5. The light shielding unit according to claim 4,
wherein the second support is a protrusion that is provided in an annular shape with respect to the center axis of the first opening, the second opening, or the third opening, and protrudes to the opposite side from the direction of the upward warpage of the movable blades. 6. The light shielding unit according to claim 4,
wherein the second support has a curved shape in a cross section that includes the center axis of the first opening, the second opening, or the third opening. 7. The light shielding unit according to claim 4,
wherein the second support is disposed near the first opening, the second opening, or the third opening. 8. The light shielding unit according to claim 1,
wherein the movable blades include first blades having a first main shaft or a first main hole provided on a first end side, and a free end provided on a second end side that is on the opposite side from the first main shaft or the first main hole, and when the movable member moves in the direction of reducing the size of the third opening, the free end side rotates around the first main shaft or the first main hole and toward the center axis of the third opening. 9. The light shielding unit according to claim 8,
wherein the first support is constituted by the first frame, the second frame, or the drive ring, and supports the vicinity of the first main shaft or the first main hole. 10. The light shielding unit according to claim 2,
wherein the first support is configured in a convex shape from the surface of the first frame, the second frame, or the drive ring. 11. The light shielding unit according to claim 8,
wherein the first support is constituted by the first frame, the second frame, or the drive ring, and supports the distal end of the first main shaft. 12. The light shielding unit according to claim 8,
wherein the first support is configured in a concave shape from the surface of the first frame, the second frame, or the drive ring. 13. The light shielding unit according to claim 8,
wherein the first blades further have a first auxiliary shaft or a first auxiliary hole, and the size of the third opening is changed by changing the relative positions of the first main shaft or the first main hole and the first auxiliary shaft or the first auxiliary hole. 14. The light shielding unit according to claim 13,
wherein the first main shaft or the first main hole is engaged with the first frame, and the first auxiliary shaft or the first auxiliary hole is engaged with the drive ring. 15. The light shielding unit according to claim 13,
wherein the first main shaft or the first main hole is engaged with the second frame, and the first auxiliary shaft or the first auxiliary hole is engaged with the drive ring. 16. The light shielding unit according to claim 13,
wherein the first main shaft or the first main hole is engaged with the drive ring, and the first auxiliary shaft or the first auxiliary hole is engaged with the first frame. 17. The light shielding unit according to claim 13,
wherein the first main shaft or the first main hole is engaged with the drive ring, and the first auxiliary shaft or the first auxiliary hole is engaged with the second frame. 18. The light shielding unit according to claim 13,
wherein, at least when moving in the direction of reducing the size of the third opening, the first auxiliary shaft or the first auxiliary hole moves toward the center axis side of the first opening, the second opening, or the third opening with respect to the first main shaft or the first main hole. 19. The light shielding unit according to claim 8,
wherein, when the movable blades move in the direction of reducing the size of the third opening, the free end sides of movable blades that are adjacent to each other are woven together. 20. The light shielding unit according to claim 1,
further comprising a drive motor that imparts a drive force to move the movable blades. 21. The light shielding unit according to claim 20,
wherein the drive ring is rotationally driven around the center axis of the first opening, the second opening, and/or the third opening by the drive motor. 22. The light shielding unit according to claim 1,
wherein the movable blades have a shape that is warped to the opposite side from the upward warpage direction. 23. The light shielding unit according to claim 1,
wherein the movable blades have a second main shaft or a second main hole, and a second auxiliary shaft or a second auxiliary hole, and the movable blades include second blades having a rotating portion that is provided on a second end side that is the opposite side from the second main shaft or the second main hole, and rotates along a gap between the first frame and the second frame. 24. The light shielding unit according to claim 23,
wherein, when the drive ring is rotationally driven, there is a change in the relative positions between the second main shaft or the second main hole and the second auxiliary shaft or the second auxiliary hole, and the second vane rotates around the second main shaft or the second main hole, and the size of the third opening changes. 25. The light shielding unit according to claim 23,
wherein the movable blades include first blades having a first main shaft or a first main hole provided on a first end side, and a free end provided on a second end side that is on the opposite side from the first main shaft or the first main hole, and when the movable member moves in the direction of reducing the size of the third opening, the free end side rotates around the first main shaft or the first main hole and toward the center axis of the third opening, and wherein the first blades and the second blades are disposed alternately in the circumferential direction. 26. The light shielding unit according to claim 1,
wherein the second frame further has a fixed opening member that constitutes the second opening that is substantially the same size as or smaller than the third opening when the movable blades are in a fully opened state, and when the movable blades move in the direction of reducing the size of the third opening, the movable blades move in the same direction as the direction of the upward warpage, so as to go beyond the plane constituting the third opening formed by the fixed opening member as the amount of upward warpage increases. 27. The light shielding unit according to claim 26,
wherein part of the main body of the second frame is disposed between the fixed opening member and the movable blades, and when the movable blades move in the direction of reducing the size of the third opening while the third opening is in its fully opened state and the fixed opening member and the movable blades are not in contact with each other, the movable blades approach the fixed opening member as the amount of upward warpage increases. 28. The light shielding unit according to claim 1,
wherein the first frame has a first wall that covers a gap formed between the first frame and the second frame, from the outside in the radial direction, the second frame has a second wall that covers a gap formed between the first frame and the second frame, from the outside in the radial direction, and the first wall and the second wall are disposed so as to cover the gap from different directions. 29. A light shielding unit, comprising:
a first frame having a first opening through which light passes; a second frame having a second opening through which the light passes; and a plurality of movable blades that are disposed between the first frame and the second frame, in which is formed a third opening through which the light that has passed through the first opening passes, and that adjust the amount of light passing through by varying the size of the third opening, wherein the movable blades have a shape that is warped to the opposite side from the direction of upward warpage of the movable blades in a state where the movable blades have moved in the direction of reducing the size of the third opening. 30. A light shielding unit, comprising:
a first frame having a first opening through which light passes; a second frame having a second opening through which the light passes; and a plurality of movable blades that are disposed between the first frame and the second frame, in which is formed a third opening through which the light that has passed through the first opening passes, and that adjust the amount of light passing through by varying the size of the third opening, wherein the movable blades include first blades having a first main shaft or a first main hole provided on a first end side, and a free end provided on a second end side that is on the opposite side from the first main shaft or the first main hole, and second blades having a rotating portion that is provided on a second end side that is the opposite side from the second main shaft or the second main hole, and rotates along a gap between the first frame and the second frame, and the first blades and the second blades are disposed alternately in the circumferential direction. 31. A light shielding unit, comprising:
a first frame having a first opening through which light passes; a second frame having a second opening through which the light passes; a plurality of movable blades that are disposed between the first frame and the second frame, in which is formed a third opening through which the light that has passed through the first opening passes, and that adjust the amount of light passing through by varying the size of the third opening; and a fixed opening member that constitutes the second opening that is provided to the second frame and is substantially the same size as or smaller than the third opening when the movable blades are in a fully opened state, wherein, when the movable blades move in the direction of reducing the size of the third opening, the movable blades move in the same direction as the direction of the upward warpage, so as to go beyond the virtual plane constituting the third opening formed by the fixed opening member. 32. A lens barrel, comprising:
the light shielding unit according to claim 1; and a plurality of lens groups that guide the light incident on the light shielding unit in the desired direction. 33. The lens barrel according to claim 32,
wherein the light shielding unit is an aperture unit that adjusts the amount of light passing through the plurality of lens groups. | 2,600 |
342,083 | 16,802,445 | 2,632 | Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. Generally, the described techniques provide for efficiently monitoring for wake-up signaling from one or more transmission and reception points (TRPs), the wake-up signaling indicating the presence of data or control information in an on-duration state of a discontinuous reception (DRX) cycle. In particular, select TRPs may be used to transmit wake-up signaling to a user equipment (UE), and the UE may be configured to monitor for wake-up signaling from the select TRPs. Once the UE receives wake-up signaling prior to an on-duration state of a DRX cycle from any of the select TRPs, the UE may then determine the TRPs scheduled to transmit data or control information in the on-duration state (e.g., based on the WUS or based on further control signaling), and the UE may receive the data or control information from the TRPs in the on-duration state. | 1. A method for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE), comprising:
receiving a wake-up signal configuration, the wake-up signal configuration indicating at least one transmission/reception point of a plurality of transmission/reception points from which the UE is to monitor for wake-up signals; monitoring for wake-up signaling from the at least one transmission/reception point based at least in part on the wake-up signal configuration, the wake-up signaling being for a discontinuous reception cycle; receiving at least one wake-up signal prior to or at the beginning of an on-duration state in the discontinuous reception cycle based at least in part on the monitoring, the at least one wake-up signal indicating a presence of information in the on-duration state; and waking up to receive information in the on-duration state based at least in part on receiving the at least one wake-up signal. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one transmission/reception point comprises a single, anchor transmission/reception point, and
wherein monitoring further comprises monitoring for a wake-up signal from the anchor transmission/reception point. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein receiving the at least one wake-up signal comprises receiving a wake-up signal from the anchor transmission/reception point, the wake-up signal indicating the presence of information in the on-duration state. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein waking up for the UE to receive the information in the on-duration state comprises turning on panels at the UE used to receive signals from the plurality of transmission/reception points to receive the information in the on-duration state. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein waking up for the UE to receive the information in the on-duration state comprises:
turning on a panel at the UE used to receive signals from the anchor transmission/reception point; receiving a control message in the on-duration state from the anchor transmission/reception point using the panel after waking up in the on-duration state, the control message indicating a subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points from which the UE is to monitor for the information in the on-duration state; and turning on panels at the UE used to receive signals from the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points to receive the information in the on-duration state. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
initiating an inactivity timer upon turning on the panels at the UE used to receive signals from the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points; and turning off the panels used at the UE to receive signals from the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points when the inactivity timer expires. 7. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
receiving another control message indicating that the UE is to turn off the panels at the UE used to receive signals from the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points; and turning off the panels at the UE used to receive signals from the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points based at least in part on receiving the other control message. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the control message comprises a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), a downlink control information (DCI) message, or a radio resource control (RRC) message. 9. The method of claim 5, wherein the indication of the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points comprises an explicit indication of indices of the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points or an indication of transmission configuration indication states corresponding to the indices of the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points. 10. The method of claim 3, wherein the wake-up signal further indicates a subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points from which the UE is to monitor for the information in the on-duration state. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein waking up for the UE to receive the information in the on-duration state comprises:
turning on a panel at the UE used to receive signals from the anchor transmission/reception point in the on-duration state; and turning on panels at the UE used to receive signals from the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points to receive the information in the on-duration state. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the indication of the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points comprises an explicit indication of indices of the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points or an indication of transmission configuration indication states corresponding to the indices of the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one transmission/reception point comprises the plurality of transmission/reception points, and
wherein the monitoring further comprises monitoring for wake-up signals from each of the plurality of transmission/reception points. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein receiving the at least one wake-up signal comprises receiving wake-up signals from a subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points, the wake-up signals indicating the presence of information in the on-duration state and indicating the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points from which the UE is to monitor for the information in the on-duration state. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein waking up for the UE to receive the information in the on-duration state comprises turning on panels at the UE used to receive signals from the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points to receive the information in the on-duration state from the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein turning on panels at the UE used to receive signals from the plurality of transmission/reception points to receive the information in the on-duration state from the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the indication of the at least one transmission/reception point of the plurality of transmission/reception points comprises an explicit indication of indices of the at least one transmission/reception point or an indication of transmission configuration indication states corresponding to the indices of the at least one transmission/reception point. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the information in the on-duration state comprises at least one of control information or data information. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving a wake-up signal configuration information comprises receiving a wake-up signal configuration from a base station. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one transmission/reception point of the plurality of transmission/reception points from which the UE is to monitor for wake-up signals is a transmission/reception point associated with the base station. 21. A method for wireless communication, comprising:
transmitting a wake-up signal configuration to a user equipment (UE), the wake-up signal configuration indicating at least one transmission/reception point of a plurality of transmission/reception points from which the UE is to monitor for wake-up signals; determining information to transmit to the UE via at least a subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points; and transmitting at least one wake-up signal to the UE prior to or at the beginning of an on-duration state in a discontinuous reception cycle via one or more of the at least one transmission/reception point, the at least one wake-up signal indicating a presence of the information in the on-duration state of the discontinuous reception cycle. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the at least one transmission/reception point comprises a single, anchor transmission/reception point, and wherein the transmitting the at least one wake-up signal further comprises:
transmitting a wake-up signal to the UE via the anchor transmission/reception point, the wake-up signal indicating the presence of information in the on-duration state. 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising:
transmitting a control message in the on-duration state via the anchor transmission/reception point, the control message indicating the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points from which the UE is to monitor for the information in the on-duration state. 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising:
transmitting the information in the on-duration state via the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points. 25. The method of claim 23, further comprising:
transmitting another control message indicating the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points from which the UE is to stop monitoring for further information in the on-duration state. 26. The method of claim 23, wherein the control message comprises a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), a downlink control information (DCI) message, or a radio resource control (RRC) message. 27. The method of claim 23, wherein the indication of the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points comprises an explicit indication of indices of the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points or an indication of transmission configuration indication states corresponding to the indices of the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points. 28. The method of claim 21, wherein the indication of the at least one transmission/reception point of the plurality of transmission/reception points comprises an explicit indication of indices of the at least one transmission/reception point or an indication of transmission configuration indication states corresponding to the indices of the at least one transmission/reception point. 29. An apparatus for wireless communications at a user equipment (UE), comprising:
a processor, and memory coupled to the processor, the processor and memory configured to:
receive a wake-up signal configuration, the wake-up signal configuration indicating at least one transmission/reception point of a plurality of transmission/reception points from which the UE is to monitor for wake-up signals;
monitor for wake-up signaling from the at least one transmission/reception point based at least in part on the wake-up signal configuration, the wake-up signaling being for a discontinuous reception cycle;
receive at least one wake-up signal prior to or at the beginning of an on-duration state in the discontinuous reception cycle based at least in part on the monitoring, the at least one wake-up signal indicating a presence of information in the on-duration state; and
wake up to receive information in the on-duration state based at least in part on receiving the at least one wake-up signal. 30. An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising:
a processor, and memory coupled to the processor, the processor and memory configured to:
transmit a wake-up signal configuration to a user equipment (UE), the wake-up signal configuration indicating at least one transmission/reception point of a plurality of transmission/reception points from which the UE is to monitor for wake-up signals;
determine information to transmit to the UE via at least a subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points; and
transmit at least one wake-up signal to the UE prior to or at the beginning of an on-duration state in a discontinuous reception cycle via one or more of the at least one transmission/reception point, the at least one wake-up signal indicating a presence of the information in the on-duration state of the discontinuous reception cycle. | Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. Generally, the described techniques provide for efficiently monitoring for wake-up signaling from one or more transmission and reception points (TRPs), the wake-up signaling indicating the presence of data or control information in an on-duration state of a discontinuous reception (DRX) cycle. In particular, select TRPs may be used to transmit wake-up signaling to a user equipment (UE), and the UE may be configured to monitor for wake-up signaling from the select TRPs. Once the UE receives wake-up signaling prior to an on-duration state of a DRX cycle from any of the select TRPs, the UE may then determine the TRPs scheduled to transmit data or control information in the on-duration state (e.g., based on the WUS or based on further control signaling), and the UE may receive the data or control information from the TRPs in the on-duration state.1. A method for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE), comprising:
receiving a wake-up signal configuration, the wake-up signal configuration indicating at least one transmission/reception point of a plurality of transmission/reception points from which the UE is to monitor for wake-up signals; monitoring for wake-up signaling from the at least one transmission/reception point based at least in part on the wake-up signal configuration, the wake-up signaling being for a discontinuous reception cycle; receiving at least one wake-up signal prior to or at the beginning of an on-duration state in the discontinuous reception cycle based at least in part on the monitoring, the at least one wake-up signal indicating a presence of information in the on-duration state; and waking up to receive information in the on-duration state based at least in part on receiving the at least one wake-up signal. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one transmission/reception point comprises a single, anchor transmission/reception point, and
wherein monitoring further comprises monitoring for a wake-up signal from the anchor transmission/reception point. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein receiving the at least one wake-up signal comprises receiving a wake-up signal from the anchor transmission/reception point, the wake-up signal indicating the presence of information in the on-duration state. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein waking up for the UE to receive the information in the on-duration state comprises turning on panels at the UE used to receive signals from the plurality of transmission/reception points to receive the information in the on-duration state. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein waking up for the UE to receive the information in the on-duration state comprises:
turning on a panel at the UE used to receive signals from the anchor transmission/reception point; receiving a control message in the on-duration state from the anchor transmission/reception point using the panel after waking up in the on-duration state, the control message indicating a subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points from which the UE is to monitor for the information in the on-duration state; and turning on panels at the UE used to receive signals from the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points to receive the information in the on-duration state. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
initiating an inactivity timer upon turning on the panels at the UE used to receive signals from the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points; and turning off the panels used at the UE to receive signals from the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points when the inactivity timer expires. 7. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
receiving another control message indicating that the UE is to turn off the panels at the UE used to receive signals from the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points; and turning off the panels at the UE used to receive signals from the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points based at least in part on receiving the other control message. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the control message comprises a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), a downlink control information (DCI) message, or a radio resource control (RRC) message. 9. The method of claim 5, wherein the indication of the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points comprises an explicit indication of indices of the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points or an indication of transmission configuration indication states corresponding to the indices of the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points. 10. The method of claim 3, wherein the wake-up signal further indicates a subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points from which the UE is to monitor for the information in the on-duration state. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein waking up for the UE to receive the information in the on-duration state comprises:
turning on a panel at the UE used to receive signals from the anchor transmission/reception point in the on-duration state; and turning on panels at the UE used to receive signals from the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points to receive the information in the on-duration state. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the indication of the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points comprises an explicit indication of indices of the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points or an indication of transmission configuration indication states corresponding to the indices of the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one transmission/reception point comprises the plurality of transmission/reception points, and
wherein the monitoring further comprises monitoring for wake-up signals from each of the plurality of transmission/reception points. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein receiving the at least one wake-up signal comprises receiving wake-up signals from a subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points, the wake-up signals indicating the presence of information in the on-duration state and indicating the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points from which the UE is to monitor for the information in the on-duration state. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein waking up for the UE to receive the information in the on-duration state comprises turning on panels at the UE used to receive signals from the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points to receive the information in the on-duration state from the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein turning on panels at the UE used to receive signals from the plurality of transmission/reception points to receive the information in the on-duration state from the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the indication of the at least one transmission/reception point of the plurality of transmission/reception points comprises an explicit indication of indices of the at least one transmission/reception point or an indication of transmission configuration indication states corresponding to the indices of the at least one transmission/reception point. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the information in the on-duration state comprises at least one of control information or data information. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving a wake-up signal configuration information comprises receiving a wake-up signal configuration from a base station. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one transmission/reception point of the plurality of transmission/reception points from which the UE is to monitor for wake-up signals is a transmission/reception point associated with the base station. 21. A method for wireless communication, comprising:
transmitting a wake-up signal configuration to a user equipment (UE), the wake-up signal configuration indicating at least one transmission/reception point of a plurality of transmission/reception points from which the UE is to monitor for wake-up signals; determining information to transmit to the UE via at least a subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points; and transmitting at least one wake-up signal to the UE prior to or at the beginning of an on-duration state in a discontinuous reception cycle via one or more of the at least one transmission/reception point, the at least one wake-up signal indicating a presence of the information in the on-duration state of the discontinuous reception cycle. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the at least one transmission/reception point comprises a single, anchor transmission/reception point, and wherein the transmitting the at least one wake-up signal further comprises:
transmitting a wake-up signal to the UE via the anchor transmission/reception point, the wake-up signal indicating the presence of information in the on-duration state. 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising:
transmitting a control message in the on-duration state via the anchor transmission/reception point, the control message indicating the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points from which the UE is to monitor for the information in the on-duration state. 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising:
transmitting the information in the on-duration state via the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points. 25. The method of claim 23, further comprising:
transmitting another control message indicating the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points from which the UE is to stop monitoring for further information in the on-duration state. 26. The method of claim 23, wherein the control message comprises a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), a downlink control information (DCI) message, or a radio resource control (RRC) message. 27. The method of claim 23, wherein the indication of the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points comprises an explicit indication of indices of the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points or an indication of transmission configuration indication states corresponding to the indices of the subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points. 28. The method of claim 21, wherein the indication of the at least one transmission/reception point of the plurality of transmission/reception points comprises an explicit indication of indices of the at least one transmission/reception point or an indication of transmission configuration indication states corresponding to the indices of the at least one transmission/reception point. 29. An apparatus for wireless communications at a user equipment (UE), comprising:
a processor, and memory coupled to the processor, the processor and memory configured to:
receive a wake-up signal configuration, the wake-up signal configuration indicating at least one transmission/reception point of a plurality of transmission/reception points from which the UE is to monitor for wake-up signals;
monitor for wake-up signaling from the at least one transmission/reception point based at least in part on the wake-up signal configuration, the wake-up signaling being for a discontinuous reception cycle;
receive at least one wake-up signal prior to or at the beginning of an on-duration state in the discontinuous reception cycle based at least in part on the monitoring, the at least one wake-up signal indicating a presence of information in the on-duration state; and
wake up to receive information in the on-duration state based at least in part on receiving the at least one wake-up signal. 30. An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising:
a processor, and memory coupled to the processor, the processor and memory configured to:
transmit a wake-up signal configuration to a user equipment (UE), the wake-up signal configuration indicating at least one transmission/reception point of a plurality of transmission/reception points from which the UE is to monitor for wake-up signals;
determine information to transmit to the UE via at least a subset of the plurality of transmission/reception points; and
transmit at least one wake-up signal to the UE prior to or at the beginning of an on-duration state in a discontinuous reception cycle via one or more of the at least one transmission/reception point, the at least one wake-up signal indicating a presence of the information in the on-duration state of the discontinuous reception cycle. | 2,600 |
342,084 | 16,802,433 | 2,632 | Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. A user equipment (UE) may receive from a base station a measurement configuration signal comprising a measurement resource configuration associated with a cross-link interference signal strength measurement. The UE may perform the cross-link interference signal strength measurement for one or more UEs associated with one or more intra-frequency neighboring cells according to the measurement resource configuration, wherein the cross-link interference signal strength measurement is performed during an intra-frequency measurement gap. The UE may transmit a report of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement to the base station. | 1. A method of wireless communication at a first user equipment (UE), comprising:
receiving from a base station a measurement configuration signal comprising a measurement resource configuration associated with a cross-link interference signal strength measurement; performing the cross-link interference signal strength measurement for one or more UEs associated with one or more intra-frequency neighboring cells according to the measurement resource configuration; and transmitting a report of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement to the base station. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the measurement resource configuration comprises one or more of a reporting configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, a filtering configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, a measurement gap configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, or a quantity configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the cross-link interference signal strength measurement is performed during an intra-frequency measurement gap based at least in part on the measurement gap configuration. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining to perform the cross-link interference signal strength measurement during a discontinuous reception (DRX) off period based at least in part on a measurement accuracy threshold. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining, based at least in part on a slot duration and a subcarrier spacing associated with a link between the UE and the base station, a periodicity for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, wherein transmitting the report is based at least in part on the determined periodicity. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
detecting that a triggering condition for an event is fulfilled based at least in part on a comparison of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement to a threshold, wherein transmitting the report is based at least in part on the event. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the triggering condition comprises one or more of a first triggering condition associated with the cross-link interference signal strength measurement falling below a low threshold or a second triggering condition associated with the cross-link interference signal strength measurement exceeding a high threshold. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving from the base station an indication of a type of cross-link interference signal strength measurement, wherein performing the cross-link interference signal strength measurement and reporting the cross-link interference signal strength measurement are based at least in part on the indicated type of cross-link interference signal strength measurement. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the indication of the type of cross-link signal is received as one or more of: an explicit signal of the type of cross-link signal or an implicit indication of the type of cross-link signal. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the indicated type of cross-link interference signal strength measurement comprises one or more of a cross-link interference received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurement type or a sounding reference signal received signal received power (RSRP) measurement type. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the measurement configuration signal comprises a first measurement configuration associated with the cross-link interference RSSI measurement type and a second measurement configuration associated with the sounding reference signal RSRP measurement type. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the report of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement comprises an indication that a cross-link signal for the UEs is too strong to measure or a cross-link interference signal strength measurement value associated with the cross-link signal being too strong to measure. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the report of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement is transmitted together with a serving cell measurement report. 14. A method for wireless communication at a base station, comprising:
coordinating with a neighboring base station to configure a measurement resource configuration associated with a cross-link interference signal strength measurement for a user equipment (UE) associated with the base station; transmitting to the UE a measurement configuration signal comprising the measurement resource configuration; and receiving a report of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement from the UE, the cross-link interference signal strength measurement being based at least in part on the measurement resource configuration. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the measurement resource configuration comprises one or more of a reporting configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, a filtering configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, a measurement gap configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, or a quantity configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein:
coordinating with the neighboring base station is over at least one of an Xn interface, or an F1 interface, or a combination thereof, and wherein the coordinating comprises an exchange of one or more of an interface setup message, a configuration update message, or a combination thereof. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
determining a filtering configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement based at least in part on the measurement resource configuration, wherein the cross-link interference signal strength measurement is based at least in part on the determined filtering configuration. 18. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
determining, based at least in part on a slot duration and a subcarrier spacing associated with a link between the UE and the base station, a periodicity for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, wherein receiving the report is based at least in part on the determined periodicity. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein:
receiving the report is based at least in part on fulfillment of a triggering condition for an event based on a comparison of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement to a threshold. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the triggering event comprises one or more of: a first triggering condition associated with the cross-link interference signal strength measurement falling below a low threshold or a second triggering condition associated with the cross-link interference signal strength measurement exceeding a high threshold. 21. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
transmitting to the UE an indication of a type of cross-link interference signal strength measurement, wherein the cross-link interference signal strength measurement and report of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement are based at least in part on the indicated type of cross-link interference signal strength measurement. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the indicated type of cross-link interference signal strength measurement comprises one or more of: a cross-link interference received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurement type or a sounding reference signal received signal received power (RSRP) measurement type. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the measurement configuration signal comprises a first measurement configuration associated with the cross-link interference RSSI measurement type and a second measurement configuration associated with the sounding reference signal RSRP measurement type. 24. The method of claim 14, wherein the report of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement comprises an indication that a cross-link signal for one or more UEs in one or more the intra-frequency neighboring cells is too strong to measure or a cross-link interference signal strength measurement value associated with the cross-link signal being too strong to measure. 25. The method of claim 14, wherein the report of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement is received together with a serving cell measurement report. 26. An apparatus for wireless communication at a first user equipment (UE), comprising:
a processor, memory in electronic communication with the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:
receive from a base station a measurement configuration signal comprising a measurement resource configuration associated with a cross-link interference signal strength measurement;
perform the cross-link interference signal strength measurement for one or more UEs associated with one or more intra-frequency neighboring cells according to the measurement resource configuration; and
transmit a report of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement to the base station. 27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the measurement resource configuration comprises one or more of a reporting configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, a filtering configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, a measurement gap configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, or a quantity configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement. 28. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:
determine to perform the cross-link interference signal strength measurement during a discontinuous reception (DRX) off period based at least in part on a measurement accuracy threshold. 29. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:
determine, based at least in part on a slot duration and a subcarrier spacing associated with a link between the UE and the base station, a periodicity for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, wherein transmitting the report is based at least in part on the determined periodicity. 30. An apparatus for wireless communication at a base station, comprising:
a processor, memory in electronic communication with the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:
coordinate with a neighboring base station to configure a measurement resource configuration associated with a cross-link interference signal strength measurement for a user equipment (UE) associated with the base station;
transmit to the UE a measurement configuration signal comprising the measurement resource configuration; and
receive a report of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement from the UE, the cross-link interference signal strength measurement being based at least in part on the measurement resource configuration. | Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. A user equipment (UE) may receive from a base station a measurement configuration signal comprising a measurement resource configuration associated with a cross-link interference signal strength measurement. The UE may perform the cross-link interference signal strength measurement for one or more UEs associated with one or more intra-frequency neighboring cells according to the measurement resource configuration, wherein the cross-link interference signal strength measurement is performed during an intra-frequency measurement gap. The UE may transmit a report of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement to the base station.1. A method of wireless communication at a first user equipment (UE), comprising:
receiving from a base station a measurement configuration signal comprising a measurement resource configuration associated with a cross-link interference signal strength measurement; performing the cross-link interference signal strength measurement for one or more UEs associated with one or more intra-frequency neighboring cells according to the measurement resource configuration; and transmitting a report of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement to the base station. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the measurement resource configuration comprises one or more of a reporting configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, a filtering configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, a measurement gap configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, or a quantity configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the cross-link interference signal strength measurement is performed during an intra-frequency measurement gap based at least in part on the measurement gap configuration. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining to perform the cross-link interference signal strength measurement during a discontinuous reception (DRX) off period based at least in part on a measurement accuracy threshold. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining, based at least in part on a slot duration and a subcarrier spacing associated with a link between the UE and the base station, a periodicity for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, wherein transmitting the report is based at least in part on the determined periodicity. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
detecting that a triggering condition for an event is fulfilled based at least in part on a comparison of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement to a threshold, wherein transmitting the report is based at least in part on the event. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the triggering condition comprises one or more of a first triggering condition associated with the cross-link interference signal strength measurement falling below a low threshold or a second triggering condition associated with the cross-link interference signal strength measurement exceeding a high threshold. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving from the base station an indication of a type of cross-link interference signal strength measurement, wherein performing the cross-link interference signal strength measurement and reporting the cross-link interference signal strength measurement are based at least in part on the indicated type of cross-link interference signal strength measurement. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the indication of the type of cross-link signal is received as one or more of: an explicit signal of the type of cross-link signal or an implicit indication of the type of cross-link signal. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the indicated type of cross-link interference signal strength measurement comprises one or more of a cross-link interference received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurement type or a sounding reference signal received signal received power (RSRP) measurement type. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the measurement configuration signal comprises a first measurement configuration associated with the cross-link interference RSSI measurement type and a second measurement configuration associated with the sounding reference signal RSRP measurement type. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the report of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement comprises an indication that a cross-link signal for the UEs is too strong to measure or a cross-link interference signal strength measurement value associated with the cross-link signal being too strong to measure. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the report of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement is transmitted together with a serving cell measurement report. 14. A method for wireless communication at a base station, comprising:
coordinating with a neighboring base station to configure a measurement resource configuration associated with a cross-link interference signal strength measurement for a user equipment (UE) associated with the base station; transmitting to the UE a measurement configuration signal comprising the measurement resource configuration; and receiving a report of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement from the UE, the cross-link interference signal strength measurement being based at least in part on the measurement resource configuration. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the measurement resource configuration comprises one or more of a reporting configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, a filtering configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, a measurement gap configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, or a quantity configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein:
coordinating with the neighboring base station is over at least one of an Xn interface, or an F1 interface, or a combination thereof, and wherein the coordinating comprises an exchange of one or more of an interface setup message, a configuration update message, or a combination thereof. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
determining a filtering configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement based at least in part on the measurement resource configuration, wherein the cross-link interference signal strength measurement is based at least in part on the determined filtering configuration. 18. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
determining, based at least in part on a slot duration and a subcarrier spacing associated with a link between the UE and the base station, a periodicity for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, wherein receiving the report is based at least in part on the determined periodicity. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein:
receiving the report is based at least in part on fulfillment of a triggering condition for an event based on a comparison of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement to a threshold. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the triggering event comprises one or more of: a first triggering condition associated with the cross-link interference signal strength measurement falling below a low threshold or a second triggering condition associated with the cross-link interference signal strength measurement exceeding a high threshold. 21. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
transmitting to the UE an indication of a type of cross-link interference signal strength measurement, wherein the cross-link interference signal strength measurement and report of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement are based at least in part on the indicated type of cross-link interference signal strength measurement. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the indicated type of cross-link interference signal strength measurement comprises one or more of: a cross-link interference received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurement type or a sounding reference signal received signal received power (RSRP) measurement type. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the measurement configuration signal comprises a first measurement configuration associated with the cross-link interference RSSI measurement type and a second measurement configuration associated with the sounding reference signal RSRP measurement type. 24. The method of claim 14, wherein the report of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement comprises an indication that a cross-link signal for one or more UEs in one or more the intra-frequency neighboring cells is too strong to measure or a cross-link interference signal strength measurement value associated with the cross-link signal being too strong to measure. 25. The method of claim 14, wherein the report of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement is received together with a serving cell measurement report. 26. An apparatus for wireless communication at a first user equipment (UE), comprising:
a processor, memory in electronic communication with the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:
receive from a base station a measurement configuration signal comprising a measurement resource configuration associated with a cross-link interference signal strength measurement;
perform the cross-link interference signal strength measurement for one or more UEs associated with one or more intra-frequency neighboring cells according to the measurement resource configuration; and
transmit a report of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement to the base station. 27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the measurement resource configuration comprises one or more of a reporting configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, a filtering configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, a measurement gap configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, or a quantity configuration for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement. 28. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:
determine to perform the cross-link interference signal strength measurement during a discontinuous reception (DRX) off period based at least in part on a measurement accuracy threshold. 29. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:
determine, based at least in part on a slot duration and a subcarrier spacing associated with a link between the UE and the base station, a periodicity for the cross-link interference signal strength measurement, wherein transmitting the report is based at least in part on the determined periodicity. 30. An apparatus for wireless communication at a base station, comprising:
a processor, memory in electronic communication with the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:
coordinate with a neighboring base station to configure a measurement resource configuration associated with a cross-link interference signal strength measurement for a user equipment (UE) associated with the base station;
transmit to the UE a measurement configuration signal comprising the measurement resource configuration; and
receive a report of the cross-link interference signal strength measurement from the UE, the cross-link interference signal strength measurement being based at least in part on the measurement resource configuration. | 2,600 |
342,085 | 16,802,474 | 2,632 | Disclosed herein is a moving robot including at least one motor configured to enable the moving robot to travel, a memory configured to store map data, at least one camera, and a processor configured to recognize a passage situation of a crosswalk during traveling operation based on the map data and a set traveling route, check a signal state of a traffic light corresponding to the crosswalk, recognize whether passage through the crosswalk is possible based on the checked signal state, and control the at least one motor to enable passage through the crosswalk based on a result of recognition. | 1. A robot comprising:
at least one motor configured to move the robot; a memory configured to store map data; at least one camera; and a processor configured to: determine, while the robot is moving, whether a crosswalk passage situation occurs based on the map data and a traveling route, determine a signal state of a traffic light associated with a crosswalk in the crosswalk passage situation based on a determination that the crosswalk passage situation occurs, determine whether passage through the crosswalk is possible based on the determined signal state, and control the at least one motor to move the robot through the crosswalk based on a determination that passage through the crosswalk is possible. 2. The robot of claim 1,
wherein the map data includes position information of the crosswalk, and wherein the crosswalk passage situation is determined based on the position information of the crosswalk and a location of the robot. 3. The robot of claim 2,
wherein the map data further includes position information of the traffic light corresponding to the crosswalk, and wherein the processor is further configured to: control the at least one camera to capture an image including the traffic light based on the position information of the traffic light, and determine the signal state of the traffic light based on the captured image. 4. The robot of claim 3, wherein the processor is further configured to:
set a standby position based on the position information of the traffic light, and control the at least one motor to stop at the set standby position. 5. The robot of claim 4, wherein the standby position is set to a position facing the traffic light in a sidewalk region corresponding to the crosswalk. 6. The robot of claim 3, wherein the processor is further configured to:
determine at least one of a color, a shape or a position of a turned-on signal of the traffic light based on the captured image, and wherein the passage through the crosswalk is determined to be possible based on the determination of the turned-on signal of the traffic light. 7. The robot of claim 3, wherein the processor is further configured to obtain a result of determining the signal state from the captured image via a learning model trained based on machine learning to determine the signal state of the traffic light. 8. The robot of claim 1,
wherein the processor is further configured to capture an image of a first side via the at least one camera when it is determined that passage through the crosswalk is possible, and wherein the first side is determined based on a vehicle traveling direction of a street in which the crosswalk is installed. 9. The robot of claim 8, wherein the processor is further configured to:
determine at least one obstacle from the captured image of the first side, and control the at least one motor to move the robot based on the determined at least one obstacle. 10. The robot of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to control the at least one motor to not enter the crosswalk when approaching the determined at least one obstacle. 11. The robot of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to:
determine a movement direction and a movement speed of each of the at least one obstacle from the captured image of the first side, predict whether the at least one obstacle and the robot will collide based on the determination of the movement direction and the movement speed, and control the at least one motor not to enter the crosswalk when a collision is predicted. 12. The robot of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to control the at least one motor to enter the crosswalk when a collision is not predicted. 13. The robot of claim 12, wherein the processor is further configured to:
determine that the robot reaches a predetermined distance from a point of the crosswalk based on a position information of the robot or the captured image, control the at least one camera to capture an image of a second side opposite to the first side, and control the at least one motor based on the captured image of the second side. 14. The robot of claim 13,
wherein the at least one camera includes: a first camera disposed to face a front side of the robot; a second camera disposed to face the first side of the robot; and a third camera disposed to face the second side of the robot, and wherein the processor is configured to selectively activate at least one of the second camera or the third camera to capture the image of the first side or the image of the second side. 15. The robot of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:
obtain remaining time information of a passable signal of the traffic light corresponding to the crosswalk before entering the crosswalk, determine whether passage through the crosswalk is possible based on the obtained remaining time information, and control the at least one motor to move the robot through the crosswalk or wait at a standby position of the crosswalk based on the determination of whether passage through the crosswalk is possible. 16. The robot of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:
obtain remaining time information of a passable signal of the traffic light during passage through the crosswalk, determine a traveling speed based on the obtained remaining time information and a remaining distance of the crosswalk, and control the at least one motor according to the determined traveling speed. 17. A robot comprising:
at least one motor configured to move the robot; a memory configured to store map data; at least one camera; and a processor configured to: determine, while the robot is moving, whether a crosswalk passage situation occurs based on the map data, control the at least one camera to capture a side image with respect to the robot, determine whether passage through a crosswalk is possible based on the captured side image, and control the at least one motor to move the robot through the crosswalk based on a determination that passage through the crosswalk is possible. 18. The robot of claim 17,
wherein the at least one camera includes: a first camera configured to a front image with respect to the robot; a second camera configured to capture a first side image with respect to the robot; and a third camera configured to capture a second side image with respect to the robot, and wherein the processor is further configured to cause at least one of the second camera or the third camera to capture the side image with respect to the robot based on a determination that the crosswalk passage situation occurs. 19. The robot of claim 18, wherein the processor is configured to set a priority of processing the side image to be higher than priority of processing the front image. 20. The robot of claim 18,
wherein each of the at least one camera is rotatable about a vertical axis, wherein the robot includes at least one rotary motor for rotating the at least one camera, and wherein the processor is further configured to: control a rotary motor of the at least one rotary motor corresponding to the first camera to capture the side image via the first camera based on a determination that the crosswalk passage situation of the crosswalk occurs, capture a front image with respect to the robot via the second camera, and set priority of processing the side image to be higher than priority of processing the front image. | Disclosed herein is a moving robot including at least one motor configured to enable the moving robot to travel, a memory configured to store map data, at least one camera, and a processor configured to recognize a passage situation of a crosswalk during traveling operation based on the map data and a set traveling route, check a signal state of a traffic light corresponding to the crosswalk, recognize whether passage through the crosswalk is possible based on the checked signal state, and control the at least one motor to enable passage through the crosswalk based on a result of recognition.1. A robot comprising:
at least one motor configured to move the robot; a memory configured to store map data; at least one camera; and a processor configured to: determine, while the robot is moving, whether a crosswalk passage situation occurs based on the map data and a traveling route, determine a signal state of a traffic light associated with a crosswalk in the crosswalk passage situation based on a determination that the crosswalk passage situation occurs, determine whether passage through the crosswalk is possible based on the determined signal state, and control the at least one motor to move the robot through the crosswalk based on a determination that passage through the crosswalk is possible. 2. The robot of claim 1,
wherein the map data includes position information of the crosswalk, and wherein the crosswalk passage situation is determined based on the position information of the crosswalk and a location of the robot. 3. The robot of claim 2,
wherein the map data further includes position information of the traffic light corresponding to the crosswalk, and wherein the processor is further configured to: control the at least one camera to capture an image including the traffic light based on the position information of the traffic light, and determine the signal state of the traffic light based on the captured image. 4. The robot of claim 3, wherein the processor is further configured to:
set a standby position based on the position information of the traffic light, and control the at least one motor to stop at the set standby position. 5. The robot of claim 4, wherein the standby position is set to a position facing the traffic light in a sidewalk region corresponding to the crosswalk. 6. The robot of claim 3, wherein the processor is further configured to:
determine at least one of a color, a shape or a position of a turned-on signal of the traffic light based on the captured image, and wherein the passage through the crosswalk is determined to be possible based on the determination of the turned-on signal of the traffic light. 7. The robot of claim 3, wherein the processor is further configured to obtain a result of determining the signal state from the captured image via a learning model trained based on machine learning to determine the signal state of the traffic light. 8. The robot of claim 1,
wherein the processor is further configured to capture an image of a first side via the at least one camera when it is determined that passage through the crosswalk is possible, and wherein the first side is determined based on a vehicle traveling direction of a street in which the crosswalk is installed. 9. The robot of claim 8, wherein the processor is further configured to:
determine at least one obstacle from the captured image of the first side, and control the at least one motor to move the robot based on the determined at least one obstacle. 10. The robot of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to control the at least one motor to not enter the crosswalk when approaching the determined at least one obstacle. 11. The robot of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to:
determine a movement direction and a movement speed of each of the at least one obstacle from the captured image of the first side, predict whether the at least one obstacle and the robot will collide based on the determination of the movement direction and the movement speed, and control the at least one motor not to enter the crosswalk when a collision is predicted. 12. The robot of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to control the at least one motor to enter the crosswalk when a collision is not predicted. 13. The robot of claim 12, wherein the processor is further configured to:
determine that the robot reaches a predetermined distance from a point of the crosswalk based on a position information of the robot or the captured image, control the at least one camera to capture an image of a second side opposite to the first side, and control the at least one motor based on the captured image of the second side. 14. The robot of claim 13,
wherein the at least one camera includes: a first camera disposed to face a front side of the robot; a second camera disposed to face the first side of the robot; and a third camera disposed to face the second side of the robot, and wherein the processor is configured to selectively activate at least one of the second camera or the third camera to capture the image of the first side or the image of the second side. 15. The robot of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:
obtain remaining time information of a passable signal of the traffic light corresponding to the crosswalk before entering the crosswalk, determine whether passage through the crosswalk is possible based on the obtained remaining time information, and control the at least one motor to move the robot through the crosswalk or wait at a standby position of the crosswalk based on the determination of whether passage through the crosswalk is possible. 16. The robot of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:
obtain remaining time information of a passable signal of the traffic light during passage through the crosswalk, determine a traveling speed based on the obtained remaining time information and a remaining distance of the crosswalk, and control the at least one motor according to the determined traveling speed. 17. A robot comprising:
at least one motor configured to move the robot; a memory configured to store map data; at least one camera; and a processor configured to: determine, while the robot is moving, whether a crosswalk passage situation occurs based on the map data, control the at least one camera to capture a side image with respect to the robot, determine whether passage through a crosswalk is possible based on the captured side image, and control the at least one motor to move the robot through the crosswalk based on a determination that passage through the crosswalk is possible. 18. The robot of claim 17,
wherein the at least one camera includes: a first camera configured to a front image with respect to the robot; a second camera configured to capture a first side image with respect to the robot; and a third camera configured to capture a second side image with respect to the robot, and wherein the processor is further configured to cause at least one of the second camera or the third camera to capture the side image with respect to the robot based on a determination that the crosswalk passage situation occurs. 19. The robot of claim 18, wherein the processor is configured to set a priority of processing the side image to be higher than priority of processing the front image. 20. The robot of claim 18,
wherein each of the at least one camera is rotatable about a vertical axis, wherein the robot includes at least one rotary motor for rotating the at least one camera, and wherein the processor is further configured to: control a rotary motor of the at least one rotary motor corresponding to the first camera to capture the side image via the first camera based on a determination that the crosswalk passage situation of the crosswalk occurs, capture a front image with respect to the robot via the second camera, and set priority of processing the side image to be higher than priority of processing the front image. | 2,600 |
342,086 | 16,802,476 | 1,618 | The application provides fluorescent dyes, which are cyanine dyes that incorporate additional aza moieties in the indolenium heterocycles and/or in the methine chains connecting them. Symmetrical and unsymmetrical chemically reactive azacyanine dyes are described for conjugation, as well as their bioconjugates for in-vitro and in-vivo assays and fluorescence imaging. | 1.-21. (canceled) 22. A fluorescent dye of formula A, which is attached to at least one chelating group: 23. The fluorescent dye of claim 22, wherein the substituents have the following meanings:
in the heterocycle being part of the conjugated double bond carbon chain, Z is NR17, or +NR17R18, Q is selected from the groups a), b), and c) consisting of: a) halide selected from Cl, Br, I; R19U, —OR19U, —SR19U and —NR19R20U; wherein R19 is a single bond; or wherein R19 and R20 may independently be an optical properties modifying group, and are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; and homocyclic 6-membered aromatic rings which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group, wherein preferably one of R19 and R20 is not aromatic in case of —NR19R20U; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; and U is a physiochemistry modifying group selected from the group consisting of: —(CH2)mSO3 −, —(CH2)mC(O)O—(CH2)mP(O)O2 2− —(CH2)mNR2 —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; (CH2)mNR32R33 wherein m is an integer from 0 to 6, and wherein R32, R33, are independently of each other an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl; and wherein in case of —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; —(CH2)mNR32R33 the N atom may be bond to a further substituent R34 to form a quaternary N atom, and wherein R34 is in all the above cases independently selected from H, and an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl, b) R21L, —OR21L, —SR21L and —NR21R22L wherein R21 and R22 may independently be an optical properties modifying group and are independently selected from the group consisting of: H; linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic C6-aryl group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; and homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups rings which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group, wherein preferably one of R21 and R22 is not aromatic in case of —NR21R22; and L is a linker which can form a covalent bond with a targeting agent. and c) R19, —OR19, —SR19 and —NR19R20 wherein R19 and R20 may independently be an optical properties modifying group and are independently selected from the group consisting of: H; linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic C6-aryl group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; and homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group, wherein preferably one of R19 and R20 is not aromatic in case of —NR19R20U; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; or wherein R19 and R20, together with the N atom to which they are attached, form a 5- or 6-membered heterocycle optionally containing one further heteroatom selected from O and N, wherein the heterocycle can be substituted by a linear or branched, cyclic or non cyclic C1-C6 alkyl group, in particular 4-cyclohexylpiperazinyl; L is selected from the group consisting of: —NH2, —OH, —SH, —C(O)O−, —C(O)Cl, —C(O)OR28, wherein R28 is derived from substituted and unsubstituted N-hydroxysuccinimide, substituted and unsubstituted N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide, nitrophenol, fluorophenol each bound via —O—; azide N3 −, —NCO, —NCS, —CHO, phosphoramidityl, phthalamidyl, maleimide, an alkyne group in particular —C≡CR31 wherein R31 is H or a C1-C8 alkyl group, preferably H or a C1-C4 alkyl group, sulfonate esters, alkyl halides, acyl halides, pentynoic acid, propargylic acid, 6-aminobenzo[d]thiazole-2-carbonitrile, 6-hydroxybenzo[d]thiazole-2-carbonitrile, a 1,2-aminothiol group, in particular L-cysteine or D-cysteine; R1 and R2 are absent, independently H or selected from the group: a) linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic C6-aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic rings which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; and —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; b) R23L wherein R23 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic C6-aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; homocyclic C6aromatic rings which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; and L is a linker which can form a covalent bond with a targeting agent; c) R23U, wherein R23 is a single bond; wherein R23 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; homocyclic C6 aromatic rings which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; and U is a physiochemistry modifying group selected from the group consisting of: —(CH2)mSO3 −, —(CH2)mC(O)O−, —(CH2)mP(O)O2 2− —(CH2)mNR2 —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; (CH2)mNR32R33 wherein m is an integer from 0 to 6, and wherein R32, R33, are independently of each other an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl; R17 and R18 are independently H or selected from the group consisting of: a) linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group, wherein preferably one of R17 and R18 is not aromatic; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20, b) R24L wherein R24 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group, wherein preferably one of R17 and R18 is not aromatic; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; and L is a linker which can form a covalent bond with a targeting agent, and c) R24U, wherein R24 is a single bond; or wherein R24 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group, wherein preferably one of R17 and R18 is not aromatic; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; and U is a physiochemistry modifying group selected from the group consisting of: —(CH2)mSO3 −, —(CH2)mC(O)O−, —(CH2)mP(O)O2 2− —(CH2)mNR2 —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; (CH2)mNR32R33 wherein m is an integer from 0 to 6, and wherein R32, R33, are independently of each other an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl; A6, A7, A8, A9, and A10, A11, A12, A13 are C, N, +N and either A) form a 6-membered aromatic ring which together with the pyrrolin derived ring to which they are attached form an indol or an azaindol system, which indol system can comprise a total of 1 N atoms and which azaindol system can comprise a total of 2 N atoms; R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8 R9 R10 are independently H or selected from the group consisting of: a) halide selected from Cl, Br, I; R25H and OR25H, wherein R25 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20, b) R25L and OR25L wherein R25 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; and L is a linker which can form a covalent bond with a targeting agent, and c) R25U and OR25U, wherein R25 is a single bond; or wherein R25 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; and U is a physiochemistry modifying group selected from the group consisting of: —(CH2)mSO3 −, —(CH2)mC(O)O—(CH2)mP(O)O2 2− —(CH2)mNR2 —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; (CH2)mNR32R33 wherein m is an integer from 0 to 6, and wherein R32, R33, are independently of each other an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl; and wherein OR25H, OR25L and OR25U are present only when O is attached to a C atom; or B) form a 6-membered aromatic ring which together with the pyrrolin derived ring to which they are attached form an indol or an azaindol system, and to which indol or azaindol system a further 6-membered ring is annulated which is formed by at least two of the substituents R3, R4, R5, R6, or R7, R8 R9 R10, resulting in a trinuclear ring in which 1 or 2 C atoms may be replaced by N, and which are substituted by R, R12, R13, R14, and R, R16, R17; R11, R12, R13, R14, and R15, R16, R17 are independently H or selected from the group consisting of: a) halide selected from Cl, Br, I; R26H and OR26H, wherein R26 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; b) R26L and OR26L wherein R26 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; homocyclic C6 aromatic rings which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; and L is a linker which can form a covalent bond with a targeting agent; and c) R26U and OR26U, wherein R26 is a single bond; or wherein R26 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; homocyclic C6 aromatic rings which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; and U is a physiochemistry modifying group selected from the group consisting of: —(CH2)mSO3 −, —(CH2)mC(O)O−, —(CH2)mP(O)O2 2− —(CH2)mNR2 —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; (CH2)mNR32R33 wherein m is an integer from 0 to 6, and wherein R32, R33, are independently of each other an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl; and wherein OR26H, OR26L and OR26U are present only when 0 is attached to a C atom; X and Y are selected from the group consisting of: CR29R30, where R29 and R30 are each independently selected from H, unsubstituted and substituted non-cyclic linear and branched C1-C4 alkyl; E and E′ are independently selected from H and unsubstituted and substituted linear or branched, cyclic or non-cyclic C1-C4 alkyl. 24. The fluorescent dye according to claim 22, wherein the substituents have the following meanings:
in the heterocycle being part of the conjugated carbon chain Z is NR17, or +NR17R18, Q is selected from the groups a), b), and c) consisting of: a) Halide selected from Cl, Br, I; R19U, —OR19U, —SR19U and —NR19R20U, wherein R19 is a single bond; or wherein R19 and R20 may independently be an optical properties modifying group, and are independently selected from the group consisting of: H; linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; and homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups wherein preferably one of R19 and R20 is not aromatic in case of —NR19R20U; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12; and U is a physiochemistry modifying group selected from the group consisting of: —(CH2)mSO3 −, —(CH2)mC(O)O−, —(CH2)mP(O)O2 2− —(CH2)mNR2 —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; (CH2)mNR32R33 wherein m is an integer from 0 to 6, and wherein R32, R33, are independently of each other an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl; and wherein in case of —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; —(CH2)mNR32R33 the N atom may be bond to a further substituent R34 to form a quaternary N atom, and wherein R34 is in all the above cases independently selected from H, and an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl; b) R21L, —OR21L, —SR21L and —NR21R22L wherein R21 and R22 may independently be an optical properties modifying group and are independently selected from the group consisting of: H; linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups, wherein preferably one of R21 and R22 is not aromatic in case of —NR21R22; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2-L wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12; and L is a linker which can form a covalent bond with a targeting agent; and L is a linker which can form a covalent bond with a targeting agent; c) R19, —OR19, —SR19 and —NR19R20 wherein R19 and R20 may independently be an optical properties modifying group and are independently selected from the group consisting of: H; linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; and homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups, wherein preferably one of R19 and R20 is not aromatic in case of —NR21R22; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12; or wherein R19 and R20, together with the N atom to which they are attached, form a 6-membered heterocycle optionally containing one further heteroatom selected from O and N, wherein the heterocycle can be substituted by a linear or branched, cyclic or non cyclic C1-C6 alkyl group, in particular 4-cyclohexylpiperazinyl; L is selected from the group consisting of: —OH, —SH, —C(O)−, —C(O)OR28, wherein R28 is derived from substituted and unsubstituted N-hydroxysuccinimide, substituted and unsubstituted N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide, nitrophenol, fluorophenol each bound via —O—; azide N3 −, —NCS, —CHO, phosphoramidityl, phthalamidyl, maleimide, an alkyne group in particular —C≡CR31 wherein R31 is H or a C1-C8 alkyl group, preferably H or a C1-C4 alkyl group, sulfonate esters, alkyl halides, acyl halides, 6-aminobenzo[d]thiazole-2-carbonitrile, 6-hydroxybenzo[d]thiazole-2-carbonitrile, a 1,2-aminothiol group, L-cysteine; R1 and R2 are absent, H or independently selected from the group: a) linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic rings; and —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20, b) R23L wherein R23 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12; and L is a linker which can form a covalent bond with a targeting agent, and c) R23U, wherein R23 is a single bond; or wherein R23 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12; and U is a physiochemistry modifying group selected from the group consisting of: —(CH2)mSO3 −, —(CH2)mC(O)O−, —(CH2)mP(O)O2 2− —(CH2)mNR2 —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; (CH2)mNR32R33 wherein m is an integer from 0 to 6, and wherein R32, R33, are independently of each other an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl; R17 and R18 are independently H or selected from the group consisting of: a) linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups, wherein preferably one of R17 and R18 is is not aromatic; and —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12, b) R24L wherein R24 is selected from the group: linear and branched, non-cyclic and cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups, wherein preferably one of R17 and R18 is is not aromatic; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12; and L is a linker which can form a covalent bond with a targeting agent, and c) R24U, wherein R24 is a single bond; or wherein R24 is selected from the group: linear and branched, non-cyclic and cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups; wherein preferably one of R17 and R18 is not aromatic; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12; and U is a physiochemistry modifying group selected from the group consisting of: —(CH2)mSO3 −, —(CH2)mC(O)O−, —(CH2)mP(O)O2 2−; —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; (CH2)mNR32R33 wherein m is an integer from 0 to 6, and wherein R32, R33, are independently of each other an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl; A6, A7, A8, A9, and A10, A11, A12, A13 are C, N, or +N, and either A) form a 6-membered aromatic ring which together with the pyrrolin derived ring to which they are attached form an indol or an azaindol system, which indol system can comprise a total of 1 N atoms and which azaindol system can comprise a total of 2 N atoms; R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8 R9 R10 are independently H or selected from the group consisting of: a) Halide selected from Cl, Br, I; R25H and OR25H, wherein R25 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12, b) R25L and —OR25L, wherein R25 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12; and L is a linker which can form a covalent bond with a targeting agent, c) R25U and —OR25U, wherein R25 is a single bond; or wherein R25 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12; and U is a physiochemistry modifying group selected from the group consisting of: —(CH2)mSO3 −, —(CH2)mC(O)O−, —(CH2)mP(O)O22; —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; (CH2)mNR32R33 wherein m is an integer from 0 to 6, and wherein R32, R33, are independently of each other an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl; and wherein OR25H, —OR25L and —OR25U are present only when O is attached to a C atom; or B) A6, A7, A8, A9, and A10, A11, A12, A13 are C, N, or +N and form a 6-membered aromatic ring which together with the pyrrolin derived ring to which they are attached form an indol or an azaindol system, and to which indol or azaindol system a further 6-membered ring is annulated which is formed by at least two of the substitutents R3, R4, R5, R6, or R7, R8 R9 R10, resulting in a trinuclear ring in which 1 or 2 C atoms may be replaced by N, and which are substituted by R11, R12, R13, R14, and R15, R16, R17, R11, R12, R13, R14, and R15, R16, R17 are independently H or selected from the group consisting of: a) Halide selected from Cl, Br, I; R26H and OR26H, wherein R26 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12, b) R26L and OR26L, wherein R26 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12; and L is a linker which can form a covalent bond with a targeting agent, and c) R26U, and OR26U, wherein R26 is a single bond; or wherein R26 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12; and U is a physiochemistry modifying group selected from the group consisting of: —(CH2)mSO3 −, —(CH2)mC(O)O−, —(CH2)mP(O)O2 2− —(CH2)mNR2 —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; (CH2)mNR32R33 wherein m is an integer from 0 to 6, and wherein R32, R33, are independently of each other an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl and wherein OR26H, OR25L and OR25U are present only when O is attached to a C atom; X and Y are selected from the group consisting of: CR29R30, where R29 and R30 are each independently selected from H, unsubstituted and substituted C1-C2 alkyl, E and E′ are independently selected from H and methyl and ethyl, preferably methyl. 25. The dye according to claim 22, wherein A6, A7, A8, A9, and A10, A11, A12, A13 are such that they form together with the pyrrolin derived ring to which they are attached an aromatic system selected from 26. The dye according to claim 22, wherein the at least one chelating agent is attached to a group L in R1, R2, or R1 and R2; R17, R18, or R17 and R18; or, if the ring annulated to the pyrrol structure contains a N atom, in R3, R4, R7 and/or R6 attached to this N atom. 27. The dye according to any of claim 22, which is asymmetrical and does not have a C2 symmetry, caused by different ring systems or by one or more substituents which are present only on one side of the molecule. 28. The dye according to claim 22, wherein the at least one chelating agent is attached to group L in the position of any of the substituents Q, E, E′ and R1-R16. 29. The dye according to claim 22, wherein the at least one chelating agent is attached to a group L that is —NH2, C(O)OR28, —NCO, or —NCS. 30. The dye according to claim 22, wherein the dye of formula A is a dye of formula E: 31. The dye according to claim 22, wherein the at least one chelating agent is selected from 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), 1,4,7-Triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA), Triethylenetetramine (TETA), Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1-glutaric acid-4,7-diacetic acid (NODAGA), and Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). 32. The dye according to claim 31, wherein the at least one chelating agent is DOTA. 33. The dye according to claim 31, wherein DOTA is a modified DOTA with a structure: 34. The dye according to claim 22, wherein the targeting agent is selected from the group comprising peptides, small molecules, aptamers, antibodies, carbohydrates, saccharides, and nucleic acids. 35. The dye according to claim 22, wherein the dye is coupled to a nanoparticle. 36. The dye according to claim 22, wherein at least one chelating agent is attached to the dye to form a compound with a structure: | The application provides fluorescent dyes, which are cyanine dyes that incorporate additional aza moieties in the indolenium heterocycles and/or in the methine chains connecting them. Symmetrical and unsymmetrical chemically reactive azacyanine dyes are described for conjugation, as well as their bioconjugates for in-vitro and in-vivo assays and fluorescence imaging.1.-21. (canceled) 22. A fluorescent dye of formula A, which is attached to at least one chelating group: 23. The fluorescent dye of claim 22, wherein the substituents have the following meanings:
in the heterocycle being part of the conjugated double bond carbon chain, Z is NR17, or +NR17R18, Q is selected from the groups a), b), and c) consisting of: a) halide selected from Cl, Br, I; R19U, —OR19U, —SR19U and —NR19R20U; wherein R19 is a single bond; or wherein R19 and R20 may independently be an optical properties modifying group, and are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; and homocyclic 6-membered aromatic rings which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group, wherein preferably one of R19 and R20 is not aromatic in case of —NR19R20U; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; and U is a physiochemistry modifying group selected from the group consisting of: —(CH2)mSO3 −, —(CH2)mC(O)O—(CH2)mP(O)O2 2− —(CH2)mNR2 —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; (CH2)mNR32R33 wherein m is an integer from 0 to 6, and wherein R32, R33, are independently of each other an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl; and wherein in case of —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; —(CH2)mNR32R33 the N atom may be bond to a further substituent R34 to form a quaternary N atom, and wherein R34 is in all the above cases independently selected from H, and an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl, b) R21L, —OR21L, —SR21L and —NR21R22L wherein R21 and R22 may independently be an optical properties modifying group and are independently selected from the group consisting of: H; linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic C6-aryl group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; and homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups rings which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group, wherein preferably one of R21 and R22 is not aromatic in case of —NR21R22; and L is a linker which can form a covalent bond with a targeting agent. and c) R19, —OR19, —SR19 and —NR19R20 wherein R19 and R20 may independently be an optical properties modifying group and are independently selected from the group consisting of: H; linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic C6-aryl group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; and homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group, wherein preferably one of R19 and R20 is not aromatic in case of —NR19R20U; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; or wherein R19 and R20, together with the N atom to which they are attached, form a 5- or 6-membered heterocycle optionally containing one further heteroatom selected from O and N, wherein the heterocycle can be substituted by a linear or branched, cyclic or non cyclic C1-C6 alkyl group, in particular 4-cyclohexylpiperazinyl; L is selected from the group consisting of: —NH2, —OH, —SH, —C(O)O−, —C(O)Cl, —C(O)OR28, wherein R28 is derived from substituted and unsubstituted N-hydroxysuccinimide, substituted and unsubstituted N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide, nitrophenol, fluorophenol each bound via —O—; azide N3 −, —NCO, —NCS, —CHO, phosphoramidityl, phthalamidyl, maleimide, an alkyne group in particular —C≡CR31 wherein R31 is H or a C1-C8 alkyl group, preferably H or a C1-C4 alkyl group, sulfonate esters, alkyl halides, acyl halides, pentynoic acid, propargylic acid, 6-aminobenzo[d]thiazole-2-carbonitrile, 6-hydroxybenzo[d]thiazole-2-carbonitrile, a 1,2-aminothiol group, in particular L-cysteine or D-cysteine; R1 and R2 are absent, independently H or selected from the group: a) linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic C6-aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic rings which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; and —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; b) R23L wherein R23 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic C6-aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; homocyclic C6aromatic rings which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; and L is a linker which can form a covalent bond with a targeting agent; c) R23U, wherein R23 is a single bond; wherein R23 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; homocyclic C6 aromatic rings which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; and U is a physiochemistry modifying group selected from the group consisting of: —(CH2)mSO3 −, —(CH2)mC(O)O−, —(CH2)mP(O)O2 2− —(CH2)mNR2 —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; (CH2)mNR32R33 wherein m is an integer from 0 to 6, and wherein R32, R33, are independently of each other an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl; R17 and R18 are independently H or selected from the group consisting of: a) linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group, wherein preferably one of R17 and R18 is not aromatic; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20, b) R24L wherein R24 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group, wherein preferably one of R17 and R18 is not aromatic; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; and L is a linker which can form a covalent bond with a targeting agent, and c) R24U, wherein R24 is a single bond; or wherein R24 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group, wherein preferably one of R17 and R18 is not aromatic; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; and U is a physiochemistry modifying group selected from the group consisting of: —(CH2)mSO3 −, —(CH2)mC(O)O−, —(CH2)mP(O)O2 2− —(CH2)mNR2 —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; (CH2)mNR32R33 wherein m is an integer from 0 to 6, and wherein R32, R33, are independently of each other an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl; A6, A7, A8, A9, and A10, A11, A12, A13 are C, N, +N and either A) form a 6-membered aromatic ring which together with the pyrrolin derived ring to which they are attached form an indol or an azaindol system, which indol system can comprise a total of 1 N atoms and which azaindol system can comprise a total of 2 N atoms; R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8 R9 R10 are independently H or selected from the group consisting of: a) halide selected from Cl, Br, I; R25H and OR25H, wherein R25 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20, b) R25L and OR25L wherein R25 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; and L is a linker which can form a covalent bond with a targeting agent, and c) R25U and OR25U, wherein R25 is a single bond; or wherein R25 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; and U is a physiochemistry modifying group selected from the group consisting of: —(CH2)mSO3 −, —(CH2)mC(O)O—(CH2)mP(O)O2 2− —(CH2)mNR2 —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; (CH2)mNR32R33 wherein m is an integer from 0 to 6, and wherein R32, R33, are independently of each other an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl; and wherein OR25H, OR25L and OR25U are present only when O is attached to a C atom; or B) form a 6-membered aromatic ring which together with the pyrrolin derived ring to which they are attached form an indol or an azaindol system, and to which indol or azaindol system a further 6-membered ring is annulated which is formed by at least two of the substituents R3, R4, R5, R6, or R7, R8 R9 R10, resulting in a trinuclear ring in which 1 or 2 C atoms may be replaced by N, and which are substituted by R, R12, R13, R14, and R, R16, R17; R11, R12, R13, R14, and R15, R16, R17 are independently H or selected from the group consisting of: a) halide selected from Cl, Br, I; R26H and OR26H, wherein R26 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; b) R26L and OR26L wherein R26 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; homocyclic C6 aromatic rings which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; and L is a linker which can form a covalent bond with a targeting agent; and c) R26U and OR26U, wherein R26 is a single bond; or wherein R26 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single or multiple substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; homocyclic C6 aromatic rings which can be substituted by a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20; and U is a physiochemistry modifying group selected from the group consisting of: —(CH2)mSO3 −, —(CH2)mC(O)O−, —(CH2)mP(O)O2 2− —(CH2)mNR2 —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; (CH2)mNR32R33 wherein m is an integer from 0 to 6, and wherein R32, R33, are independently of each other an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl; and wherein OR26H, OR26L and OR26U are present only when 0 is attached to a C atom; X and Y are selected from the group consisting of: CR29R30, where R29 and R30 are each independently selected from H, unsubstituted and substituted non-cyclic linear and branched C1-C4 alkyl; E and E′ are independently selected from H and unsubstituted and substituted linear or branched, cyclic or non-cyclic C1-C4 alkyl. 24. The fluorescent dye according to claim 22, wherein the substituents have the following meanings:
in the heterocycle being part of the conjugated carbon chain Z is NR17, or +NR17R18, Q is selected from the groups a), b), and c) consisting of: a) Halide selected from Cl, Br, I; R19U, —OR19U, —SR19U and —NR19R20U, wherein R19 is a single bond; or wherein R19 and R20 may independently be an optical properties modifying group, and are independently selected from the group consisting of: H; linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; and homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups wherein preferably one of R19 and R20 is not aromatic in case of —NR19R20U; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12; and U is a physiochemistry modifying group selected from the group consisting of: —(CH2)mSO3 −, —(CH2)mC(O)O−, —(CH2)mP(O)O2 2− —(CH2)mNR2 —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; (CH2)mNR32R33 wherein m is an integer from 0 to 6, and wherein R32, R33, are independently of each other an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl; and wherein in case of —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; —(CH2)mNR32R33 the N atom may be bond to a further substituent R34 to form a quaternary N atom, and wherein R34 is in all the above cases independently selected from H, and an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl; b) R21L, —OR21L, —SR21L and —NR21R22L wherein R21 and R22 may independently be an optical properties modifying group and are independently selected from the group consisting of: H; linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups, wherein preferably one of R21 and R22 is not aromatic in case of —NR21R22; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2-L wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12; and L is a linker which can form a covalent bond with a targeting agent; and L is a linker which can form a covalent bond with a targeting agent; c) R19, —OR19, —SR19 and —NR19R20 wherein R19 and R20 may independently be an optical properties modifying group and are independently selected from the group consisting of: H; linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; and homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups, wherein preferably one of R19 and R20 is not aromatic in case of —NR21R22; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12; or wherein R19 and R20, together with the N atom to which they are attached, form a 6-membered heterocycle optionally containing one further heteroatom selected from O and N, wherein the heterocycle can be substituted by a linear or branched, cyclic or non cyclic C1-C6 alkyl group, in particular 4-cyclohexylpiperazinyl; L is selected from the group consisting of: —OH, —SH, —C(O)−, —C(O)OR28, wherein R28 is derived from substituted and unsubstituted N-hydroxysuccinimide, substituted and unsubstituted N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide, nitrophenol, fluorophenol each bound via —O—; azide N3 −, —NCS, —CHO, phosphoramidityl, phthalamidyl, maleimide, an alkyne group in particular —C≡CR31 wherein R31 is H or a C1-C8 alkyl group, preferably H or a C1-C4 alkyl group, sulfonate esters, alkyl halides, acyl halides, 6-aminobenzo[d]thiazole-2-carbonitrile, 6-hydroxybenzo[d]thiazole-2-carbonitrile, a 1,2-aminothiol group, L-cysteine; R1 and R2 are absent, H or independently selected from the group: a) linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic rings; and —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 20, b) R23L wherein R23 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12; and L is a linker which can form a covalent bond with a targeting agent, and c) R23U, wherein R23 is a single bond; or wherein R23 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12; and U is a physiochemistry modifying group selected from the group consisting of: —(CH2)mSO3 −, —(CH2)mC(O)O−, —(CH2)mP(O)O2 2− —(CH2)mNR2 —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; (CH2)mNR32R33 wherein m is an integer from 0 to 6, and wherein R32, R33, are independently of each other an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl; R17 and R18 are independently H or selected from the group consisting of: a) linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups, wherein preferably one of R17 and R18 is is not aromatic; and —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12, b) R24L wherein R24 is selected from the group: linear and branched, non-cyclic and cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups, wherein preferably one of R17 and R18 is is not aromatic; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12; and L is a linker which can form a covalent bond with a targeting agent, and c) R24U, wherein R24 is a single bond; or wherein R24 is selected from the group: linear and branched, non-cyclic and cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups; wherein preferably one of R17 and R18 is not aromatic; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12; and U is a physiochemistry modifying group selected from the group consisting of: —(CH2)mSO3 −, —(CH2)mC(O)O−, —(CH2)mP(O)O2 2−; —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; (CH2)mNR32R33 wherein m is an integer from 0 to 6, and wherein R32, R33, are independently of each other an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl; A6, A7, A8, A9, and A10, A11, A12, A13 are C, N, or +N, and either A) form a 6-membered aromatic ring which together with the pyrrolin derived ring to which they are attached form an indol or an azaindol system, which indol system can comprise a total of 1 N atoms and which azaindol system can comprise a total of 2 N atoms; R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8 R9 R10 are independently H or selected from the group consisting of: a) Halide selected from Cl, Br, I; R25H and OR25H, wherein R25 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12, b) R25L and —OR25L, wherein R25 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12; and L is a linker which can form a covalent bond with a targeting agent, c) R25U and —OR25U, wherein R25 is a single bond; or wherein R25 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12; and U is a physiochemistry modifying group selected from the group consisting of: —(CH2)mSO3 −, —(CH2)mC(O)O−, —(CH2)mP(O)O22; —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; (CH2)mNR32R33 wherein m is an integer from 0 to 6, and wherein R32, R33, are independently of each other an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl; and wherein OR25H, —OR25L and —OR25U are present only when O is attached to a C atom; or B) A6, A7, A8, A9, and A10, A11, A12, A13 are C, N, or +N and form a 6-membered aromatic ring which together with the pyrrolin derived ring to which they are attached form an indol or an azaindol system, and to which indol or azaindol system a further 6-membered ring is annulated which is formed by at least two of the substitutents R3, R4, R5, R6, or R7, R8 R9 R10, resulting in a trinuclear ring in which 1 or 2 C atoms may be replaced by N, and which are substituted by R11, R12, R13, R14, and R15, R16, R17, R11, R12, R13, R14, and R15, R16, R17 are independently H or selected from the group consisting of: a) Halide selected from Cl, Br, I; R26H and OR26H, wherein R26 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12, b) R26L and OR26L, wherein R26 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12; and L is a linker which can form a covalent bond with a targeting agent, and c) R26U, and OR26U, wherein R26 is a single bond; or wherein R26 is selected from the group: linear, non-cyclic, substituted and unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, wherein the said alkyl group can be single substituted by a homocyclic 6-membered aromatic group; homocyclic 6-membered aromatic groups; —(CH2—O—CH2)xCH2— wherein x is an integer from 1 to 12; and U is a physiochemistry modifying group selected from the group consisting of: —(CH2)mSO3 −, —(CH2)mC(O)O−, —(CH2)mP(O)O2 2− —(CH2)mNR2 —(CH2)mNH2; —(CH2)mNHR32; (CH2)mNR32R33 wherein m is an integer from 0 to 6, and wherein R32, R33, are independently of each other an alkyl group having from 1-12, preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-4 C atoms, in particular methyl or ethyl and wherein OR26H, OR25L and OR25U are present only when O is attached to a C atom; X and Y are selected from the group consisting of: CR29R30, where R29 and R30 are each independently selected from H, unsubstituted and substituted C1-C2 alkyl, E and E′ are independently selected from H and methyl and ethyl, preferably methyl. 25. The dye according to claim 22, wherein A6, A7, A8, A9, and A10, A11, A12, A13 are such that they form together with the pyrrolin derived ring to which they are attached an aromatic system selected from 26. The dye according to claim 22, wherein the at least one chelating agent is attached to a group L in R1, R2, or R1 and R2; R17, R18, or R17 and R18; or, if the ring annulated to the pyrrol structure contains a N atom, in R3, R4, R7 and/or R6 attached to this N atom. 27. The dye according to any of claim 22, which is asymmetrical and does not have a C2 symmetry, caused by different ring systems or by one or more substituents which are present only on one side of the molecule. 28. The dye according to claim 22, wherein the at least one chelating agent is attached to group L in the position of any of the substituents Q, E, E′ and R1-R16. 29. The dye according to claim 22, wherein the at least one chelating agent is attached to a group L that is —NH2, C(O)OR28, —NCO, or —NCS. 30. The dye according to claim 22, wherein the dye of formula A is a dye of formula E: 31. The dye according to claim 22, wherein the at least one chelating agent is selected from 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), 1,4,7-Triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA), Triethylenetetramine (TETA), Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1-glutaric acid-4,7-diacetic acid (NODAGA), and Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). 32. The dye according to claim 31, wherein the at least one chelating agent is DOTA. 33. The dye according to claim 31, wherein DOTA is a modified DOTA with a structure: 34. The dye according to claim 22, wherein the targeting agent is selected from the group comprising peptides, small molecules, aptamers, antibodies, carbohydrates, saccharides, and nucleic acids. 35. The dye according to claim 22, wherein the dye is coupled to a nanoparticle. 36. The dye according to claim 22, wherein at least one chelating agent is attached to the dye to form a compound with a structure: | 1,600 |
342,087 | 16,802,449 | 1,618 | A method for detecting the presence or absence of a target polynucleotide in a sample is described. | 1. A method of determining the presence or absence of a target polynucleotide in a sample, the method comprising:
a) combining
i) a sample comprising one or more target polynucleotides, the target polynucleotide comprising a first target sequence and a second target sequence;
ii) a first complementary polynucleotide comprising a first complementary sequence, wherein the first complementary sequence is complementary to the first target sequence of the target polynucleotide; and
iii) a second complementary polynucleotide comprising a second complementary sequence, wherein the second complementary sequence is complementary to the second target sequence of the target polynucleotide;
b) incubating the first and second complementary polynucleotides to the target polynucleotide under conditions that allow hybridization of complementary sequences; c) if the first complementary polynucleotide and the second complementary polynucleotide are hybridized to the same target polynucleotide, then joining the first complementary polynucleotide to the second complementary polynucleotide, to form a first product polynucleotide; and d) detecting the presence or absence of the product polynucleotide. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the joining is by ligation of the first and second complementary polynucleotides. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising amplifying the product polynucleotide. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein:
i) the first target polynucleotide further comprises a polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence positioned between the first and second target sequence; and ii) the first complementary polynucleotide further comprises a first polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence, wherein the polymorphic nucleotide is complementary to the polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence of the first target polynucleotide. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein:
i) the first target polynucleotide further comprises a polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence positioned between the first and second target sequence; ii) the first complementary polynucleotide further comprises a first 3′ polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence, wherein the polymorphic nucleotide is complementary to the polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence of the first target polynucleotide; and iii) the second complementary polynucleotide further comprises a 5′ phosphorylated nucleotide. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising a second target polynucleotide comprising the first and the second target sequence, and a polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence that differs from the polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence of the first target polynucleotide, and a plurality of first complementary polynucleotides that differ in the identity of the 3′ polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first complementary polynucleotide further comprises a polymorphism-specific tag or allele-specific tag, said tag sequence corresponding to the identity of a 3′ polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and/or second complementary polynucleotides comprise a locus-specific tag sequence, said locus-specific tag sequence corresponding to the identity of the locus and/or the first and/or second target sequences. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and/or second complementary polynucleotide further comprises a sample-specific tag sequence, said sample-specific tag sequence corresponding to the identity of the sample. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said d) detecting comprises comparing a first detection and a second detection, wherein the first detection is indicative the quantity of the first polynucleotide from a specific locus and the second detection is indicative the quantity of a second polynucleotide from the specific locus. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the locus is determined to be homozygous:
(i) if the quantity ratio for one product polynucleotide from a locus is greater than about 0.7 of the sum of the quantity of the first product polynucleotide and the quantity of the second product polynucleotide from the same locus or (ii) if the quantity ratio for one product polynucleotide from a locus is less than about 0.3 of the sum of the quantity of the first product polynucleotide and the quantity of the second product polynucleotide from the same locus. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the locus is determined to be heterozygous if the quantity ratio for one product polynucleotide from a locus is between about 0.25 and about 0.75 of the sum of the quantity of the first product polynucleotide and the quantity of the second product polynucleotide from the same locus. 14. A method of determining the allele frequency of one or more target polynucleotides of a plurality of target polynucleotides in a sample, the method comprising:
a) combining a sample comprising one or more of the plurality of target polynucleotides with a plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides, said one or more of the plurality of target polynucleotides suspected to have a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a polymorphic nucleotide; wherein each of the plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides comprises: (i) a first complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to a first target sequence of a target polynucleotide, a first allele-specific barcode, and a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a first polymorphic nucleotide, (ii) a second complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to the first target sequence, a second allele-specific barcode, and a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a second polymorphic nucleotide; and (iii) a third complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to a second target sequence of the target polynucleotide, wherein the allele-specific barcodes are not complementary to the first target sequence: b) incubating the plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides with the plurality of target polynucleotides under conditions that allow hybridization of complementary sequences; c) joining a pair of the first and third complementary polynucleotides and/or joining a pair of the second and third complementary polynucleotides by a ligation reaction when both complementary polynucleotides of each pair are hybridized to the target polynucleotide to form one or more product polynucleotides; and d) detecting the presence of one or more product polynucleotides to determine the allele frequency of the target polynucleotide; and e) determining the target polynucleotide is homozygous if the frequency of one allele is 0.7 or greater, or 0.3 or lower, and determining the target polynucleotide is heterozygous if the frequency of one allele is between 0.3 and 0.7. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising an enriching step before the detecting step, wherein each of the complementary polynucleotides comprises a sequence complementary to an amplification primer, and the enriching step comprises amplification of the one or more product polynucleotides. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the enriching step comprises selecting the one or more product polynucleotides or removal or destruction of the one or more non-product polynucleotides. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the allele-specific barcode in the first complementary polynucleotide is a locus-allele-specific barcode that identifies both the locus and the allele. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the allele-specific barcode in the second complementary polynucleotide is a locus-allele-specific barcode that identifies both the locus and the allele. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein at least one of the sequences complementary to an amplification primer comprises a sample-specific tag sequence corresponding to the identity of the sample. 20. A method of determining the allele frequency of one or more target polynucleotides of a plurality of target polynucleotides in a sample, the method comprising:
a) combining a sample comprising one or more of the plurality of target polynucleotides with a plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides, said one or more of the plurality of target polynucleotides suspected to have a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a polymorphic nucleotide; wherein each of the plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides comprises; (i) a first complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to a first target sequence of a target polynucleotide, a first allele-specific barcode, and a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a first polymorphic nucleotide; (ii) a second complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to the first target sequence, a second allele-specific barcode, and a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a second polymorphic nucleotide; and (iii) a third complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to a second target sequence of the target polynucleotide, wherein the allele-specific barcodes are not complementary to the first target sequence and are 5 to 15 nucleotides in length; b) incubating the plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides with the plurality of target polynucleotides under conditions that allow hybridization of complementary sequences; c) joining a pair of the first and third complementary polynucleotides and/or joining a pair of the second and third complementary polynucleotides by a ligation reaction when both complementary polynucleotides of each pair are hybridized to the target polynucleotide to form one or more product polynucleotides; d) amplifying the one or more product polynucleotides, wherein each of the first, second, and third complementary polynucleotides comprises a sequence complementary to an amplification primer bound by a primer for the amplifying, wherein at least one of the sequences complementary to an amplification primer comprises a sample-specific tag sequence corresponding to the identity of the sample; and e) detecting the presence of one or more product polynucleotides to determine the allele frequency of the target nucleotide; and f) determining the target polynucleotide is homozygous if the frequency of one allele is 0.7 or greater, or 0.3 or lower, and determining the target polynucleotide is heterozygous if the frequency of one allele is between 0.3 and 0.7. | A method for detecting the presence or absence of a target polynucleotide in a sample is described.1. A method of determining the presence or absence of a target polynucleotide in a sample, the method comprising:
a) combining
i) a sample comprising one or more target polynucleotides, the target polynucleotide comprising a first target sequence and a second target sequence;
ii) a first complementary polynucleotide comprising a first complementary sequence, wherein the first complementary sequence is complementary to the first target sequence of the target polynucleotide; and
iii) a second complementary polynucleotide comprising a second complementary sequence, wherein the second complementary sequence is complementary to the second target sequence of the target polynucleotide;
b) incubating the first and second complementary polynucleotides to the target polynucleotide under conditions that allow hybridization of complementary sequences; c) if the first complementary polynucleotide and the second complementary polynucleotide are hybridized to the same target polynucleotide, then joining the first complementary polynucleotide to the second complementary polynucleotide, to form a first product polynucleotide; and d) detecting the presence or absence of the product polynucleotide. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the joining is by ligation of the first and second complementary polynucleotides. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising amplifying the product polynucleotide. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein:
i) the first target polynucleotide further comprises a polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence positioned between the first and second target sequence; and ii) the first complementary polynucleotide further comprises a first polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence, wherein the polymorphic nucleotide is complementary to the polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence of the first target polynucleotide. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein:
i) the first target polynucleotide further comprises a polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence positioned between the first and second target sequence; ii) the first complementary polynucleotide further comprises a first 3′ polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence, wherein the polymorphic nucleotide is complementary to the polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence of the first target polynucleotide; and iii) the second complementary polynucleotide further comprises a 5′ phosphorylated nucleotide. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising a second target polynucleotide comprising the first and the second target sequence, and a polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence that differs from the polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence of the first target polynucleotide, and a plurality of first complementary polynucleotides that differ in the identity of the 3′ polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first complementary polynucleotide further comprises a polymorphism-specific tag or allele-specific tag, said tag sequence corresponding to the identity of a 3′ polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and/or second complementary polynucleotides comprise a locus-specific tag sequence, said locus-specific tag sequence corresponding to the identity of the locus and/or the first and/or second target sequences. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and/or second complementary polynucleotide further comprises a sample-specific tag sequence, said sample-specific tag sequence corresponding to the identity of the sample. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said d) detecting comprises comparing a first detection and a second detection, wherein the first detection is indicative the quantity of the first polynucleotide from a specific locus and the second detection is indicative the quantity of a second polynucleotide from the specific locus. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the locus is determined to be homozygous:
(i) if the quantity ratio for one product polynucleotide from a locus is greater than about 0.7 of the sum of the quantity of the first product polynucleotide and the quantity of the second product polynucleotide from the same locus or (ii) if the quantity ratio for one product polynucleotide from a locus is less than about 0.3 of the sum of the quantity of the first product polynucleotide and the quantity of the second product polynucleotide from the same locus. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the locus is determined to be heterozygous if the quantity ratio for one product polynucleotide from a locus is between about 0.25 and about 0.75 of the sum of the quantity of the first product polynucleotide and the quantity of the second product polynucleotide from the same locus. 14. A method of determining the allele frequency of one or more target polynucleotides of a plurality of target polynucleotides in a sample, the method comprising:
a) combining a sample comprising one or more of the plurality of target polynucleotides with a plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides, said one or more of the plurality of target polynucleotides suspected to have a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a polymorphic nucleotide; wherein each of the plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides comprises: (i) a first complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to a first target sequence of a target polynucleotide, a first allele-specific barcode, and a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a first polymorphic nucleotide, (ii) a second complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to the first target sequence, a second allele-specific barcode, and a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a second polymorphic nucleotide; and (iii) a third complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to a second target sequence of the target polynucleotide, wherein the allele-specific barcodes are not complementary to the first target sequence: b) incubating the plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides with the plurality of target polynucleotides under conditions that allow hybridization of complementary sequences; c) joining a pair of the first and third complementary polynucleotides and/or joining a pair of the second and third complementary polynucleotides by a ligation reaction when both complementary polynucleotides of each pair are hybridized to the target polynucleotide to form one or more product polynucleotides; and d) detecting the presence of one or more product polynucleotides to determine the allele frequency of the target polynucleotide; and e) determining the target polynucleotide is homozygous if the frequency of one allele is 0.7 or greater, or 0.3 or lower, and determining the target polynucleotide is heterozygous if the frequency of one allele is between 0.3 and 0.7. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising an enriching step before the detecting step, wherein each of the complementary polynucleotides comprises a sequence complementary to an amplification primer, and the enriching step comprises amplification of the one or more product polynucleotides. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the enriching step comprises selecting the one or more product polynucleotides or removal or destruction of the one or more non-product polynucleotides. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the allele-specific barcode in the first complementary polynucleotide is a locus-allele-specific barcode that identifies both the locus and the allele. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the allele-specific barcode in the second complementary polynucleotide is a locus-allele-specific barcode that identifies both the locus and the allele. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein at least one of the sequences complementary to an amplification primer comprises a sample-specific tag sequence corresponding to the identity of the sample. 20. A method of determining the allele frequency of one or more target polynucleotides of a plurality of target polynucleotides in a sample, the method comprising:
a) combining a sample comprising one or more of the plurality of target polynucleotides with a plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides, said one or more of the plurality of target polynucleotides suspected to have a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a polymorphic nucleotide; wherein each of the plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides comprises; (i) a first complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to a first target sequence of a target polynucleotide, a first allele-specific barcode, and a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a first polymorphic nucleotide; (ii) a second complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to the first target sequence, a second allele-specific barcode, and a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a second polymorphic nucleotide; and (iii) a third complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to a second target sequence of the target polynucleotide, wherein the allele-specific barcodes are not complementary to the first target sequence and are 5 to 15 nucleotides in length; b) incubating the plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides with the plurality of target polynucleotides under conditions that allow hybridization of complementary sequences; c) joining a pair of the first and third complementary polynucleotides and/or joining a pair of the second and third complementary polynucleotides by a ligation reaction when both complementary polynucleotides of each pair are hybridized to the target polynucleotide to form one or more product polynucleotides; d) amplifying the one or more product polynucleotides, wherein each of the first, second, and third complementary polynucleotides comprises a sequence complementary to an amplification primer bound by a primer for the amplifying, wherein at least one of the sequences complementary to an amplification primer comprises a sample-specific tag sequence corresponding to the identity of the sample; and e) detecting the presence of one or more product polynucleotides to determine the allele frequency of the target nucleotide; and f) determining the target polynucleotide is homozygous if the frequency of one allele is 0.7 or greater, or 0.3 or lower, and determining the target polynucleotide is heterozygous if the frequency of one allele is between 0.3 and 0.7. | 1,600 |
342,088 | 16,802,481 | 1,618 | A method for detecting the presence or absence of a target polynucleotide in a sample is described. | 1. A method of determining the presence or absence of a target polynucleotide in a sample, the method comprising:
a) combining
i) a sample comprising one or more target polynucleotides, the target polynucleotide comprising a first target sequence and a second target sequence;
ii) a first complementary polynucleotide comprising a first complementary sequence, wherein the first complementary sequence is complementary to the first target sequence of the target polynucleotide; and
iii) a second complementary polynucleotide comprising a second complementary sequence, wherein the second complementary sequence is complementary to the second target sequence of the target polynucleotide;
b) incubating the first and second complementary polynucleotides to the target polynucleotide under conditions that allow hybridization of complementary sequences; c) if the first complementary polynucleotide and the second complementary polynucleotide are hybridized to the same target polynucleotide, then joining the first complementary polynucleotide to the second complementary polynucleotide, to form a first product polynucleotide; and d) detecting the presence or absence of the product polynucleotide. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the joining is by ligation of the first and second complementary polynucleotides. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising amplifying the product polynucleotide. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein:
i) the first target polynucleotide further comprises a polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence positioned between the first and second target sequence; and ii) the first complementary polynucleotide further comprises a first polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence, wherein the polymorphic nucleotide is complementary to the polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence of the first target polynucleotide. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein:
i) the first target polynucleotide further comprises a polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence positioned between the first and second target sequence; ii) the first complementary polynucleotide further comprises a first 3′ polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence, wherein the polymorphic nucleotide is complementary to the polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence of the first target polynucleotide; and iii) the second complementary polynucleotide further comprises a 5′ phosphorylated nucleotide. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising a second target polynucleotide comprising the first and the second target sequence, and a polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence that differs from the polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence of the first target polynucleotide, and a plurality of first complementary polynucleotides that differ in the identity of the 3′ polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first complementary polynucleotide further comprises a polymorphism-specific tag or allele-specific tag, said tag sequence corresponding to the identity of a 3′ polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and/or second complementary polynucleotides comprise a locus-specific tag sequence, said locus-specific tag sequence corresponding to the identity of the locus and/or the first and/or second target sequences. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and/or second complementary polynucleotide further comprises a sample-specific tag sequence, said sample-specific tag sequence corresponding to the identity of the sample. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said d) detecting comprises comparing a first detection and a second detection, wherein the first detection is indicative the quantity of the first polynucleotide from a specific locus and the second detection is indicative the quantity of a second polynucleotide from the specific locus. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the locus is determined to be homozygous:
(i) if the quantity ratio for one product polynucleotide from a locus is greater than about 0.7 of the sum of the quantity of the first product polynucleotide and the quantity of the second product polynucleotide from the same locus or (ii) if the quantity ratio for one product polynucleotide from a locus is less than about 0.3 of the sum of the quantity of the first product polynucleotide and the quantity of the second product polynucleotide from the same locus. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the locus is determined to be heterozygous if the quantity ratio for one product polynucleotide from a locus is between about 0.25 and about 0.75 of the sum of the quantity of the first product polynucleotide and the quantity of the second product polynucleotide from the same locus. 14. A method of determining the allele frequency of one or more target polynucleotides of a plurality of target polynucleotides in a sample, the method comprising:
a) combining a sample comprising one or more of the plurality of target polynucleotides with a plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides, said one or more of the plurality of target polynucleotides suspected to have a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a polymorphic nucleotide; wherein each of the plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides comprises: (i) a first complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to a first target sequence of a target polynucleotide, a first allele-specific barcode, and a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a first polymorphic nucleotide, (ii) a second complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to the first target sequence, a second allele-specific barcode, and a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a second polymorphic nucleotide; and (iii) a third complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to a second target sequence of the target polynucleotide, wherein the allele-specific barcodes are not complementary to the first target sequence: b) incubating the plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides with the plurality of target polynucleotides under conditions that allow hybridization of complementary sequences; c) joining a pair of the first and third complementary polynucleotides and/or joining a pair of the second and third complementary polynucleotides by a ligation reaction when both complementary polynucleotides of each pair are hybridized to the target polynucleotide to form one or more product polynucleotides; and d) detecting the presence of one or more product polynucleotides to determine the allele frequency of the target polynucleotide; and e) determining the target polynucleotide is homozygous if the frequency of one allele is 0.7 or greater, or 0.3 or lower, and determining the target polynucleotide is heterozygous if the frequency of one allele is between 0.3 and 0.7. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising an enriching step before the detecting step, wherein each of the complementary polynucleotides comprises a sequence complementary to an amplification primer, and the enriching step comprises amplification of the one or more product polynucleotides. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the enriching step comprises selecting the one or more product polynucleotides or removal or destruction of the one or more non-product polynucleotides. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the allele-specific barcode in the first complementary polynucleotide is a locus-allele-specific barcode that identifies both the locus and the allele. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the allele-specific barcode in the second complementary polynucleotide is a locus-allele-specific barcode that identifies both the locus and the allele. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein at least one of the sequences complementary to an amplification primer comprises a sample-specific tag sequence corresponding to the identity of the sample. 20. A method of determining the allele frequency of one or more target polynucleotides of a plurality of target polynucleotides in a sample, the method comprising:
a) combining a sample comprising one or more of the plurality of target polynucleotides with a plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides, said one or more of the plurality of target polynucleotides suspected to have a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a polymorphic nucleotide; wherein each of the plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides comprises; (i) a first complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to a first target sequence of a target polynucleotide, a first allele-specific barcode, and a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a first polymorphic nucleotide; (ii) a second complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to the first target sequence, a second allele-specific barcode, and a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a second polymorphic nucleotide; and (iii) a third complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to a second target sequence of the target polynucleotide, wherein the allele-specific barcodes are not complementary to the first target sequence and are 5 to 15 nucleotides in length; b) incubating the plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides with the plurality of target polynucleotides under conditions that allow hybridization of complementary sequences; c) joining a pair of the first and third complementary polynucleotides and/or joining a pair of the second and third complementary polynucleotides by a ligation reaction when both complementary polynucleotides of each pair are hybridized to the target polynucleotide to form one or more product polynucleotides; d) amplifying the one or more product polynucleotides, wherein each of the first, second, and third complementary polynucleotides comprises a sequence complementary to an amplification primer bound by a primer for the amplifying, wherein at least one of the sequences complementary to an amplification primer comprises a sample-specific tag sequence corresponding to the identity of the sample; and e) detecting the presence of one or more product polynucleotides to determine the allele frequency of the target nucleotide; and f) determining the target polynucleotide is homozygous if the frequency of one allele is 0.7 or greater, or 0.3 or lower, and determining the target polynucleotide is heterozygous if the frequency of one allele is between 0.3 and 0.7. | A method for detecting the presence or absence of a target polynucleotide in a sample is described.1. A method of determining the presence or absence of a target polynucleotide in a sample, the method comprising:
a) combining
i) a sample comprising one or more target polynucleotides, the target polynucleotide comprising a first target sequence and a second target sequence;
ii) a first complementary polynucleotide comprising a first complementary sequence, wherein the first complementary sequence is complementary to the first target sequence of the target polynucleotide; and
iii) a second complementary polynucleotide comprising a second complementary sequence, wherein the second complementary sequence is complementary to the second target sequence of the target polynucleotide;
b) incubating the first and second complementary polynucleotides to the target polynucleotide under conditions that allow hybridization of complementary sequences; c) if the first complementary polynucleotide and the second complementary polynucleotide are hybridized to the same target polynucleotide, then joining the first complementary polynucleotide to the second complementary polynucleotide, to form a first product polynucleotide; and d) detecting the presence or absence of the product polynucleotide. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the joining is by ligation of the first and second complementary polynucleotides. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising amplifying the product polynucleotide. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein:
i) the first target polynucleotide further comprises a polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence positioned between the first and second target sequence; and ii) the first complementary polynucleotide further comprises a first polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence, wherein the polymorphic nucleotide is complementary to the polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence of the first target polynucleotide. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein:
i) the first target polynucleotide further comprises a polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence positioned between the first and second target sequence; ii) the first complementary polynucleotide further comprises a first 3′ polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence, wherein the polymorphic nucleotide is complementary to the polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence of the first target polynucleotide; and iii) the second complementary polynucleotide further comprises a 5′ phosphorylated nucleotide. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising a second target polynucleotide comprising the first and the second target sequence, and a polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence that differs from the polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence of the first target polynucleotide, and a plurality of first complementary polynucleotides that differ in the identity of the 3′ polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first complementary polynucleotide further comprises a polymorphism-specific tag or allele-specific tag, said tag sequence corresponding to the identity of a 3′ polymorphic nucleotide or nucleotide sequence. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and/or second complementary polynucleotides comprise a locus-specific tag sequence, said locus-specific tag sequence corresponding to the identity of the locus and/or the first and/or second target sequences. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and/or second complementary polynucleotide further comprises a sample-specific tag sequence, said sample-specific tag sequence corresponding to the identity of the sample. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said d) detecting comprises comparing a first detection and a second detection, wherein the first detection is indicative the quantity of the first polynucleotide from a specific locus and the second detection is indicative the quantity of a second polynucleotide from the specific locus. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the locus is determined to be homozygous:
(i) if the quantity ratio for one product polynucleotide from a locus is greater than about 0.7 of the sum of the quantity of the first product polynucleotide and the quantity of the second product polynucleotide from the same locus or (ii) if the quantity ratio for one product polynucleotide from a locus is less than about 0.3 of the sum of the quantity of the first product polynucleotide and the quantity of the second product polynucleotide from the same locus. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the locus is determined to be heterozygous if the quantity ratio for one product polynucleotide from a locus is between about 0.25 and about 0.75 of the sum of the quantity of the first product polynucleotide and the quantity of the second product polynucleotide from the same locus. 14. A method of determining the allele frequency of one or more target polynucleotides of a plurality of target polynucleotides in a sample, the method comprising:
a) combining a sample comprising one or more of the plurality of target polynucleotides with a plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides, said one or more of the plurality of target polynucleotides suspected to have a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a polymorphic nucleotide; wherein each of the plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides comprises: (i) a first complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to a first target sequence of a target polynucleotide, a first allele-specific barcode, and a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a first polymorphic nucleotide, (ii) a second complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to the first target sequence, a second allele-specific barcode, and a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a second polymorphic nucleotide; and (iii) a third complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to a second target sequence of the target polynucleotide, wherein the allele-specific barcodes are not complementary to the first target sequence: b) incubating the plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides with the plurality of target polynucleotides under conditions that allow hybridization of complementary sequences; c) joining a pair of the first and third complementary polynucleotides and/or joining a pair of the second and third complementary polynucleotides by a ligation reaction when both complementary polynucleotides of each pair are hybridized to the target polynucleotide to form one or more product polynucleotides; and d) detecting the presence of one or more product polynucleotides to determine the allele frequency of the target polynucleotide; and e) determining the target polynucleotide is homozygous if the frequency of one allele is 0.7 or greater, or 0.3 or lower, and determining the target polynucleotide is heterozygous if the frequency of one allele is between 0.3 and 0.7. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising an enriching step before the detecting step, wherein each of the complementary polynucleotides comprises a sequence complementary to an amplification primer, and the enriching step comprises amplification of the one or more product polynucleotides. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the enriching step comprises selecting the one or more product polynucleotides or removal or destruction of the one or more non-product polynucleotides. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the allele-specific barcode in the first complementary polynucleotide is a locus-allele-specific barcode that identifies both the locus and the allele. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the allele-specific barcode in the second complementary polynucleotide is a locus-allele-specific barcode that identifies both the locus and the allele. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein at least one of the sequences complementary to an amplification primer comprises a sample-specific tag sequence corresponding to the identity of the sample. 20. A method of determining the allele frequency of one or more target polynucleotides of a plurality of target polynucleotides in a sample, the method comprising:
a) combining a sample comprising one or more of the plurality of target polynucleotides with a plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides, said one or more of the plurality of target polynucleotides suspected to have a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a polymorphic nucleotide; wherein each of the plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides comprises; (i) a first complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to a first target sequence of a target polynucleotide, a first allele-specific barcode, and a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a first polymorphic nucleotide; (ii) a second complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to the first target sequence, a second allele-specific barcode, and a site of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a second polymorphic nucleotide; and (iii) a third complementary polynucleotide comprising a complementary sequence to a second target sequence of the target polynucleotide, wherein the allele-specific barcodes are not complementary to the first target sequence and are 5 to 15 nucleotides in length; b) incubating the plurality of sets of complementary polynucleotides with the plurality of target polynucleotides under conditions that allow hybridization of complementary sequences; c) joining a pair of the first and third complementary polynucleotides and/or joining a pair of the second and third complementary polynucleotides by a ligation reaction when both complementary polynucleotides of each pair are hybridized to the target polynucleotide to form one or more product polynucleotides; d) amplifying the one or more product polynucleotides, wherein each of the first, second, and third complementary polynucleotides comprises a sequence complementary to an amplification primer bound by a primer for the amplifying, wherein at least one of the sequences complementary to an amplification primer comprises a sample-specific tag sequence corresponding to the identity of the sample; and e) detecting the presence of one or more product polynucleotides to determine the allele frequency of the target nucleotide; and f) determining the target polynucleotide is homozygous if the frequency of one allele is 0.7 or greater, or 0.3 or lower, and determining the target polynucleotide is heterozygous if the frequency of one allele is between 0.3 and 0.7. | 1,600 |
342,089 | 16,802,461 | 1,618 | The present application discloses a method for calibrating a measuring probe in a gear cutting machine by using a workpiece received in a workpiece holder of the gear cutting machine, wherein the measuring probe includes a measuring probe tip which is movably arranged on a measuring probe base, wherein the deflection of the measuring probe tip relative the measuring probe base can be determined via at least one sensor of the measuring probe, and wherein the measuring probe is traversable relative to the workpiece holder via at least two axes of movement of the gear cutting machine. The method comprises rotating the workpiece via an axis of rotation of the workpiece holder and traversing the measuring probe via the at least two axes of movement of the gear cutting machine such that in the case of a perfect calibration the touch point of the measuring probe tip on the tooth flank would remain unchanged. | 1. A method for calibrating a measuring probe in a gear cutting machine by using a workpiece received in a workpiece holder of the gear cutting machine, wherein the measuring probe includes a measuring probe tip which is movably arranged on a measuring probe base, wherein the deflection of the measuring probe tip relative the measuring probe base can be determined via at least one sensor of the measuring probe, and wherein the measuring probe is traversable relative to the workpiece holder via at least two axes of movement of the gear cutting machine,
the method comprising the following steps: traversing measuring probe and/or workpiece into a relative position in which the measuring probe tip touches a tooth flank of the workpiece; rotating the workpiece via an axis of rotation of the workpiece holder and traversing the measuring probe via the at least two axes of movement of the gear cutting machine such that the touch point of the measuring probe tip on the tooth flank would remain unchanged in the case of a perfect calibration, and the deflection or the amount of the deflection of the measuring probe tip would adopt and/or maintain at least one specified value in the case of a perfect calibration; determining a deviation of the deflection of the measuring probe tip from the at least one specified value at at least one measurement point; determining at least one correction value of the calibration on the basis of the deviation. 2. A method for calibrating a measuring probe in a gear cutting machine by using a workpiece received in a workpiece holder of the gear cutting machine, wherein the measuring probe includes a measuring probe tip which is movably arranged on a measuring probe base, wherein the deflection of the measuring probe tip relative the measuring probe base and/or the achievement of a deflection of the measuring probe tip relative to the measuring probe base can be determined via at least one sensor of the measuring probe, and wherein the measuring probe is traversable relative to the workpiece holder via at least two axes of movement of the gear cutting machine,
the method comprising the following steps: traversing measuring probe and/or workpiece into a relative position in which the measuring probe tip touches the tooth flank of the workpiece; rotating the workpiece via an axis of rotation of the workpiece holder and traversing the measuring probe via the at least two axes of movement of the gear cutting machine such that the touch point of the measuring probe tip on the tooth flank would remain unchanged in the case of a perfect calibration, and the deflection or the amount of the deflection of the measuring probe tip adopts and/or maintains at least one specified value; determining a deviation between the actual position of the axis of rotation of the workpiece holder and/or the at least two axes of movement of the gear cutting machine from a position which the same would have in the case of a perfect calibration, at at least one measurement point; and determining at least one correction value of the calibration on the basis of the deviation. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the deviation is determined for a plurality of measurement points and the at least one correction value is determined on the basis of the plurality of deviations, wherein preferably a curve of the deviations is determined over a plurality of measurement points. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the deviation and/or the curve of the deviations is compared with a plurality of theoretical deviations determined for different calibration errors and/or theoretical curves of the deviations in order to determine at least one correction value of the calibration. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein in at least one first measurement run a deviation in contact with a first flank of the workpiece and in at least one second measurement run a deviation in contact with a second, preferably opposite flank of the workpiece is determined. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein correction values are determined for at least two directions of movement and/or axes of movement, wherein the directions of movement and/or axes of movement preferably allow a movement in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the workpiece holder. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein rotating the workpiece is effected via the axis of rotation of the workpiece holder, and traversing the measuring probe is effected via the at least two axes of movement of the gear cutting machine at the same time and/or continuously. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein rotating the workpiece is effected via the axis of rotation of the workpiece holder, and traversing the measuring probe is effected via the at least two axes of movement of the gear cutting machine alternately and/or intermittently. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein a change in the allowance on the flank and/or the profile of the flank is determined by tracing the flank to be checked, in order to previously select a touch point for the calibration and/or to take account of the change in the allowance and/or of the profile around the touch point when determining the correction value. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein in dependence on a profile of the workpiece and/or constraints of the gear cutting machine and/or the measuring probe a radius on which the touch point is located and/or a range of angles of rotation of the axis of rotation of the workpiece holder, which is traced, is determined. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the measuring probe tip has the shape of a sphere. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the gear cutting machine includes a machining head which is traversable relative to the workpiece holder via the at least two axes of movement, wherein the measuring probe and a tool holder are arranged on the machining head. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least two axes of movement are linear axes. 14. A gear cutting machine with a workpiece holder for receiving a workpiece and with a measuring probe, wherein the measuring probe includes a measuring probe tip which is movably arranged on a measuring probe base, wherein the deflection of the measuring probe tip relative the measuring probe base and/or the achievement of a deflection of the measuring probe tip relative to the measuring probe base can be determined via at least one sensor of the measuring probe, and wherein the measuring probe is traversable relative to the workpiece holder via at least two axes of movement of the gear cutting machine,
wherein the gear cutting machine includes a control unit which is configured to calibrate the measuring probe by a method according to any of the preceding claims. 15. The gear cutting machine according to claim 14, wherein the control unit is configured such that the method is executed fully automatically as part of a production cycle. | The present application discloses a method for calibrating a measuring probe in a gear cutting machine by using a workpiece received in a workpiece holder of the gear cutting machine, wherein the measuring probe includes a measuring probe tip which is movably arranged on a measuring probe base, wherein the deflection of the measuring probe tip relative the measuring probe base can be determined via at least one sensor of the measuring probe, and wherein the measuring probe is traversable relative to the workpiece holder via at least two axes of movement of the gear cutting machine. The method comprises rotating the workpiece via an axis of rotation of the workpiece holder and traversing the measuring probe via the at least two axes of movement of the gear cutting machine such that in the case of a perfect calibration the touch point of the measuring probe tip on the tooth flank would remain unchanged.1. A method for calibrating a measuring probe in a gear cutting machine by using a workpiece received in a workpiece holder of the gear cutting machine, wherein the measuring probe includes a measuring probe tip which is movably arranged on a measuring probe base, wherein the deflection of the measuring probe tip relative the measuring probe base can be determined via at least one sensor of the measuring probe, and wherein the measuring probe is traversable relative to the workpiece holder via at least two axes of movement of the gear cutting machine,
the method comprising the following steps: traversing measuring probe and/or workpiece into a relative position in which the measuring probe tip touches a tooth flank of the workpiece; rotating the workpiece via an axis of rotation of the workpiece holder and traversing the measuring probe via the at least two axes of movement of the gear cutting machine such that the touch point of the measuring probe tip on the tooth flank would remain unchanged in the case of a perfect calibration, and the deflection or the amount of the deflection of the measuring probe tip would adopt and/or maintain at least one specified value in the case of a perfect calibration; determining a deviation of the deflection of the measuring probe tip from the at least one specified value at at least one measurement point; determining at least one correction value of the calibration on the basis of the deviation. 2. A method for calibrating a measuring probe in a gear cutting machine by using a workpiece received in a workpiece holder of the gear cutting machine, wherein the measuring probe includes a measuring probe tip which is movably arranged on a measuring probe base, wherein the deflection of the measuring probe tip relative the measuring probe base and/or the achievement of a deflection of the measuring probe tip relative to the measuring probe base can be determined via at least one sensor of the measuring probe, and wherein the measuring probe is traversable relative to the workpiece holder via at least two axes of movement of the gear cutting machine,
the method comprising the following steps: traversing measuring probe and/or workpiece into a relative position in which the measuring probe tip touches the tooth flank of the workpiece; rotating the workpiece via an axis of rotation of the workpiece holder and traversing the measuring probe via the at least two axes of movement of the gear cutting machine such that the touch point of the measuring probe tip on the tooth flank would remain unchanged in the case of a perfect calibration, and the deflection or the amount of the deflection of the measuring probe tip adopts and/or maintains at least one specified value; determining a deviation between the actual position of the axis of rotation of the workpiece holder and/or the at least two axes of movement of the gear cutting machine from a position which the same would have in the case of a perfect calibration, at at least one measurement point; and determining at least one correction value of the calibration on the basis of the deviation. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the deviation is determined for a plurality of measurement points and the at least one correction value is determined on the basis of the plurality of deviations, wherein preferably a curve of the deviations is determined over a plurality of measurement points. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the deviation and/or the curve of the deviations is compared with a plurality of theoretical deviations determined for different calibration errors and/or theoretical curves of the deviations in order to determine at least one correction value of the calibration. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein in at least one first measurement run a deviation in contact with a first flank of the workpiece and in at least one second measurement run a deviation in contact with a second, preferably opposite flank of the workpiece is determined. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein correction values are determined for at least two directions of movement and/or axes of movement, wherein the directions of movement and/or axes of movement preferably allow a movement in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the workpiece holder. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein rotating the workpiece is effected via the axis of rotation of the workpiece holder, and traversing the measuring probe is effected via the at least two axes of movement of the gear cutting machine at the same time and/or continuously. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein rotating the workpiece is effected via the axis of rotation of the workpiece holder, and traversing the measuring probe is effected via the at least two axes of movement of the gear cutting machine alternately and/or intermittently. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein a change in the allowance on the flank and/or the profile of the flank is determined by tracing the flank to be checked, in order to previously select a touch point for the calibration and/or to take account of the change in the allowance and/or of the profile around the touch point when determining the correction value. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein in dependence on a profile of the workpiece and/or constraints of the gear cutting machine and/or the measuring probe a radius on which the touch point is located and/or a range of angles of rotation of the axis of rotation of the workpiece holder, which is traced, is determined. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the measuring probe tip has the shape of a sphere. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the gear cutting machine includes a machining head which is traversable relative to the workpiece holder via the at least two axes of movement, wherein the measuring probe and a tool holder are arranged on the machining head. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least two axes of movement are linear axes. 14. A gear cutting machine with a workpiece holder for receiving a workpiece and with a measuring probe, wherein the measuring probe includes a measuring probe tip which is movably arranged on a measuring probe base, wherein the deflection of the measuring probe tip relative the measuring probe base and/or the achievement of a deflection of the measuring probe tip relative to the measuring probe base can be determined via at least one sensor of the measuring probe, and wherein the measuring probe is traversable relative to the workpiece holder via at least two axes of movement of the gear cutting machine,
wherein the gear cutting machine includes a control unit which is configured to calibrate the measuring probe by a method according to any of the preceding claims. 15. The gear cutting machine according to claim 14, wherein the control unit is configured such that the method is executed fully automatically as part of a production cycle. | 1,600 |
342,090 | 16,802,462 | 2,895 | A semiconductor memory device includes a memory chip. The memory chip includes a first region including a plurality of first memory cells and second memory cells, a second region different from the first region, a plurality of first word lines stacked apart from each other in a first direction in the first and second regions, a first pillar including a first semiconductor layer extending through the first word lines, and a first insulator layer provided between the first semiconductor layer and the first word lines, in the first region, the first memory cells being located at intersections of the first pillar with the first word lines, a first bonding pad in the second region, and a first transistor between the first word lines and the first bonding pad, and connected between one of the first word lines and the first bonding pad, in the second region. | 1. A semiconductor memory device comprising:
a memory chip, wherein the memory chip includes:
a first region including a plurality of first memory cells and second memory cells;
a second region different from the first region;
a plurality of first word lines stacked apart from each other in a first direction in the first region and the second region;
a first pillar including a first semiconductor layer extending through the plurality of first word lines, and a first insulator layer provided between the first semiconductor layer and the plurality of first word lines, in the first region, the first memory cells being located at intersections of the first pillar with the first word lines;
a first bonding pad in the second region; and
a first transistor between the plurality of first word lines and the first bonding pad, and connected between one of the first word lines and the first bonding pad, in the second region. 2. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein the memory chip further includes:
a plurality of second word lines in the first region and the second region, and stacked apart from each other in the first direction; a second pillar including a second semiconductor layer extending through the plurality of second word lines, and a second insulator layer provided between the second semiconductor layer and the plurality of second word lines, in the first region, the second memory cells being located at intersections of the second pillar with the second word lines; and a second transistor in the second region, connected between one of the second word lines and the first bonding pad, and having a gate that is electrically isolated from a gate of the first transistor. 3. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 2, wherein the memory chip further includes a second bonding pad electrically connected to the gate of the first transistor, and a third bonding pad electrically connected to a gate of the second transistor, in the second region. 4. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 3, wherein the first memory cells are in a first block of memory cells and second memory cells are in second block of memory cells. 5. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 4, wherein the first and second transistors are each a vertical transistor. 6. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 4, wherein the first and second transistors are each a lateral transistor. 7. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 3, wherein the memory chip further includes a fourth bonding pad electrically connected to the first pillar, and a vertical transistor between the fourth bonding pad and the first pillar. 8. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 3, wherein the memory chip further includes a bit line connected to the first pillar and located between the memory pillar and a surface of the memory chip on which the first, second, and third bonding pads are exposed. 9. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a circuit chip bonded to the memory chip, wherein the circuit chip includes:
a substrate;
a second bonding pad facing the first bonding pad of the memory chip; and
a control circuit provided on the substrate, and electrically connected to the first transistor via the first bonding pad and the second bonding pad. 10. A semiconductor memory device comprising:
a memory chip, wherein the memory chip includes:
a plurality of first memory cells and second memory cells;
a plurality of first word lines stacked apart from each other in a first direction;
a first pillar including a first semiconductor layer extending through the plurality of first word lines, and a first insulator layer provided between the first semiconductor layer and the plurality of first word lines, the first memory cells being located at intersections of the first pillar with the first word lines;
a first bit line electrically connected to the first semiconductor layer;
a first transistor electrically connected to the first bit line; and
a first bonding pad electrically connected to the first bit line via the first transistor. 11. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 10, wherein the memory chip further includes:
a second pillar including a second semiconductor layer extending through the plurality of first word lines, and a second insulator layer provided between the second semiconductor layer and the plurality of first word lines, the second memory cells being located at intersections of the second pillar with the first word lines; a second bit line electrically connected to the second semiconductor layer; a second transistor electrically connected to the second bit line and having a gate electrically connected to a gate of the first transistor; and a second bonding pad electrically connected to the second bit line via the second transistor. 12. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 11, wherein the memory chip further includes a third bonding pad electrically connected to the gate of the first transistor and the gate of the second transistor. 13. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 12, wherein the first and second bit lines are located between the first and second pillars and a surface of the memory chip on which the first, second, and third bonding pads are exposed. 14. The semiconductor memory device according claim 10, further comprising:
a circuit chip bonded to the memory chip, wherein the circuit chip includes:
a substrate;
a second bonding pad facing the first bonding pad of the memory chip; and
a control circuit provided on the substrate, and electrically connected to the first transistor via the first bonding pad and the second bonding pad. 15. The semiconductor memory device according claim 14, wherein the control circuit includes a second transistor having a lower breakdown voltage than the first transistor. 16. The semiconductor memory device according claim 15, wherein the second transistor is connected between the first transistor and the first bit line. 17. A semiconductor memory device comprising:
a memory chip wherein the memory chip includes:
a plurality of first memory cells and second memory cells;
a plurality of first word lines stacked apart from each other in a first direction;
a first pillar including a first semiconductor layer extending through the plurality of first word lines, and a first insulator layer provided between the first semiconductor layer and the plurality of first word lines, the first memory cells being located at intersections of the first pillar with the first word lines;
a first bit line electrically connected to the first semiconductor layer;
a first transistor electrically connected to the first bit line;
a first bonding pad electrically connected to the first bit line via the first transistor; and
a pump circuit configured to apply a high voltage to the bit line via the first transistor. 18. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 17, wherein the memory chip further includes:
a plurality of second transistors connected to the plurality of first word lines, respectively; signal lines respectively connected to the plurality of first word lines via the plurality of second transistors; a third transistor connected to one of the signal lines; and a fourth transistor connected between the first transistor and the third transistor. 19. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 17, further comprising:
a circuit chip bonded to the memory chip, wherein the circuit chip includes:
a substrate;
a second bonding pad facing the first bonding pad of the memory chip; and
a control circuit provided on the substrate, and electrically connected to the first transistor via the first bonding pad and the second bonding pad. 20. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 19, wherein the first bit line is located between the first pillar and a surface of the memory chip on which the first pad is exposed for bonding with the second pad. | A semiconductor memory device includes a memory chip. The memory chip includes a first region including a plurality of first memory cells and second memory cells, a second region different from the first region, a plurality of first word lines stacked apart from each other in a first direction in the first and second regions, a first pillar including a first semiconductor layer extending through the first word lines, and a first insulator layer provided between the first semiconductor layer and the first word lines, in the first region, the first memory cells being located at intersections of the first pillar with the first word lines, a first bonding pad in the second region, and a first transistor between the first word lines and the first bonding pad, and connected between one of the first word lines and the first bonding pad, in the second region.1. A semiconductor memory device comprising:
a memory chip, wherein the memory chip includes:
a first region including a plurality of first memory cells and second memory cells;
a second region different from the first region;
a plurality of first word lines stacked apart from each other in a first direction in the first region and the second region;
a first pillar including a first semiconductor layer extending through the plurality of first word lines, and a first insulator layer provided between the first semiconductor layer and the plurality of first word lines, in the first region, the first memory cells being located at intersections of the first pillar with the first word lines;
a first bonding pad in the second region; and
a first transistor between the plurality of first word lines and the first bonding pad, and connected between one of the first word lines and the first bonding pad, in the second region. 2. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein the memory chip further includes:
a plurality of second word lines in the first region and the second region, and stacked apart from each other in the first direction; a second pillar including a second semiconductor layer extending through the plurality of second word lines, and a second insulator layer provided between the second semiconductor layer and the plurality of second word lines, in the first region, the second memory cells being located at intersections of the second pillar with the second word lines; and a second transistor in the second region, connected between one of the second word lines and the first bonding pad, and having a gate that is electrically isolated from a gate of the first transistor. 3. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 2, wherein the memory chip further includes a second bonding pad electrically connected to the gate of the first transistor, and a third bonding pad electrically connected to a gate of the second transistor, in the second region. 4. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 3, wherein the first memory cells are in a first block of memory cells and second memory cells are in second block of memory cells. 5. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 4, wherein the first and second transistors are each a vertical transistor. 6. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 4, wherein the first and second transistors are each a lateral transistor. 7. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 3, wherein the memory chip further includes a fourth bonding pad electrically connected to the first pillar, and a vertical transistor between the fourth bonding pad and the first pillar. 8. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 3, wherein the memory chip further includes a bit line connected to the first pillar and located between the memory pillar and a surface of the memory chip on which the first, second, and third bonding pads are exposed. 9. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a circuit chip bonded to the memory chip, wherein the circuit chip includes:
a substrate;
a second bonding pad facing the first bonding pad of the memory chip; and
a control circuit provided on the substrate, and electrically connected to the first transistor via the first bonding pad and the second bonding pad. 10. A semiconductor memory device comprising:
a memory chip, wherein the memory chip includes:
a plurality of first memory cells and second memory cells;
a plurality of first word lines stacked apart from each other in a first direction;
a first pillar including a first semiconductor layer extending through the plurality of first word lines, and a first insulator layer provided between the first semiconductor layer and the plurality of first word lines, the first memory cells being located at intersections of the first pillar with the first word lines;
a first bit line electrically connected to the first semiconductor layer;
a first transistor electrically connected to the first bit line; and
a first bonding pad electrically connected to the first bit line via the first transistor. 11. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 10, wherein the memory chip further includes:
a second pillar including a second semiconductor layer extending through the plurality of first word lines, and a second insulator layer provided between the second semiconductor layer and the plurality of first word lines, the second memory cells being located at intersections of the second pillar with the first word lines; a second bit line electrically connected to the second semiconductor layer; a second transistor electrically connected to the second bit line and having a gate electrically connected to a gate of the first transistor; and a second bonding pad electrically connected to the second bit line via the second transistor. 12. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 11, wherein the memory chip further includes a third bonding pad electrically connected to the gate of the first transistor and the gate of the second transistor. 13. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 12, wherein the first and second bit lines are located between the first and second pillars and a surface of the memory chip on which the first, second, and third bonding pads are exposed. 14. The semiconductor memory device according claim 10, further comprising:
a circuit chip bonded to the memory chip, wherein the circuit chip includes:
a substrate;
a second bonding pad facing the first bonding pad of the memory chip; and
a control circuit provided on the substrate, and electrically connected to the first transistor via the first bonding pad and the second bonding pad. 15. The semiconductor memory device according claim 14, wherein the control circuit includes a second transistor having a lower breakdown voltage than the first transistor. 16. The semiconductor memory device according claim 15, wherein the second transistor is connected between the first transistor and the first bit line. 17. A semiconductor memory device comprising:
a memory chip wherein the memory chip includes:
a plurality of first memory cells and second memory cells;
a plurality of first word lines stacked apart from each other in a first direction;
a first pillar including a first semiconductor layer extending through the plurality of first word lines, and a first insulator layer provided between the first semiconductor layer and the plurality of first word lines, the first memory cells being located at intersections of the first pillar with the first word lines;
a first bit line electrically connected to the first semiconductor layer;
a first transistor electrically connected to the first bit line;
a first bonding pad electrically connected to the first bit line via the first transistor; and
a pump circuit configured to apply a high voltage to the bit line via the first transistor. 18. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 17, wherein the memory chip further includes:
a plurality of second transistors connected to the plurality of first word lines, respectively; signal lines respectively connected to the plurality of first word lines via the plurality of second transistors; a third transistor connected to one of the signal lines; and a fourth transistor connected between the first transistor and the third transistor. 19. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 17, further comprising:
a circuit chip bonded to the memory chip, wherein the circuit chip includes:
a substrate;
a second bonding pad facing the first bonding pad of the memory chip; and
a control circuit provided on the substrate, and electrically connected to the first transistor via the first bonding pad and the second bonding pad. 20. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 19, wherein the first bit line is located between the first pillar and a surface of the memory chip on which the first pad is exposed for bonding with the second pad. | 2,800 |
342,091 | 16,802,458 | 2,895 | Provided are an on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor including: an image-recording layer on an aluminum support having an anode oxide film, in which an end portion of the lithographic printing plate precursor has a shear droop shape, the image-recording layer contains a compound having a support adsorptive property, having a molecular weight of 1,000 or less, and not having an unsaturated double bond group in a molecule, and a content of the compound is substantially the same in a plane of the image-recording layer and a method for producing a lithographic printing plate in which the lithographic printing plate precursor is used. | 1. An on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor comprising:
an image-recording layer on an aluminum support having an anode oxide film, wherein an end portion of the lithographic printing plate precursor has a shear droop shape, the image-recording layer contains a compound having a support adsorptive property, having a molecular weight of 1,000 or less, and not having an unsaturated double bond group in a molecule of the compound, and a content of the compound is substantially same in a plane of the image-recording layer, and the compound is at least one compound selected from phosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, ammonium phosphate monobasic, ammonium phosphate dibasic, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium monohydrogen phosphate, potassium phosphate monobasic, potassium phosphate dibasic, sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium pyrophosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, ethylphosphonic acid, propylphosphonic acid, i-propylphosphonic acid, butylphosphonic acid, hexylphosphonic acid, octylphosphonic acid, dodecylphosphonic acid, octadecylphosphonic acid, 2-hydroxyethylphosphonic acid, sodium salts or potassium salts thereof, an alkylphosphonic acid monoalkyl ester, a sodium salt or a potassium salt of the alkylphosphonic acid monoalkyl ester, an alkylenediphosphic acid, a sodium salt or a potassium salt of the alkylenediphosphic acid, polyvinylphosphonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, sodium p-toluenesulfonic acid, sulfophthalic acid, and citric acid. 2. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 1,
wherein the compound is a phosphoric acid, a polyphosphoric acid, a phosphonic acid, or a phosphinic acid. 3. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 1,
wherein a content of the compound is 10 to 150 mg/m2. 4. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 1,
wherein the shear droop shape has a shear droop amount X of 25 to 150 ?Am and a shear droop width Y of 70 to 300 μm. 5. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 4,
wherein an area ratio of a crack present on a surface of the anode oxide film in a region corresponding to the shear droop width Y of the lithographic printing plate precursor is 10% or less. 6. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 5,
wherein the area ratio of the crack is 6% or less. 7. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 1,
wherein the image-recording layer contains a polymer particle. 8. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 7,
wherein the polymer particle is a particle of a polymer including at least one of a monomer unit derived from a styrene compound and a monomer unit derived from a (meth)acrylonitrile compound. 9. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 1,
wherein the image-recording layer contains a polymerization initiator, an infrared absorber, and a polymerizable compound. 10. An on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor comprising:
an image-recording layer on an aluminum support having an anode oxide film, wherein an end portion of the lithographic printing plate precursor has a shear droop shape, the image-recording layer contains a compound having a support adsorptive property, having a molecular weight of 1,000 or less, and not having an unsaturated double bond group in a molecule of the compound, a content of the compound is substantially same in a plane of the image-recording layer, and, in a case of linearly analyzing a cross section of the lithographic printing plate precursor in a depth direction using STEM-EDS, 0.5% by mass or more of an element derived from the support-adsorptive group is present at any depth toward a side of the image-recording layer side from an interface between the aluminum support and the image-recording layer, and the compound is at least one compound selected from phosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, ammonium phosphate monobasic, ammonium phosphate dibasic, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium monohydrogen phosphate, potassium phosphate monobasic, potassium phosphate dibasic, sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium pyrophosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, ethylphosphonic acid, propylphosphonic acid, i-propylphosphonic acid, butylphosphonic acid, hexylphosphonic acid, octylphosphonic acid, dodecylphosphonic acid, octadecylphosphonic acid, 2-hydroxyethylphosphonic acid, sodium salts or potassium salts thereof, an alkylphosphonic acid monoalkyl ester, a sodium salt or a potassium salt of the alkylphosphonic acid monoalkyl ester, an alkylenediphosphic acid, a sodium salt or a potassium salt of the alkylenediphosphic acid, polyvinylphosphonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, sodium p-toluenesulfonic acid, sulfophthalic acid, and citric acid. 11. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 1,
wherein a value of brightness L* in a CIEL*a*b* color system of a surface of the anode oxide film at a side of the image-recording layer is 70 to 100. 12. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 10,
wherein a value of brightness L* in a CIEL*a*b* color system of a surface of the anode oxide film at a side of the image-recording layer is 70 to 100. 13. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 1,
wherein a steepness a45 of a component having a wavelength of 0.2 to 2 μm on a surface of the anode oxide film at a side of the image-recording layer is 30% or less. 14. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 10,
wherein a steepness a45 of a component having a wavelength of 0.2 to 2 μm on a surface of the anode oxide film at a side of the image-recording layer is 30% or less. 15. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 1,
wherein micropores are present on a surface of the anode oxide film, and an average diameter of the micropores on the surface of the anode oxide film is 10 to 100 nm. 16. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 10,
wherein micropores are present on a surface of the anode oxide film, and an average diameter of the micropores on the surface of the anode oxide film is 10 to 100 nm. 17. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 15,
wherein the micropore is constituted of large-diameter pore portions extending up to a location of 10 to 1,000 nm deep from the surface of the anode oxide film and small-diameter pore portions that communicate with a bottom portion of the large-diameter pore portion and extend up to a location of 20 to 2,000 nm deep from a location of the communicating, and an average diameter of the small-diameter pore portions is 5% to 80% of an average diameter of the large-diameter pore portions. 18. A method for producing a lithographic printing plate comprising:
image-exposing the on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 1 with an infrared laser; and removing a non-exposed portion of the image-recording layer with at least one selected from printing ink and dampening water on a printer. | Provided are an on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor including: an image-recording layer on an aluminum support having an anode oxide film, in which an end portion of the lithographic printing plate precursor has a shear droop shape, the image-recording layer contains a compound having a support adsorptive property, having a molecular weight of 1,000 or less, and not having an unsaturated double bond group in a molecule, and a content of the compound is substantially the same in a plane of the image-recording layer and a method for producing a lithographic printing plate in which the lithographic printing plate precursor is used.1. An on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor comprising:
an image-recording layer on an aluminum support having an anode oxide film, wherein an end portion of the lithographic printing plate precursor has a shear droop shape, the image-recording layer contains a compound having a support adsorptive property, having a molecular weight of 1,000 or less, and not having an unsaturated double bond group in a molecule of the compound, and a content of the compound is substantially same in a plane of the image-recording layer, and the compound is at least one compound selected from phosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, ammonium phosphate monobasic, ammonium phosphate dibasic, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium monohydrogen phosphate, potassium phosphate monobasic, potassium phosphate dibasic, sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium pyrophosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, ethylphosphonic acid, propylphosphonic acid, i-propylphosphonic acid, butylphosphonic acid, hexylphosphonic acid, octylphosphonic acid, dodecylphosphonic acid, octadecylphosphonic acid, 2-hydroxyethylphosphonic acid, sodium salts or potassium salts thereof, an alkylphosphonic acid monoalkyl ester, a sodium salt or a potassium salt of the alkylphosphonic acid monoalkyl ester, an alkylenediphosphic acid, a sodium salt or a potassium salt of the alkylenediphosphic acid, polyvinylphosphonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, sodium p-toluenesulfonic acid, sulfophthalic acid, and citric acid. 2. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 1,
wherein the compound is a phosphoric acid, a polyphosphoric acid, a phosphonic acid, or a phosphinic acid. 3. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 1,
wherein a content of the compound is 10 to 150 mg/m2. 4. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 1,
wherein the shear droop shape has a shear droop amount X of 25 to 150 ?Am and a shear droop width Y of 70 to 300 μm. 5. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 4,
wherein an area ratio of a crack present on a surface of the anode oxide film in a region corresponding to the shear droop width Y of the lithographic printing plate precursor is 10% or less. 6. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 5,
wherein the area ratio of the crack is 6% or less. 7. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 1,
wherein the image-recording layer contains a polymer particle. 8. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 7,
wherein the polymer particle is a particle of a polymer including at least one of a monomer unit derived from a styrene compound and a monomer unit derived from a (meth)acrylonitrile compound. 9. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 1,
wherein the image-recording layer contains a polymerization initiator, an infrared absorber, and a polymerizable compound. 10. An on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor comprising:
an image-recording layer on an aluminum support having an anode oxide film, wherein an end portion of the lithographic printing plate precursor has a shear droop shape, the image-recording layer contains a compound having a support adsorptive property, having a molecular weight of 1,000 or less, and not having an unsaturated double bond group in a molecule of the compound, a content of the compound is substantially same in a plane of the image-recording layer, and, in a case of linearly analyzing a cross section of the lithographic printing plate precursor in a depth direction using STEM-EDS, 0.5% by mass or more of an element derived from the support-adsorptive group is present at any depth toward a side of the image-recording layer side from an interface between the aluminum support and the image-recording layer, and the compound is at least one compound selected from phosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, ammonium phosphate monobasic, ammonium phosphate dibasic, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium monohydrogen phosphate, potassium phosphate monobasic, potassium phosphate dibasic, sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium pyrophosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, ethylphosphonic acid, propylphosphonic acid, i-propylphosphonic acid, butylphosphonic acid, hexylphosphonic acid, octylphosphonic acid, dodecylphosphonic acid, octadecylphosphonic acid, 2-hydroxyethylphosphonic acid, sodium salts or potassium salts thereof, an alkylphosphonic acid monoalkyl ester, a sodium salt or a potassium salt of the alkylphosphonic acid monoalkyl ester, an alkylenediphosphic acid, a sodium salt or a potassium salt of the alkylenediphosphic acid, polyvinylphosphonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, sodium p-toluenesulfonic acid, sulfophthalic acid, and citric acid. 11. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 1,
wherein a value of brightness L* in a CIEL*a*b* color system of a surface of the anode oxide film at a side of the image-recording layer is 70 to 100. 12. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 10,
wherein a value of brightness L* in a CIEL*a*b* color system of a surface of the anode oxide film at a side of the image-recording layer is 70 to 100. 13. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 1,
wherein a steepness a45 of a component having a wavelength of 0.2 to 2 μm on a surface of the anode oxide film at a side of the image-recording layer is 30% or less. 14. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 10,
wherein a steepness a45 of a component having a wavelength of 0.2 to 2 μm on a surface of the anode oxide film at a side of the image-recording layer is 30% or less. 15. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 1,
wherein micropores are present on a surface of the anode oxide film, and an average diameter of the micropores on the surface of the anode oxide film is 10 to 100 nm. 16. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 10,
wherein micropores are present on a surface of the anode oxide film, and an average diameter of the micropores on the surface of the anode oxide film is 10 to 100 nm. 17. The on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 15,
wherein the micropore is constituted of large-diameter pore portions extending up to a location of 10 to 1,000 nm deep from the surface of the anode oxide film and small-diameter pore portions that communicate with a bottom portion of the large-diameter pore portion and extend up to a location of 20 to 2,000 nm deep from a location of the communicating, and an average diameter of the small-diameter pore portions is 5% to 80% of an average diameter of the large-diameter pore portions. 18. A method for producing a lithographic printing plate comprising:
image-exposing the on-machine development-type lithographic printing plate precursor according to claim 1 with an infrared laser; and removing a non-exposed portion of the image-recording layer with at least one selected from printing ink and dampening water on a printer. | 2,800 |
342,092 | 16,802,399 | 2,895 | The present invention relates generally to systems and methods for measuring an analyte in a host. More particularly, the present invention relates to systems and methods for transcutaneous measurement of glucose in a host. | 1. A sensor system for measuring an analyte concentration in a host, the system comprising:
a sensor configured to continuously measure an analyte concentration in a host; a housing configured to receive the sensor, wherein the housing is adapted for placement adjacent to the host's skin; an electronics unit releasably attached to the housing, wherein the electronics unit is operatively connected to the sensor and comprises a processor module configured to provide a signal associated with the analyte concentration in the host, and wherein the processor module is further configured to assemble a data packet for transmission; and an antenna configured for radiating or receiving a radio frequency transmission, wherein the antenna is located remote from the electronics unit. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising an adhesive layer disposed on the housing and configured to adhere the housing to the host's skin, wherein the antenna is located in the adhesive layer or on the adhesive layer. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the adhesive layer is configured for use with only one sensor and the electronics unit is configured for reuse with more than one sensor. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the antenna is located in the housing or on the housing. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the housing is configured for use with only one sensor and the electronics unit is configured for reuse with more than one sensor. 6. The system of claim 4, wherein the antenna extends substantially around a periphery of the housing. 7. The system of claim 1, further comprising a power source configured and arranged to power at least one of the sensor and the electronics unit. 8. The system of claim 7, further comprising an adhesive layer disposed on the housing and configured to adhere the housing to the host's skin, wherein the power source is located in the adhesive or on the adhesive. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the adhesive layer is configured for use with only one sensor and the electronics unit is configured for reuse with more than one sensor. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the power source comprises a thin and flexible battery. 11. The system of claim 7, wherein the power source is located in the housing or on the housing. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the housing is configured for use with only one sensor and the electronics unit is configured for reuse with more than one sensor. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein a height of the electronics unit is no more than about 0.250 inches in its smallest dimension. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein an overall height of the system is no more than about 0.250 inches in its smallest dimension. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the sensor is configured for insertion into the host's tissue. 16. A sensor system for measuring an analyte concentration in a host, the system comprising:
a sensor configured for insertion into a host's tissue, wherein the sensor is configured to continuously measure an analyte concentration in a host; a housing configured to receive the sensor, wherein the housing is adapted for placement adjacent to the host's skin; and an electronics unit releasably attached to the housing, wherein the electronics unit is operatively connected to the sensor and comprises a processor module configured to provide a signal associated with the analyte concentration in the host. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the housing comprises a flexible material, and wherein the electronics unit and housing are configured and arranged such that the electronics unit is released from the housing by a flexing of the housing. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the housing is configured for use with only one sensor and the electronics unit is configured for reuse with more than one sensor, and wherein the housing and electronics unit are configured such that the housing physically breaks upon release of the electronics unit. 19. The system of claim 16, further comprising a tool configured and arranged to assist a user in releasing the electronics unit from the housing. 20. The system of claim 16, further comprising an antenna configured for radiating or receiving a radio frequency transmission, wherein the antenna is located remote from the electronics unit. | The present invention relates generally to systems and methods for measuring an analyte in a host. More particularly, the present invention relates to systems and methods for transcutaneous measurement of glucose in a host.1. A sensor system for measuring an analyte concentration in a host, the system comprising:
a sensor configured to continuously measure an analyte concentration in a host; a housing configured to receive the sensor, wherein the housing is adapted for placement adjacent to the host's skin; an electronics unit releasably attached to the housing, wherein the electronics unit is operatively connected to the sensor and comprises a processor module configured to provide a signal associated with the analyte concentration in the host, and wherein the processor module is further configured to assemble a data packet for transmission; and an antenna configured for radiating or receiving a radio frequency transmission, wherein the antenna is located remote from the electronics unit. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising an adhesive layer disposed on the housing and configured to adhere the housing to the host's skin, wherein the antenna is located in the adhesive layer or on the adhesive layer. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the adhesive layer is configured for use with only one sensor and the electronics unit is configured for reuse with more than one sensor. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the antenna is located in the housing or on the housing. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the housing is configured for use with only one sensor and the electronics unit is configured for reuse with more than one sensor. 6. The system of claim 4, wherein the antenna extends substantially around a periphery of the housing. 7. The system of claim 1, further comprising a power source configured and arranged to power at least one of the sensor and the electronics unit. 8. The system of claim 7, further comprising an adhesive layer disposed on the housing and configured to adhere the housing to the host's skin, wherein the power source is located in the adhesive or on the adhesive. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the adhesive layer is configured for use with only one sensor and the electronics unit is configured for reuse with more than one sensor. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the power source comprises a thin and flexible battery. 11. The system of claim 7, wherein the power source is located in the housing or on the housing. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the housing is configured for use with only one sensor and the electronics unit is configured for reuse with more than one sensor. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein a height of the electronics unit is no more than about 0.250 inches in its smallest dimension. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein an overall height of the system is no more than about 0.250 inches in its smallest dimension. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the sensor is configured for insertion into the host's tissue. 16. A sensor system for measuring an analyte concentration in a host, the system comprising:
a sensor configured for insertion into a host's tissue, wherein the sensor is configured to continuously measure an analyte concentration in a host; a housing configured to receive the sensor, wherein the housing is adapted for placement adjacent to the host's skin; and an electronics unit releasably attached to the housing, wherein the electronics unit is operatively connected to the sensor and comprises a processor module configured to provide a signal associated with the analyte concentration in the host. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the housing comprises a flexible material, and wherein the electronics unit and housing are configured and arranged such that the electronics unit is released from the housing by a flexing of the housing. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the housing is configured for use with only one sensor and the electronics unit is configured for reuse with more than one sensor, and wherein the housing and electronics unit are configured such that the housing physically breaks upon release of the electronics unit. 19. The system of claim 16, further comprising a tool configured and arranged to assist a user in releasing the electronics unit from the housing. 20. The system of claim 16, further comprising an antenna configured for radiating or receiving a radio frequency transmission, wherein the antenna is located remote from the electronics unit. | 2,800 |
342,093 | 16,802,425 | 2,895 | A personalized prosthesis for implantation at a treatment site of a patient includes a self-expanding mesh or membrane having collapsed and expanded configurations. The collapsed configuration is adapted to be delivered to the treatment site, and the expanded configuration engages the personalized prosthesis with the treatment site. The mesh or membrane is personalized to match the treatment site in the expanded configuration, and has an outer surface that substantially matches the treatment site shape and size. The self-expanding mesh or membrane forms a central lumen configured to allow blood or other body fluids to flow therethrough. Methods of manufacturing and delivery of the personalized prosthesis are also disclosed. | 1. A personalized implant, the implant comprising:
a radially expandable prosthesis having a lumen extending therethrough, an expanded configuration and a collapsed configuration, wherein the prosthesis is personalized such that the prosthesis matches a shape and a volume of a treatment site in the expanded configuration. 2. A method for treating an aneurysm having walls with contours, the method comprising
providing a personalized prosthesis having walls with contours; delivering the personalized prosthesis to the aneurysm; and radially expanding the personalized prosthesis into engagement with the aneurysm such that the contours of the walls of the personalized prosthesis substantially match the contours of the walls of the aneurysm. 3. A method for fabricating a personalized implant, the method comprising:
obtaining an image of a treatment site, the treatment site having contours; and forming the personalized implant to have contours that substantially match the contours of the treatment site based on the obtained image. | A personalized prosthesis for implantation at a treatment site of a patient includes a self-expanding mesh or membrane having collapsed and expanded configurations. The collapsed configuration is adapted to be delivered to the treatment site, and the expanded configuration engages the personalized prosthesis with the treatment site. The mesh or membrane is personalized to match the treatment site in the expanded configuration, and has an outer surface that substantially matches the treatment site shape and size. The self-expanding mesh or membrane forms a central lumen configured to allow blood or other body fluids to flow therethrough. Methods of manufacturing and delivery of the personalized prosthesis are also disclosed.1. A personalized implant, the implant comprising:
a radially expandable prosthesis having a lumen extending therethrough, an expanded configuration and a collapsed configuration, wherein the prosthesis is personalized such that the prosthesis matches a shape and a volume of a treatment site in the expanded configuration. 2. A method for treating an aneurysm having walls with contours, the method comprising
providing a personalized prosthesis having walls with contours; delivering the personalized prosthesis to the aneurysm; and radially expanding the personalized prosthesis into engagement with the aneurysm such that the contours of the walls of the personalized prosthesis substantially match the contours of the walls of the aneurysm. 3. A method for fabricating a personalized implant, the method comprising:
obtaining an image of a treatment site, the treatment site having contours; and forming the personalized implant to have contours that substantially match the contours of the treatment site based on the obtained image. | 2,800 |
342,094 | 16,802,470 | 2,895 | A vehicle control system includes a steering input member rotatably supported by a vehicle body of a vehicle, a primary capacitive sensor provided along an outer edge of a steering input member and configured to detect a position on the steering input member at which a contact is made by a vehicle operator, a rotational angle sensor configured to detect a rotational angle of the steering input member, and a control unit configured to control a steering unit of the vehicle according to a signal from the rotational angle sensor and a signal from the primary capacitive sensor, wherein the control unit is configured to operate in a first operation mode and a second operation mode, the steering unit being controlled according to the signal from the rotational angle sensor in the first operation mode, and according to the signal from the primary capacitive sensor in the second operation mode. | 1. A vehicle control system, comprising:
a steering input member rotatably supported by a vehicle body of a vehicle; a primary capacitive sensor provided along an outer edge of the steering input member and configured to detect a position on the steering input member at which a contact is made by a vehicle operator; a rotational angle sensor configured to detect a rotational angle of the steering input member; and a control unit configured to control a steering unit of the vehicle according to a signal from the rotational angle sensor and a signal from the primary capacitive sensor; wherein the control unit is configured to operate in a first operation mode and a second operation mode, the steering unit being controlled according to the signal from the rotational angle sensor in the first operation mode, and according to the signal from the primary capacitive sensor in the second operation mode. 2. The vehicle control system according to claim 1, wherein in the second operation mode, the control unit is configured to detect a movement of a contact point on the primary capacitive sensor in a first direction along the outer edge of the steering input member, and a movement of the contact point on the primary capacitive sensor in a second direction opposite from the first direction along the outer edge of the steering input member, and to control the steering unit in dependence on the direction of the movement of the contact point on the primary capacitive sensor. 3. The vehicle control system according to claim 2, further comprising an external environment recognition unit configured to acquire environment information of an environment surrounding the vehicle and to output the environment information to the control unit, wherein the control unit is configured to change a control mode of the steering unit in the second operation mode according to the acquired environment information. 4. The vehicle control system according to claim 2, wherein in the second operation mode, the control unit is configured to detect the direction of the movement of the contact point on the primary capacitive sensor according to the signal from the primary capacitive sensor, and to start controlling the steering unit upon elapsing of a prescribed time period after the contact on the primary capacitive sensor has ceased. 5. The vehicle control system according to claim 2, further comprising a secondary capacitive sensor provided on the steering input member at a position different from the primary capacitive sensor, wherein in the second operation mode, the control unit is configured to control the steering unit according to the signal from the primary capacitive sensor, and to control a drive unit and/or a brake unit for accelerating and/or decelerating the vehicle according to the signal from the secondary capacitive sensor, the control unit prohibiting control of the drive unit and/or the brake unit according to the signal from the secondary capacitive sensor when the signal from the primary capacitive sensor is changing. 6. The vehicle control system according to claim 5, wherein the primary capacitive sensor is arranged circumferentially along an outer peripheral portion of the steering input member, and the secondary capacitive sensor is provided on a front portion or a back portion of the steering input member. 7. The vehicle control system according to claim 1, further comprising a rotation restricting device configured to selectively restrict a rotation of the steering input member relative to the vehicle body, wherein the control unit is configured to activate the rotation restricting device to restrict the rotation of the steering input member relative to the vehicle body in the second operation mode. 8. The vehicle control system according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to control the steering unit according to the signals from the primary capacitive sensor and the rotational angle sensor in the second operation mode, and wherein a steering output of the steering unit for a given rotational angle input from the steering input member measured by the rotational angle sensor is smaller in the second operation mode than in the first operation mode. 9. The vehicle control system according to claim 1, wherein the first operation mode is selected when the vehicle is in a manual driving mode, and the second operation mode is selected when the vehicle is in an autonomous driving mode. | A vehicle control system includes a steering input member rotatably supported by a vehicle body of a vehicle, a primary capacitive sensor provided along an outer edge of a steering input member and configured to detect a position on the steering input member at which a contact is made by a vehicle operator, a rotational angle sensor configured to detect a rotational angle of the steering input member, and a control unit configured to control a steering unit of the vehicle according to a signal from the rotational angle sensor and a signal from the primary capacitive sensor, wherein the control unit is configured to operate in a first operation mode and a second operation mode, the steering unit being controlled according to the signal from the rotational angle sensor in the first operation mode, and according to the signal from the primary capacitive sensor in the second operation mode.1. A vehicle control system, comprising:
a steering input member rotatably supported by a vehicle body of a vehicle; a primary capacitive sensor provided along an outer edge of the steering input member and configured to detect a position on the steering input member at which a contact is made by a vehicle operator; a rotational angle sensor configured to detect a rotational angle of the steering input member; and a control unit configured to control a steering unit of the vehicle according to a signal from the rotational angle sensor and a signal from the primary capacitive sensor; wherein the control unit is configured to operate in a first operation mode and a second operation mode, the steering unit being controlled according to the signal from the rotational angle sensor in the first operation mode, and according to the signal from the primary capacitive sensor in the second operation mode. 2. The vehicle control system according to claim 1, wherein in the second operation mode, the control unit is configured to detect a movement of a contact point on the primary capacitive sensor in a first direction along the outer edge of the steering input member, and a movement of the contact point on the primary capacitive sensor in a second direction opposite from the first direction along the outer edge of the steering input member, and to control the steering unit in dependence on the direction of the movement of the contact point on the primary capacitive sensor. 3. The vehicle control system according to claim 2, further comprising an external environment recognition unit configured to acquire environment information of an environment surrounding the vehicle and to output the environment information to the control unit, wherein the control unit is configured to change a control mode of the steering unit in the second operation mode according to the acquired environment information. 4. The vehicle control system according to claim 2, wherein in the second operation mode, the control unit is configured to detect the direction of the movement of the contact point on the primary capacitive sensor according to the signal from the primary capacitive sensor, and to start controlling the steering unit upon elapsing of a prescribed time period after the contact on the primary capacitive sensor has ceased. 5. The vehicle control system according to claim 2, further comprising a secondary capacitive sensor provided on the steering input member at a position different from the primary capacitive sensor, wherein in the second operation mode, the control unit is configured to control the steering unit according to the signal from the primary capacitive sensor, and to control a drive unit and/or a brake unit for accelerating and/or decelerating the vehicle according to the signal from the secondary capacitive sensor, the control unit prohibiting control of the drive unit and/or the brake unit according to the signal from the secondary capacitive sensor when the signal from the primary capacitive sensor is changing. 6. The vehicle control system according to claim 5, wherein the primary capacitive sensor is arranged circumferentially along an outer peripheral portion of the steering input member, and the secondary capacitive sensor is provided on a front portion or a back portion of the steering input member. 7. The vehicle control system according to claim 1, further comprising a rotation restricting device configured to selectively restrict a rotation of the steering input member relative to the vehicle body, wherein the control unit is configured to activate the rotation restricting device to restrict the rotation of the steering input member relative to the vehicle body in the second operation mode. 8. The vehicle control system according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to control the steering unit according to the signals from the primary capacitive sensor and the rotational angle sensor in the second operation mode, and wherein a steering output of the steering unit for a given rotational angle input from the steering input member measured by the rotational angle sensor is smaller in the second operation mode than in the first operation mode. 9. The vehicle control system according to claim 1, wherein the first operation mode is selected when the vehicle is in a manual driving mode, and the second operation mode is selected when the vehicle is in an autonomous driving mode. | 2,800 |
342,095 | 16,802,441 | 2,895 | A control device which allows an operator/user to follow the user's anatomical movement by following natural hand rotation, includes two independent detection sensors or sensor portions embedded in two different parts of the device, one in a fixed part and one in a mobile or rotative part, with resistance to mutual disturbance between the two. The device includes a knob portion rotatable about an axis of rotation, at least one sensor configured to sense a rotational position of the knob in relation to the axis of rotation, circuitry adapted to at least provide electrical power to the rotative knob portion, circuitry adapted to transmit the sensed rotational position of the knob, and a base portion rotatably coupled to the knob portion. | 1. A control device which allows an operator/user to follow the user's anatomical movement by following natural hand rotation, and includes two independent detection sensors or sensor portions embedded in two different parts of the device, one in a fixed part and one in a mobile or rotative part, with resistance to mutual disturbance between the two, the device comprising:
a knob portion rotatable about a first axis of rotation; at least one sensor configured to sense a rotational position of the knob in relation to the first axis of rotation; circuitry adapted to at least provide electrical power to the rotative knob portion; circuitry adapted to transmit the sensed rotational position of the knob; and a base portion rotatably coupled to the knob portion, the base portion having a fixed position in relation to the first axis of rotation. 2. The device of claim 1, further comprising a cam portion having a cylindrical wedge shape and a follower portion, the cam portion and follower portion having between them a position of maximum potential energy and a position of equilibrium, whereby the follower portion engages with the cam portion as the knob is rotated about the first axis to move between the maximum potential and equilibrium positions. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the follower and cam are in a more compressed state near the position of maximum potential and a less compressed state near the position of equilibrium, and the follower includes a spring urging it toward the cam so that the knob registers to an initial position. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein the follower comprises a ball at its far end that engages with a surface of the cam, the ball configured to enable linear motion of the follower in a direction parallel with the first axis as the ball and follower move rotatively in relation to the cam about the first axis without disturbing motion in a plane perpendicular to the first axis so as to avoid disturbing a sensor or sensor portion not positioned in the rotative part of the control device. 5. The device of claim 4, wherein the rotation of the knob in one direction moves the follower from the position of equilibrium to the position of maximum potential and then back again to the position of equilibrium. 6. The device of claim 5, wherein the sensed rotational position of the knob is determined by the at least one sensor configured to sense a linear position of the follower, the linear position being parallel to the first axis. 7. The device of claim 1, further comprising a cam portion and two follower portions, the cam portion and follower portions having between them a position of maximum potential energy and a position of equilibrium, whereby each follower portion engages with the cam portion as the knob is rotated about the first axis to move between the maximum potential and equilibrium positions. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein each follower is in a more compressed state near the position of maximum potential and a less compressed state near the position of equilibrium, and the cam portion includes a spring urging it toward the followers so that the knob registers to an initial position. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein each follower comprises a ball at its far end that engages with a surface of the cam, the ball configured to enable linear motion of the cam in a direction parallel with the first axis as the ball and follower move in rotative relation to the cam about the first axis without disturbing motion in a plane perpendicular to the first axis so as to avoid disturbing a sensor or sensor portion not positioned in the rotative part of the control device. 10. The device of claim 8, wherein rotation of the knob in one direction moves the followers from the position of equilibrium to the position of maximum potential, and subsequent rotation of the knob in the opposite direction moves each follower from the position of maximum potential to the position of equilibrium. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the cam is symmetrical about a median plane extending along and including the first axis. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the median plane intersects each follower so that the two followers are opposite one another with the first axis extending therebetween. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the cam includes radially angled cam surfaces so that increasing a spring force of the spring of the cam portion provides increased compression between the two followers and the cam, increased anti-backlash between the rotative portion and the fixed portion of the control device, and/or higher torque required for rotation of the knob in relation to the base. 14. The device of claim 1, further comprising at least one electrical cable interconnecting circuitry located within the rotative part and circuitry located with the fixed part, with the electrical cable routed through respective openings in the rotative and fixed parts extending along the axis of rotation of the knob. 15. The device of claim 1, further comprising a circuit board attached to the rotative knob portion, wherein the circuit board is perpendicular to and extending around the first axis. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the at least one sensor comprises at least one rolling pogo pin for engagement with the circuit board, wherein the circuit board comprises a target surface for an electrical contact end of a plunger portion of the pogo pin, the plunger portion retractable into a barrel portion of the pogo pin and having a spring associated therewith for urging the plunger to extend from the barrel in a direction toward the electrical contact end and contact with the target surface of the circuit board. 17. The device of claim 16, wherein a rotational position of the at least one rolling pogo pin in relation to the circuit board determines the sensed rotational position of the knob. 18. The device of claim 9, wherein rotation of the knob in one direction moves the followers from the position of equilibrium to the position of maximum potential, subsequent rotation of the knob in the opposite direction moves each follower from the position of maximum potential to the position of equilibrium, and further rotation in the opposite direction is mechanically prevented by a height transition in the cam blocking further rotation of each follower. 19. The device of claim 3, wherein rotation of the knob is self driven toward the initial position such that the knob rotates toward the initial position without rotative forces being applied to the rotative part by the operator/user. 20. The device of claim 10, wherein rotation of the knob is self driven toward the equilibrium position such that the knob rotates toward the equilibrium position without rotative forces being applied to the rotative part by the operator/user. | A control device which allows an operator/user to follow the user's anatomical movement by following natural hand rotation, includes two independent detection sensors or sensor portions embedded in two different parts of the device, one in a fixed part and one in a mobile or rotative part, with resistance to mutual disturbance between the two. The device includes a knob portion rotatable about an axis of rotation, at least one sensor configured to sense a rotational position of the knob in relation to the axis of rotation, circuitry adapted to at least provide electrical power to the rotative knob portion, circuitry adapted to transmit the sensed rotational position of the knob, and a base portion rotatably coupled to the knob portion.1. A control device which allows an operator/user to follow the user's anatomical movement by following natural hand rotation, and includes two independent detection sensors or sensor portions embedded in two different parts of the device, one in a fixed part and one in a mobile or rotative part, with resistance to mutual disturbance between the two, the device comprising:
a knob portion rotatable about a first axis of rotation; at least one sensor configured to sense a rotational position of the knob in relation to the first axis of rotation; circuitry adapted to at least provide electrical power to the rotative knob portion; circuitry adapted to transmit the sensed rotational position of the knob; and a base portion rotatably coupled to the knob portion, the base portion having a fixed position in relation to the first axis of rotation. 2. The device of claim 1, further comprising a cam portion having a cylindrical wedge shape and a follower portion, the cam portion and follower portion having between them a position of maximum potential energy and a position of equilibrium, whereby the follower portion engages with the cam portion as the knob is rotated about the first axis to move between the maximum potential and equilibrium positions. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the follower and cam are in a more compressed state near the position of maximum potential and a less compressed state near the position of equilibrium, and the follower includes a spring urging it toward the cam so that the knob registers to an initial position. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein the follower comprises a ball at its far end that engages with a surface of the cam, the ball configured to enable linear motion of the follower in a direction parallel with the first axis as the ball and follower move rotatively in relation to the cam about the first axis without disturbing motion in a plane perpendicular to the first axis so as to avoid disturbing a sensor or sensor portion not positioned in the rotative part of the control device. 5. The device of claim 4, wherein the rotation of the knob in one direction moves the follower from the position of equilibrium to the position of maximum potential and then back again to the position of equilibrium. 6. The device of claim 5, wherein the sensed rotational position of the knob is determined by the at least one sensor configured to sense a linear position of the follower, the linear position being parallel to the first axis. 7. The device of claim 1, further comprising a cam portion and two follower portions, the cam portion and follower portions having between them a position of maximum potential energy and a position of equilibrium, whereby each follower portion engages with the cam portion as the knob is rotated about the first axis to move between the maximum potential and equilibrium positions. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein each follower is in a more compressed state near the position of maximum potential and a less compressed state near the position of equilibrium, and the cam portion includes a spring urging it toward the followers so that the knob registers to an initial position. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein each follower comprises a ball at its far end that engages with a surface of the cam, the ball configured to enable linear motion of the cam in a direction parallel with the first axis as the ball and follower move in rotative relation to the cam about the first axis without disturbing motion in a plane perpendicular to the first axis so as to avoid disturbing a sensor or sensor portion not positioned in the rotative part of the control device. 10. The device of claim 8, wherein rotation of the knob in one direction moves the followers from the position of equilibrium to the position of maximum potential, and subsequent rotation of the knob in the opposite direction moves each follower from the position of maximum potential to the position of equilibrium. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the cam is symmetrical about a median plane extending along and including the first axis. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the median plane intersects each follower so that the two followers are opposite one another with the first axis extending therebetween. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the cam includes radially angled cam surfaces so that increasing a spring force of the spring of the cam portion provides increased compression between the two followers and the cam, increased anti-backlash between the rotative portion and the fixed portion of the control device, and/or higher torque required for rotation of the knob in relation to the base. 14. The device of claim 1, further comprising at least one electrical cable interconnecting circuitry located within the rotative part and circuitry located with the fixed part, with the electrical cable routed through respective openings in the rotative and fixed parts extending along the axis of rotation of the knob. 15. The device of claim 1, further comprising a circuit board attached to the rotative knob portion, wherein the circuit board is perpendicular to and extending around the first axis. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the at least one sensor comprises at least one rolling pogo pin for engagement with the circuit board, wherein the circuit board comprises a target surface for an electrical contact end of a plunger portion of the pogo pin, the plunger portion retractable into a barrel portion of the pogo pin and having a spring associated therewith for urging the plunger to extend from the barrel in a direction toward the electrical contact end and contact with the target surface of the circuit board. 17. The device of claim 16, wherein a rotational position of the at least one rolling pogo pin in relation to the circuit board determines the sensed rotational position of the knob. 18. The device of claim 9, wherein rotation of the knob in one direction moves the followers from the position of equilibrium to the position of maximum potential, subsequent rotation of the knob in the opposite direction moves each follower from the position of maximum potential to the position of equilibrium, and further rotation in the opposite direction is mechanically prevented by a height transition in the cam blocking further rotation of each follower. 19. The device of claim 3, wherein rotation of the knob is self driven toward the initial position such that the knob rotates toward the initial position without rotative forces being applied to the rotative part by the operator/user. 20. The device of claim 10, wherein rotation of the knob is self driven toward the equilibrium position such that the knob rotates toward the equilibrium position without rotative forces being applied to the rotative part by the operator/user. | 2,800 |
342,096 | 16,802,447 | 2,895 | A method for manufacturing an optical semiconductor device, includes the steps of: forming a plurality of compound semiconductor layers including a sacrificial layer, an absorption layer, and a core layer; forming a first mesa from the plurality of compound semiconductor layers; forming an embedding layer that is a semiconductor layer having the first mesa embedded therein; after the step of forming the embedding layer, etching the sacrificial layer to form a chip including the plurality of compound semiconductor layers and the embedding layer; bonding the chip to a substrate comprising silicon and having a waveguide; and etching a portion of the first mesa of the chip bonded to the substrate to form a second mesa adjacent to the first mesa. The second mesa includes the core layer and is optically coupled to the waveguide of the substrate. | 1. A method for manufacturing an optical semiconductor device, comprising the steps of:
forming a plurality of compound semiconductor layers including a sacrificial layer, an absorption layer, and a core layer; forming a first mesa from the plurality of compound semiconductor layers; forming an embedding layer that is a semiconductor layer having the first mesa embedded therein; after the step of forming the embedding layer, etching the sacrificial layer to form a chip including the plurality of compound semiconductor layers and the embedding layer; bonding the chip to a substrate comprising silicon and having a waveguide; and etching a portion of the first mesa of the chip bonded to the substrate to form a second mesa adjacent to the first mesa, wherein the second mesa includes the core layer and is optically coupled to the waveguide of the substrate. 2. The method for manufacturing an optical semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising, before the step of forming the chip, a step of forming, in the embedding layer, a groove through which the sacrificial layer is exposed,
wherein the first mesa is not exposed through the groove, and in the step of forming the chip, the first mesa is covered by the embedding layer, and the sacrificial layer is etched from a portion exposed through the groove. 3. The method for manufacturing an optical semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein
the sacrificial layer comprises aluminum arsenide, and the embedding layer comprises indium phosphide. 4. The method for manufacturing an optical semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein the absorption layer and the core layer comprise gallium indium arsenide. 5. The method for manufacturing an optical semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the second mesa has a tapered shape that becomes thinner as the second mesa extends away from the first mesa. 6. The method for manufacturing an optical semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the step of forming the plurality of compound semiconductor layers includes the sub steps of:
forming the absorption layer above the sacrificial layer; and forming the core layer above the sacrificial layer so as to be adjacent to the absorption layer in a direction crossing a stacking direction. 7. The method for manufacturing an optical semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising, after the step of forming the embedding layer and before the step of forming the chip, a step of forming an electrode on the compound semiconductor layers. 8. An optical semiconductor device comprising:
a substrate comprising silicon and having a waveguide; and a chip directly bonded to the substrate and including a plurality of compound semiconductor layers and an embedding layer, wherein the plurality of compound semiconductor layers include an absorption layer and a core layer that are adjacent to each other, the chip has a first mesa and a second mesa that are adjacent to each other, the embedding layer has the first mesa embedded therein, and the second mesa includes the core layer and is optically coupled to the waveguide of the substrate. | A method for manufacturing an optical semiconductor device, includes the steps of: forming a plurality of compound semiconductor layers including a sacrificial layer, an absorption layer, and a core layer; forming a first mesa from the plurality of compound semiconductor layers; forming an embedding layer that is a semiconductor layer having the first mesa embedded therein; after the step of forming the embedding layer, etching the sacrificial layer to form a chip including the plurality of compound semiconductor layers and the embedding layer; bonding the chip to a substrate comprising silicon and having a waveguide; and etching a portion of the first mesa of the chip bonded to the substrate to form a second mesa adjacent to the first mesa. The second mesa includes the core layer and is optically coupled to the waveguide of the substrate.1. A method for manufacturing an optical semiconductor device, comprising the steps of:
forming a plurality of compound semiconductor layers including a sacrificial layer, an absorption layer, and a core layer; forming a first mesa from the plurality of compound semiconductor layers; forming an embedding layer that is a semiconductor layer having the first mesa embedded therein; after the step of forming the embedding layer, etching the sacrificial layer to form a chip including the plurality of compound semiconductor layers and the embedding layer; bonding the chip to a substrate comprising silicon and having a waveguide; and etching a portion of the first mesa of the chip bonded to the substrate to form a second mesa adjacent to the first mesa, wherein the second mesa includes the core layer and is optically coupled to the waveguide of the substrate. 2. The method for manufacturing an optical semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising, before the step of forming the chip, a step of forming, in the embedding layer, a groove through which the sacrificial layer is exposed,
wherein the first mesa is not exposed through the groove, and in the step of forming the chip, the first mesa is covered by the embedding layer, and the sacrificial layer is etched from a portion exposed through the groove. 3. The method for manufacturing an optical semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein
the sacrificial layer comprises aluminum arsenide, and the embedding layer comprises indium phosphide. 4. The method for manufacturing an optical semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein the absorption layer and the core layer comprise gallium indium arsenide. 5. The method for manufacturing an optical semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the second mesa has a tapered shape that becomes thinner as the second mesa extends away from the first mesa. 6. The method for manufacturing an optical semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the step of forming the plurality of compound semiconductor layers includes the sub steps of:
forming the absorption layer above the sacrificial layer; and forming the core layer above the sacrificial layer so as to be adjacent to the absorption layer in a direction crossing a stacking direction. 7. The method for manufacturing an optical semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising, after the step of forming the embedding layer and before the step of forming the chip, a step of forming an electrode on the compound semiconductor layers. 8. An optical semiconductor device comprising:
a substrate comprising silicon and having a waveguide; and a chip directly bonded to the substrate and including a plurality of compound semiconductor layers and an embedding layer, wherein the plurality of compound semiconductor layers include an absorption layer and a core layer that are adjacent to each other, the chip has a first mesa and a second mesa that are adjacent to each other, the embedding layer has the first mesa embedded therein, and the second mesa includes the core layer and is optically coupled to the waveguide of the substrate. | 2,800 |
342,097 | 16,802,479 | 2,895 | A semiconductor package includes a semiconductor die, a plurality of conductive bumps, a shielding layer, an encapsulant and a redistribution layer. The semiconductor die has an active surface, a backside surface and a lateral surface. The conductive bumps are disposed on the active surface of the semiconductor die. The shielding layer is disposed on the lateral surface of the semiconductor die. The encapsulant covers the shielding layer, and has a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface. The redistribution layer is disposed on the first surface of the encapsulant and electrically connected to the semiconductor die through the conductive bumps. The shielding layer is electrically connected to the redistribution layer. | 1-22. (canceled) 23. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor package, comprising:
(a) providing a semiconductor element including a plurality of conductive bumps; (b) forming a protection layer to cover the conductive bumps; (c) singulating the protection layer; and (d) forming a shielding layer on a lateral surface of the protection layer. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein after (b), the method further comprises:
(b-1) curing the protection layer. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein in (b), the protection layer is disposed on the semiconductor element to cover the conductive bumps. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the protection layer has a first surface contacting the semiconductor element and a second surface opposite to the first surface, and in (d), the shielding layer is further formed on the second surface of the protection layer. 27. The method of claim 23, wherein after (c), the method further comprises:
(c-1) singulating the semiconductor element to form a plurality of semiconductor dice and to expose a lateral surface of each of the semiconductor dice. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein in (d), the shielding layer is further formed on the lateral surface of each of the semiconductor dice. 29. The method of claim 23, wherein in (d), the shielding layer is further formed on a backside surface of the semiconductor element. 30. The method of claim 23, wherein after (a), the method further comprises:
(a-1) singulating the semiconductor element to form a plurality of semiconductor dice and to expose a lateral surface of each of the semiconductor dice. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein in (b), the semiconductor dice are disposed on the protection layer, such that the conductive bumps penetrate into and are embedded in the protection layer. 32. The method of claim 30, wherein in (d), the shielding layer is further formed on the lateral surface of each of the semiconductor dice. 33. The method of claim 23, wherein after (d), the method further comprises:
(d-1) removing at least a portion of the protection layer to expose an end of each of the conductive bumps. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein in (d-1), a portion of the shielding layer is also removed with the portion of the protection layer, such that an end of the shielding layer is coplanar with the end of each of the conductive bumps. 35. The method of claim 33, wherein in (d-1), the end of the shielding layer is also coplanar with a surface of the protection layer. 36. The method of claim 23, wherein after (d), the method further comprises:
(d-1) removing the protection layer. 37. The method of claim 23, wherein after (d), the method further comprises:
(e) forming an encapsulant to cover the semiconductor element and the shielding layer. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein after (e), the method further comprises:
(f) removing a portion of the encapsulant to expose an end of each of the conductive bumps. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein in (f), a portion of the shielding layer is removed with the portion of the encapsulant, such that an end of the shielding layer is coplanar with the end of each of the conductive bumps. 40. The method of claim 38, wherein after (f), the method further comprises:
(g) forming a redistribution layer on the encapsulant to electrically connect the semiconductor die through the conductive bumps. 41. The method of claim 40, wherein in (g), the shielding layer is also electrically connected to the redistribution layer. 42. The method of claim 40, wherein the encapsulant has a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface, the redistribution layer is disposed on the first surface, and after (g), the method further comprises:
(h) disposing a heat sink adjacent to the second surface of the encapsulant. | A semiconductor package includes a semiconductor die, a plurality of conductive bumps, a shielding layer, an encapsulant and a redistribution layer. The semiconductor die has an active surface, a backside surface and a lateral surface. The conductive bumps are disposed on the active surface of the semiconductor die. The shielding layer is disposed on the lateral surface of the semiconductor die. The encapsulant covers the shielding layer, and has a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface. The redistribution layer is disposed on the first surface of the encapsulant and electrically connected to the semiconductor die through the conductive bumps. The shielding layer is electrically connected to the redistribution layer.1-22. (canceled) 23. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor package, comprising:
(a) providing a semiconductor element including a plurality of conductive bumps; (b) forming a protection layer to cover the conductive bumps; (c) singulating the protection layer; and (d) forming a shielding layer on a lateral surface of the protection layer. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein after (b), the method further comprises:
(b-1) curing the protection layer. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein in (b), the protection layer is disposed on the semiconductor element to cover the conductive bumps. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the protection layer has a first surface contacting the semiconductor element and a second surface opposite to the first surface, and in (d), the shielding layer is further formed on the second surface of the protection layer. 27. The method of claim 23, wherein after (c), the method further comprises:
(c-1) singulating the semiconductor element to form a plurality of semiconductor dice and to expose a lateral surface of each of the semiconductor dice. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein in (d), the shielding layer is further formed on the lateral surface of each of the semiconductor dice. 29. The method of claim 23, wherein in (d), the shielding layer is further formed on a backside surface of the semiconductor element. 30. The method of claim 23, wherein after (a), the method further comprises:
(a-1) singulating the semiconductor element to form a plurality of semiconductor dice and to expose a lateral surface of each of the semiconductor dice. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein in (b), the semiconductor dice are disposed on the protection layer, such that the conductive bumps penetrate into and are embedded in the protection layer. 32. The method of claim 30, wherein in (d), the shielding layer is further formed on the lateral surface of each of the semiconductor dice. 33. The method of claim 23, wherein after (d), the method further comprises:
(d-1) removing at least a portion of the protection layer to expose an end of each of the conductive bumps. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein in (d-1), a portion of the shielding layer is also removed with the portion of the protection layer, such that an end of the shielding layer is coplanar with the end of each of the conductive bumps. 35. The method of claim 33, wherein in (d-1), the end of the shielding layer is also coplanar with a surface of the protection layer. 36. The method of claim 23, wherein after (d), the method further comprises:
(d-1) removing the protection layer. 37. The method of claim 23, wherein after (d), the method further comprises:
(e) forming an encapsulant to cover the semiconductor element and the shielding layer. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein after (e), the method further comprises:
(f) removing a portion of the encapsulant to expose an end of each of the conductive bumps. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein in (f), a portion of the shielding layer is removed with the portion of the encapsulant, such that an end of the shielding layer is coplanar with the end of each of the conductive bumps. 40. The method of claim 38, wherein after (f), the method further comprises:
(g) forming a redistribution layer on the encapsulant to electrically connect the semiconductor die through the conductive bumps. 41. The method of claim 40, wherein in (g), the shielding layer is also electrically connected to the redistribution layer. 42. The method of claim 40, wherein the encapsulant has a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface, the redistribution layer is disposed on the first surface, and after (g), the method further comprises:
(h) disposing a heat sink adjacent to the second surface of the encapsulant. | 2,800 |
342,098 | 16,802,465 | 2,895 | A semiconductor package device includes a first conductive wall, a second conductive wall, a first insulation wall, a dielectric layer, a first electrode, and a second electrode. The first insulation wall is disposed between the first and second conductive walls. The dielectric layer has a first portion covering a bottom surface of the first conductive wall, a bottom surface of the second conductive wall and a bottom surface of the first insulation wall. The first electrode is electrically connected to the first conductive wall. The second electrode is electrically connected to the second conductive wall. | 1. A semiconductor package device, comprising:
a first conductive wall; a second conductive wall; a first insulation wall disposed between the first and second conductive walls; a dielectric layer having a first portion covering a bottom surface of the first conductive wall, a bottom surface of the second conductive wall and a bottom surface of the first insulation wall; a first electrode electrically connected to the first conductive wall; and a second electrode electrically connected to the second conductive wall. 2. The semiconductor package device of claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer has a second portion covering a top surface of the first conductive wall, a top surface of the second conductive wall and a top surface of the first insulation wall. 3. The semiconductor package device of claim 1, wherein the first and second conductive walls and the first insulation wall are encapsulated by the dielectric layer. 4. The semiconductor package device of claim 1, further comprising a carrier, wherein the first portion of the dielectric layer is disposed between the carrier and the bottom surfaces of the first conductive wall, the second conductive wall and the first insulation wall. 5. The semiconductor package device of claim 1, further comprising a second insulation wall disposed adjacent to the first conductive wall. 6. The semiconductor package device of claim 5, further comprising a semiconductor wall disposed adjacent to the second insulation wall. 7. The semiconductor package device of claim 1, wherein the bottom surfaces of the first conductive wall, the second conductive wall and the first insulation wall are substantially coplanar. 8. The semiconductor package device of claim 2, wherein the top surfaces of the first conductive wall, the second conductive wall and the first insulation wall are substantially coplanar. 9. The semiconductor package device of claim 1, wherein the insulation wall and the first and second conductive walls have a concave-convex structure. 10. A semiconductor package device, comprising:
a first conductive wall; a second conductive wall; an insulation wall disposed between the first and second conductive walls; a dielectric layer covering a top surface of the first conductive wall, a top surface of the second conductive wall and a top surface of the insulation layer; a first conductive via penetrating the dielectric layer and in contact with the first conductive wall; a second conductive via penetrating the dielectric layer and in contact with the second conductive wall; a first electrode electrically connected to the first conductive wall via the first conductive via; and a second electrode electrically connected to the second conductive wall via the second conductive via. 11. The semiconductor package device of claim 10, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are at a same elevation. 12. The semiconductor package device of claim 10, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are at different elevations. 13. The semiconductor package device of claim 10, wherein the first electrode is electrically connected to a set of first conductive walls and the second electrode is electrically connected to a set of second conductive walls. 14. The semiconductor package device of claim 10, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are electrically connected to an anode and a cathode of an external power source, respectively. 15. The semiconductor package device of claim 10, further comprising a passivation layer disposed on the dielectric layer. 16. The semiconductor package device of claim 15, wherein the first electrode is encapsulated by the passivation layer. 17. The semiconductor package device of claim 10, further comprising a third electrode electrically connected to the first electrode and a fourth electrode electrically connected to the second electrode, wherein the first electrode and the fourth electrode are connected to the anode and the cathode of the external power source, respectively. 18. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor package device, comprising:
providing a carrier; providing a multi-layered structure comprising a plurality of conductive walls wherein every two adjacent conductive walls are separated from each other by an insulation wall disposed between the every two adjacent conductive walls; bonding the multi-layered structure on the carrier; forming a first electrode electrically connected to one of the every two adjacent conductive walls; and forming a second electrode electrically connected to the other of the every two adjacent conductive walls. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the multi-layered structure comprises a dielectric layer covering a bottom surface of the multi-layered structure and wherein the multi-layered structure is bonded to the carrier via the dielectric layer. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the dielectric layer is formed by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), coating, sputtering or the like. | A semiconductor package device includes a first conductive wall, a second conductive wall, a first insulation wall, a dielectric layer, a first electrode, and a second electrode. The first insulation wall is disposed between the first and second conductive walls. The dielectric layer has a first portion covering a bottom surface of the first conductive wall, a bottom surface of the second conductive wall and a bottom surface of the first insulation wall. The first electrode is electrically connected to the first conductive wall. The second electrode is electrically connected to the second conductive wall.1. A semiconductor package device, comprising:
a first conductive wall; a second conductive wall; a first insulation wall disposed between the first and second conductive walls; a dielectric layer having a first portion covering a bottom surface of the first conductive wall, a bottom surface of the second conductive wall and a bottom surface of the first insulation wall; a first electrode electrically connected to the first conductive wall; and a second electrode electrically connected to the second conductive wall. 2. The semiconductor package device of claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer has a second portion covering a top surface of the first conductive wall, a top surface of the second conductive wall and a top surface of the first insulation wall. 3. The semiconductor package device of claim 1, wherein the first and second conductive walls and the first insulation wall are encapsulated by the dielectric layer. 4. The semiconductor package device of claim 1, further comprising a carrier, wherein the first portion of the dielectric layer is disposed between the carrier and the bottom surfaces of the first conductive wall, the second conductive wall and the first insulation wall. 5. The semiconductor package device of claim 1, further comprising a second insulation wall disposed adjacent to the first conductive wall. 6. The semiconductor package device of claim 5, further comprising a semiconductor wall disposed adjacent to the second insulation wall. 7. The semiconductor package device of claim 1, wherein the bottom surfaces of the first conductive wall, the second conductive wall and the first insulation wall are substantially coplanar. 8. The semiconductor package device of claim 2, wherein the top surfaces of the first conductive wall, the second conductive wall and the first insulation wall are substantially coplanar. 9. The semiconductor package device of claim 1, wherein the insulation wall and the first and second conductive walls have a concave-convex structure. 10. A semiconductor package device, comprising:
a first conductive wall; a second conductive wall; an insulation wall disposed between the first and second conductive walls; a dielectric layer covering a top surface of the first conductive wall, a top surface of the second conductive wall and a top surface of the insulation layer; a first conductive via penetrating the dielectric layer and in contact with the first conductive wall; a second conductive via penetrating the dielectric layer and in contact with the second conductive wall; a first electrode electrically connected to the first conductive wall via the first conductive via; and a second electrode electrically connected to the second conductive wall via the second conductive via. 11. The semiconductor package device of claim 10, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are at a same elevation. 12. The semiconductor package device of claim 10, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are at different elevations. 13. The semiconductor package device of claim 10, wherein the first electrode is electrically connected to a set of first conductive walls and the second electrode is electrically connected to a set of second conductive walls. 14. The semiconductor package device of claim 10, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are electrically connected to an anode and a cathode of an external power source, respectively. 15. The semiconductor package device of claim 10, further comprising a passivation layer disposed on the dielectric layer. 16. The semiconductor package device of claim 15, wherein the first electrode is encapsulated by the passivation layer. 17. The semiconductor package device of claim 10, further comprising a third electrode electrically connected to the first electrode and a fourth electrode electrically connected to the second electrode, wherein the first electrode and the fourth electrode are connected to the anode and the cathode of the external power source, respectively. 18. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor package device, comprising:
providing a carrier; providing a multi-layered structure comprising a plurality of conductive walls wherein every two adjacent conductive walls are separated from each other by an insulation wall disposed between the every two adjacent conductive walls; bonding the multi-layered structure on the carrier; forming a first electrode electrically connected to one of the every two adjacent conductive walls; and forming a second electrode electrically connected to the other of the every two adjacent conductive walls. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the multi-layered structure comprises a dielectric layer covering a bottom surface of the multi-layered structure and wherein the multi-layered structure is bonded to the carrier via the dielectric layer. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the dielectric layer is formed by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), coating, sputtering or the like. | 2,800 |
342,099 | 16,802,494 | 2,895 | In an embodiment, a seizure monitor provides intelligent epilepsy seizure detection, monitoring, and alerting for epilepsy patients or people with seizures. In an embodiment, the seizure monitor may be a wearable, non-intrusive, passive monitoring device that does not require any insertion or ingestion into the human body. In an embodiment, the seizure monitor may include several output options for outputting the accelerometer/gyro or other motion sensor data and video data, so that the data may be immediately validated and/or remotely viewed. The device alerts are communicated to the outside care givers via wireless or wired medium. The device may also support recording of accelerometer or other motion sensor data and video data, which can be reviewed later for further analysis and/or diagnosis. The device and invention is also used and applicable for other body motion disorders or detection and diagnostics. | 1. A method to detect a seizure, comprising:
electronically collecting motion data produced by a sensor physically associated with a person; determining from the collected motion data via a processor communicatively coupled to the sensor at least one value characterizing the motion data; comparing the at least one value characterizing the motion data to at least one corresponding value characterizing abnormal motion; determining whether the seizure has occurred based on the comparing; and activating a seizure alert signal when the determined seizure has occurred. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one corresponding value characterizing abnormal motion includes a motion pattern model characterizing a seizure, and wherein the determining includes determining whether the motion data matches the motion pattern model characterizing the seizure within a predetermined tolerance. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
retrieving historic motion data previously stored in a memory; and applying the historic motion data to generate the at least one corresponding value characterizing abnormal motion. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the motion data is video data, the method further comprising:
identifying at least one distinguishable feature in the video data; determining locations of the distinguishable feature across multiple picture frames of the video data; and determining a motion path for the distinguishable feature, the motion path for the distinguishable feature being the at least one value characterizing the motion, wherein the comparing includes comparing the motion path for the distinguishable feature to a motion path characterizing the seizure, and wherein the determining whether a seizure has occurred includes determining whether the motion path for the distinguishable feature matches the motion path characterizing the seizure within a predetermined tolerance. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the motion data represents oscillatory motion. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the at least one value characterizing the motion data represents a frequency of oscillation, and wherein the at least one corresponding value characterizing abnormal motion represents a predetermined threshold, and wherein determining whether the seizure has occurred is based on the frequency of oscillation being higher than the predetermined threshold. 7. The method of claim 6, the motion data is derived from an optical flow or feature point analysis. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the motion data is derived from a plurality of motion vectors. 9. A method to detect abnormal motion in a person, comprising:
producing first sensor data at a first time, the first sensor data representing a first physical state of a portion of a body of a person, the first sensor data produced by at least one of an accelerometer, a gyro sensor, and a camera; producing second sensor data at a second time, the second time after the first time, the second sensor data representing a second physical state of the portion of the body of the person, the second sensor data produced by the at least one of the accelerometer, the gyro sensor, and the camera; mathematically associating the first sensor data with the second sensor data to obtain a motion value; comparing the motion value to an abnormal motion threshold; and activating an abnormal motion signal based on the comparing. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the first sensor data and the second sensor data are digital values representing at least one of amplitude, frequency, and acceleration. 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
repeating, a plurality of times, the acts of producing first and second sensor data, the act of mathematically associating the first and second sensor data, and the act of comparing; tracking at least one point of the portion of the body of the person; and deriving oscillation information as the motion value. 12. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
repeating, a plurality of times, the acts of producing first and second sensor data, the act of mathematically associating the first and second sensor data, and the act of comparing; computing at least one motion vector; generating a signature representing the at least one motion vector, the signature being the motion value. 13. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
physically attaching the at least one of the accelerometer, the gyro sensor, and the camera to either the person or furniture the person is in contact with. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the abnormal motion is indicative of a motion disorder, and wherein the motion disorder is one of epilepsy, ataxia, dystonia, dyskinesia, Parkinson's disease, chorea, tremor, tics, myoclonus, and restless leg syndrome. 15. A system for detecting a seizure or abnormal motion, said system comprising:
an input means for inputting motion parameters, said input means configured for inputting a template; a seizure detection engine; and a processor configured for activating an alert, wherein said processor is configured to be part of said seizure detection engine or separate from said seizure detection engine or both. 16. The system of claim 15, further comprising at least one of a location determination hardware and a global positioning software for determining a location of a user, further comprising at least one of a camera for video capture, a microphone for audio capture, and a sensor for motion capture. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the template comprises threshold values comprising one or more of a value relating to at least one of a frequency of oscillations of a body part, oscillatory motion, frequency of oscillations, frequency of motion within a time frame, amplitude of the motion, duration of the motion, seizure intensity or abnormal motion intensity based on amplitude, seizure intensity or abnormal motion intensity based on frequency, acceleration magnitude peaks in a time frame, a first derivative of a magnitude of acceleration, and a second derivative of a magnitude of acceleration. 18. The system of claim 15, wherein the seizure detection engine is configured for matching a motion pattern to the template, wherein the motion pattern is captured by one or more of an accelerometer, a gyroscopic sensor, a video-capture camera, and an audio-capture microphone, wherein said motion pattern is represented as a sum of basis functions multiplied by coefficients and determining if a magnitude of one or more coefficients crosses a predetermined threshold as an indication that at least one of a seizure or abnormal motion has occurred, wherein the matching the motion pattern is performed at least in part in a device that is remote from other functionality of the system, and wherein the template comprises a seizure data or abnormal motion threshold for at least one motion parameter, and past seizure data or abnormal motion data for a user of the system. 19. The system of claim 15, further comprising at least one of a statistical model, a neural network, or a training routine for learning behaviors associated with a specific type of motion for detecting at least one of a seizure or abnormal motion. 20. The system of claim 15, further comprising at least one or more of an option for a user to manually trigger an alert to a concerned party, an option for a requirement of a user confirmation prior to an alert being sent to a concerned party, an option for cancelling an alert to a concerned party, and an option to snooze an alert, and further comprising a transmitter capable of sending the alert to a remote location. | In an embodiment, a seizure monitor provides intelligent epilepsy seizure detection, monitoring, and alerting for epilepsy patients or people with seizures. In an embodiment, the seizure monitor may be a wearable, non-intrusive, passive monitoring device that does not require any insertion or ingestion into the human body. In an embodiment, the seizure monitor may include several output options for outputting the accelerometer/gyro or other motion sensor data and video data, so that the data may be immediately validated and/or remotely viewed. The device alerts are communicated to the outside care givers via wireless or wired medium. The device may also support recording of accelerometer or other motion sensor data and video data, which can be reviewed later for further analysis and/or diagnosis. The device and invention is also used and applicable for other body motion disorders or detection and diagnostics.1. A method to detect a seizure, comprising:
electronically collecting motion data produced by a sensor physically associated with a person; determining from the collected motion data via a processor communicatively coupled to the sensor at least one value characterizing the motion data; comparing the at least one value characterizing the motion data to at least one corresponding value characterizing abnormal motion; determining whether the seizure has occurred based on the comparing; and activating a seizure alert signal when the determined seizure has occurred. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one corresponding value characterizing abnormal motion includes a motion pattern model characterizing a seizure, and wherein the determining includes determining whether the motion data matches the motion pattern model characterizing the seizure within a predetermined tolerance. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
retrieving historic motion data previously stored in a memory; and applying the historic motion data to generate the at least one corresponding value characterizing abnormal motion. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the motion data is video data, the method further comprising:
identifying at least one distinguishable feature in the video data; determining locations of the distinguishable feature across multiple picture frames of the video data; and determining a motion path for the distinguishable feature, the motion path for the distinguishable feature being the at least one value characterizing the motion, wherein the comparing includes comparing the motion path for the distinguishable feature to a motion path characterizing the seizure, and wherein the determining whether a seizure has occurred includes determining whether the motion path for the distinguishable feature matches the motion path characterizing the seizure within a predetermined tolerance. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the motion data represents oscillatory motion. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the at least one value characterizing the motion data represents a frequency of oscillation, and wherein the at least one corresponding value characterizing abnormal motion represents a predetermined threshold, and wherein determining whether the seizure has occurred is based on the frequency of oscillation being higher than the predetermined threshold. 7. The method of claim 6, the motion data is derived from an optical flow or feature point analysis. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the motion data is derived from a plurality of motion vectors. 9. A method to detect abnormal motion in a person, comprising:
producing first sensor data at a first time, the first sensor data representing a first physical state of a portion of a body of a person, the first sensor data produced by at least one of an accelerometer, a gyro sensor, and a camera; producing second sensor data at a second time, the second time after the first time, the second sensor data representing a second physical state of the portion of the body of the person, the second sensor data produced by the at least one of the accelerometer, the gyro sensor, and the camera; mathematically associating the first sensor data with the second sensor data to obtain a motion value; comparing the motion value to an abnormal motion threshold; and activating an abnormal motion signal based on the comparing. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the first sensor data and the second sensor data are digital values representing at least one of amplitude, frequency, and acceleration. 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
repeating, a plurality of times, the acts of producing first and second sensor data, the act of mathematically associating the first and second sensor data, and the act of comparing; tracking at least one point of the portion of the body of the person; and deriving oscillation information as the motion value. 12. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
repeating, a plurality of times, the acts of producing first and second sensor data, the act of mathematically associating the first and second sensor data, and the act of comparing; computing at least one motion vector; generating a signature representing the at least one motion vector, the signature being the motion value. 13. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
physically attaching the at least one of the accelerometer, the gyro sensor, and the camera to either the person or furniture the person is in contact with. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the abnormal motion is indicative of a motion disorder, and wherein the motion disorder is one of epilepsy, ataxia, dystonia, dyskinesia, Parkinson's disease, chorea, tremor, tics, myoclonus, and restless leg syndrome. 15. A system for detecting a seizure or abnormal motion, said system comprising:
an input means for inputting motion parameters, said input means configured for inputting a template; a seizure detection engine; and a processor configured for activating an alert, wherein said processor is configured to be part of said seizure detection engine or separate from said seizure detection engine or both. 16. The system of claim 15, further comprising at least one of a location determination hardware and a global positioning software for determining a location of a user, further comprising at least one of a camera for video capture, a microphone for audio capture, and a sensor for motion capture. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the template comprises threshold values comprising one or more of a value relating to at least one of a frequency of oscillations of a body part, oscillatory motion, frequency of oscillations, frequency of motion within a time frame, amplitude of the motion, duration of the motion, seizure intensity or abnormal motion intensity based on amplitude, seizure intensity or abnormal motion intensity based on frequency, acceleration magnitude peaks in a time frame, a first derivative of a magnitude of acceleration, and a second derivative of a magnitude of acceleration. 18. The system of claim 15, wherein the seizure detection engine is configured for matching a motion pattern to the template, wherein the motion pattern is captured by one or more of an accelerometer, a gyroscopic sensor, a video-capture camera, and an audio-capture microphone, wherein said motion pattern is represented as a sum of basis functions multiplied by coefficients and determining if a magnitude of one or more coefficients crosses a predetermined threshold as an indication that at least one of a seizure or abnormal motion has occurred, wherein the matching the motion pattern is performed at least in part in a device that is remote from other functionality of the system, and wherein the template comprises a seizure data or abnormal motion threshold for at least one motion parameter, and past seizure data or abnormal motion data for a user of the system. 19. The system of claim 15, further comprising at least one of a statistical model, a neural network, or a training routine for learning behaviors associated with a specific type of motion for detecting at least one of a seizure or abnormal motion. 20. The system of claim 15, further comprising at least one or more of an option for a user to manually trigger an alert to a concerned party, an option for a requirement of a user confirmation prior to an alert being sent to a concerned party, an option for cancelling an alert to a concerned party, and an option to snooze an alert, and further comprising a transmitter capable of sending the alert to a remote location. | 2,800 |
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