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339,600 | 16,800,498 | 3,633 | Disclosed is a method of preparing a catalyst having a conductive oxide protective layer. The method may include providing (e.g., supplying) a carbon support having a metal catalyst supported thereon to a fluidized bed reactor, and forming a conductive oxide protective layer using atomic layer deposition (ALD). Particularly, the atomic layer deposition may include supplying a conductive oxide precursor to the fluidized bed reactor, conducting a first purging by supplying an inert gas to the fluidized bed reactor, converting the conductive oxide precursor to conductive oxide by supplying a reactive gas to the fluidized bed reactor, and conducting a second purging by supplying an inert gas to the fluidized bed reactor. | 1. A method of preparing a catalyst comprising a conductive oxide protective layer comprising:
Providing a carbon support comprising a metal catalyst supported thereon to a fluidized bed reactor; and forming a conductive oxide protective layer using atomic layer deposition (ALD). 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the atomic layer deposition comprises:
supplying a conductive oxide precursor to the fluidized bed reactor; conducting a first purging by supplying an inert gas to the fluidized bed reactor; converting the conductive oxide precursor to conductive oxide by supplying a reactive gas to the fluidized bed reactor; and conducting a second purging by supplying an inert gas to the fluidized bed reactor. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the metal catalyst comprises platinum (Pt). 4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising adjusting an internal pressure of the fluidized bed reactor to about 0.1 Torr to 0.5 Torr, after the providing the carbon support to the fluidized bed reactor and before the forming the conductive oxide protective layer. 5. The method according to claim 2, wherein, in the supplying a conductive oxide precursor to the fluidized bed reactor, the conductive oxide precursor comprises titanium (IV) isopropoxide (Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4, tin (IV) chloride (SnCl4) and a combination thereof. 6. The method according to claim 2, wherein, in the supplying the conductive oxide precursor to the fluidized bed reactor, a deposition operation pressure of the conductive oxide precursor is about 1 Torr to 5 Torr. 7. The method according to claim 2, wherein, in the supplying the conductive oxide precursor to the fluidized bed reactor, the conductive oxide precursor is supplied to the fluidized bed reactor for about 20 to 100 seconds. 8. The method according to claim 2, wherein, in the converting the conductive oxide precursor to conductive oxide, the reaction gas comprises water vapor (H2O). 9. The method according to claim 2, wherein, in the converting the conductive oxide precursor to conductive oxide, the reaction gas is supplied to the fluidized bed reactor at a flow rate from about 10 sccm to about 200 sccm. 10. The method according to claim 2, wherein, in the converting the conductive oxide precursor to conductive oxide, the conductive oxide comprises titanium dioxide (TiO2), tin dioxide (SnO2) and a combination thereof. 11. The method according to claim 2, wherein, in the purging, the inert gas is purged at a flow rate from about 50 sccm to about 200 sccm. 12. The method according to claim 2, wherein, in the purging, the inert gas is purged for about 60 to 120 seconds. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the atomic layer deposition is repeatedly conducted. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the atomic layer deposition is repeatedly conducted about 1 to 20 times. 15. A catalyst comprising a conductive oxide protective layer prepared by the method according to claim 1, comprising:
a carbon support; metal catalyst particles supported on the carbon support; and a conductive oxide protective layer formed on surfaces of the metal catalyst particles and having a network structure. 16. The catalyst according to claim 15, wherein the conductive oxide protective layer has a thickness of about 0.05 nm to 10 nm. 17. The catalyst according to claim 15, wherein the metal catalyst particles comprise platinum (Pt). 18. The catalyst according to claim 15, wherein the conductive oxide protective layer comprises a conductive oxide comprising titanium dioxide (TiO2), tin dioxide (SnO2) or a combination thereof. 19. A polymer electrolyte membrane for a fuel cell comprising a catalyst of claim 15. 20. A fuel cell comprising a polymer electrolyte membrane of claim 19. | Disclosed is a method of preparing a catalyst having a conductive oxide protective layer. The method may include providing (e.g., supplying) a carbon support having a metal catalyst supported thereon to a fluidized bed reactor, and forming a conductive oxide protective layer using atomic layer deposition (ALD). Particularly, the atomic layer deposition may include supplying a conductive oxide precursor to the fluidized bed reactor, conducting a first purging by supplying an inert gas to the fluidized bed reactor, converting the conductive oxide precursor to conductive oxide by supplying a reactive gas to the fluidized bed reactor, and conducting a second purging by supplying an inert gas to the fluidized bed reactor.1. A method of preparing a catalyst comprising a conductive oxide protective layer comprising:
Providing a carbon support comprising a metal catalyst supported thereon to a fluidized bed reactor; and forming a conductive oxide protective layer using atomic layer deposition (ALD). 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the atomic layer deposition comprises:
supplying a conductive oxide precursor to the fluidized bed reactor; conducting a first purging by supplying an inert gas to the fluidized bed reactor; converting the conductive oxide precursor to conductive oxide by supplying a reactive gas to the fluidized bed reactor; and conducting a second purging by supplying an inert gas to the fluidized bed reactor. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the metal catalyst comprises platinum (Pt). 4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising adjusting an internal pressure of the fluidized bed reactor to about 0.1 Torr to 0.5 Torr, after the providing the carbon support to the fluidized bed reactor and before the forming the conductive oxide protective layer. 5. The method according to claim 2, wherein, in the supplying a conductive oxide precursor to the fluidized bed reactor, the conductive oxide precursor comprises titanium (IV) isopropoxide (Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4, tin (IV) chloride (SnCl4) and a combination thereof. 6. The method according to claim 2, wherein, in the supplying the conductive oxide precursor to the fluidized bed reactor, a deposition operation pressure of the conductive oxide precursor is about 1 Torr to 5 Torr. 7. The method according to claim 2, wherein, in the supplying the conductive oxide precursor to the fluidized bed reactor, the conductive oxide precursor is supplied to the fluidized bed reactor for about 20 to 100 seconds. 8. The method according to claim 2, wherein, in the converting the conductive oxide precursor to conductive oxide, the reaction gas comprises water vapor (H2O). 9. The method according to claim 2, wherein, in the converting the conductive oxide precursor to conductive oxide, the reaction gas is supplied to the fluidized bed reactor at a flow rate from about 10 sccm to about 200 sccm. 10. The method according to claim 2, wherein, in the converting the conductive oxide precursor to conductive oxide, the conductive oxide comprises titanium dioxide (TiO2), tin dioxide (SnO2) and a combination thereof. 11. The method according to claim 2, wherein, in the purging, the inert gas is purged at a flow rate from about 50 sccm to about 200 sccm. 12. The method according to claim 2, wherein, in the purging, the inert gas is purged for about 60 to 120 seconds. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the atomic layer deposition is repeatedly conducted. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the atomic layer deposition is repeatedly conducted about 1 to 20 times. 15. A catalyst comprising a conductive oxide protective layer prepared by the method according to claim 1, comprising:
a carbon support; metal catalyst particles supported on the carbon support; and a conductive oxide protective layer formed on surfaces of the metal catalyst particles and having a network structure. 16. The catalyst according to claim 15, wherein the conductive oxide protective layer has a thickness of about 0.05 nm to 10 nm. 17. The catalyst according to claim 15, wherein the metal catalyst particles comprise platinum (Pt). 18. The catalyst according to claim 15, wherein the conductive oxide protective layer comprises a conductive oxide comprising titanium dioxide (TiO2), tin dioxide (SnO2) or a combination thereof. 19. A polymer electrolyte membrane for a fuel cell comprising a catalyst of claim 15. 20. A fuel cell comprising a polymer electrolyte membrane of claim 19. | 3,600 |
339,601 | 16,800,538 | 3,633 | An information processing device includes: a reception portion configured to receive a signal transmitted from a wireless communication unit provided in a vehicle; a road travel environmental information generation portion configured to generate road travel environmental information including position information and time information of the vehicle based on the signal transmitted from the wireless communication unit; a failure determination portion configured to determine that the vehicle has a failure in a vehicle outside monitoring camera based on the signal from the wireless communication unit; and a transmission portion configured to transmit, to the vehicle determined to have the failure by the failure determination portion, image information outside the vehicle, the image information being necessary for driving and based on the road travel environmental information. | 1. An information processing device for transmitting, to a vehicle equipped with vehicle outside monitoring cameras, image information outside the vehicle, the image information being necessary for driving, the information processing device comprising:
a reception portion configured to receive a signal transmitted from a wireless communication unit provided in the vehicle; a generation portion configured to generate road travel environmental information including position information and time information of the vehicle based on the signal transmitted from the wireless communication unit; a failure determination portion configured to determine that the vehicle has a failure in any of the vehicle outside monitoring cameras based on the signal from the wireless communication unit; and a transmission portion configured to transmit, to the vehicle determined to have the failure by the failure determination portion, image information outside the vehicle, the image information being necessary for driving and based on the road travel environmental information. 2. The information processing device according to claim 1, wherein the signal transmitted from the wireless communication unit includes pieces of image information around the vehicle during traveling, the pieces of image information being captured by the vehicle outside monitoring cameras. 3. The information processing device according to claim 1, wherein each of the vehicle outside monitoring cameras captures a corresponding one of images ahead of and behind the vehicle during traveling and images on right and left sides of the vehicle during traveling. 4. The information processing device according to claim 1, wherein, when the reception portion does not receive any one of pieces of image information ahead of and behind the vehicle and on right and left sides of the vehicle, the pieces of image information being captured by the vehicle outside monitoring cameras, the failure determination portion determines that a corresponding one of the vehicle outside monitoring cameras has the failure. 5. The information processing device according to claim 1, wherein the transmission portion transmits information including position information of a surrounding vehicle traveling around the vehicle determined to have the failure in any of the vehicle outside monitoring cameras. 6. The information processing device according to claim 1, wherein the transmission portion transmits the image information by changing an information amount of the image information in accordance with a traveling speed of a surrounding vehicle traveling around the vehicle determined to have the failure in any of the vehicle outside monitoring cameras. 7. The information processing device according to claim 1, wherein the vehicle that has received the image information from the transmission portion shifts to an evacuation traveling mode or a stop mode. 8. An automatic traveling control system comprising:
the information processing device according to claim 1; and a self-driving vehicle configured to receive the image information provided from the information processing device and shift to an automated driving mode based on the image information. | An information processing device includes: a reception portion configured to receive a signal transmitted from a wireless communication unit provided in a vehicle; a road travel environmental information generation portion configured to generate road travel environmental information including position information and time information of the vehicle based on the signal transmitted from the wireless communication unit; a failure determination portion configured to determine that the vehicle has a failure in a vehicle outside monitoring camera based on the signal from the wireless communication unit; and a transmission portion configured to transmit, to the vehicle determined to have the failure by the failure determination portion, image information outside the vehicle, the image information being necessary for driving and based on the road travel environmental information.1. An information processing device for transmitting, to a vehicle equipped with vehicle outside monitoring cameras, image information outside the vehicle, the image information being necessary for driving, the information processing device comprising:
a reception portion configured to receive a signal transmitted from a wireless communication unit provided in the vehicle; a generation portion configured to generate road travel environmental information including position information and time information of the vehicle based on the signal transmitted from the wireless communication unit; a failure determination portion configured to determine that the vehicle has a failure in any of the vehicle outside monitoring cameras based on the signal from the wireless communication unit; and a transmission portion configured to transmit, to the vehicle determined to have the failure by the failure determination portion, image information outside the vehicle, the image information being necessary for driving and based on the road travel environmental information. 2. The information processing device according to claim 1, wherein the signal transmitted from the wireless communication unit includes pieces of image information around the vehicle during traveling, the pieces of image information being captured by the vehicle outside monitoring cameras. 3. The information processing device according to claim 1, wherein each of the vehicle outside monitoring cameras captures a corresponding one of images ahead of and behind the vehicle during traveling and images on right and left sides of the vehicle during traveling. 4. The information processing device according to claim 1, wherein, when the reception portion does not receive any one of pieces of image information ahead of and behind the vehicle and on right and left sides of the vehicle, the pieces of image information being captured by the vehicle outside monitoring cameras, the failure determination portion determines that a corresponding one of the vehicle outside monitoring cameras has the failure. 5. The information processing device according to claim 1, wherein the transmission portion transmits information including position information of a surrounding vehicle traveling around the vehicle determined to have the failure in any of the vehicle outside monitoring cameras. 6. The information processing device according to claim 1, wherein the transmission portion transmits the image information by changing an information amount of the image information in accordance with a traveling speed of a surrounding vehicle traveling around the vehicle determined to have the failure in any of the vehicle outside monitoring cameras. 7. The information processing device according to claim 1, wherein the vehicle that has received the image information from the transmission portion shifts to an evacuation traveling mode or a stop mode. 8. An automatic traveling control system comprising:
the information processing device according to claim 1; and a self-driving vehicle configured to receive the image information provided from the information processing device and shift to an automated driving mode based on the image information. | 3,600 |
339,602 | 16,800,541 | 3,633 | Biocatalytic conversion systems and methods of producing and using same that have improved yields are disclosed. The systems and methods involve co-fermentation of sugars and gaseous substrates for alcohol, ketone, and/or organic acid production. The systems and methods may include biocatalytically converting at least one sugar substrate into at least one of alcohol, at least one ketone, and/or at least one organic acid. The systems and methods may further include biocatalytically converting gases that comprise CO2 and H2 to at least one alcohol and/or at least one organic acid, thereby adding extra revenue to biorefineries. | 1. A biocatalytic conversion system that utilizes a co-fermentation process for sugar and gaseous substrates, the biocatalytic conversion system comprising:
a first reactor comprising at least one fermentation medium containing at least one first microorganism, wherein the at least one fermentation medium comprises at least one sugar substrate, and wherein the at least one first microorganism comprises a sugar fermenting species that converts sugars into at least one of acetone, butanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetic acid, and butyric acid, and wherein a gaseous substrate comprising CO2 and H2 gases is produced during the fermentation process; a second reactor comprising at least one medium containing at least one second microorganism, wherein the at least one second microorganism comprises a gas fermenting species that converts CO2 and H2 gases into at least one of an alcohol and an organic acid; and a gas line connecting the first reactor to the second reactor for feeding the gaseous substrate produced in the first reactor into the second reactor. 2. The biocatalytic conversion system of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second microorganisms comprises one or more species of microorganisms, and wherein each species is from a genus selected from the group consisting of Clostridium, Butyribacterium, Eubacterium, Moorella, Acetobacterium, Enterobacter, Bacillus, Anaerobaculum, Alkalibaculum, and combinations thereof. 3. The biocatalytic conversion system of claim 2, wherein at least one of:
the first microorganism comprises at least one of Clostridium acetobutylicum, Bacillus firmus, Anaerobaculum hydrogeniformans, and Clostridium beijerinckii; and the second microorganism comprises at least one of Clostridium ragsdalei, Clostridium autoethanogenum, Clostridium carboxidivorans, Clostridium ljungdahlii, and Alkalibaculum bacchi. 4. The biocatalytic conversion system of claim 3, wherein at least one of:
the at least one first microorganism comprises Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824; the at least one second microorganism comprises Clostridium ragsdalei P11, and wherein ethanol, acetic acid, and isopropanol are produced in the reactor containing the at least one second microorganism; and the at least one second microorganism comprises Clostridium carboxidivorans, and wherein ethanol, butanol, hexanol, butyric acid, acetic acid, and hexanoic acid are produced in the reactor containing the at least one second microorganism. 5. The biocatalytic conversion system of claim 1, wherein the at least one sugar substrate present in the fermentation medium is selected from the group consisting of glucose, fructose, sucrose, xylose, galactose, arabinose, mannose, and combinations thereof. 6. The biocatalytic conversion system of claim 1, wherein the at least one fermentation medium comprises at least one raw material selected from the group consisting of a sugar, a starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, other carbohydrates, glucan, xylan, galactan, mannan, cellobiose, lignocellulosic biomass, and combinations thereof. 7. The biocatalytic conversion system of claim 1, wherein the at least one fermentation medium contains a feedstock selected from the group consisting of switchgrass, forage sorghum, redcedar, woody materials, and combinations thereof, and wherein the feedstock has been pretreated and hydrolyzed prior to placement of the feedstock in the at least one fermentation medium. 8. The biocatalytic conversion system of claim 1, wherein the biocatalytic conversion system produces at least one alcohol, at least one ketone, and at least one organic acid. 9. The biocatalytic conversion system of claim 1, wherein the gas line connects a headspace of the first reactor to a headspace of the second reactor. 10. The biocatalytic conversion system of claim 1, wherein at least one of:
the first reactor is maintained at a temperature in a range of from about 20° C. to about 45° C., and a pH of the at least one fermentation medium is maintained in a range of from about 4 to about 7.5, and wherein the second reactor is maintained at a temperature in a range of from about 20° C. to about 45° C., and a pH of the at least one fermentation medium is maintained in a range of from about 4 to about 7; and external CO and/or H2 gas is fed into the reactor containing the at least one second microorganism. 11. A method of biocatalytic conversion that utilizes a co-fermentation process for sugar and gaseous substrates, the method comprising the steps of:
contacting at least one fermentation medium with at least one first microorganism in a first reactor, wherein the at least one fermentation medium comprises at least one sugar substrate, and wherein the at least one first microorganism converts the at least one sugar substrate into at least one of acetone, butanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetic acid, and butyric acid, and wherein a gaseous substrate comprising CO2 and H2 gases is produced during the fermentation process; and feeding the gaseous substrate produced in the first reactor into a second reactor, the second reactor comprising at least one medium containing at least one second microorganism, wherein the at least one second microorganism converts CO2 and H2 gases into at least one of an alcohol and an organic acid. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein each of the first and second microorganisms comprises one or more species of microorganisms, wherein each species is from a genus selected from the group consisting of Clostridium, Butyribacterium, Eubacterium, Moorella, Acetobacterium, Enterobacter, Bacillus, Anaerobaculum, Alkalibaculum, and combinations thereof. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein at least one of:
the first microorganism comprises at least one of Clostridium acetobutylicum, Bacillus firmus, Anaerobaculum hydrogeniformans, and Clostridium beijerinckii; and the second microorganism comprises at least one of Clostridium ragsdalei, Clostridium autoethanogenum, Clostridium carboxidivorans, Clostridium ljungdahlii, and Alkalibaculum bacchi. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein at least one of:
the at least one first microorganism comprises Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824; the at least one second microorganism comprises Clostridium ragsdalei P11, and wherein ethanol, acetic acid, and isopropanol are produced in the reactor containing the at least one second microorganism; and the at least one second microorganism comprises Clostridium carboxidivorans, and wherein ethanol, butanol, hexanol, butyric acid, acetic acid, and hexanoic acid are produced in the reactor containing the at least one second microorganism. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one sugar substrate present in the fermentation medium is selected from the group consisting of glucose, fructose, sucrose, xylose, galactose, arabinose, mannose, and combinations thereof. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one fermentation medium comprises at least one raw material selected from the group consisting of a sugar, a starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, other carbohydrates, glucan, xylan, galactan, mannan, cellobiose, lignocellulosic biomass, and combinations thereof. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one fermentation medium contains a feedstock selected from the group consisting of switchgrass, forage sorghum, redcedar, woody materials, and combinations thereof, and wherein the method further comprises the step of pretreating and hydrolyzing the feedstock prior to contact with the at least one first microorganism. 18. The method of claim 11, further defined as producing at least one alcohol, at least one ketone, and at least one organic acid. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the first reactor is maintained at a temperature in a range of from about 20° C. to about 45° C., and a pH of the at least one fermentation medium is maintained in a range of from about 4 to about 7.5, and wherein the second reactor is maintained at a temperature in a range of from about 20° C. to about 45° C., and a pH of the at least one fermentation medium is maintained in a range of from about 4 to about 7. 20. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step of feeding additional CO and/or H2 gas into the reactor containing the at least one second microorganism. | Biocatalytic conversion systems and methods of producing and using same that have improved yields are disclosed. The systems and methods involve co-fermentation of sugars and gaseous substrates for alcohol, ketone, and/or organic acid production. The systems and methods may include biocatalytically converting at least one sugar substrate into at least one of alcohol, at least one ketone, and/or at least one organic acid. The systems and methods may further include biocatalytically converting gases that comprise CO2 and H2 to at least one alcohol and/or at least one organic acid, thereby adding extra revenue to biorefineries.1. A biocatalytic conversion system that utilizes a co-fermentation process for sugar and gaseous substrates, the biocatalytic conversion system comprising:
a first reactor comprising at least one fermentation medium containing at least one first microorganism, wherein the at least one fermentation medium comprises at least one sugar substrate, and wherein the at least one first microorganism comprises a sugar fermenting species that converts sugars into at least one of acetone, butanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetic acid, and butyric acid, and wherein a gaseous substrate comprising CO2 and H2 gases is produced during the fermentation process; a second reactor comprising at least one medium containing at least one second microorganism, wherein the at least one second microorganism comprises a gas fermenting species that converts CO2 and H2 gases into at least one of an alcohol and an organic acid; and a gas line connecting the first reactor to the second reactor for feeding the gaseous substrate produced in the first reactor into the second reactor. 2. The biocatalytic conversion system of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second microorganisms comprises one or more species of microorganisms, and wherein each species is from a genus selected from the group consisting of Clostridium, Butyribacterium, Eubacterium, Moorella, Acetobacterium, Enterobacter, Bacillus, Anaerobaculum, Alkalibaculum, and combinations thereof. 3. The biocatalytic conversion system of claim 2, wherein at least one of:
the first microorganism comprises at least one of Clostridium acetobutylicum, Bacillus firmus, Anaerobaculum hydrogeniformans, and Clostridium beijerinckii; and the second microorganism comprises at least one of Clostridium ragsdalei, Clostridium autoethanogenum, Clostridium carboxidivorans, Clostridium ljungdahlii, and Alkalibaculum bacchi. 4. The biocatalytic conversion system of claim 3, wherein at least one of:
the at least one first microorganism comprises Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824; the at least one second microorganism comprises Clostridium ragsdalei P11, and wherein ethanol, acetic acid, and isopropanol are produced in the reactor containing the at least one second microorganism; and the at least one second microorganism comprises Clostridium carboxidivorans, and wherein ethanol, butanol, hexanol, butyric acid, acetic acid, and hexanoic acid are produced in the reactor containing the at least one second microorganism. 5. The biocatalytic conversion system of claim 1, wherein the at least one sugar substrate present in the fermentation medium is selected from the group consisting of glucose, fructose, sucrose, xylose, galactose, arabinose, mannose, and combinations thereof. 6. The biocatalytic conversion system of claim 1, wherein the at least one fermentation medium comprises at least one raw material selected from the group consisting of a sugar, a starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, other carbohydrates, glucan, xylan, galactan, mannan, cellobiose, lignocellulosic biomass, and combinations thereof. 7. The biocatalytic conversion system of claim 1, wherein the at least one fermentation medium contains a feedstock selected from the group consisting of switchgrass, forage sorghum, redcedar, woody materials, and combinations thereof, and wherein the feedstock has been pretreated and hydrolyzed prior to placement of the feedstock in the at least one fermentation medium. 8. The biocatalytic conversion system of claim 1, wherein the biocatalytic conversion system produces at least one alcohol, at least one ketone, and at least one organic acid. 9. The biocatalytic conversion system of claim 1, wherein the gas line connects a headspace of the first reactor to a headspace of the second reactor. 10. The biocatalytic conversion system of claim 1, wherein at least one of:
the first reactor is maintained at a temperature in a range of from about 20° C. to about 45° C., and a pH of the at least one fermentation medium is maintained in a range of from about 4 to about 7.5, and wherein the second reactor is maintained at a temperature in a range of from about 20° C. to about 45° C., and a pH of the at least one fermentation medium is maintained in a range of from about 4 to about 7; and external CO and/or H2 gas is fed into the reactor containing the at least one second microorganism. 11. A method of biocatalytic conversion that utilizes a co-fermentation process for sugar and gaseous substrates, the method comprising the steps of:
contacting at least one fermentation medium with at least one first microorganism in a first reactor, wherein the at least one fermentation medium comprises at least one sugar substrate, and wherein the at least one first microorganism converts the at least one sugar substrate into at least one of acetone, butanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetic acid, and butyric acid, and wherein a gaseous substrate comprising CO2 and H2 gases is produced during the fermentation process; and feeding the gaseous substrate produced in the first reactor into a second reactor, the second reactor comprising at least one medium containing at least one second microorganism, wherein the at least one second microorganism converts CO2 and H2 gases into at least one of an alcohol and an organic acid. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein each of the first and second microorganisms comprises one or more species of microorganisms, wherein each species is from a genus selected from the group consisting of Clostridium, Butyribacterium, Eubacterium, Moorella, Acetobacterium, Enterobacter, Bacillus, Anaerobaculum, Alkalibaculum, and combinations thereof. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein at least one of:
the first microorganism comprises at least one of Clostridium acetobutylicum, Bacillus firmus, Anaerobaculum hydrogeniformans, and Clostridium beijerinckii; and the second microorganism comprises at least one of Clostridium ragsdalei, Clostridium autoethanogenum, Clostridium carboxidivorans, Clostridium ljungdahlii, and Alkalibaculum bacchi. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein at least one of:
the at least one first microorganism comprises Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824; the at least one second microorganism comprises Clostridium ragsdalei P11, and wherein ethanol, acetic acid, and isopropanol are produced in the reactor containing the at least one second microorganism; and the at least one second microorganism comprises Clostridium carboxidivorans, and wherein ethanol, butanol, hexanol, butyric acid, acetic acid, and hexanoic acid are produced in the reactor containing the at least one second microorganism. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one sugar substrate present in the fermentation medium is selected from the group consisting of glucose, fructose, sucrose, xylose, galactose, arabinose, mannose, and combinations thereof. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one fermentation medium comprises at least one raw material selected from the group consisting of a sugar, a starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, other carbohydrates, glucan, xylan, galactan, mannan, cellobiose, lignocellulosic biomass, and combinations thereof. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one fermentation medium contains a feedstock selected from the group consisting of switchgrass, forage sorghum, redcedar, woody materials, and combinations thereof, and wherein the method further comprises the step of pretreating and hydrolyzing the feedstock prior to contact with the at least one first microorganism. 18. The method of claim 11, further defined as producing at least one alcohol, at least one ketone, and at least one organic acid. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the first reactor is maintained at a temperature in a range of from about 20° C. to about 45° C., and a pH of the at least one fermentation medium is maintained in a range of from about 4 to about 7.5, and wherein the second reactor is maintained at a temperature in a range of from about 20° C. to about 45° C., and a pH of the at least one fermentation medium is maintained in a range of from about 4 to about 7. 20. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step of feeding additional CO and/or H2 gas into the reactor containing the at least one second microorganism. | 3,600 |
339,603 | 16,800,535 | 2,852 | An image forming apparatus includes an intermediate transfer belt, an image forming device, a brush roller, a bias application device, and a controller. The bias application device applies, between the intermediate transfer belt and the brush roller, a bias for shifting a charged residual toner from the intermediate transfer belt to the brush roller. The controller controls, in a period in which calibration or maintenance is executed, the bias application device to set an application amount of the bias at a predefined first value only in a specified time zone in which the residual toner is present on the intermediate transfer belt and to set the application amount of the bias at a predefined second value smaller than the first value in time zones other than the specified time zone. | 1. An image forming apparatus comprising:
an intermediate transfer belt of an endless type being stretched over a plurality of rollers and circularly moved, the intermediate transfer belt carrying a toner image to be transferred to recording paper; an image forming device forming the toner image and transferring the toner image to the intermediate transfer belt; a brush roller making contact with the intermediate transfer belt and removing a charged residual toner carried on the intermediate transfer belt; a bias application device applying, between the intermediate transfer belt and the brush roller, a bias for shifting the charged residual toner from the intermediate transfer belt to the brush roller; and a control device including a processor and, as a result of executing a control program by the processor, functioning as a controller controlling, in a period in which calibration or maintenance is executed, the bias application device to set an application amount of the bias at a predefined first value only in a specified time zone in which the residual toner is present on the intermediate transfer belt and to set the application amount of the bias at a predefined second value smaller than the first value in time zones other than the specified time zone. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
in the period in which the calibration for adjusting a bias of a developing part included in the image forming device is performed, the controller controls the bias application device to set the application amount of the bias at the first value only in the specified time zone in which the residual toner is present on the intermediate transfer belt and to set the application amount of the bias at the second value in the time zones other than the specified time zone. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein
the period in which the calibration is performed includes: a discharge adjustment time zone serving as a time zone in which the bias is adjusted to such an extent that does not cause discharge; a toner discharge time zone serving as a time zone in which the toner image is formed and transferred to the intermediate transfer belt; and an aging time zone serving as a time zone for stabilizing operation of the developing part, and the specified time zone corresponds to the aging time zone and the time zones other than the specified time zone correspond to the discharge adjustment time zone and the toner discharge time zone. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
in the period of the maintenance in which a surface of an image carrier included in the image forming device is refreshed, the controller controls the bias application device to set the application amount of the bias at the first value only in the specified time zone in which the residual toner is present on the intermediate transfer belt and to set the application amount of the bias at the second value in the time zones other than the specified time zone. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein
the period of the maintenance includes: a time zone formed by repeating a set of a charge aging time zone and a toner discharge time zone a predefined number of times where the charge aging time zone serves as a time zone in which the image carrier is charged and the toner discharge time zone serves as a time zone in which the toner is transferred from the image carrier to the intermediate transfer belt; and a final charge aging time zone, and the specified time zone corresponds to the final charge aging time zone and the time zones other than the specified time zone correspond to the repeated time zones. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
in the period of the maintenance in which a degraded toner in a developing part included in the image forming device is discharged, the controller controls the bias application device to set the application amount of the bias at the first value only in the specified time zone in which the residual toner is present on the intermediate transfer belt and to set the application amount of the bias at the second value in the time zones other than the specified time zone. 7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 6, wherein
the period of the maintenance includes: a time zone formed by repeating a set of a development aging time zone and a toner discharge time zone a predefined number of times where the development aging time zone serves as a time zone in which aging of the developing part is performed and the toner discharge time zone serves as a time zone in which the toner is transferred from the image carrier to the intermediate transfer belt; and a final development aging time zone, and the specified time zone corresponds to the final development aging time zone and the time zones other than the specified time zone corresponding to the repeated time zones. 8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
in period of a full calibration and T/C correction for adjusting the toner image on the intermediate transfer belt, the full calibration and T/C correction being the calibration, the controller controls the bias application device to set the application amount of the bias at the first value only in a full calibration time zone in which the residual toner is present on the intermediate transfer belt and to set the application amount of the bias at the second value in a time zone of the T/C correction. 9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the controller provides the specified time zone in which the residual toner is present on the intermediate transfer belt as a time zone in which the residual toner on the intermediate transfer belt makes contact with the brush roller. 10. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the controller provides the specified time zone as a time zone in which the residual toner is present on the intermediate transfer belt and sets the first value at a larger value with an increase in concentration of the residual toner. | An image forming apparatus includes an intermediate transfer belt, an image forming device, a brush roller, a bias application device, and a controller. The bias application device applies, between the intermediate transfer belt and the brush roller, a bias for shifting a charged residual toner from the intermediate transfer belt to the brush roller. The controller controls, in a period in which calibration or maintenance is executed, the bias application device to set an application amount of the bias at a predefined first value only in a specified time zone in which the residual toner is present on the intermediate transfer belt and to set the application amount of the bias at a predefined second value smaller than the first value in time zones other than the specified time zone.1. An image forming apparatus comprising:
an intermediate transfer belt of an endless type being stretched over a plurality of rollers and circularly moved, the intermediate transfer belt carrying a toner image to be transferred to recording paper; an image forming device forming the toner image and transferring the toner image to the intermediate transfer belt; a brush roller making contact with the intermediate transfer belt and removing a charged residual toner carried on the intermediate transfer belt; a bias application device applying, between the intermediate transfer belt and the brush roller, a bias for shifting the charged residual toner from the intermediate transfer belt to the brush roller; and a control device including a processor and, as a result of executing a control program by the processor, functioning as a controller controlling, in a period in which calibration or maintenance is executed, the bias application device to set an application amount of the bias at a predefined first value only in a specified time zone in which the residual toner is present on the intermediate transfer belt and to set the application amount of the bias at a predefined second value smaller than the first value in time zones other than the specified time zone. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
in the period in which the calibration for adjusting a bias of a developing part included in the image forming device is performed, the controller controls the bias application device to set the application amount of the bias at the first value only in the specified time zone in which the residual toner is present on the intermediate transfer belt and to set the application amount of the bias at the second value in the time zones other than the specified time zone. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein
the period in which the calibration is performed includes: a discharge adjustment time zone serving as a time zone in which the bias is adjusted to such an extent that does not cause discharge; a toner discharge time zone serving as a time zone in which the toner image is formed and transferred to the intermediate transfer belt; and an aging time zone serving as a time zone for stabilizing operation of the developing part, and the specified time zone corresponds to the aging time zone and the time zones other than the specified time zone correspond to the discharge adjustment time zone and the toner discharge time zone. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
in the period of the maintenance in which a surface of an image carrier included in the image forming device is refreshed, the controller controls the bias application device to set the application amount of the bias at the first value only in the specified time zone in which the residual toner is present on the intermediate transfer belt and to set the application amount of the bias at the second value in the time zones other than the specified time zone. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein
the period of the maintenance includes: a time zone formed by repeating a set of a charge aging time zone and a toner discharge time zone a predefined number of times where the charge aging time zone serves as a time zone in which the image carrier is charged and the toner discharge time zone serves as a time zone in which the toner is transferred from the image carrier to the intermediate transfer belt; and a final charge aging time zone, and the specified time zone corresponds to the final charge aging time zone and the time zones other than the specified time zone correspond to the repeated time zones. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
in the period of the maintenance in which a degraded toner in a developing part included in the image forming device is discharged, the controller controls the bias application device to set the application amount of the bias at the first value only in the specified time zone in which the residual toner is present on the intermediate transfer belt and to set the application amount of the bias at the second value in the time zones other than the specified time zone. 7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 6, wherein
the period of the maintenance includes: a time zone formed by repeating a set of a development aging time zone and a toner discharge time zone a predefined number of times where the development aging time zone serves as a time zone in which aging of the developing part is performed and the toner discharge time zone serves as a time zone in which the toner is transferred from the image carrier to the intermediate transfer belt; and a final development aging time zone, and the specified time zone corresponds to the final development aging time zone and the time zones other than the specified time zone corresponding to the repeated time zones. 8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
in period of a full calibration and T/C correction for adjusting the toner image on the intermediate transfer belt, the full calibration and T/C correction being the calibration, the controller controls the bias application device to set the application amount of the bias at the first value only in a full calibration time zone in which the residual toner is present on the intermediate transfer belt and to set the application amount of the bias at the second value in a time zone of the T/C correction. 9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the controller provides the specified time zone in which the residual toner is present on the intermediate transfer belt as a time zone in which the residual toner on the intermediate transfer belt makes contact with the brush roller. 10. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the controller provides the specified time zone as a time zone in which the residual toner is present on the intermediate transfer belt and sets the first value at a larger value with an increase in concentration of the residual toner. | 2,800 |
339,604 | 16,800,540 | 2,852 | A label supply apparatus includes a suction portion having a suction surface on which a label with an adhesive is to be held, sensors on the suction surface, and a controller configured to determine whether the label is held on the suction surface at a proper position or an improper position based on sensing results from the sensors. | 1. A label supply apparatus, comprising
a suction portion having a suction surface on which a label with an adhesive is to be held; sensors on the suction surface; and a controller configured to determine whether the label is held on the suction surface at a proper position or an improper position based on sensing results from the sensors. 2. The label supply apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the controller determines that the label is held on the suction surface at the proper position when all the sensors detect the label and that the label is held on the suction surface at the improper position when all the sensors do not detect the label. 3. The label supply apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:
an air pressure generator configured to generate negative or positive pressure at the suction surface, wherein the controller controls the air pressure generator to generate the negative pressure at the suction surface when the label is to be held on the suction surface, and to generate the positive pressure at the suction surface when the label is to be attached to an object placed below the suction surface. 4. The label supply apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:
a first conveying belt from the which the label is supplied to the suction portion; and a second conveying belt onto which the label held on the suction surface at the improper position is supplied. 5. The label supply apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the first conveying belt is driven in a first direction to convey the label to a position below the suction portion and the second conveying belt is driven in a second direction opposite to the first direction to convey the label supplied to the second conveying belt to a position below the suction portion. 6. The label supply apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the second conveying belt is suspended around a movable roller and a driving roller, and the movable roller is moved to a first position when the label held on the suction surface at the improper position is supplied onto the second conveying belt and to a second position that is retracted away from the suction portion when the second conveying belt is driven in the second direction to convey the label to the position below the suction portion. 7. The label supply apparatus according to claim 6, further comprising:
a peeling portion configured to move with the movable roller and to also rotate about a rotational axis of the movable roller between a retracted position at which the label held on the suction surface at the improper position is supplied onto the second conveying belt and an extended position at which the label is peeled off from the second conveying belt and picked up by the suction surface. 8. The label supply apparatus according to claim 7, further comprising:
an air pressure generator configured to generate negative or positive pressure at the suction surface, wherein the controller controls the air pressure generator to generate the positive pressure at the suction surface when the label held on the suction surface at the improper position is supplied onto the second conveying belt and the negative pressure at the suction surface when the label is picked up by the suction surface from the second conveying belt. 9. The label supply apparatus according to claim 8, further comprising:
a sensor positioned along the second conveying belt to detect the label conveyed by the second conveying belt. 10. The label supply apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the controller controls the air pressure generator to generate the positive pressure at the suction surface according to a timing at which the sensor detects the label conveyed by the second conveying belt. 11. A label supplying method, comprising
holding a label onto a suction surface; sensing a position of the label on the suction surface; determining whether the label is held on the suction surface at a proper position or an improper position based on the sensing; and attaching the label onto an object if the label is held on the suction surface at the proper position. 12. The label supplying method according to claim 11, determining that the label is held on the suction surface at the proper position when all the sensors detect the label and that the label is held on the suction surface at the improper position when all the sensors do not detect the label. 13. The label supplying method according to claim 11, further comprising:
generating negative pressure at the suction surface when the label is held on the suction surface; and generating positive pressure at the suction surface when the label is attached to the object. 14. The label supplying method according to claim 11, further comprising:
conveying the label on a first conveying belt to a position below the suction surface; and supplying the label held on the suction surface at the improper position to a second conveying belt. 15. The label supplying method according to claim 14, further comprising:
driving the first conveying belt in a first direction to convey the label to a position below the suction surface; and driving the second conveying belt in a second direction opposite to the first direction to convey the label supplied to the second conveying belt to a position below the suction surface. 16. The label supplying method according to claim 15, wherein the second conveying belt is suspended around a movable roller and a driving roller, and the movable roller is moved to a first position when the label held on the suction surface at the improper position is supplied onto the second conveying belt and to a second position that is retracted away from the suction portion when the second conveying belt is driven in the second direction to convey the label supplied to the second conveying belt to the position below the suction portion. 17. The label supplying method according to claim 16, further comprising:
rotating a peeling portion that moves with the movable roller about a rotational axis of the movable roller between a retracted position at which the label held on the suction surface at the improper position is supplied onto the second conveying belt and an extended position at which the label is peeled off from the second conveying belt and picked up by the suction surface. 18. The label supplying method according to claim 17, further comprising:
generating positive pressure at the suction surface when the label held on the suction surface at the improper position is supplied onto the second conveying belt, and negative pressure at the suction surface when the label is picked up by the suction surface from the second conveying belt. 19. The label supplying method according to claim 18, further comprising:
detecting the label conveyed by the second conveying belt. 20. The label supplying method according to claim 19, wherein the positive pressure is generated at the suction surface according to a timing at which the sensor detects the label conveyed by the second conveying belt. | A label supply apparatus includes a suction portion having a suction surface on which a label with an adhesive is to be held, sensors on the suction surface, and a controller configured to determine whether the label is held on the suction surface at a proper position or an improper position based on sensing results from the sensors.1. A label supply apparatus, comprising
a suction portion having a suction surface on which a label with an adhesive is to be held; sensors on the suction surface; and a controller configured to determine whether the label is held on the suction surface at a proper position or an improper position based on sensing results from the sensors. 2. The label supply apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the controller determines that the label is held on the suction surface at the proper position when all the sensors detect the label and that the label is held on the suction surface at the improper position when all the sensors do not detect the label. 3. The label supply apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:
an air pressure generator configured to generate negative or positive pressure at the suction surface, wherein the controller controls the air pressure generator to generate the negative pressure at the suction surface when the label is to be held on the suction surface, and to generate the positive pressure at the suction surface when the label is to be attached to an object placed below the suction surface. 4. The label supply apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:
a first conveying belt from the which the label is supplied to the suction portion; and a second conveying belt onto which the label held on the suction surface at the improper position is supplied. 5. The label supply apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the first conveying belt is driven in a first direction to convey the label to a position below the suction portion and the second conveying belt is driven in a second direction opposite to the first direction to convey the label supplied to the second conveying belt to a position below the suction portion. 6. The label supply apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the second conveying belt is suspended around a movable roller and a driving roller, and the movable roller is moved to a first position when the label held on the suction surface at the improper position is supplied onto the second conveying belt and to a second position that is retracted away from the suction portion when the second conveying belt is driven in the second direction to convey the label to the position below the suction portion. 7. The label supply apparatus according to claim 6, further comprising:
a peeling portion configured to move with the movable roller and to also rotate about a rotational axis of the movable roller between a retracted position at which the label held on the suction surface at the improper position is supplied onto the second conveying belt and an extended position at which the label is peeled off from the second conveying belt and picked up by the suction surface. 8. The label supply apparatus according to claim 7, further comprising:
an air pressure generator configured to generate negative or positive pressure at the suction surface, wherein the controller controls the air pressure generator to generate the positive pressure at the suction surface when the label held on the suction surface at the improper position is supplied onto the second conveying belt and the negative pressure at the suction surface when the label is picked up by the suction surface from the second conveying belt. 9. The label supply apparatus according to claim 8, further comprising:
a sensor positioned along the second conveying belt to detect the label conveyed by the second conveying belt. 10. The label supply apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the controller controls the air pressure generator to generate the positive pressure at the suction surface according to a timing at which the sensor detects the label conveyed by the second conveying belt. 11. A label supplying method, comprising
holding a label onto a suction surface; sensing a position of the label on the suction surface; determining whether the label is held on the suction surface at a proper position or an improper position based on the sensing; and attaching the label onto an object if the label is held on the suction surface at the proper position. 12. The label supplying method according to claim 11, determining that the label is held on the suction surface at the proper position when all the sensors detect the label and that the label is held on the suction surface at the improper position when all the sensors do not detect the label. 13. The label supplying method according to claim 11, further comprising:
generating negative pressure at the suction surface when the label is held on the suction surface; and generating positive pressure at the suction surface when the label is attached to the object. 14. The label supplying method according to claim 11, further comprising:
conveying the label on a first conveying belt to a position below the suction surface; and supplying the label held on the suction surface at the improper position to a second conveying belt. 15. The label supplying method according to claim 14, further comprising:
driving the first conveying belt in a first direction to convey the label to a position below the suction surface; and driving the second conveying belt in a second direction opposite to the first direction to convey the label supplied to the second conveying belt to a position below the suction surface. 16. The label supplying method according to claim 15, wherein the second conveying belt is suspended around a movable roller and a driving roller, and the movable roller is moved to a first position when the label held on the suction surface at the improper position is supplied onto the second conveying belt and to a second position that is retracted away from the suction portion when the second conveying belt is driven in the second direction to convey the label supplied to the second conveying belt to the position below the suction portion. 17. The label supplying method according to claim 16, further comprising:
rotating a peeling portion that moves with the movable roller about a rotational axis of the movable roller between a retracted position at which the label held on the suction surface at the improper position is supplied onto the second conveying belt and an extended position at which the label is peeled off from the second conveying belt and picked up by the suction surface. 18. The label supplying method according to claim 17, further comprising:
generating positive pressure at the suction surface when the label held on the suction surface at the improper position is supplied onto the second conveying belt, and negative pressure at the suction surface when the label is picked up by the suction surface from the second conveying belt. 19. The label supplying method according to claim 18, further comprising:
detecting the label conveyed by the second conveying belt. 20. The label supplying method according to claim 19, wherein the positive pressure is generated at the suction surface according to a timing at which the sensor detects the label conveyed by the second conveying belt. | 2,800 |
339,605 | 16,800,533 | 2,852 | The projection display device includes an imaging element, a light valve, and an image-forming optical system that projects an optical image according to light emitted from the light valve onto a magnification side imaging surface and forms an image of light incident from a magnification side on an imaging element. The image-forming optical system includes a first optical system that comprises at least one lens and is used in common in projection and imaging, and a separation member that separates an optical path from the light valve toward the first optical system from an optical path from the first optical system toward the imaging element. An antireflection layer is comprised in at least one of antireflection target surfaces having a significant influence of ghost light. | 1. A projection display device comprising:
an imaging element that performs imaging with received light; a light valve that emits an optical image based on image data; and an image-forming optical system that projects an optical image according to light emitted from the light valve onto a magnification side imaging surface and forms an image of light incident from a magnification side on the imaging element, wherein the image-forming optical system comprises a first optical system that comprises at least one lens and is used in common in projection and imaging, and a separation member that separates an optical path from the light valve toward the first optical system from an optical path from the first optical system toward the imaging element, and in a case where a magnification of a reflection system having a path, along which light from the light valve is reflected by one surface of the lens in the first optical system and reaches the imaging element, is BETn, and a magnification of an entire system having a path, along which light from the light valve is reflected by the magnification side imaging surface and reaches the imaging element, is BET, surfaces satisfying Conditional expression (1) among the surfaces of the lens in the first optical system are set as antireflection target surfaces, and at least one of the antireflection target surfaces comprises an antireflection layer.
0≤BETn/BET (1) 2. The projection display device according to claim 1,
wherein the antireflection layer is a layer that has reflectance equal to or less than 0.18% in a wavelength range of 380 to 780 nm. 3. The projection display device according to claim 1,
wherein, in a case where a paraxial imaging position of the reflection system is In, a paraxial imaging position of the entire system is I, and a focal length of the entire system is f, the antireflection target surfaces satisfy Conditional expression (2).
|(In−I)×BETn/f|×100<50 (2). 4. The projection display device according to claim 1,
wherein the first optical system has at least two negative lenses provided continuously from a most magnification side. 5. The projection display device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a light shielding member that shields a part of a luminous flux between a surface of the first optical system on a most reduction side and the imaging element. 6. The projection display device according to claim 1,
wherein the light valve emits the optical image based on the image data in a prescribed polarization state, and the first optical system comprises a quarter wave plate and a polarizer that is arranged in a state of transmitting the light emitted from the light valve in order from the magnification side. 7. The projection display device according to claim 1,
wherein the light valve emits the optical image based on the image data in a prescribed polarization state, and the projection display device comprises a polarizer that is arranged in a state of shielding the light emitted from the light valve between a surface of the first optical system on a most reduction side and the imaging element. 8. The projection display device according to claim 1,
wherein Conditional expression (1-1) is satisfied.
0≤BETn/BET<8 (1-1) 9. The projection display device according to claim 3,
wherein Conditional expression (2-1) is satisfied.
0≤|(In−I)×BETn/f|×100<2 (2-1) | The projection display device includes an imaging element, a light valve, and an image-forming optical system that projects an optical image according to light emitted from the light valve onto a magnification side imaging surface and forms an image of light incident from a magnification side on an imaging element. The image-forming optical system includes a first optical system that comprises at least one lens and is used in common in projection and imaging, and a separation member that separates an optical path from the light valve toward the first optical system from an optical path from the first optical system toward the imaging element. An antireflection layer is comprised in at least one of antireflection target surfaces having a significant influence of ghost light.1. A projection display device comprising:
an imaging element that performs imaging with received light; a light valve that emits an optical image based on image data; and an image-forming optical system that projects an optical image according to light emitted from the light valve onto a magnification side imaging surface and forms an image of light incident from a magnification side on the imaging element, wherein the image-forming optical system comprises a first optical system that comprises at least one lens and is used in common in projection and imaging, and a separation member that separates an optical path from the light valve toward the first optical system from an optical path from the first optical system toward the imaging element, and in a case where a magnification of a reflection system having a path, along which light from the light valve is reflected by one surface of the lens in the first optical system and reaches the imaging element, is BETn, and a magnification of an entire system having a path, along which light from the light valve is reflected by the magnification side imaging surface and reaches the imaging element, is BET, surfaces satisfying Conditional expression (1) among the surfaces of the lens in the first optical system are set as antireflection target surfaces, and at least one of the antireflection target surfaces comprises an antireflection layer.
0≤BETn/BET (1) 2. The projection display device according to claim 1,
wherein the antireflection layer is a layer that has reflectance equal to or less than 0.18% in a wavelength range of 380 to 780 nm. 3. The projection display device according to claim 1,
wherein, in a case where a paraxial imaging position of the reflection system is In, a paraxial imaging position of the entire system is I, and a focal length of the entire system is f, the antireflection target surfaces satisfy Conditional expression (2).
|(In−I)×BETn/f|×100<50 (2). 4. The projection display device according to claim 1,
wherein the first optical system has at least two negative lenses provided continuously from a most magnification side. 5. The projection display device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a light shielding member that shields a part of a luminous flux between a surface of the first optical system on a most reduction side and the imaging element. 6. The projection display device according to claim 1,
wherein the light valve emits the optical image based on the image data in a prescribed polarization state, and the first optical system comprises a quarter wave plate and a polarizer that is arranged in a state of transmitting the light emitted from the light valve in order from the magnification side. 7. The projection display device according to claim 1,
wherein the light valve emits the optical image based on the image data in a prescribed polarization state, and the projection display device comprises a polarizer that is arranged in a state of shielding the light emitted from the light valve between a surface of the first optical system on a most reduction side and the imaging element. 8. The projection display device according to claim 1,
wherein Conditional expression (1-1) is satisfied.
0≤BETn/BET<8 (1-1) 9. The projection display device according to claim 3,
wherein Conditional expression (2-1) is satisfied.
0≤|(In−I)×BETn/f|×100<2 (2-1) | 2,800 |
339,606 | 16,800,487 | 2,852 | An image forming apparatus includes a drum cartridge and developing cartridge. The drum cartridge may include a photosensitive drum rotatable about a first axis extending in an axial direction. The developing cartridge may include a developing roller rotatable about a second axis extending in the axial direction. The image forming apparatus may include a main casing including a slot extending in the axial direction. The image forming apparatus may include a first inner surface positioned inside of the slot, and a second inner surface positioned inside of the slot farther from the cover in the axial direction than the first inner surface from the cover in the axial direction. The first and second inner surfaces may be configured to press the developing roller toward the photosensitive drum. | 1. An image forming apparatus comprising:
a drum cartridge including a photosensitive drum rotatable about a first axis extending in an axial direction; a developing cartridge including a developing roller rotatable about a second axis extending in the axial direction, and a developing casing configured to accommodate toner therein; a main casing including a slot extending in the axial direction, the slot configured to allow the drum cartridge to be inserted in the axial direction or to be removed in the axial direction, and the slot configured to allow the developing cartridge to be inserted in the axial direction or to be removed in the axial direction; a cover movable between an open position in which the cover does not cover the slot and a closed position in which the cover covers the slot; a first inner surface positioned inside of the slot; a second inner surface positioned inside of the slot farther from the cover in the axial direction than the first inner surface from the cover in the axial direction, wherein the first and second inner surfaces are configured to press the developing roller toward the photosensitive drum. 2. The image forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second inner surface is closer to the drum cartridge than the first inner surface. 3. The image forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second inner surfaces engage a surface of the developing cartridge opposite the developing roller. 4. The image forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second inner surfaces are configured to press the developing roller toward the photosensitive drum when the cover is in the closed position. 5. The image forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second inner surfaces are in fixed positions in the slot. 6. The image forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second inner surfaces are in fixed positions relative to one another. 7. The image forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second inner surfaces each include an angled surface that is angled relative to the axial direction. 8. The image forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the developing roller contacts the photosensitive drum in a state where the first and second inner surfaces press the developing roller toward the photosensitive drum. | An image forming apparatus includes a drum cartridge and developing cartridge. The drum cartridge may include a photosensitive drum rotatable about a first axis extending in an axial direction. The developing cartridge may include a developing roller rotatable about a second axis extending in the axial direction. The image forming apparatus may include a main casing including a slot extending in the axial direction. The image forming apparatus may include a first inner surface positioned inside of the slot, and a second inner surface positioned inside of the slot farther from the cover in the axial direction than the first inner surface from the cover in the axial direction. The first and second inner surfaces may be configured to press the developing roller toward the photosensitive drum.1. An image forming apparatus comprising:
a drum cartridge including a photosensitive drum rotatable about a first axis extending in an axial direction; a developing cartridge including a developing roller rotatable about a second axis extending in the axial direction, and a developing casing configured to accommodate toner therein; a main casing including a slot extending in the axial direction, the slot configured to allow the drum cartridge to be inserted in the axial direction or to be removed in the axial direction, and the slot configured to allow the developing cartridge to be inserted in the axial direction or to be removed in the axial direction; a cover movable between an open position in which the cover does not cover the slot and a closed position in which the cover covers the slot; a first inner surface positioned inside of the slot; a second inner surface positioned inside of the slot farther from the cover in the axial direction than the first inner surface from the cover in the axial direction, wherein the first and second inner surfaces are configured to press the developing roller toward the photosensitive drum. 2. The image forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second inner surface is closer to the drum cartridge than the first inner surface. 3. The image forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second inner surfaces engage a surface of the developing cartridge opposite the developing roller. 4. The image forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second inner surfaces are configured to press the developing roller toward the photosensitive drum when the cover is in the closed position. 5. The image forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second inner surfaces are in fixed positions in the slot. 6. The image forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second inner surfaces are in fixed positions relative to one another. 7. The image forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second inner surfaces each include an angled surface that is angled relative to the axial direction. 8. The image forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the developing roller contacts the photosensitive drum in a state where the first and second inner surfaces press the developing roller toward the photosensitive drum. | 2,800 |
339,607 | 16,800,520 | 2,852 | Transition metal compounds having naphthalene imide moiety having enhanced electron withdrawing property and more metal-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) based excited state are disclosed. The disclosed compounds will improve the photoluminescent quantum yield (PLQY) and produce phosphorescent emission in red to near IR region which has many desired applications. | 1. A compound comprising a first ligand LA of Formula I 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein each R, RA, and RB is independently a hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of deuterium, fluorine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, boryl, and combinations thereof. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Os, Ir, Pd, and Pt. 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein two RA are fused together to form a fused 5-membered or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring. 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein two RB are fused together to form a fused 5-membered or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring. 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein adjacent RA and RB are fused together to form a 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring. 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein X1 to X6 are each C. 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein one of X1 to X6 is N, and the remainder are C. 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, and combinations thereof. 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein ring A is a 6-membered aromatic ring. 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein the first ligand LA is selected from the group consisting of: 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein the first ligand LA is selected from the group consisting of:
LAi-1, wherein i=an integer from 1 to 200, that are based on a structure of Formula 1 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has a formula of M(LA)x(LB)y(LC)z wherein LB and LC are each a bidentate ligand; x is 1, 2, or 3; y is 0, 1, or 2; z is 0, 1, or 2; and x+y+z is the oxidation state of the metal M. 14. The compound of claim 13, wherein LB and LC are each independently selected from the group consisting of: 15. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound is Compound Ax-F having the formula Ir(LAi-f)3, Compound By-F having the formula Ir(LAi-f)(LBk)2, or Compound Cz-F having the formula Ir(LAi-f)2(LCj);
wherein x=i, F=f, y=263i+k−263, and z=768i+j−768; wherein i is an integer from 1 to 640, f is an integer from 1 to 15, and k is an integer from 1 to 263, and j is an integer from 1 to 768; wherein LBk have the following structures: 16. An organic light emitting device (OLED) comprising:
an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, comprising a compound comprising a first ligand LA of Formula I 17. The OLED of claim 16, wherein the organic layer further comprises a host, wherein host comprises at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of triphenylene, carbazole, dibenzothiphene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, azatriphenylene, azacarbazole, aza-dibenzothiophene, aza-dibenzofuran, and aza-dibenzoselenophene. 18. The OLED of claim 16, wherein the host is selected from the group consisting of: 19. A consumer product comprising an organic light-emitting device (OLED) comprising:
an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, comprising a compound comprising a first ligand LA of Formula I 20. A formulation comprising a compound of claim 1. | Transition metal compounds having naphthalene imide moiety having enhanced electron withdrawing property and more metal-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) based excited state are disclosed. The disclosed compounds will improve the photoluminescent quantum yield (PLQY) and produce phosphorescent emission in red to near IR region which has many desired applications.1. A compound comprising a first ligand LA of Formula I 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein each R, RA, and RB is independently a hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of deuterium, fluorine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, boryl, and combinations thereof. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Os, Ir, Pd, and Pt. 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein two RA are fused together to form a fused 5-membered or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring. 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein two RB are fused together to form a fused 5-membered or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring. 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein adjacent RA and RB are fused together to form a 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring. 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein X1 to X6 are each C. 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein one of X1 to X6 is N, and the remainder are C. 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, and combinations thereof. 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein ring A is a 6-membered aromatic ring. 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein the first ligand LA is selected from the group consisting of: 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein the first ligand LA is selected from the group consisting of:
LAi-1, wherein i=an integer from 1 to 200, that are based on a structure of Formula 1 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has a formula of M(LA)x(LB)y(LC)z wherein LB and LC are each a bidentate ligand; x is 1, 2, or 3; y is 0, 1, or 2; z is 0, 1, or 2; and x+y+z is the oxidation state of the metal M. 14. The compound of claim 13, wherein LB and LC are each independently selected from the group consisting of: 15. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound is Compound Ax-F having the formula Ir(LAi-f)3, Compound By-F having the formula Ir(LAi-f)(LBk)2, or Compound Cz-F having the formula Ir(LAi-f)2(LCj);
wherein x=i, F=f, y=263i+k−263, and z=768i+j−768; wherein i is an integer from 1 to 640, f is an integer from 1 to 15, and k is an integer from 1 to 263, and j is an integer from 1 to 768; wherein LBk have the following structures: 16. An organic light emitting device (OLED) comprising:
an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, comprising a compound comprising a first ligand LA of Formula I 17. The OLED of claim 16, wherein the organic layer further comprises a host, wherein host comprises at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of triphenylene, carbazole, dibenzothiphene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, azatriphenylene, azacarbazole, aza-dibenzothiophene, aza-dibenzofuran, and aza-dibenzoselenophene. 18. The OLED of claim 16, wherein the host is selected from the group consisting of: 19. A consumer product comprising an organic light-emitting device (OLED) comprising:
an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, comprising a compound comprising a first ligand LA of Formula I 20. A formulation comprising a compound of claim 1. | 2,800 |
339,608 | 16,800,528 | 1,788 | In an aspect, a cap liner comprises a sintered fluoropolymer layer; and a backing layer; wherein the sintered fluoropolymer layer is in direct physical contact with the backing layer with no intervening layer located there between. In another aspect, a method of forming the cap liner of comprises plasma etching the sintered fluoropolymer layer to form a sintered plasma etched layer; and laminating the sintered plasma etched layer and the backing layer to form the cap liner. | 1. A cap liner, comprising:
a sintered fluoropolymer layer; and a backing layer; wherein the sintered fluoropolymer layer is in direct physical contact with the backing layer with no intervening layer located there between. 2. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein the sintered fluoropolymer layer has a white color. 3. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein the sintered fluoropolymer layer comprises at least one of poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene), poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene-propylene), poly(ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene), poly(ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene), poly(hexafluoropropylene), poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly(tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene-propylene), poly(tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene), poly(tetrafluoroethylene-propylene), poly(tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoropropylene vinyl ether), a perfluoroalkoxy polymer, polyvinylfluoride, poly(vinylidene fluoride), or poly(vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene). 4. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein the sintered fluoropolymer layer comprises at least one of a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) or a modified poly(tetrafluoroethylene). 5. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein the sintered fluoropolymer layer comprises a copolymer derived from at least at least two of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, or vinylidene fluoride. 6. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein the sintered fluoropolymer layer is free of a filler. 7. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the sintered fluoropolymer layer is 0.02 to 0.4 millimeters. 8. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein the backing layer comprises an elastomer, wherein the elastomer optionally comprises repeat units derived from at least one of ethylene, butadiene, acrylonitrile, styrene, or isobutylene. 9. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein the backing layer comprises a foam having a porosity of 10 to 70 volume percent based on the total volume of the backing layer. 10. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein the backing layer comprises two or more layers; optionally, the backing layer comprises a foam layer and a solid outer layer located on a surface of the foam layer opposite the sintered fluoropolymer layer. 11. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein the backing layer comprises at least one of polyacetal, a poly(C1-6 alkyl)acrylate, a polyacrylic, a polyamide, a polyamideimide, a polyanhydride, a polyarylate, a poly(arylene ether), a poly(arylene sulfide), a polybenzoxazole, a polycarbonate, a polyester, a polyetheretherketone, a polyetherimide, a polyetherketoneketone, a polyetherketone, a polyethersulfone, a polyimide, a poly(C1-6 alkyl)methacrylate, a methacrylic polymer, a polyphthalide, a polyolefin, a polysilazane, a polysiloxane, a polystyrene, a polysulfide, a polysulfonamide, a polysulfonate, a polythioester, a polytriazine, a polyurea, a poly(vinyl alcohol), a poly(vinyl ester), a poly(vinyl ether), a poly(vinyl halide), a poly(vinyl ketone), a poly(vinylidene fluoride), a poly(vinyl ester), an epoxy, a phenolic polymer, or a polyurethane. 12. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein the backing layer comprises a polyolefin; wherein the polyolefin optionally comprises a fumaric acid graft and/or repeat units derived from at least one of a 1-alkene having 4 to 8 carbon atoms, a norbornene-type monomer, maleic anhydride, ethyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, or vinyl acetate. 13. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein the backing layer comprises a high molecular weight polyethylene. 14. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the backing layer is 0.5 to 3 millimeters. 15. A cap liner, comprising:
a sintered fluoropolymer layer having a white color; wherein the sintered fluoropolymer layer comprises at least one of a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) or a modified poly(tetrafluoroethylene); wherein the sintered fluoropolymer layer is free of a filler; wherein a thickness of the sintered fluoropolymer layer is 0.02 to 0.4 millimeters; and a backing layer; wherein the backing layer comprises a foam having a porosity of 10 to 70 volume percent based on the total volume of the backing layer; wherein the backing layer comprises at least one of an elastomer or a polyolefin; wherein a thickness of the backing layer is 0.5 to 3 millimeters; and wherein the sintered fluoropolymer layer is in direct physical contact with the backing layer with no intervening layer located there between. 16. A method of forming the cap liner comprising:
plasma etching the sintered fluoropolymer layer to form a sintered plasma etched layer; and laminating the sintered plasma etched layer and the backing layer to form the cap liner. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising sintering a fluoropolymer layer to form the sintered fluoropolymer layer at a temperature of 330 to 390° C. for greater than or equal to 5 minutes. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the plasma etching comprises etching with a plasma comprising at least one of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, helium-oxygen, an inert gas, water vapor, a volatile non-polymerizing alcohol, or a non-polymerizing organic acid. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the sintered plasma etched layer is free of an etchant residue identifiable by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the laminating comprises laminating 30 to 200° C. and/or a pressure of 170 kilopascals to 25 megapascals. | In an aspect, a cap liner comprises a sintered fluoropolymer layer; and a backing layer; wherein the sintered fluoropolymer layer is in direct physical contact with the backing layer with no intervening layer located there between. In another aspect, a method of forming the cap liner of comprises plasma etching the sintered fluoropolymer layer to form a sintered plasma etched layer; and laminating the sintered plasma etched layer and the backing layer to form the cap liner.1. A cap liner, comprising:
a sintered fluoropolymer layer; and a backing layer; wherein the sintered fluoropolymer layer is in direct physical contact with the backing layer with no intervening layer located there between. 2. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein the sintered fluoropolymer layer has a white color. 3. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein the sintered fluoropolymer layer comprises at least one of poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene), poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene-propylene), poly(ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene), poly(ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene), poly(hexafluoropropylene), poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly(tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene-propylene), poly(tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene), poly(tetrafluoroethylene-propylene), poly(tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoropropylene vinyl ether), a perfluoroalkoxy polymer, polyvinylfluoride, poly(vinylidene fluoride), or poly(vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene). 4. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein the sintered fluoropolymer layer comprises at least one of a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) or a modified poly(tetrafluoroethylene). 5. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein the sintered fluoropolymer layer comprises a copolymer derived from at least at least two of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, or vinylidene fluoride. 6. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein the sintered fluoropolymer layer is free of a filler. 7. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the sintered fluoropolymer layer is 0.02 to 0.4 millimeters. 8. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein the backing layer comprises an elastomer, wherein the elastomer optionally comprises repeat units derived from at least one of ethylene, butadiene, acrylonitrile, styrene, or isobutylene. 9. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein the backing layer comprises a foam having a porosity of 10 to 70 volume percent based on the total volume of the backing layer. 10. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein the backing layer comprises two or more layers; optionally, the backing layer comprises a foam layer and a solid outer layer located on a surface of the foam layer opposite the sintered fluoropolymer layer. 11. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein the backing layer comprises at least one of polyacetal, a poly(C1-6 alkyl)acrylate, a polyacrylic, a polyamide, a polyamideimide, a polyanhydride, a polyarylate, a poly(arylene ether), a poly(arylene sulfide), a polybenzoxazole, a polycarbonate, a polyester, a polyetheretherketone, a polyetherimide, a polyetherketoneketone, a polyetherketone, a polyethersulfone, a polyimide, a poly(C1-6 alkyl)methacrylate, a methacrylic polymer, a polyphthalide, a polyolefin, a polysilazane, a polysiloxane, a polystyrene, a polysulfide, a polysulfonamide, a polysulfonate, a polythioester, a polytriazine, a polyurea, a poly(vinyl alcohol), a poly(vinyl ester), a poly(vinyl ether), a poly(vinyl halide), a poly(vinyl ketone), a poly(vinylidene fluoride), a poly(vinyl ester), an epoxy, a phenolic polymer, or a polyurethane. 12. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein the backing layer comprises a polyolefin; wherein the polyolefin optionally comprises a fumaric acid graft and/or repeat units derived from at least one of a 1-alkene having 4 to 8 carbon atoms, a norbornene-type monomer, maleic anhydride, ethyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, or vinyl acetate. 13. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein the backing layer comprises a high molecular weight polyethylene. 14. The cap liner of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the backing layer is 0.5 to 3 millimeters. 15. A cap liner, comprising:
a sintered fluoropolymer layer having a white color; wherein the sintered fluoropolymer layer comprises at least one of a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) or a modified poly(tetrafluoroethylene); wherein the sintered fluoropolymer layer is free of a filler; wherein a thickness of the sintered fluoropolymer layer is 0.02 to 0.4 millimeters; and a backing layer; wherein the backing layer comprises a foam having a porosity of 10 to 70 volume percent based on the total volume of the backing layer; wherein the backing layer comprises at least one of an elastomer or a polyolefin; wherein a thickness of the backing layer is 0.5 to 3 millimeters; and wherein the sintered fluoropolymer layer is in direct physical contact with the backing layer with no intervening layer located there between. 16. A method of forming the cap liner comprising:
plasma etching the sintered fluoropolymer layer to form a sintered plasma etched layer; and laminating the sintered plasma etched layer and the backing layer to form the cap liner. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising sintering a fluoropolymer layer to form the sintered fluoropolymer layer at a temperature of 330 to 390° C. for greater than or equal to 5 minutes. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the plasma etching comprises etching with a plasma comprising at least one of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, helium-oxygen, an inert gas, water vapor, a volatile non-polymerizing alcohol, or a non-polymerizing organic acid. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the sintered plasma etched layer is free of an etchant residue identifiable by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the laminating comprises laminating 30 to 200° C. and/or a pressure of 170 kilopascals to 25 megapascals. | 1,700 |
339,609 | 16,800,500 | 1,788 | An illustrative embodiment includes a method for solving a dynamical system. The method comprises: obtaining multidimensional snapshots representing respective discrete solutions of the dynamical system; storing the multidimensional snapshots within a snapshot tensor having an order of at least three; generating a basis for at least a subspace of a state space of the dynamical system at least in part by performing a decomposition of the snapshot tensor; deriving a reduced order model at least in part by using the basis to project the dynamical system from the state space onto the subspace; and solving the reduced order model of the dynamical system. | 1. A method for solving a dynamical system, the method comprising:
obtaining multidimensional snapshots representing respective discrete solutions of the dynamical system; storing the multidimensional snapshots within a snapshot tensor having an order of at least three; generating a basis for at least a subspace of a state space of the dynamical system at least in part by performing a decomposition of the snapshot tensor; deriving a reduced order model at least in part by using the basis to project the dynamical system from the state space onto the subspace; and solving the reduced order model of the dynamical system. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the dynamical system comprises partial differential equations, and wherein the reduced order model comprises ordinary differential equations. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the multidimensional snapshots are stored within the snapshot tensor without reshaping or flattening. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the multidimensional snapshots are stored in lateral slices of the snapshot tensor. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the decomposition of the snapshot tensor is a singular value decomposition. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the singular value decomposition is truncated in accordance with one or more user-defined parameters. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the singular value decomposition is computed in parallel across frontal slices of the snapshot tensor. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the singular value decomposition is performed with a tensor-tensor product other than a t-product. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the singular value decomposition is performed in a transform domain other than a Fourier transform domain. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the singular value decomposition is performed with an m-product. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the basis comprises a tensor having an order of at least three. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the basis comprises left singular slices of the snapshot tensor. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein using the basis to project the dynamical system comprises applying a Galerkin projection using a conjugate transpose of the basis. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the snapshots represent respective discrete solutions of the dynamical system at different times. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the snapshots represent respective discrete solutions of the dynamical system with different initial or boundary conditions. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein deriving the reduced order model comprises multi-sided dimension reduction of the dynamical system. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the basis is generated at least in part by factorization of the snapshot tensor over a first ring corresponding to a first orientation of the snapshot tensor, and wherein the reduced order model is generated at least in part by factorization of the snapshot tensor over a second ring corresponding to a second orientation of the snapshot tensor. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the reduced order model is generated at least in part by:
computing a projection over the first ring of the snapshot tensor; finding a decomposition over the second ring of a permutation of the projection over the first ring; and using the decomposition to perform a q-term projection over the second ring of the permutation of the projection over the first ring. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the dynamical system comprises a neural network, wherein the multidimensional snapshots correspond to one or more weight matrices of the neural network, and wherein deriving the reduced order model comprises compressing the neural network. 20. An apparatus for solving a dynamical system, the apparatus comprising:
a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory, the processor being operative:
to obtain multidimensional snapshots representing respective discrete solutions of the dynamical system;
to store the multidimensional snapshots within a snapshot tensor having an order of at least three;
to generate a basis for at least a subspace of a state space of the dynamical system at least in part by performing a decomposition of the snapshot tensor;
to derive a reduced order model at least in part by using the basis to project the dynamical system from the state space onto the subspace; and
to solve the reduced order model of the dynamical system. 21. A computer program product for solving a dynamical system, the computer program product comprising a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium having machine-readable program code embodied therewith, said machine-readable program code comprising machine-readable program code configured:
to obtain multidimensional snapshots representing respective discrete solutions of the dynamical system; to store the multidimensional snapshots within a snapshot tensor having an order of at least three; to generate a basis for at least a subspace of a state space of the dynamical system at least in part by performing a decomposition of the snapshot tensor; to derive a reduced order model at least in part by using the basis to project the dynamical system from the state space onto the subspace; and to solve the reduced order model of the dynamical system. | An illustrative embodiment includes a method for solving a dynamical system. The method comprises: obtaining multidimensional snapshots representing respective discrete solutions of the dynamical system; storing the multidimensional snapshots within a snapshot tensor having an order of at least three; generating a basis for at least a subspace of a state space of the dynamical system at least in part by performing a decomposition of the snapshot tensor; deriving a reduced order model at least in part by using the basis to project the dynamical system from the state space onto the subspace; and solving the reduced order model of the dynamical system.1. A method for solving a dynamical system, the method comprising:
obtaining multidimensional snapshots representing respective discrete solutions of the dynamical system; storing the multidimensional snapshots within a snapshot tensor having an order of at least three; generating a basis for at least a subspace of a state space of the dynamical system at least in part by performing a decomposition of the snapshot tensor; deriving a reduced order model at least in part by using the basis to project the dynamical system from the state space onto the subspace; and solving the reduced order model of the dynamical system. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the dynamical system comprises partial differential equations, and wherein the reduced order model comprises ordinary differential equations. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the multidimensional snapshots are stored within the snapshot tensor without reshaping or flattening. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the multidimensional snapshots are stored in lateral slices of the snapshot tensor. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the decomposition of the snapshot tensor is a singular value decomposition. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the singular value decomposition is truncated in accordance with one or more user-defined parameters. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the singular value decomposition is computed in parallel across frontal slices of the snapshot tensor. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the singular value decomposition is performed with a tensor-tensor product other than a t-product. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the singular value decomposition is performed in a transform domain other than a Fourier transform domain. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the singular value decomposition is performed with an m-product. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the basis comprises a tensor having an order of at least three. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the basis comprises left singular slices of the snapshot tensor. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein using the basis to project the dynamical system comprises applying a Galerkin projection using a conjugate transpose of the basis. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the snapshots represent respective discrete solutions of the dynamical system at different times. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the snapshots represent respective discrete solutions of the dynamical system with different initial or boundary conditions. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein deriving the reduced order model comprises multi-sided dimension reduction of the dynamical system. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the basis is generated at least in part by factorization of the snapshot tensor over a first ring corresponding to a first orientation of the snapshot tensor, and wherein the reduced order model is generated at least in part by factorization of the snapshot tensor over a second ring corresponding to a second orientation of the snapshot tensor. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the reduced order model is generated at least in part by:
computing a projection over the first ring of the snapshot tensor; finding a decomposition over the second ring of a permutation of the projection over the first ring; and using the decomposition to perform a q-term projection over the second ring of the permutation of the projection over the first ring. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the dynamical system comprises a neural network, wherein the multidimensional snapshots correspond to one or more weight matrices of the neural network, and wherein deriving the reduced order model comprises compressing the neural network. 20. An apparatus for solving a dynamical system, the apparatus comprising:
a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory, the processor being operative:
to obtain multidimensional snapshots representing respective discrete solutions of the dynamical system;
to store the multidimensional snapshots within a snapshot tensor having an order of at least three;
to generate a basis for at least a subspace of a state space of the dynamical system at least in part by performing a decomposition of the snapshot tensor;
to derive a reduced order model at least in part by using the basis to project the dynamical system from the state space onto the subspace; and
to solve the reduced order model of the dynamical system. 21. A computer program product for solving a dynamical system, the computer program product comprising a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium having machine-readable program code embodied therewith, said machine-readable program code comprising machine-readable program code configured:
to obtain multidimensional snapshots representing respective discrete solutions of the dynamical system; to store the multidimensional snapshots within a snapshot tensor having an order of at least three; to generate a basis for at least a subspace of a state space of the dynamical system at least in part by performing a decomposition of the snapshot tensor; to derive a reduced order model at least in part by using the basis to project the dynamical system from the state space onto the subspace; and to solve the reduced order model of the dynamical system. | 1,700 |
339,610 | 16,800,514 | 1,788 | Histone deacetylase (“HDAC”)-selective inhibitors covalently bonded to a linker covalently bonded to an E3 ubiquitin ligase ligand, and salts thereof; pharmaceutical compositions containing them; methods of using the composition to inhibit neoplastic cell growth in mammals, including humans. | 1. A compound comprising a histone deacetylase 6 (“HDAC6”)-selective inhibitor covalently bonded to a linker, covalently bonded to an E3 ubiquitin ligase ligand: 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the linker is C1-C12 linear or branched alkylene, alkenylene, or alkynylene. 3. The compound of claim 2, wherein each Z is —N—. 4. The compound of claim 2, wherein each Z is —(CH)—. 5. The compound of claim 2, wherein Y is —(C═O)—. 6. The compound of claim 2, wherein Y is —(CH2)—. 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein the linker is —O—(CH2)m—. 8. The compound of claim 7, wherein each Z is —N— 9. The compound of claim 7, wherein each Z is —(CH)—, 10. The compound of claim 7, wherein Y is —(C═O)— or 11. The compound of claim 7, wherein Y is —(CH2)—. 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein the linker is —NH—(CH2)m. 13. The compound of claim 12, wherein each Z is —N— 14. The compound of claim 12, wherein each Z is —(CH)—, 15. The compound of claim 12, wherein Y is —(C═O)— or 16. The compound of claim 12, wherein Y is —(CH2)—. 17. The compound of claim 1, wherein the HDAC6-selective inhibitor is: 18. The compound of claim 17, wherein each Z is —N— 19. The compound of claim 17, wherein each Z is —(CH)—, 20. The compound of claim 17, wherein “p” is 3, 4, or 5. | Histone deacetylase (“HDAC”)-selective inhibitors covalently bonded to a linker covalently bonded to an E3 ubiquitin ligase ligand, and salts thereof; pharmaceutical compositions containing them; methods of using the composition to inhibit neoplastic cell growth in mammals, including humans.1. A compound comprising a histone deacetylase 6 (“HDAC6”)-selective inhibitor covalently bonded to a linker, covalently bonded to an E3 ubiquitin ligase ligand: 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the linker is C1-C12 linear or branched alkylene, alkenylene, or alkynylene. 3. The compound of claim 2, wherein each Z is —N—. 4. The compound of claim 2, wherein each Z is —(CH)—. 5. The compound of claim 2, wherein Y is —(C═O)—. 6. The compound of claim 2, wherein Y is —(CH2)—. 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein the linker is —O—(CH2)m—. 8. The compound of claim 7, wherein each Z is —N— 9. The compound of claim 7, wherein each Z is —(CH)—, 10. The compound of claim 7, wherein Y is —(C═O)— or 11. The compound of claim 7, wherein Y is —(CH2)—. 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein the linker is —NH—(CH2)m. 13. The compound of claim 12, wherein each Z is —N— 14. The compound of claim 12, wherein each Z is —(CH)—, 15. The compound of claim 12, wherein Y is —(C═O)— or 16. The compound of claim 12, wherein Y is —(CH2)—. 17. The compound of claim 1, wherein the HDAC6-selective inhibitor is: 18. The compound of claim 17, wherein each Z is —N— 19. The compound of claim 17, wherein each Z is —(CH)—, 20. The compound of claim 17, wherein “p” is 3, 4, or 5. | 1,700 |
339,611 | 16,800,510 | 1,788 | A data transaction processing system receives and processes equation-based electronic data transaction request messages. Transmitting equation-based electronic data transaction request messages that represent a large series of discrete values reduces the data transmission to the data transaction processing system. Processing equation-based electronic data transaction request messages instead of a series of discrete values reduces the amount of time need to perform transactions, greatly reducing processing latency. Equation-based electronic data transaction request messages can also be efficiently updated by modifying equation parameters, again reducing the amount of data transmitted to the data transaction processing system. | 1. A computer implemented method comprising:
receiving, by a transaction processor of a data transaction processing system over a data communications network, a first electronic data transaction request message to perform a transaction of a first type on a data object, the first electronic data transaction request message including data representative of a first equation, wherein the data representative of the first equation is smaller than data representative of a first set of values which satisfy the first equation; determining, by the transaction processor, a previously received second electronic data transaction request message to perform a transaction of a second type on the data object, the previously received second electronic data transaction request message including data representative of a second equation, wherein the data representative of the second equation is smaller than data representative of a second set of values which satisfy the second equation, wherein the first transaction type is one of acquiring or relinquishing a quantity of a financial instrument associated with the data object, and wherein the second transaction type is the other of acquiring or relinquishing a quantity of the financial instrument associated with the data object; determining, by the transaction processor, whether the first and second equations intersect; and upon determining that the first and second equations intersect, processing, by the transaction processor, the transactions of the first and second electronic data transaction request messages based on the intersection. 2. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second equations define first and second curves, and wherein determining whether the first and second equations intersect comprises determining, by the transaction processor, that the first and second curves intersect at a common value. 3. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein determining whether the first and second equations intersect comprises accessing, by the transaction processor, a software function that receives as inputs two equations, each equation including at least two variables, and parameters for one of the variables, and determines a solution set of values for the other of the two variables and corresponding parameters for the one of the variables that satisfies both equations. 4. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein the first transaction type is acquiring a quantity of a financial instrument associated with the data object and wherein the second transaction type is relinquishing a quantity of a financial instrument associated with the data object, the method further comprising:
upon determining that the first and second equations do not intersect, determining, by the transaction processor, whether any value of the first set of values which satisfy the first equation is greater than a value of the second set of values which satisfy the second equation; and upon determining that any value of the first set of values which satisfy the first equation is greater than a value of the second set of values which satisfy the second equation, processing, by the transaction processor, a transaction based on a combination of the determined value for the first variable and its corresponding parameter for the second variable. 5. The computer implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
upon determining that the first and second equations do not intersect, storing data associated with the first electronic data transaction request message in an order book object associated with the data object, the order book object also storing data associated with the second electronic data transaction request message. 6. The computer implemented method of claim 5, wherein at least one of the first and second equations is dependent upon a triggering event, the determining of whether the first and second equations intersect being at least partially dependent thereon, the method further comprising:
after the occurrence of the triggering event, determining, by the transaction processor, whether the first and second equations intersect based on the data representative of the first and second equations stored in the order book object. 7. The computer implemented method of claim 6, wherein the triggering event is one of: an elapse of a predetermined amount of time; a change in a parameter for the second variable; a transaction related to the data object, or a combination thereof. 8. The computer implemented method of claim 7, wherein the data object represents an underlying financial instrument, and wherein the transaction related to the data object is the change in trade price of the underlying financial instrument. 9. The computer implemented method of claim 5, further comprising:
receiving, by the transaction processor, a third electronic data transaction request message comprising a modification to the first equation such that the modified first equation is satisfied by a third set of values different from the first set of values; and modifying, by the transaction processor, the stored data associated with the first electronic data transaction request message in the order book object in accordance with the modified first equation. 10. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein the first and second equations are determined to intersect when the first and second sets of values which satisfy the first and second equations are determined to have at least one value in common. 11. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein the data object represents an underlying financial instrument, and wherein a variable of the first and second equations represents a premium price for a derivative financial instrument derived from the underlying financial instrument. 12. The computer implemented method of claim 11, wherein the data object represents a futures financial instrument, and wherein the variable represents a premium price for an options financial instrument derived from the futures financial instrument. 13. The computer implemented method of claim 12, wherein another variable of the first and second equations represents one of a strike price or a maturity date associated with an options financial instrument derived from the futures financial instrument. 14. The computer implemented method of claim 13, wherein another variable of the first and second equations represents the other of a strike price or a maturity date associated with the options financial instrument derived from the futures financial instrument. 15. A system comprising:
a transaction processor configured to:
receive a first electronic data transaction request message to perform a transaction of a first type on a data object, the first electronic data transaction request message including data representative of a first equation, wherein the data representative of the first equation is smaller than data representative of a first set of values which satisfy the first equation;
determine a previously received second electronic data transaction request message to perform a transaction of a second type on the data object, the previously received second electronic data transaction request message including data representative of a second equation, wherein the data representative of the second equation is smaller than data representative of a second set of values which satisfy the second equation, wherein the first transaction type is one of acquiring or relinquishing a quantity of a financial instrument associated with the data object, and wherein the second transaction type is the other of acquiring or relinquishing a quantity of the financial instrument associated with the data object;
determine whether the first and second equations intersect; and
upon the determination that the first and second equations intersect, process the transactions of the first and second electronic data transaction request messages based on the intersection. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein each of the first and second equations define first and second curves, and wherein the determination of whether the first and second equations intersect comprises a determination that the first and second curves intersect at a common value. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the determination whether the first and second equations intersect comprises access of a software function that receives as inputs two equations, each equation including at least two variables, and parameters for one of the variables, and determines a solution set of values for the other of the two variables and corresponding parameters for the one of the variables that satisfies both equations. 18. The system of claim 15, wherein the transaction processor is further configured to, upon determination that the first and second equations do not intersect, store data associated with the first electronic data transaction request message in an order book object associated with the data object, the order book object also storing data associated with the second electronic data transaction request message. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein at least one of the first and second equations is dependent upon a triggering event, the determining of whether the first and second equations intersect being at least partially dependent thereon, the transaction processor further configured to, after the occurrence of the triggering event, determine whether the first and second equations intersect based on the data representative of the first and second equations stored in the order book object. 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the transaction processor is further configured to:
receive a third electronic data transaction request message comprising a modification to the first equation such that the modified first equation is satisfied by a third set of values different from the first set of values; and modify the stored data associated with the first electronic data transaction request message in the order book object in accordance with the modified first equation. 21. The system of claim 15, wherein the first and second equations are determined to intersect when the first and second sets of values which satisfy the first and second equations are determined to have at least one value in common. 22. The system of claim 15, wherein the data object represents an underlying financial instrument, and wherein a variable of the first and second equations represents a premium price for a derivative financial instrument derived from the underlying financial instrument. 23. A system comprising:
means for receiving a first electronic data transaction request message to perform a transaction of a first type on a data object, the first electronic data transaction request message including data representative of a first equation, wherein the data representative of the first equation is smaller than data representative of a first set of values which satisfy the first equation; means for determining a previously received second electronic data transaction request message to perform a transaction of a second type on the data object, the previously received second electronic data transaction request message including data representative of a second equation, wherein the data representative of the second equation is smaller than data representative of a second set of values which satisfy the second equation, wherein the first transaction type is one of acquiring or relinquishing a quantity of a financial instrument associated with the data object, and wherein the second transaction type is the other of acquiring or relinquishing a quantity of the financial instrument associated with the data object; means for determining whether the first and second equations intersect; and upon determining that the first and second equations intersect, means for processing the transactions of the first and second electronic data transaction request messages based on the intersection. | A data transaction processing system receives and processes equation-based electronic data transaction request messages. Transmitting equation-based electronic data transaction request messages that represent a large series of discrete values reduces the data transmission to the data transaction processing system. Processing equation-based electronic data transaction request messages instead of a series of discrete values reduces the amount of time need to perform transactions, greatly reducing processing latency. Equation-based electronic data transaction request messages can also be efficiently updated by modifying equation parameters, again reducing the amount of data transmitted to the data transaction processing system.1. A computer implemented method comprising:
receiving, by a transaction processor of a data transaction processing system over a data communications network, a first electronic data transaction request message to perform a transaction of a first type on a data object, the first electronic data transaction request message including data representative of a first equation, wherein the data representative of the first equation is smaller than data representative of a first set of values which satisfy the first equation; determining, by the transaction processor, a previously received second electronic data transaction request message to perform a transaction of a second type on the data object, the previously received second electronic data transaction request message including data representative of a second equation, wherein the data representative of the second equation is smaller than data representative of a second set of values which satisfy the second equation, wherein the first transaction type is one of acquiring or relinquishing a quantity of a financial instrument associated with the data object, and wherein the second transaction type is the other of acquiring or relinquishing a quantity of the financial instrument associated with the data object; determining, by the transaction processor, whether the first and second equations intersect; and upon determining that the first and second equations intersect, processing, by the transaction processor, the transactions of the first and second electronic data transaction request messages based on the intersection. 2. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second equations define first and second curves, and wherein determining whether the first and second equations intersect comprises determining, by the transaction processor, that the first and second curves intersect at a common value. 3. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein determining whether the first and second equations intersect comprises accessing, by the transaction processor, a software function that receives as inputs two equations, each equation including at least two variables, and parameters for one of the variables, and determines a solution set of values for the other of the two variables and corresponding parameters for the one of the variables that satisfies both equations. 4. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein the first transaction type is acquiring a quantity of a financial instrument associated with the data object and wherein the second transaction type is relinquishing a quantity of a financial instrument associated with the data object, the method further comprising:
upon determining that the first and second equations do not intersect, determining, by the transaction processor, whether any value of the first set of values which satisfy the first equation is greater than a value of the second set of values which satisfy the second equation; and upon determining that any value of the first set of values which satisfy the first equation is greater than a value of the second set of values which satisfy the second equation, processing, by the transaction processor, a transaction based on a combination of the determined value for the first variable and its corresponding parameter for the second variable. 5. The computer implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
upon determining that the first and second equations do not intersect, storing data associated with the first electronic data transaction request message in an order book object associated with the data object, the order book object also storing data associated with the second electronic data transaction request message. 6. The computer implemented method of claim 5, wherein at least one of the first and second equations is dependent upon a triggering event, the determining of whether the first and second equations intersect being at least partially dependent thereon, the method further comprising:
after the occurrence of the triggering event, determining, by the transaction processor, whether the first and second equations intersect based on the data representative of the first and second equations stored in the order book object. 7. The computer implemented method of claim 6, wherein the triggering event is one of: an elapse of a predetermined amount of time; a change in a parameter for the second variable; a transaction related to the data object, or a combination thereof. 8. The computer implemented method of claim 7, wherein the data object represents an underlying financial instrument, and wherein the transaction related to the data object is the change in trade price of the underlying financial instrument. 9. The computer implemented method of claim 5, further comprising:
receiving, by the transaction processor, a third electronic data transaction request message comprising a modification to the first equation such that the modified first equation is satisfied by a third set of values different from the first set of values; and modifying, by the transaction processor, the stored data associated with the first electronic data transaction request message in the order book object in accordance with the modified first equation. 10. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein the first and second equations are determined to intersect when the first and second sets of values which satisfy the first and second equations are determined to have at least one value in common. 11. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein the data object represents an underlying financial instrument, and wherein a variable of the first and second equations represents a premium price for a derivative financial instrument derived from the underlying financial instrument. 12. The computer implemented method of claim 11, wherein the data object represents a futures financial instrument, and wherein the variable represents a premium price for an options financial instrument derived from the futures financial instrument. 13. The computer implemented method of claim 12, wherein another variable of the first and second equations represents one of a strike price or a maturity date associated with an options financial instrument derived from the futures financial instrument. 14. The computer implemented method of claim 13, wherein another variable of the first and second equations represents the other of a strike price or a maturity date associated with the options financial instrument derived from the futures financial instrument. 15. A system comprising:
a transaction processor configured to:
receive a first electronic data transaction request message to perform a transaction of a first type on a data object, the first electronic data transaction request message including data representative of a first equation, wherein the data representative of the first equation is smaller than data representative of a first set of values which satisfy the first equation;
determine a previously received second electronic data transaction request message to perform a transaction of a second type on the data object, the previously received second electronic data transaction request message including data representative of a second equation, wherein the data representative of the second equation is smaller than data representative of a second set of values which satisfy the second equation, wherein the first transaction type is one of acquiring or relinquishing a quantity of a financial instrument associated with the data object, and wherein the second transaction type is the other of acquiring or relinquishing a quantity of the financial instrument associated with the data object;
determine whether the first and second equations intersect; and
upon the determination that the first and second equations intersect, process the transactions of the first and second electronic data transaction request messages based on the intersection. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein each of the first and second equations define first and second curves, and wherein the determination of whether the first and second equations intersect comprises a determination that the first and second curves intersect at a common value. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the determination whether the first and second equations intersect comprises access of a software function that receives as inputs two equations, each equation including at least two variables, and parameters for one of the variables, and determines a solution set of values for the other of the two variables and corresponding parameters for the one of the variables that satisfies both equations. 18. The system of claim 15, wherein the transaction processor is further configured to, upon determination that the first and second equations do not intersect, store data associated with the first electronic data transaction request message in an order book object associated with the data object, the order book object also storing data associated with the second electronic data transaction request message. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein at least one of the first and second equations is dependent upon a triggering event, the determining of whether the first and second equations intersect being at least partially dependent thereon, the transaction processor further configured to, after the occurrence of the triggering event, determine whether the first and second equations intersect based on the data representative of the first and second equations stored in the order book object. 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the transaction processor is further configured to:
receive a third electronic data transaction request message comprising a modification to the first equation such that the modified first equation is satisfied by a third set of values different from the first set of values; and modify the stored data associated with the first electronic data transaction request message in the order book object in accordance with the modified first equation. 21. The system of claim 15, wherein the first and second equations are determined to intersect when the first and second sets of values which satisfy the first and second equations are determined to have at least one value in common. 22. The system of claim 15, wherein the data object represents an underlying financial instrument, and wherein a variable of the first and second equations represents a premium price for a derivative financial instrument derived from the underlying financial instrument. 23. A system comprising:
means for receiving a first electronic data transaction request message to perform a transaction of a first type on a data object, the first electronic data transaction request message including data representative of a first equation, wherein the data representative of the first equation is smaller than data representative of a first set of values which satisfy the first equation; means for determining a previously received second electronic data transaction request message to perform a transaction of a second type on the data object, the previously received second electronic data transaction request message including data representative of a second equation, wherein the data representative of the second equation is smaller than data representative of a second set of values which satisfy the second equation, wherein the first transaction type is one of acquiring or relinquishing a quantity of a financial instrument associated with the data object, and wherein the second transaction type is the other of acquiring or relinquishing a quantity of the financial instrument associated with the data object; means for determining whether the first and second equations intersect; and upon determining that the first and second equations intersect, means for processing the transactions of the first and second electronic data transaction request messages based on the intersection. | 1,700 |
339,612 | 16,800,501 | 1,788 | An apparatus may include a power rail, a subassembly, an additional subassembly, and an interface coupling the subassembly to the additional subassembly. The subassembly may include a load, an energy-storing component, a charger having an output coupled to the energy-storing component, and a reverse-current limiter having a first terminal coupled to the energy-storing component. The additional subassembly may include an additional energy-storing component, an additional charger having an output coupled to the additional energy-storing component, and an additional reverse-current limiter having a first terminal coupled to the additional energy-storing component. The power rail may cross the interface and may couple the load, an input of the charger, a second terminal of the reverse-current limiter, an input of the additional charger, and a second terminal of the additional reverse-current limiter. Various other apparatuses, systems, and methods are also disclosed. | 1. An apparatus comprising:
a power rail; a subassembly comprising:
a load;
an energy-storing component;
a charger having an output electrically coupled to the energy-storing component; and
a reverse-current limiter having:
a first terminal; and
a second terminal electrically coupled to the energy-storing component;
an additional subassembly comprising:
an additional energy-storing component;
an additional charger having an output electrically coupled to the additional energy-storing component; and
an additional reverse-current limiter having:
a first terminal; and
a second terminal electrically coupled to the additional energy-storing component; and
an interface coupling the subassembly to the additional subassembly, wherein the power rail crosses the interface and electrically couples the load, an input of the charger, the first terminal of the reverse-current limiter, an input of the additional charger, and the first terminal of the additional reverse-current limiter. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the reverse-current limiter is operable to substantially prevent current from flowing from the power rail to the energy-storing component; the additional reverse-current limiter is operable to substantially prevent current from flowing from the power rail to the additional energy-storing component; the reverse-current limiter is operable to independently enable current to flow from the energy-storing component to the power rail when a voltage of the power rail is less than a voltage of the energy-storing component; and the additional reverse-current limiter is operable to independently enable current to flow from the additional energy-storing component to the power rail when the voltage of the power rail is less than a voltage of the additional energy-storing component. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the reverse-current limiter is operable to enable current to flow from the energy-storing component to the power rail when a voltage of the power rail is less than a first predetermined threshold; and the additional reverse-current limiter is operable to enable current to flow from the additional energy-storing component to the power rail when the voltage of the power rail is less than a second predetermined threshold. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the reverse-current limiter and the additional reverse-current limiter are ideal diodes. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the additional subassembly further comprises an additional load; and the power rail is further electrically coupled to the additional load. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the reverse-current limiter is operable to limit an output current flowing from the energy-storing component to the power rail; and the additional reverse-current limiter is operable to limit an output current flowing from the additional energy-storing component to the power rail. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the subassembly is an eyewear front frame; the additional subassembly is an eyewear temple; and the interface is an eyewear hinge. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the subassembly is a watch case; and the additional subassembly is a watch band. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the energy-storing component is a battery; and the additional energy-storing component is a supercapacitor. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the energy-storing component and the additional energy-storing component are batteries having the same voltage and at least one of:
different cell configurations; different number of cells; different chemistries; or different capacities. 11. A system comprising:
a power-supply adapter; and a battery-powered device comprising:
a power port;
a subassembly comprising:
a load;
a battery;
a charger having an output electrically coupled to the battery; and
a reverse-current limiter having:
a first terminal; and
a second terminal electrically coupled to the battery;
an additional subassembly comprising:
an additional battery;
an additional charger having an output electrically coupled to the additional battery; and
an additional reverse-current limiter having:
a first terminal; and
a second terminal electrically coupled to the additional battery;
a mechanical interface coupling the subassembly to the additional subassembly; and
a power rail crossing the power port and the mechanical interface and electrically coupling the power-supply adapter, the load, an input of the charger, the first terminal of the reverse-current limiter, an input of the additional charger, and the first terminal of the additional reverse-current limiter. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the charger and the additional charger are linear chargers. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the power-supply adapter comprises a buck charger that regulates a voltage of the power rail in order to minimize heat loss caused by voltage drops across the linear chargers. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein:
the battery-powered device further comprises:
a sensing wire operable to relay a voltage of the battery to the buck charger; and
an additional sensing wire operable to relay a voltage of the additional battery to the buck charger; and
at least one of the sensing wire or the additional sensing wire crosses the mechanical interface. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein:
the battery-powered device further comprises:
a voltage-ORing component operable to relay a maximum battery voltage to the buck charger;
a sensing wire operable to relay a voltage of the battery to the voltage-ORing component; and
an additional sensing wire operable to relay a voltage of the additional battery to the voltage-ORing component; and
at least one of the sensing wire or the additional sensing wire crosses the mechanical interface. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein:
the subassembly is an eyewear front frame; the additional subassembly is an eyewear temple; and the mechanical interface is an eyewear hinge. 17. The system of claim 11, wherein:
the subassembly is a watch case; and the additional subassembly is a watch band. 18. The system of claim 11, wherein the reverse-current limiter and the additional reverse-current limiter are ideal diodes. 19. The system of claim 11, wherein:
the additional subassembly further comprises an additional load; the battery-powered device further comprises:
a third subassembly comprising:
a third load;
a third battery;
a third charger having an output electrically coupled to the third battery; and
a third reverse-current limiter having:
a first terminal; and
a second terminal electrically coupled to the third battery; and
an additional mechanical interface coupling the subassembly to the third subassembly; and
the power rail crosses the additional mechanical interface and further electrically couples the additional load, the third load; an input of the third charger, and the first terminal of the third reverse-current limiter. 20. A method comprising:
electrically coupling a load to a power rail; electrically coupling an input of a first charger to the power rail; electrically coupling an output of the first charger to a first battery; electrically coupling a first terminal of a first reverse-current limiter to the power rail; electrically coupling a second terminal of the first reverse-current limiter to the first battery; electrically coupling an input of a second charger to the power rail; electrically coupling an output of the second charger to a second battery; electrically coupling a first terminal of a second reverse-current limiter to the power rail; electrically coupling a second terminal of the second reverse-current limiter to the second battery; and electrically coupling a charging port to the power rail. | An apparatus may include a power rail, a subassembly, an additional subassembly, and an interface coupling the subassembly to the additional subassembly. The subassembly may include a load, an energy-storing component, a charger having an output coupled to the energy-storing component, and a reverse-current limiter having a first terminal coupled to the energy-storing component. The additional subassembly may include an additional energy-storing component, an additional charger having an output coupled to the additional energy-storing component, and an additional reverse-current limiter having a first terminal coupled to the additional energy-storing component. The power rail may cross the interface and may couple the load, an input of the charger, a second terminal of the reverse-current limiter, an input of the additional charger, and a second terminal of the additional reverse-current limiter. Various other apparatuses, systems, and methods are also disclosed.1. An apparatus comprising:
a power rail; a subassembly comprising:
a load;
an energy-storing component;
a charger having an output electrically coupled to the energy-storing component; and
a reverse-current limiter having:
a first terminal; and
a second terminal electrically coupled to the energy-storing component;
an additional subassembly comprising:
an additional energy-storing component;
an additional charger having an output electrically coupled to the additional energy-storing component; and
an additional reverse-current limiter having:
a first terminal; and
a second terminal electrically coupled to the additional energy-storing component; and
an interface coupling the subassembly to the additional subassembly, wherein the power rail crosses the interface and electrically couples the load, an input of the charger, the first terminal of the reverse-current limiter, an input of the additional charger, and the first terminal of the additional reverse-current limiter. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the reverse-current limiter is operable to substantially prevent current from flowing from the power rail to the energy-storing component; the additional reverse-current limiter is operable to substantially prevent current from flowing from the power rail to the additional energy-storing component; the reverse-current limiter is operable to independently enable current to flow from the energy-storing component to the power rail when a voltage of the power rail is less than a voltage of the energy-storing component; and the additional reverse-current limiter is operable to independently enable current to flow from the additional energy-storing component to the power rail when the voltage of the power rail is less than a voltage of the additional energy-storing component. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the reverse-current limiter is operable to enable current to flow from the energy-storing component to the power rail when a voltage of the power rail is less than a first predetermined threshold; and the additional reverse-current limiter is operable to enable current to flow from the additional energy-storing component to the power rail when the voltage of the power rail is less than a second predetermined threshold. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the reverse-current limiter and the additional reverse-current limiter are ideal diodes. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the additional subassembly further comprises an additional load; and the power rail is further electrically coupled to the additional load. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the reverse-current limiter is operable to limit an output current flowing from the energy-storing component to the power rail; and the additional reverse-current limiter is operable to limit an output current flowing from the additional energy-storing component to the power rail. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the subassembly is an eyewear front frame; the additional subassembly is an eyewear temple; and the interface is an eyewear hinge. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the subassembly is a watch case; and the additional subassembly is a watch band. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the energy-storing component is a battery; and the additional energy-storing component is a supercapacitor. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the energy-storing component and the additional energy-storing component are batteries having the same voltage and at least one of:
different cell configurations; different number of cells; different chemistries; or different capacities. 11. A system comprising:
a power-supply adapter; and a battery-powered device comprising:
a power port;
a subassembly comprising:
a load;
a battery;
a charger having an output electrically coupled to the battery; and
a reverse-current limiter having:
a first terminal; and
a second terminal electrically coupled to the battery;
an additional subassembly comprising:
an additional battery;
an additional charger having an output electrically coupled to the additional battery; and
an additional reverse-current limiter having:
a first terminal; and
a second terminal electrically coupled to the additional battery;
a mechanical interface coupling the subassembly to the additional subassembly; and
a power rail crossing the power port and the mechanical interface and electrically coupling the power-supply adapter, the load, an input of the charger, the first terminal of the reverse-current limiter, an input of the additional charger, and the first terminal of the additional reverse-current limiter. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the charger and the additional charger are linear chargers. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the power-supply adapter comprises a buck charger that regulates a voltage of the power rail in order to minimize heat loss caused by voltage drops across the linear chargers. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein:
the battery-powered device further comprises:
a sensing wire operable to relay a voltage of the battery to the buck charger; and
an additional sensing wire operable to relay a voltage of the additional battery to the buck charger; and
at least one of the sensing wire or the additional sensing wire crosses the mechanical interface. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein:
the battery-powered device further comprises:
a voltage-ORing component operable to relay a maximum battery voltage to the buck charger;
a sensing wire operable to relay a voltage of the battery to the voltage-ORing component; and
an additional sensing wire operable to relay a voltage of the additional battery to the voltage-ORing component; and
at least one of the sensing wire or the additional sensing wire crosses the mechanical interface. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein:
the subassembly is an eyewear front frame; the additional subassembly is an eyewear temple; and the mechanical interface is an eyewear hinge. 17. The system of claim 11, wherein:
the subassembly is a watch case; and the additional subassembly is a watch band. 18. The system of claim 11, wherein the reverse-current limiter and the additional reverse-current limiter are ideal diodes. 19. The system of claim 11, wherein:
the additional subassembly further comprises an additional load; the battery-powered device further comprises:
a third subassembly comprising:
a third load;
a third battery;
a third charger having an output electrically coupled to the third battery; and
a third reverse-current limiter having:
a first terminal; and
a second terminal electrically coupled to the third battery; and
an additional mechanical interface coupling the subassembly to the third subassembly; and
the power rail crosses the additional mechanical interface and further electrically couples the additional load, the third load; an input of the third charger, and the first terminal of the third reverse-current limiter. 20. A method comprising:
electrically coupling a load to a power rail; electrically coupling an input of a first charger to the power rail; electrically coupling an output of the first charger to a first battery; electrically coupling a first terminal of a first reverse-current limiter to the power rail; electrically coupling a second terminal of the first reverse-current limiter to the first battery; electrically coupling an input of a second charger to the power rail; electrically coupling an output of the second charger to a second battery; electrically coupling a first terminal of a second reverse-current limiter to the power rail; electrically coupling a second terminal of the second reverse-current limiter to the second battery; and electrically coupling a charging port to the power rail. | 1,700 |
339,613 | 16,800,456 | 1,788 | Systems and processes for selectively processing and responding to a spoken user input are provided. In one example, audio input containing a spoken user input can be received at a user device. The spoken user input can be identified from the audio input by identifying start and end-points of the spoken user input. It can be determined whether or not the spoken user input was intended for a virtual assistant based on contextual information. The determination can be made using a rule-based system or a probabilistic system. If it is determined that the spoken user input was intended for the virtual assistant, the spoken user input can be processed and an appropriate response can be generated. If it is instead determined that the spoken user input was not intended for the virtual assistant, the spoken user input can be ignored and/or no response can be generated. | 1. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs, the one or more programs comprising instructions, which when executed by one or more processors of an electronic device, cause the electronic device to:
receive a first spoken input, wherein the first spoken input comprises a spoken trigger and requests performance of a first task; in accordance with a determination that the first spoken input comprises the spoken trigger, perform the first task based on the first spoken input; provide, at a first time, a first response indicating the performance of the first task; within a predetermined duration from the first time:
monitor received audio input to identify a second spoken input in the audio input, wherein the second spoken input does not comprise the spoken trigger;
in accordance with identifying the second spoken input, perform a second task based on the second spoken input; and provide a second response indicating the performance of the second task. 2. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the one or more programs further comprise instructions, which when executed by the one or more processors, cause the electronic device to:
while monitoring the received audio input, output a visual indicator, the visual indicator indicating that the electronic device is capable of responding to received spoken input not including the spoken trigger. 3. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the second spoken input is identified without identifying a physical or virtual button input received prior to identifying the second spoken input. 4. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the one or more programs further comprise instructions, which when executed by the one or more processors, cause the electronic device to:
after the predetermined duration from the first time:
cease to monitor for spoken input in the received audio input; and
receive a third spoken input, wherein the third spoken input comprises the spoken trigger; and
in accordance with a determination that the third spoken input comprises the spoken trigger, perform a third task based on the third spoken input. 5. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the one or more programs further comprise instructions, which when executed by the one or more processors, cause the electronic device to:
prior to performing the second task, determine whether to respond to the second spoken input based on contextual information associated with the second spoken input. 6. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 5, wherein determining whether to respond to the second spoken input includes evaluating one or more conditional rules that depend on the contextual information. 7. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 5, wherein determining whether to respond to the second spoken input includes:
calculating a likelihood score that a virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information. 8. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises an elapsed time between receiving the second spoken input and the first spoken input, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
decreasing the likelihood score in response to a value of the elapsed time being greater than a threshold duration; and increasing the likelihood score in response to the value of the elapsed time being less than the threshold duration. 9. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises the first spoken input, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises increasing the likelihood score in response to detecting a match between the first spoken input and the second spoken input. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises an orientation of the electronic device when the second spoken input was received, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
decreasing the likelihood score in response to the orientation of the device being face down or upside down; and increasing the likelihood score in response to the orientation of the device being face up or upright. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises an orientation between a user and the electronic device when the second spoken input was received, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to the orientation being one in which a display of the electronic device is oriented towards the user; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the orientation being one in which the display of the electronic device is oriented away from the user. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises an indication of whether the second spoken input was recognized by an automatic speech recognizer, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to the indication indicating that the second spoken input was recognized by the automatic speech recognizer; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the indication indicating that the second spoken input was not recognized by the automatic speech recognizer. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises a semantic relationship between the second spoken input and the first spoken input, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to a value of the semantic relationship being greater than a spoken user input semantic threshold value; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the value of the semantic relationship being less than the spoken user input semantic threshold value. 14. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises an identification of a speaker of the second spoken input, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to the identified speaker being included in a list of authorized speakers; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the identified speaker not being included in the list of authorized speakers. 15. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises an indication of whether the electronic device was outputting information to a user when the second spoken input was received, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to the indication indicating that the electronic device was outputting information to the user when the second spoken input was received; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the indication indicating that the electronic device was not outputting information to the user when the second spoken input was received. 16. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises an indication of whether the electronic device is being held when the second spoken input was received, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to the indication indicating that the electronic device was being held when the second spoken input was received; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the indication indicating that the electronic device was not being held when the second spoken input was received. 17. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises a previous action performed by the electronic device, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to the previous action performed by the electronic device being one of a set of predetermined actions; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the previous action performed by the electronic device not being one of the set of predetermined actions. 18. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises an indication of whether content was being displayed by the electronic device when the second spoken input was received, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises increasing the likelihood score in response to the indication indicating that content was being displayed by the electronic device when the second spoken input was received. 19. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises a semantic relationship between the second spoken input and content being displayed by the electronic device when the second spoken input was received, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to a value of the semantic relationship being greater than a content semantic threshold value; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the value of the semantic relationship being less than the content semantic threshold value. 20. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises a position of the user when the second spoken input was received, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to the position of the user being one of a predetermined set of positions; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the position of the user not being one of the predetermined set of positions. 21. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises a semantic relationship between the second spoken input and the first response, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to a value of the semantic relationship being greater than a semantic threshold value; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the value of the semantic relationship being less than the semantic threshold value. 22. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises a semantic relationship between the second spoken input and an application being run by the electronic device when the second spoken input was received, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to a value of the semantic relationship being greater than an application semantic threshold value; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the value of the semantic relationship being less than the application semantic threshold value. 23. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises a movement of the electronic device, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to the movement being one of a predetermined set of movements; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the movement not being one of the predetermined set of movements. 24. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises a direction of a user's gaze when the second spoken input was received, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to the direction of the user's gaze being pointed at the electronic device when the second spoken input was received; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the direction of the user's gaze being pointed away from the electronic device when the second spoken input was received. 25. A method comprising:
at an electronic device with one or more processors and memory:
receiving a first spoken input, wherein the first spoken input comprises a spoken trigger and requests performance of a first task;
in accordance with a determination that the first spoken input comprises the spoken trigger, performing the first task based on the first spoken input;
providing, at a first time, a first response indicating the performance of the first task;
within a predetermined duration from the first time:
monitoring received audio input to identify a second spoken input in the audio input, wherein the second spoken input does not comprise the spoken trigger;
in accordance with identifying the second spoken input, performing a second task based on the second spoken input; and
providing a second response indicating the performance of the second task. 26. A system comprising:
one or more processors; memory; and one or more programs, wherein the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for:
receiving a first spoken input, wherein the first spoken input comprises a spoken trigger and requests performance of a first task;
in accordance with a determination that the first spoken input comprises the spoken trigger, performing the first task based on the first spoken input;
providing, at a first time, a first response indicating the performance of the first task;
within a predetermined duration from the first time:
monitoring received audio input to identify a second spoken input in the audio input, wherein the second spoken input does not comprise the spoken trigger;
in accordance with identifying the second spoken input, performing a second task based on the second spoken input; and
providing a second response indicating the performance of the second task. | Systems and processes for selectively processing and responding to a spoken user input are provided. In one example, audio input containing a spoken user input can be received at a user device. The spoken user input can be identified from the audio input by identifying start and end-points of the spoken user input. It can be determined whether or not the spoken user input was intended for a virtual assistant based on contextual information. The determination can be made using a rule-based system or a probabilistic system. If it is determined that the spoken user input was intended for the virtual assistant, the spoken user input can be processed and an appropriate response can be generated. If it is instead determined that the spoken user input was not intended for the virtual assistant, the spoken user input can be ignored and/or no response can be generated.1. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs, the one or more programs comprising instructions, which when executed by one or more processors of an electronic device, cause the electronic device to:
receive a first spoken input, wherein the first spoken input comprises a spoken trigger and requests performance of a first task; in accordance with a determination that the first spoken input comprises the spoken trigger, perform the first task based on the first spoken input; provide, at a first time, a first response indicating the performance of the first task; within a predetermined duration from the first time:
monitor received audio input to identify a second spoken input in the audio input, wherein the second spoken input does not comprise the spoken trigger;
in accordance with identifying the second spoken input, perform a second task based on the second spoken input; and provide a second response indicating the performance of the second task. 2. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the one or more programs further comprise instructions, which when executed by the one or more processors, cause the electronic device to:
while monitoring the received audio input, output a visual indicator, the visual indicator indicating that the electronic device is capable of responding to received spoken input not including the spoken trigger. 3. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the second spoken input is identified without identifying a physical or virtual button input received prior to identifying the second spoken input. 4. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the one or more programs further comprise instructions, which when executed by the one or more processors, cause the electronic device to:
after the predetermined duration from the first time:
cease to monitor for spoken input in the received audio input; and
receive a third spoken input, wherein the third spoken input comprises the spoken trigger; and
in accordance with a determination that the third spoken input comprises the spoken trigger, perform a third task based on the third spoken input. 5. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the one or more programs further comprise instructions, which when executed by the one or more processors, cause the electronic device to:
prior to performing the second task, determine whether to respond to the second spoken input based on contextual information associated with the second spoken input. 6. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 5, wherein determining whether to respond to the second spoken input includes evaluating one or more conditional rules that depend on the contextual information. 7. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 5, wherein determining whether to respond to the second spoken input includes:
calculating a likelihood score that a virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information. 8. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises an elapsed time between receiving the second spoken input and the first spoken input, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
decreasing the likelihood score in response to a value of the elapsed time being greater than a threshold duration; and increasing the likelihood score in response to the value of the elapsed time being less than the threshold duration. 9. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises the first spoken input, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises increasing the likelihood score in response to detecting a match between the first spoken input and the second spoken input. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises an orientation of the electronic device when the second spoken input was received, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
decreasing the likelihood score in response to the orientation of the device being face down or upside down; and increasing the likelihood score in response to the orientation of the device being face up or upright. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises an orientation between a user and the electronic device when the second spoken input was received, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to the orientation being one in which a display of the electronic device is oriented towards the user; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the orientation being one in which the display of the electronic device is oriented away from the user. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises an indication of whether the second spoken input was recognized by an automatic speech recognizer, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to the indication indicating that the second spoken input was recognized by the automatic speech recognizer; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the indication indicating that the second spoken input was not recognized by the automatic speech recognizer. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises a semantic relationship between the second spoken input and the first spoken input, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to a value of the semantic relationship being greater than a spoken user input semantic threshold value; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the value of the semantic relationship being less than the spoken user input semantic threshold value. 14. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises an identification of a speaker of the second spoken input, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to the identified speaker being included in a list of authorized speakers; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the identified speaker not being included in the list of authorized speakers. 15. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises an indication of whether the electronic device was outputting information to a user when the second spoken input was received, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to the indication indicating that the electronic device was outputting information to the user when the second spoken input was received; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the indication indicating that the electronic device was not outputting information to the user when the second spoken input was received. 16. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises an indication of whether the electronic device is being held when the second spoken input was received, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to the indication indicating that the electronic device was being held when the second spoken input was received; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the indication indicating that the electronic device was not being held when the second spoken input was received. 17. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises a previous action performed by the electronic device, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to the previous action performed by the electronic device being one of a set of predetermined actions; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the previous action performed by the electronic device not being one of the set of predetermined actions. 18. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises an indication of whether content was being displayed by the electronic device when the second spoken input was received, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises increasing the likelihood score in response to the indication indicating that content was being displayed by the electronic device when the second spoken input was received. 19. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises a semantic relationship between the second spoken input and content being displayed by the electronic device when the second spoken input was received, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to a value of the semantic relationship being greater than a content semantic threshold value; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the value of the semantic relationship being less than the content semantic threshold value. 20. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises a position of the user when the second spoken input was received, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to the position of the user being one of a predetermined set of positions; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the position of the user not being one of the predetermined set of positions. 21. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises a semantic relationship between the second spoken input and the first response, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to a value of the semantic relationship being greater than a semantic threshold value; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the value of the semantic relationship being less than the semantic threshold value. 22. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises a semantic relationship between the second spoken input and an application being run by the electronic device when the second spoken input was received, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to a value of the semantic relationship being greater than an application semantic threshold value; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the value of the semantic relationship being less than the application semantic threshold value. 23. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises a movement of the electronic device, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to the movement being one of a predetermined set of movements; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the movement not being one of the predetermined set of movements. 24. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the contextual information comprises a direction of a user's gaze when the second spoken input was received, and wherein calculating the likelihood score that the virtual assistant should provide the second response to the second spoken input based on the contextual information comprises:
increasing the likelihood score in response to the direction of the user's gaze being pointed at the electronic device when the second spoken input was received; and decreasing the likelihood score in response to the direction of the user's gaze being pointed away from the electronic device when the second spoken input was received. 25. A method comprising:
at an electronic device with one or more processors and memory:
receiving a first spoken input, wherein the first spoken input comprises a spoken trigger and requests performance of a first task;
in accordance with a determination that the first spoken input comprises the spoken trigger, performing the first task based on the first spoken input;
providing, at a first time, a first response indicating the performance of the first task;
within a predetermined duration from the first time:
monitoring received audio input to identify a second spoken input in the audio input, wherein the second spoken input does not comprise the spoken trigger;
in accordance with identifying the second spoken input, performing a second task based on the second spoken input; and
providing a second response indicating the performance of the second task. 26. A system comprising:
one or more processors; memory; and one or more programs, wherein the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for:
receiving a first spoken input, wherein the first spoken input comprises a spoken trigger and requests performance of a first task;
in accordance with a determination that the first spoken input comprises the spoken trigger, performing the first task based on the first spoken input;
providing, at a first time, a first response indicating the performance of the first task;
within a predetermined duration from the first time:
monitoring received audio input to identify a second spoken input in the audio input, wherein the second spoken input does not comprise the spoken trigger;
in accordance with identifying the second spoken input, performing a second task based on the second spoken input; and
providing a second response indicating the performance of the second task. | 1,700 |
339,614 | 16,800,547 | 1,788 | Provided is a power amplification module that includes: a first amplification circuit that amplifies a first signal and outputs the amplified first signal as a second signal; a second amplification circuit that amplifies the second signal and outputs the amplified second signal as a third signal; and a feedback circuit that re-inputs/feeds back the second signal outputted from the first amplification circuit to the first amplification circuit as the first signal. The operation of the first amplification circuit is halted and the first signal passes through the feedback circuit and is outputted as the second signal at the time of a low power output mode. | 1. A power amplification module comprising:
a first amplification circuit configured to amplify a first signal and to output the amplified first signal as a second signal; a first bias circuit configured to output a bias signal to the first amplification circuit; a second amplification circuit configured to amplify the second signal and to output the amplified second signal as a third signal; a feedback circuit connected between an input of the first amplification circuit and an output of the first amplification circuit; and a switch circuit connected between the first amplification circuit and ground, and configured to control an operation of the first amplification circuit, wherein: when the power amplification module operates in a low power mode, the switch circuit is off such that the operation of the first amplification circuit is halted, and the first signal passes through the feedback circuit and is outputted as the second signal, when the power amplification module operates in a high power mode, the switch circuit is on such that the first amplification circuit operates to amplify the first signal and to output the amplified first signal as the second signal, and the feedback circuit maintains a signal path between the input of the first amplification circuit and the output of the first amplification signal during the low power output mode and during the high power output mode. 2. The power amplification module according to claim 1, wherein the feedback circuit comprises a resistor and a capacitor connected in series with each other. 3. The power amplification module according to claim 1, further comprising:
a third amplification circuit configured to amplify the third signal and to output the amplified third signal as a fourth signal. 4. The power amplification module according to claim 3, wherein:
the third amplification circuit comprises a plurality of transistors connected in parallel with each other, and an operation of some of the plurality of transistors of the third amplification circuit is halted when the power amplification module operates in the low power mode. 5. The power amplification module according to claim 2, further comprising:
a third amplification circuit configured to amplify the third signal and to output the amplified third signal as a fourth signal. 6. The power amplification module according to claim 5, wherein:
the third amplification circuit comprises a plurality of transistors connected in parallel with each other, and an operation of some of the plurality of transistors of the third amplification circuit is halted when the power amplification module operates in the low power mode. 7. The power amplification module according to claim 1, further comprising:
a second bias circuit configured to output a bias signal to the second amplification circuit; and a bias control circuit configured to receive a signal corresponding to a power output mode and to output a bias control signal to each of the first bias circuit and the second bias circuit in accordance with the power output mode. 8. The power amplification module according to claim 3, further comprising:
a second bias circuit configured to output a second bias signal to the second amplification circuit; a third bias circuit configured to output a third bias signal to the third amplification circuit; and a bias control circuit configured to receive a signal corresponding to a power output mode and to output a bias control signal to each of the first bias circuit, the second bias circuit, and the third bias circuit in accordance with the power output mode. 9. The power amplification module according to claim 5, further comprising:
a second bias circuit configured to output a second bias signal to the second amplification circuit; a third bias circuit configured to output a third bias signal to the third amplification circuit; and a bias control circuit configured to receive a signal corresponding to a power output mode and to output a bias control signal to each of the first bias circuit, the second bias circuit, and the third bias circuit in accordance with the power output mode. | Provided is a power amplification module that includes: a first amplification circuit that amplifies a first signal and outputs the amplified first signal as a second signal; a second amplification circuit that amplifies the second signal and outputs the amplified second signal as a third signal; and a feedback circuit that re-inputs/feeds back the second signal outputted from the first amplification circuit to the first amplification circuit as the first signal. The operation of the first amplification circuit is halted and the first signal passes through the feedback circuit and is outputted as the second signal at the time of a low power output mode.1. A power amplification module comprising:
a first amplification circuit configured to amplify a first signal and to output the amplified first signal as a second signal; a first bias circuit configured to output a bias signal to the first amplification circuit; a second amplification circuit configured to amplify the second signal and to output the amplified second signal as a third signal; a feedback circuit connected between an input of the first amplification circuit and an output of the first amplification circuit; and a switch circuit connected between the first amplification circuit and ground, and configured to control an operation of the first amplification circuit, wherein: when the power amplification module operates in a low power mode, the switch circuit is off such that the operation of the first amplification circuit is halted, and the first signal passes through the feedback circuit and is outputted as the second signal, when the power amplification module operates in a high power mode, the switch circuit is on such that the first amplification circuit operates to amplify the first signal and to output the amplified first signal as the second signal, and the feedback circuit maintains a signal path between the input of the first amplification circuit and the output of the first amplification signal during the low power output mode and during the high power output mode. 2. The power amplification module according to claim 1, wherein the feedback circuit comprises a resistor and a capacitor connected in series with each other. 3. The power amplification module according to claim 1, further comprising:
a third amplification circuit configured to amplify the third signal and to output the amplified third signal as a fourth signal. 4. The power amplification module according to claim 3, wherein:
the third amplification circuit comprises a plurality of transistors connected in parallel with each other, and an operation of some of the plurality of transistors of the third amplification circuit is halted when the power amplification module operates in the low power mode. 5. The power amplification module according to claim 2, further comprising:
a third amplification circuit configured to amplify the third signal and to output the amplified third signal as a fourth signal. 6. The power amplification module according to claim 5, wherein:
the third amplification circuit comprises a plurality of transistors connected in parallel with each other, and an operation of some of the plurality of transistors of the third amplification circuit is halted when the power amplification module operates in the low power mode. 7. The power amplification module according to claim 1, further comprising:
a second bias circuit configured to output a bias signal to the second amplification circuit; and a bias control circuit configured to receive a signal corresponding to a power output mode and to output a bias control signal to each of the first bias circuit and the second bias circuit in accordance with the power output mode. 8. The power amplification module according to claim 3, further comprising:
a second bias circuit configured to output a second bias signal to the second amplification circuit; a third bias circuit configured to output a third bias signal to the third amplification circuit; and a bias control circuit configured to receive a signal corresponding to a power output mode and to output a bias control signal to each of the first bias circuit, the second bias circuit, and the third bias circuit in accordance with the power output mode. 9. The power amplification module according to claim 5, further comprising:
a second bias circuit configured to output a second bias signal to the second amplification circuit; a third bias circuit configured to output a third bias signal to the third amplification circuit; and a bias control circuit configured to receive a signal corresponding to a power output mode and to output a bias control signal to each of the first bias circuit, the second bias circuit, and the third bias circuit in accordance with the power output mode. | 1,700 |
339,615 | 16,800,505 | 1,788 | A system and method dynamically transitions the file system role of compute nodes in a distributed clustered file system for an object that includes an embedded compute engine (a storlet). Embodiments of the invention overcome prior art problems of a storlet in a distributed storage system with a storlet engine having a dynamic role module which dynamically assigns or changes a file system role served by the node to a role which is more optimally suited for a computation operation in the storlet. The role assignment is made based on a classification of the computation operation and the appropriate filesystem role that matches computation operation. For example, a role could be assigned which helps reduce storage needs, communication resources, etc. | 1. A computer system comprising:
a processor coupled to a memory, a storlet with an embedded computation operation residing in the memory; a plurality of compute nodes each having a role; a storlet engine with a dynamic role module executing on the processor, wherein the dynamic role module profiles the computation operation of the storlet to determine a computation type of the computation operation, determines a preferred role for the computation type, and where there is no compute node that has the preferred role with available resources the dynamic role module dynamically changes the role of a selected compute node of the plurality of compute nodes that has available resources to the preferred role type of the computation operation. 2. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the selected compute node is in a distributed clustered file system. 3. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the storlet engine invokes the storlet in a virtual machine on the selected compute node. 4. The computer system of claim 3, wherein the virtual machine is a Docker container. 5. The computer system of claim 1, further comprising an operations template that is configurable by a user and contains a preferred role for a plurality of computational operation types, and wherein the dynamic role module dynamically changes the role of a selected compute node to the preferred role type of the computation operation based on the operations template. 6. The computer system of claim 5, wherein the plurality of computation operation types comprise image processing, archive/backup, real time/gaming, longer execution and metadata. 7. The computer system of claim 1, further comprising a detail collector on each of the nodes that collect the file system features and roles served by each node. 8. The computer system of claim 7, further comprising a cluster wide scheduler that collects the file system features and roles from each of the plurality of compute nodes. 9. The computer system of claim 8 further comprising a node details table that contains the file system features and roles collected by the cluster wide scheduler, wherein the dynamic role module reads the node details table to determine whether there is a compute node that has the preferred role. 10. A method for adjusting roles of nodes in a distributed clustered file system, comprising:
providing a plurality of compute nodes each having a role; receiving a first computation operation of a storlet; profiling the first computation operation to determine a computation operation type performed by the computation operation; determining from the determined computation operation type a preferred file system role; and where there is no compute node with available resources of the preferred file system role then dynamically changing the role of a selected compute node of the plurality of compute nodes to the preferred role type of the computation operation. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising invoking the storlet in a virtual machine on the selected compute node. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the virtual machine is a docker container. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the step of performing the lookup operation comprises utilizing an operations template that is configurable by a user and contains a preferred role for a plurality of computational operation types, and wherein the step of dynamically changing the role of a selected compute node to the preferred role type uses the operations template to determine there is no compute node with the preferred role with available resources. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the plurality of computation operation types comprise image processing, archive/backup, real time/gaming, longer execution and metadata. 15. The method of claim 10, further comprising collecting compute node details on each compute node, where the compute node details include file system features and roles served by each compute node. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising collecting the file system features and roles collected on each of the compute nodes. 17. The method of claim 10 wherein a user specifies a preferred role for the computation operation. 18. The method of claim 15 further comprising storing the file system features and roles of the plurality of compute nodes in a nodes detail table. | A system and method dynamically transitions the file system role of compute nodes in a distributed clustered file system for an object that includes an embedded compute engine (a storlet). Embodiments of the invention overcome prior art problems of a storlet in a distributed storage system with a storlet engine having a dynamic role module which dynamically assigns or changes a file system role served by the node to a role which is more optimally suited for a computation operation in the storlet. The role assignment is made based on a classification of the computation operation and the appropriate filesystem role that matches computation operation. For example, a role could be assigned which helps reduce storage needs, communication resources, etc.1. A computer system comprising:
a processor coupled to a memory, a storlet with an embedded computation operation residing in the memory; a plurality of compute nodes each having a role; a storlet engine with a dynamic role module executing on the processor, wherein the dynamic role module profiles the computation operation of the storlet to determine a computation type of the computation operation, determines a preferred role for the computation type, and where there is no compute node that has the preferred role with available resources the dynamic role module dynamically changes the role of a selected compute node of the plurality of compute nodes that has available resources to the preferred role type of the computation operation. 2. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the selected compute node is in a distributed clustered file system. 3. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the storlet engine invokes the storlet in a virtual machine on the selected compute node. 4. The computer system of claim 3, wherein the virtual machine is a Docker container. 5. The computer system of claim 1, further comprising an operations template that is configurable by a user and contains a preferred role for a plurality of computational operation types, and wherein the dynamic role module dynamically changes the role of a selected compute node to the preferred role type of the computation operation based on the operations template. 6. The computer system of claim 5, wherein the plurality of computation operation types comprise image processing, archive/backup, real time/gaming, longer execution and metadata. 7. The computer system of claim 1, further comprising a detail collector on each of the nodes that collect the file system features and roles served by each node. 8. The computer system of claim 7, further comprising a cluster wide scheduler that collects the file system features and roles from each of the plurality of compute nodes. 9. The computer system of claim 8 further comprising a node details table that contains the file system features and roles collected by the cluster wide scheduler, wherein the dynamic role module reads the node details table to determine whether there is a compute node that has the preferred role. 10. A method for adjusting roles of nodes in a distributed clustered file system, comprising:
providing a plurality of compute nodes each having a role; receiving a first computation operation of a storlet; profiling the first computation operation to determine a computation operation type performed by the computation operation; determining from the determined computation operation type a preferred file system role; and where there is no compute node with available resources of the preferred file system role then dynamically changing the role of a selected compute node of the plurality of compute nodes to the preferred role type of the computation operation. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising invoking the storlet in a virtual machine on the selected compute node. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the virtual machine is a docker container. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the step of performing the lookup operation comprises utilizing an operations template that is configurable by a user and contains a preferred role for a plurality of computational operation types, and wherein the step of dynamically changing the role of a selected compute node to the preferred role type uses the operations template to determine there is no compute node with the preferred role with available resources. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the plurality of computation operation types comprise image processing, archive/backup, real time/gaming, longer execution and metadata. 15. The method of claim 10, further comprising collecting compute node details on each compute node, where the compute node details include file system features and roles served by each compute node. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising collecting the file system features and roles collected on each of the compute nodes. 17. The method of claim 10 wherein a user specifies a preferred role for the computation operation. 18. The method of claim 15 further comprising storing the file system features and roles of the plurality of compute nodes in a nodes detail table. | 1,700 |
339,616 | 16,800,485 | 1,788 | An emergency LED lighting system maintains power to an LED lighting source based on measured voltages and currents provided to the LED lighting source; rolls back or decreases power provided to an LED lighting source over time in order to increase the amount of time the battery can power the LED lighting source; executes a soft start procedure, such that the power provided to the LED lighting source is gradually ramped up during activation of the LED lighting sources; identifies a type of battery coupled to the emergency LED lighting system; cycles the emergency LED lighting system between charging mode and standby mode to reduce power consumption over a window of time; detects AC power or an absence of AC power; and/or uses a status LED to communicate information about the emergency LED lighting system with a remote device. | 1. A method comprising:
detecting a loss of AC power and entering an emergency mode; powering an emergency LED driver by a battery while in the emergency mode; and powering an LED lighting source by the emergency LED driver while in the emergency mode by:
providing LED current to an LED lighting source by controlling a current converter of the emergency LED driver to provide an initial LED current, wherein the current converter is coupled between a first battery connection point and a first LED lighting source connection point;
measuring an LED voltage across the LED lighting source;
comparing the LED voltage to predetermined voltage range;
when the LED voltage is within the predetermined voltage range, increasing the LED current to the LED lighting source until a predetermined power level is detected; and
maintaining the predetermined power level by:
monitoring the LED voltage across the LED lighting source and the LED current passing through the LED lighting source;
determining a power level based on the monitored LED voltage and the monitored LED current; and
adjusting the LED current to the LED lighting source to maintain the predetermined power level. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
when the LED voltage is outside the predetermined voltage range, controlling the LED current to the LED lighting source to a fault current level. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising:
while maintaining the LED current at the fault current level, monitoring the LED voltage across the LED lighting source; and when the monitored LED voltage exceeds a fault voltage threshold, increasing the LED current above the fault current level. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
when the LED voltage is outside the predetermined voltage range, disconnecting the current converter from the battery. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining an ambient temperature associated with the battery; and when the ambient temperature falls within a rollback temperature range, decreasing the LED current to a first rollback current at a first rollback time. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
decreasing the first rollback current to a second rollback current at a second rollback time; and maintaining the second rollback current until the emergency mode is exited. 7. A method comprising:
providing, by a battery, a battery output for powering an emergency LED lighting system during an emergency mode; providing, by a current converter coupled between a first battery connection point and a first LED lighting source connection point, LED current to an LED lighting source; measuring, by a voltage sensor, an LED voltage across the LED lighting source; measuring, by a current sensor, the LED current passing through the LED lighting source; using, by a controller, the LED voltage and the LED current to determine an LED power; and controlling a current controller, by the controller, to maintain the LED power during the emergency mode, wherein the controller instructs the current controller to adjust the LED current provided by the current converter to an adjusted LED current to maintain the LED power as the battery discharges during the emergency mode. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
detecting, by the controller, a short condition based on the LED voltage; and controlling the current controller, by the controller, to reduce the LED current to be below a threshold current level during the short condition. 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
when emergency mode is initiated, controlling the current controller, by the controller, to gradually increase the LED current from a minimal LED current level to a predetermined LED current level at a predetermined rate. 10. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
determining a battery type, by the controller, by evaluating a battery ID signal received from a circuit comprising at least one component associated with a battery pack that includes the battery and at least one component associated with the emergency LED lighting system. 11. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
determining, by the controller, an ambient temperature associated with the battery; and when the ambient temperature falls within a rollback temperature range, controlling the current controller, by the controller, to decrease the LED current to a first rollback current at a first rollback time. 12. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
during a charging mode, determining, by the controller, a charge level of the battery; when the charge level is beyond a battery full level, controlling the emergency LED lighting system, by the controller, to enter a standby mode, wherein the battery powers the controller and a battery charging circuit is disabled during the standby mode; monitoring, by the controller, the charge level; and when the charge level reaches a battery recharge level, controlling the emergency LED lighting system, by the controller, to enter the charging mode. 13. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
communicating, by the controller, status information for the battery or the emergency LED lighting system to a first external device via light pulses; and receiving, by the controller, configuration data, wherein the configuration data is communicated from a second external device via light pulses. 14. An emergency LED lighting system comprising:
a first battery connection point configured to be coupled to a first terminal of a battery; a second battery connection point configured to be coupled to a second terminal of the battery; a first LED lighting source connection point configured to be coupled to a first terminal of an LED lighting source; a second LED lighting source connection point configured to be coupled to a second terminal of the LED lighting source; an emergency LED driver coupled to the first battery connection point, the second battery connection point, the first LED lighting source connection point, and the second LED lighting source connection point, the emergency LED driver comprising:
a voltage sensor for sensing an LED voltage across the LED lighting source and providing a first sensed voltage based on the LED voltage;
a current sensor for sensing an LED current through the LED lighting source and providing a second sensed voltage based on the LED current;
a current converter coupled between the first battery connection point and the first LED lighting source connection point for providing the LED current to the LED lighting source; and
a controller for controlling the current converter to control the LED current through the LED lighting source to maintain LED power when the emergency LED lighting system is powered by the battery in an emergency mode. 15. The emergency LED lighting system of claim 14, wherein the voltage sensor comprises a voltage divider including a first resistor coupled to the first LED lighting source connection point and a second resistor and the second resistor conductively coupled between the first resistor and the second battery connection point, and the first sensed voltage corresponds to a voltage between the first resistor and the second resistor. 16. The emergency LED lighting system of claim 14, wherein the current sensor comprises a resistor conductively coupled in series between the second LED lighting source connection point and the second battery connection point. 17. The emergency LED lighting system of claim 14, wherein the current converter is a single-ended primary inductor converter (“SEPIC”) or a boost converter. 18. The emergency LED lighting system of claim 14, wherein when emergency mode is entered, the controller monitors the first sensed voltage and controls the current converter to increase the LED current while the first sensed voltage is within a predetermined voltage range until the LED power reaches a predetermined power level. 19. The emergency LED lighting system of claim 14, wherein when emergency mode is entered, the controller monitors the first sensed voltage and controls the current converter to reduce the LED current when the first sensed voltage is indicative of a short or an out of range LED lighting source. 20. The emergency LED lighting system of claim 14, further comprising:
an AC detect circuit that outputs a signal indicating a presence of AC input power; a battery charging circuit; and a battery, wherein the emergency LED lighting system enters a standby mode based on a battery voltage and the presence of AC input power and remains in the standby mode until the battery voltage reaches a battery recharge level, wherein the battery powers the controller and the battery charging circuit is disabled during the standby mode. | An emergency LED lighting system maintains power to an LED lighting source based on measured voltages and currents provided to the LED lighting source; rolls back or decreases power provided to an LED lighting source over time in order to increase the amount of time the battery can power the LED lighting source; executes a soft start procedure, such that the power provided to the LED lighting source is gradually ramped up during activation of the LED lighting sources; identifies a type of battery coupled to the emergency LED lighting system; cycles the emergency LED lighting system between charging mode and standby mode to reduce power consumption over a window of time; detects AC power or an absence of AC power; and/or uses a status LED to communicate information about the emergency LED lighting system with a remote device.1. A method comprising:
detecting a loss of AC power and entering an emergency mode; powering an emergency LED driver by a battery while in the emergency mode; and powering an LED lighting source by the emergency LED driver while in the emergency mode by:
providing LED current to an LED lighting source by controlling a current converter of the emergency LED driver to provide an initial LED current, wherein the current converter is coupled between a first battery connection point and a first LED lighting source connection point;
measuring an LED voltage across the LED lighting source;
comparing the LED voltage to predetermined voltage range;
when the LED voltage is within the predetermined voltage range, increasing the LED current to the LED lighting source until a predetermined power level is detected; and
maintaining the predetermined power level by:
monitoring the LED voltage across the LED lighting source and the LED current passing through the LED lighting source;
determining a power level based on the monitored LED voltage and the monitored LED current; and
adjusting the LED current to the LED lighting source to maintain the predetermined power level. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
when the LED voltage is outside the predetermined voltage range, controlling the LED current to the LED lighting source to a fault current level. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising:
while maintaining the LED current at the fault current level, monitoring the LED voltage across the LED lighting source; and when the monitored LED voltage exceeds a fault voltage threshold, increasing the LED current above the fault current level. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
when the LED voltage is outside the predetermined voltage range, disconnecting the current converter from the battery. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining an ambient temperature associated with the battery; and when the ambient temperature falls within a rollback temperature range, decreasing the LED current to a first rollback current at a first rollback time. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
decreasing the first rollback current to a second rollback current at a second rollback time; and maintaining the second rollback current until the emergency mode is exited. 7. A method comprising:
providing, by a battery, a battery output for powering an emergency LED lighting system during an emergency mode; providing, by a current converter coupled between a first battery connection point and a first LED lighting source connection point, LED current to an LED lighting source; measuring, by a voltage sensor, an LED voltage across the LED lighting source; measuring, by a current sensor, the LED current passing through the LED lighting source; using, by a controller, the LED voltage and the LED current to determine an LED power; and controlling a current controller, by the controller, to maintain the LED power during the emergency mode, wherein the controller instructs the current controller to adjust the LED current provided by the current converter to an adjusted LED current to maintain the LED power as the battery discharges during the emergency mode. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
detecting, by the controller, a short condition based on the LED voltage; and controlling the current controller, by the controller, to reduce the LED current to be below a threshold current level during the short condition. 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
when emergency mode is initiated, controlling the current controller, by the controller, to gradually increase the LED current from a minimal LED current level to a predetermined LED current level at a predetermined rate. 10. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
determining a battery type, by the controller, by evaluating a battery ID signal received from a circuit comprising at least one component associated with a battery pack that includes the battery and at least one component associated with the emergency LED lighting system. 11. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
determining, by the controller, an ambient temperature associated with the battery; and when the ambient temperature falls within a rollback temperature range, controlling the current controller, by the controller, to decrease the LED current to a first rollback current at a first rollback time. 12. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
during a charging mode, determining, by the controller, a charge level of the battery; when the charge level is beyond a battery full level, controlling the emergency LED lighting system, by the controller, to enter a standby mode, wherein the battery powers the controller and a battery charging circuit is disabled during the standby mode; monitoring, by the controller, the charge level; and when the charge level reaches a battery recharge level, controlling the emergency LED lighting system, by the controller, to enter the charging mode. 13. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
communicating, by the controller, status information for the battery or the emergency LED lighting system to a first external device via light pulses; and receiving, by the controller, configuration data, wherein the configuration data is communicated from a second external device via light pulses. 14. An emergency LED lighting system comprising:
a first battery connection point configured to be coupled to a first terminal of a battery; a second battery connection point configured to be coupled to a second terminal of the battery; a first LED lighting source connection point configured to be coupled to a first terminal of an LED lighting source; a second LED lighting source connection point configured to be coupled to a second terminal of the LED lighting source; an emergency LED driver coupled to the first battery connection point, the second battery connection point, the first LED lighting source connection point, and the second LED lighting source connection point, the emergency LED driver comprising:
a voltage sensor for sensing an LED voltage across the LED lighting source and providing a first sensed voltage based on the LED voltage;
a current sensor for sensing an LED current through the LED lighting source and providing a second sensed voltage based on the LED current;
a current converter coupled between the first battery connection point and the first LED lighting source connection point for providing the LED current to the LED lighting source; and
a controller for controlling the current converter to control the LED current through the LED lighting source to maintain LED power when the emergency LED lighting system is powered by the battery in an emergency mode. 15. The emergency LED lighting system of claim 14, wherein the voltage sensor comprises a voltage divider including a first resistor coupled to the first LED lighting source connection point and a second resistor and the second resistor conductively coupled between the first resistor and the second battery connection point, and the first sensed voltage corresponds to a voltage between the first resistor and the second resistor. 16. The emergency LED lighting system of claim 14, wherein the current sensor comprises a resistor conductively coupled in series between the second LED lighting source connection point and the second battery connection point. 17. The emergency LED lighting system of claim 14, wherein the current converter is a single-ended primary inductor converter (“SEPIC”) or a boost converter. 18. The emergency LED lighting system of claim 14, wherein when emergency mode is entered, the controller monitors the first sensed voltage and controls the current converter to increase the LED current while the first sensed voltage is within a predetermined voltage range until the LED power reaches a predetermined power level. 19. The emergency LED lighting system of claim 14, wherein when emergency mode is entered, the controller monitors the first sensed voltage and controls the current converter to reduce the LED current when the first sensed voltage is indicative of a short or an out of range LED lighting source. 20. The emergency LED lighting system of claim 14, further comprising:
an AC detect circuit that outputs a signal indicating a presence of AC input power; a battery charging circuit; and a battery, wherein the emergency LED lighting system enters a standby mode based on a battery voltage and the presence of AC input power and remains in the standby mode until the battery voltage reaches a battery recharge level, wherein the battery powers the controller and the battery charging circuit is disabled during the standby mode. | 1,700 |
339,617 | 16,800,539 | 1,788 | An alert communication server is disclosed, and includes one or more processors, one or more modules of non-transitory computer-readable memory, a correlation module, and a transmission module. The one or more modules of non-transitory computer-readable memory store a set of instructions and are electronically coupled with the one or more processors to implement at least one instruction of the set of instructions. The correlation module is electronically connected to receive a first set of data from a first device and a second set of data from a second device. The correlation module is configured to apply a correlation algorithm to the first set of data and the second set of data to determine one or more conditions. The transmission module is configured to communicate with one or more of the first device and the second device based upon the one or more conditions determined by the correlation module. | 1-17. (canceled) 18. An alert communication server, comprising:
one or more processors; non-transitory computer-readable memory upon which a set of instructions are stored, the non-transitory computer-readable memory electronically coupled with the one or more processors to implement a set of instructions; the server being in communication with a first user device and a second user device, whereby the second user device comprises a mobile communication device, whereby the server is configured to receive a first set of data from the first device and a second data from the mobile communication device and correlate the first data and second data to determine an emergency condition based on the correlation of the first set of data and the second set of data; the server comprising a transmission module configured to transmit a communication to the mobile communication device, whereby the communication comprises a textual component comprising a textual message displayed on a screen of the mobile communication device, whereby the communication further comprises an instruction component, whereby the instruction component comprises instructions to override an ongoing or scheduled program on the mobile communication device. 19. The alert communication server of claim 18, whereby the communication transmitted to the mobile communication device in configured to activate a microphone or a speaker on the mobile communication device. 20. The alert communication server of claim 18, whereby overriding an ongoing or scheduled program on the mobile communication device comprises any one of overriding a volume silent setting, activating an alarm, changing a device volume level, activating a communication with a hands-free device, and automatically answering incoming calls. | An alert communication server is disclosed, and includes one or more processors, one or more modules of non-transitory computer-readable memory, a correlation module, and a transmission module. The one or more modules of non-transitory computer-readable memory store a set of instructions and are electronically coupled with the one or more processors to implement at least one instruction of the set of instructions. The correlation module is electronically connected to receive a first set of data from a first device and a second set of data from a second device. The correlation module is configured to apply a correlation algorithm to the first set of data and the second set of data to determine one or more conditions. The transmission module is configured to communicate with one or more of the first device and the second device based upon the one or more conditions determined by the correlation module.1-17. (canceled) 18. An alert communication server, comprising:
one or more processors; non-transitory computer-readable memory upon which a set of instructions are stored, the non-transitory computer-readable memory electronically coupled with the one or more processors to implement a set of instructions; the server being in communication with a first user device and a second user device, whereby the second user device comprises a mobile communication device, whereby the server is configured to receive a first set of data from the first device and a second data from the mobile communication device and correlate the first data and second data to determine an emergency condition based on the correlation of the first set of data and the second set of data; the server comprising a transmission module configured to transmit a communication to the mobile communication device, whereby the communication comprises a textual component comprising a textual message displayed on a screen of the mobile communication device, whereby the communication further comprises an instruction component, whereby the instruction component comprises instructions to override an ongoing or scheduled program on the mobile communication device. 19. The alert communication server of claim 18, whereby the communication transmitted to the mobile communication device in configured to activate a microphone or a speaker on the mobile communication device. 20. The alert communication server of claim 18, whereby overriding an ongoing or scheduled program on the mobile communication device comprises any one of overriding a volume silent setting, activating an alarm, changing a device volume level, activating a communication with a hands-free device, and automatically answering incoming calls. | 1,700 |
339,618 | 16,800,517 | 1,788 | Certain exemplary embodiments relate to entertainment systems that interact with users to provide access to media appropriate to and/or customized for a particular user using the entertainment system, the location at which the entertainment system is being accessed, and/or a predefined event. For example, in certain exemplary embodiments, an entertainment system in a location is configured to provide jukebox-related and entertainment system mediated services that are accessible from within and from the outside of the location, and provide (1) attract or flight media operations, (2) browsing services, and/or (3) search screens appropriate to and/or customized for a particular user using the entertainment system, the location at which the entertainment system is being accessed, and/or a predefined event. Such screens may be provided with a three-dimensional look-and-feel in certain exemplary embodiments. | 1. A jukebox device, comprising:
a display; a camera; a non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing a plurality of instances of media available for playback on or via the jukebox device; and at least one processor configured to:
operate the jukebox device in a normal mode, and, upon detecting an occurrence of a predetermined time or a signal from an authorized user, entering the jukebox device from the normal mode to a security mode;
when the jukebox device is in the normal mode:
provide a user interface, via the display, for users to select one or more instances of media for playback on the jukebox device;
playing the selected one or more instances of media on the jukebox device with video of the selected one or more instances displayed on the display and audio of the selected one or more instances being output from one or more audio outputs connected to the jukebox device; and
enable a remote user in a first subset of users to view images and/or video from the camera; and
when the jukebox device enters the security mode from the normal mode, responsive to entering the security mode:
automatically providing a powered down appearance to the jukebox device by performing operations including deactivating the display of the jukebox device while operating the camera to obtain images and/or video; and
enabling a remote user in a second subset of users to view the images and/or video obtained in the security mode. 2. The jukebox device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause, when the jukebox is not in the security mode, said obtained images and/or video to be displayed on one or more external display devices provided in a common location with the jukebox device. 3. The jukebox device of claim 1, further comprising a web server configured to enable the remote user in the first subset of users to view said obtained images and/or video from the camera. 4. The jukebox device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to enter into the security mode at a user-specified time, wherein the first subset of users are registered users and the second subset of users are authorized users having access to images and/or video obtained by the camera during said security mode. 5. The jukebox device of claim 4, wherein the at least one processor causes the camera to act as a motion detector when said security mode is entered. 6. The jukebox device of claim 5, wherein the at least one processor is configured to raise the alarm when motion is unexpectedly detected. 7. The jukebox device of claim 6, wherein the alarm includes initiation of a VoIP call to one or more specified parties. 8. The jukebox device of claim 6, wherein the alarm includes causing the display and/or lighting on the jukebox to become illuminated and/or flash. 9. The jukebox device of claim 6, wherein the alarm includes an audible alarm. 10. A method of making a jukebox device, the method comprising:
providing a display; providing a camera; providing a non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing a plurality of instances of media available for playback on or via the jukebox device; and providing at least one processor configured to:
operate the jukebox device in a normal mode, and, upon detecting an occurrence of a predetermined time or a signal from an authorized user, entering the jukebox device from the normal mode to a security mode;
when the jukebox device is in the normal mode:
provide a user interface, via the display, for users to select one or more instances of media for playback on the jukebox device;
playing the selected one or more instances of media on the jukebox device with video of the selected one or more instances displayed on the display and audio of the selected one or more instances being output from one or more audio outputs connected to the jukebox device; and
enable a remote user in a first subset of users to view said obtained images and/or video from the camera; and
when the jukebox is in the security mode from the normal mode, responsive to entering the security mode:
automatically providing a powered down appearance to the jukebox device by performing operations including deactivating the display of the jukebox device while operating the camera to obtain images and/or video; and
enabling a remote user in a second subset of users to view the images and/or video obtained in the security mode. 11. A method of operating a jukebox device provided in an out-of-home location, the jukebox device comprising a display and a camera, the method comprising:
operating the jukebox device in a normal mode, and, upon detecting an occurrence of a predetermined time or a signal from an authorized user, entering the jukebox device from the normal mode to a security mode; when the jukebox is in the normal mode:
enabling a user to select an instance of media from a plurality of instances of media available for playback on or via the jukebox device; and
providing a user interface, via the display, for users to select one or more instances of media for playback on the jukebox device;
playing the selected one or more instances of media on the jukebox device with video of the selected one or more instances displayed on the display and audio of the selected one or more instances being output from one or more audio outputs connected to the jukebox device; and
enabling a remote user in a first subset of users to view images and/or video from the camera; and
when the jukebox enters the security mode from the normal mode, responsive to entering the security mode:
automatically providing a powered down appearance to the jukebox device by performing operations including deactivating the display of the jukebox device while operating the camera to obtain images and/or video; and
enabling a remote user in a second subset of users to view the images and/or video obtained in the security mode. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising causing, when the jukebox is not in the security mode, said obtained images and/or video to be displayed on one or more external display devices provided in the out-of-home location with the jukebox device. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the jukebox device further comprises a web server configured to enable the remote user in the first subset of users to view said obtained images and/or video from the camera. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising causing the jukebox device to enter into the security mode at a user-specified time or upon a signal from an authorized user, wherein the first subset of users are registered users and the second subset of users are authorized users having access to images and/or video obtained by the camera during said security mode. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising operating the camera as a motion detector when said security mode is entered. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising raising the alarm when motion is unexpectedly detected. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising initiating a VoIP call to one or more specified parties in raising the alarm. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the alarm includes causing the display and/or lighting on the jukebox to become illuminated and/or flash. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the alarm includes an audible alarm. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the jukebox device includes at least one processor and a non-transitory computer readable storage medium that tangibly stores the instances of media available for playback. | Certain exemplary embodiments relate to entertainment systems that interact with users to provide access to media appropriate to and/or customized for a particular user using the entertainment system, the location at which the entertainment system is being accessed, and/or a predefined event. For example, in certain exemplary embodiments, an entertainment system in a location is configured to provide jukebox-related and entertainment system mediated services that are accessible from within and from the outside of the location, and provide (1) attract or flight media operations, (2) browsing services, and/or (3) search screens appropriate to and/or customized for a particular user using the entertainment system, the location at which the entertainment system is being accessed, and/or a predefined event. Such screens may be provided with a three-dimensional look-and-feel in certain exemplary embodiments.1. A jukebox device, comprising:
a display; a camera; a non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing a plurality of instances of media available for playback on or via the jukebox device; and at least one processor configured to:
operate the jukebox device in a normal mode, and, upon detecting an occurrence of a predetermined time or a signal from an authorized user, entering the jukebox device from the normal mode to a security mode;
when the jukebox device is in the normal mode:
provide a user interface, via the display, for users to select one or more instances of media for playback on the jukebox device;
playing the selected one or more instances of media on the jukebox device with video of the selected one or more instances displayed on the display and audio of the selected one or more instances being output from one or more audio outputs connected to the jukebox device; and
enable a remote user in a first subset of users to view images and/or video from the camera; and
when the jukebox device enters the security mode from the normal mode, responsive to entering the security mode:
automatically providing a powered down appearance to the jukebox device by performing operations including deactivating the display of the jukebox device while operating the camera to obtain images and/or video; and
enabling a remote user in a second subset of users to view the images and/or video obtained in the security mode. 2. The jukebox device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause, when the jukebox is not in the security mode, said obtained images and/or video to be displayed on one or more external display devices provided in a common location with the jukebox device. 3. The jukebox device of claim 1, further comprising a web server configured to enable the remote user in the first subset of users to view said obtained images and/or video from the camera. 4. The jukebox device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to enter into the security mode at a user-specified time, wherein the first subset of users are registered users and the second subset of users are authorized users having access to images and/or video obtained by the camera during said security mode. 5. The jukebox device of claim 4, wherein the at least one processor causes the camera to act as a motion detector when said security mode is entered. 6. The jukebox device of claim 5, wherein the at least one processor is configured to raise the alarm when motion is unexpectedly detected. 7. The jukebox device of claim 6, wherein the alarm includes initiation of a VoIP call to one or more specified parties. 8. The jukebox device of claim 6, wherein the alarm includes causing the display and/or lighting on the jukebox to become illuminated and/or flash. 9. The jukebox device of claim 6, wherein the alarm includes an audible alarm. 10. A method of making a jukebox device, the method comprising:
providing a display; providing a camera; providing a non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing a plurality of instances of media available for playback on or via the jukebox device; and providing at least one processor configured to:
operate the jukebox device in a normal mode, and, upon detecting an occurrence of a predetermined time or a signal from an authorized user, entering the jukebox device from the normal mode to a security mode;
when the jukebox device is in the normal mode:
provide a user interface, via the display, for users to select one or more instances of media for playback on the jukebox device;
playing the selected one or more instances of media on the jukebox device with video of the selected one or more instances displayed on the display and audio of the selected one or more instances being output from one or more audio outputs connected to the jukebox device; and
enable a remote user in a first subset of users to view said obtained images and/or video from the camera; and
when the jukebox is in the security mode from the normal mode, responsive to entering the security mode:
automatically providing a powered down appearance to the jukebox device by performing operations including deactivating the display of the jukebox device while operating the camera to obtain images and/or video; and
enabling a remote user in a second subset of users to view the images and/or video obtained in the security mode. 11. A method of operating a jukebox device provided in an out-of-home location, the jukebox device comprising a display and a camera, the method comprising:
operating the jukebox device in a normal mode, and, upon detecting an occurrence of a predetermined time or a signal from an authorized user, entering the jukebox device from the normal mode to a security mode; when the jukebox is in the normal mode:
enabling a user to select an instance of media from a plurality of instances of media available for playback on or via the jukebox device; and
providing a user interface, via the display, for users to select one or more instances of media for playback on the jukebox device;
playing the selected one or more instances of media on the jukebox device with video of the selected one or more instances displayed on the display and audio of the selected one or more instances being output from one or more audio outputs connected to the jukebox device; and
enabling a remote user in a first subset of users to view images and/or video from the camera; and
when the jukebox enters the security mode from the normal mode, responsive to entering the security mode:
automatically providing a powered down appearance to the jukebox device by performing operations including deactivating the display of the jukebox device while operating the camera to obtain images and/or video; and
enabling a remote user in a second subset of users to view the images and/or video obtained in the security mode. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising causing, when the jukebox is not in the security mode, said obtained images and/or video to be displayed on one or more external display devices provided in the out-of-home location with the jukebox device. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the jukebox device further comprises a web server configured to enable the remote user in the first subset of users to view said obtained images and/or video from the camera. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising causing the jukebox device to enter into the security mode at a user-specified time or upon a signal from an authorized user, wherein the first subset of users are registered users and the second subset of users are authorized users having access to images and/or video obtained by the camera during said security mode. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising operating the camera as a motion detector when said security mode is entered. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising raising the alarm when motion is unexpectedly detected. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising initiating a VoIP call to one or more specified parties in raising the alarm. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the alarm includes causing the display and/or lighting on the jukebox to become illuminated and/or flash. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the alarm includes an audible alarm. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the jukebox device includes at least one processor and a non-transitory computer readable storage medium that tangibly stores the instances of media available for playback. | 1,700 |
339,619 | 16,800,549 | 1,788 | An electronic device and an operation method of an electronic device are provided. The electronic device includes at least one mmWave antenna module configured to include a plurality of antennas, a camera capable of measuring a distance between an external object and the electronic device, a communication processor configured to be operationally connected to the at least one mmWave antenna module, and an application processor configured to be operationally connected to the camera and the communication processor. | 1. An electronic device comprising:
at least one mmWave antenna module configured to include a plurality of antennas; a camera capable of measuring a distance between an external object and the electronic device; a communication processor configured to be operationally connected to the at least one mmWave antenna module; and an application processor configured to be operationally connected to the camera and the communication processor, wherein the application processor is further configured to:
identify a communication performance of the at least one mmWave antenna module;
determine whether to change a direction of a beam formed by the at least one mmWave antenna module, based on a result of identification of the communication performance;
measure a distance between the external object and the electronic device and a location of the external object using the camera;
determine an area where beam searching is to be performed from beam coverage, which is an area where the at least one mmWave antenna module can output a beam, based on the location of the external object and the distance between the external object and the electronic device;
control the communication processor to perform the beam searching in the determined area; and
control the communication processor to change the direction of the beam formed by the at least one mmWave antenna module, based on a result of the beam searching. 2. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the application processor is further configured to:
compare a range that can be photographed by the camera with a range of beam that can be output by the at least one mmWave antenna module, in response to the determination to change the direction of the beam; and determine whether to activate the camera based on a result of the comparison. 3. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the application processor is further configured to configure an area where the beam searching is to be performed, based on a beam book including information on an amplitude and phase of a signal formed by each of the plurality of antennas included in the at least one mmWave antenna module, for the at least one mmWave antenna module to output the beam in a specific direction and information on the external object. 4. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the application processor is further configured to control the communication processor to perform the beam searching for a remaining area except for an area where the external object exists in the area in which the beam searching is to be performed. 5. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the application processor is further configured to control the communication processor to perform the beam searching for a remaining area except for an area in which the external object disposed below a predetermined distance from the electronic device exists in the area where the beam searching is to be performed. 6. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the application processor is further configured to:
compare a size of the area where the external object exists and a size of the beam coverage, and determine whether to change the at least one mmWave antenna module to perform communication, based on a result of the comparison. 7. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the application processor is further configured to determine whether to change the at least one mmWave antenna module to perform communication, based on a relative location of the external object in an image taken by the camera. 8. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the application processor is further configured to:
identify whether the distance between the external object and the electronic device is less than or equal to a predetermined value, and determine whether to perform an operation of determining an area where the beam searching is to be performed, based on an identification result. 9. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the application processor is further configured to:
identify whether reception performance decreases below a predetermined value, and control the communication processor to change a direction of a beam formed by the at least one mmWave antenna module, in response to identifying that the reception performance decreases below the predetermined value. 10. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the application processor is further configured to:
identify a type of the external object, based on an image taken by the camera, and control the communication processor to reduce an intensity of a signal formed by the at least one mmWave antenna module or to change the at least one mmWave antenna module to output a signal, based on a result of identification that the external object is at least part of a human body. 11. An electronic device comprising:
at least one mmWave antenna module configured to include a plurality of antennas; a camera capable of measuring a distance between an external object and the electronic device; a communication processor configured to be operationally connected to the at least one mmWave antenna module; and an application processor configured to be operationally connected to the camera and the communication processor, wherein the application processor is further configured to:
activate the camera at a predetermined period;
based on an image taken by the camera, identify whether an external object included in the image is a part of a human body;
in response to identification that the external object is a part of the human body, measure a distance between the external object and the electronic device and a location of the external object using the camera;
determine an intensity of a beam formed by the at least one mmWave antenna module, based on the distance between the external object and the electronic device; and
control the communication processor to output the beam at the determined intensity. 12. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the application processor is further configured to:
determine a direction in which the beam formed by the at least one mmWave antenna module is to be changed, based on the location of the external object and the distance between the external object and the electronic device, and control the communication processor to output the beam in the direction to be changed. 13. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the application processor is further configured to:
acquire movement information of the electronic device using an acceleration sensor included in the electronic device, and change the predetermined period, based on the movement information of the electronic device. 14. A method of an electronic device, the method comprising:
identifying, by a communication processor, communication performance of at least one mmWave antenna module including a plurality of antennas; determining, by the communication processor, whether to change a direction of a beam formed by the at least one mmWave antenna module, based on a result of identification of communication performance; measuring, by an application processor, a distance between an external object and the electronic device and a location of the external object using a camera capable of measuring the distance between the external object and the electronic device, in response to a determination to change the direction of the beam; determining, by the application processor, an area where beam searching is to be performed from beam coverage, an area where a beam formed by the at least one mmWave antenna module can be outputted, based on the location of the external object and the distance between the external object and the electronic device; and performing, by the communication processor, the beam searching with reference to the determined area. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
comparing, by the application processor, a range in which the camera can photograph with a range in which the at least one mmWave antenna module can output the beam, in response to a determination to change the direction of the beam; and determining, by the application processor, whether to activate the camera, based on a comparison result. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the determining of the area in which the beam searching is to be performed comprises determining, by the application processor, an area where the beam searching is to be performed, based on a beam book including information on an amplitude and phase of a signal formed by each of the plurality of antennas included in the at least one mmWave antenna module, for the at least one mmWave antenna module to output the beam in a specific direction and information on the external object. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the performing of the beam searching comprises performing, by the communication processor, the beam searching on a remaining area except for an area where the external object disposed below a predetermined distance from the electronic device exists in the area where the beam searching is to be performed. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the determining of the area in which the beam searching is to be performed comprises:
identifying, by the application processor, whether the distance between the external object and the electronic device is less than or equal to a predetermined value; and determining, by the application processor, whether to perform the operation of determining the area where the beam searching is to be performed, based on a result of the identification. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the determining of whether to change the direction of the beam comprises:
identifying, by the communication processor, whether reception performance decreases below a predetermined value; and determining, by the communication processor, to change the direction of a beam formed by the at least one mmWave antenna module, in response to identifying whether the reception performance decreases below the predetermined value. 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
identifying a type of the external object, based on an image taken by the camera; and reducing an intensity of a signal formed by the at least one mmWave antenna module or changing the at least one mmWave antenna module to output a signal, based on a result of identification that the external object is at least a part of a human body. | An electronic device and an operation method of an electronic device are provided. The electronic device includes at least one mmWave antenna module configured to include a plurality of antennas, a camera capable of measuring a distance between an external object and the electronic device, a communication processor configured to be operationally connected to the at least one mmWave antenna module, and an application processor configured to be operationally connected to the camera and the communication processor.1. An electronic device comprising:
at least one mmWave antenna module configured to include a plurality of antennas; a camera capable of measuring a distance between an external object and the electronic device; a communication processor configured to be operationally connected to the at least one mmWave antenna module; and an application processor configured to be operationally connected to the camera and the communication processor, wherein the application processor is further configured to:
identify a communication performance of the at least one mmWave antenna module;
determine whether to change a direction of a beam formed by the at least one mmWave antenna module, based on a result of identification of the communication performance;
measure a distance between the external object and the electronic device and a location of the external object using the camera;
determine an area where beam searching is to be performed from beam coverage, which is an area where the at least one mmWave antenna module can output a beam, based on the location of the external object and the distance between the external object and the electronic device;
control the communication processor to perform the beam searching in the determined area; and
control the communication processor to change the direction of the beam formed by the at least one mmWave antenna module, based on a result of the beam searching. 2. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the application processor is further configured to:
compare a range that can be photographed by the camera with a range of beam that can be output by the at least one mmWave antenna module, in response to the determination to change the direction of the beam; and determine whether to activate the camera based on a result of the comparison. 3. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the application processor is further configured to configure an area where the beam searching is to be performed, based on a beam book including information on an amplitude and phase of a signal formed by each of the plurality of antennas included in the at least one mmWave antenna module, for the at least one mmWave antenna module to output the beam in a specific direction and information on the external object. 4. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the application processor is further configured to control the communication processor to perform the beam searching for a remaining area except for an area where the external object exists in the area in which the beam searching is to be performed. 5. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the application processor is further configured to control the communication processor to perform the beam searching for a remaining area except for an area in which the external object disposed below a predetermined distance from the electronic device exists in the area where the beam searching is to be performed. 6. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the application processor is further configured to:
compare a size of the area where the external object exists and a size of the beam coverage, and determine whether to change the at least one mmWave antenna module to perform communication, based on a result of the comparison. 7. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the application processor is further configured to determine whether to change the at least one mmWave antenna module to perform communication, based on a relative location of the external object in an image taken by the camera. 8. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the application processor is further configured to:
identify whether the distance between the external object and the electronic device is less than or equal to a predetermined value, and determine whether to perform an operation of determining an area where the beam searching is to be performed, based on an identification result. 9. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the application processor is further configured to:
identify whether reception performance decreases below a predetermined value, and control the communication processor to change a direction of a beam formed by the at least one mmWave antenna module, in response to identifying that the reception performance decreases below the predetermined value. 10. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the application processor is further configured to:
identify a type of the external object, based on an image taken by the camera, and control the communication processor to reduce an intensity of a signal formed by the at least one mmWave antenna module or to change the at least one mmWave antenna module to output a signal, based on a result of identification that the external object is at least part of a human body. 11. An electronic device comprising:
at least one mmWave antenna module configured to include a plurality of antennas; a camera capable of measuring a distance between an external object and the electronic device; a communication processor configured to be operationally connected to the at least one mmWave antenna module; and an application processor configured to be operationally connected to the camera and the communication processor, wherein the application processor is further configured to:
activate the camera at a predetermined period;
based on an image taken by the camera, identify whether an external object included in the image is a part of a human body;
in response to identification that the external object is a part of the human body, measure a distance between the external object and the electronic device and a location of the external object using the camera;
determine an intensity of a beam formed by the at least one mmWave antenna module, based on the distance between the external object and the electronic device; and
control the communication processor to output the beam at the determined intensity. 12. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the application processor is further configured to:
determine a direction in which the beam formed by the at least one mmWave antenna module is to be changed, based on the location of the external object and the distance between the external object and the electronic device, and control the communication processor to output the beam in the direction to be changed. 13. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the application processor is further configured to:
acquire movement information of the electronic device using an acceleration sensor included in the electronic device, and change the predetermined period, based on the movement information of the electronic device. 14. A method of an electronic device, the method comprising:
identifying, by a communication processor, communication performance of at least one mmWave antenna module including a plurality of antennas; determining, by the communication processor, whether to change a direction of a beam formed by the at least one mmWave antenna module, based on a result of identification of communication performance; measuring, by an application processor, a distance between an external object and the electronic device and a location of the external object using a camera capable of measuring the distance between the external object and the electronic device, in response to a determination to change the direction of the beam; determining, by the application processor, an area where beam searching is to be performed from beam coverage, an area where a beam formed by the at least one mmWave antenna module can be outputted, based on the location of the external object and the distance between the external object and the electronic device; and performing, by the communication processor, the beam searching with reference to the determined area. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
comparing, by the application processor, a range in which the camera can photograph with a range in which the at least one mmWave antenna module can output the beam, in response to a determination to change the direction of the beam; and determining, by the application processor, whether to activate the camera, based on a comparison result. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the determining of the area in which the beam searching is to be performed comprises determining, by the application processor, an area where the beam searching is to be performed, based on a beam book including information on an amplitude and phase of a signal formed by each of the plurality of antennas included in the at least one mmWave antenna module, for the at least one mmWave antenna module to output the beam in a specific direction and information on the external object. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the performing of the beam searching comprises performing, by the communication processor, the beam searching on a remaining area except for an area where the external object disposed below a predetermined distance from the electronic device exists in the area where the beam searching is to be performed. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the determining of the area in which the beam searching is to be performed comprises:
identifying, by the application processor, whether the distance between the external object and the electronic device is less than or equal to a predetermined value; and determining, by the application processor, whether to perform the operation of determining the area where the beam searching is to be performed, based on a result of the identification. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the determining of whether to change the direction of the beam comprises:
identifying, by the communication processor, whether reception performance decreases below a predetermined value; and determining, by the communication processor, to change the direction of a beam formed by the at least one mmWave antenna module, in response to identifying whether the reception performance decreases below the predetermined value. 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
identifying a type of the external object, based on an image taken by the camera; and reducing an intensity of a signal formed by the at least one mmWave antenna module or changing the at least one mmWave antenna module to output a signal, based on a result of identification that the external object is at least a part of a human body. | 1,700 |
339,620 | 16,800,512 | 1,788 | Present embodiments relate to a cooler cover. More specifically, but without limitation, present embodiments relate to an insulated cooler cover which may be formed into a self-container to retain the cooler cover in an enclosed configuration when not being used with a cooler. | 1. A cooler cover, comprising:
a front side, a rear side, a top side, a first enclosure side, and a second enclosure side; the cooler cover having a first configuration configured to cover a cooler, and a second configuration configured to form a self-container for the cooler cover; the first enclosure side and the second enclosure side each having a fastener to: in said first configuration, connect to at least one of said other sides to form said cover; and, in said second configuration, connect to connect to each other to define said self-container. 2. The cooler cover of claim 1, the top side capable of being connectable to a cooler door. 3. The cooler cover of claim 2, said top side further comprising elastic straps and fastener structures. 4. The cooler cover of claim 2, said top side extending over a front edge and a rear edge of said cooler door. 5. The cooler cover of claim 1, said first enclosure side and said second enclosure side each having an aperture that allows passage of a cooler handle. 6. The cooler cover of claim 1, said front side and said rear side each having an aperture that allows passage of a cooler handle. 7. The cooler cover of claim 1, at least one of said front side, said rear side, said first enclosure side or said second enclosure side having a vent aperture for airflow. 8. The cooler cover of claim 1, further comprising at least one opening for control access. 9. The cooler cover of claim 1, said first enclosure side and said second enclosure side each having a rigid structure within a cover material. 10. The cooler cover of claim 1, said first enclosure side and said second enclosure side each having a lip. 11. The cooler cover of claim 10, said first enclosure side and said second enclosure side being connectable with each of said fasteners. 12. The cooler cover of claim 11, further comprising a space between said first and second enclosure sides in said second configuration. 13. The cooler cover of claim 12, said front side, said rear side, and said top side all being capable of folding and positioning in said space in said second configuration. 14. The cooler cover of claim 1, further comprising a bottom side. 15. The cooler cover of claim 13, further comprising a bottom side capable of being folded and positioned in said space. 16. A cooler cover, comprising:
a front side, a rear side, a top side, a first side enclosure, a second side enclosure, and a bottom; a first fastener on a first one of said sides and a cooperating second fastener on a second one of said second side; said cover being configurable to cover a cooler in a first configuration and configurable to be a self-container in a second configuration; wherein said first side and said second side define said self-container and the remainder of said sides are dispersed within said self-container in said second configuration. | Present embodiments relate to a cooler cover. More specifically, but without limitation, present embodiments relate to an insulated cooler cover which may be formed into a self-container to retain the cooler cover in an enclosed configuration when not being used with a cooler.1. A cooler cover, comprising:
a front side, a rear side, a top side, a first enclosure side, and a second enclosure side; the cooler cover having a first configuration configured to cover a cooler, and a second configuration configured to form a self-container for the cooler cover; the first enclosure side and the second enclosure side each having a fastener to: in said first configuration, connect to at least one of said other sides to form said cover; and, in said second configuration, connect to connect to each other to define said self-container. 2. The cooler cover of claim 1, the top side capable of being connectable to a cooler door. 3. The cooler cover of claim 2, said top side further comprising elastic straps and fastener structures. 4. The cooler cover of claim 2, said top side extending over a front edge and a rear edge of said cooler door. 5. The cooler cover of claim 1, said first enclosure side and said second enclosure side each having an aperture that allows passage of a cooler handle. 6. The cooler cover of claim 1, said front side and said rear side each having an aperture that allows passage of a cooler handle. 7. The cooler cover of claim 1, at least one of said front side, said rear side, said first enclosure side or said second enclosure side having a vent aperture for airflow. 8. The cooler cover of claim 1, further comprising at least one opening for control access. 9. The cooler cover of claim 1, said first enclosure side and said second enclosure side each having a rigid structure within a cover material. 10. The cooler cover of claim 1, said first enclosure side and said second enclosure side each having a lip. 11. The cooler cover of claim 10, said first enclosure side and said second enclosure side being connectable with each of said fasteners. 12. The cooler cover of claim 11, further comprising a space between said first and second enclosure sides in said second configuration. 13. The cooler cover of claim 12, said front side, said rear side, and said top side all being capable of folding and positioning in said space in said second configuration. 14. The cooler cover of claim 1, further comprising a bottom side. 15. The cooler cover of claim 13, further comprising a bottom side capable of being folded and positioned in said space. 16. A cooler cover, comprising:
a front side, a rear side, a top side, a first side enclosure, a second side enclosure, and a bottom; a first fastener on a first one of said sides and a cooperating second fastener on a second one of said second side; said cover being configurable to cover a cooler in a first configuration and configurable to be a self-container in a second configuration; wherein said first side and said second side define said self-container and the remainder of said sides are dispersed within said self-container in said second configuration. | 1,700 |
339,621 | 16,800,518 | 1,788 | A wireless device receives a radio resource control message from a base station that indicates a handover from a first cell of the first base station to a second cell of a second base station. During the handover, a DCI from the second base station is received that indicates a random access channel occasion. The random access channel occasion is determined and used to transmit a preamble to the second base station. Once a response to the preamble is received, the wireless device transmits a message to the second base station to indicate a completion of the handover. | 1. A method comprising:
receiving, by a wireless device from a first base station, one or more messages indicating a handover from a first cell of the first base station to a second cell of a second base station; receiving, by the wireless device from the second base station, a downlink control information (DCI); determining a random access channel occasion (RO) of the second cell based on the DCI; transmitting a preamble to the second base station via the RO; and transmitting, based on receiving a response to the preamble, a message to the second base station indicating a completion of the handover. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more messages further comprise a parameter indicating a presence of the DCI in the second cell. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining second periodic ROs, indicated by the one or more messages, wherein the second periodic ROs do not comprise the RO indicated by the DCI. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the one or more messages further indicate a downlink reference signal of the second cell; a demodulation reference signal antenna port, associated with a reception of the DCI via one or more downlink control channels of the second cell, is quasi co-located with the downlink reference signal; and the RO is associated with the downlink reference signal. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining, based on one or more time offsets, a first monitoring occasion of one or more downlink control channels; starting a monitoring window at the first monitoring occasion; and monitoring, during the monitoring window, the one or more downlink control channels for the DCI identified by a radio network temporary identifier. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the one or more messages further indicate:
at least one of the one or more time offsets; a time duration for the monitoring window; and the radio network temporary identifier. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the first monitoring occasion is an earliest monitoring occasion of the one or more downlink control channels after the one or more offsets from an end of a reception of the downlink reference signal. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the one or more messages comprise one or more parameters of random access resources of the second cell, the one or more parameters comprising:
one or more preambles comprising the preamble;
one or more time domain resources of the RO; and
one or more frequency domain resources of the RO; and
the determining further comprises determining the RO based on the one or more parameters of the random access resources indicated by the one or more messages. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the determining the RO comprises determining the RO based on:
the one or more time domain resources; the one or more frequency domain resources; at least one offset indicated by the DCI; and a reception timing of the DCI. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
performing at least one channel access procedure to access a channel on which the preamble is transmitted, based on a type of the at least one channel access procedure, indicated by the DCI; and determining that the channel is idle before transmitting the preamble. 11. A wireless device comprising:
one or more processors; and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the wireless device to:
receive, from a first base station, one or more messages indicating a handover from a first cell of the first base station to a second cell of a second base station;
receive, from the second base station, a downlink control information (DCI);
determine a random access channel occasion (RO) of the second cell based on the DCI;
transmit a preamble to the second base station via the RO; and
transmit, based on receiving a response to the preamble, a message to the second base station indicating a completion of the handover. 12. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein the one or more messages further comprise a parameter indicating a presence of the DCI in the second cell. 13. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein the instructions further cause the wireless device to determine second periodic ROs, indicated by the one or more messages, and the second periodic ROs do not comprise the RO indicated by the DCI. 14. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein:
the one or more messages further indicate a downlink reference signal of the second cell; demodulation reference signal antenna port, associated with a reception of the DCI via one or more downlink control channels of the second cell, is quasi co-located with the downlink reference signal; and the RO is associated with the downlink reference signal. 15. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein the instructions further cause the wireless device to:
determine, based on one or more time offsets, a first monitoring occasion of one or more downlink control channels; start a monitoring window at the first monitoring occasion; and monitor, during the monitoring window, the one or more downlink control channels for the DCI identified by a radio network temporary identifier. 16. The wireless device of claim 15, wherein the one or more messages further indicate:
at least one of the one or more time offsets; a time duration for the monitoring window; and the radio network temporary identifier. 17. The wireless device of claim 15, wherein the first monitoring occasion is an earliest monitoring occasion of the one or more downlink control channels after the one or more offsets from an end of a reception of the downlink reference signal. 18. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein:
the one or more messages comprise one or more parameters of random access resources of the second cell, the one or more parameters comprising:
one or more preambles comprising the preamble;
one or more time domain resources of the RO; and
one or more frequency domain resources of the RO; and
the instructions further cause the wireless device to determine the RO based on the one or more parameters of the random access resources indicated by the one or more messages. 19. The wireless device of claim 18, wherein the instructions further cause the wireless device to determine the RO based on:
the one or more time domain resources; the one or more frequency domain resources; at least one offset indicated by the DCI; and a reception timing of the DCI. 20. A system comprising:
a first base station; a second base station; and a wireless device comprising:
one or more processors; and
a memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the wireless device to:
receive from the first base station, one or more messages indicating a handover from a first cell of the first base station to a second cell of the second base station;
receiving, by the wireless device from the second base station, a downlink control information (DCI);
determining a random access channel occasion (RO) of the second cell based on the DCI;
transmitting a preamble to the second base station via the RO; and
transmitting, based on receiving a response to the preamble, a message to the second base station indicating a completion of the handover. | A wireless device receives a radio resource control message from a base station that indicates a handover from a first cell of the first base station to a second cell of a second base station. During the handover, a DCI from the second base station is received that indicates a random access channel occasion. The random access channel occasion is determined and used to transmit a preamble to the second base station. Once a response to the preamble is received, the wireless device transmits a message to the second base station to indicate a completion of the handover.1. A method comprising:
receiving, by a wireless device from a first base station, one or more messages indicating a handover from a first cell of the first base station to a second cell of a second base station; receiving, by the wireless device from the second base station, a downlink control information (DCI); determining a random access channel occasion (RO) of the second cell based on the DCI; transmitting a preamble to the second base station via the RO; and transmitting, based on receiving a response to the preamble, a message to the second base station indicating a completion of the handover. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more messages further comprise a parameter indicating a presence of the DCI in the second cell. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining second periodic ROs, indicated by the one or more messages, wherein the second periodic ROs do not comprise the RO indicated by the DCI. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the one or more messages further indicate a downlink reference signal of the second cell; a demodulation reference signal antenna port, associated with a reception of the DCI via one or more downlink control channels of the second cell, is quasi co-located with the downlink reference signal; and the RO is associated with the downlink reference signal. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining, based on one or more time offsets, a first monitoring occasion of one or more downlink control channels; starting a monitoring window at the first monitoring occasion; and monitoring, during the monitoring window, the one or more downlink control channels for the DCI identified by a radio network temporary identifier. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the one or more messages further indicate:
at least one of the one or more time offsets; a time duration for the monitoring window; and the radio network temporary identifier. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the first monitoring occasion is an earliest monitoring occasion of the one or more downlink control channels after the one or more offsets from an end of a reception of the downlink reference signal. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the one or more messages comprise one or more parameters of random access resources of the second cell, the one or more parameters comprising:
one or more preambles comprising the preamble;
one or more time domain resources of the RO; and
one or more frequency domain resources of the RO; and
the determining further comprises determining the RO based on the one or more parameters of the random access resources indicated by the one or more messages. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the determining the RO comprises determining the RO based on:
the one or more time domain resources; the one or more frequency domain resources; at least one offset indicated by the DCI; and a reception timing of the DCI. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
performing at least one channel access procedure to access a channel on which the preamble is transmitted, based on a type of the at least one channel access procedure, indicated by the DCI; and determining that the channel is idle before transmitting the preamble. 11. A wireless device comprising:
one or more processors; and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the wireless device to:
receive, from a first base station, one or more messages indicating a handover from a first cell of the first base station to a second cell of a second base station;
receive, from the second base station, a downlink control information (DCI);
determine a random access channel occasion (RO) of the second cell based on the DCI;
transmit a preamble to the second base station via the RO; and
transmit, based on receiving a response to the preamble, a message to the second base station indicating a completion of the handover. 12. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein the one or more messages further comprise a parameter indicating a presence of the DCI in the second cell. 13. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein the instructions further cause the wireless device to determine second periodic ROs, indicated by the one or more messages, and the second periodic ROs do not comprise the RO indicated by the DCI. 14. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein:
the one or more messages further indicate a downlink reference signal of the second cell; demodulation reference signal antenna port, associated with a reception of the DCI via one or more downlink control channels of the second cell, is quasi co-located with the downlink reference signal; and the RO is associated with the downlink reference signal. 15. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein the instructions further cause the wireless device to:
determine, based on one or more time offsets, a first monitoring occasion of one or more downlink control channels; start a monitoring window at the first monitoring occasion; and monitor, during the monitoring window, the one or more downlink control channels for the DCI identified by a radio network temporary identifier. 16. The wireless device of claim 15, wherein the one or more messages further indicate:
at least one of the one or more time offsets; a time duration for the monitoring window; and the radio network temporary identifier. 17. The wireless device of claim 15, wherein the first monitoring occasion is an earliest monitoring occasion of the one or more downlink control channels after the one or more offsets from an end of a reception of the downlink reference signal. 18. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein:
the one or more messages comprise one or more parameters of random access resources of the second cell, the one or more parameters comprising:
one or more preambles comprising the preamble;
one or more time domain resources of the RO; and
one or more frequency domain resources of the RO; and
the instructions further cause the wireless device to determine the RO based on the one or more parameters of the random access resources indicated by the one or more messages. 19. The wireless device of claim 18, wherein the instructions further cause the wireless device to determine the RO based on:
the one or more time domain resources; the one or more frequency domain resources; at least one offset indicated by the DCI; and a reception timing of the DCI. 20. A system comprising:
a first base station; a second base station; and a wireless device comprising:
one or more processors; and
a memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the wireless device to:
receive from the first base station, one or more messages indicating a handover from a first cell of the first base station to a second cell of the second base station;
receiving, by the wireless device from the second base station, a downlink control information (DCI);
determining a random access channel occasion (RO) of the second cell based on the DCI;
transmitting a preamble to the second base station via the RO; and
transmitting, based on receiving a response to the preamble, a message to the second base station indicating a completion of the handover. | 1,700 |
339,622 | 16,800,536 | 1,788 | A hoop lock including a shackle, a crossbar, and a locking assembly operable to secure the shackle to the crossbar. The shackle may include a straight foot and a bent foot, and the locking assembly may engage the straight foot and the bent foot to secure the shackle to the crossbar. | 1.-16. (canceled) 17. A lock, comprising:
a shackle including first and second legs; and a crossbar including a locking mechanism operable to engage each of the first and second legs to secure the shackle to the crossbar, the locking mechanism comprising a lock cylinder including a keyway; wherein the lock cylinder is positioned between the first and second legs and is offset from a center location of the crossbar; and wherein the crossbar includes an opening aligned with the keyway. 18. The lock of claim 17, wherein the first leg is substantially parallel to the second leg, and wherein the keyway is substantially parallel to the first and second legs. 19.-21. (canceled) 22. The lock of claim 17, wherein the first and second legs of the shackle are arranged parallel with one another. 23. The lock of claim 17, wherein the crossbar comprises a first opening and a second opening, and wherein the opening aligned with the keyway comprises a third opening positioned longitudinally between the first and second openings; and
wherein a first foot extending from the first leg is received in the first opening, and wherein a second foot extending from the second leg is received in the second opening. 24. The lock of claim 23, wherein the lock cylinder is positioned nearer the first foot than the second foot. 25. The lock of claim 23, further comprising:
a first bolt operable to engage the first foot; a second bolt operable to engage the second foot; and wherein the locking mechanism has a locking state in which an engagement portion of the first bolt is received in a first notch in the first foot, and in which an engagement portion of the second bolt is received in a second notch in the second foot; and wherein the locking mechanism has an unlocking state in which the engagement portions of the first and second bolts are not received in the first and second notches of the first and second feet. 26. The lock of claim 25, wherein the first bolt and the second bolt have different lengths. 27. The lock of claim 25, further comprising:
a cam rotationally coupled to the locking mechanism and including a radial arm and an axial protrusion, wherein the axial protrusion is radially offset from a rotational axis of the cam, and wherein the cam is asymmetric about the rotational axis; a biasing member urging the second bolt toward the cam; wherein the first bolt includes a channel receiving the axial protrusion; wherein the second bolt includes a post engaged with the radial arm; and wherein the locking state of the locking mechanism corresponds to a first rotational position of the cam and the unlocking state of the locking mechanism corresponds to a second rotational position of the cam. 28. The lock of claim 27, wherein in the unlocking state, the post is positioned between the first bolt and the lock device. 29. The lock of claim 25, wherein the first notch has a first width, the second notch has a second width less than the first width, the first bolt has a first thickness corresponding to the first width, and the second bolt has a second thickness corresponding to the second width. 30. A hoop lock, comprising:
a shackle including first and second legs, wherein the first leg includes a first foot and the second leg includes a second foot; a crossbar including a first opening configured to receive the first foot, a second opening configured to receive the second foot, and third opening positioned between the first and second openings; and a locking assembly in the crossbar, the locking assembly comprising a lock device positioned in the third opening and offset from a center location of the crossbar; wherein the locking assembly has a locking state in which the first and second feet are secured in the first and second openings in the crossbar; and wherein the locking assembly has an unlocking state in which the first and second feet are removable from the first and second openings in the crossbar. 31. The hoop lock of claim 30, wherein the lock device is positioned nearer the first foot than the second foot. 32. The hoop lock of claim 30, wherein the lock device comprises a lock cylinder configured to permit transitioning between the locking state and the unlocking state. 33. The hoop lock of claim 32, wherein the lock cylinder includes a spindle, wherein the spindle is rotatable in response to insertion of a proper key into the lock cylinder. 34. The hoop lock of claim 30, wherein the locking assembly further comprises:
a first bolt operable to engage the first foot; a second bolt operable to engage the second foot; wherein an engagement portion of the first bolt is received in a first notch of the first foot when the locking assembly is in the locking state; wherein an engagement portion of the second bolt is received in the second notch of the second foot when the locking assembly is in the locking state; and wherein the locking assembly has an unlocking state in which the engagement portions of the first and second bolts are not received in the first and second notches of the first and second feet. 35. The hoop lock of claim 34, further comprising:
a cam rotationally coupled to the locking device and including a radial arm and an axial protrusion, wherein the axial protrusion is radially offset from a rotational axis of the cam, and wherein the cam is asymmetric about the rotational axis; a biasing member urging the second bolt toward the cam; wherein the first bolt includes a channel receiving the axial protrusion; wherein the second bolt includes a post engaged with the radial arm; and wherein the locking state of the locking assembly corresponds to a first rotational position of the cam and the unlocking state of the locking assembly corresponds to a second rotational position of the cam. 36. The hoop lock of claim 34, wherein the first notch has a first width, the second notch has a second width less than the first width, the first bolt has a first thickness corresponding to the first width, and the second bolt has a second thickness corresponding to the second width. 37. The hoop lock of claim 34, wherein the first bolt and the second bolt have different lengths. 38. A hoop lock, comprising:
a shackle including first and second legs, wherein the first leg includes a first foot having a first notch, and wherein the second leg includes a second foot having a second notch; a crossbar including a first opening configured to receive the first foot, a second opening configured to receive the second foot, and third opening positioned between the first and second openings; and a locking assembly in the crossbar, the locking assembly comprising:
a lock device positioned in the third opening and offset from a center location of the crossbar;
a first bolt operable to engage the first foot;
a second bolt operable to engage the second foot; and
wherein the locking assembly has a locking state in which an engagement portion of the first bolt is received in the first notch of the first foot and in which an engagement portion of the second bolt is received in the second notch of the second foot; and wherein the locking assembly has an unlocking state in which the engagement portions of the first and second bolts are not received in the first and second notches of the first and second feet. 39. The hoop lock of claim 38, wherein the lock device comprises a lock cylinder configured to permit transitioning between the locking state and the unlocking state. | A hoop lock including a shackle, a crossbar, and a locking assembly operable to secure the shackle to the crossbar. The shackle may include a straight foot and a bent foot, and the locking assembly may engage the straight foot and the bent foot to secure the shackle to the crossbar.1.-16. (canceled) 17. A lock, comprising:
a shackle including first and second legs; and a crossbar including a locking mechanism operable to engage each of the first and second legs to secure the shackle to the crossbar, the locking mechanism comprising a lock cylinder including a keyway; wherein the lock cylinder is positioned between the first and second legs and is offset from a center location of the crossbar; and wherein the crossbar includes an opening aligned with the keyway. 18. The lock of claim 17, wherein the first leg is substantially parallel to the second leg, and wherein the keyway is substantially parallel to the first and second legs. 19.-21. (canceled) 22. The lock of claim 17, wherein the first and second legs of the shackle are arranged parallel with one another. 23. The lock of claim 17, wherein the crossbar comprises a first opening and a second opening, and wherein the opening aligned with the keyway comprises a third opening positioned longitudinally between the first and second openings; and
wherein a first foot extending from the first leg is received in the first opening, and wherein a second foot extending from the second leg is received in the second opening. 24. The lock of claim 23, wherein the lock cylinder is positioned nearer the first foot than the second foot. 25. The lock of claim 23, further comprising:
a first bolt operable to engage the first foot; a second bolt operable to engage the second foot; and wherein the locking mechanism has a locking state in which an engagement portion of the first bolt is received in a first notch in the first foot, and in which an engagement portion of the second bolt is received in a second notch in the second foot; and wherein the locking mechanism has an unlocking state in which the engagement portions of the first and second bolts are not received in the first and second notches of the first and second feet. 26. The lock of claim 25, wherein the first bolt and the second bolt have different lengths. 27. The lock of claim 25, further comprising:
a cam rotationally coupled to the locking mechanism and including a radial arm and an axial protrusion, wherein the axial protrusion is radially offset from a rotational axis of the cam, and wherein the cam is asymmetric about the rotational axis; a biasing member urging the second bolt toward the cam; wherein the first bolt includes a channel receiving the axial protrusion; wherein the second bolt includes a post engaged with the radial arm; and wherein the locking state of the locking mechanism corresponds to a first rotational position of the cam and the unlocking state of the locking mechanism corresponds to a second rotational position of the cam. 28. The lock of claim 27, wherein in the unlocking state, the post is positioned between the first bolt and the lock device. 29. The lock of claim 25, wherein the first notch has a first width, the second notch has a second width less than the first width, the first bolt has a first thickness corresponding to the first width, and the second bolt has a second thickness corresponding to the second width. 30. A hoop lock, comprising:
a shackle including first and second legs, wherein the first leg includes a first foot and the second leg includes a second foot; a crossbar including a first opening configured to receive the first foot, a second opening configured to receive the second foot, and third opening positioned between the first and second openings; and a locking assembly in the crossbar, the locking assembly comprising a lock device positioned in the third opening and offset from a center location of the crossbar; wherein the locking assembly has a locking state in which the first and second feet are secured in the first and second openings in the crossbar; and wherein the locking assembly has an unlocking state in which the first and second feet are removable from the first and second openings in the crossbar. 31. The hoop lock of claim 30, wherein the lock device is positioned nearer the first foot than the second foot. 32. The hoop lock of claim 30, wherein the lock device comprises a lock cylinder configured to permit transitioning between the locking state and the unlocking state. 33. The hoop lock of claim 32, wherein the lock cylinder includes a spindle, wherein the spindle is rotatable in response to insertion of a proper key into the lock cylinder. 34. The hoop lock of claim 30, wherein the locking assembly further comprises:
a first bolt operable to engage the first foot; a second bolt operable to engage the second foot; wherein an engagement portion of the first bolt is received in a first notch of the first foot when the locking assembly is in the locking state; wherein an engagement portion of the second bolt is received in the second notch of the second foot when the locking assembly is in the locking state; and wherein the locking assembly has an unlocking state in which the engagement portions of the first and second bolts are not received in the first and second notches of the first and second feet. 35. The hoop lock of claim 34, further comprising:
a cam rotationally coupled to the locking device and including a radial arm and an axial protrusion, wherein the axial protrusion is radially offset from a rotational axis of the cam, and wherein the cam is asymmetric about the rotational axis; a biasing member urging the second bolt toward the cam; wherein the first bolt includes a channel receiving the axial protrusion; wherein the second bolt includes a post engaged with the radial arm; and wherein the locking state of the locking assembly corresponds to a first rotational position of the cam and the unlocking state of the locking assembly corresponds to a second rotational position of the cam. 36. The hoop lock of claim 34, wherein the first notch has a first width, the second notch has a second width less than the first width, the first bolt has a first thickness corresponding to the first width, and the second bolt has a second thickness corresponding to the second width. 37. The hoop lock of claim 34, wherein the first bolt and the second bolt have different lengths. 38. A hoop lock, comprising:
a shackle including first and second legs, wherein the first leg includes a first foot having a first notch, and wherein the second leg includes a second foot having a second notch; a crossbar including a first opening configured to receive the first foot, a second opening configured to receive the second foot, and third opening positioned between the first and second openings; and a locking assembly in the crossbar, the locking assembly comprising:
a lock device positioned in the third opening and offset from a center location of the crossbar;
a first bolt operable to engage the first foot;
a second bolt operable to engage the second foot; and
wherein the locking assembly has a locking state in which an engagement portion of the first bolt is received in the first notch of the first foot and in which an engagement portion of the second bolt is received in the second notch of the second foot; and wherein the locking assembly has an unlocking state in which the engagement portions of the first and second bolts are not received in the first and second notches of the first and second feet. 39. The hoop lock of claim 38, wherein the lock device comprises a lock cylinder configured to permit transitioning between the locking state and the unlocking state. | 1,700 |
339,623 | 16,800,537 | 1,788 | In a semiconductor device, a first outer edge of a conductive pattern is located between the outermost edge of a first dimple and the innermost edge of a second dimple in a cross-sectional view of the device. When thermal stress due to temperature changes in the semiconductor device is applied to the ceramic circuit board, the first and second dimples suppress deformation of the ceramic circuit board that is caused due to the temperature changes. As a result, cracks in the ceramic circuit board and separation of the metal plate and the conductive pattern are prevented. | 1. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a semiconductor element; and a substrate including
an electrical insulating board having a front surface and a rear surface opposite to the front surface,
a conductive pattern provided on the front surface of the electrical insulating board, and having a first outer edge, the semiconductor element being disposed on the conductive pattern, and
a metal plate disposed on the rear surface of the electrical insulating board, having a front surface facing the rear surface of the insulating board, and a rear surface opposite to the front surface of the metal plate, and having a second outer edge that is located outside of a corresponding position of the first outer edge of the conductive pattern, the metal plate having a plurality of first concave portions respectively provided along at least a part of an outer periphery of the metal plate in the rear surface of the metal plate, for each of the first concave portion, an outermost point on an outer edge, which is closer to the second outer edge than any other points on the outer edge, is located outside the first outer edge of the conductive pattern in a cross-sectional view of the device. 2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the metal plate further includes a plurality of second concave portions that are provided further inside from the second outer edge than are the plurality of first concave portions, and that are respectively provided along the outer periphery of the metal plate in the rear surface of the metal plate. 3. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein for each of the second concave portions, an innermost point on an outer edge, which is further from the second outer edge than any other points on the outer edge, is located inside of the first outer edge in the cross-sectional view. 4. The semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein
the semiconductor element has a third outer edge, and for each of the second concave portions, the innermost point of the outer edge, which is further from the second outer edge than any other points on the outer edge, is located outside the third outer edge of the semiconductor element in the cross-sectional view. 5. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the metal plate further includes a plurality of additional concave portions aligned in one or more lines that are each located along the outer periphery between the first concave portions and the second concave portions on the rear surface thereof. 6. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein an interval between each adjacent two of the first concave portions provided in the rear surface of the metal plate is in a range of 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm. 7. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a first thickness between a bottom of each of the first concave portions and the front surface of the metal plate is greater than zero. 8. The semiconductor device according to claim 7, wherein the first thickness is in a range of 30% and 95% of a thickness of the metal plate. 9. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein a second thickness between a bottom of each of the second concave portions and the front surface of the metal plate is greater than zero. 10. The semiconductor device according to claim 9, wherein the second thickness is in a range of 30% and 95% of a thickness of the metal plate. 11. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of first concave portions provided along the outer periphery in the rear surface of the metal plate forms a ring shape. 12. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein
the rear surface of the metal plate has a first region in which the first concave portions are provided and has a second region positioned closer to a center of the metal plate than is the first region, and the semiconductor element is disposed within a region on the conductive pattern that is located at a position corresponding to the second region in the rear surface of the metal plate. 13. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein for each of the first concave portions, an innermost point on the outer edge, which is further from the second outer edge than any other points, is located inside the first outer edge of the conductive pattern in the cross-sectional view. 14. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising a heat dissipation plate to which the substrate is joined with solder. 15. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the front surface of the metal plate is flat. 16. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first concave portions each have a hemispherical shape in a cross-sectional view. 17. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first concave portions are each filled with solder. 18. The semiconductor device according to claim 10, wherein the second thickness is in a range of 60% and 90% of the thickness of the metal plate. | In a semiconductor device, a first outer edge of a conductive pattern is located between the outermost edge of a first dimple and the innermost edge of a second dimple in a cross-sectional view of the device. When thermal stress due to temperature changes in the semiconductor device is applied to the ceramic circuit board, the first and second dimples suppress deformation of the ceramic circuit board that is caused due to the temperature changes. As a result, cracks in the ceramic circuit board and separation of the metal plate and the conductive pattern are prevented.1. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a semiconductor element; and a substrate including
an electrical insulating board having a front surface and a rear surface opposite to the front surface,
a conductive pattern provided on the front surface of the electrical insulating board, and having a first outer edge, the semiconductor element being disposed on the conductive pattern, and
a metal plate disposed on the rear surface of the electrical insulating board, having a front surface facing the rear surface of the insulating board, and a rear surface opposite to the front surface of the metal plate, and having a second outer edge that is located outside of a corresponding position of the first outer edge of the conductive pattern, the metal plate having a plurality of first concave portions respectively provided along at least a part of an outer periphery of the metal plate in the rear surface of the metal plate, for each of the first concave portion, an outermost point on an outer edge, which is closer to the second outer edge than any other points on the outer edge, is located outside the first outer edge of the conductive pattern in a cross-sectional view of the device. 2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the metal plate further includes a plurality of second concave portions that are provided further inside from the second outer edge than are the plurality of first concave portions, and that are respectively provided along the outer periphery of the metal plate in the rear surface of the metal plate. 3. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein for each of the second concave portions, an innermost point on an outer edge, which is further from the second outer edge than any other points on the outer edge, is located inside of the first outer edge in the cross-sectional view. 4. The semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein
the semiconductor element has a third outer edge, and for each of the second concave portions, the innermost point of the outer edge, which is further from the second outer edge than any other points on the outer edge, is located outside the third outer edge of the semiconductor element in the cross-sectional view. 5. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the metal plate further includes a plurality of additional concave portions aligned in one or more lines that are each located along the outer periphery between the first concave portions and the second concave portions on the rear surface thereof. 6. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein an interval between each adjacent two of the first concave portions provided in the rear surface of the metal plate is in a range of 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm. 7. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a first thickness between a bottom of each of the first concave portions and the front surface of the metal plate is greater than zero. 8. The semiconductor device according to claim 7, wherein the first thickness is in a range of 30% and 95% of a thickness of the metal plate. 9. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein a second thickness between a bottom of each of the second concave portions and the front surface of the metal plate is greater than zero. 10. The semiconductor device according to claim 9, wherein the second thickness is in a range of 30% and 95% of a thickness of the metal plate. 11. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of first concave portions provided along the outer periphery in the rear surface of the metal plate forms a ring shape. 12. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein
the rear surface of the metal plate has a first region in which the first concave portions are provided and has a second region positioned closer to a center of the metal plate than is the first region, and the semiconductor element is disposed within a region on the conductive pattern that is located at a position corresponding to the second region in the rear surface of the metal plate. 13. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein for each of the first concave portions, an innermost point on the outer edge, which is further from the second outer edge than any other points, is located inside the first outer edge of the conductive pattern in the cross-sectional view. 14. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising a heat dissipation plate to which the substrate is joined with solder. 15. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the front surface of the metal plate is flat. 16. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first concave portions each have a hemispherical shape in a cross-sectional view. 17. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first concave portions are each filled with solder. 18. The semiconductor device according to claim 10, wherein the second thickness is in a range of 60% and 90% of the thickness of the metal plate. | 1,700 |
339,624 | 16,800,560 | 1,788 | Described herein is an acoustic structural panel having a first exposed major surface opposite a second exposed major surface and side surfaces extending between the first and second exposed major surfaces, the acoustic structural panel comprising a first protective layer comprising at least a portion of the first exposed major surface, a second protective layer comprising at least a portion of the second exposed surface, a core structure located between the first and second protective layers, the core structure comprising, a foam body; and a fibrous body, wherein the first major exposed surface of the acoustic structural panel comprises a plurality of apertures exposing the fibrous body. | 1. An acoustic structure system comprising a first acoustic structural panel and a second acoustic structural panel, each of the first and second acoustic structural panels having a first exposed major surface opposite a second exposed major surface and side surfaces extending between the first and second exposed major surfaces, and each of the acoustic structural panels comprising:
a first protective layer comprising a plurality of apertures; a second protective layer; and a core structure comprising a foam body and a fibrous body, the core structure located between the first and second protective layers; wherein the side surfaces of the first acoustic structural panel comprise a first side surface having a first interlocking profile and the side surfaces of the second acoustic structural panel comprise a second side surface having a second interlocking profile, wherein the first interlocking profile is complimentary to the second interlocking profile; and wherein the first acoustic structural panel and the second acoustic structural panel are joined together by the first interlocking profile engaging the second interlocking profile. 2. The acoustic structure system according to claim 1, wherein the first interlocking profile is a groove and the second interlocking profile is a tongue. 3. The acoustic structure system according to claim 1, wherein the first exposed major surface of the first acoustic structural panel and the first exposed major surface of the second acoustic structural panel face the same direction. 4. The acoustic structure system according to claim 1, wherein each of the first interlocking profile of the first acoustic structural panel and the second interlocking profile of the second acoustic structural panel are at least partially formed by the respective foam body. 5. The acoustic structure system according to claim 4, wherein the first side surface of the first acoustic structural panel comprises a first locking element and the second side surface of the second acoustic structural panel comprises a second locking element, the first and second locking elements being configured to interlock together. 6. The acoustic structure system according to claim 5, wherein the first locking element comprises a pin located within a first housing and the second locking element comprises a rotatable latch located within a second housing. 7. The acoustic structure system according to claim 6, wherein the first housing is located inset from the first side surface of the first acoustic structural panel and the second housing is located inset of the second side surface of the second acoustic structural panel. 8. The acoustic structure system according to claim 6, wherein the first and second acoustic structural panels are convertible from an unlocked-state to a locked-state, whereby in the unlocked-state a hook portion of the latch second locking element is disengaged from the pin of the first locking element, and in the locked-state the hook portion of the latch of the second locking element engages the pin of the first locking element. 9. The acoustic structure system according to claim 8, wherein in the locked state, the hook portion of the latch engages the pin such that the first interlocking profile contacts the second interlocking profile, wherein in the locked state, the hook portion of the latch engages the pin such that the first interlocking profile cannot move relative to the second interlocking profile and wherein in the unlocked state, the hook portion of the latch is disengaged from the pin such that the first interlocking profile can move relative to the second interlocking profile. 10. The acoustic structure system according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first acoustic structural panel and the second acoustic structural panel comprises a third side surface opposite a fourth side surface, the third and fourth side surfaces intersecting the first and second side surfaces, wherein the third side surface comprises a third interlocking profile. 11. The acoustic structure system according to claim 10, wherein the acoustic structure system comprises a third acoustic structural panel having a first exposed major surface opposite a second exposed major surface and side surfaces extending between the first and second exposed major surfaces, the third acoustic structural panel comprising:
a first protective layer comprising a plurality of apertures; a second protective layer; and a core structure comprising a foam body and a fibrous body, the core structure located between the first and second protective layers; wherein the first exposed major surface of the third acoustic structural panel comprises a locking profile configured to mate with the third interlocking profile of at least one of the first and second acoustic structural panels. 12. The acoustic structure system according to claim 11 wherein the locking profile of the third acoustic structural panel is a groove. 13. A method of installing an acoustic structure system comprising
a) providing a first acoustic structural panel and a second acoustic structural panel, each of the first and second acoustic structural panels having a first exposed major surface opposite a second exposed major surface and side surfaces extending between the first and second exposed major surfaces, and each of the acoustic structural panels comprising:
a first protective layer comprising a plurality of apertures;
a second protective layer; and
a core structure comprising a foam body and a fibrous body, the core structure located between the first and second protective layers;
wherein the side surfaces of the first acoustic structural panel comprise a first side surface having a first interlocking profile and the side surfaces of the second acoustic structural panel comprise a second side surface having a second interlocking profile, wherein the first interlocking profile is complimentary to the second interlocking profile; and b) positioning the first acoustic structural panel adjacent to the second acoustic structural panel such that the first protective layer of the first acoustic structural panel and the first protective layer of the second acoustic structural panel fact the same direction; c) mating the first interlocking profile of the first acoustic structural panel with the second interlocking profile of the second acoustic structural panel. 14. The acoustic structure system according to claim 13, wherein the first interlocking profile is a groove and the second interlocking profile is a tongue. 15. The acoustic structure system according to claim 13, wherein the first side surface of the first acoustic structural panel comprises a first locking element and the second side surface of the second acoustic structural panel comprises a second locking element, the first and second locking elements being configured to interlock together, and wherein during or after step c), converting the first and second locking elements from an unlocked state to locked-state such that the first interlocking profile cannot move relative to the second interlocking profile. 16. An acoustic structure comprising an acoustic enclosure formed from a plurality of acoustic structural panels each having a first exposed major surface opposite a second exposed major surface and side surfaces extending between the first and second exposed major surfaces, each of the acoustic structural panels further comprising:
a first protective layer comprising at least a portion of the first exposed major surface, a second protective layer comprising at least a portion of the second exposed surface, a core structure located between the first and second protective layers, the core structure comprising:
a foam body; and
a fibrous body;
wherein the first major exposed surface of the acoustic structural panel comprises a plurality of apertures exposing the fibrous body; wherein the plurality of acoustic structural panels are coupled together to form at least a portion of the acoustic enclosure, the acoustic enclosure surrounding a cavity and the first exposed major surfaces of each acoustic structural panel facing the cavity. 17. The acoustic structure according to claim 16 further comprising a U-channel that defines a perimeter of the acoustic enclosure 18. The acoustic structure according to claim 17, wherein at least one acoustic structural panel is oriented vertically and a bottom portion of the vertically oriented acoustic structural panel sits within the U-channel. 19. The acoustic structure according to claim 16 further comprising an access panel positioned between two acoustic structural panel. 20. The acoustic structure according to claim 16 further comprising a roof structure positioned atop the acoustic enclosure, the roof structure comprising a top surface. | Described herein is an acoustic structural panel having a first exposed major surface opposite a second exposed major surface and side surfaces extending between the first and second exposed major surfaces, the acoustic structural panel comprising a first protective layer comprising at least a portion of the first exposed major surface, a second protective layer comprising at least a portion of the second exposed surface, a core structure located between the first and second protective layers, the core structure comprising, a foam body; and a fibrous body, wherein the first major exposed surface of the acoustic structural panel comprises a plurality of apertures exposing the fibrous body.1. An acoustic structure system comprising a first acoustic structural panel and a second acoustic structural panel, each of the first and second acoustic structural panels having a first exposed major surface opposite a second exposed major surface and side surfaces extending between the first and second exposed major surfaces, and each of the acoustic structural panels comprising:
a first protective layer comprising a plurality of apertures; a second protective layer; and a core structure comprising a foam body and a fibrous body, the core structure located between the first and second protective layers; wherein the side surfaces of the first acoustic structural panel comprise a first side surface having a first interlocking profile and the side surfaces of the second acoustic structural panel comprise a second side surface having a second interlocking profile, wherein the first interlocking profile is complimentary to the second interlocking profile; and wherein the first acoustic structural panel and the second acoustic structural panel are joined together by the first interlocking profile engaging the second interlocking profile. 2. The acoustic structure system according to claim 1, wherein the first interlocking profile is a groove and the second interlocking profile is a tongue. 3. The acoustic structure system according to claim 1, wherein the first exposed major surface of the first acoustic structural panel and the first exposed major surface of the second acoustic structural panel face the same direction. 4. The acoustic structure system according to claim 1, wherein each of the first interlocking profile of the first acoustic structural panel and the second interlocking profile of the second acoustic structural panel are at least partially formed by the respective foam body. 5. The acoustic structure system according to claim 4, wherein the first side surface of the first acoustic structural panel comprises a first locking element and the second side surface of the second acoustic structural panel comprises a second locking element, the first and second locking elements being configured to interlock together. 6. The acoustic structure system according to claim 5, wherein the first locking element comprises a pin located within a first housing and the second locking element comprises a rotatable latch located within a second housing. 7. The acoustic structure system according to claim 6, wherein the first housing is located inset from the first side surface of the first acoustic structural panel and the second housing is located inset of the second side surface of the second acoustic structural panel. 8. The acoustic structure system according to claim 6, wherein the first and second acoustic structural panels are convertible from an unlocked-state to a locked-state, whereby in the unlocked-state a hook portion of the latch second locking element is disengaged from the pin of the first locking element, and in the locked-state the hook portion of the latch of the second locking element engages the pin of the first locking element. 9. The acoustic structure system according to claim 8, wherein in the locked state, the hook portion of the latch engages the pin such that the first interlocking profile contacts the second interlocking profile, wherein in the locked state, the hook portion of the latch engages the pin such that the first interlocking profile cannot move relative to the second interlocking profile and wherein in the unlocked state, the hook portion of the latch is disengaged from the pin such that the first interlocking profile can move relative to the second interlocking profile. 10. The acoustic structure system according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first acoustic structural panel and the second acoustic structural panel comprises a third side surface opposite a fourth side surface, the third and fourth side surfaces intersecting the first and second side surfaces, wherein the third side surface comprises a third interlocking profile. 11. The acoustic structure system according to claim 10, wherein the acoustic structure system comprises a third acoustic structural panel having a first exposed major surface opposite a second exposed major surface and side surfaces extending between the first and second exposed major surfaces, the third acoustic structural panel comprising:
a first protective layer comprising a plurality of apertures; a second protective layer; and a core structure comprising a foam body and a fibrous body, the core structure located between the first and second protective layers; wherein the first exposed major surface of the third acoustic structural panel comprises a locking profile configured to mate with the third interlocking profile of at least one of the first and second acoustic structural panels. 12. The acoustic structure system according to claim 11 wherein the locking profile of the third acoustic structural panel is a groove. 13. A method of installing an acoustic structure system comprising
a) providing a first acoustic structural panel and a second acoustic structural panel, each of the first and second acoustic structural panels having a first exposed major surface opposite a second exposed major surface and side surfaces extending between the first and second exposed major surfaces, and each of the acoustic structural panels comprising:
a first protective layer comprising a plurality of apertures;
a second protective layer; and
a core structure comprising a foam body and a fibrous body, the core structure located between the first and second protective layers;
wherein the side surfaces of the first acoustic structural panel comprise a first side surface having a first interlocking profile and the side surfaces of the second acoustic structural panel comprise a second side surface having a second interlocking profile, wherein the first interlocking profile is complimentary to the second interlocking profile; and b) positioning the first acoustic structural panel adjacent to the second acoustic structural panel such that the first protective layer of the first acoustic structural panel and the first protective layer of the second acoustic structural panel fact the same direction; c) mating the first interlocking profile of the first acoustic structural panel with the second interlocking profile of the second acoustic structural panel. 14. The acoustic structure system according to claim 13, wherein the first interlocking profile is a groove and the second interlocking profile is a tongue. 15. The acoustic structure system according to claim 13, wherein the first side surface of the first acoustic structural panel comprises a first locking element and the second side surface of the second acoustic structural panel comprises a second locking element, the first and second locking elements being configured to interlock together, and wherein during or after step c), converting the first and second locking elements from an unlocked state to locked-state such that the first interlocking profile cannot move relative to the second interlocking profile. 16. An acoustic structure comprising an acoustic enclosure formed from a plurality of acoustic structural panels each having a first exposed major surface opposite a second exposed major surface and side surfaces extending between the first and second exposed major surfaces, each of the acoustic structural panels further comprising:
a first protective layer comprising at least a portion of the first exposed major surface, a second protective layer comprising at least a portion of the second exposed surface, a core structure located between the first and second protective layers, the core structure comprising:
a foam body; and
a fibrous body;
wherein the first major exposed surface of the acoustic structural panel comprises a plurality of apertures exposing the fibrous body; wherein the plurality of acoustic structural panels are coupled together to form at least a portion of the acoustic enclosure, the acoustic enclosure surrounding a cavity and the first exposed major surfaces of each acoustic structural panel facing the cavity. 17. The acoustic structure according to claim 16 further comprising a U-channel that defines a perimeter of the acoustic enclosure 18. The acoustic structure according to claim 17, wherein at least one acoustic structural panel is oriented vertically and a bottom portion of the vertically oriented acoustic structural panel sits within the U-channel. 19. The acoustic structure according to claim 16 further comprising an access panel positioned between two acoustic structural panel. 20. The acoustic structure according to claim 16 further comprising a roof structure positioned atop the acoustic enclosure, the roof structure comprising a top surface. | 1,700 |
339,625 | 16,800,532 | 1,788 | An optical element driving mechanism includes a fixed assembly, a movable assembly, a driving assembly and a circuit assembly. The driving assembly is configured to drive the movable assembly to move relative to the fixed assembly. The driving assembly includes a first coil group which has a plurality of first coils and a magnetic module which has a magnetic element and a first conductive element. The circuit assembly includes a first circuit member electrically connected to the first conductive element and a second circuit member electrically connected to the first coils. When the magnetic module is located in different positions relative to the first coil group, the first conductive element is electrically connected to different first coils in sequence, so that the first coil is electrically connected to the first circuit member and the second circuit member, and other first coils remain open. | 1. An optical element driving mechanism, comprising:
a fixed assembly; a movable assembly, movable relative to the fixed assembly; a driving assembly, configured to drive the movable assembly to move relative to the fixed assembly, the driving assembly comprising:
a first coil group, having a plurality of first coils, wherein each of the first coils includes a first electrical connection portion and a second electrical connection portion; and
a magnetic module, having a magnetic element and a first conductive element; and
a circuit assembly, comprising:
a first circuit member, electrically connected to the first conductive element; and
a second circuit member, electrically connected to the first electrical connection portions;
wherein when the magnetic module is located in different positions relative to the first coil group, the first conductive element is electrically connected to the second electrical connection portion of different first coils in sequence, so that the first coils which are electrically connected to the first conductive element are electrically connected to the first circuit member and the second circuit member, and the second electrical connection portions of the first coils which are not electrically connected to the first conductive element remain open. 2. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein the magnetic module further includes a second conductive element, the first conductive element is electrically connected to the first circuit member through the second conductive element, and the second conductive element is movable relative to the first conductive element or the first circuit member. 3. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 2, wherein the second conductive element is movable relative to the first conductive element and the first circuit member. 4. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein intervals between the second electrical connection portions are substantially the same. 5. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein the magnetic module further includes an insulating element disposed between the magnetic element and the first conductive element. 6. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein the driving assembly further includes a second coil group which has a plurality of second coils, and the first coil group and the second coil group are disposed on different planes. 7. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 6, wherein each of the second coils includes:
a third electrical connection portion, electrically connected to the second circuit member; and a fourth electrical connection portion; wherein when the magnetic module is located in different positions relative to the second coil group, the first conductive element is electrically connected to the fourth electrical connections of different second coils in sequence, so that the second coils which are electrically connected to the first conductive element are electrically connected to the first circuit member and the second circuit member, and the fourth electrical connections of the second coils which are not electrically connected to the first conductive element remain open. 8. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 6, wherein when viewed in a direction of a winding axis of the first coil, the first coil partially overlaps at least two second coils. 9. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 6, wherein the magnetic module is disposed between the first coil group and the second coil group. 10. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 9, wherein the second electrical connection portions and the fourth electrical connection portions are disposed on the same plane. 11. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 6, wherein the first coil group is disposed between the magnetic module and the second coil group. 12. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 11, wherein the optical element driving mechanism further includes a plurality of first conductive plates and a plurality of second conductive plates, the first coil is electrically connected to the corresponding first conductive plate, the second coil is electrically connected to the corresponding second conductive plate, and the first conductive plate and at least one portion of the second conductive plate are disposed on different planes. 13. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein the optical element driving mechanism further includes a pressing assembly configured to drive the magnetic element to contact the first circuit member. 14. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 13, wherein the pressing assembly includes a magnetically conductive element corresponding to the magnetic element. 15. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first coils are arranged in a first direction, and the driving assembly is configured to drive the movable assembly to move in the first direction relative to the fixed assembly. 16. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 15, wherein a magnetic pole direction of the magnetic element is parallel to the first direction. 17. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 15, wherein the magnetic element has a plurality of magnetic pole units, and magnetic pole directions of the magnetic pole units are different from the first direction. 18. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 15, wherein the optical element driving mechanism includes a plurality of movable assemblies and a plurality of driving assemblies, and these movable assemblies are arranged in the first direction. 19. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 18, wherein each of the driving assemblies includes a magnetic element, and magnetic pole directions of the magnetic elements are parallel to each other. 20. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 18, wherein each of the driving assemblies includes a magnetic element, and magnetic pole directions of the magnetic elements are different. 21. An optical element driving mechanism, comprising:
a fixed assembly; a movable assembly, connected to an optical element; and a driving assembly, configured to drive the movable assembly to move relative to the fixed assembly in a first direction, wherein the movable assembly moves relative to the fixed assembly within a limit range of motion, wherein the driving assembly comprising:
a first coil group, having a plurality of first coils, wherein each of the first coils includes a first end portion and a second end portion which are parallel to each other and are arranged in the first direction; and
a magnetic module, having a magnetic element, wherein the magnetic element has a first magnetic portion and a second magnetic portion which are arranged in the first direction;
wherein a shortest distance between the first end portion and the second end portion is less than the limit range of motion. | An optical element driving mechanism includes a fixed assembly, a movable assembly, a driving assembly and a circuit assembly. The driving assembly is configured to drive the movable assembly to move relative to the fixed assembly. The driving assembly includes a first coil group which has a plurality of first coils and a magnetic module which has a magnetic element and a first conductive element. The circuit assembly includes a first circuit member electrically connected to the first conductive element and a second circuit member electrically connected to the first coils. When the magnetic module is located in different positions relative to the first coil group, the first conductive element is electrically connected to different first coils in sequence, so that the first coil is electrically connected to the first circuit member and the second circuit member, and other first coils remain open.1. An optical element driving mechanism, comprising:
a fixed assembly; a movable assembly, movable relative to the fixed assembly; a driving assembly, configured to drive the movable assembly to move relative to the fixed assembly, the driving assembly comprising:
a first coil group, having a plurality of first coils, wherein each of the first coils includes a first electrical connection portion and a second electrical connection portion; and
a magnetic module, having a magnetic element and a first conductive element; and
a circuit assembly, comprising:
a first circuit member, electrically connected to the first conductive element; and
a second circuit member, electrically connected to the first electrical connection portions;
wherein when the magnetic module is located in different positions relative to the first coil group, the first conductive element is electrically connected to the second electrical connection portion of different first coils in sequence, so that the first coils which are electrically connected to the first conductive element are electrically connected to the first circuit member and the second circuit member, and the second electrical connection portions of the first coils which are not electrically connected to the first conductive element remain open. 2. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein the magnetic module further includes a second conductive element, the first conductive element is electrically connected to the first circuit member through the second conductive element, and the second conductive element is movable relative to the first conductive element or the first circuit member. 3. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 2, wherein the second conductive element is movable relative to the first conductive element and the first circuit member. 4. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein intervals between the second electrical connection portions are substantially the same. 5. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein the magnetic module further includes an insulating element disposed between the magnetic element and the first conductive element. 6. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein the driving assembly further includes a second coil group which has a plurality of second coils, and the first coil group and the second coil group are disposed on different planes. 7. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 6, wherein each of the second coils includes:
a third electrical connection portion, electrically connected to the second circuit member; and a fourth electrical connection portion; wherein when the magnetic module is located in different positions relative to the second coil group, the first conductive element is electrically connected to the fourth electrical connections of different second coils in sequence, so that the second coils which are electrically connected to the first conductive element are electrically connected to the first circuit member and the second circuit member, and the fourth electrical connections of the second coils which are not electrically connected to the first conductive element remain open. 8. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 6, wherein when viewed in a direction of a winding axis of the first coil, the first coil partially overlaps at least two second coils. 9. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 6, wherein the magnetic module is disposed between the first coil group and the second coil group. 10. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 9, wherein the second electrical connection portions and the fourth electrical connection portions are disposed on the same plane. 11. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 6, wherein the first coil group is disposed between the magnetic module and the second coil group. 12. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 11, wherein the optical element driving mechanism further includes a plurality of first conductive plates and a plurality of second conductive plates, the first coil is electrically connected to the corresponding first conductive plate, the second coil is electrically connected to the corresponding second conductive plate, and the first conductive plate and at least one portion of the second conductive plate are disposed on different planes. 13. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein the optical element driving mechanism further includes a pressing assembly configured to drive the magnetic element to contact the first circuit member. 14. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 13, wherein the pressing assembly includes a magnetically conductive element corresponding to the magnetic element. 15. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first coils are arranged in a first direction, and the driving assembly is configured to drive the movable assembly to move in the first direction relative to the fixed assembly. 16. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 15, wherein a magnetic pole direction of the magnetic element is parallel to the first direction. 17. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 15, wherein the magnetic element has a plurality of magnetic pole units, and magnetic pole directions of the magnetic pole units are different from the first direction. 18. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 15, wherein the optical element driving mechanism includes a plurality of movable assemblies and a plurality of driving assemblies, and these movable assemblies are arranged in the first direction. 19. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 18, wherein each of the driving assemblies includes a magnetic element, and magnetic pole directions of the magnetic elements are parallel to each other. 20. The optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 18, wherein each of the driving assemblies includes a magnetic element, and magnetic pole directions of the magnetic elements are different. 21. An optical element driving mechanism, comprising:
a fixed assembly; a movable assembly, connected to an optical element; and a driving assembly, configured to drive the movable assembly to move relative to the fixed assembly in a first direction, wherein the movable assembly moves relative to the fixed assembly within a limit range of motion, wherein the driving assembly comprising:
a first coil group, having a plurality of first coils, wherein each of the first coils includes a first end portion and a second end portion which are parallel to each other and are arranged in the first direction; and
a magnetic module, having a magnetic element, wherein the magnetic element has a first magnetic portion and a second magnetic portion which are arranged in the first direction;
wherein a shortest distance between the first end portion and the second end portion is less than the limit range of motion. | 1,700 |
339,626 | 16,800,524 | 1,788 | A wireless device receives configuration parameters of: a first resource for a first channel, of a carrier, for transmitting first feedback; and a second resource for a second channel of the carrier for transmitting second feedback. The first resource and the second resource overlap in one or more symbol durations. Power levels are determined. The power levels comprise: a first power level for transmission of the first feedback via the first resource; and a second power level for transmission of the second feedback via the second resource. In response to a sum of the power levels being larger than an allowed transmission power, the wireless device drops a configured transmission of the first feedback via the first resource. The drop is based on a first priority of the first channel. The second feedback is transmitted via the second resource. | 1. A wireless device comprising:
one or more processors; and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the wireless device to:
receive configuration parameters of:
a first resource for a first channel, of a carrier, for transmitting first feedback; and
a second resource for a second channel of the carrier for transmitting second feedback, wherein the first resource and the second resource overlap in one or more symbol durations;
determining power levels comprising:
a first power level for transmission of the first feedback via the first resource; and
a second power level for transmission of the second feedback via the second resource;
in response to a sum of the power levels being larger than an allowed transmission power, dropping a configured transmission of the first feedback via the first resource, wherein the dropping is based on a first priority of the first channel; and
transmitting the second feedback via the second resource. 2. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the wireless device to scale the second power level based on a second scaling factor, wherein the second scaling factor is determined based on a second priority of the second channel. 3. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first feedback and the second feedback comprises at least one of:
channel state information (CSI); positive acknowledgement (ACK); or negative acknowledgement (NACK). 4. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the first channel has a first duration and the second channel has a second duration. 5. The wireless device of claim 4, wherein:
the first duration is longer than the second duration; and the first priority is higher than a second priority. 6. The wireless device of claim 4, wherein:
the first duration is longer than the second duration; and a second priority is higher than the first priority. 7. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the first channel carries a first number of uplink control information and the second channel carries a second number of uplink control information. 8. The wireless device of claim 7, wherein:
the first number is larger than the second number; and the first priority is higher than a second priority. 9. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the first channel corresponds to one or more first logical channels and the second channel corresponds to one or more second logical channels. 10. The wireless device of claim 9, wherein the first priority is higher than a second priority based on the one or more first logical channels corresponding to a first service type. 11. The wireless device of claim 10, wherein the first service type is ultra reliable low latency communications. 12. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the first channel corresponds to one or more first transmission durations and the second channel corresponds to one or more second transmission durations. 13. The wireless device of claim 12, wherein the first priority is higher than a second priority based on one or more first logical channels being mapped to the one or more first transmission durations. 14. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the allowed transmission power is a maximum wireless device transmission power. 15. The wireless device of claim 14, wherein the first channel has a first duration and the second channel has a second duration. 16. The wireless device of claim 15, wherein:
the first duration is longer than the second duration; and the first priority is higher than a second priority. 17. The wireless device of claim 15, wherein:
the first duration is longer than the second duration; and a second priority is higher than the first priority. 18. A system comprising:
a base station comprising:
one or more processors; and
memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors of the base station, cause the base station to transmit configuration parameters of:
a first resource for a first channel, of a carrier, for transmitting first feedback; and
a second resource for a second channel of the carrier for transmitting second feedback, wherein the first resource and the second resource overlap in one or more symbol durations; and
a wireless device comprising:
one or more processors; and
memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors of the wireless device, cause the wireless device to:
receive the configuration parameter;
determine power levels comprising:
a first power level for transmission of the first feedback via the first resource; and
a second power level for transmission of the second feedback via the second resource;
in response to a sum of the power levels being larger than an allowed transmission power, drop a configured transmission of the first feedback via the first resource, wherein the drop is based on a first priority of the first channel; and
transmit the second feedback via the second resource. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the wireless device to scale the second power level based on a second scaling factor, wherein the second scaling factor is determined based on a second priority of the second channel. 20. A system comprising:
a base station, wherein the base station is configured to transmit configuration parameters of:
a first resource for a first channel, of a carrier, for transmitting first feedback; and
a second resource for a second channel of the carrier for transmitting second feedback, wherein the first resource and the second resource overlap in one or more symbol durations; and
a wireless device, wherein the wireless device is configured to:
receive the configuration parameter;
determine power levels comprising:
a first power level for transmission of the first feedback via the first resource; and
a second power level for transmission of the second feedback via the second resource;
in response to a sum of the power levels being larger than an allowed transmission power, drop a configured transmission of the first feedback via the first resource, wherein the drop is based on a first priority of the first channel; and
transmit the second feedback via the second resource. | A wireless device receives configuration parameters of: a first resource for a first channel, of a carrier, for transmitting first feedback; and a second resource for a second channel of the carrier for transmitting second feedback. The first resource and the second resource overlap in one or more symbol durations. Power levels are determined. The power levels comprise: a first power level for transmission of the first feedback via the first resource; and a second power level for transmission of the second feedback via the second resource. In response to a sum of the power levels being larger than an allowed transmission power, the wireless device drops a configured transmission of the first feedback via the first resource. The drop is based on a first priority of the first channel. The second feedback is transmitted via the second resource.1. A wireless device comprising:
one or more processors; and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the wireless device to:
receive configuration parameters of:
a first resource for a first channel, of a carrier, for transmitting first feedback; and
a second resource for a second channel of the carrier for transmitting second feedback, wherein the first resource and the second resource overlap in one or more symbol durations;
determining power levels comprising:
a first power level for transmission of the first feedback via the first resource; and
a second power level for transmission of the second feedback via the second resource;
in response to a sum of the power levels being larger than an allowed transmission power, dropping a configured transmission of the first feedback via the first resource, wherein the dropping is based on a first priority of the first channel; and
transmitting the second feedback via the second resource. 2. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the wireless device to scale the second power level based on a second scaling factor, wherein the second scaling factor is determined based on a second priority of the second channel. 3. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first feedback and the second feedback comprises at least one of:
channel state information (CSI); positive acknowledgement (ACK); or negative acknowledgement (NACK). 4. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the first channel has a first duration and the second channel has a second duration. 5. The wireless device of claim 4, wherein:
the first duration is longer than the second duration; and the first priority is higher than a second priority. 6. The wireless device of claim 4, wherein:
the first duration is longer than the second duration; and a second priority is higher than the first priority. 7. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the first channel carries a first number of uplink control information and the second channel carries a second number of uplink control information. 8. The wireless device of claim 7, wherein:
the first number is larger than the second number; and the first priority is higher than a second priority. 9. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the first channel corresponds to one or more first logical channels and the second channel corresponds to one or more second logical channels. 10. The wireless device of claim 9, wherein the first priority is higher than a second priority based on the one or more first logical channels corresponding to a first service type. 11. The wireless device of claim 10, wherein the first service type is ultra reliable low latency communications. 12. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the first channel corresponds to one or more first transmission durations and the second channel corresponds to one or more second transmission durations. 13. The wireless device of claim 12, wherein the first priority is higher than a second priority based on one or more first logical channels being mapped to the one or more first transmission durations. 14. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the allowed transmission power is a maximum wireless device transmission power. 15. The wireless device of claim 14, wherein the first channel has a first duration and the second channel has a second duration. 16. The wireless device of claim 15, wherein:
the first duration is longer than the second duration; and the first priority is higher than a second priority. 17. The wireless device of claim 15, wherein:
the first duration is longer than the second duration; and a second priority is higher than the first priority. 18. A system comprising:
a base station comprising:
one or more processors; and
memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors of the base station, cause the base station to transmit configuration parameters of:
a first resource for a first channel, of a carrier, for transmitting first feedback; and
a second resource for a second channel of the carrier for transmitting second feedback, wherein the first resource and the second resource overlap in one or more symbol durations; and
a wireless device comprising:
one or more processors; and
memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors of the wireless device, cause the wireless device to:
receive the configuration parameter;
determine power levels comprising:
a first power level for transmission of the first feedback via the first resource; and
a second power level for transmission of the second feedback via the second resource;
in response to a sum of the power levels being larger than an allowed transmission power, drop a configured transmission of the first feedback via the first resource, wherein the drop is based on a first priority of the first channel; and
transmit the second feedback via the second resource. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the wireless device to scale the second power level based on a second scaling factor, wherein the second scaling factor is determined based on a second priority of the second channel. 20. A system comprising:
a base station, wherein the base station is configured to transmit configuration parameters of:
a first resource for a first channel, of a carrier, for transmitting first feedback; and
a second resource for a second channel of the carrier for transmitting second feedback, wherein the first resource and the second resource overlap in one or more symbol durations; and
a wireless device, wherein the wireless device is configured to:
receive the configuration parameter;
determine power levels comprising:
a first power level for transmission of the first feedback via the first resource; and
a second power level for transmission of the second feedback via the second resource;
in response to a sum of the power levels being larger than an allowed transmission power, drop a configured transmission of the first feedback via the first resource, wherein the drop is based on a first priority of the first channel; and
transmit the second feedback via the second resource. | 1,700 |
339,627 | 16,800,522 | 1,788 | A multi-user application system environment engine has an application system that, in turn, includes a simulation engine and a virtualized software environment. The simulation engine runs on top of the virtualized software environment and includes a declaration processor, a scene tree object manager, a viewer, an editor listener, and a rendering processor, coupled to the virtualized software environment, to requisition hardware resources to cause physical manifestation of an instantiated scene tree. The viewer presents to the local user a visual representation of the instantiated scene tree in its current state. | 1. A nontransitory storage medium encoded with instructions, for use with a plurality of computer systems, each one of which is in communication in real time over a network with other computer systems of the plurality of computer systems, wherein the instructions, when executed on each of the computer systems, establish, on each computer system, an application system, wherein the application system includes a simulation engine and a virtualized software environment, the simulation engine running on top of the virtualized software environment and enabling creation and editing of a project by a plurality of network users and viewing of the project by a local user, wherein the simulation engine comprises:
a declaration processor that linearly processes a declaration, that constitutes a text embodiment of the project, into a declared scene tree of objects; a scene tree object manager that (a) manages objects, their relationships, properties, and behaviors in the declared scene tree of objects, (b) causes transformation of the declared scene tree of objects so as to be mirrored in an instantiated scene tree of objects, and (c) causes changing of the instantiated scene tree based on an update to the project made by any of the plurality of network users; a viewer that presents to the local user a visual representation of the instantiated scene tree in its current state; an editor listener, coupled to the network, that receives and processes any change message, from any of the other computer systems, by causing the declaration processor to transform a change declaration embedded in such received change message into a corresponding change in the instantiated scene tree, wherein the change declaration includes an update to the project by one of the plurality of network users; and a rendering processor, coupled to the virtualized software environment, to requisition hardware resources to cause physical manifestation of the instantiated scene tree, the physical manifestation being optimized by evaluation of hardware resources for allocation in order to achieve the physical manifestation. 2. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the viewer is a visual editor that is capable of making user-directed edits to the instantiated scene tree, and the simulation engine further comprises:
a persistence processor in communication with the scene tree object manager, that causes mirroring, of the instantiated scene tree of objects, in a second declaration; and an editor broadcaster, coupled to the network, that obtains changes from the visual editor and causes the persistence processor to transform a correspondingly changed part of the instantiated scene tree into a change declaration and broadcasts the change declaration embedded in a change message over the network to the other computer systems. 3. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the viewer maintains a globally unique identifier for each object in the instantiated scene tree, so that each change, made over by a network user the network, references the corresponding object using the globally unique identifier and that such change can be correctly applied to the instantiated scene tree. 4. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the viewer associates, with any change made by a network user over the network, an identification of the user making the change and a time stamp. 5. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the viewer characterizes each change, made by a network user over the network, to the instantiated scene tree, as a member of the group consisting of insertion, deletion, update, lock, unlock, and combinations thereof. 6. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the simulation engine further comprises:
a frame clock defining consecutive frames of the engine with respect to which operations are synchronized. 7. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the simulation engine further comprises:
a frame processor, coupled to the virtualized software environment and to the simulation engine, to require the simulation engine to perform operations, specified with respect to a sequence of frames using the frame clock, to assure that the processes are performed sequentially. 8. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 7, wherein (a) the simulation engine further comprises a frame queue, filled by the simulation engine, in which are stored, in frame order, software contracts pertinent to processes to be carried out by the simulation engine, and (b) the frame processor is coupled to the frame queue and, if a specific software contract in the frame queue reaches a current frame for performance, the frame processor enforces the terms of the specific software contract as to best efforts and guaranteed terms. 9. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 8, wherein the frame processor is configured to process, concurrently with the current frame, a set of frames sequenced after the current frame, with respect to demand expected to be placed on system resources by the specific software contract, so as to enhance efficiency of execution of the contract when each frame in the set of frames shall have become the current frame. 10. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 9, wherein, in the processing of an event, via the frame processor, from the virtualized software environment, the simulation engine executes logic creating a temporal assignment, which is added to the frame queue at a frame number computed, based on a current frame number and a target time, in frame order by object and property, so that if the computed frame number is less than a frame number of any second item in the frame queue, then the second item will be flushed from the queue. 11. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 10, wherein, at the time of creating the temporal assignment the frame processor stores an initial set of values and the initial time along with a target set of values and a target time, and an interpolation function, when a frame needs to be computed, the frame processor computes a set of current values using the current time, the initial time and the target time to drive the interpolation function between the initial values and target values. 12. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 11, wherein the frame processor operates on a best efforts basis to cause updating of the interactive scene tree and visual scene tree so as to correspond with the calculated set of values until the final frame has been, at which time the frame processor causes the temporal assignment to be contractually updated throughout the system. 13. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 9, wherein, in the processing of an event, via the frame processor, from the virtualized software environment, the simulation engine executes logic creating a temporal procedure, which is added to the frame queue at a frame number computed, based on a current frame number and a target time, in frame order by object and property, so that if the computed frame number is less than a frame number of any second item in the frame queue, then the second item will be flushed from the queue. 14. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the declaration conforms to a declaration grammar wherein:
a loop is not permitted; a branching condition is not permitted; a procedure with a set of parameters is permitted; and an object in a declared scene tree is permitted to have a set of states, wherein:
each state must be separately selected from a group consisting of (a) a state that is a set of nested states and (b) a state that is nonoverlapping with any other state; and
each state can encompass a set of properties, a set of events, and a set of sub-objects; and
a given state can only be active or inactive; and
active states in a declaration are applied, by the scene tree manager, in the order in which they are declared. 15. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 14, wherein the permitted procedure with the set of parameters includes a procedure call to a procedural function in a scripting language. 16. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the simulation engine includes a library of classes that implement an abstraction of a set of operating systems. 17. A nontransitory storage medium encoded with replicating instructions, for use on a computer configured as a replicating computer in the plurality of computer systems of claim 1, the replicating instructions, when executed on the replicating computer, establish, on the replicating computer, a replicating application system, wherein the replicating application system includes a replicating simulation engine and a replicating virtualized software environment, the replicating simulation engine running on top of the replicating virtualized software environment, wherein the replicating simulation engine comprises:
a replicator declaration processor that linearly processes a first declaration, that constitutes a text embodiment of the project, into a declared scene tree of objects; a replicator scene tree object manager that (a) manages objects, their relationships, properties, and behaviors in the declared scene tree of objects, (b) causes transformation of the declared scene tree of objects so as to be mirrored in an instantiated scene tree of objects, and (c) causes changing of the instantiated scene tree based on an update to the project made by any of the plurality of network users; a replicator viewer that presents to the local user a visual representation of the instantiated scene tree in its current state; and a replicator listener, coupled to the network, that receives and processes any change message, from any of the other computer systems, by causing the declaration processor to transform a change declaration embedded in such received change message into a corresponding change in the instantiated scene tree, wherein the change declaration includes an update to the project by one of the plurality of network users. 18. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the declaration recites any set of items selected from the group consisting of object, relationship, property, behavior, and combinations thereof. 19. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the declared scene tree of objects is mirrored in a project subnode of the instantiated scene tree and the viewer presents to the local user a visual representation of the project subnode. 20. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 19, wherein the viewer is a subnode of the instantiated scene tree and the project subnode of the instantiated scene tree is a subnode of the viewer. 21. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the physical manifestation of the instantiated scene tree is in a formed selected from the group consisting of audio, visual, network communication, storage in a transitory or a nontransitory basis, computational tasks, and combinations thereof. | A multi-user application system environment engine has an application system that, in turn, includes a simulation engine and a virtualized software environment. The simulation engine runs on top of the virtualized software environment and includes a declaration processor, a scene tree object manager, a viewer, an editor listener, and a rendering processor, coupled to the virtualized software environment, to requisition hardware resources to cause physical manifestation of an instantiated scene tree. The viewer presents to the local user a visual representation of the instantiated scene tree in its current state.1. A nontransitory storage medium encoded with instructions, for use with a plurality of computer systems, each one of which is in communication in real time over a network with other computer systems of the plurality of computer systems, wherein the instructions, when executed on each of the computer systems, establish, on each computer system, an application system, wherein the application system includes a simulation engine and a virtualized software environment, the simulation engine running on top of the virtualized software environment and enabling creation and editing of a project by a plurality of network users and viewing of the project by a local user, wherein the simulation engine comprises:
a declaration processor that linearly processes a declaration, that constitutes a text embodiment of the project, into a declared scene tree of objects; a scene tree object manager that (a) manages objects, their relationships, properties, and behaviors in the declared scene tree of objects, (b) causes transformation of the declared scene tree of objects so as to be mirrored in an instantiated scene tree of objects, and (c) causes changing of the instantiated scene tree based on an update to the project made by any of the plurality of network users; a viewer that presents to the local user a visual representation of the instantiated scene tree in its current state; an editor listener, coupled to the network, that receives and processes any change message, from any of the other computer systems, by causing the declaration processor to transform a change declaration embedded in such received change message into a corresponding change in the instantiated scene tree, wherein the change declaration includes an update to the project by one of the plurality of network users; and a rendering processor, coupled to the virtualized software environment, to requisition hardware resources to cause physical manifestation of the instantiated scene tree, the physical manifestation being optimized by evaluation of hardware resources for allocation in order to achieve the physical manifestation. 2. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the viewer is a visual editor that is capable of making user-directed edits to the instantiated scene tree, and the simulation engine further comprises:
a persistence processor in communication with the scene tree object manager, that causes mirroring, of the instantiated scene tree of objects, in a second declaration; and an editor broadcaster, coupled to the network, that obtains changes from the visual editor and causes the persistence processor to transform a correspondingly changed part of the instantiated scene tree into a change declaration and broadcasts the change declaration embedded in a change message over the network to the other computer systems. 3. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the viewer maintains a globally unique identifier for each object in the instantiated scene tree, so that each change, made over by a network user the network, references the corresponding object using the globally unique identifier and that such change can be correctly applied to the instantiated scene tree. 4. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the viewer associates, with any change made by a network user over the network, an identification of the user making the change and a time stamp. 5. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the viewer characterizes each change, made by a network user over the network, to the instantiated scene tree, as a member of the group consisting of insertion, deletion, update, lock, unlock, and combinations thereof. 6. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the simulation engine further comprises:
a frame clock defining consecutive frames of the engine with respect to which operations are synchronized. 7. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the simulation engine further comprises:
a frame processor, coupled to the virtualized software environment and to the simulation engine, to require the simulation engine to perform operations, specified with respect to a sequence of frames using the frame clock, to assure that the processes are performed sequentially. 8. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 7, wherein (a) the simulation engine further comprises a frame queue, filled by the simulation engine, in which are stored, in frame order, software contracts pertinent to processes to be carried out by the simulation engine, and (b) the frame processor is coupled to the frame queue and, if a specific software contract in the frame queue reaches a current frame for performance, the frame processor enforces the terms of the specific software contract as to best efforts and guaranteed terms. 9. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 8, wherein the frame processor is configured to process, concurrently with the current frame, a set of frames sequenced after the current frame, with respect to demand expected to be placed on system resources by the specific software contract, so as to enhance efficiency of execution of the contract when each frame in the set of frames shall have become the current frame. 10. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 9, wherein, in the processing of an event, via the frame processor, from the virtualized software environment, the simulation engine executes logic creating a temporal assignment, which is added to the frame queue at a frame number computed, based on a current frame number and a target time, in frame order by object and property, so that if the computed frame number is less than a frame number of any second item in the frame queue, then the second item will be flushed from the queue. 11. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 10, wherein, at the time of creating the temporal assignment the frame processor stores an initial set of values and the initial time along with a target set of values and a target time, and an interpolation function, when a frame needs to be computed, the frame processor computes a set of current values using the current time, the initial time and the target time to drive the interpolation function between the initial values and target values. 12. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 11, wherein the frame processor operates on a best efforts basis to cause updating of the interactive scene tree and visual scene tree so as to correspond with the calculated set of values until the final frame has been, at which time the frame processor causes the temporal assignment to be contractually updated throughout the system. 13. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 9, wherein, in the processing of an event, via the frame processor, from the virtualized software environment, the simulation engine executes logic creating a temporal procedure, which is added to the frame queue at a frame number computed, based on a current frame number and a target time, in frame order by object and property, so that if the computed frame number is less than a frame number of any second item in the frame queue, then the second item will be flushed from the queue. 14. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the declaration conforms to a declaration grammar wherein:
a loop is not permitted; a branching condition is not permitted; a procedure with a set of parameters is permitted; and an object in a declared scene tree is permitted to have a set of states, wherein:
each state must be separately selected from a group consisting of (a) a state that is a set of nested states and (b) a state that is nonoverlapping with any other state; and
each state can encompass a set of properties, a set of events, and a set of sub-objects; and
a given state can only be active or inactive; and
active states in a declaration are applied, by the scene tree manager, in the order in which they are declared. 15. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 14, wherein the permitted procedure with the set of parameters includes a procedure call to a procedural function in a scripting language. 16. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the simulation engine includes a library of classes that implement an abstraction of a set of operating systems. 17. A nontransitory storage medium encoded with replicating instructions, for use on a computer configured as a replicating computer in the plurality of computer systems of claim 1, the replicating instructions, when executed on the replicating computer, establish, on the replicating computer, a replicating application system, wherein the replicating application system includes a replicating simulation engine and a replicating virtualized software environment, the replicating simulation engine running on top of the replicating virtualized software environment, wherein the replicating simulation engine comprises:
a replicator declaration processor that linearly processes a first declaration, that constitutes a text embodiment of the project, into a declared scene tree of objects; a replicator scene tree object manager that (a) manages objects, their relationships, properties, and behaviors in the declared scene tree of objects, (b) causes transformation of the declared scene tree of objects so as to be mirrored in an instantiated scene tree of objects, and (c) causes changing of the instantiated scene tree based on an update to the project made by any of the plurality of network users; a replicator viewer that presents to the local user a visual representation of the instantiated scene tree in its current state; and a replicator listener, coupled to the network, that receives and processes any change message, from any of the other computer systems, by causing the declaration processor to transform a change declaration embedded in such received change message into a corresponding change in the instantiated scene tree, wherein the change declaration includes an update to the project by one of the plurality of network users. 18. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the declaration recites any set of items selected from the group consisting of object, relationship, property, behavior, and combinations thereof. 19. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the declared scene tree of objects is mirrored in a project subnode of the instantiated scene tree and the viewer presents to the local user a visual representation of the project subnode. 20. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 19, wherein the viewer is a subnode of the instantiated scene tree and the project subnode of the instantiated scene tree is a subnode of the viewer. 21. A nontransitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the physical manifestation of the instantiated scene tree is in a formed selected from the group consisting of audio, visual, network communication, storage in a transitory or a nontransitory basis, computational tasks, and combinations thereof. | 1,700 |
339,628 | 16,800,531 | 1,788 | This application relates to a see-through head-mounted display using recorded substrate-guided holographic continuous lens (SGHCL) and a microdisplay with narrow spectral band source or laser illumination. The high diffraction efficiency of the volume SGHCL creates very high luminance of the virtual image. | 1. A holographic substrate-guided head-mounted see-through display comprising:
(a) an image source comprising a microdisplay with narrow spectral band illumination; (b) an edge-illuminated transparent substrate, and; (c) a single volume holographic lens. 2. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted see-through display of claim 1 wherein:
(a) the image source comprises a microdisplay with laser-based illumination;
(b) the edge-illuminated transparent substrate comprises an angled edge or an index-matched transparent prism, and;
(c) the single volume holographic lens comprises a reflection substrate-guided holographic continuous lens (SGHCL), which is index-matched to the substrate, and which is rotated 180° around a perpendicular axis of symmetry passing through the center of the SGHCL;
wherein upon playback, an incident guided beam experiences total internal reflection and hits the SGHCL at Bragg condition. 3. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a thickness of about 3-6 mm. 4. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 2 wherein the substrate and the prism each comprise glass, quartz, acrylic plastic, polycarbonate plastic, or a mixture thereof. 5. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a single plate or multiple plates. 6. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a 15°-25° angled edge or a 15°-25° index-matched prism. 7. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein the microdisplay comprises a laser-illuminated LCOS, DLP, LED, or LCD. 8. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein a side of the substrate, opposite to an eye of the viewer, comprises an anti-reflective coating. 9. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a curved shape. 10. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises prescription glasses. 11. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a unitary body or a plurality of bodies made of the same material or different materials. 12. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein one or more edges of the substrate comprise a light absorptive coating. 13. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein the microdisplay is directly attached to the substrate or comprises a gap relative to the substrate. 14. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 2 wherein the SGHCL comprises a first side and a second side opposite to the first side; and wherein, upon playback, the SGHCL has a diffracted beam on the first side and has a playback beam on the second side. 15. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 2 wherein, upon playback, the SGHCL has a diffracted beam and a playback beam on a same side. 16. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a shape including rectangular, oval, circular, tear-drop, hexagon, rectangular with rounded corners, square, or a mixture thereof. 17. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein the microdisplay comprises a monochrome or a RGB (full color) microdisplay. 18. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein a retrieved image comprises a monochrome or RGB (full-color) image. 19. A method of recording a volume holographic lens comprising shining two spherical beams onto a holographic polymer index-matched to a substrate, wherein a first recording beam is guided from an edge of the substrate and convergent to a first focus point and a second recording beam is divergent from a second focus point, and wherein both beams cover the holographic polymer. 20. The method of recording the volume holographic lens of claim 19 wherein the substrate is index-matched to a first rectangular block having an angled edge or an index-matched prism;
wherein a first recording beam is guided and convergent with focus in a recording point Oi using a long focus lens and a second recording beam is divergent with focus in a recording point 02 created by a lens with a large numerical aperture and small F#<1;
wherein a second rectangular block is placed underneath the holographic polymer to avoid total internal reflection of a guided beam back from a bottom surface of the holographic polymer to avoid recording unwanted transmission SGHCL;
wherein the recording convergent beam comprises angles with the substrate and holographic polymer less than or equal to about 48°;
wherein a reliable guided angle is greater than about 12°;
wherein a microdisplay is positioned at equivalent focus of the two recording spherical beams;
wherein an HMD image comprises a virtual image coming from infinity; and
wherein a minimum angle of a convergent beam with a holographic polymer surface comprises about 14° and a maximal angle of the convergent beam with the holographic polymer surface comprises about 31° with a central beam having 15°-25° angle. | This application relates to a see-through head-mounted display using recorded substrate-guided holographic continuous lens (SGHCL) and a microdisplay with narrow spectral band source or laser illumination. The high diffraction efficiency of the volume SGHCL creates very high luminance of the virtual image.1. A holographic substrate-guided head-mounted see-through display comprising:
(a) an image source comprising a microdisplay with narrow spectral band illumination; (b) an edge-illuminated transparent substrate, and; (c) a single volume holographic lens. 2. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted see-through display of claim 1 wherein:
(a) the image source comprises a microdisplay with laser-based illumination;
(b) the edge-illuminated transparent substrate comprises an angled edge or an index-matched transparent prism, and;
(c) the single volume holographic lens comprises a reflection substrate-guided holographic continuous lens (SGHCL), which is index-matched to the substrate, and which is rotated 180° around a perpendicular axis of symmetry passing through the center of the SGHCL;
wherein upon playback, an incident guided beam experiences total internal reflection and hits the SGHCL at Bragg condition. 3. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a thickness of about 3-6 mm. 4. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 2 wherein the substrate and the prism each comprise glass, quartz, acrylic plastic, polycarbonate plastic, or a mixture thereof. 5. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a single plate or multiple plates. 6. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a 15°-25° angled edge or a 15°-25° index-matched prism. 7. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein the microdisplay comprises a laser-illuminated LCOS, DLP, LED, or LCD. 8. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein a side of the substrate, opposite to an eye of the viewer, comprises an anti-reflective coating. 9. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a curved shape. 10. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises prescription glasses. 11. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a unitary body or a plurality of bodies made of the same material or different materials. 12. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein one or more edges of the substrate comprise a light absorptive coating. 13. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein the microdisplay is directly attached to the substrate or comprises a gap relative to the substrate. 14. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 2 wherein the SGHCL comprises a first side and a second side opposite to the first side; and wherein, upon playback, the SGHCL has a diffracted beam on the first side and has a playback beam on the second side. 15. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 2 wherein, upon playback, the SGHCL has a diffracted beam and a playback beam on a same side. 16. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a shape including rectangular, oval, circular, tear-drop, hexagon, rectangular with rounded corners, square, or a mixture thereof. 17. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein the microdisplay comprises a monochrome or a RGB (full color) microdisplay. 18. The holographic substrate-guided head-mounted display of claim 1 wherein a retrieved image comprises a monochrome or RGB (full-color) image. 19. A method of recording a volume holographic lens comprising shining two spherical beams onto a holographic polymer index-matched to a substrate, wherein a first recording beam is guided from an edge of the substrate and convergent to a first focus point and a second recording beam is divergent from a second focus point, and wherein both beams cover the holographic polymer. 20. The method of recording the volume holographic lens of claim 19 wherein the substrate is index-matched to a first rectangular block having an angled edge or an index-matched prism;
wherein a first recording beam is guided and convergent with focus in a recording point Oi using a long focus lens and a second recording beam is divergent with focus in a recording point 02 created by a lens with a large numerical aperture and small F#<1;
wherein a second rectangular block is placed underneath the holographic polymer to avoid total internal reflection of a guided beam back from a bottom surface of the holographic polymer to avoid recording unwanted transmission SGHCL;
wherein the recording convergent beam comprises angles with the substrate and holographic polymer less than or equal to about 48°;
wherein a reliable guided angle is greater than about 12°;
wherein a microdisplay is positioned at equivalent focus of the two recording spherical beams;
wherein an HMD image comprises a virtual image coming from infinity; and
wherein a minimum angle of a convergent beam with a holographic polymer surface comprises about 14° and a maximal angle of the convergent beam with the holographic polymer surface comprises about 31° with a central beam having 15°-25° angle. | 1,700 |
339,629 | 16,800,564 | 1,788 | The nitride semiconductor device includes: a nitride semiconductor layer; a first conductivity type source region provided on a surface of the nitride semiconductor layer; a second conductivity type well region provided in the nitride semiconductor layer and adjacent to the source region in a first direction parallel to the surface and in a second direction intersecting with the first direction; a trench located on the opposite side of the source region with the well region sandwiched therebetween in the first direction; a first conductivity type impurity region located between the well region and the trench; an insulating film provided on a bottom surface of the trench; a gate insulating film provided on the well region; and a gate electrode provided from on the insulating film to on the gate insulating film. A thickness of the insulating film is larger than a thickness of the gate insulating film. | 1. A nitride semiconductor device comprising:
a nitride semiconductor layer; a first conductivity type source region provided on a side of a surface of the nitride semiconductor layer; a second conductivity type well region provided in the nitride semiconductor layer and adjacent to the source region in a first direction parallel to the surface of the nitride semiconductor layer and in a second direction intersecting with the first direction; a trench provided in the nitride semiconductor layer and located on the opposite side of the source region with the well region sandwiched between the trench and the source region in the first direction; a first conductivity type impurity region provided in the nitride semiconductor layer and located between the well region and the trench; an insulating film provided on a bottom surface of the trench; a gate insulating film provided on the well region; and a gate electrode provided from on the insulating film to on the gate insulating film, wherein a thickness of the insulating film is larger than a thickness of the gate insulating film. 2. The nitride semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising:
in the nitride semiconductor layer, a first conductivity type drift region provided between a side of a rear surface of the nitride semiconductor layer, which is the opposite side of the surface, and the impurity region and adjacent to the well region and the impurity region, wherein the impurity region has a first conductivity type impurity concentration higher than that of the drift region. 3. The nitride semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein
the impurity region has a first impurity region located between the well region and the trench, and a second impurity region located between a rear surface of the nitride semiconductor layer, which is the opposite side of the surface, and the trench and adjacent to the first impurity region, and the first impurity region has a first conductivity type impurity concentration higher than that of the second impurity region. 4. The nitride semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein
the impurity region has a first impurity region located between the well region and the trench, and a second impurity region located between a rear surface of the nitride semiconductor layer, which is the opposite side of the surface, and the trench and adjacent to the first impurity region, the first conductivity type is an N type and the second conductivity type is a P type, and when, in the well region, an acceptor concentration obtained by subtracting an N type impurity concentration from a P type impurity concentration is defined as Na, in the well region, a length of a part covered with the gate insulating film in the first direction is defined as da, in the first impurity region, a donor concentration obtained by subtracting a P type impurity concentration from an N type impurity concentration is defined as Nd1, a length of the first impurity region in the second direction is defined as dd1, a donor concentration in the second impurity region is defined as Nd2, and a length of the second impurity region in the second direction is defined as dd2, Na×da>Nd1×dd1>Nd2×dd2 is satisfied. 5. The nitride semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein
a depth from the surface of the nitride semiconductor layer to the bottom surface of the trench is shallower than a depth from the surface of the nitride semiconductor layer to a bottom surface of the well region. 6. The nitride semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a second conductivity type high-concentration impurity region adjacent to the well region and having a second conductivity type impurity concentration higher than that of the well region. 7. The nitride semiconductor device according to claim 6, wherein
a depth from the surface of the nitride semiconductor layer to the bottom surface of the trench is deeper than a depth from the surface of the nitride semiconductor layer to a bottom surface of the high-concentration impurity region. 8. The nitride semiconductor device according to claim 3, further comprising:
a first region where the first impurity region and the second impurity region exist as the impurity region; and a second region where the first impurity region exists as the impurity region and the second impurity region does not exist. | The nitride semiconductor device includes: a nitride semiconductor layer; a first conductivity type source region provided on a surface of the nitride semiconductor layer; a second conductivity type well region provided in the nitride semiconductor layer and adjacent to the source region in a first direction parallel to the surface and in a second direction intersecting with the first direction; a trench located on the opposite side of the source region with the well region sandwiched therebetween in the first direction; a first conductivity type impurity region located between the well region and the trench; an insulating film provided on a bottom surface of the trench; a gate insulating film provided on the well region; and a gate electrode provided from on the insulating film to on the gate insulating film. A thickness of the insulating film is larger than a thickness of the gate insulating film.1. A nitride semiconductor device comprising:
a nitride semiconductor layer; a first conductivity type source region provided on a side of a surface of the nitride semiconductor layer; a second conductivity type well region provided in the nitride semiconductor layer and adjacent to the source region in a first direction parallel to the surface of the nitride semiconductor layer and in a second direction intersecting with the first direction; a trench provided in the nitride semiconductor layer and located on the opposite side of the source region with the well region sandwiched between the trench and the source region in the first direction; a first conductivity type impurity region provided in the nitride semiconductor layer and located between the well region and the trench; an insulating film provided on a bottom surface of the trench; a gate insulating film provided on the well region; and a gate electrode provided from on the insulating film to on the gate insulating film, wherein a thickness of the insulating film is larger than a thickness of the gate insulating film. 2. The nitride semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising:
in the nitride semiconductor layer, a first conductivity type drift region provided between a side of a rear surface of the nitride semiconductor layer, which is the opposite side of the surface, and the impurity region and adjacent to the well region and the impurity region, wherein the impurity region has a first conductivity type impurity concentration higher than that of the drift region. 3. The nitride semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein
the impurity region has a first impurity region located between the well region and the trench, and a second impurity region located between a rear surface of the nitride semiconductor layer, which is the opposite side of the surface, and the trench and adjacent to the first impurity region, and the first impurity region has a first conductivity type impurity concentration higher than that of the second impurity region. 4. The nitride semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein
the impurity region has a first impurity region located between the well region and the trench, and a second impurity region located between a rear surface of the nitride semiconductor layer, which is the opposite side of the surface, and the trench and adjacent to the first impurity region, the first conductivity type is an N type and the second conductivity type is a P type, and when, in the well region, an acceptor concentration obtained by subtracting an N type impurity concentration from a P type impurity concentration is defined as Na, in the well region, a length of a part covered with the gate insulating film in the first direction is defined as da, in the first impurity region, a donor concentration obtained by subtracting a P type impurity concentration from an N type impurity concentration is defined as Nd1, a length of the first impurity region in the second direction is defined as dd1, a donor concentration in the second impurity region is defined as Nd2, and a length of the second impurity region in the second direction is defined as dd2, Na×da>Nd1×dd1>Nd2×dd2 is satisfied. 5. The nitride semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein
a depth from the surface of the nitride semiconductor layer to the bottom surface of the trench is shallower than a depth from the surface of the nitride semiconductor layer to a bottom surface of the well region. 6. The nitride semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a second conductivity type high-concentration impurity region adjacent to the well region and having a second conductivity type impurity concentration higher than that of the well region. 7. The nitride semiconductor device according to claim 6, wherein
a depth from the surface of the nitride semiconductor layer to the bottom surface of the trench is deeper than a depth from the surface of the nitride semiconductor layer to a bottom surface of the high-concentration impurity region. 8. The nitride semiconductor device according to claim 3, further comprising:
a first region where the first impurity region and the second impurity region exist as the impurity region; and a second region where the first impurity region exists as the impurity region and the second impurity region does not exist. | 1,700 |
339,630 | 16,800,555 | 1,788 | A rotatable scalpet for rotational fractional resection, and method of manufacturing same, is provided. In an embodiment, a rotatable scalpet includes a hollow tube extending along a longitudinal axis and including an inner surface and an outer surface, the inner surface forming a passageway between a first end and a second end of the hollow tube, a cutting edge located at the first end of the hollow tube, the cutting edge configured to cut a patient's tissue when the hollow tube is rotated around the longitudinal axis, and a gear molding feature formed into the outer surface of the hollow tube, the gear molding feature enabling a gear to be molded around at least a portion of the hollow tube. | 1: A rotatable scalpet comprising:
a hollow tube extending along a longitudinal axis and including an inner surface and an outer surface, the inner surface forming a passageway between a first end and a second end of the hollow tube; a cutting edge located at the first end of the hollow tube, the cutting edge configured to cut a patient's tissue when the hollow tube is rotated around the longitudinal axis; and a gear molding feature formed into the outer surface of the hollow tube, the gear molding feature enabling a gear to be molded around at least a portion of the hollow tube. 2: The rotatable scalpet of claim 1, wherein the gear molding feature includes at least one aperture extending through the outer surface of the hollow tube to the passageway. 3: The rotatable scalpet of claim 1, wherein the gear molding feature includes at least one indentation extending into the outer surface of the hollow tube, wherein a depth of the at least one indentation is less than a thickness of the outer tube. 4: The rotatable scalpet of claim 1, wherein the gear molding feature includes a plurality of apertures. 5: The rotatable scalpet of claim 4, wherein the plurality of apertures are aligned in a row along the longitudinal axis of the hollow tube. 6: The rotatable scalpet of claim 4, wherein the plurality of apertures are aligned at a same height along the longitudinal axis of the hollow tube. 7: The rotatable scalpet of claim 1, wherein the gear molding feature includes at least one slot. 8: The rotatable scalpet of claim 7, wherein the at least one slot extends parallel to the longitudinal axis. 9: The rotatable scalpet of claim 7, wherein the at least one slot includes a radial indentation extending perpendicular to the longitudinal axis around a diameter of the outer surface. 10: The rotatable scalpet of claim 1, wherein the gear molding feature includes a plurality of slots aligned at a same height along the longitudinal axis of the hollow tube. 11: The rotatable scalpet of claim 7, wherein the gear molding feature includes at least one radial indentation creating a knurled surface on a portion of the outer surface of the hollow tube. 12: The rotatable scalpet of claim 1, which includes the gear molded into the gear molding feature. 13: A rotatable scalpet comprising:
a hollow tube extending along a longitudinal axis and including an inner surface and an outer surface, the inner surface forming a passageway between a first end and a second end of the hollow tube; a cutting edge located at the first end of the hollow tube, the cutting edge configured to cut a patient's tissue when the hollow tube is rotated around the longitudinal axis; and a gear configured to rotate the scalpet, the gear molded into the outer surface of the hollow tube. 14: The rotating scalpet of claim 13, wherein the gear is molded into at least one aperture extending through the outer surface of the hollow tube. 15: The rotating scalpet of claim 13, wherein the gear is molded into an indentation into the outer surface of the hollow tube, wherein a depth of the at least one indentation is less than a thickness of the outer tube. 16: A rotational fractional resection device including the rotating scalpet of claim 13. 17: A method of manufacturing a rotatable scalpet, the method comprising:
providing a hollow tube extending along a longitudinal axis and including an inner surface and an outer surface, the inner surface forming a passageway between a first end and a second end of the hollow tube; forming a gear molding feature into the outer surface of a hollow tube; and molding a gear over the gear molding feature by dispensing at least a portion of a material used to form the gear into the gear molding feature. 18: The method of claim 17, wherein molding the gear includes dispensing the material used to form the gear into an aperture of the gear molding feature. 19: The method of claim 17, wherein molding the gear includes dispensing the material used to form the gear into an indentation of the gear molding feature. 20: The method of claim 17, which includes curing the molded gear to harden the molded gear within the gear molding feature. | A rotatable scalpet for rotational fractional resection, and method of manufacturing same, is provided. In an embodiment, a rotatable scalpet includes a hollow tube extending along a longitudinal axis and including an inner surface and an outer surface, the inner surface forming a passageway between a first end and a second end of the hollow tube, a cutting edge located at the first end of the hollow tube, the cutting edge configured to cut a patient's tissue when the hollow tube is rotated around the longitudinal axis, and a gear molding feature formed into the outer surface of the hollow tube, the gear molding feature enabling a gear to be molded around at least a portion of the hollow tube.1: A rotatable scalpet comprising:
a hollow tube extending along a longitudinal axis and including an inner surface and an outer surface, the inner surface forming a passageway between a first end and a second end of the hollow tube; a cutting edge located at the first end of the hollow tube, the cutting edge configured to cut a patient's tissue when the hollow tube is rotated around the longitudinal axis; and a gear molding feature formed into the outer surface of the hollow tube, the gear molding feature enabling a gear to be molded around at least a portion of the hollow tube. 2: The rotatable scalpet of claim 1, wherein the gear molding feature includes at least one aperture extending through the outer surface of the hollow tube to the passageway. 3: The rotatable scalpet of claim 1, wherein the gear molding feature includes at least one indentation extending into the outer surface of the hollow tube, wherein a depth of the at least one indentation is less than a thickness of the outer tube. 4: The rotatable scalpet of claim 1, wherein the gear molding feature includes a plurality of apertures. 5: The rotatable scalpet of claim 4, wherein the plurality of apertures are aligned in a row along the longitudinal axis of the hollow tube. 6: The rotatable scalpet of claim 4, wherein the plurality of apertures are aligned at a same height along the longitudinal axis of the hollow tube. 7: The rotatable scalpet of claim 1, wherein the gear molding feature includes at least one slot. 8: The rotatable scalpet of claim 7, wherein the at least one slot extends parallel to the longitudinal axis. 9: The rotatable scalpet of claim 7, wherein the at least one slot includes a radial indentation extending perpendicular to the longitudinal axis around a diameter of the outer surface. 10: The rotatable scalpet of claim 1, wherein the gear molding feature includes a plurality of slots aligned at a same height along the longitudinal axis of the hollow tube. 11: The rotatable scalpet of claim 7, wherein the gear molding feature includes at least one radial indentation creating a knurled surface on a portion of the outer surface of the hollow tube. 12: The rotatable scalpet of claim 1, which includes the gear molded into the gear molding feature. 13: A rotatable scalpet comprising:
a hollow tube extending along a longitudinal axis and including an inner surface and an outer surface, the inner surface forming a passageway between a first end and a second end of the hollow tube; a cutting edge located at the first end of the hollow tube, the cutting edge configured to cut a patient's tissue when the hollow tube is rotated around the longitudinal axis; and a gear configured to rotate the scalpet, the gear molded into the outer surface of the hollow tube. 14: The rotating scalpet of claim 13, wherein the gear is molded into at least one aperture extending through the outer surface of the hollow tube. 15: The rotating scalpet of claim 13, wherein the gear is molded into an indentation into the outer surface of the hollow tube, wherein a depth of the at least one indentation is less than a thickness of the outer tube. 16: A rotational fractional resection device including the rotating scalpet of claim 13. 17: A method of manufacturing a rotatable scalpet, the method comprising:
providing a hollow tube extending along a longitudinal axis and including an inner surface and an outer surface, the inner surface forming a passageway between a first end and a second end of the hollow tube; forming a gear molding feature into the outer surface of a hollow tube; and molding a gear over the gear molding feature by dispensing at least a portion of a material used to form the gear into the gear molding feature. 18: The method of claim 17, wherein molding the gear includes dispensing the material used to form the gear into an aperture of the gear molding feature. 19: The method of claim 17, wherein molding the gear includes dispensing the material used to form the gear into an indentation of the gear molding feature. 20: The method of claim 17, which includes curing the molded gear to harden the molded gear within the gear molding feature. | 1,700 |
339,631 | 16,800,553 | 1,788 | The present document describes a method for allocating bits to a frame of a sequence of frames to yield a bitstream having a constant average bitrate, wherein the frame comprises audio data and metadata. The method comprises maintaining an overall bit reservoir and maintaining a virtual bit reservoir being a subset of the overall bit reservoir, such that bits for the metadata of the frame are allocated from the virtual bit reservoir and such that bits for the audio data of the frame are allocated from the overall bit reservoir. | 1. A method for allocating bits to a frame of a sequence of frames to yield a bitstream having a constant average bitrate; wherein the frame comprises audio data and metadata; wherein the method comprises,
maintaining an overall bit reservoir; maintaining a virtual bit reservoir being a subset of the overall bit reservoir, such that bits for the metadata of the frame are allocated from the virtual bit reservoir and such that bits for the audio data of the frame are allocated from the overall bit reservoir; increasing an overall fill level of the overall bit reservoir by an overall average-bits-per-frame value; wherein the overall average-bits-per-frame value is dependent on the constant average bitrate; granting available bits from the overall bit reservoir for the audio data of the frame in accordance with the overall fill level of the overall bit reservoir; increasing a virtual fill level of the virtual bit reservoir by a virtual average-bits-per-frame value being a portion of the overall average-bits-per-frame value; and granting available bits from the virtual bit reservoir for the metadata of the frame in accordance with the virtual fill level of the virtual bit reservoir, wherein granting available bits from the overall bit reservoir comprises,
determining a bit allocation control function, which indicates a granted bits value of bits from the overall bit reservoir to be granted for the audio data of the frame as a function of the overall fill level; and
granting available bits from the overall bit reservoir for the audio data of the frame using the bit allocation control function. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the bit allocation control function is dependent on a degree of encoding difficulty of the audio data of the frame. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein granting available bits from the virtual bit reservoir comprises,
determining whether a number of bits required for the metadata of the frame is higher than a bit threshold; wherein the bit threshold is dependent on the virtual fill level; and if the number of bits required for the metadata is higher than the bit threshold, discarding at least some of the metadata of the frame. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein
the frame of the sequence of frames is a current frame received at a first time instant; the method comprises predicting a virtual fill level of the virtual bit reservoir at a second time instant, at which the current frame is to be encoded; wherein the second time instant is subsequent to the first time instant; and the method comprises determining, at the first time instant, whether a number of bits required for the metadata of the current frame is higher than a bit threshold; wherein the bit threshold is dependent on the predicted virtual fill level at the second time instant. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein
a time interval between the first time instant and the second time instant corresponds to n frames, with n being equal to or greater than 1; the method comprises determining a number of reserved bits which is to be used for encoding the metadata of the n frames preceding the current frame; the method comprises determining the virtual fill level at the first time instant; and the virtual fill level at the second time instant is predicted based on the virtual fill level at the first time instant and based on the number of reserved bits. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein
the method comprises determining a number of overflow bits which arise within the virtual bit reservoir for encoding the metadata of the n frames preceding the current frame; and the virtual fill level at the second time instant is predicted based on the number of overflow bits. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the virtual fill level at the second time instant is predicted as ln=l0−Σi=1 n(ui+fi)+n·a, with l0 being the virtual fill level at the first time instant, with ui being the number of reserved bits for the ith frame preceding the current frame, with fi being the number of overflow bits for the ith frame preceding the current frame, with i=1, . . . , n, and with a being the virtual average-bits-per-frame value. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein
bits from the virtual bit reservoir are used to encode high priority metadata; and the number of overflow bits which arise within the virtual bit reservoir for encoding the high priority metadata of the n frames preceding the current frame is used for encoding low priority metadata. 9. The method of claim 3, wherein
the method comprises, classifying the metadata into high priority metadata and low priority metadata; low priority metadata is discarded, if the number of bits required for encoding the metadata is higher than the bit threshold; and high priority metadata is encoded, if the number of bits required for encoding the high priority metadata is lower than or equal to the bit threshold. 10. The method of claim 3, wherein the bit threshold;
corresponds to the virtual fill level; or corresponds to levo+p*(l−levo−minBitsAudio), wherein levo is the virtual fill level, l is the overall fill level, minBitsAudio is a reserved number of bits for encoding the audio data, and p is a parameter between 0 and 1. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein
the audio data of a frame of the sequence of frames is encoded using bits from a residual bit reservoir being the complement of the virtual bit reservoir within the overall bit reservoir; and the residual bit reservoir exhibits a residual fill level given by the overall fill level minus the virtual fill level. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein
the audio data of a frame of the sequence of frames is encoded using bits from a second virtual bit reservoir being a subset of the residual bit reservoir; and the second virtual bit reservoir exhibits a second virtual fill level being a portion of the residual fill level. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises maintaining a plurality of virtual bit reservoirs as mutually disjoint subsets of the overall bit reservoir for a plurality of different types of metadata. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein
the overall bit reservoir exhibits an overall reservoir size which is indicative of a maximum number of bits that can be allocated to a frame of the sequence of frames; an overall average-bits-per-frame value is indicative of an average number of bits that can be allocated to a frame of the sequence of frames to achieve the constant average bitrate; and the overall reservoir size is N times the overall average-bits-per-frame value, with N being greater than one. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein
the virtual bit reservoir exhibits a virtual reservoir size which is indicative of a maximum number of bits that can be allocated to the metadata of a frame of the sequence of frames; a virtual average-bits-per-frame value is indicative of an average number of bits that can be allocated to the metadata of a frame of the sequence of frames; and the virtual reservoir size is M times the virtual average-bits-per-frame value, with M being greater than one. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein
the metadata is encoded using only bits from the virtual bit reservoir; and/or the audio data is encoded using only bits from a residual bit reservoir being the complement of the virtual bit reservoir within the overall bit reservoir; and/or the residual bit reservoir is maintained separately from the virtual bit reservoir; and/or an overflow bit from the virtual bit reservoir is made available within the residual bit reservoir; and/or an overflow bit from the residual bit reservoir is made available within the virtual bit reservoir. 17. A method for encoding a frame of a sequence of frames into a bitstream having a constant average bitrate; wherein the frame comprises audio data and metadata; wherein the method comprises,
determining a granted number of audio bits for the audio data and a number of metadata bits for the metadata using the method according to any previous claims; encoding the metadata of the frame using the granted number of metadata bits; and encoding the audio data of the frame using the granted number of audio bits. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein
the frame of the sequence of frames comprises a plurality of substream frames for a plurality of substreams, respectively; a substream frame comprises substream audio data and substream metadata; and the method comprises determining a granted number of audio bits for the substream audio data and a number of metadata bits for the substream metadata. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein
the frame of the sequence of frames comprises joint metadata for the plurality of substreams; and the method comprises distributing the joint metadata as substream metadata to at least one of the plurality of substreams. 20. A system for allocating bits to a frame of a sequence of frames to yield a bitstream having a constant average bitrate; wherein the frame comprises audio data and metadata; wherein the system comprises a processor which is configured to maintain an overall bit reservoir and to maintain a virtual bit reservoir being a subset of the overall bit reservoir, such that bits for the metadata of the frame are allocated from the virtual bit reservoir and such that bits for the audio data of the frame are allocated from the overall bit reservoir. | The present document describes a method for allocating bits to a frame of a sequence of frames to yield a bitstream having a constant average bitrate, wherein the frame comprises audio data and metadata. The method comprises maintaining an overall bit reservoir and maintaining a virtual bit reservoir being a subset of the overall bit reservoir, such that bits for the metadata of the frame are allocated from the virtual bit reservoir and such that bits for the audio data of the frame are allocated from the overall bit reservoir.1. A method for allocating bits to a frame of a sequence of frames to yield a bitstream having a constant average bitrate; wherein the frame comprises audio data and metadata; wherein the method comprises,
maintaining an overall bit reservoir; maintaining a virtual bit reservoir being a subset of the overall bit reservoir, such that bits for the metadata of the frame are allocated from the virtual bit reservoir and such that bits for the audio data of the frame are allocated from the overall bit reservoir; increasing an overall fill level of the overall bit reservoir by an overall average-bits-per-frame value; wherein the overall average-bits-per-frame value is dependent on the constant average bitrate; granting available bits from the overall bit reservoir for the audio data of the frame in accordance with the overall fill level of the overall bit reservoir; increasing a virtual fill level of the virtual bit reservoir by a virtual average-bits-per-frame value being a portion of the overall average-bits-per-frame value; and granting available bits from the virtual bit reservoir for the metadata of the frame in accordance with the virtual fill level of the virtual bit reservoir, wherein granting available bits from the overall bit reservoir comprises,
determining a bit allocation control function, which indicates a granted bits value of bits from the overall bit reservoir to be granted for the audio data of the frame as a function of the overall fill level; and
granting available bits from the overall bit reservoir for the audio data of the frame using the bit allocation control function. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the bit allocation control function is dependent on a degree of encoding difficulty of the audio data of the frame. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein granting available bits from the virtual bit reservoir comprises,
determining whether a number of bits required for the metadata of the frame is higher than a bit threshold; wherein the bit threshold is dependent on the virtual fill level; and if the number of bits required for the metadata is higher than the bit threshold, discarding at least some of the metadata of the frame. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein
the frame of the sequence of frames is a current frame received at a first time instant; the method comprises predicting a virtual fill level of the virtual bit reservoir at a second time instant, at which the current frame is to be encoded; wherein the second time instant is subsequent to the first time instant; and the method comprises determining, at the first time instant, whether a number of bits required for the metadata of the current frame is higher than a bit threshold; wherein the bit threshold is dependent on the predicted virtual fill level at the second time instant. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein
a time interval between the first time instant and the second time instant corresponds to n frames, with n being equal to or greater than 1; the method comprises determining a number of reserved bits which is to be used for encoding the metadata of the n frames preceding the current frame; the method comprises determining the virtual fill level at the first time instant; and the virtual fill level at the second time instant is predicted based on the virtual fill level at the first time instant and based on the number of reserved bits. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein
the method comprises determining a number of overflow bits which arise within the virtual bit reservoir for encoding the metadata of the n frames preceding the current frame; and the virtual fill level at the second time instant is predicted based on the number of overflow bits. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the virtual fill level at the second time instant is predicted as ln=l0−Σi=1 n(ui+fi)+n·a, with l0 being the virtual fill level at the first time instant, with ui being the number of reserved bits for the ith frame preceding the current frame, with fi being the number of overflow bits for the ith frame preceding the current frame, with i=1, . . . , n, and with a being the virtual average-bits-per-frame value. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein
bits from the virtual bit reservoir are used to encode high priority metadata; and the number of overflow bits which arise within the virtual bit reservoir for encoding the high priority metadata of the n frames preceding the current frame is used for encoding low priority metadata. 9. The method of claim 3, wherein
the method comprises, classifying the metadata into high priority metadata and low priority metadata; low priority metadata is discarded, if the number of bits required for encoding the metadata is higher than the bit threshold; and high priority metadata is encoded, if the number of bits required for encoding the high priority metadata is lower than or equal to the bit threshold. 10. The method of claim 3, wherein the bit threshold;
corresponds to the virtual fill level; or corresponds to levo+p*(l−levo−minBitsAudio), wherein levo is the virtual fill level, l is the overall fill level, minBitsAudio is a reserved number of bits for encoding the audio data, and p is a parameter between 0 and 1. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein
the audio data of a frame of the sequence of frames is encoded using bits from a residual bit reservoir being the complement of the virtual bit reservoir within the overall bit reservoir; and the residual bit reservoir exhibits a residual fill level given by the overall fill level minus the virtual fill level. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein
the audio data of a frame of the sequence of frames is encoded using bits from a second virtual bit reservoir being a subset of the residual bit reservoir; and the second virtual bit reservoir exhibits a second virtual fill level being a portion of the residual fill level. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises maintaining a plurality of virtual bit reservoirs as mutually disjoint subsets of the overall bit reservoir for a plurality of different types of metadata. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein
the overall bit reservoir exhibits an overall reservoir size which is indicative of a maximum number of bits that can be allocated to a frame of the sequence of frames; an overall average-bits-per-frame value is indicative of an average number of bits that can be allocated to a frame of the sequence of frames to achieve the constant average bitrate; and the overall reservoir size is N times the overall average-bits-per-frame value, with N being greater than one. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein
the virtual bit reservoir exhibits a virtual reservoir size which is indicative of a maximum number of bits that can be allocated to the metadata of a frame of the sequence of frames; a virtual average-bits-per-frame value is indicative of an average number of bits that can be allocated to the metadata of a frame of the sequence of frames; and the virtual reservoir size is M times the virtual average-bits-per-frame value, with M being greater than one. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein
the metadata is encoded using only bits from the virtual bit reservoir; and/or the audio data is encoded using only bits from a residual bit reservoir being the complement of the virtual bit reservoir within the overall bit reservoir; and/or the residual bit reservoir is maintained separately from the virtual bit reservoir; and/or an overflow bit from the virtual bit reservoir is made available within the residual bit reservoir; and/or an overflow bit from the residual bit reservoir is made available within the virtual bit reservoir. 17. A method for encoding a frame of a sequence of frames into a bitstream having a constant average bitrate; wherein the frame comprises audio data and metadata; wherein the method comprises,
determining a granted number of audio bits for the audio data and a number of metadata bits for the metadata using the method according to any previous claims; encoding the metadata of the frame using the granted number of metadata bits; and encoding the audio data of the frame using the granted number of audio bits. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein
the frame of the sequence of frames comprises a plurality of substream frames for a plurality of substreams, respectively; a substream frame comprises substream audio data and substream metadata; and the method comprises determining a granted number of audio bits for the substream audio data and a number of metadata bits for the substream metadata. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein
the frame of the sequence of frames comprises joint metadata for the plurality of substreams; and the method comprises distributing the joint metadata as substream metadata to at least one of the plurality of substreams. 20. A system for allocating bits to a frame of a sequence of frames to yield a bitstream having a constant average bitrate; wherein the frame comprises audio data and metadata; wherein the system comprises a processor which is configured to maintain an overall bit reservoir and to maintain a virtual bit reservoir being a subset of the overall bit reservoir, such that bits for the metadata of the frame are allocated from the virtual bit reservoir and such that bits for the audio data of the frame are allocated from the overall bit reservoir. | 1,700 |
339,632 | 16,800,557 | 1,788 | A multi-beam antenna including a reflector having a single reflector surface defining a first focal region and a second focal region. A first feed group located within the first focal region includes a first feed oriented relative to the reflector to define a first beam pointed in a first direction. The multi-beam antenna further includes a fixed attachment mechanism attaching the first feed group to the reflector such that a position of the first feed group is fixed relative to the reflector. The multi-beam antenna further includes a second feed group located within the second focal region that includes a second feed oriented relative to the reflector to define a second beam pointed in a second direction. The multi-beam antenna further includes an adjustable attachment mechanism attaching the second feed group to the reflector, whereby a difference between the first direction and the second direction is adjustable. | 1. A multi-beam antenna comprising:
a means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy between a first direction and a first focal region, and between a second direction and a second focal region; a first feed group located within the first focal region, the first feed group comprising a first feed oriented to define a first beam having the first direction; a means for arranging the first feed group such that the first feed group is in a fixed position relative to the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy; a second feed group within the second focal region, the second feed group comprising a second feed oriented to define a second beam having the second direction; and a means for arranging the second feed group in an adjustable position relative to the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy such that the second direction is adjustable relative to the first direction. 2. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy comprises a reflector having a single reflector surface. 3. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein the means for arranging the first feed group comprises a fixed attachment mechanism attaching the first feed group to the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy. 4. The multi-beam antenna of claim 3, wherein the fixed attachment mechanism comprises a support boom. 5. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein the means for arranging the second feed group comprises an adjustable attachment mechanism attaching the second feed group to the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy. 6. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein the means for arranging the second feed group provides at least one degree of freedom for adjusting a position of the second feed group relative to the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy. 7. The multi-beam antenna of claim 6, wherein the means for arranging the second feed group provides a single degree of freedom for adjusting the position of the second feed group. 8. The multi-beam antenna of claim 7, wherein the single degree of freedom is movement of the second feed group along a line. 9. The multi-beam antenna of claim 6, wherein the means for arranging the second feed group provides two degrees of freedom for adjusting the position of the second feed group. 10. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein the first feed and the second feed are each offset from a centerline of the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy. 11. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein the first feed and the second feed point to different locations on the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy. 12. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein:
the first feed and the second feed are on opposing sides of a plane that includes a centerline of the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy; and the first feed and the second feed point towards the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy in directions away the centerline. 13. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein the second feed group further comprises a third feed fixedly attached to the second feed, the third feed oriented relative to the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy to define a third beam pointed in a third direction. 14. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein the first feed is operable over a first frequency band, and the second feed is operable over a second frequency band different than the first frequency band. 15. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein the first beam provides communication with a first geostationary satellite via the first feed, and the second beam provides communication with a second geostationary satellite via the second feed. 16. The multi-beam antenna of claim 15, wherein the first geostationary satellite and the second geostationary satellite are non-collocated. 17. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein an angular separation between the first direction and the second direction is at least 15 degrees. 18. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, further comprising a transceiver coupled to the first feed group. 19. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, further comprising a receiver coupled to the second feed group. 20. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein the first feed and the second feed directly point directly at the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy. | A multi-beam antenna including a reflector having a single reflector surface defining a first focal region and a second focal region. A first feed group located within the first focal region includes a first feed oriented relative to the reflector to define a first beam pointed in a first direction. The multi-beam antenna further includes a fixed attachment mechanism attaching the first feed group to the reflector such that a position of the first feed group is fixed relative to the reflector. The multi-beam antenna further includes a second feed group located within the second focal region that includes a second feed oriented relative to the reflector to define a second beam pointed in a second direction. The multi-beam antenna further includes an adjustable attachment mechanism attaching the second feed group to the reflector, whereby a difference between the first direction and the second direction is adjustable.1. A multi-beam antenna comprising:
a means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy between a first direction and a first focal region, and between a second direction and a second focal region; a first feed group located within the first focal region, the first feed group comprising a first feed oriented to define a first beam having the first direction; a means for arranging the first feed group such that the first feed group is in a fixed position relative to the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy; a second feed group within the second focal region, the second feed group comprising a second feed oriented to define a second beam having the second direction; and a means for arranging the second feed group in an adjustable position relative to the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy such that the second direction is adjustable relative to the first direction. 2. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy comprises a reflector having a single reflector surface. 3. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein the means for arranging the first feed group comprises a fixed attachment mechanism attaching the first feed group to the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy. 4. The multi-beam antenna of claim 3, wherein the fixed attachment mechanism comprises a support boom. 5. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein the means for arranging the second feed group comprises an adjustable attachment mechanism attaching the second feed group to the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy. 6. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein the means for arranging the second feed group provides at least one degree of freedom for adjusting a position of the second feed group relative to the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy. 7. The multi-beam antenna of claim 6, wherein the means for arranging the second feed group provides a single degree of freedom for adjusting the position of the second feed group. 8. The multi-beam antenna of claim 7, wherein the single degree of freedom is movement of the second feed group along a line. 9. The multi-beam antenna of claim 6, wherein the means for arranging the second feed group provides two degrees of freedom for adjusting the position of the second feed group. 10. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein the first feed and the second feed are each offset from a centerline of the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy. 11. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein the first feed and the second feed point to different locations on the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy. 12. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein:
the first feed and the second feed are on opposing sides of a plane that includes a centerline of the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy; and the first feed and the second feed point towards the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy in directions away the centerline. 13. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein the second feed group further comprises a third feed fixedly attached to the second feed, the third feed oriented relative to the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy to define a third beam pointed in a third direction. 14. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein the first feed is operable over a first frequency band, and the second feed is operable over a second frequency band different than the first frequency band. 15. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein the first beam provides communication with a first geostationary satellite via the first feed, and the second beam provides communication with a second geostationary satellite via the second feed. 16. The multi-beam antenna of claim 15, wherein the first geostationary satellite and the second geostationary satellite are non-collocated. 17. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein an angular separation between the first direction and the second direction is at least 15 degrees. 18. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, further comprising a transceiver coupled to the first feed group. 19. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, further comprising a receiver coupled to the second feed group. 20. The multi-beam antenna of claim 1, wherein the first feed and the second feed directly point directly at the means for simultaneously reflecting electromagnetic energy. | 1,700 |
339,633 | 16,800,565 | 3,753 | A system for preventing over pressure in a flexible tank when connected to a water grid that includes the flexible tank and a control unit. An inlet of the tank is connected to the water grid through the control unit. The control unit includes a closed box, an inlet that is connected to the water grid, an outlet that is connected to the inlet of the tank, and a float valve. The user place the flexible tank and set the float so that it will be opened or closed in a certain height of activating water level in the control unit and to place the control unit in a way that the activating water level is at the same level of a desired water level of the flexible tank. | 1. A system for preventing over pressure in a flexible bladder tank while it is connected to a water grid, comprising said flexible bladder tank and a control unit;
wherein said flexible bladder tank includes an inlet opening that is designed to be connected to the water grid through said control unit, and an outlet opening that can be connected to a spigot or to a structure pipe; wherein said control unit comprises a closed box, an inlet opening that is designed to be connected to the water grid, an outlet opening that is designed to be connected to the inlet opening of the flexible bladder tank, and a water float valve mechanism; whereby a user can place the flexible bladder tank where it is intended to be when in use; whereby enabling the user to set the water float mechanism so that it will be opened or closed in a certain height of activating water level in the control unit and to place the control unit where it is intended to be when in use, in a way that said activating water level is at the same level of a desired water level of the flexible bladder tank; whereby enabling the water to flow from the water grid into the control unit and from there to the flexible bladder tank; whereby enabling the water in the flexible bladder tank to reach the desired water level and the water in the control unit to reach the activating water level, and enabling the water float valve mechanism to be closes and prevent water to continue to flow from the water grid into the control unit and from there to the flexible bladder tank; and whereby when water flows outside from the flexible bladder tank then the water level in the flexible bladder tank and in the control unit drops and the water float valve mechanism is opened, and so forth. 2. A method for preventing over pressure in a flexible bladder tank while it is connected to a water grid, comprising:
(a) providing a flexible bladder tank and a control unit, wherein said flexible bladder tank includes an inlet opening that is designed to be connected to the water grid through said control unit, and an outlet opening that can be connected to a spigot or to a structure pipe; wherein said control unit comprises a closed box, an inlet opening that is designed to be connected to the water grid, an outlet opening that is designed to be connected to the inlet opening of the flexible bladder tank, and a water float valve mechanism; (b) placing the flexible bladder tank where it is intended to be when in use; (c) setting the water float mechanism so that it will be opened or closed in a certain height of activating water level in the control unit and placing the control unit where it is intended to be when in use, in a way that said activating water level is at the same level of a desired water level of the flexible bladder tank; whereby enabling the water to flow from the water grid into the control unit and from there to the flexible bladder tank; whereby enabling the water in the flexible bladder tank to reach the desired water level and the water in the control unit to reach the activating water level, and enabling the water float valve mechanism to be closes and prevent water to continue to flow from the water grid into the control unit and from there to the flexible bladder tank; and whereby when water flows outside from the flexible bladder tank then the water level in the flexible bladder tank and in the control unit drops and the water float valve mechanism is opened, and so forth. | A system for preventing over pressure in a flexible tank when connected to a water grid that includes the flexible tank and a control unit. An inlet of the tank is connected to the water grid through the control unit. The control unit includes a closed box, an inlet that is connected to the water grid, an outlet that is connected to the inlet of the tank, and a float valve. The user place the flexible tank and set the float so that it will be opened or closed in a certain height of activating water level in the control unit and to place the control unit in a way that the activating water level is at the same level of a desired water level of the flexible tank.1. A system for preventing over pressure in a flexible bladder tank while it is connected to a water grid, comprising said flexible bladder tank and a control unit;
wherein said flexible bladder tank includes an inlet opening that is designed to be connected to the water grid through said control unit, and an outlet opening that can be connected to a spigot or to a structure pipe; wherein said control unit comprises a closed box, an inlet opening that is designed to be connected to the water grid, an outlet opening that is designed to be connected to the inlet opening of the flexible bladder tank, and a water float valve mechanism; whereby a user can place the flexible bladder tank where it is intended to be when in use; whereby enabling the user to set the water float mechanism so that it will be opened or closed in a certain height of activating water level in the control unit and to place the control unit where it is intended to be when in use, in a way that said activating water level is at the same level of a desired water level of the flexible bladder tank; whereby enabling the water to flow from the water grid into the control unit and from there to the flexible bladder tank; whereby enabling the water in the flexible bladder tank to reach the desired water level and the water in the control unit to reach the activating water level, and enabling the water float valve mechanism to be closes and prevent water to continue to flow from the water grid into the control unit and from there to the flexible bladder tank; and whereby when water flows outside from the flexible bladder tank then the water level in the flexible bladder tank and in the control unit drops and the water float valve mechanism is opened, and so forth. 2. A method for preventing over pressure in a flexible bladder tank while it is connected to a water grid, comprising:
(a) providing a flexible bladder tank and a control unit, wherein said flexible bladder tank includes an inlet opening that is designed to be connected to the water grid through said control unit, and an outlet opening that can be connected to a spigot or to a structure pipe; wherein said control unit comprises a closed box, an inlet opening that is designed to be connected to the water grid, an outlet opening that is designed to be connected to the inlet opening of the flexible bladder tank, and a water float valve mechanism; (b) placing the flexible bladder tank where it is intended to be when in use; (c) setting the water float mechanism so that it will be opened or closed in a certain height of activating water level in the control unit and placing the control unit where it is intended to be when in use, in a way that said activating water level is at the same level of a desired water level of the flexible bladder tank; whereby enabling the water to flow from the water grid into the control unit and from there to the flexible bladder tank; whereby enabling the water in the flexible bladder tank to reach the desired water level and the water in the control unit to reach the activating water level, and enabling the water float valve mechanism to be closes and prevent water to continue to flow from the water grid into the control unit and from there to the flexible bladder tank; and whereby when water flows outside from the flexible bladder tank then the water level in the flexible bladder tank and in the control unit drops and the water float valve mechanism is opened, and so forth. | 3,700 |
339,634 | 16,800,559 | 3,753 | A velocipede includes a pedal crank for pedals to allow an operator to power the velocipede, and a transmission hub or component that is coupled to the pedal crank by a first chain or belt. The transmission component is located rearward of the pedal crank in the frame of the velocipede, such as under a seat position, and is further connected to a rear wheel at an output of the transmission component by a second chain or belt. The transmission has an output that is coupled to a rear wheel assembly. In some embodiments the rear wheel assembly can be mounted in a swingarm that pivots about a transverse axis defined by the output of the transmission. In some embodiments the rear wheel assembly can include an electric motor to drive a rear wheel. | 1. A hybrid pedal and electric powered vehicle having a split drive arrangement, comprising:
a frame having a seat mount, and a neck that is forward of the seat mount that is configured to couple with a front wheel assembly; a pedal crank positioned forward of the seat mount and having a pedal crank sprocket; a first mounting plate on a first side of the frame and a second mounting plate on a second side of the frame opposite the first mounting plate, wherein the first and second mounting plates are positioned under the seat mount of the frame and rearward of the pedal crank; a continuously variable transmission (CVT) mounted between the first and second mounting plates and defining a transverse axis, and having a first sprocket on a first side of the CVT on the transverse axis that is configured to couple to the pedal crank sprocket by a chain or belt, and further having a second sprocket on a second side of the CVT on the transverse axis; a swingarm pivotably coupled to the first and second mounting plates at a pivot point that is coaxial with the transverse axis of the CVT and without being attached to the CVT; and a rear wheel mounted in the swingarm and having a drive sprocket configured to couple to the second sprocket of the transmission component by a chain or belt, and further including an electric hub motor in a hub of the rear wheel. 2. The hybrid pedal and electric powered vehicle of claim 1, wherein the CVT is positioned below the seat mount. 3. The hybrid pedal and electric powered vehicle of claim 1, wherein the CVT includes a spindle that extends outwards along the transverse axis, wherein a first portion of the spindle extends through an aperture in the first mounting plate, and a second portion of the spindle extends through an aperture in the second mounting plate; and
the swingarm comprises: a first arm and a second arm which each have an aperture at a main pivot portion of each arm; a first swingarm bearing assembly disposed in the aperture of the first arm, and a second swingarm bearing assembly disposed in the aperture of the second arm; and a first swingarm bushing disposed in a center of the first swingarm bearing assembly and a second swingarm bushing disposed in a center of the second swingarm bearing assembly, wherein the first and second swingarm bushings are each keyed to fit into the respective apertures of first and second mounting plates; and wherein the spindle extends through each of the first and second swingarm bushings through a keyed slot, as retained by a nut. 4. The hybrid pedal and electric powered vehicle of claim 3, wherein the first and second mounting plates are each connected to a lower horizontal frame member, a first rear vertical frame member, and a second rear vertical frame member. 5. The hybrid pedal and electric powered vehicle of claim 3, wherein the first and second swingarm bearing assemblies comprise tapered bearings. 6. The hybrid pedal and electric powered vehicle of claim 1, wherein the hybrid pedal and electric powered vehicle is a bicycle arranged in a semi recumbent configuration. 7. A hybrid velocipede having a split drive configuration, comprising:
a frame; a pedal crank mounted in the frame; a first mounting plate on a first side of the frame and a second mounting plate on a second side of the frame opposite the first mounting plate, wherein the first and second mounting plates are positioned under a seat mount of the frame and rearward of the pedal crank; a continuously variable transmission (CVT) mounted between the first and second mounting plates, and having a input configured to be coupled to the pedal crank, and an output; a rear wheel assembly coupled to and driven by the output of the CVT, and having an electric hub motor in a hub of a rear wheel of the rear wheel assembly; and wherein the CVT defines a transverse axis, the hybrid velocipede further comprises a rear suspension system including a swingarm that is mounted to the first and second mounting plates without being attached to the CVT so as to pivot about the transverse axis and which supports the rear wheel assembly. 8. The hybrid velocipede of claim 7, wherein the CVT is positioned below the seat mount. 9. The hybrid velocipede of claim 7, wherein the CVT includes a spindle that extends outwards along the transverse axis, wherein a first portion of the spindle extends through an aperture in the first mounting plate, and a second portion of the spindle extends through an aperture in the second mounting plate; and
the swingarm comprises:
a first arm and a second arm which each have an aperture at a main pivot portion of each arm;
a first swingarm bearing assembly disposed in the aperture of the first arm, and a second swingarm bearing assembly disposed in the aperture of the second arm; and
a first swingarm bushing disposed in a center of the first swingarm bearing assembly and a second swingarm bushing disposed in a center of the second swingarm bearing assembly, wherein the first and second swingarm bushings are each keyed to fit into the respective apertures of first and second mounting plates; and
wherein the spindle extends through each of the first and second swingarm bushings through a keyed slot, as retained by a nut. 10. The hybrid velocipede of claim 7, wherein the hybrid pedal and electric powered vehicle is a bicycle arranged in a semi recumbent configuration. 11. A pedal driven velocipede having a split drive configuration, comprising:
a frame including a seat mount, a front steering mount at a front of the frame, and a pedal crank mount in which a pedal crank is mounted, wherein the pedal crank mount is positioned in the frame at a semi-recumbent or recumbent arrangement; a left side mounting plate on a left side of the frame and a right side mounting plate on a right side of the frame opposite the left side mounting plate, wherein the left side and right side mounting plates are positioned under a seat mount of the frame and rearward of the pedal crank; a continuously variable transmission (CVT) mounted in and between the left side and right side mounting plates and coupled to the pedal crank via a chain or belt at a first side of the CVT, the CVT having a drive at a second side of the CVT defining a transverse axis relative to the frame; a swingarm that is pivotably mounted at the left side and right side mounting plates such that it pivots about the transverse axis of the CVT without being attached to the CVT, and is further coupled to the frame via a suspension component; and a rear wheel mounted on the swingarm that is coupled to the drive of the CVT at the second side of the CVT via a chain or belt. 12. The pedal driven velocipede of claim 11, wherein the rear wheel further comprises an electric motor in a hub of the rear wheel. 13. The pedal driven velocipede of claim 11, wherein the pedal drive velocipede is a bicycle. 14. The pedal drive velocipede of claim 11, wherein the CVT is located substantially under the seat mount. 15. The pedal driven velocipede of claim 11, wherein the frame comprises:
a lower horizontal frame member; a first rear vertical frame member attached to the lower horizontal frame member and which supports the seat mount; a second rear vertical frame member attached to the lower horizontal frame member rearward of the first rear vertical frame member and which is further coupled to the suspension component; wherein the left side and right side mounting plates are attached to the frame between the first and second rear vertical frame members of a left side and a right side, respectively of the first and second frame members; and left and right swingarm brackets attached at the left side and right side mounting plates, respectively, and having swingarm attachment points on the transverse axis. 16. The pedal driven velocipede of claim 15, wherein the left and right swingarm brackets are each connected to the lower horizontal frame member, first rear vertical frame member, and second rear vertical frame member. | A velocipede includes a pedal crank for pedals to allow an operator to power the velocipede, and a transmission hub or component that is coupled to the pedal crank by a first chain or belt. The transmission component is located rearward of the pedal crank in the frame of the velocipede, such as under a seat position, and is further connected to a rear wheel at an output of the transmission component by a second chain or belt. The transmission has an output that is coupled to a rear wheel assembly. In some embodiments the rear wheel assembly can be mounted in a swingarm that pivots about a transverse axis defined by the output of the transmission. In some embodiments the rear wheel assembly can include an electric motor to drive a rear wheel.1. A hybrid pedal and electric powered vehicle having a split drive arrangement, comprising:
a frame having a seat mount, and a neck that is forward of the seat mount that is configured to couple with a front wheel assembly; a pedal crank positioned forward of the seat mount and having a pedal crank sprocket; a first mounting plate on a first side of the frame and a second mounting plate on a second side of the frame opposite the first mounting plate, wherein the first and second mounting plates are positioned under the seat mount of the frame and rearward of the pedal crank; a continuously variable transmission (CVT) mounted between the first and second mounting plates and defining a transverse axis, and having a first sprocket on a first side of the CVT on the transverse axis that is configured to couple to the pedal crank sprocket by a chain or belt, and further having a second sprocket on a second side of the CVT on the transverse axis; a swingarm pivotably coupled to the first and second mounting plates at a pivot point that is coaxial with the transverse axis of the CVT and without being attached to the CVT; and a rear wheel mounted in the swingarm and having a drive sprocket configured to couple to the second sprocket of the transmission component by a chain or belt, and further including an electric hub motor in a hub of the rear wheel. 2. The hybrid pedal and electric powered vehicle of claim 1, wherein the CVT is positioned below the seat mount. 3. The hybrid pedal and electric powered vehicle of claim 1, wherein the CVT includes a spindle that extends outwards along the transverse axis, wherein a first portion of the spindle extends through an aperture in the first mounting plate, and a second portion of the spindle extends through an aperture in the second mounting plate; and
the swingarm comprises: a first arm and a second arm which each have an aperture at a main pivot portion of each arm; a first swingarm bearing assembly disposed in the aperture of the first arm, and a second swingarm bearing assembly disposed in the aperture of the second arm; and a first swingarm bushing disposed in a center of the first swingarm bearing assembly and a second swingarm bushing disposed in a center of the second swingarm bearing assembly, wherein the first and second swingarm bushings are each keyed to fit into the respective apertures of first and second mounting plates; and wherein the spindle extends through each of the first and second swingarm bushings through a keyed slot, as retained by a nut. 4. The hybrid pedal and electric powered vehicle of claim 3, wherein the first and second mounting plates are each connected to a lower horizontal frame member, a first rear vertical frame member, and a second rear vertical frame member. 5. The hybrid pedal and electric powered vehicle of claim 3, wherein the first and second swingarm bearing assemblies comprise tapered bearings. 6. The hybrid pedal and electric powered vehicle of claim 1, wherein the hybrid pedal and electric powered vehicle is a bicycle arranged in a semi recumbent configuration. 7. A hybrid velocipede having a split drive configuration, comprising:
a frame; a pedal crank mounted in the frame; a first mounting plate on a first side of the frame and a second mounting plate on a second side of the frame opposite the first mounting plate, wherein the first and second mounting plates are positioned under a seat mount of the frame and rearward of the pedal crank; a continuously variable transmission (CVT) mounted between the first and second mounting plates, and having a input configured to be coupled to the pedal crank, and an output; a rear wheel assembly coupled to and driven by the output of the CVT, and having an electric hub motor in a hub of a rear wheel of the rear wheel assembly; and wherein the CVT defines a transverse axis, the hybrid velocipede further comprises a rear suspension system including a swingarm that is mounted to the first and second mounting plates without being attached to the CVT so as to pivot about the transverse axis and which supports the rear wheel assembly. 8. The hybrid velocipede of claim 7, wherein the CVT is positioned below the seat mount. 9. The hybrid velocipede of claim 7, wherein the CVT includes a spindle that extends outwards along the transverse axis, wherein a first portion of the spindle extends through an aperture in the first mounting plate, and a second portion of the spindle extends through an aperture in the second mounting plate; and
the swingarm comprises:
a first arm and a second arm which each have an aperture at a main pivot portion of each arm;
a first swingarm bearing assembly disposed in the aperture of the first arm, and a second swingarm bearing assembly disposed in the aperture of the second arm; and
a first swingarm bushing disposed in a center of the first swingarm bearing assembly and a second swingarm bushing disposed in a center of the second swingarm bearing assembly, wherein the first and second swingarm bushings are each keyed to fit into the respective apertures of first and second mounting plates; and
wherein the spindle extends through each of the first and second swingarm bushings through a keyed slot, as retained by a nut. 10. The hybrid velocipede of claim 7, wherein the hybrid pedal and electric powered vehicle is a bicycle arranged in a semi recumbent configuration. 11. A pedal driven velocipede having a split drive configuration, comprising:
a frame including a seat mount, a front steering mount at a front of the frame, and a pedal crank mount in which a pedal crank is mounted, wherein the pedal crank mount is positioned in the frame at a semi-recumbent or recumbent arrangement; a left side mounting plate on a left side of the frame and a right side mounting plate on a right side of the frame opposite the left side mounting plate, wherein the left side and right side mounting plates are positioned under a seat mount of the frame and rearward of the pedal crank; a continuously variable transmission (CVT) mounted in and between the left side and right side mounting plates and coupled to the pedal crank via a chain or belt at a first side of the CVT, the CVT having a drive at a second side of the CVT defining a transverse axis relative to the frame; a swingarm that is pivotably mounted at the left side and right side mounting plates such that it pivots about the transverse axis of the CVT without being attached to the CVT, and is further coupled to the frame via a suspension component; and a rear wheel mounted on the swingarm that is coupled to the drive of the CVT at the second side of the CVT via a chain or belt. 12. The pedal driven velocipede of claim 11, wherein the rear wheel further comprises an electric motor in a hub of the rear wheel. 13. The pedal driven velocipede of claim 11, wherein the pedal drive velocipede is a bicycle. 14. The pedal drive velocipede of claim 11, wherein the CVT is located substantially under the seat mount. 15. The pedal driven velocipede of claim 11, wherein the frame comprises:
a lower horizontal frame member; a first rear vertical frame member attached to the lower horizontal frame member and which supports the seat mount; a second rear vertical frame member attached to the lower horizontal frame member rearward of the first rear vertical frame member and which is further coupled to the suspension component; wherein the left side and right side mounting plates are attached to the frame between the first and second rear vertical frame members of a left side and a right side, respectively of the first and second frame members; and left and right swingarm brackets attached at the left side and right side mounting plates, respectively, and having swingarm attachment points on the transverse axis. 16. The pedal driven velocipede of claim 15, wherein the left and right swingarm brackets are each connected to the lower horizontal frame member, first rear vertical frame member, and second rear vertical frame member. | 3,700 |
339,635 | 16,800,561 | 3,753 | A seat panel for assembly into a rear surface of a seat assembly includes a light assembly which generates task lighting directed to a task area and of sufficient brightness to be useful in performing a task within the task area. The light assembly is selectively actuable to emit light through an aperture defined by the seat panel in a defined light pattern to illuminate a recessed space in the seat panel. The seat assembly when configured as a forward seat assembly of a vehicle provides task lighting for a passenger seated rearward of the forward seat assembly, to illuminate a task area which can include one or more of the exterior surface of the seat panel, a leg space between the forward seat assembly and the passenger's seat assembly, and/or a seat space generally including a portion of the upper leg and/or lap area of the passenger. | 1. A seat panel comprising:
at least one aperture defined by the seat panel; a recessed space defined by the seat panel; a light assembly; wherein the light assembly is selectively actuable to emit light through the at least one aperture; wherein the at least one aperture defines a light pattern of the light emitted by the light assembly; and wherein the light pattern at least partially illuminates the recessed space. 2. The seat panel of claim 1, further comprising:
a perimeter portion; a beveled portion; a recessed portion; wherein the beveled portion is intermediate the perimeter portion and the recessed portion; wherein the recessed space is defined by the recessed portion and the beveled portion; and wherein the at least one aperture is located in the beveled portion. 3. The seat panel of claim 1, further comprising:
a perimeter portion; a beveled portion; a recessed portion; wherein the beveled portion is intermediate the perimeter portion and the recessed portion; wherein the recessed space is defined by the recessed portion and the beveled portion; and wherein the at least one aperture is located in the recessed portion. 4. The seat panel of claim 1, further comprising:
a switch in communication with the light assembly; wherein the switch is selectively actuable to actuate the light assembly. 5. The seat panel of claim 4, wherein:
the switch is a haptic switch; and the switch is actuable by contact with the seat panel. 6. The seat panel of claim 1, wherein the light assembly includes a light source; and
wherein the light source includes at least one light emitting diode (LED). 7. The seat panel of claim 6, wherein the light source includes at least one of a LED bulb, an LED array, an LED strip, or an LED tube. 8. The seat panel of claim 1, wherein the at least one aperture defines an irregular shape. 9. The seat panel of claim 1, further comprising:
the seat panel installed to a seat configured to be attached to a mounting surface; wherein, with the seat panel in the installed position relative to the mounting surface, the seat panel defines a plane extending through the at least one aperture; wherein the plane is substantially parallel to the mounting surface; and wherein the light pattern is contained between the plane and the mounting surface. 10. The seat panel of claim 9; wherein:
the at least one aperture defines an uppermost edge; and the plane includes the uppermost edge. 11. The seat panel of claim 1, further comprising:
a control unit in communication with the light assembly; wherein the control unit is actuable to actuate the light assembly to emit the light pattern. 12. The seat panel of claim 11, wherein the control unit is configured to:
receive power at a first voltage level from a power source; and output power at a second voltage level to the light assembly. 13. The seat panel of claim 11, wherein the seat panel is installed to a vehicle;
wherein the vehicle includes a network in communication with a power source; and wherein the control unit is in communication with the network to receive power from the power source to actuate the light assembly. 14. The seat panel of claim 13, wherein the vehicle includes a control interface located remotely from the seat panel;
wherein the control interface is in communication with the control unit via the network; and wherein the control interface is actuable to actuate the light assembly. 15. The seat panel of claim 1, wherein the seat panel is installed to a rearward side of a forward seat assembly of a vehicle;
wherein the vehicle includes a rearward seat assembly positioned rearward of the forward seat assembly to define a leg space therebetween; and wherein the light pattern illuminates the leg space. 16. The seat panel of claim 15, wherein the rearward seat assembly defines a seat space; and
wherein the light pattern at least partially illuminates the seat space. 17. The seat panel of claim 15, wherein:
the forward seat assembly is mounted to a floor of the vehicle; the forward seat assembly includes a seat back and a seat portion; the seat panel is installed to seat back; the seat back is moveable between a first incline angle and a second incline angle; wherein with the seat back in the first incline angle the light pattern is contained between a plane and the floor of the vehicle; wherein the plane is substantially parallel to the floor; and wherein the plane extends through the at least one aperture. 18. The seat panel of claim 1, wherein the light assembly is selectively actuable to change a color of the light from a first color to at least a second color. 19. The seat panel of claim 1, wherein the light assembly is selectively actuable to change a luminosity of the light from a first luminosity to at least a second luminosity. 20. The seat panel of claim 1, further comprising:
a pocket portion attached to the seat panel; wherein the pocket portion at least partially encloses the recessed space to define a pocket such that the light pattern at least partially illuminates the pocket. | A seat panel for assembly into a rear surface of a seat assembly includes a light assembly which generates task lighting directed to a task area and of sufficient brightness to be useful in performing a task within the task area. The light assembly is selectively actuable to emit light through an aperture defined by the seat panel in a defined light pattern to illuminate a recessed space in the seat panel. The seat assembly when configured as a forward seat assembly of a vehicle provides task lighting for a passenger seated rearward of the forward seat assembly, to illuminate a task area which can include one or more of the exterior surface of the seat panel, a leg space between the forward seat assembly and the passenger's seat assembly, and/or a seat space generally including a portion of the upper leg and/or lap area of the passenger.1. A seat panel comprising:
at least one aperture defined by the seat panel; a recessed space defined by the seat panel; a light assembly; wherein the light assembly is selectively actuable to emit light through the at least one aperture; wherein the at least one aperture defines a light pattern of the light emitted by the light assembly; and wherein the light pattern at least partially illuminates the recessed space. 2. The seat panel of claim 1, further comprising:
a perimeter portion; a beveled portion; a recessed portion; wherein the beveled portion is intermediate the perimeter portion and the recessed portion; wherein the recessed space is defined by the recessed portion and the beveled portion; and wherein the at least one aperture is located in the beveled portion. 3. The seat panel of claim 1, further comprising:
a perimeter portion; a beveled portion; a recessed portion; wherein the beveled portion is intermediate the perimeter portion and the recessed portion; wherein the recessed space is defined by the recessed portion and the beveled portion; and wherein the at least one aperture is located in the recessed portion. 4. The seat panel of claim 1, further comprising:
a switch in communication with the light assembly; wherein the switch is selectively actuable to actuate the light assembly. 5. The seat panel of claim 4, wherein:
the switch is a haptic switch; and the switch is actuable by contact with the seat panel. 6. The seat panel of claim 1, wherein the light assembly includes a light source; and
wherein the light source includes at least one light emitting diode (LED). 7. The seat panel of claim 6, wherein the light source includes at least one of a LED bulb, an LED array, an LED strip, or an LED tube. 8. The seat panel of claim 1, wherein the at least one aperture defines an irregular shape. 9. The seat panel of claim 1, further comprising:
the seat panel installed to a seat configured to be attached to a mounting surface; wherein, with the seat panel in the installed position relative to the mounting surface, the seat panel defines a plane extending through the at least one aperture; wherein the plane is substantially parallel to the mounting surface; and wherein the light pattern is contained between the plane and the mounting surface. 10. The seat panel of claim 9; wherein:
the at least one aperture defines an uppermost edge; and the plane includes the uppermost edge. 11. The seat panel of claim 1, further comprising:
a control unit in communication with the light assembly; wherein the control unit is actuable to actuate the light assembly to emit the light pattern. 12. The seat panel of claim 11, wherein the control unit is configured to:
receive power at a first voltage level from a power source; and output power at a second voltage level to the light assembly. 13. The seat panel of claim 11, wherein the seat panel is installed to a vehicle;
wherein the vehicle includes a network in communication with a power source; and wherein the control unit is in communication with the network to receive power from the power source to actuate the light assembly. 14. The seat panel of claim 13, wherein the vehicle includes a control interface located remotely from the seat panel;
wherein the control interface is in communication with the control unit via the network; and wherein the control interface is actuable to actuate the light assembly. 15. The seat panel of claim 1, wherein the seat panel is installed to a rearward side of a forward seat assembly of a vehicle;
wherein the vehicle includes a rearward seat assembly positioned rearward of the forward seat assembly to define a leg space therebetween; and wherein the light pattern illuminates the leg space. 16. The seat panel of claim 15, wherein the rearward seat assembly defines a seat space; and
wherein the light pattern at least partially illuminates the seat space. 17. The seat panel of claim 15, wherein:
the forward seat assembly is mounted to a floor of the vehicle; the forward seat assembly includes a seat back and a seat portion; the seat panel is installed to seat back; the seat back is moveable between a first incline angle and a second incline angle; wherein with the seat back in the first incline angle the light pattern is contained between a plane and the floor of the vehicle; wherein the plane is substantially parallel to the floor; and wherein the plane extends through the at least one aperture. 18. The seat panel of claim 1, wherein the light assembly is selectively actuable to change a color of the light from a first color to at least a second color. 19. The seat panel of claim 1, wherein the light assembly is selectively actuable to change a luminosity of the light from a first luminosity to at least a second luminosity. 20. The seat panel of claim 1, further comprising:
a pocket portion attached to the seat panel; wherein the pocket portion at least partially encloses the recessed space to define a pocket such that the light pattern at least partially illuminates the pocket. | 3,700 |
339,636 | 16,800,459 | 3,753 | Implementations of the present specification include a computer-implemented method for achieving a consensus among a number of network nodes of a blockchain network. The blockchain network includes a primary node and one or more backup nodes. The method includes receiving a transaction request by the primary node, sending a number of first messages to the backup nodes by the primary node, receiving second messages from the backup nodes by the primary node, reconstructing the transaction request based on data in the second messages by the primary node, sending a third message to the backup nodes by the primary node, and executing the transaction request in response to receiving a predetermined number of third messages. | 1. A computer-implemented method for achieving a consensus among a plurality of network nodes of a blockchain network comprising at least a primary node and one or more backup nodes, the method comprising:
receiving, by the primary node, a transaction request; generating, by the primary node, a plurality of erasure code (EC) blocks according to an EC code using the transaction request; sending, by the primary node, a plurality of first messages to the one or more backup nodes, respectively, wherein each of the plurality of first messages comprises a composite hash value associated with the plurality of EC blocks; receiving, by the primary node, at least one second message from at least one of the backup nodes, wherein the at least one second message comprises one of the plurality of first messages and a signature of the at least one of the backup nodes associated with the one of the plurality of first messages; in response to receiving the at least one second message from the at least one of the backup node, verifying, by the primary node, whether the at least one second message is valid; determining, by the primary node, whether a number of valid second messages exceeds a pre-determined threshold; in response to determining that the number of valid second messages exceeds the pre-determined threshold, reconstructing, by the primary node, the transaction request based on a subset of the number of valid second messages according to the EC code; in response to determining that the transaction request has been successfully reconstructed, sending, by the primary node, a third message, to the other network nodes, wherein the third message comprises a set of signatures that are in the valid second messages; receiving, by the primary node, at least one third message from at least one of the backup nodes; and in response to receiving a pre-determined number of third messages that are identical, executing, by the primary node, the transaction request. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transaction request is associated with a sequence number. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the generating the plurality of EC blocks according to an EC code comprises:
transforming the transaction request into an EC message using the EC code; and dividing the EC message into the plurality of EC block. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the composite hash value of the plurality of EC block is generated using a hash tree. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the hash tree comprises a Merkle tree, and wherein the composite hash value is a root hash value of the Merkle tree. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the signature of the at least one of the backup nodes associated with the one of the plurality of first messages comprises a private key signature of the at least one of the backup nodes associated with the one of the plurality of first messages. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one second message further comprises at least one of the plurality of EC blocks. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the verifying, by the primary node, whether the at least one second message is valid comprises:
generating, by the primary node, a reconstructed hash tree using the at least one of the plurality of EC blocks in the at least one second message; determining, by the primary node, a reconstructed composite hash value of the reconstructed hash tree; comparing, by the primary node, the reconstructed composite hash value to a composite hash value in the at least one second message; and determining, by the primary node, whether the reconstructed composite hash value matches the composite hash values in the at least one second message. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the method further comprises:
in response to determining that the reconstructed composite hash value matches the composite hash values in the second messages, determining, by the primary node, that the at least one second message is valid. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the pre-determined number of third messages that are identical comprise the pre-determined number of the third messages having an identical set of signatures. 11. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing one or more instructions executable by a computer system to perform operations comprising:
receiving, by a primary node of a blockchain network, a transaction request, wherein the blockchain network further comprises one or more backup nodes; generating, by the primary node, a plurality of erasure code (EC) blocks according to an EC code using the transaction request; sending, by the primary node, a plurality of first messages to the one or more backup nodes, respectively, wherein each of the plurality of first messages comprises a composite hash value associated with the plurality of EC blocks; receiving, by the primary node, at least one second message from at least one of the backup nodes, wherein the at least one second message comprises one of the plurality of first messages and a signature of the at least one of the backup nodes associated with the one of the plurality of first messages; in response to receiving the at least one second message from the at least one of the backup node, verifying, by the primary node, whether the at least one second message is valid; determining, by the primary node, whether a number of valid second messages exceeds a pre-determined threshold; in response to determining that the number of valid second messages exceeds the pre-determined threshold, reconstructing, by the primary node, the transaction request based on a subset of the number of valid second messages according to the EC code; in response to determining that the transaction request has been successfully reconstructed, send, by the primary node, a third message, to the other network nodes, wherein the third message comprises a set of signatures that are in the valid second messages; receiving, by the primary node, at least one third message from at least one of the backup nodes; and in response to receiving a pre-determined number of third messages that are identical, executing, by the primary node, the transaction request. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein the transaction request is associated with a sequence number. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein the generating the plurality of EC blocks according to an EC code comprises:
transforming the transaction request into an EC message using the EC code; and dividing the EC message into the plurality of EC block. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein the composite hash value of the plurality of EC block is generated using a hash tree. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the hash tree comprises a Merkle tree, and wherein the composite hash value is a root hash value of the Merkle tree. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein the signature of the at least one of the backup nodes associated with the one of the plurality of first messages comprises a private key signature of the at least one of the backup nodes associated with the one of the plurality of first messages. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein the at least one second message further comprises at least one of the plurality of EC blocks. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the verifying, by the primary node, whether the at least one second message is valid comprises:
generating, by the primary node, a reconstructed hash tree using the at least one of the plurality of EC blocks in the at least one second message; determining, by the primary node, a reconstructed composite hash value of the reconstructed hash tree; comparing, by the primary node, the reconstructed composite hash value to a composite hash value in the at least one second message; and determining, by the primary node, whether the reconstructed composite hash value matches the composite hash values in the at least one second message. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 18, the operations further comprising:
in response to determining that the reconstructed composite hash value matches the composite hash values in the second messages, determine, by the primary node, that the at least one second message is valid. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein the pre-determined number of third messages that are identical comprise the pre-determined number of the third messages having an identical set of signatures. 21. A computer-implemented system, including:
one or more computers; and one or more computer memory devices interoperably coupled with the one or more computers and having tangible, non-transitory, machine-readable media storing one or more instructions that, when executed by the one or more computers, perform one or more operations comprising:
receiving, by a primary node of a blockchain network, a transaction request, wherein the blockchain network further comprises one or more backup nodes;
generating, by the primary node, a plurality of erasure code (EC) blocks according to an EC code using the transaction request;
sending, by the primary node, a plurality of first messages to the one or more backup nodes, respectively, wherein each of the plurality of first messages comprises a composite hash value associated with the plurality of EC blocks;
receiving, by the primary node, at least one second message from at least one of the backup nodes, wherein the at least one second message comprises one of the plurality of first messages and a signature of the at least one of the backup nodes associated with the one of the plurality of first messages;
in response to receiving the at least one second message from the at least one of the backup node, verifying, by the primary node, whether the at least one second message is valid;
determining, by the primary node, whether a number of valid second messages exceeds a pre-determined threshold;
in response to determining that the number of valid second messages exceeds the pre-determined threshold, reconstructing, by the primary node, the transaction request based on a subset of the number of valid second messages according to the EC code;
in response to determining that the transaction request has been successfully reconstructed, sending, by the primary node, a third message, to the other network nodes, wherein the third message comprises a set of signatures that are in the valid second messages;
receiving, by the primary node, at least one third message from at least one of the backup nodes; and
in response to receiving a pre-determined number of third messages that are identical, executing, by the primary node, the transaction request. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the transaction request is associated with a sequence number. 23. The system of claim 21, wherein the generating the plurality of EC blocks according to an EC code comprises:
transforming the transaction request into an EC message using the EC code; and dividing the EC message into the plurality of EC block. 24. The system of claim 21, wherein the composite hash value of the plurality of EC block is generated using a hash tree. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the hash tree comprises a Merkle tree, and wherein the composite hash value is a root hash value of the Merkle tree. 26. The system of claim 21, wherein the signature of the at least one of the backup nodes associated with the one of the plurality of first messages comprises a private key signature of the at least one of the backup nodes associated with the one of the plurality of first messages. 27. The system of claim 21, wherein the at least one second message further comprises at least one of the plurality of EC blocks. 28. The system of claim 27, wherein the verifying, by the primary node, whether the at least one second message is valid comprises:
generating, by the primary node, a reconstructed hash tree using the at least one of the plurality of EC blocks in the at least one second message; determining, by the primary node, a reconstructed composite hash value of the reconstructed hash tree; comparing, by the primary node, the reconstructed composite hash value to a composite hash value in the at least one second message; and determining, by the primary node, whether the reconstructed composite hash value matches the composite hash values in the at least one second message. 29. The system of claim 28, wherein the operations further comprise:
in response to determining that the reconstructed composite hash value matches the composite hash values in the second messages, determine, by the primary node, that the at least one second message is valid. 30. The system of claim 21, wherein the pre-determined number of third messages that are identical comprise the pre-determined number of the third messages having an identical set of signatures. | Implementations of the present specification include a computer-implemented method for achieving a consensus among a number of network nodes of a blockchain network. The blockchain network includes a primary node and one or more backup nodes. The method includes receiving a transaction request by the primary node, sending a number of first messages to the backup nodes by the primary node, receiving second messages from the backup nodes by the primary node, reconstructing the transaction request based on data in the second messages by the primary node, sending a third message to the backup nodes by the primary node, and executing the transaction request in response to receiving a predetermined number of third messages.1. A computer-implemented method for achieving a consensus among a plurality of network nodes of a blockchain network comprising at least a primary node and one or more backup nodes, the method comprising:
receiving, by the primary node, a transaction request; generating, by the primary node, a plurality of erasure code (EC) blocks according to an EC code using the transaction request; sending, by the primary node, a plurality of first messages to the one or more backup nodes, respectively, wherein each of the plurality of first messages comprises a composite hash value associated with the plurality of EC blocks; receiving, by the primary node, at least one second message from at least one of the backup nodes, wherein the at least one second message comprises one of the plurality of first messages and a signature of the at least one of the backup nodes associated with the one of the plurality of first messages; in response to receiving the at least one second message from the at least one of the backup node, verifying, by the primary node, whether the at least one second message is valid; determining, by the primary node, whether a number of valid second messages exceeds a pre-determined threshold; in response to determining that the number of valid second messages exceeds the pre-determined threshold, reconstructing, by the primary node, the transaction request based on a subset of the number of valid second messages according to the EC code; in response to determining that the transaction request has been successfully reconstructed, sending, by the primary node, a third message, to the other network nodes, wherein the third message comprises a set of signatures that are in the valid second messages; receiving, by the primary node, at least one third message from at least one of the backup nodes; and in response to receiving a pre-determined number of third messages that are identical, executing, by the primary node, the transaction request. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transaction request is associated with a sequence number. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the generating the plurality of EC blocks according to an EC code comprises:
transforming the transaction request into an EC message using the EC code; and dividing the EC message into the plurality of EC block. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the composite hash value of the plurality of EC block is generated using a hash tree. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the hash tree comprises a Merkle tree, and wherein the composite hash value is a root hash value of the Merkle tree. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the signature of the at least one of the backup nodes associated with the one of the plurality of first messages comprises a private key signature of the at least one of the backup nodes associated with the one of the plurality of first messages. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one second message further comprises at least one of the plurality of EC blocks. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the verifying, by the primary node, whether the at least one second message is valid comprises:
generating, by the primary node, a reconstructed hash tree using the at least one of the plurality of EC blocks in the at least one second message; determining, by the primary node, a reconstructed composite hash value of the reconstructed hash tree; comparing, by the primary node, the reconstructed composite hash value to a composite hash value in the at least one second message; and determining, by the primary node, whether the reconstructed composite hash value matches the composite hash values in the at least one second message. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the method further comprises:
in response to determining that the reconstructed composite hash value matches the composite hash values in the second messages, determining, by the primary node, that the at least one second message is valid. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the pre-determined number of third messages that are identical comprise the pre-determined number of the third messages having an identical set of signatures. 11. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing one or more instructions executable by a computer system to perform operations comprising:
receiving, by a primary node of a blockchain network, a transaction request, wherein the blockchain network further comprises one or more backup nodes; generating, by the primary node, a plurality of erasure code (EC) blocks according to an EC code using the transaction request; sending, by the primary node, a plurality of first messages to the one or more backup nodes, respectively, wherein each of the plurality of first messages comprises a composite hash value associated with the plurality of EC blocks; receiving, by the primary node, at least one second message from at least one of the backup nodes, wherein the at least one second message comprises one of the plurality of first messages and a signature of the at least one of the backup nodes associated with the one of the plurality of first messages; in response to receiving the at least one second message from the at least one of the backup node, verifying, by the primary node, whether the at least one second message is valid; determining, by the primary node, whether a number of valid second messages exceeds a pre-determined threshold; in response to determining that the number of valid second messages exceeds the pre-determined threshold, reconstructing, by the primary node, the transaction request based on a subset of the number of valid second messages according to the EC code; in response to determining that the transaction request has been successfully reconstructed, send, by the primary node, a third message, to the other network nodes, wherein the third message comprises a set of signatures that are in the valid second messages; receiving, by the primary node, at least one third message from at least one of the backup nodes; and in response to receiving a pre-determined number of third messages that are identical, executing, by the primary node, the transaction request. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein the transaction request is associated with a sequence number. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein the generating the plurality of EC blocks according to an EC code comprises:
transforming the transaction request into an EC message using the EC code; and dividing the EC message into the plurality of EC block. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein the composite hash value of the plurality of EC block is generated using a hash tree. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the hash tree comprises a Merkle tree, and wherein the composite hash value is a root hash value of the Merkle tree. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein the signature of the at least one of the backup nodes associated with the one of the plurality of first messages comprises a private key signature of the at least one of the backup nodes associated with the one of the plurality of first messages. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein the at least one second message further comprises at least one of the plurality of EC blocks. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the verifying, by the primary node, whether the at least one second message is valid comprises:
generating, by the primary node, a reconstructed hash tree using the at least one of the plurality of EC blocks in the at least one second message; determining, by the primary node, a reconstructed composite hash value of the reconstructed hash tree; comparing, by the primary node, the reconstructed composite hash value to a composite hash value in the at least one second message; and determining, by the primary node, whether the reconstructed composite hash value matches the composite hash values in the at least one second message. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 18, the operations further comprising:
in response to determining that the reconstructed composite hash value matches the composite hash values in the second messages, determine, by the primary node, that the at least one second message is valid. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein the pre-determined number of third messages that are identical comprise the pre-determined number of the third messages having an identical set of signatures. 21. A computer-implemented system, including:
one or more computers; and one or more computer memory devices interoperably coupled with the one or more computers and having tangible, non-transitory, machine-readable media storing one or more instructions that, when executed by the one or more computers, perform one or more operations comprising:
receiving, by a primary node of a blockchain network, a transaction request, wherein the blockchain network further comprises one or more backup nodes;
generating, by the primary node, a plurality of erasure code (EC) blocks according to an EC code using the transaction request;
sending, by the primary node, a plurality of first messages to the one or more backup nodes, respectively, wherein each of the plurality of first messages comprises a composite hash value associated with the plurality of EC blocks;
receiving, by the primary node, at least one second message from at least one of the backup nodes, wherein the at least one second message comprises one of the plurality of first messages and a signature of the at least one of the backup nodes associated with the one of the plurality of first messages;
in response to receiving the at least one second message from the at least one of the backup node, verifying, by the primary node, whether the at least one second message is valid;
determining, by the primary node, whether a number of valid second messages exceeds a pre-determined threshold;
in response to determining that the number of valid second messages exceeds the pre-determined threshold, reconstructing, by the primary node, the transaction request based on a subset of the number of valid second messages according to the EC code;
in response to determining that the transaction request has been successfully reconstructed, sending, by the primary node, a third message, to the other network nodes, wherein the third message comprises a set of signatures that are in the valid second messages;
receiving, by the primary node, at least one third message from at least one of the backup nodes; and
in response to receiving a pre-determined number of third messages that are identical, executing, by the primary node, the transaction request. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the transaction request is associated with a sequence number. 23. The system of claim 21, wherein the generating the plurality of EC blocks according to an EC code comprises:
transforming the transaction request into an EC message using the EC code; and dividing the EC message into the plurality of EC block. 24. The system of claim 21, wherein the composite hash value of the plurality of EC block is generated using a hash tree. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the hash tree comprises a Merkle tree, and wherein the composite hash value is a root hash value of the Merkle tree. 26. The system of claim 21, wherein the signature of the at least one of the backup nodes associated with the one of the plurality of first messages comprises a private key signature of the at least one of the backup nodes associated with the one of the plurality of first messages. 27. The system of claim 21, wherein the at least one second message further comprises at least one of the plurality of EC blocks. 28. The system of claim 27, wherein the verifying, by the primary node, whether the at least one second message is valid comprises:
generating, by the primary node, a reconstructed hash tree using the at least one of the plurality of EC blocks in the at least one second message; determining, by the primary node, a reconstructed composite hash value of the reconstructed hash tree; comparing, by the primary node, the reconstructed composite hash value to a composite hash value in the at least one second message; and determining, by the primary node, whether the reconstructed composite hash value matches the composite hash values in the at least one second message. 29. The system of claim 28, wherein the operations further comprise:
in response to determining that the reconstructed composite hash value matches the composite hash values in the second messages, determine, by the primary node, that the at least one second message is valid. 30. The system of claim 21, wherein the pre-determined number of third messages that are identical comprise the pre-determined number of the third messages having an identical set of signatures. | 3,700 |
339,637 | 16,800,523 | 3,753 | Methods for performing power management of a multi-interface transponder (MIT) device, e.g., such as positional tag device. The MIT device may transition between various power states, e.g., based on detected events, such as detecting movement of the MIT device, receiving a wakeup signal, receiving an indication of a transition in transportation mode, and/or detecting that the MIT device may be lost, such as based on a lack of contact with another device for more than a threshold period of time. | 1. A multi-interface transponder (MIT) device, comprising:
a first radio comprising circuitry supporting at least a first radio access technology (RAT); a second radio comprising circuitry supporting at least a second RAT; and one or more processors coupled to the first radio and the second radio; wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the MIT device to:
broadcast location beacons at a first transmission rate and first transmission power;
increase, in response to detection of a trigger condition, the first transmission rate to a second transmission rate; and
broadcast location beacons at the second transmission rate and first transmission power. 2. The MIT device of claim 1,
wherein the trigger condition comprises receipt of an indication that a companion device has moved more than a threshold distance from the MIT device. 3. The MIT device of claim 2,
wherein the indication is received via the first radio; and wherein location beacons are transmitted via the second radio. 4. The MIT device of claim 2,
wherein the threshold distance is approximately 1 meter. 5. The MIT device of claim 1,
wherein the one or more processors are further configured to cause the MIT device to:
receive, from a companion device, an indication to increase transmission power to a second transmission power, wherein the indication is based, at least in part, on medium congestion; and
transmit, to the companion device, location beacons at the second transmission power. 6. The MIT device of claim 1,
wherein, prior to broadcasting location beacons at the first transmission rate and first transmission power, the one or more processors are further configured to cause the MIT device to:
receive, while operating in a low power mode, an indication of a transition in transportation mode from a companion device, wherein the second radio is disabled in the low power mode; and
transition, based on the indication, to a higher power mode, wherein the second radio is enabled in the higher power mode. 7. The MIT device of claim 6,
wherein the one or more processors are further configured to cause the MIT device to:
receive, from the companion device, an indication of an end of a transition in a transportation mode; and
transition, in response to the indication, back to the low power mode. 8. The MIT of claim 1,
wherein the trigger condition comprises detection of a transition in a mode of transportation, wherein the transition comprises a stopping of the mode of transportation, and wherein the trigger condition is based on a change in velocity of the MIT device. 9. An apparatus comprising:
a memory; and at least one processor in communication with the memory; wherein the at least one processor is configured to:
generate instructions to broadcast location beacons at a first transmission rate;
increase, in response to detection of a trigger condition, the first transmission rate to a second transmission rate, wherein the trigger condition comprises as least one of:
a transition in transportation mode;
a companion device moving more than a threshold distance from the apparatus; or
detection of a change in velocity of the apparatus; and
broadcast location beacons at the second transmission rate. 10. The apparatus of claim 9,
wherein the threshold distance is approximately 1 meter. 11. The apparatus of claim 9,
wherein, prior to generating instructions to broadcast location beacons at the first transmission rate and first transmission power, the at least one processor is further configured to:
receive, while operating in a low power mode, an indication of the transition in transportation mode from a companion device, wherein the indication is received via a lower power radio in communication with the at least one processor, wherein the lower power radio is at least one of an ultra-low power radio, a low power radio, or a Bluetooth radio, and wherein a higher power radio in communication with the at least one processor is disabled in the low power mode, wherein the higher power radio comprises at least one of a Bluetooth radio, a wideband radio, or an ultra-wideband radio; and
transition, based on the indication, to a higher power mode, wherein the higher power radio is enabled in the higher power mode, and wherein location beacons are broadcast via the higher power radio. 12. The apparatus of claim 11,
wherein the lower power radio is deactivated in the higher power mode. 13. The apparatus of claim 9,
wherein the transition in transportation mode comprises at least one of:
detection of a known transportation transition point; or
detection of a known transportation destination. 14. The apparatus of claim 9,
wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:
receive, from a companion device, an indication of an end of the trigger condition; and
in response to the indication, generate instructions to broadcast location beacons at the first transmission rate. 15. A non-transitory computer readable memory medium storing program instructions executable by processing circuitry of a multi-interface transponder (MIT) device to:
broadcast, to one or more neighboring wireless devices, location beacons at a first transmission rate; increase, in response to a trigger indication, the first transmission rate to a second transmission rate; and transmit, to the one or more neighboring wireless devices, location beacons at the second transmission rate. 16. The non-transitory computer readable memory medium of claim 15,
wherein the trigger indication comprises as least one of:
detection of a transition in transportation mode;
detection of a companion device moving more than a threshold distance from the MIT, wherein the companion device is included in the one or more neighboring wireless devices; or
detection of a change in velocity of the MIT. 17. The non-transitory computer readable memory medium of claim 16,
wherein the threshold distance is approximately 1 meter. 18. The non-transitory computer readable memory medium of claim 16,
wherein, to detect the transition in transportation mode, the program instructions are further executable to perform at least one of:
receiving an indication of the transition from the companion device;
detecting arrival at a known transportation transition point; or
detecting arrival at a known transportation destination. 19. The non-transitory computer readable memory medium of claim 15,
wherein the program instructions are further executable to:
receive, from a companion device, an indication to increase transmission power to a second transmission power, wherein the indication is based, at least in part, on medium congestion, and wherein the companion device is included in the one or more neighboring wireless devices; and
transmit, to the companion device, location beacons at the second transmission power. 20. The non-transitory computer readable memory medium of claim 15,
wherein the program instructions are further executable to:
receive, from a companion device, an indication of an end of a trigger condition, wherein the companion device is included in the one or more neighboring wireless devices; and
in response to the indication, generate instructions to broadcast location beacons at the first transmission rate. | Methods for performing power management of a multi-interface transponder (MIT) device, e.g., such as positional tag device. The MIT device may transition between various power states, e.g., based on detected events, such as detecting movement of the MIT device, receiving a wakeup signal, receiving an indication of a transition in transportation mode, and/or detecting that the MIT device may be lost, such as based on a lack of contact with another device for more than a threshold period of time.1. A multi-interface transponder (MIT) device, comprising:
a first radio comprising circuitry supporting at least a first radio access technology (RAT); a second radio comprising circuitry supporting at least a second RAT; and one or more processors coupled to the first radio and the second radio; wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the MIT device to:
broadcast location beacons at a first transmission rate and first transmission power;
increase, in response to detection of a trigger condition, the first transmission rate to a second transmission rate; and
broadcast location beacons at the second transmission rate and first transmission power. 2. The MIT device of claim 1,
wherein the trigger condition comprises receipt of an indication that a companion device has moved more than a threshold distance from the MIT device. 3. The MIT device of claim 2,
wherein the indication is received via the first radio; and wherein location beacons are transmitted via the second radio. 4. The MIT device of claim 2,
wherein the threshold distance is approximately 1 meter. 5. The MIT device of claim 1,
wherein the one or more processors are further configured to cause the MIT device to:
receive, from a companion device, an indication to increase transmission power to a second transmission power, wherein the indication is based, at least in part, on medium congestion; and
transmit, to the companion device, location beacons at the second transmission power. 6. The MIT device of claim 1,
wherein, prior to broadcasting location beacons at the first transmission rate and first transmission power, the one or more processors are further configured to cause the MIT device to:
receive, while operating in a low power mode, an indication of a transition in transportation mode from a companion device, wherein the second radio is disabled in the low power mode; and
transition, based on the indication, to a higher power mode, wherein the second radio is enabled in the higher power mode. 7. The MIT device of claim 6,
wherein the one or more processors are further configured to cause the MIT device to:
receive, from the companion device, an indication of an end of a transition in a transportation mode; and
transition, in response to the indication, back to the low power mode. 8. The MIT of claim 1,
wherein the trigger condition comprises detection of a transition in a mode of transportation, wherein the transition comprises a stopping of the mode of transportation, and wherein the trigger condition is based on a change in velocity of the MIT device. 9. An apparatus comprising:
a memory; and at least one processor in communication with the memory; wherein the at least one processor is configured to:
generate instructions to broadcast location beacons at a first transmission rate;
increase, in response to detection of a trigger condition, the first transmission rate to a second transmission rate, wherein the trigger condition comprises as least one of:
a transition in transportation mode;
a companion device moving more than a threshold distance from the apparatus; or
detection of a change in velocity of the apparatus; and
broadcast location beacons at the second transmission rate. 10. The apparatus of claim 9,
wherein the threshold distance is approximately 1 meter. 11. The apparatus of claim 9,
wherein, prior to generating instructions to broadcast location beacons at the first transmission rate and first transmission power, the at least one processor is further configured to:
receive, while operating in a low power mode, an indication of the transition in transportation mode from a companion device, wherein the indication is received via a lower power radio in communication with the at least one processor, wherein the lower power radio is at least one of an ultra-low power radio, a low power radio, or a Bluetooth radio, and wherein a higher power radio in communication with the at least one processor is disabled in the low power mode, wherein the higher power radio comprises at least one of a Bluetooth radio, a wideband radio, or an ultra-wideband radio; and
transition, based on the indication, to a higher power mode, wherein the higher power radio is enabled in the higher power mode, and wherein location beacons are broadcast via the higher power radio. 12. The apparatus of claim 11,
wherein the lower power radio is deactivated in the higher power mode. 13. The apparatus of claim 9,
wherein the transition in transportation mode comprises at least one of:
detection of a known transportation transition point; or
detection of a known transportation destination. 14. The apparatus of claim 9,
wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:
receive, from a companion device, an indication of an end of the trigger condition; and
in response to the indication, generate instructions to broadcast location beacons at the first transmission rate. 15. A non-transitory computer readable memory medium storing program instructions executable by processing circuitry of a multi-interface transponder (MIT) device to:
broadcast, to one or more neighboring wireless devices, location beacons at a first transmission rate; increase, in response to a trigger indication, the first transmission rate to a second transmission rate; and transmit, to the one or more neighboring wireless devices, location beacons at the second transmission rate. 16. The non-transitory computer readable memory medium of claim 15,
wherein the trigger indication comprises as least one of:
detection of a transition in transportation mode;
detection of a companion device moving more than a threshold distance from the MIT, wherein the companion device is included in the one or more neighboring wireless devices; or
detection of a change in velocity of the MIT. 17. The non-transitory computer readable memory medium of claim 16,
wherein the threshold distance is approximately 1 meter. 18. The non-transitory computer readable memory medium of claim 16,
wherein, to detect the transition in transportation mode, the program instructions are further executable to perform at least one of:
receiving an indication of the transition from the companion device;
detecting arrival at a known transportation transition point; or
detecting arrival at a known transportation destination. 19. The non-transitory computer readable memory medium of claim 15,
wherein the program instructions are further executable to:
receive, from a companion device, an indication to increase transmission power to a second transmission power, wherein the indication is based, at least in part, on medium congestion, and wherein the companion device is included in the one or more neighboring wireless devices; and
transmit, to the companion device, location beacons at the second transmission power. 20. The non-transitory computer readable memory medium of claim 15,
wherein the program instructions are further executable to:
receive, from a companion device, an indication of an end of a trigger condition, wherein the companion device is included in the one or more neighboring wireless devices; and
in response to the indication, generate instructions to broadcast location beacons at the first transmission rate. | 3,700 |
339,638 | 16,800,572 | 3,753 | Bolometers and methods of forming the same are provided. A bolometer that includes a substrate, a support structure comprising at least one SiGe layer and at least one Si layer, an absorber comprising reduced graphene oxide, and a thermistor comprising partially reduced graphene oxide are described. Also described are methods for forming bolometers and the parts contained therein. | 1. A bolometer, comprising:
a substrate; a support structure comprising at least one SiGe layer and at least one Si layer; and a bolometer bridge comprising:
an absorber comprising reduced graphene oxide,
an isolation layer, and
a thermistor comprising partially reduced graphene oxide,
wherein the support structure forms an electrical connection between the thermistor and the substrate, and wherein the support structure provides thermal isolation between the bolometer bridge and the substrate. 2. The bolometer according to claim 1, further comprising:
another support structure comprising at least one SiGe layer and at least one Si layer disposed between the substrate and the bolometer bridge, wherein the other support structure forms an electrical connection between the thermistor and the substrate. 3. The bolometer according to claim 2,
wherein the support structure includes a plurality of SiGe layers and a plurality of Si layers alternately arranged, and wherein the other support structures includes another plurality of SiGe layers and another plurality of Si layers alternately arrange. 4. The bolometer according to claim 2, wherein the SiGe layer is an alloy with a composition between Si0.8Ge0.2 and Si0.9Ge0.1, inclusive. 5. The bolometer according to claim 1, wherein a thickness of the absorber is between 20 and 200 nm, inclusive. 6. The bolometer according to claim 1, wherein a thickness of the thermistor is between 5 and 30 nm, inclusive. 7. The bolometer according to claim 1, wherein the isolation layer is disposed on the absorber, and the thermistor is disposed on the isolation layer. 8. The bolometer according to claim 7,
wherein the isolation layer comprises a dielectric, and wherein a thickness of the isolation layer is between 2 and 20 nm, inclusive. 9. The bolometer according to claim 1, wherein the support structure is doped to an n-doping level in a range of 1.0×10−18-1.0×10−20 cm−3, inclusive. 10. The bolometer according to claim 1, wherein the thermistor is proximate to the substrate relative to the absorber. 11. The bolometer according to claim 1, wherein the absorber is proximate to the substrate relative to the thermistor. 12. A method of forming a bolometer, comprising:
forming a plurality of SiGe layers and Si layers on a substrate that includes a mirror, wherein the plurality of SiGe layers and Si layers are alternately arranged; etching the plurality of SiGe layers and Si layers to form a plurality of support structures; forming a sacrificial layer around the plurality of support structures, wherein a surface of the sacrificial layer and at least one surface of each support structure lie approximately in the same plane; providing a bolometer bridge, that includes a thermistor comprising partially reduced graphene oxide, an absorber comprising reduced graphene oxide, and an isolation layer, on the surface of the sacrificial layer and the at least one surfaces of the support structures; and removing the sacrificial layer such that the bolometer bridge is supported by the support structures. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the plurality of support structures form an electrical connection between the thermistor and the substrate. 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the plurality of SiGe layers are alloys with a composition between Si0.8Ge0.2 and Si0.9Ge0.1, inclusive. 15. The method according to claim 12, wherein a thickness of the absorber is 20 to 200 nm, inclusive. 16. The method according to claim 12, wherein a thickness of the thermistor is between 5 and 30 nm, inclusive. 17. The method according to claim 12, wherein the isolation layer is disposed on the absorber, and the thermistor is disposed on the isolation layer. 18. The method according to claim 12, wherein the isolation layer comprises a dielectric, and wherein a thickness of the isolation layer is 2 to 20 nm, inclusive. 19. The method according to claim 12, wherein the bolometer bridge is provided such that the thermistor is proximate to the substrate relative to the absorber. 20. The method according to claim 12, wherein the bolometer bridge is provided such that the thermistor is proximate to the substrate relative to the thermistor. | Bolometers and methods of forming the same are provided. A bolometer that includes a substrate, a support structure comprising at least one SiGe layer and at least one Si layer, an absorber comprising reduced graphene oxide, and a thermistor comprising partially reduced graphene oxide are described. Also described are methods for forming bolometers and the parts contained therein.1. A bolometer, comprising:
a substrate; a support structure comprising at least one SiGe layer and at least one Si layer; and a bolometer bridge comprising:
an absorber comprising reduced graphene oxide,
an isolation layer, and
a thermistor comprising partially reduced graphene oxide,
wherein the support structure forms an electrical connection between the thermistor and the substrate, and wherein the support structure provides thermal isolation between the bolometer bridge and the substrate. 2. The bolometer according to claim 1, further comprising:
another support structure comprising at least one SiGe layer and at least one Si layer disposed between the substrate and the bolometer bridge, wherein the other support structure forms an electrical connection between the thermistor and the substrate. 3. The bolometer according to claim 2,
wherein the support structure includes a plurality of SiGe layers and a plurality of Si layers alternately arranged, and wherein the other support structures includes another plurality of SiGe layers and another plurality of Si layers alternately arrange. 4. The bolometer according to claim 2, wherein the SiGe layer is an alloy with a composition between Si0.8Ge0.2 and Si0.9Ge0.1, inclusive. 5. The bolometer according to claim 1, wherein a thickness of the absorber is between 20 and 200 nm, inclusive. 6. The bolometer according to claim 1, wherein a thickness of the thermistor is between 5 and 30 nm, inclusive. 7. The bolometer according to claim 1, wherein the isolation layer is disposed on the absorber, and the thermistor is disposed on the isolation layer. 8. The bolometer according to claim 7,
wherein the isolation layer comprises a dielectric, and wherein a thickness of the isolation layer is between 2 and 20 nm, inclusive. 9. The bolometer according to claim 1, wherein the support structure is doped to an n-doping level in a range of 1.0×10−18-1.0×10−20 cm−3, inclusive. 10. The bolometer according to claim 1, wherein the thermistor is proximate to the substrate relative to the absorber. 11. The bolometer according to claim 1, wherein the absorber is proximate to the substrate relative to the thermistor. 12. A method of forming a bolometer, comprising:
forming a plurality of SiGe layers and Si layers on a substrate that includes a mirror, wherein the plurality of SiGe layers and Si layers are alternately arranged; etching the plurality of SiGe layers and Si layers to form a plurality of support structures; forming a sacrificial layer around the plurality of support structures, wherein a surface of the sacrificial layer and at least one surface of each support structure lie approximately in the same plane; providing a bolometer bridge, that includes a thermistor comprising partially reduced graphene oxide, an absorber comprising reduced graphene oxide, and an isolation layer, on the surface of the sacrificial layer and the at least one surfaces of the support structures; and removing the sacrificial layer such that the bolometer bridge is supported by the support structures. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the plurality of support structures form an electrical connection between the thermistor and the substrate. 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the plurality of SiGe layers are alloys with a composition between Si0.8Ge0.2 and Si0.9Ge0.1, inclusive. 15. The method according to claim 12, wherein a thickness of the absorber is 20 to 200 nm, inclusive. 16. The method according to claim 12, wherein a thickness of the thermistor is between 5 and 30 nm, inclusive. 17. The method according to claim 12, wherein the isolation layer is disposed on the absorber, and the thermistor is disposed on the isolation layer. 18. The method according to claim 12, wherein the isolation layer comprises a dielectric, and wherein a thickness of the isolation layer is 2 to 20 nm, inclusive. 19. The method according to claim 12, wherein the bolometer bridge is provided such that the thermistor is proximate to the substrate relative to the absorber. 20. The method according to claim 12, wherein the bolometer bridge is provided such that the thermistor is proximate to the substrate relative to the thermistor. | 3,700 |
339,639 | 16,800,546 | 2,413 | A wireless device receives configuration of logical channels grouped into logical channel groups comprising a first logical channel group. A truncated buffer status report is transmitted. The truncated buffer status report comprises: a presence bit, and a plurality of buffer size fields. The presence bit indicates a presence of a buffer size field for the first logical channel group. The plurality of buffer size fields are for logical channel groups with logical channels having data for transmission following a decreasing order of priority. A number of the plurality of buffer size fields are determined based on a number of padding bits. | 1. A method comprising:
receiving, by a wireless device, configuration of logical channels grouped into logical channel groups comprising a first logical channel group; transmitting a truncated buffer status report comprising:
a presence bit indicating a presence of a buffer size field for the first logical channel group; and
a plurality of buffer size fields for logical channel groups with logical channels having data for transmission following a decreasing order of priority, a number of the plurality of buffer size fields being determined based on a number of padding bits. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving a downlink control information comprising an uplink grant indicating an uplink resource assignment, wherein the number of padding bits is at least based on a size of the uplink grant. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the truncated buffer status report (BSR) comprises a field comprising a plurality of presence bits comprising the presence bit, wherein a first bit position within the field corresponds to a first logical channel group identifier of the first logical channel group of the logical channel groups. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the truncated buffer status report (BSR) is associated with a medium access control subheader comprising a logical channel identifier and a length field, wherein the length field indicates a length of the truncated BSR. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of buffer size fields is determined based on a size of the truncated BSR that fits in the padding bits. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the truncated BSR is transmitted in response to the number of padding bits being:
larger than a size of a short BSR plus a short BSR subheader; and smaller than a size of a long BSR plus a long BSR subheader. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the configuration indicates a priority for a logical channel of the logical channels. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a first position of the presence bit identifies a logical channel group identifier. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein:
a first value of one for the presence bit indicates that the buffer size field for the first logical channel group corresponds to the presence bit is present in the truncated BSR; and a second value of zero for the presence bit indicates that the buffer size field for the first logical channel group corresponding to the presence bit is not present in the truncated BSR. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising transmitting the truncated BSR is further in response to the number of padding bits being equal to a size of a short BSR plus a short BSR subheader. 11. A wireless device comprising:
one or more processors; memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the wireless device to:
receive configuration of logical channels grouped into logical channel groups comprising a first logical channel group;
transmit a truncated buffer status report comprising:
a presence bit indicating a presence of a buffer size field for the first logical channel group; and
a plurality of buffer size fields for logical channel groups with logical channels having data for transmission following a decreasing order of priority, a number of the plurality of buffer size fields being determined based on a number of padding bits. 12. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the wireless device to receive a downlink control information comprising an uplink grant indicating an uplink resource assignment, wherein the number of padding bits is at least based on a size of the uplink grant. 13. The wireless device of claim 12, wherein the truncated buffer status report (BSR) comprises a field comprising a plurality of presence bits comprising the presence bit, wherein a first bit position within the field corresponds to a first logical channel group identifier of the first logical channel group of the logical channel groups. 14. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein the truncated buffer status report (BSR) is associated with a medium access control subheader comprising a logical channel identifier and a length field, wherein the length field indicates a length of the truncated BSR. 15. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein the plurality of buffer size fields is determined based on a size of the truncated BSR that fits in the padding bits. 16. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein the truncated BSR is transmitted in response to the number of padding bits being:
larger than a size of a short BSR plus a short BSR subheader; and smaller than a size of a long BSR plus a long BSR subheader. 17. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein the configuration indicates a priority for a logical channel of the logical channels. 18. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein a first position of the presence bit identifies a logical channel group identifier. 19. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein:
a first value of one for the presence bit indicates that the buffer size field for the first logical channel group corresponds to the presence bit is present in the truncated BSR; and a second value of zero for the presence bit indicates that the buffer size field for the first logical channel group corresponding to the presence bit is not present in the truncated BSR. 20. A system comprising:
a base station comprising:
one or more processors; and
memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors of the base station, cause the base station to:
transmit configuration of logical channels grouped into logical channel groups comprising a first logical channel group; and
a wireless device comprising:
one or more processors; and
memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors of the wireless device, cause the wireless device to:
receive the configuration of logical channels grouped into logical channel groups;
transmit a truncated buffer status report comprising:
a presence bit indicating a presence of a buffer size field for the first logical channel group; and
a plurality of buffer size fields for logical channel groups with logical channels having data for transmission following a decreasing order of priority, a number of the plurality of buffer size fields being determined based on a number of padding bits. | A wireless device receives configuration of logical channels grouped into logical channel groups comprising a first logical channel group. A truncated buffer status report is transmitted. The truncated buffer status report comprises: a presence bit, and a plurality of buffer size fields. The presence bit indicates a presence of a buffer size field for the first logical channel group. The plurality of buffer size fields are for logical channel groups with logical channels having data for transmission following a decreasing order of priority. A number of the plurality of buffer size fields are determined based on a number of padding bits.1. A method comprising:
receiving, by a wireless device, configuration of logical channels grouped into logical channel groups comprising a first logical channel group; transmitting a truncated buffer status report comprising:
a presence bit indicating a presence of a buffer size field for the first logical channel group; and
a plurality of buffer size fields for logical channel groups with logical channels having data for transmission following a decreasing order of priority, a number of the plurality of buffer size fields being determined based on a number of padding bits. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving a downlink control information comprising an uplink grant indicating an uplink resource assignment, wherein the number of padding bits is at least based on a size of the uplink grant. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the truncated buffer status report (BSR) comprises a field comprising a plurality of presence bits comprising the presence bit, wherein a first bit position within the field corresponds to a first logical channel group identifier of the first logical channel group of the logical channel groups. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the truncated buffer status report (BSR) is associated with a medium access control subheader comprising a logical channel identifier and a length field, wherein the length field indicates a length of the truncated BSR. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of buffer size fields is determined based on a size of the truncated BSR that fits in the padding bits. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the truncated BSR is transmitted in response to the number of padding bits being:
larger than a size of a short BSR plus a short BSR subheader; and smaller than a size of a long BSR plus a long BSR subheader. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the configuration indicates a priority for a logical channel of the logical channels. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a first position of the presence bit identifies a logical channel group identifier. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein:
a first value of one for the presence bit indicates that the buffer size field for the first logical channel group corresponds to the presence bit is present in the truncated BSR; and a second value of zero for the presence bit indicates that the buffer size field for the first logical channel group corresponding to the presence bit is not present in the truncated BSR. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising transmitting the truncated BSR is further in response to the number of padding bits being equal to a size of a short BSR plus a short BSR subheader. 11. A wireless device comprising:
one or more processors; memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the wireless device to:
receive configuration of logical channels grouped into logical channel groups comprising a first logical channel group;
transmit a truncated buffer status report comprising:
a presence bit indicating a presence of a buffer size field for the first logical channel group; and
a plurality of buffer size fields for logical channel groups with logical channels having data for transmission following a decreasing order of priority, a number of the plurality of buffer size fields being determined based on a number of padding bits. 12. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the wireless device to receive a downlink control information comprising an uplink grant indicating an uplink resource assignment, wherein the number of padding bits is at least based on a size of the uplink grant. 13. The wireless device of claim 12, wherein the truncated buffer status report (BSR) comprises a field comprising a plurality of presence bits comprising the presence bit, wherein a first bit position within the field corresponds to a first logical channel group identifier of the first logical channel group of the logical channel groups. 14. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein the truncated buffer status report (BSR) is associated with a medium access control subheader comprising a logical channel identifier and a length field, wherein the length field indicates a length of the truncated BSR. 15. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein the plurality of buffer size fields is determined based on a size of the truncated BSR that fits in the padding bits. 16. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein the truncated BSR is transmitted in response to the number of padding bits being:
larger than a size of a short BSR plus a short BSR subheader; and smaller than a size of a long BSR plus a long BSR subheader. 17. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein the configuration indicates a priority for a logical channel of the logical channels. 18. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein a first position of the presence bit identifies a logical channel group identifier. 19. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein:
a first value of one for the presence bit indicates that the buffer size field for the first logical channel group corresponds to the presence bit is present in the truncated BSR; and a second value of zero for the presence bit indicates that the buffer size field for the first logical channel group corresponding to the presence bit is not present in the truncated BSR. 20. A system comprising:
a base station comprising:
one or more processors; and
memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors of the base station, cause the base station to:
transmit configuration of logical channels grouped into logical channel groups comprising a first logical channel group; and
a wireless device comprising:
one or more processors; and
memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors of the wireless device, cause the wireless device to:
receive the configuration of logical channels grouped into logical channel groups;
transmit a truncated buffer status report comprising:
a presence bit indicating a presence of a buffer size field for the first logical channel group; and
a plurality of buffer size fields for logical channel groups with logical channels having data for transmission following a decreasing order of priority, a number of the plurality of buffer size fields being determined based on a number of padding bits. | 2,400 |
339,640 | 16,800,590 | 2,848 | A circuit board having multiple degrees of freedom, comprises a flat board and a conductive and flexible unit disposed on the flat board. The conductive and flexible unit comprises: an inner support plate, an outer support plate, and at least one flexible connector; a hollow portion is provided on the outer support plate; the inner support plate and the flexible connector are disposed in the hollow portion; the inner and the outer support plates are connected by the flexible connector; the flexible connector comprises an outer connecting portion, an inner connecting portion corresponding to the outer connecting portion, and an extension located between the outer connecting portion and the inner connecting portion. The circuit board has a simple and compact structure; the production efficiency is high; costs are low; a multi-axis flexible anti-shaking effect can be achieved without folding a flexible structure; the resilience performance is good. | 1. A circuit board with multi-degree-of-freedom (Multi-DOF), comprising a flat board and a conductive and flexible unit located on the flat board, wherein the conductive and flexible unit comprises an outer carrier plate, an inner carrier plate, and at least one flexible connector;
the outer carrier plate is provided with a hollow portion, the inner carrier plate and the flexible connector are located in the hollow portion, and the inner carrier plate and the outer carrier plate are connected to each other by the flexible connector; the flexible connector comprises an outer connecting portion, an inner connecting portion corresponding to the outer connecting portion, and an extension arranged between the outer connecting portion and the inner connecting portion; the extension has an outer end and an inner end; one end of the outer connecting portion is connected to the outer carrier plate, and the other end of the outer connecting portion is connected to the outer end of the extension; and one end of the inner connecting portion is connected to the inner carrier plate, and the other end of the inner connecting portion is connected to the inner end of the extension. 2. The circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 1, wherein the extension comprises a first linkage arm, a second linkage arm, and a bending portion; the first linkage arm and the second linkage arm are connected to each other through the bending portion. 3. The circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 2, wherein an intersection angle is provided between a first centreline of the first linkage arm and a second centreline of the second linkage arm, and the intersection angle is in a range from 45° to 135°. 4. The circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 3, wherein the intersection angle is 90°. 5. The circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 2, wherein the first linkage arm and the second linkage arm are each a wave-shaped linkage arm. 6. The circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 2, wherein the first linkage arm and the second linkage arm are each a rod-shaped linkage arm. 7. The circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 2, wherein there are 3 to 8 flexible connectors, and the flexible connectors are arranged at intervals between the inner carrier plate and the outer carrier plate. 8. The circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 1, wherein the outer carrier plate and the inner carrier plate are each provided with a positioning member for facilitating installation. 9. The circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 1, wherein a position of the outer carrier plate corresponding to the outer connecting portion and a position of the inner carrier plate corresponding to the inner connecting portion are each provided with a rounded corner or a chamfer. 10. An anti-shaking miniature actuator comprising a circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 1, wherein the anti-shaking miniature actuator further comprises a housing, a positioning base, a magnet group, a spring system, a lens, a lens holder, an image sensor, and a coil group; the positioning base is located on the housing, the magnet group is located on the housing, the lens holder is disposed on the positioning base through the spring system, the coil group is disposed outside of the lens holder corresponding to the magnet group; the lens is disposed on the lens holder; an outer carrier plate of a conductive and flexible unit is installed on the positioning base, and the image sensor is disposed on an inner carrier plate of the conductive and flexible unit. 11. An anti-shaking miniature actuator comprising a circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 2, wherein the anti-shaking miniature actuator further comprises a housing, a positioning base, a magnet group, a spring system, a lens, a lens holder, an image sensor, and a coil group; the positioning base is located on the housing, the magnet group is located on the housing, the lens holder is disposed on the positioning base through the spring system, the coil group is disposed outside of the lens holder corresponding to the magnet group; the lens is disposed on the lens holder; an outer carrier plate of a conductive and flexible unit is installed on the positioning base, and the image sensor is disposed on an inner carrier plate of the conductive and flexible unit. 12. An anti-shaking miniature actuator comprising a circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 3, wherein the anti-shaking miniature actuator further comprises a housing, a positioning base, a magnet group, a spring system, a lens, a lens holder, an image sensor, and a coil group; the positioning base is located on the housing, the magnet group is located on the housing, the lens holder is disposed on the positioning base through the spring system, the coil group is disposed outside of the lens holder corresponding to the magnet group; the lens is disposed on the lens holder; an outer carrier plate of a conductive and flexible unit is installed on the positioning base, and the image sensor is disposed on an inner carrier plate of the conductive and flexible unit. 13. An anti-shaking miniature actuator comprising a circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 4, wherein the anti-shaking miniature actuator further comprises a housing, a positioning base, a magnet group, a spring system, a lens, a lens holder, an image sensor, and a coil group; the positioning base is located on the housing, the magnet group is located on the housing, the lens holder is disposed on the positioning base through the spring system, the coil group is disposed outside of the lens holder corresponding to the magnet group; the lens is disposed on the lens holder; an outer carrier plate of a conductive and flexible unit is installed on the positioning base, and the image sensor is disposed on an inner carrier plate of the conductive and flexible unit. 14. An anti-shaking miniature actuator comprising a circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 5, wherein the anti-shaking miniature actuator further comprises a housing, a positioning base, a magnet group, a spring system, a lens, a lens holder, an image sensor, and a coil group; the positioning base is located on the housing, the magnet group is located on the housing, the lens holder is disposed on the positioning base through the spring system, the coil group is disposed outside of the lens holder corresponding to the magnet group; the lens is disposed on the lens holder; an outer carrier plate of a conductive and flexible unit is installed on the positioning base, and the image sensor is disposed on an inner carrier plate of the conductive and flexible unit. 15. An anti-shaking miniature actuator comprising a circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 6, wherein the anti-shaking miniature actuator further comprises a housing, a positioning base, a magnet group, a spring system, a lens, a lens holder, an image sensor, and a coil group; the positioning base is located on the housing, the magnet group is located on the housing, the lens holder is disposed on the positioning base through the spring system, the coil group is disposed outside of the lens holder corresponding to the magnet group; the lens is disposed on the lens holder; an outer carrier plate of a conductive and flexible unit is installed on the positioning base, and the image sensor is disposed on an inner carrier plate of the conductive and flexible unit. 16. An anti-shaking miniature actuator comprising a circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 7, wherein the anti-shaking miniature actuator further comprises a housing, a positioning base, a magnet group, a spring system, a lens, a lens holder, an image sensor, and a coil group; the positioning base is located on the housing, the magnet group is located on the housing, the lens holder is disposed on the positioning base through the spring system, the coil group is disposed outside of the lens holder corresponding to the magnet group; the lens is disposed on the lens holder; an outer carrier plate of a conductive and flexible unit is installed on the positioning base, and the image sensor is disposed on an inner carrier plate of the conductive and flexible unit. 17. An anti-shaking miniature actuator comprising a circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 8, wherein the anti-shaking miniature actuator further comprises a housing, a positioning base, a magnet group, a spring system, a lens, a lens holder, an image sensor, and a coil group; the positioning base is located on the housing, the magnet group is located on the housing, the lens holder is disposed on the positioning base through the spring system, the coil group is disposed outside of the lens holder corresponding to the magnet group; the lens is disposed on the lens holder; an outer carrier plate of a conductive and flexible unit is installed on the positioning base, and the image sensor is disposed on an inner carrier plate of the conductive and flexible unit. 18. An anti-shaking miniature actuator comprising a circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 9, wherein the anti-shaking miniature actuator further comprises a housing, a positioning base, a magnet group, a spring system, a lens, a lens holder, an image sensor, and a coil group; the positioning base is located on the housing, the magnet group is located on the housing, the lens holder is disposed on the positioning base through the spring system, the coil group is disposed outside of the lens holder corresponding to the magnet group; the lens is disposed on the lens holder; an outer carrier plate of a conductive and flexible unit is installed on the positioning base, and the image sensor is disposed on an inner carrier plate of the conductive and flexible unit. | A circuit board having multiple degrees of freedom, comprises a flat board and a conductive and flexible unit disposed on the flat board. The conductive and flexible unit comprises: an inner support plate, an outer support plate, and at least one flexible connector; a hollow portion is provided on the outer support plate; the inner support plate and the flexible connector are disposed in the hollow portion; the inner and the outer support plates are connected by the flexible connector; the flexible connector comprises an outer connecting portion, an inner connecting portion corresponding to the outer connecting portion, and an extension located between the outer connecting portion and the inner connecting portion. The circuit board has a simple and compact structure; the production efficiency is high; costs are low; a multi-axis flexible anti-shaking effect can be achieved without folding a flexible structure; the resilience performance is good.1. A circuit board with multi-degree-of-freedom (Multi-DOF), comprising a flat board and a conductive and flexible unit located on the flat board, wherein the conductive and flexible unit comprises an outer carrier plate, an inner carrier plate, and at least one flexible connector;
the outer carrier plate is provided with a hollow portion, the inner carrier plate and the flexible connector are located in the hollow portion, and the inner carrier plate and the outer carrier plate are connected to each other by the flexible connector; the flexible connector comprises an outer connecting portion, an inner connecting portion corresponding to the outer connecting portion, and an extension arranged between the outer connecting portion and the inner connecting portion; the extension has an outer end and an inner end; one end of the outer connecting portion is connected to the outer carrier plate, and the other end of the outer connecting portion is connected to the outer end of the extension; and one end of the inner connecting portion is connected to the inner carrier plate, and the other end of the inner connecting portion is connected to the inner end of the extension. 2. The circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 1, wherein the extension comprises a first linkage arm, a second linkage arm, and a bending portion; the first linkage arm and the second linkage arm are connected to each other through the bending portion. 3. The circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 2, wherein an intersection angle is provided between a first centreline of the first linkage arm and a second centreline of the second linkage arm, and the intersection angle is in a range from 45° to 135°. 4. The circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 3, wherein the intersection angle is 90°. 5. The circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 2, wherein the first linkage arm and the second linkage arm are each a wave-shaped linkage arm. 6. The circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 2, wherein the first linkage arm and the second linkage arm are each a rod-shaped linkage arm. 7. The circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 2, wherein there are 3 to 8 flexible connectors, and the flexible connectors are arranged at intervals between the inner carrier plate and the outer carrier plate. 8. The circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 1, wherein the outer carrier plate and the inner carrier plate are each provided with a positioning member for facilitating installation. 9. The circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 1, wherein a position of the outer carrier plate corresponding to the outer connecting portion and a position of the inner carrier plate corresponding to the inner connecting portion are each provided with a rounded corner or a chamfer. 10. An anti-shaking miniature actuator comprising a circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 1, wherein the anti-shaking miniature actuator further comprises a housing, a positioning base, a magnet group, a spring system, a lens, a lens holder, an image sensor, and a coil group; the positioning base is located on the housing, the magnet group is located on the housing, the lens holder is disposed on the positioning base through the spring system, the coil group is disposed outside of the lens holder corresponding to the magnet group; the lens is disposed on the lens holder; an outer carrier plate of a conductive and flexible unit is installed on the positioning base, and the image sensor is disposed on an inner carrier plate of the conductive and flexible unit. 11. An anti-shaking miniature actuator comprising a circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 2, wherein the anti-shaking miniature actuator further comprises a housing, a positioning base, a magnet group, a spring system, a lens, a lens holder, an image sensor, and a coil group; the positioning base is located on the housing, the magnet group is located on the housing, the lens holder is disposed on the positioning base through the spring system, the coil group is disposed outside of the lens holder corresponding to the magnet group; the lens is disposed on the lens holder; an outer carrier plate of a conductive and flexible unit is installed on the positioning base, and the image sensor is disposed on an inner carrier plate of the conductive and flexible unit. 12. An anti-shaking miniature actuator comprising a circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 3, wherein the anti-shaking miniature actuator further comprises a housing, a positioning base, a magnet group, a spring system, a lens, a lens holder, an image sensor, and a coil group; the positioning base is located on the housing, the magnet group is located on the housing, the lens holder is disposed on the positioning base through the spring system, the coil group is disposed outside of the lens holder corresponding to the magnet group; the lens is disposed on the lens holder; an outer carrier plate of a conductive and flexible unit is installed on the positioning base, and the image sensor is disposed on an inner carrier plate of the conductive and flexible unit. 13. An anti-shaking miniature actuator comprising a circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 4, wherein the anti-shaking miniature actuator further comprises a housing, a positioning base, a magnet group, a spring system, a lens, a lens holder, an image sensor, and a coil group; the positioning base is located on the housing, the magnet group is located on the housing, the lens holder is disposed on the positioning base through the spring system, the coil group is disposed outside of the lens holder corresponding to the magnet group; the lens is disposed on the lens holder; an outer carrier plate of a conductive and flexible unit is installed on the positioning base, and the image sensor is disposed on an inner carrier plate of the conductive and flexible unit. 14. An anti-shaking miniature actuator comprising a circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 5, wherein the anti-shaking miniature actuator further comprises a housing, a positioning base, a magnet group, a spring system, a lens, a lens holder, an image sensor, and a coil group; the positioning base is located on the housing, the magnet group is located on the housing, the lens holder is disposed on the positioning base through the spring system, the coil group is disposed outside of the lens holder corresponding to the magnet group; the lens is disposed on the lens holder; an outer carrier plate of a conductive and flexible unit is installed on the positioning base, and the image sensor is disposed on an inner carrier plate of the conductive and flexible unit. 15. An anti-shaking miniature actuator comprising a circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 6, wherein the anti-shaking miniature actuator further comprises a housing, a positioning base, a magnet group, a spring system, a lens, a lens holder, an image sensor, and a coil group; the positioning base is located on the housing, the magnet group is located on the housing, the lens holder is disposed on the positioning base through the spring system, the coil group is disposed outside of the lens holder corresponding to the magnet group; the lens is disposed on the lens holder; an outer carrier plate of a conductive and flexible unit is installed on the positioning base, and the image sensor is disposed on an inner carrier plate of the conductive and flexible unit. 16. An anti-shaking miniature actuator comprising a circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 7, wherein the anti-shaking miniature actuator further comprises a housing, a positioning base, a magnet group, a spring system, a lens, a lens holder, an image sensor, and a coil group; the positioning base is located on the housing, the magnet group is located on the housing, the lens holder is disposed on the positioning base through the spring system, the coil group is disposed outside of the lens holder corresponding to the magnet group; the lens is disposed on the lens holder; an outer carrier plate of a conductive and flexible unit is installed on the positioning base, and the image sensor is disposed on an inner carrier plate of the conductive and flexible unit. 17. An anti-shaking miniature actuator comprising a circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 8, wherein the anti-shaking miniature actuator further comprises a housing, a positioning base, a magnet group, a spring system, a lens, a lens holder, an image sensor, and a coil group; the positioning base is located on the housing, the magnet group is located on the housing, the lens holder is disposed on the positioning base through the spring system, the coil group is disposed outside of the lens holder corresponding to the magnet group; the lens is disposed on the lens holder; an outer carrier plate of a conductive and flexible unit is installed on the positioning base, and the image sensor is disposed on an inner carrier plate of the conductive and flexible unit. 18. An anti-shaking miniature actuator comprising a circuit board with Multi-DOF according to claim 9, wherein the anti-shaking miniature actuator further comprises a housing, a positioning base, a magnet group, a spring system, a lens, a lens holder, an image sensor, and a coil group; the positioning base is located on the housing, the magnet group is located on the housing, the lens holder is disposed on the positioning base through the spring system, the coil group is disposed outside of the lens holder corresponding to the magnet group; the lens is disposed on the lens holder; an outer carrier plate of a conductive and flexible unit is installed on the positioning base, and the image sensor is disposed on an inner carrier plate of the conductive and flexible unit. | 2,800 |
339,641 | 16,800,552 | 2,848 | A subcooler is made up of a plate type heat exchanger. The accumulator is located between a compressor and the subcooler in a width direction of an outdoor unit in a planar view. The subcooler overlaps with the accumulator in the width direction in the planar view. As a result, a compact heat pump can be provided when the subcooler is a plate type heat exchanger. | 1. A heat pump comprising:
an outdoor unit which includes:
a receiver;
a subcooler provided in a liquid refrigerant path of a refrigerant flow downstream of the receiver;
an accumulator provided in an intake path of a compressor; and
an oil separator provided in a discharge path of the compressor,
wherein:
the subcooler comprises a plate type heat exchanger, and
the subcooler is adjacent to the receiver in a planar view. 2. The heat pump according to claim 1, wherein the accumulator is positioned between the compressor and the subcooler in the planar view. 3. The heat pump according to claim 2, wherein the accumulator is located between the compressor and the subcooler in a width direction of the outdoor unit in a planar view. 4. The heat pump according to claim 1, wherein the oil separator is positioned between the receiver and the compressor in the planar view. 5. The heat pump according to claim 1, further comprising:
a housing; and wherein the compressor, the receiver, the subcooler, the accumulator, and the oil separator are disposed within the housing. 6. The heat pump according to claim 1, wherein:
the accumulator is provided downstream from the compressor in a flow path; and the oil separator is provided upstream from the compressor in the flow path. 7. The heat pump according to claim 1, wherein the accumulator, the oil separator, and the receiver are arranged in an L shape in the planar view. 8. An outdoor unit of a heat pump, the outdoor unit comprising:
a receiver fluidically coupled to a compressor; a subcooler provided downstream of the receiver in a liquid refrigerant flow path, the subcooler comprising a plate type heat exchanger and, in a top planar view, the subcooler is disposed adjacent to the receiver; an accumulator provided in an intake flow path corresponding to the compressor; an oil separator provided in a discharge flow path corresponding to the compressor. 9. The outdoor unit of claim 8, further comprising:
the compressor; and wherein the accumulator is interposed between the compressor and the subcooler. 10. The outdoor unit of claim 9, wherein:
a first plane extends between the compressor and the subcooler; and the accumulator is disposed along the first plane between the compressor and the subcooler. 11. The outdoor unit of claim 10, wherein:
a second plane extends between the subcooler and the receiver; and the second plane is perpendicular to the first plane. 12. The outdoor unit of claim 8, wherein the oil separator is interposed between the compressor and the receiver. 13. The outdoor unit of claim 12, wherein:
a first plane extends between the compressor and the receiver; and the oil separator is disposed along the first plane between the compressor and the subcooler. 14. The outdoor unit of claim 13, wherein:
a second plane extends between the accumulator and the oil separator; and the second plane is perpendicular to the first plane. 15. The outdoor unit of claim 8, further comprising:
a housing; and wherein the compressor, the receiver, the subcooler, the accumulator, and the oil separator are disposed within the housing. 16. The outdoor unit of claim 8, wherein:
the accumulator is provided downstream from the compressor in the liquid refrigerant flow path; and the oil separator is provided upstream from the compressor in the liquid refrigerant flow path. 17. The outdoor unit of claim 8, wherein the accumulator, the oil separator, and the receiver are arranged in an L shape in the planar view. 18. The outdoor unit of claim 19, wherein the accumulator, the subcooler, and the receiver are arranged in an L shape in the planar view. | A subcooler is made up of a plate type heat exchanger. The accumulator is located between a compressor and the subcooler in a width direction of an outdoor unit in a planar view. The subcooler overlaps with the accumulator in the width direction in the planar view. As a result, a compact heat pump can be provided when the subcooler is a plate type heat exchanger.1. A heat pump comprising:
an outdoor unit which includes:
a receiver;
a subcooler provided in a liquid refrigerant path of a refrigerant flow downstream of the receiver;
an accumulator provided in an intake path of a compressor; and
an oil separator provided in a discharge path of the compressor,
wherein:
the subcooler comprises a plate type heat exchanger, and
the subcooler is adjacent to the receiver in a planar view. 2. The heat pump according to claim 1, wherein the accumulator is positioned between the compressor and the subcooler in the planar view. 3. The heat pump according to claim 2, wherein the accumulator is located between the compressor and the subcooler in a width direction of the outdoor unit in a planar view. 4. The heat pump according to claim 1, wherein the oil separator is positioned between the receiver and the compressor in the planar view. 5. The heat pump according to claim 1, further comprising:
a housing; and wherein the compressor, the receiver, the subcooler, the accumulator, and the oil separator are disposed within the housing. 6. The heat pump according to claim 1, wherein:
the accumulator is provided downstream from the compressor in a flow path; and the oil separator is provided upstream from the compressor in the flow path. 7. The heat pump according to claim 1, wherein the accumulator, the oil separator, and the receiver are arranged in an L shape in the planar view. 8. An outdoor unit of a heat pump, the outdoor unit comprising:
a receiver fluidically coupled to a compressor; a subcooler provided downstream of the receiver in a liquid refrigerant flow path, the subcooler comprising a plate type heat exchanger and, in a top planar view, the subcooler is disposed adjacent to the receiver; an accumulator provided in an intake flow path corresponding to the compressor; an oil separator provided in a discharge flow path corresponding to the compressor. 9. The outdoor unit of claim 8, further comprising:
the compressor; and wherein the accumulator is interposed between the compressor and the subcooler. 10. The outdoor unit of claim 9, wherein:
a first plane extends between the compressor and the subcooler; and the accumulator is disposed along the first plane between the compressor and the subcooler. 11. The outdoor unit of claim 10, wherein:
a second plane extends between the subcooler and the receiver; and the second plane is perpendicular to the first plane. 12. The outdoor unit of claim 8, wherein the oil separator is interposed between the compressor and the receiver. 13. The outdoor unit of claim 12, wherein:
a first plane extends between the compressor and the receiver; and the oil separator is disposed along the first plane between the compressor and the subcooler. 14. The outdoor unit of claim 13, wherein:
a second plane extends between the accumulator and the oil separator; and the second plane is perpendicular to the first plane. 15. The outdoor unit of claim 8, further comprising:
a housing; and wherein the compressor, the receiver, the subcooler, the accumulator, and the oil separator are disposed within the housing. 16. The outdoor unit of claim 8, wherein:
the accumulator is provided downstream from the compressor in the liquid refrigerant flow path; and the oil separator is provided upstream from the compressor in the liquid refrigerant flow path. 17. The outdoor unit of claim 8, wherein the accumulator, the oil separator, and the receiver are arranged in an L shape in the planar view. 18. The outdoor unit of claim 19, wherein the accumulator, the subcooler, and the receiver are arranged in an L shape in the planar view. | 2,800 |
339,642 | 16,800,534 | 2,848 | A gaming machine that provides an operation unit, a display unit that displays a plurality of symbols in a determination area, changes and stops a plurality of symbols displayed on the display unit according to an operation of a player received from an operation unit, and a control unit that pays a payout according to the symbol stopped inside of the determination area, a control unit displays an object that shows a symbol inside of a virtual three-dimensional space that extends a column of the determination area in a depth direction on the display unit, aligns a plurality of objects in a depth direction in a non-determination area and the determination area, and changes a plurality of symbols by moving the plurality of objects along in a depth direction. | 1. A gaming machine, comprising:
a cabinet; a display mounted to the cabinet; and a control unit including a processor programed to execute an algorithm including the steps of: displaying a game on the display including a three-dimensional game screen including a determination area, a non-determination area, and a plurality of reels tilted in a depth direction of the game screen, each reel displaying symbols within the determination area and at least one reel displaying symbols within the determination area and the non-determination area; spinning the least one reel to move associated symbols displayed with the at least one reel through the determination area and the non-determination area; and stopping the at least one reel to form an outcome of the game defined by symbols displayed in the determination area. 2. The gaming machine of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
displaying at least two other reels without symbols displayed in the non-determination area. 3. The gaming machine of claim 2, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
holding the at least two other reels in position as the at least one reel spins to move the associated symbols through the determination area and the non-determination area. 4. The gaming machine of claim 3, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
replacing each symbol being displayed with the at least two other reels to an identical symbol before spinning the at least one reel. 5. The gaming machine of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
displaying a first instance of the game with the plurality of reels displayed in a two-dimensional game screen; spinning and stopping the reels to display a first outcome of the first instance; and animating the plurality of reels from the two-dimensional game screen to the three-dimensional game screen upon detecting a trigger condition in the first outcome by tilting the plurality of reels in the depth direction to a predetermined angle; and spinning and stopping the least one reel to display a second instance of the game. 6. The gaming machine of claim 5, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
displaying the at least one reel with a first number of symbols in the two-dimensional game screen and a second number of symbols in the three-dimensional game screen that is greater than the first number of symbols. 7. The gaming machine of claim 6, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
animating the plurality of reels from the three-dimensional game screen to the two-dimensional game screen after conducting a predefined number of instances of the game with the three-dimensional game screen. 8. The gaming machine of claim 6, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
displaying the two-dimensional game screen including the determination area and stopping the at least one reel to form the first outcome of the first instance defined by symbols displayed in the determination area. 9. The gaming machine of claim 8, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
displaying the two-dimensional game screen without the non-determination area. 10. A method of operating a gaming machine including a display mounted to a cabinet and a control unit including a processor operably coupled to the display, the method including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
displaying a game on the display including a three-dimensional game screen including a determination area, a non-determination area, and a plurality of reels tilted in a depth direction of the game screen, each reel displaying symbols within the determination area and at least one reel displaying symbols within the determination area and the non-determination area; spinning the least one reel to move associated symbols displayed with the at least one reel through the determination area and the non-determination area; and stopping the at least one reel to form an outcome of the game defined by symbols displayed in the determination area. 11. The method of claim 10, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
displaying at least two other reels without symbols displayed in the non-determination area. 12. The method of claim 11, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
holding the at least two other reels in position as the at least one reel spins to move the associated symbols through the determination area and the non-determination area. 13. The method of claim 12, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
replacing each symbol being displayed with the at least two other reels to an identical symbol before spinning the at least one reel. 14. The method of claim 10, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
displaying a first instance of the game with the plurality of reels displayed in a two-dimensional game screen; spinning and stopping the reels to display a first outcome of the first instance; and animating the plurality of reels from the two-dimensional game screen to the three-dimensional game screen upon detecting a trigger condition in the first outcome by tilting the plurality of reels in the depth direction to a predetermined angle; and spinning and stopping the least one reel to display a second instance of the game. 15. The method of claim 14, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
displaying the at least one reel with a first number of symbols in the two-dimensional game screen and a second number of symbols in the three-dimensional game screen that is greater than the first number of symbols. 16. The method of claim 15, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
animating the plurality of reels from the three-dimensional game screen to the two-dimensional game screen after conducting a predefined number of instances of the game with the three-dimensional game screen. 17. The method of claim 15, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
displaying the two-dimensional game screen including the determination area and stopping the at least one reel to form the first outcome of the first instance defined by symbols displayed in the determination area. 18. The method of claim 17, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
displaying the two-dimensional game screen without the non-determination area. 19. A non-transitory computer-readable storage media having computer-executable instructions embodied thereon, when executed by at least one processor the computer-executable instructions cause the at least one processor to perform an algorithm including the steps of:
displaying a game on a display including a three-dimensional game screen including a determination area, a non-determination area, and a plurality of reels tilted in a depth direction of the game screen, each reel displaying symbols within the determination area and at least one reel displaying symbols within the determination area and the non-determination area; spinning the least one reel to move associated symbols displayed with the at least one reel through the determination area and the non-determination area; and stopping the at least one reel to form an outcome of the game defined by symbols displayed in the determination area. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 19, wherein the computer-executable instructions cause the at least one processor to perform the algorithm including the steps of:
displaying a first instance of the game with the plurality of reels displayed in a two-dimensional game screen; spinning and stopping the reels to display a first outcome of the first instance; and animating the plurality of reels from the two-dimensional game screen to the three-dimensional game screen upon detecting a trigger condition in the first outcome by tilting the plurality of reels in the depth direction to a predetermined angle; and spinning and stopping the least one reel to display a second instance of the game. | A gaming machine that provides an operation unit, a display unit that displays a plurality of symbols in a determination area, changes and stops a plurality of symbols displayed on the display unit according to an operation of a player received from an operation unit, and a control unit that pays a payout according to the symbol stopped inside of the determination area, a control unit displays an object that shows a symbol inside of a virtual three-dimensional space that extends a column of the determination area in a depth direction on the display unit, aligns a plurality of objects in a depth direction in a non-determination area and the determination area, and changes a plurality of symbols by moving the plurality of objects along in a depth direction.1. A gaming machine, comprising:
a cabinet; a display mounted to the cabinet; and a control unit including a processor programed to execute an algorithm including the steps of: displaying a game on the display including a three-dimensional game screen including a determination area, a non-determination area, and a plurality of reels tilted in a depth direction of the game screen, each reel displaying symbols within the determination area and at least one reel displaying symbols within the determination area and the non-determination area; spinning the least one reel to move associated symbols displayed with the at least one reel through the determination area and the non-determination area; and stopping the at least one reel to form an outcome of the game defined by symbols displayed in the determination area. 2. The gaming machine of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
displaying at least two other reels without symbols displayed in the non-determination area. 3. The gaming machine of claim 2, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
holding the at least two other reels in position as the at least one reel spins to move the associated symbols through the determination area and the non-determination area. 4. The gaming machine of claim 3, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
replacing each symbol being displayed with the at least two other reels to an identical symbol before spinning the at least one reel. 5. The gaming machine of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
displaying a first instance of the game with the plurality of reels displayed in a two-dimensional game screen; spinning and stopping the reels to display a first outcome of the first instance; and animating the plurality of reels from the two-dimensional game screen to the three-dimensional game screen upon detecting a trigger condition in the first outcome by tilting the plurality of reels in the depth direction to a predetermined angle; and spinning and stopping the least one reel to display a second instance of the game. 6. The gaming machine of claim 5, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
displaying the at least one reel with a first number of symbols in the two-dimensional game screen and a second number of symbols in the three-dimensional game screen that is greater than the first number of symbols. 7. The gaming machine of claim 6, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
animating the plurality of reels from the three-dimensional game screen to the two-dimensional game screen after conducting a predefined number of instances of the game with the three-dimensional game screen. 8. The gaming machine of claim 6, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
displaying the two-dimensional game screen including the determination area and stopping the at least one reel to form the first outcome of the first instance defined by symbols displayed in the determination area. 9. The gaming machine of claim 8, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
displaying the two-dimensional game screen without the non-determination area. 10. A method of operating a gaming machine including a display mounted to a cabinet and a control unit including a processor operably coupled to the display, the method including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
displaying a game on the display including a three-dimensional game screen including a determination area, a non-determination area, and a plurality of reels tilted in a depth direction of the game screen, each reel displaying symbols within the determination area and at least one reel displaying symbols within the determination area and the non-determination area; spinning the least one reel to move associated symbols displayed with the at least one reel through the determination area and the non-determination area; and stopping the at least one reel to form an outcome of the game defined by symbols displayed in the determination area. 11. The method of claim 10, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
displaying at least two other reels without symbols displayed in the non-determination area. 12. The method of claim 11, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
holding the at least two other reels in position as the at least one reel spins to move the associated symbols through the determination area and the non-determination area. 13. The method of claim 12, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
replacing each symbol being displayed with the at least two other reels to an identical symbol before spinning the at least one reel. 14. The method of claim 10, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
displaying a first instance of the game with the plurality of reels displayed in a two-dimensional game screen; spinning and stopping the reels to display a first outcome of the first instance; and animating the plurality of reels from the two-dimensional game screen to the three-dimensional game screen upon detecting a trigger condition in the first outcome by tilting the plurality of reels in the depth direction to a predetermined angle; and spinning and stopping the least one reel to display a second instance of the game. 15. The method of claim 14, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
displaying the at least one reel with a first number of symbols in the two-dimensional game screen and a second number of symbols in the three-dimensional game screen that is greater than the first number of symbols. 16. The method of claim 15, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
animating the plurality of reels from the three-dimensional game screen to the two-dimensional game screen after conducting a predefined number of instances of the game with the three-dimensional game screen. 17. The method of claim 15, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
displaying the two-dimensional game screen including the determination area and stopping the at least one reel to form the first outcome of the first instance defined by symbols displayed in the determination area. 18. The method of claim 17, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
displaying the two-dimensional game screen without the non-determination area. 19. A non-transitory computer-readable storage media having computer-executable instructions embodied thereon, when executed by at least one processor the computer-executable instructions cause the at least one processor to perform an algorithm including the steps of:
displaying a game on a display including a three-dimensional game screen including a determination area, a non-determination area, and a plurality of reels tilted in a depth direction of the game screen, each reel displaying symbols within the determination area and at least one reel displaying symbols within the determination area and the non-determination area; spinning the least one reel to move associated symbols displayed with the at least one reel through the determination area and the non-determination area; and stopping the at least one reel to form an outcome of the game defined by symbols displayed in the determination area. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 19, wherein the computer-executable instructions cause the at least one processor to perform the algorithm including the steps of:
displaying a first instance of the game with the plurality of reels displayed in a two-dimensional game screen; spinning and stopping the reels to display a first outcome of the first instance; and animating the plurality of reels from the two-dimensional game screen to the three-dimensional game screen upon detecting a trigger condition in the first outcome by tilting the plurality of reels in the depth direction to a predetermined angle; and spinning and stopping the least one reel to display a second instance of the game. | 2,800 |
339,643 | 16,800,542 | 2,848 | A load-sensor-based system utilizing a digital serial synchronous interface (SSI). One example system includes an A/D converter configured to be coupled to a load sensor and to receive signals indicating a load on the load sensor. A first controller is coupled to the A/D converter and to the SSI and is configured to receive, via the A/D converter, a first signal at a first sampling rate. The first controller is also configured to receive, via the A/D converter, a second signal at the first sampling rate, and receive, via the SSI, a request for a load value at a first period of time. The first controller is configured to determine the load value at the first period of time based on the first and second signals, and send, via the SSI, the load value at the first period of time to the load controller. | 1. A system comprising:
an analog-to-digital converter configured to be coupled to a load sensor and configured to receive signals indicating a load on the load sensor; a serial synchronous interface; a first controller coupled to the analog-to-digital converter and coupled to the serial synchronous interface; and a load controller coupled to the serial synchronous interface, wherein the first controller is configured to:
receive, via the analog-to-digital converter, a first signal at a first sampling rate;
receive, via the analog-to-digital converter, a second signal at the first sampling rate;
receive, via the serial synchronous interface, a request for a load value at a first period of time;
determine the load value at the first period of time based on the first signal and the second signal; and
send, via the serial synchronous interface, the load value at the first period of time to the load controller. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first controller is further configured to:
determine, based on the first signal and the second signal, a rate of change of the load on the load sensor. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the first controller is further configured to:
determine, based on the rate of change of the load on the load sensor, the load value at the first period of time. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the first controller is further configured to:
receive, via the serial synchronous interface, a clock signal at a second sampling rate different from the first sampling rate. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the request for the load value is a pause in the clock signal. 6. The system of claim 4, wherein the first controller is further configured to:
receive, via the serial synchronous interface, a second clock signal at a third sampling rate different than the second sampling rate; and adjust the sampling rate of the analog-to-digital converter to a fourth sampling rate at least twice the sampling rate of the third sampling rate. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the first controller is further configured to:
apply a first time-stamp to the first signal upon receiving the first signal; and apply a second time-stamp to the second signal upon receiving the second signal. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the first controller is further configured to:
apply a calibration equation to the first signal upon receiving the first signal; and apply the calibration equation to the second signal upon receiving the second signal. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the analog-to-digital converter, the serial synchronous interface, and the first controller are situated within at least one selected from a group consisting of a load cell, a torque transducer, and a pressure sensor. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the analog-to-digital converter is coupled directly to a load cell. 11. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
an actuator coupled to the load controller, the load controller configured to control the actuator based on the load value at the first period of time. 12. A method executed on a computing device for determining a load value of a load sensor, the method comprising:
receiving, at an analog-to-digital converter, a first signal; quantizing, at the analog-to-digital converter, the first signal; receiving, at an electronic processor, the quantized first signal; receiving, at the analog-to-digital converter, a second signal; quantizing, at the analog-to-digital converter, the second signal; receiving, at the electronic processor, the quantized second signal; receiving, at the electronic processor, a request for the load value; determining, at the electronic processor and based on the quantized first signal and the quantized second signal, the load value; and transmitting, via a serial synchronous interface, the load value to a load controller. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
determining, based on the quantized first signal and the quantized second signal, a rate of change of a load experienced by the load sensor. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
applying a first time-stamp to the quantized first signal upon receiving the quantized first signal; and applying a second time-stamp to the quantized second signal upon receiving the second signal. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
applying a calibration equation to the quantized first signal upon receiving the quantized first signal; and applying the calibration equation to the quantized second signal upon receiving the second signal. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
receiving, at the load controller, the load value; comparing the load value to a predetermined value; and determining an error based on the comparison. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising adjusting an actuator coupled to the load controller based on the error. | A load-sensor-based system utilizing a digital serial synchronous interface (SSI). One example system includes an A/D converter configured to be coupled to a load sensor and to receive signals indicating a load on the load sensor. A first controller is coupled to the A/D converter and to the SSI and is configured to receive, via the A/D converter, a first signal at a first sampling rate. The first controller is also configured to receive, via the A/D converter, a second signal at the first sampling rate, and receive, via the SSI, a request for a load value at a first period of time. The first controller is configured to determine the load value at the first period of time based on the first and second signals, and send, via the SSI, the load value at the first period of time to the load controller.1. A system comprising:
an analog-to-digital converter configured to be coupled to a load sensor and configured to receive signals indicating a load on the load sensor; a serial synchronous interface; a first controller coupled to the analog-to-digital converter and coupled to the serial synchronous interface; and a load controller coupled to the serial synchronous interface, wherein the first controller is configured to:
receive, via the analog-to-digital converter, a first signal at a first sampling rate;
receive, via the analog-to-digital converter, a second signal at the first sampling rate;
receive, via the serial synchronous interface, a request for a load value at a first period of time;
determine the load value at the first period of time based on the first signal and the second signal; and
send, via the serial synchronous interface, the load value at the first period of time to the load controller. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first controller is further configured to:
determine, based on the first signal and the second signal, a rate of change of the load on the load sensor. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the first controller is further configured to:
determine, based on the rate of change of the load on the load sensor, the load value at the first period of time. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the first controller is further configured to:
receive, via the serial synchronous interface, a clock signal at a second sampling rate different from the first sampling rate. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the request for the load value is a pause in the clock signal. 6. The system of claim 4, wherein the first controller is further configured to:
receive, via the serial synchronous interface, a second clock signal at a third sampling rate different than the second sampling rate; and adjust the sampling rate of the analog-to-digital converter to a fourth sampling rate at least twice the sampling rate of the third sampling rate. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the first controller is further configured to:
apply a first time-stamp to the first signal upon receiving the first signal; and apply a second time-stamp to the second signal upon receiving the second signal. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the first controller is further configured to:
apply a calibration equation to the first signal upon receiving the first signal; and apply the calibration equation to the second signal upon receiving the second signal. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the analog-to-digital converter, the serial synchronous interface, and the first controller are situated within at least one selected from a group consisting of a load cell, a torque transducer, and a pressure sensor. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the analog-to-digital converter is coupled directly to a load cell. 11. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
an actuator coupled to the load controller, the load controller configured to control the actuator based on the load value at the first period of time. 12. A method executed on a computing device for determining a load value of a load sensor, the method comprising:
receiving, at an analog-to-digital converter, a first signal; quantizing, at the analog-to-digital converter, the first signal; receiving, at an electronic processor, the quantized first signal; receiving, at the analog-to-digital converter, a second signal; quantizing, at the analog-to-digital converter, the second signal; receiving, at the electronic processor, the quantized second signal; receiving, at the electronic processor, a request for the load value; determining, at the electronic processor and based on the quantized first signal and the quantized second signal, the load value; and transmitting, via a serial synchronous interface, the load value to a load controller. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
determining, based on the quantized first signal and the quantized second signal, a rate of change of a load experienced by the load sensor. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
applying a first time-stamp to the quantized first signal upon receiving the quantized first signal; and applying a second time-stamp to the quantized second signal upon receiving the second signal. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
applying a calibration equation to the quantized first signal upon receiving the quantized first signal; and applying the calibration equation to the quantized second signal upon receiving the second signal. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
receiving, at the load controller, the load value; comparing the load value to a predetermined value; and determining an error based on the comparison. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising adjusting an actuator coupled to the load controller based on the error. | 2,800 |
339,644 | 16,800,519 | 2,848 | Embodiments of the invention include a vehicle telematics device that performs vehicle CAN bus discovery using bit timing analysis. In an embodiment, the vehicle telematics device enters a vehicle CAN bus protocol discovery mode, samples a vehicle CAN bus signal, performs bit timing analysis of the CAN bus signal, calculates a BAUD rate of the vehicle CAN bus based on the bit timing analysis, determines a data packet format of data packets on the vehicle CAN bus, and identifies a vehicle CAN bus protocol from a plurality of vehicle CAN bus protocols based on the calculated BAUD rate and data packet format. | 1. A vehicle telematics device in a vehicle, comprising:
a processor and a memory storing a vehicle telematics application; and a communication interface for communicating with a remote server system and a plurality of vehicle modules on a vehicle Controller Area Network (CAN) bus of the vehicle; wherein the processor of the telematics device, on reading the vehicle telematics application, is directed to: enter a vehicle CAN bus protocol discovery mode; sample a vehicle CAN bus signal; perform bit timing analysis of the CAN bus signal; calculate a BAUD rate of the vehicle CAN bus based on the bit timing analysis; determine a data packet format of data packets on the vehicle CAN bus; and identify a vehicle bus CAN protocol from a plurality of vehicle CAN bus protocols based on the calculated BAUD rate and data packet format. 2. The vehicle telematics device of claim 1, wherein the processor of the telematics device, on reading the vehicle telematics application, is directed to:
monitor for state transitions of the vehicle CAN bus signal; measure pulse widths of the bus CAN signal; and determine bit timing based upon minimum length of valid high and low pulses observed, wherein valid pulses are those pulses matching windows for valid bit pulse times for a BAUD rate of interest. 3. The vehicle telematics device of claim 1, wherein the processor of the telematics device, on reading the vehicle telematics application, is directed to:
measure a data packet length for a plurality of data packets; select a data packet format based on the measured lengths. 4. The vehicle telematics device of claim 3, wherein the processor of the telematics device, on reading the vehicle telematics application, is directed to:
measure a data packet length based on a transition edge (1 to 0) of a dominant start-of-frame bit to a transition edge (0 to 1) at beginning of 11+ bit period of recessive (=1) state. 5. The vehicle telematics device of claim 1, wherein the processor of the telematics device, on reading the vehicle telematics application, is directed to:
identify a data pattern in a header of a data packet; and select a data packet format based on the identified pattern. 6. The vehicle telematics device of claim 1, wherein the processor of the telematics device, on reading the vehicle telematics application, is directed to:
identify a timing pattern of a data packet; and select a data packet format based on the identified timing pattern. 7. The vehicle telematics device of claim 1, wherein a BAUD rate is at least one of the group consisting of 125 kbps, 250 kbps, 500 kbps, and 1 mbps, wherein a data packet format is at least one of the group consisting of an 11-bit standard data packet format and a 29-bit extended data packet format. 8. The vehicle telematics device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of vehicle bus protocols comprises an ISO 15765-4 CAN (11 bit ID,500 Kbaud), ISO 15765-4 CAN (29 bit ID, 500 Kbaud), ISO 15765-4 CAN (11 bit ID, 250 Kbaud), and ISO 15765-4 CAN (29 bit ID, 250 Kbaud). 9. The vehicle telematics device of claim 1, wherein determining a data packet format comprises sampling and measuring data packets on the vehicle CAN bus for a threshold time period; and
selecting the data packet format based on a statistical analysis of the sampled data packets. 10. A method for performing a vehicle CAN bus protocol discovery for a telematics device, comprising:
entering a vehicle CAN bus protocol discovery mode; sampling a vehicle CAN bus signal; performing bit timing analysis of the CAN bus signal; calculating a BAUD rate of the vehicle CAN bus signal based on the bit timing analysis; determining a data packet format of data packets on the vehicle CAN bus; and identifying a vehicle bus CAN protocol from a plurality of vehicle CAN bus protocols based on the calculated BAUD rate and data packet format. 11. The method claim 10, further comprising:
monitoring for state transitions of the vehicle CAN bus signal; measuring pulse widths of the bus CAN signal; and determining bit timing based upon minimum length of valid high and low pulses observed, wherein valid pulses are those pulses matching windows for valid bit pulse times for a BAUD rate of interest. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
measuring a data packet length for a plurality of data packets; selecting a data packet format based on the measured lengths. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
measuring a data packet length based on a transition edge (1 to 0) of a dominant start-of-frame bit to a transition edge (0 to 1) at beginning of 11+ bit period of recessive (=1) state. 14. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
identifying a data pattern in a header of a data packet; and selecting a data packet format based on the identified pattern. 15. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
identifying a timing pattern of a data packet; and selecting a data packet format based on the identified timing pattern. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein a BAUD rate is at least one of the group consisting of 125 kbps, 250 kbps, 500 kbps, and 1 mbps, wherein a data packet format is at least one of the group consisting of an 11-bit standard data packet format and a 29-bit extended data packet format. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the plurality of vehicle bus protocols comprises an ISO 15765-4 CAN (11 bit ID,500 Kbaud), ISO 15765-4 CAN (29 bit ID, 500 Kbaud), ISO 15765-4 CAN (11 bit ID, 250 Kbaud), and ISO 15765-4 CAN (29 bit ID, 250 Kbaud). 18. The method of claim 10, wherein determining a data packet format comprises sampling and measuring data packets on the vehicle CAN bus for a threshold time period; and
selecting the data packet format based on a statistical analysis of the sampled data packets. | Embodiments of the invention include a vehicle telematics device that performs vehicle CAN bus discovery using bit timing analysis. In an embodiment, the vehicle telematics device enters a vehicle CAN bus protocol discovery mode, samples a vehicle CAN bus signal, performs bit timing analysis of the CAN bus signal, calculates a BAUD rate of the vehicle CAN bus based on the bit timing analysis, determines a data packet format of data packets on the vehicle CAN bus, and identifies a vehicle CAN bus protocol from a plurality of vehicle CAN bus protocols based on the calculated BAUD rate and data packet format.1. A vehicle telematics device in a vehicle, comprising:
a processor and a memory storing a vehicle telematics application; and a communication interface for communicating with a remote server system and a plurality of vehicle modules on a vehicle Controller Area Network (CAN) bus of the vehicle; wherein the processor of the telematics device, on reading the vehicle telematics application, is directed to: enter a vehicle CAN bus protocol discovery mode; sample a vehicle CAN bus signal; perform bit timing analysis of the CAN bus signal; calculate a BAUD rate of the vehicle CAN bus based on the bit timing analysis; determine a data packet format of data packets on the vehicle CAN bus; and identify a vehicle bus CAN protocol from a plurality of vehicle CAN bus protocols based on the calculated BAUD rate and data packet format. 2. The vehicle telematics device of claim 1, wherein the processor of the telematics device, on reading the vehicle telematics application, is directed to:
monitor for state transitions of the vehicle CAN bus signal; measure pulse widths of the bus CAN signal; and determine bit timing based upon minimum length of valid high and low pulses observed, wherein valid pulses are those pulses matching windows for valid bit pulse times for a BAUD rate of interest. 3. The vehicle telematics device of claim 1, wherein the processor of the telematics device, on reading the vehicle telematics application, is directed to:
measure a data packet length for a plurality of data packets; select a data packet format based on the measured lengths. 4. The vehicle telematics device of claim 3, wherein the processor of the telematics device, on reading the vehicle telematics application, is directed to:
measure a data packet length based on a transition edge (1 to 0) of a dominant start-of-frame bit to a transition edge (0 to 1) at beginning of 11+ bit period of recessive (=1) state. 5. The vehicle telematics device of claim 1, wherein the processor of the telematics device, on reading the vehicle telematics application, is directed to:
identify a data pattern in a header of a data packet; and select a data packet format based on the identified pattern. 6. The vehicle telematics device of claim 1, wherein the processor of the telematics device, on reading the vehicle telematics application, is directed to:
identify a timing pattern of a data packet; and select a data packet format based on the identified timing pattern. 7. The vehicle telematics device of claim 1, wherein a BAUD rate is at least one of the group consisting of 125 kbps, 250 kbps, 500 kbps, and 1 mbps, wherein a data packet format is at least one of the group consisting of an 11-bit standard data packet format and a 29-bit extended data packet format. 8. The vehicle telematics device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of vehicle bus protocols comprises an ISO 15765-4 CAN (11 bit ID,500 Kbaud), ISO 15765-4 CAN (29 bit ID, 500 Kbaud), ISO 15765-4 CAN (11 bit ID, 250 Kbaud), and ISO 15765-4 CAN (29 bit ID, 250 Kbaud). 9. The vehicle telematics device of claim 1, wherein determining a data packet format comprises sampling and measuring data packets on the vehicle CAN bus for a threshold time period; and
selecting the data packet format based on a statistical analysis of the sampled data packets. 10. A method for performing a vehicle CAN bus protocol discovery for a telematics device, comprising:
entering a vehicle CAN bus protocol discovery mode; sampling a vehicle CAN bus signal; performing bit timing analysis of the CAN bus signal; calculating a BAUD rate of the vehicle CAN bus signal based on the bit timing analysis; determining a data packet format of data packets on the vehicle CAN bus; and identifying a vehicle bus CAN protocol from a plurality of vehicle CAN bus protocols based on the calculated BAUD rate and data packet format. 11. The method claim 10, further comprising:
monitoring for state transitions of the vehicle CAN bus signal; measuring pulse widths of the bus CAN signal; and determining bit timing based upon minimum length of valid high and low pulses observed, wherein valid pulses are those pulses matching windows for valid bit pulse times for a BAUD rate of interest. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
measuring a data packet length for a plurality of data packets; selecting a data packet format based on the measured lengths. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising:
measuring a data packet length based on a transition edge (1 to 0) of a dominant start-of-frame bit to a transition edge (0 to 1) at beginning of 11+ bit period of recessive (=1) state. 14. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
identifying a data pattern in a header of a data packet; and selecting a data packet format based on the identified pattern. 15. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
identifying a timing pattern of a data packet; and selecting a data packet format based on the identified timing pattern. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein a BAUD rate is at least one of the group consisting of 125 kbps, 250 kbps, 500 kbps, and 1 mbps, wherein a data packet format is at least one of the group consisting of an 11-bit standard data packet format and a 29-bit extended data packet format. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the plurality of vehicle bus protocols comprises an ISO 15765-4 CAN (11 bit ID,500 Kbaud), ISO 15765-4 CAN (29 bit ID, 500 Kbaud), ISO 15765-4 CAN (11 bit ID, 250 Kbaud), and ISO 15765-4 CAN (29 bit ID, 250 Kbaud). 18. The method of claim 10, wherein determining a data packet format comprises sampling and measuring data packets on the vehicle CAN bus for a threshold time period; and
selecting the data packet format based on a statistical analysis of the sampled data packets. | 2,800 |
339,645 | 16,800,588 | 2,848 | A control method of an optical element driving mechanism includes: providing a first coil group to a fixed assembly, wherein the first coil group includes a plurality of first coils; providing a magnetic element to be connected to a movable assembly; and controlling at least one first coil of the first coil group by a control circuit at least according to position information of the movable assembly relative to the fixed assembly to act with the magnetic element to generate an electromagnetic driving force, thereby driving the movable assembly to move relative to the fixed assembly in a first direction toward a target position. | 1. A control method of an optical element driving mechanism, comprising:
providing a first coil group to a fixed assembly, wherein the first coil group includes a plurality of first coils; providing a magnetic element to be connected to a movable assembly; and controlling at least one first coil of the first coil group by a control circuit at least according to position information of the movable assembly relative to the fixed assembly, so that the at least one first coil acts with the magnetic element to generate an electromagnetic driving force, thereby driving the movable assembly to move relative to the fixed assembly in a first direction toward a target position. 2. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
when the magnetic element is located in an initial position, the control circuit outputs a first control current to a first one of the first coils so as to drive the magnetic element and the movable assembly to move in the first direction relative to the fixed assembly toward the target position, wherein when viewed in a second direction and the magnetic element is in the initial position, the first one of the first coils completely overlaps the magnetic element. 3. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 2, further comprising:
when the magnetic element moves from the initial position to a first position, a second one of the first coils generates an induced current to the control circuit, wherein when viewed in the second direction, a first segment of the second one of the first coils overlaps the magnetic element; and the control circuit outputs a second control current to the second one of the first coils according to the induced current, wherein a phase difference between the first control current and the second control current is 180 degrees. 4. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 3, further comprising:
when the magnetic element is located in the first position, the control circuit stops supplying the first control current to the first one of the first coils or switches the first control current provided to the first one of the first coils to the second control current. 5. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 4, further comprising:
when the magnetic element moves from the first position to a second position, the control circuit switches the second control current supplied to the second one of the first coils to the first control current, wherein when the magnetic element is located in the second position, a second segment of the second one of the first coils overlaps the magnetic element. 6. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 5, further comprising:
when the magnetic element moves from the first position to the second position, the control circuit stops outputting the second control current to the first one of the first coils. 7. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
when the control circuit determines that the magnetic element exceeds the target position in the first direction according to the position information, the control circuit outputs a reverse driving current to one of the first coils which is adjacent to the magnetic element so as to drive the magnetic element to move in a third direction, wherein the third direction is opposite to the first direction. 8. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
when the control circuit determines that the magnetic element is close to the target position according to the position information, the control circuit outputs a third control current to one of the first coils adjacent to the magnetic element, so that the magnetic element maintains a stable state. 9. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
the control circuit outputs a correction current to the first coil group to drive the magnetic element to return to an initial position. 10. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
the control circuit controls at least one first coil in the first coil group according to image data. 11. A control method of an optical element driving mechanism, comprising:
providing a first coil group to a fixed assembly, wherein the first coil group includes a plurality of first coils; providing a second coil group to the fixed assembly, wherein the second coil group includes a plurality of second coils; providing a magnetic element to a movable assembly; and controlling at least one first coil of the first coil group and/or at least one second coil of the second coil group by a control circuit at least according to position information of the movable assembly relative to the fixed assembly, so that the at least one first coil and/or the at least one second coil acts with the magnetic element to generate an electromagnetic driving force, thereby driving the movable assembly to move relative to the fixed assembly in a first direction toward a target position. 12. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 11, further comprising:
when the magnetic element is located in an initial position, the control circuit outputs a first control current to a first one of the first coils to drive the magnetic element and the movable assembly to move relative to the fixed assembly in the first direction toward the target position, wherein when viewed in a second direction, the first one of the first coils completely overlaps the magnetic element. 13. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 12, further comprising:
when the magnetic element is located in the initial position, a first one of the second coils generates a second induced current to the control circuit, wherein when viewed in the second direction, a first segment of the first one of the second coils overlaps the magnetic element; and the control circuit outputs a second control current to the first one of the second coils according to the second induced current, wherein a phase difference between the first control current and the second control current is 180 degrees. 14. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 13, further comprising:
when the magnetic element moves from the initial position to a first position, a second one of the first coils generates a first induced current to the control circuit, and a first segment of the second one of the first coils overlaps the magnetic element; and the control circuit outputs the second control current to the second one of the first coils according to the first induced current. 15. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 14, further comprising:
when the magnetic element is located in the first position, the control circuit stops supplying the first control current to the first one of the first coils or switches the first control current provided to the first one of the first coils to the second control current. 16. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 15, further comprising:
when the magnetic element is located in the first position, the control circuit switches the second control current provided to the first one of the second coils to the first control current. 17. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 16, further comprising:
when the magnetic element moves from the first position to a second position, the control circuit switches the second control current supplied to the second one of the first coils to the first control current, wherein when the magnetic element is located in the second position, a second segment of the second one of the first coils overlaps the magnetic element. 18. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 16, further comprising:
when the magnetic element moves from the first position to the second position, the control circuit stops outputting the second control current to the first one of the first coils. 19. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 16, further comprising:
when the magnetic element moves from the first position to the second position, the control circuit outputs the second control current to a second one of the second coils, wherein when the magnetic element is located in the second position, a first segment of the second one of the second coils overlaps the magnetic element. 20. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 16, further comprising:
when the magnetic element moves from the first position to the second position, the control circuit stops supplying the first control current to the first one of the second coils or switches the first control current provided to the first one of the second coils to the second control current. 21. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 11, further comprising:
when the control circuit determines that the magnetic element exceeds the target position in the first direction according to the position information, the control circuit outputs a reverse driving current to one of the first coils that is adjacent to the magnetic element and/or one of the second coils which is that is adjacent to the magnetic element so as to drive the magnetic element to move in a third direction, wherein the third direction is opposite to the first direction. 22. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 11, further comprising:
when the control circuit determines that the magnetic element is close to the target position according to the position information, the control circuit outputs a third control current to one of the first coils adjacent to the magnetic element and/or one of the second coils adjacent to the magnetic element, so that the magnetic element maintains a stable state. 23. An optical element driving mechanism, comprising:
a fixed assembly; a movable assembly, movable relative to the fixed assembly; a driving assembly, configured to drive the movable assembly to move relative to the fixed assembly, wherein the driving assembly comprises:
a first coil group, having a plurality of first coils, wherein each of the first coils includes a first segment and a second segment which are parallel to each other and are perpendicular to the first direction; and
a magnetic element, connected to the movable assembly; and
a control circuit, electrically connected to the first coils; wherein a maximum size of the magnetic element is greater than or equal to a shortest distance between the first segment and the second segment in the first direction. | A control method of an optical element driving mechanism includes: providing a first coil group to a fixed assembly, wherein the first coil group includes a plurality of first coils; providing a magnetic element to be connected to a movable assembly; and controlling at least one first coil of the first coil group by a control circuit at least according to position information of the movable assembly relative to the fixed assembly to act with the magnetic element to generate an electromagnetic driving force, thereby driving the movable assembly to move relative to the fixed assembly in a first direction toward a target position.1. A control method of an optical element driving mechanism, comprising:
providing a first coil group to a fixed assembly, wherein the first coil group includes a plurality of first coils; providing a magnetic element to be connected to a movable assembly; and controlling at least one first coil of the first coil group by a control circuit at least according to position information of the movable assembly relative to the fixed assembly, so that the at least one first coil acts with the magnetic element to generate an electromagnetic driving force, thereby driving the movable assembly to move relative to the fixed assembly in a first direction toward a target position. 2. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
when the magnetic element is located in an initial position, the control circuit outputs a first control current to a first one of the first coils so as to drive the magnetic element and the movable assembly to move in the first direction relative to the fixed assembly toward the target position, wherein when viewed in a second direction and the magnetic element is in the initial position, the first one of the first coils completely overlaps the magnetic element. 3. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 2, further comprising:
when the magnetic element moves from the initial position to a first position, a second one of the first coils generates an induced current to the control circuit, wherein when viewed in the second direction, a first segment of the second one of the first coils overlaps the magnetic element; and the control circuit outputs a second control current to the second one of the first coils according to the induced current, wherein a phase difference between the first control current and the second control current is 180 degrees. 4. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 3, further comprising:
when the magnetic element is located in the first position, the control circuit stops supplying the first control current to the first one of the first coils or switches the first control current provided to the first one of the first coils to the second control current. 5. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 4, further comprising:
when the magnetic element moves from the first position to a second position, the control circuit switches the second control current supplied to the second one of the first coils to the first control current, wherein when the magnetic element is located in the second position, a second segment of the second one of the first coils overlaps the magnetic element. 6. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 5, further comprising:
when the magnetic element moves from the first position to the second position, the control circuit stops outputting the second control current to the first one of the first coils. 7. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
when the control circuit determines that the magnetic element exceeds the target position in the first direction according to the position information, the control circuit outputs a reverse driving current to one of the first coils which is adjacent to the magnetic element so as to drive the magnetic element to move in a third direction, wherein the third direction is opposite to the first direction. 8. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
when the control circuit determines that the magnetic element is close to the target position according to the position information, the control circuit outputs a third control current to one of the first coils adjacent to the magnetic element, so that the magnetic element maintains a stable state. 9. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
the control circuit outputs a correction current to the first coil group to drive the magnetic element to return to an initial position. 10. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
the control circuit controls at least one first coil in the first coil group according to image data. 11. A control method of an optical element driving mechanism, comprising:
providing a first coil group to a fixed assembly, wherein the first coil group includes a plurality of first coils; providing a second coil group to the fixed assembly, wherein the second coil group includes a plurality of second coils; providing a magnetic element to a movable assembly; and controlling at least one first coil of the first coil group and/or at least one second coil of the second coil group by a control circuit at least according to position information of the movable assembly relative to the fixed assembly, so that the at least one first coil and/or the at least one second coil acts with the magnetic element to generate an electromagnetic driving force, thereby driving the movable assembly to move relative to the fixed assembly in a first direction toward a target position. 12. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 11, further comprising:
when the magnetic element is located in an initial position, the control circuit outputs a first control current to a first one of the first coils to drive the magnetic element and the movable assembly to move relative to the fixed assembly in the first direction toward the target position, wherein when viewed in a second direction, the first one of the first coils completely overlaps the magnetic element. 13. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 12, further comprising:
when the magnetic element is located in the initial position, a first one of the second coils generates a second induced current to the control circuit, wherein when viewed in the second direction, a first segment of the first one of the second coils overlaps the magnetic element; and the control circuit outputs a second control current to the first one of the second coils according to the second induced current, wherein a phase difference between the first control current and the second control current is 180 degrees. 14. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 13, further comprising:
when the magnetic element moves from the initial position to a first position, a second one of the first coils generates a first induced current to the control circuit, and a first segment of the second one of the first coils overlaps the magnetic element; and the control circuit outputs the second control current to the second one of the first coils according to the first induced current. 15. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 14, further comprising:
when the magnetic element is located in the first position, the control circuit stops supplying the first control current to the first one of the first coils or switches the first control current provided to the first one of the first coils to the second control current. 16. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 15, further comprising:
when the magnetic element is located in the first position, the control circuit switches the second control current provided to the first one of the second coils to the first control current. 17. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 16, further comprising:
when the magnetic element moves from the first position to a second position, the control circuit switches the second control current supplied to the second one of the first coils to the first control current, wherein when the magnetic element is located in the second position, a second segment of the second one of the first coils overlaps the magnetic element. 18. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 16, further comprising:
when the magnetic element moves from the first position to the second position, the control circuit stops outputting the second control current to the first one of the first coils. 19. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 16, further comprising:
when the magnetic element moves from the first position to the second position, the control circuit outputs the second control current to a second one of the second coils, wherein when the magnetic element is located in the second position, a first segment of the second one of the second coils overlaps the magnetic element. 20. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 16, further comprising:
when the magnetic element moves from the first position to the second position, the control circuit stops supplying the first control current to the first one of the second coils or switches the first control current provided to the first one of the second coils to the second control current. 21. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 11, further comprising:
when the control circuit determines that the magnetic element exceeds the target position in the first direction according to the position information, the control circuit outputs a reverse driving current to one of the first coils that is adjacent to the magnetic element and/or one of the second coils which is that is adjacent to the magnetic element so as to drive the magnetic element to move in a third direction, wherein the third direction is opposite to the first direction. 22. The control method of the optical element driving mechanism as claimed in claim 11, further comprising:
when the control circuit determines that the magnetic element is close to the target position according to the position information, the control circuit outputs a third control current to one of the first coils adjacent to the magnetic element and/or one of the second coils adjacent to the magnetic element, so that the magnetic element maintains a stable state. 23. An optical element driving mechanism, comprising:
a fixed assembly; a movable assembly, movable relative to the fixed assembly; a driving assembly, configured to drive the movable assembly to move relative to the fixed assembly, wherein the driving assembly comprises:
a first coil group, having a plurality of first coils, wherein each of the first coils includes a first segment and a second segment which are parallel to each other and are perpendicular to the first direction; and
a magnetic element, connected to the movable assembly; and
a control circuit, electrically connected to the first coils; wherein a maximum size of the magnetic element is greater than or equal to a shortest distance between the first segment and the second segment in the first direction. | 2,800 |
339,646 | 16,800,551 | 2,848 | Processing of actions within a shared augmented reality experience is split between an edge node of a communications network (e.g., a cell tower) and a server. As a result, computation of the current state may be sharded naturally based on real-world location, with state updates generally provided by the edge node and the server providing conflict resolution based on a master state (e.g., where actions connected to different edge nodes potentially interfere with each other). In this way, latency may be reduced as game actions are communicated between clients connected to the same edge node using a peer-to-peer (P2P) protocol without routing the actions via the game server. | 1. A method for providing a shared augmented reality (AR) experience by an edge node of a communications network, the method comprising:
receiving, at the edge node, a connection request from a client; identifying a shared AR session for the client based on the connection request; providing, to the client, map data and a local state, maintained by the edge node, of an AR experience provided by the shared AR session; receiving an action request from the client, the action request indicating a desired interaction with a virtual item in the AR experience; determining an outcome of the action request based on the local state of the AR experience; providing the outcome to a plurality of clients connected to the edge node; and validating, after providing the outcome to the plurality of clients, the outcome with a master state of the AR experience maintained by a server. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the edge node is a cell tower connected to a plurality of clients and the server. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the action request is included in a datagram, the method further comprising:
analyzing the datagram to determine whether to send the outcome peer-to-peer based on a flag in the datagram; responsive to determining to send the outcome peer-to-peer, providing the outcome directly to one or more of the plurality of clients at the edge node; and responsive to determining to not send the outcome peer-to-peer, providing the outcome to the server. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the map data includes one or more of: a point cloud model, a plane matching model, a line matching model, a geographic information system (GIS) model, a building recognition module, and a landscape recognition model. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving a position of the client; and identifying a subset of available map data to provide to the client as map data, the subset of available map data within a threshold distance of the position of the client. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the master state is computed using a plurality of different local states, each local state maintained by a different edge node at a different real-world location. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein validating the outcome with the master state of the AR experience comprises:
responsive to receiving an indication from the server that the outcome conflicts with the master state, updating the local state to revoke the outcome; and sending an update to each of the plurality of clients indicating that the outcome was revoked. 8. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions executable by a processor, the instructions comprising:
instructions for receiving, at an edge node of a communications network, a connection request from a client; instructions for identifying a shared AR session for the client based on the connection request; instructions for providing, to the client, map data and a local state, maintained by the edge node, of an AR experience provided by the shared AR session; instructions for receiving an action request from the client, the action request indicating a desired interaction with a virtual item in the AR experience; instructions for determining an outcome of the action request based on the local state of the AR experience; instructions for providing the outcome to a plurality of clients connected to the edge node; and instructions for validating, after providing the outcome to the plurality of clients, the outcome with a master state of the AR experience maintained by a server. 9. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the edge node is a cell tower connected to a plurality of clients and the server. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the action request is included in a datagram, wherein the instructions further comprise:
instructions for analyzing the datagram to determine whether to send the outcome peer-to-peer based on a flag in the datagram; responsive to determining to send the outcome peer-to-peer, instructions for providing the outcome directly to one or more of the plurality of clients at the edge node; and responsive to determining to not send the outcome peer-to-peer, instructions for providing the outcome to the server. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the map data includes one or more of: a point cloud model, a plane matching model, a line matching model, a geographic information system (GIS) model, a building recognition module, and a landscape recognition model. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the instructions further comprise:
instructions for receiving a position of the client; and instructions for identifying a subset of available map data to provide to the client as map data, the subset of available map data within a threshold distance of the position of the client. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the master state is computed using a plurality of different local states, each local state maintained by a different edge node at a different real-world location. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the instructions for validating, after providing the outcome to the plurality of clients, the outcome with a master game state maintained by the server comprise:
responsive to receiving an indication from the server that the outcome conflicts with the master state, instructions for updating the local state to revoke the outcome; and instructions for sending an update to each of the plurality of clients indicating that the outcome was revoked. 15. An edge node of a computing network, the edge node comprising:
a local data store storing a list of one or more clients connected to the edge node; and a routing module configured to perform operations comprising:
receiving a connection request from an additional client;
identifying a shared AR session for the additional client based on the connection request;
providing, to the additional client, map data and a local state, maintained by the edge node, of an AR experience provided by the shared AR session;
receiving an action request from the additional client, the action request indicating a desired interaction with a virtual item in the AR experience;
determining an outcome of the action request based on the local state of the AR experience;
providing the outcome to the one or more clients connected to the edge node; and
validating, after providing the outcome to the one or more clients connected to the edge node, the outcome with a master state of the AR experience maintained by a server. 16. The edge node of claim 15, wherein the action request is included in a datagram, wherein the operations further comprise:
analyzing the datagram to determine whether to send the outcome peer-to-peer based on a flag in the datagram; responsive to determining to send the outcome peer-to-peer, providing the outcome directly to the one or more clients on the list; and responsive to determining to not send the outcome peer-to-peer, providing the outcome to the server. 17. The edge node of claim 15, wherein the map data includes one or more of: a point cloud model, a plane matching model, a line matching model, a geographic information system (GIS) model, a building recognition module, and a landscape recognition model. 18. The edge node of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise:
receiving a position of the additional client; and identifying a subset of available map data to provide to the additional client as map data, the subset of available map data within a threshold distance of the position of the additional client. 19. The edge node of claim 15, wherein the master state is determined using a plurality of different local states, each local state maintained by a different edge node at a different real-world location. 20. The edge node of claim 15, wherein validating the outcome with the master state of the AR experience comprises:
responsive to receiving an indication from the server that the outcome conflicts with the master state, updating the local state to revoke the outcome; and sending an update to each of the one or more clients indicating that the outcome was revoked. | Processing of actions within a shared augmented reality experience is split between an edge node of a communications network (e.g., a cell tower) and a server. As a result, computation of the current state may be sharded naturally based on real-world location, with state updates generally provided by the edge node and the server providing conflict resolution based on a master state (e.g., where actions connected to different edge nodes potentially interfere with each other). In this way, latency may be reduced as game actions are communicated between clients connected to the same edge node using a peer-to-peer (P2P) protocol without routing the actions via the game server.1. A method for providing a shared augmented reality (AR) experience by an edge node of a communications network, the method comprising:
receiving, at the edge node, a connection request from a client; identifying a shared AR session for the client based on the connection request; providing, to the client, map data and a local state, maintained by the edge node, of an AR experience provided by the shared AR session; receiving an action request from the client, the action request indicating a desired interaction with a virtual item in the AR experience; determining an outcome of the action request based on the local state of the AR experience; providing the outcome to a plurality of clients connected to the edge node; and validating, after providing the outcome to the plurality of clients, the outcome with a master state of the AR experience maintained by a server. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the edge node is a cell tower connected to a plurality of clients and the server. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the action request is included in a datagram, the method further comprising:
analyzing the datagram to determine whether to send the outcome peer-to-peer based on a flag in the datagram; responsive to determining to send the outcome peer-to-peer, providing the outcome directly to one or more of the plurality of clients at the edge node; and responsive to determining to not send the outcome peer-to-peer, providing the outcome to the server. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the map data includes one or more of: a point cloud model, a plane matching model, a line matching model, a geographic information system (GIS) model, a building recognition module, and a landscape recognition model. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving a position of the client; and identifying a subset of available map data to provide to the client as map data, the subset of available map data within a threshold distance of the position of the client. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the master state is computed using a plurality of different local states, each local state maintained by a different edge node at a different real-world location. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein validating the outcome with the master state of the AR experience comprises:
responsive to receiving an indication from the server that the outcome conflicts with the master state, updating the local state to revoke the outcome; and sending an update to each of the plurality of clients indicating that the outcome was revoked. 8. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions executable by a processor, the instructions comprising:
instructions for receiving, at an edge node of a communications network, a connection request from a client; instructions for identifying a shared AR session for the client based on the connection request; instructions for providing, to the client, map data and a local state, maintained by the edge node, of an AR experience provided by the shared AR session; instructions for receiving an action request from the client, the action request indicating a desired interaction with a virtual item in the AR experience; instructions for determining an outcome of the action request based on the local state of the AR experience; instructions for providing the outcome to a plurality of clients connected to the edge node; and instructions for validating, after providing the outcome to the plurality of clients, the outcome with a master state of the AR experience maintained by a server. 9. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the edge node is a cell tower connected to a plurality of clients and the server. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the action request is included in a datagram, wherein the instructions further comprise:
instructions for analyzing the datagram to determine whether to send the outcome peer-to-peer based on a flag in the datagram; responsive to determining to send the outcome peer-to-peer, instructions for providing the outcome directly to one or more of the plurality of clients at the edge node; and responsive to determining to not send the outcome peer-to-peer, instructions for providing the outcome to the server. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the map data includes one or more of: a point cloud model, a plane matching model, a line matching model, a geographic information system (GIS) model, a building recognition module, and a landscape recognition model. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the instructions further comprise:
instructions for receiving a position of the client; and instructions for identifying a subset of available map data to provide to the client as map data, the subset of available map data within a threshold distance of the position of the client. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the master state is computed using a plurality of different local states, each local state maintained by a different edge node at a different real-world location. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the instructions for validating, after providing the outcome to the plurality of clients, the outcome with a master game state maintained by the server comprise:
responsive to receiving an indication from the server that the outcome conflicts with the master state, instructions for updating the local state to revoke the outcome; and instructions for sending an update to each of the plurality of clients indicating that the outcome was revoked. 15. An edge node of a computing network, the edge node comprising:
a local data store storing a list of one or more clients connected to the edge node; and a routing module configured to perform operations comprising:
receiving a connection request from an additional client;
identifying a shared AR session for the additional client based on the connection request;
providing, to the additional client, map data and a local state, maintained by the edge node, of an AR experience provided by the shared AR session;
receiving an action request from the additional client, the action request indicating a desired interaction with a virtual item in the AR experience;
determining an outcome of the action request based on the local state of the AR experience;
providing the outcome to the one or more clients connected to the edge node; and
validating, after providing the outcome to the one or more clients connected to the edge node, the outcome with a master state of the AR experience maintained by a server. 16. The edge node of claim 15, wherein the action request is included in a datagram, wherein the operations further comprise:
analyzing the datagram to determine whether to send the outcome peer-to-peer based on a flag in the datagram; responsive to determining to send the outcome peer-to-peer, providing the outcome directly to the one or more clients on the list; and responsive to determining to not send the outcome peer-to-peer, providing the outcome to the server. 17. The edge node of claim 15, wherein the map data includes one or more of: a point cloud model, a plane matching model, a line matching model, a geographic information system (GIS) model, a building recognition module, and a landscape recognition model. 18. The edge node of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise:
receiving a position of the additional client; and identifying a subset of available map data to provide to the additional client as map data, the subset of available map data within a threshold distance of the position of the additional client. 19. The edge node of claim 15, wherein the master state is determined using a plurality of different local states, each local state maintained by a different edge node at a different real-world location. 20. The edge node of claim 15, wherein validating the outcome with the master state of the AR experience comprises:
responsive to receiving an indication from the server that the outcome conflicts with the master state, updating the local state to revoke the outcome; and sending an update to each of the one or more clients indicating that the outcome was revoked. | 2,800 |
339,647 | 16,800,567 | 2,848 | A lost circulation material (LCM) that includes chips formed from date palm seeds. The date palm seed-based chip LCM includes chips having lengths in the range of greater than 2.38 millimeters (mm) to less than 6.73 mm. Method of manufacturing the date palm seed-based chip LCM include washing and drying whole date tree seeds, such that the drying includes air-drying, hot rolling, and cooling. Methods of reducing lost circulation are also provided. | 1. A method to reduce lost circulation of a drilling fluid in a wellbore in a formation, comprising:
introducing an altered drilling fluid into the wellbore while drilling such that a loss circulation material (LCM) contacts a lost circulation zone, wherein the altered drilling fluid comprises the drilling fluid and the LCM, wherein the LCM consists of a plurality of chips produced from date tree seeds, each of the plurality of chips having a size in the range of greater than 2.38 millimeters (mm) to less than 6.73 mm. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the altered drilling fluid consists of the drilling fluid and the LCM. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the drilling fluid comprises a water-based drilling mud or an oil-based drilling mud. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of chips are produced from untreated date tree seeds. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of chips are produced by:
washing date tree seeds; drying the date tree seeds after the washing, the drying comprising:
air-drying the date tree seeds for a first time period of at least two hours;
hot rolling the date tree seeds at a temperature of at least 80° C. for a second time period of at least two hours; and
cooling the hot-rolled date tree seeds for a third time period of at least two hours;
grinding the cooled date tree seeds; and sorting the ground date tree seeds into the plurality of chips. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the LCM comprises a specific gravity of 1.1. 7. An altered drilling fluid, comprising:
a drilling fluid; and a lost circulation material (LCM), wherein the LCM consists of a plurality of chips produced from date tree seeds, each of the plurality of chips having a size in the range of greater than 2.38 millimeters (mm) to less than 6.73 mm. 8. The altered drilling fluid of claim 7, wherein the altered drilling fluid consists of the drilling fluid and the LCM. 9. The altered drilling fluid of claim 7, wherein the drilling fluid comprises a water-based drilling mud or an oil-based drilling mud. 10. The altered drilling fluid of claim 7, wherein the plurality of chips are produced from untreated date tree seeds. 11. The altered drilling fluid of claim 7, wherein the plurality of chips are produced by:
washing date tree seeds; drying the date tree seeds after the washing, the drying comprising:
air-drying the date tree seeds at for a first time period of at least two hours;
hot rolling the date tree seeds at a temperature of at least 80° C. for a second time period of at least two hours; and
cooling the hot-rolled date tree seeds at for a third time period of at least two hours;
grinding the cooled date tree seeds; and sorting the ground date tree seeds into the plurality of chips. 12. A lost circulation material (LCM) composition, consisting of:
a plurality of chips produced from date tree seeds, each of the plurality of chips having a size in the range of greater than 2.38 millimeters (mm) to less than 6.73 mm. 13. The LCM composition of claim 12, wherein the plurality of chips are produced from untreated date tree seeds. 14. A method of manufacturing a lost circulation material (LCM), comprising:
obtaining date tree seeds; washing the date tree seeds; drying the date tree seeds after the washing, the drying comprising
air-drying the date tree seeds at ambient conditions for a first time period of at least two hours;
hot rolling the date tree seeds at a temperature of at least 80° C. for a second time period of at least two hours; and
cooling the hot-rolled date tree seeds at ambient conditions for a third time period of at least two hours;
grinding the date tree seeds; and sorting the ground date tree seeds into a plurality of chips, each chip having a size in the range of greater than 2.38 millimeters (mm) to less than 6.73 mm. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein washing the whole date seeds comprises washing the whole date seeds using pressurized water with mechanical agitation. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein sorting the dried whole date seeds comprising using a plurality of sieves. | A lost circulation material (LCM) that includes chips formed from date palm seeds. The date palm seed-based chip LCM includes chips having lengths in the range of greater than 2.38 millimeters (mm) to less than 6.73 mm. Method of manufacturing the date palm seed-based chip LCM include washing and drying whole date tree seeds, such that the drying includes air-drying, hot rolling, and cooling. Methods of reducing lost circulation are also provided.1. A method to reduce lost circulation of a drilling fluid in a wellbore in a formation, comprising:
introducing an altered drilling fluid into the wellbore while drilling such that a loss circulation material (LCM) contacts a lost circulation zone, wherein the altered drilling fluid comprises the drilling fluid and the LCM, wherein the LCM consists of a plurality of chips produced from date tree seeds, each of the plurality of chips having a size in the range of greater than 2.38 millimeters (mm) to less than 6.73 mm. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the altered drilling fluid consists of the drilling fluid and the LCM. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the drilling fluid comprises a water-based drilling mud or an oil-based drilling mud. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of chips are produced from untreated date tree seeds. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of chips are produced by:
washing date tree seeds; drying the date tree seeds after the washing, the drying comprising:
air-drying the date tree seeds for a first time period of at least two hours;
hot rolling the date tree seeds at a temperature of at least 80° C. for a second time period of at least two hours; and
cooling the hot-rolled date tree seeds for a third time period of at least two hours;
grinding the cooled date tree seeds; and sorting the ground date tree seeds into the plurality of chips. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the LCM comprises a specific gravity of 1.1. 7. An altered drilling fluid, comprising:
a drilling fluid; and a lost circulation material (LCM), wherein the LCM consists of a plurality of chips produced from date tree seeds, each of the plurality of chips having a size in the range of greater than 2.38 millimeters (mm) to less than 6.73 mm. 8. The altered drilling fluid of claim 7, wherein the altered drilling fluid consists of the drilling fluid and the LCM. 9. The altered drilling fluid of claim 7, wherein the drilling fluid comprises a water-based drilling mud or an oil-based drilling mud. 10. The altered drilling fluid of claim 7, wherein the plurality of chips are produced from untreated date tree seeds. 11. The altered drilling fluid of claim 7, wherein the plurality of chips are produced by:
washing date tree seeds; drying the date tree seeds after the washing, the drying comprising:
air-drying the date tree seeds at for a first time period of at least two hours;
hot rolling the date tree seeds at a temperature of at least 80° C. for a second time period of at least two hours; and
cooling the hot-rolled date tree seeds at for a third time period of at least two hours;
grinding the cooled date tree seeds; and sorting the ground date tree seeds into the plurality of chips. 12. A lost circulation material (LCM) composition, consisting of:
a plurality of chips produced from date tree seeds, each of the plurality of chips having a size in the range of greater than 2.38 millimeters (mm) to less than 6.73 mm. 13. The LCM composition of claim 12, wherein the plurality of chips are produced from untreated date tree seeds. 14. A method of manufacturing a lost circulation material (LCM), comprising:
obtaining date tree seeds; washing the date tree seeds; drying the date tree seeds after the washing, the drying comprising
air-drying the date tree seeds at ambient conditions for a first time period of at least two hours;
hot rolling the date tree seeds at a temperature of at least 80° C. for a second time period of at least two hours; and
cooling the hot-rolled date tree seeds at ambient conditions for a third time period of at least two hours;
grinding the date tree seeds; and sorting the ground date tree seeds into a plurality of chips, each chip having a size in the range of greater than 2.38 millimeters (mm) to less than 6.73 mm. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein washing the whole date seeds comprises washing the whole date seeds using pressurized water with mechanical agitation. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein sorting the dried whole date seeds comprising using a plurality of sieves. | 2,800 |
339,648 | 16,800,576 | 2,848 | An object recognition method performed by an object recognition system includes: setting a first binarization area in a portion of a binarization target area of an image, and a first coefficient calculation area including the first binarization area and having an area wider than the first binarization area by a predetermined ratio; determining a first binarization coefficient on the basis of pixel values included in the first coefficient calculation area; performing binarization on the first binarization area through the determined first binarization coefficient; setting a second binarization area in a portion other than the first binarization area, and a second coefficient calculation area including the second binarization area and having an area wider than the second binarization area; determining a second binarization coefficient on the basis of pixel values included in the second coefficient calculation area; and performing binarization on the second binarization area through the determined second binarization coefficient. | 1. An object recognition method of recognizing a recognition target object using local binarization, the method comprising the steps of:
setting a first binarization area in a portion of a binarization target area of an image in the image in which the recognition target object is displayed, and a first coefficient calculation area including the first binarization area and having an area wider than the first binarization area by a predetermined ratio, by an object recognition system; determining a first binarization coefficient on the basis of pixel values of pixels included in the first coefficient calculation area, by the object recognition system; performing binarization on the first binarization area through the determined first binarization coefficient, by the object recognition system; setting a second binarization area in a portion other than the first binarization area, and a second coefficient calculation area including the second binarization area and having an area wider than the second binarization area, by the object recognition system; determining a second binarization coefficient on the basis of pixel values of pixels included in the second coefficient calculation area, by the object recognition system; and performing binarization on the second binarization area through the determined second binarization coefficient, by the object recognition system. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein a size of the first binarization area is a size that is set based on a size of the recognition target object. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of determining a first binarization coefficient on the basis of pixel values of pixels included in the first coefficient calculation area, by the object recognition system, includes the step of determining the first binarization coefficient between an average value and a maximum value of pixel values of pixels included in the first coefficient calculation area, by the object recognition system. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of setting a second binarization area in a portion other than the first binarization area, and a second coefficient calculation area including the second binarization area and having an area wider than the second binarization area, by an object recognition system, includes the step of setting the second binarization area and the second coefficient calculation area of a size the same as that of the first binarization area and the first coefficient calculation area, by an object recognition system. 5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of:
labeling the binarization target area after binarization of the binarization target area is completed, by the object recognition system; searching for a preset pattern according to a display characteristic of the recognition target object from a result of the labeling, by the object recognition system; and performing recognition on a recognition target object included in the searched pattern. 6. An object recognition method of recognizing a recognition target object using local binarization, the method comprising the steps of:
a) setting a binarization area of a preset size in a portion of a binarization target area of an image in the image in which the recognition target object is displayed, by an object recognition system; b) determining a binarization coefficient for the set binarization area, by the object recognition system; c) performing binarization on the binarization area using the determined binarization coefficient, by the object recognition system; and d) moving the binarization area in the binarization target area, and performing the steps a), b) and c) on the moved binarization area until binarization of the binarization target area is completed, by the object recognition system. 7. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium installed in a data processing device and storing processor-executable instruction to perform the method of claim 1. 8. An object recognition system for recognizing a recognition target object using local binarization, the system comprising:
an area setting module for setting a first binarization area in a portion of a binarization target area of an image in the image in which the recognition target object is displayed, and a first coefficient calculation area including the first binarization area and having an area wider than the first binarization area by a predetermined ratio; a coefficient determination module for determining a first binarization coefficient on the basis of pixel values of pixels included in the first coefficient calculation area; and a control module for performing binarization on the first binarization area through the determined first binarization coefficient, wherein the area setting module sets a second binarization area in a portion other than the first binarization area, and a second coefficient calculation area including the second binarization area and having an area wider than the second binarization area, the coefficient determination module determines a second binarization coefficient on the basis of pixel values of pixels included in the second coefficient calculation area, and the control module performs binarization on the second binarization area through the determined second binarization coefficient. 9. The system according to claim 8, wherein the coefficient determination module determines the first binarization coefficient between an average value of pixel values of pixels included in the first coefficient calculation area and a maximum value among the pixel values. 10. The system according to claim 8, wherein the area setting module sets the second binarization area and the second coefficient calculation area of a size the same as that of the first binarization area and the first coefficient calculation area, respectively. 11. The system according to claim 8, further comprising a recognition processing module for labeling the binarization target area after binarization of the binarization target area is completed, searching for a preset pattern according to a display characteristic of the recognition target object from a result of the labeling, and processing recognition on a recognition target object included in the searched pattern. 12. An object recognition system for recognizing a recognition target object using local binarization, the system comprising:
an area setting module for setting a binarization area of a preset size in a portion of a binarization target area of an image in the image in which the recognition target object is displayed; a coefficient determination module for determining a binarization coefficient for the set binarization area; and a control module for performing binarization on the binarization area using the determined binarization coefficient, wherein the control module controls to move the binarization area in the binarization target area, determine a new binarization coefficient for the moved binarization area, and binarize the moved binarization area using the determined new binarization coefficient until binarization of the binarization target area is completed. 13. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium installed in a data processing device and storing processor-executable instruction to perform the method of claim 6. | An object recognition method performed by an object recognition system includes: setting a first binarization area in a portion of a binarization target area of an image, and a first coefficient calculation area including the first binarization area and having an area wider than the first binarization area by a predetermined ratio; determining a first binarization coefficient on the basis of pixel values included in the first coefficient calculation area; performing binarization on the first binarization area through the determined first binarization coefficient; setting a second binarization area in a portion other than the first binarization area, and a second coefficient calculation area including the second binarization area and having an area wider than the second binarization area; determining a second binarization coefficient on the basis of pixel values included in the second coefficient calculation area; and performing binarization on the second binarization area through the determined second binarization coefficient.1. An object recognition method of recognizing a recognition target object using local binarization, the method comprising the steps of:
setting a first binarization area in a portion of a binarization target area of an image in the image in which the recognition target object is displayed, and a first coefficient calculation area including the first binarization area and having an area wider than the first binarization area by a predetermined ratio, by an object recognition system; determining a first binarization coefficient on the basis of pixel values of pixels included in the first coefficient calculation area, by the object recognition system; performing binarization on the first binarization area through the determined first binarization coefficient, by the object recognition system; setting a second binarization area in a portion other than the first binarization area, and a second coefficient calculation area including the second binarization area and having an area wider than the second binarization area, by the object recognition system; determining a second binarization coefficient on the basis of pixel values of pixels included in the second coefficient calculation area, by the object recognition system; and performing binarization on the second binarization area through the determined second binarization coefficient, by the object recognition system. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein a size of the first binarization area is a size that is set based on a size of the recognition target object. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of determining a first binarization coefficient on the basis of pixel values of pixels included in the first coefficient calculation area, by the object recognition system, includes the step of determining the first binarization coefficient between an average value and a maximum value of pixel values of pixels included in the first coefficient calculation area, by the object recognition system. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of setting a second binarization area in a portion other than the first binarization area, and a second coefficient calculation area including the second binarization area and having an area wider than the second binarization area, by an object recognition system, includes the step of setting the second binarization area and the second coefficient calculation area of a size the same as that of the first binarization area and the first coefficient calculation area, by an object recognition system. 5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of:
labeling the binarization target area after binarization of the binarization target area is completed, by the object recognition system; searching for a preset pattern according to a display characteristic of the recognition target object from a result of the labeling, by the object recognition system; and performing recognition on a recognition target object included in the searched pattern. 6. An object recognition method of recognizing a recognition target object using local binarization, the method comprising the steps of:
a) setting a binarization area of a preset size in a portion of a binarization target area of an image in the image in which the recognition target object is displayed, by an object recognition system; b) determining a binarization coefficient for the set binarization area, by the object recognition system; c) performing binarization on the binarization area using the determined binarization coefficient, by the object recognition system; and d) moving the binarization area in the binarization target area, and performing the steps a), b) and c) on the moved binarization area until binarization of the binarization target area is completed, by the object recognition system. 7. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium installed in a data processing device and storing processor-executable instruction to perform the method of claim 1. 8. An object recognition system for recognizing a recognition target object using local binarization, the system comprising:
an area setting module for setting a first binarization area in a portion of a binarization target area of an image in the image in which the recognition target object is displayed, and a first coefficient calculation area including the first binarization area and having an area wider than the first binarization area by a predetermined ratio; a coefficient determination module for determining a first binarization coefficient on the basis of pixel values of pixels included in the first coefficient calculation area; and a control module for performing binarization on the first binarization area through the determined first binarization coefficient, wherein the area setting module sets a second binarization area in a portion other than the first binarization area, and a second coefficient calculation area including the second binarization area and having an area wider than the second binarization area, the coefficient determination module determines a second binarization coefficient on the basis of pixel values of pixels included in the second coefficient calculation area, and the control module performs binarization on the second binarization area through the determined second binarization coefficient. 9. The system according to claim 8, wherein the coefficient determination module determines the first binarization coefficient between an average value of pixel values of pixels included in the first coefficient calculation area and a maximum value among the pixel values. 10. The system according to claim 8, wherein the area setting module sets the second binarization area and the second coefficient calculation area of a size the same as that of the first binarization area and the first coefficient calculation area, respectively. 11. The system according to claim 8, further comprising a recognition processing module for labeling the binarization target area after binarization of the binarization target area is completed, searching for a preset pattern according to a display characteristic of the recognition target object from a result of the labeling, and processing recognition on a recognition target object included in the searched pattern. 12. An object recognition system for recognizing a recognition target object using local binarization, the system comprising:
an area setting module for setting a binarization area of a preset size in a portion of a binarization target area of an image in the image in which the recognition target object is displayed; a coefficient determination module for determining a binarization coefficient for the set binarization area; and a control module for performing binarization on the binarization area using the determined binarization coefficient, wherein the control module controls to move the binarization area in the binarization target area, determine a new binarization coefficient for the moved binarization area, and binarize the moved binarization area using the determined new binarization coefficient until binarization of the binarization target area is completed. 13. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium installed in a data processing device and storing processor-executable instruction to perform the method of claim 6. | 2,800 |
339,649 | 16,800,585 | 2,848 | An organizer that is typically configured to hang from a door, the organizer including a base layer having a front surface and a back surface, and defining a shape of said organizer; at least one compartment provided on said base layer front surface; and a support component configured to provide structural support for said organizer, said support component including a first pocket provided on said base layer and extending at least part of a length of said base layer; a first support rod positioned within said first pocket; a second pocket provided on said base layer and extending at least part of said length of said base layer; and a second support rod positioned within said second pocket; wherein the first and second pockets join at a seam that permits the organizer to be folded along said seam in a lengthwise direction; and wherein the organizer also includes a detachable shelf unit. | 1. An organizer configured to hang on an object, comprising:
a base layer having a front surface and a back surface, and defining a shape of said organizer; at least one compartment provided on said base layer front surface; and a support component configured to provide structural support for said organizer, said support component comprising:
a first pocket, a second pocket;
the first pocket comprising a window;
a first support rod positioned within the first pocket and across the window;
the second pocket comprising a window;
a second support rod positioned within said second pocket and across the window;
a hook unit engaging the object and extending through the window and under the support rod, allowing the support rod to rest on the hook;
a shelf unit that comprises a backing, a floor that extends from the backing, and apertures in the backing, wherein the apertures engage the hook unit to allow the shelf unit to hang from the hook unit and rest against the base layer. 2. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the shelf unit has at least two apertures that engage two hook units. 3. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the shelf unit includes a backing, floor, and a shelf wall that attaches to the backing and floor. 4. The organizer of claim 3, wherein the shelf wall is shorter that the shelf backing. 5. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the object is a door. 6. The organizer of claim 1, wherein object is a closet rod. 7. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the base layer is planar and rectangular. 8. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the base layer is a fabric. 9. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the base layer is comprised of canvas, vinyl, plastic, polyester, cotton, nylon, or combinations thereof. 10. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the compartments are pockets. 11. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the compartments are fabric. 12. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the compartments are comprised of canvas, vinyl, plastic, polyester, cotton, nylon, or combinations thereof. 13. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the compartments are mesh. 14. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the compartments comprise a top border. 15. The organizer of claim 14, wherein the top border comprises an elastic material. 16. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the compartments are attached to the base layer front surface by an intersecting pattern of stitched twill tape along the borders of the compartments. 17. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the shelf unit is comprised of canvas, vinyl, plastic, polyester, cotton, nylon, or combinations thereof. | An organizer that is typically configured to hang from a door, the organizer including a base layer having a front surface and a back surface, and defining a shape of said organizer; at least one compartment provided on said base layer front surface; and a support component configured to provide structural support for said organizer, said support component including a first pocket provided on said base layer and extending at least part of a length of said base layer; a first support rod positioned within said first pocket; a second pocket provided on said base layer and extending at least part of said length of said base layer; and a second support rod positioned within said second pocket; wherein the first and second pockets join at a seam that permits the organizer to be folded along said seam in a lengthwise direction; and wherein the organizer also includes a detachable shelf unit.1. An organizer configured to hang on an object, comprising:
a base layer having a front surface and a back surface, and defining a shape of said organizer; at least one compartment provided on said base layer front surface; and a support component configured to provide structural support for said organizer, said support component comprising:
a first pocket, a second pocket;
the first pocket comprising a window;
a first support rod positioned within the first pocket and across the window;
the second pocket comprising a window;
a second support rod positioned within said second pocket and across the window;
a hook unit engaging the object and extending through the window and under the support rod, allowing the support rod to rest on the hook;
a shelf unit that comprises a backing, a floor that extends from the backing, and apertures in the backing, wherein the apertures engage the hook unit to allow the shelf unit to hang from the hook unit and rest against the base layer. 2. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the shelf unit has at least two apertures that engage two hook units. 3. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the shelf unit includes a backing, floor, and a shelf wall that attaches to the backing and floor. 4. The organizer of claim 3, wherein the shelf wall is shorter that the shelf backing. 5. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the object is a door. 6. The organizer of claim 1, wherein object is a closet rod. 7. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the base layer is planar and rectangular. 8. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the base layer is a fabric. 9. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the base layer is comprised of canvas, vinyl, plastic, polyester, cotton, nylon, or combinations thereof. 10. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the compartments are pockets. 11. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the compartments are fabric. 12. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the compartments are comprised of canvas, vinyl, plastic, polyester, cotton, nylon, or combinations thereof. 13. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the compartments are mesh. 14. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the compartments comprise a top border. 15. The organizer of claim 14, wherein the top border comprises an elastic material. 16. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the compartments are attached to the base layer front surface by an intersecting pattern of stitched twill tape along the borders of the compartments. 17. The organizer of claim 1, wherein the shelf unit is comprised of canvas, vinyl, plastic, polyester, cotton, nylon, or combinations thereof. | 2,800 |
339,650 | 16,800,593 | 2,848 | There is provided a display device capable of extending the range of its application by enhancing the designability and the diversity of the display manner and by improving visual effects. The display device includes: a projector configured to project light to display information in the form of a projection image; a screen having a display surface through which light projected by the projector passes to form a projection image thereon; and a controller configured to control the projector. The display surface has a non-planar shape. | 1. A display system for a gaming machine, comprising:
an electronic display device provided on a front surface of the gaming machine to display game information; a projection screen having a curved surface extending from a lower end region thereof to an upper end region thereof, the curved surface corresponding to the upper end region extending such that it is positioned more forward as compared to the curved surface corresponding to the lower end region, a portion of the curved surface extending above the electronic display device; and a projector positioned rearward of the projection screen, the projector configured to project light via a reflector such that an image is displayed on the projection screen. 2. The display system of claim 1 wherein the curved surface extending from the lower end region to the upper end region forms a convex-shaped arc. 3. The display system of claim 1 wherein a portion of the curved surface extends along at least one lateral side of the electronic display device. 4. The display system of claim 1 wherein a portion of the curved surface extends below the electronic display device. 5. The display system of claim 1 comprising a plurality of gaming machines, and wherein the projection screen is common to the plurality of gaming machines. 6. The display system of claim 5, wherein the projection screen common to the plurality of gaming machines is formed from a plurality of projection surface members. 7. A gaming machine comprising:
a projector that projects light so as to project an image; a first screen upon which light projected from the projector is incident so as to form a projected image thereon; and a second screen overlapping a portion of the first screen such that the portion of the first screen overlapped by the second screen is hidden from view from a perspective of a forward observer, the second screen configured to display an image different from the projected image on the first screen. 8. The gaming machine of claim 7, further comprising an electronic display device disposed proximate the first and second screens. 9. The gaming machine of claim 8, wherein a portion of the first screen is disposed above the electronic display device. 10. The gaming machine of claim 8, wherein a portion of the first screen is disposed below the electronic display device. 11. The gaming machine of claim 8, wherein a portion of the first screen is disposed on at least one lateral side of the electronic display device. 12. The gaming machine of claim 8, wherein a portion of the second screen is disposed on at least one lateral side of the electronic display device. 13. The gaming machine of claim 8, wherein the first screen has a curved surface extending from a lower end region thereof to an upper end region thereof, the curved surface corresponding to the upper end region extending such that it is positioned more forward on the gaming machine as compared to the curved surface corresponding to the lower end region. 14. The gaming machine of claim 8, wherein the second screen has a curved surface extending from a lower end region thereof to an upper end region thereof, the curved surface corresponding to the upper end region extending such that it is positioned more forward on the gaming machine as compared to the curved surface corresponding to the lower end region. 15. The gaming machine of claim 13, wherein the curved surface of the first screen forms a convex-shaped arc. 16. The gaming machine of claim 14, wherein the curved surface of the second screen forms a convex-shaped arc complementary to that portion of the first screen that is overlapped. 17. The display system of claim 1, wherein the electronic display device is a LED-type or LCD-type electronic display. 18. The gaming machine of claim 8, wherein the electronic display device is a LED-type or LCD-type electronic display. | There is provided a display device capable of extending the range of its application by enhancing the designability and the diversity of the display manner and by improving visual effects. The display device includes: a projector configured to project light to display information in the form of a projection image; a screen having a display surface through which light projected by the projector passes to form a projection image thereon; and a controller configured to control the projector. The display surface has a non-planar shape.1. A display system for a gaming machine, comprising:
an electronic display device provided on a front surface of the gaming machine to display game information; a projection screen having a curved surface extending from a lower end region thereof to an upper end region thereof, the curved surface corresponding to the upper end region extending such that it is positioned more forward as compared to the curved surface corresponding to the lower end region, a portion of the curved surface extending above the electronic display device; and a projector positioned rearward of the projection screen, the projector configured to project light via a reflector such that an image is displayed on the projection screen. 2. The display system of claim 1 wherein the curved surface extending from the lower end region to the upper end region forms a convex-shaped arc. 3. The display system of claim 1 wherein a portion of the curved surface extends along at least one lateral side of the electronic display device. 4. The display system of claim 1 wherein a portion of the curved surface extends below the electronic display device. 5. The display system of claim 1 comprising a plurality of gaming machines, and wherein the projection screen is common to the plurality of gaming machines. 6. The display system of claim 5, wherein the projection screen common to the plurality of gaming machines is formed from a plurality of projection surface members. 7. A gaming machine comprising:
a projector that projects light so as to project an image; a first screen upon which light projected from the projector is incident so as to form a projected image thereon; and a second screen overlapping a portion of the first screen such that the portion of the first screen overlapped by the second screen is hidden from view from a perspective of a forward observer, the second screen configured to display an image different from the projected image on the first screen. 8. The gaming machine of claim 7, further comprising an electronic display device disposed proximate the first and second screens. 9. The gaming machine of claim 8, wherein a portion of the first screen is disposed above the electronic display device. 10. The gaming machine of claim 8, wherein a portion of the first screen is disposed below the electronic display device. 11. The gaming machine of claim 8, wherein a portion of the first screen is disposed on at least one lateral side of the electronic display device. 12. The gaming machine of claim 8, wherein a portion of the second screen is disposed on at least one lateral side of the electronic display device. 13. The gaming machine of claim 8, wherein the first screen has a curved surface extending from a lower end region thereof to an upper end region thereof, the curved surface corresponding to the upper end region extending such that it is positioned more forward on the gaming machine as compared to the curved surface corresponding to the lower end region. 14. The gaming machine of claim 8, wherein the second screen has a curved surface extending from a lower end region thereof to an upper end region thereof, the curved surface corresponding to the upper end region extending such that it is positioned more forward on the gaming machine as compared to the curved surface corresponding to the lower end region. 15. The gaming machine of claim 13, wherein the curved surface of the first screen forms a convex-shaped arc. 16. The gaming machine of claim 14, wherein the curved surface of the second screen forms a convex-shaped arc complementary to that portion of the first screen that is overlapped. 17. The display system of claim 1, wherein the electronic display device is a LED-type or LCD-type electronic display. 18. The gaming machine of claim 8, wherein the electronic display device is a LED-type or LCD-type electronic display. | 2,800 |
339,651 | 16,800,554 | 2,848 | Nanoscale metal halide perovskites are provided. The nanoscale metal halide perovskites may have a 2D structure, a quasi-2D structure, or a 3D structure. Methods also are provided for making the nanoscale metal halide perovskites. The color emitted by the nanoscale metal halide perovskites may be tuned. | 1. A nanoscale metal halide perovskite comprising a crystal having a unit cell according to formula (II):
(RNH3)(R′NH3)(IC)n-1MnX3n+1 (II);
wherein IC is an inorganic cation comprising a monovalent metal; R and R′ are selected independently from a monovalent C2-C20 hydrocarbyl; M is a metal selected from Pb, Sn, Cu, Ge, Mn, Co, Bi, or Eu; X is a halide ion selected from Cl, Br, or I; and n is an integer equal to or greater than 2. 2. The nanoscale metal halide perovskite of claim 1, wherein the monovalent metal is Cs or Rb. 3. The nanoscale metal halide perovskite of claim 1, wherein n is 2 to 9, and the crystal has a quasi-2D structure. 4. The nanoscale metal halide perovskite of claim 1, wherein n is an integer equal to or greater than 10, and the crystal has a 3D structure. 5. A nanoscale metal halide perovskite comprising a crystal having a unit cell according to formula (II):
(RNH3)(R′NH3)(IC)n-1MnX3n+1 (II);
wherein IC is an inorganic cation comprising a monovalent metal; R and R′ are selected independently from a monovalent C2-C20 hydrocarbyl; M is a metal selected from Pb, Sn, Cu, Ge, Mn, Co, Bi, or Eu; X is a halide ion selected from Cl, Br, or I; n is an integer equal to or greater than 1; and the nanoscale metal halide perovskite has a photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQE) of at least 44%. 6. The nanoscale metal halide perovskite of claim 5, wherein the monovalent metal is Cs or Rb. 7. The nanoscale metal halide perovskite of claim 5, wherein n is 1, and the crystal has a 2D structure. 8. The nanoscale metal halide perovskite of claim 5, wherein n is 2 to 9, and the crystal has a quasi-2D structure. 9. The nanoscale metal halide perovskite of claim 5, wherein n is an integer equal to or greater than 10, and the crystal has a 3D structure. 10. A method of forming a nanoscale metal halide perovskite, the method comprising:
providing a precursor liquid comprising a first polar organic liquid, a metal halide, and at least two cations selected from the group consisting of [1] a small cation, [2] RNH3, and [3] R′NH3, wherein R and R′ are selected independently from a monovalent C6-C20 hydrocarbyl, and the small cation is CH3NH3 or an inorganic cation comprising a monovalent metal; and contacting the precursor liquid with a second polar organic liquid to form the nanoscale metal halide perovskite. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first polar organic liquid is dimethyl formamide (DMF). 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the second polar organic liquid is acetone. 13. The method of claim 10, further comprising contacting the precursor solution with a non-polar organic liquid prior to contacting the precursor liquid with the second polar organic liquid. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the non-polar organic liquid comprises hexane, cyclohexane, isomers of hexane, or a combination thereof. 15. The method of claim 10, further comprising providing a first liquid comprising a metal halide and the first polar organic liquid; providing a second liquid comprising the at least two cations; and combining the first liquid and the second liquid to form the precursor liquid. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the nanoscale metal halide perovksite is produced at a yield of at least 70%, based on the amount of the metal halide in the nanoscale metal halide perovskite and the amount of the metal halide in the precursor liquid. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the metal halide is lead (II) bromide. 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the at least two cations consist of RNH3 and R′NH3 19. The method of claim 10, wherein the monovalent C6-C20 hydrocarbyl of R and R′ is independently selected from n-octadec-1-yl, n-oct-1-yl, or benzyl. 20. The method of claim 10, wherein the monovalent metal comprises Cs or Rb. | Nanoscale metal halide perovskites are provided. The nanoscale metal halide perovskites may have a 2D structure, a quasi-2D structure, or a 3D structure. Methods also are provided for making the nanoscale metal halide perovskites. The color emitted by the nanoscale metal halide perovskites may be tuned.1. A nanoscale metal halide perovskite comprising a crystal having a unit cell according to formula (II):
(RNH3)(R′NH3)(IC)n-1MnX3n+1 (II);
wherein IC is an inorganic cation comprising a monovalent metal; R and R′ are selected independently from a monovalent C2-C20 hydrocarbyl; M is a metal selected from Pb, Sn, Cu, Ge, Mn, Co, Bi, or Eu; X is a halide ion selected from Cl, Br, or I; and n is an integer equal to or greater than 2. 2. The nanoscale metal halide perovskite of claim 1, wherein the monovalent metal is Cs or Rb. 3. The nanoscale metal halide perovskite of claim 1, wherein n is 2 to 9, and the crystal has a quasi-2D structure. 4. The nanoscale metal halide perovskite of claim 1, wherein n is an integer equal to or greater than 10, and the crystal has a 3D structure. 5. A nanoscale metal halide perovskite comprising a crystal having a unit cell according to formula (II):
(RNH3)(R′NH3)(IC)n-1MnX3n+1 (II);
wherein IC is an inorganic cation comprising a monovalent metal; R and R′ are selected independently from a monovalent C2-C20 hydrocarbyl; M is a metal selected from Pb, Sn, Cu, Ge, Mn, Co, Bi, or Eu; X is a halide ion selected from Cl, Br, or I; n is an integer equal to or greater than 1; and the nanoscale metal halide perovskite has a photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQE) of at least 44%. 6. The nanoscale metal halide perovskite of claim 5, wherein the monovalent metal is Cs or Rb. 7. The nanoscale metal halide perovskite of claim 5, wherein n is 1, and the crystal has a 2D structure. 8. The nanoscale metal halide perovskite of claim 5, wherein n is 2 to 9, and the crystal has a quasi-2D structure. 9. The nanoscale metal halide perovskite of claim 5, wherein n is an integer equal to or greater than 10, and the crystal has a 3D structure. 10. A method of forming a nanoscale metal halide perovskite, the method comprising:
providing a precursor liquid comprising a first polar organic liquid, a metal halide, and at least two cations selected from the group consisting of [1] a small cation, [2] RNH3, and [3] R′NH3, wherein R and R′ are selected independently from a monovalent C6-C20 hydrocarbyl, and the small cation is CH3NH3 or an inorganic cation comprising a monovalent metal; and contacting the precursor liquid with a second polar organic liquid to form the nanoscale metal halide perovskite. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first polar organic liquid is dimethyl formamide (DMF). 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the second polar organic liquid is acetone. 13. The method of claim 10, further comprising contacting the precursor solution with a non-polar organic liquid prior to contacting the precursor liquid with the second polar organic liquid. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the non-polar organic liquid comprises hexane, cyclohexane, isomers of hexane, or a combination thereof. 15. The method of claim 10, further comprising providing a first liquid comprising a metal halide and the first polar organic liquid; providing a second liquid comprising the at least two cations; and combining the first liquid and the second liquid to form the precursor liquid. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the nanoscale metal halide perovksite is produced at a yield of at least 70%, based on the amount of the metal halide in the nanoscale metal halide perovskite and the amount of the metal halide in the precursor liquid. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the metal halide is lead (II) bromide. 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the at least two cations consist of RNH3 and R′NH3 19. The method of claim 10, wherein the monovalent C6-C20 hydrocarbyl of R and R′ is independently selected from n-octadec-1-yl, n-oct-1-yl, or benzyl. 20. The method of claim 10, wherein the monovalent metal comprises Cs or Rb. | 2,800 |
339,652 | 16,800,596 | 1,615 | A method for formulating a cleaning composition contains the step of coating a granular absorbent material with a coating agent to produce a coated absorbent material and mixing the coated absorbent material with a sanitation agent, wherein the coated absorbent material absorbs the sanitation agent to form the cleaning composition. The resulting cleaning composition may be used for cleaning up pathogens or hazardous materials. The cleaning composition may also functions as a liquefiable dry cleaning powder for public areas in response to bodily fluid incidents. A coating method of a non-toxic bio static film on a high surface area solid is disclosed. | 1.-15. (canceled) 16. A method for prevention and/or decontamination of a surface from a pathogen, comprising: applying an effective amount of cleaning composition on said surface, wherein said cleaning composition comprises:
an granular absorbent material coated with a biocide; and a sanitation agent absorbed in said granular absorbent material, wherein the granular absorbent material is not perlite, and wherein the granular absorbent material constitutes 10-50% (w/w) of the cleaning conmposition. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said pathogen is a virus, bacteria, fungus or protozoa. 18. The method of claim 17, said virus is norovirus, HIV, rotavirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, coronavirus, hepatitis virus, ebola or norovirus, arenaviruses, bunyaviruses, filoviruses, arenaviruses, Nipah virus or hantavirus. 19. The method of claim 17, said bacteria is Campylobacter, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, or Clostridum species. 20. The method of claim 17, said protozoa is Giardia, Entamoeba or Cryptosporidium species. 21. The method of claim 17, said fungus is Aspergillus, Blastomyces, Candida, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, Fusarium, Histoplasma or Pneumocystis species. 22-31. (canceled) 32. A sanitation method, comprising the step of:
applying an effective amount of the cleaning composition of claim 16 to a surface in need of sanitation; and removing the cleaning composition after a period of time. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the surface in need of sanitation comprises a biohazard spill. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the biohazard spill is vomit, urine, blood, feces, and/or a chemo therapy drug. 35. The method of claim 32, further comprising the step of:
washing the surface with a liquid or wiping the surface with a wiper after the removal of the cleaning composition. 36-41. (canceled) | A method for formulating a cleaning composition contains the step of coating a granular absorbent material with a coating agent to produce a coated absorbent material and mixing the coated absorbent material with a sanitation agent, wherein the coated absorbent material absorbs the sanitation agent to form the cleaning composition. The resulting cleaning composition may be used for cleaning up pathogens or hazardous materials. The cleaning composition may also functions as a liquefiable dry cleaning powder for public areas in response to bodily fluid incidents. A coating method of a non-toxic bio static film on a high surface area solid is disclosed.1.-15. (canceled) 16. A method for prevention and/or decontamination of a surface from a pathogen, comprising: applying an effective amount of cleaning composition on said surface, wherein said cleaning composition comprises:
an granular absorbent material coated with a biocide; and a sanitation agent absorbed in said granular absorbent material, wherein the granular absorbent material is not perlite, and wherein the granular absorbent material constitutes 10-50% (w/w) of the cleaning conmposition. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said pathogen is a virus, bacteria, fungus or protozoa. 18. The method of claim 17, said virus is norovirus, HIV, rotavirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, coronavirus, hepatitis virus, ebola or norovirus, arenaviruses, bunyaviruses, filoviruses, arenaviruses, Nipah virus or hantavirus. 19. The method of claim 17, said bacteria is Campylobacter, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, or Clostridum species. 20. The method of claim 17, said protozoa is Giardia, Entamoeba or Cryptosporidium species. 21. The method of claim 17, said fungus is Aspergillus, Blastomyces, Candida, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, Fusarium, Histoplasma or Pneumocystis species. 22-31. (canceled) 32. A sanitation method, comprising the step of:
applying an effective amount of the cleaning composition of claim 16 to a surface in need of sanitation; and removing the cleaning composition after a period of time. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the surface in need of sanitation comprises a biohazard spill. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the biohazard spill is vomit, urine, blood, feces, and/or a chemo therapy drug. 35. The method of claim 32, further comprising the step of:
washing the surface with a liquid or wiping the surface with a wiper after the removal of the cleaning composition. 36-41. (canceled) | 1,600 |
339,653 | 16,800,612 | 1,615 | According to various embodiments, an electric vehicle driving apparatus may include a driving motor, a plurality of shafts, a plurality of gears including a planetary gear set, a synchronizer, and a clutch. The electric vehicle driving apparatus may have a coaxial structure in which an input shaft connected to the driving motor is disposed coaxially with an output shaft connected to a wheel, and may continuously transmit power through a power bypass path when changing a speed. The electric vehicle driving apparatus may improve a spatial usability and improve shifting feeling by minimizing shift shock. | 1. An electric vehicle driving apparatus comprising:
an input shaft coupled with a driving motor; an output shaft arranged coaxially with the input shaft; a motor gear disposed on an outer surface of the input shaft; a bypass gear disposed on an outer surface of a bypass shaft and externally engaged with the motor gear; a planetary gear set disposed on the outer surface of the bypass shaft; a first output gear and a second output gear arranged at an outer surface of a shift shaft arranged coaxially with the bypass shaft; a synchronizer selectively coupled with at least one of the bypass shaft or a carrier of the planetary gear set, the synchronizer being configured to selectively transmit power from at least one of the bypass shaft or the carrier to the first output gear; and a clutch configured to selectively transmit the power from the bypass shaft to the second output gear. 2. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least one of the input shaft or the shift shaft comprises a hollow shaft, and wherein at least one of the output shaft or the bypass shaft comprises a solid shaft. 3. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
when the synchronizer is coupled to at least one of the carrier or the bypass shaft, the clutch is configured to restrict transmission of the power from the bypass shaft to the second output gear; and when the synchronizer is not coupled to the carrier or the bypass shaft, the clutch is configured to allow transmission of the power from the bypass shaft to the second output gear. 4. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein the synchronizer comprises a sleeve configured to move in a direction along an axis of the bypass shaft, and
wherein the synchronizer, in response to the sleeve being coupled with at least one of the bypass shaft or the carrier, is configured to couple the shift shaft with at least one of the carrier or the bypass shaft. 5. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein the planetary gear set comprises:
a sun gear; a ring gear disposed such that the ring gear at least partially encloses the sun gear; and one or more pinion gears externally engaged with an outer circumferential surface of the sun gear and an inner circumferential surface of the ring gear, and wherein the ring gear is fixed to a housing of the electric vehicle driving apparatus. 6. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein a third gear ratio associated with the power transmitted from the bypass shaft to the second output gear comprises a ratio ranging between a first gear ratio associated with power transmitted from the carrier to the first output gear and a second gear ratio associated with power transmitted from the bypass shaft to the first output gear. 7. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein the clutch comprises a frictional clutch. 8. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
a differential gear disposed on the outer surface of the output shaft and configured to receive power from at least one of the first output gear or the second output gear. 9. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 8, further comprising:
a processor electrically connected to the synchronizer and the clutch, wherein the processor is configured to control operations of the synchronizer and the clutch based on one or more electrical signals. 10. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor is configured to:
based on a first electrical signal of the one or more electrical signals:
control the synchronizer such that the synchronizer decouples the shift shaft from at least one of the carrier or the bypass shaft; and
engage the clutch to allow a power transmission between the bypass shaft and the second output gear; and
based on a second electrical signal of the one or more electrical signals:
disengage the clutch to restrict the power transmission between the bypass shaft and the second output gear; and
control the synchronizer to couple the shift shaft to either the carrier or the bypass shaft. 11. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 10, wherein:
when the synchronizer is controlled based on the first electrical signal, the differential gear is configured to receive a power of the driving motor through the first output gear, and when the synchronizer is controlled based on the second electrical signal, the differential gear is configured to receive the power of the driving motor through the second output gear. 12. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 8, wherein the differential gear is externally engaged with the first output gear and the second output gear. 13. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein the clutch is disposed at an end portion of the bypass shaft. 14. An electric vehicle driving apparatus comprising:
a driving motor; a plurality of shafts comprising an input shaft, an output shaft disposed coaxially with the input shaft, a bypass shaft spaced apart from the input shaft, and a shift shaft arranged coaxially with the bypass shaft; a motor gear coupled to an outer circumferential surface of the input shaft; a bypass gear coupled to an outer circumferential surface of the bypass shaft and externally engaged with the motor gear; a planetary gear set comprising:
a sun gear coupled to the outer circumferential surface of the bypass shaft;
a ring gear fixedly disposed to enclose the sun gear;
one or more pinion gears externally engaged with an outer circumferential surface of the sun gear and an inner circumferential surface of the ring gear; and
a carrier coupled to a rotary shaft of the one or more pinion gears;
a plurality of output gears comprising a first output gear and a second output gear and coupled to an outer circumferential surface of the shift shaft, the second output gear being spaced apart from the first output gear; a synchronizer configured to selectively couple at least one of the carrier or the bypass shaft with the shift shaft; and a clutch configured to selectively control a power transmission between the bypass shaft and the second output gear. 15. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 14, wherein:
when the synchronizer couples at least one of the carrier or the bypass shaft with the shift shaft, the clutch is configured to restrict the power transmission between the bypass shaft and the second output gear, and when the synchronizer decouples at least one of the carrier or the bypass shaft from the shift shaft, the clutch is configured to allow the power transmission between the bypass shaft and the second output gear. 16. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 14, wherein at least one of the input shaft or the shift shaft comprises a hollow shaft, and wherein at least one of the output shaft or the bypass shaft comprises a solid shaft. 17. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 14, wherein the synchronizer comprises a sleeve configured to move in an direction along an axis of the bypass shaft, and
wherein the synchronizer, in response to the sleeve being coupled with either the carrier or the bypass shaft, is configured to couple the shift shaft to at least one of the carrier or the bypass shaft. 18. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 14, wherein the ring gear is fixed to a housing of the electric vehicle driving apparatus. 19. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 14, wherein a third gear ratio of the power transmission between the bypass shaft and the second output gear comprises a ratio ranging between a first gear ratio of a power transmission between the carrier and the first output gear and a second gear ratio of a power transmission between the bypass shaft and the first output gear. 20. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 14, wherein the clutch is disposed at an end portion of the bypass shaft. | According to various embodiments, an electric vehicle driving apparatus may include a driving motor, a plurality of shafts, a plurality of gears including a planetary gear set, a synchronizer, and a clutch. The electric vehicle driving apparatus may have a coaxial structure in which an input shaft connected to the driving motor is disposed coaxially with an output shaft connected to a wheel, and may continuously transmit power through a power bypass path when changing a speed. The electric vehicle driving apparatus may improve a spatial usability and improve shifting feeling by minimizing shift shock.1. An electric vehicle driving apparatus comprising:
an input shaft coupled with a driving motor; an output shaft arranged coaxially with the input shaft; a motor gear disposed on an outer surface of the input shaft; a bypass gear disposed on an outer surface of a bypass shaft and externally engaged with the motor gear; a planetary gear set disposed on the outer surface of the bypass shaft; a first output gear and a second output gear arranged at an outer surface of a shift shaft arranged coaxially with the bypass shaft; a synchronizer selectively coupled with at least one of the bypass shaft or a carrier of the planetary gear set, the synchronizer being configured to selectively transmit power from at least one of the bypass shaft or the carrier to the first output gear; and a clutch configured to selectively transmit the power from the bypass shaft to the second output gear. 2. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least one of the input shaft or the shift shaft comprises a hollow shaft, and wherein at least one of the output shaft or the bypass shaft comprises a solid shaft. 3. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
when the synchronizer is coupled to at least one of the carrier or the bypass shaft, the clutch is configured to restrict transmission of the power from the bypass shaft to the second output gear; and when the synchronizer is not coupled to the carrier or the bypass shaft, the clutch is configured to allow transmission of the power from the bypass shaft to the second output gear. 4. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein the synchronizer comprises a sleeve configured to move in a direction along an axis of the bypass shaft, and
wherein the synchronizer, in response to the sleeve being coupled with at least one of the bypass shaft or the carrier, is configured to couple the shift shaft with at least one of the carrier or the bypass shaft. 5. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein the planetary gear set comprises:
a sun gear; a ring gear disposed such that the ring gear at least partially encloses the sun gear; and one or more pinion gears externally engaged with an outer circumferential surface of the sun gear and an inner circumferential surface of the ring gear, and wherein the ring gear is fixed to a housing of the electric vehicle driving apparatus. 6. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein a third gear ratio associated with the power transmitted from the bypass shaft to the second output gear comprises a ratio ranging between a first gear ratio associated with power transmitted from the carrier to the first output gear and a second gear ratio associated with power transmitted from the bypass shaft to the first output gear. 7. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein the clutch comprises a frictional clutch. 8. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
a differential gear disposed on the outer surface of the output shaft and configured to receive power from at least one of the first output gear or the second output gear. 9. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 8, further comprising:
a processor electrically connected to the synchronizer and the clutch, wherein the processor is configured to control operations of the synchronizer and the clutch based on one or more electrical signals. 10. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor is configured to:
based on a first electrical signal of the one or more electrical signals:
control the synchronizer such that the synchronizer decouples the shift shaft from at least one of the carrier or the bypass shaft; and
engage the clutch to allow a power transmission between the bypass shaft and the second output gear; and
based on a second electrical signal of the one or more electrical signals:
disengage the clutch to restrict the power transmission between the bypass shaft and the second output gear; and
control the synchronizer to couple the shift shaft to either the carrier or the bypass shaft. 11. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 10, wherein:
when the synchronizer is controlled based on the first electrical signal, the differential gear is configured to receive a power of the driving motor through the first output gear, and when the synchronizer is controlled based on the second electrical signal, the differential gear is configured to receive the power of the driving motor through the second output gear. 12. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 8, wherein the differential gear is externally engaged with the first output gear and the second output gear. 13. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein the clutch is disposed at an end portion of the bypass shaft. 14. An electric vehicle driving apparatus comprising:
a driving motor; a plurality of shafts comprising an input shaft, an output shaft disposed coaxially with the input shaft, a bypass shaft spaced apart from the input shaft, and a shift shaft arranged coaxially with the bypass shaft; a motor gear coupled to an outer circumferential surface of the input shaft; a bypass gear coupled to an outer circumferential surface of the bypass shaft and externally engaged with the motor gear; a planetary gear set comprising:
a sun gear coupled to the outer circumferential surface of the bypass shaft;
a ring gear fixedly disposed to enclose the sun gear;
one or more pinion gears externally engaged with an outer circumferential surface of the sun gear and an inner circumferential surface of the ring gear; and
a carrier coupled to a rotary shaft of the one or more pinion gears;
a plurality of output gears comprising a first output gear and a second output gear and coupled to an outer circumferential surface of the shift shaft, the second output gear being spaced apart from the first output gear; a synchronizer configured to selectively couple at least one of the carrier or the bypass shaft with the shift shaft; and a clutch configured to selectively control a power transmission between the bypass shaft and the second output gear. 15. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 14, wherein:
when the synchronizer couples at least one of the carrier or the bypass shaft with the shift shaft, the clutch is configured to restrict the power transmission between the bypass shaft and the second output gear, and when the synchronizer decouples at least one of the carrier or the bypass shaft from the shift shaft, the clutch is configured to allow the power transmission between the bypass shaft and the second output gear. 16. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 14, wherein at least one of the input shaft or the shift shaft comprises a hollow shaft, and wherein at least one of the output shaft or the bypass shaft comprises a solid shaft. 17. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 14, wherein the synchronizer comprises a sleeve configured to move in an direction along an axis of the bypass shaft, and
wherein the synchronizer, in response to the sleeve being coupled with either the carrier or the bypass shaft, is configured to couple the shift shaft to at least one of the carrier or the bypass shaft. 18. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 14, wherein the ring gear is fixed to a housing of the electric vehicle driving apparatus. 19. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 14, wherein a third gear ratio of the power transmission between the bypass shaft and the second output gear comprises a ratio ranging between a first gear ratio of a power transmission between the carrier and the first output gear and a second gear ratio of a power transmission between the bypass shaft and the first output gear. 20. The electric vehicle driving apparatus of claim 14, wherein the clutch is disposed at an end portion of the bypass shaft. | 1,600 |
339,654 | 16,800,582 | 1,615 | A gaming machine for providing a game to a player is described herein. The gaming machine displays a primary game including a plurality of reels and spins and stops the reels to display the outcome of the primary game. The gaming machine detects a first triggering condition appearing in the outcome of the primary game and responsively initiates a bonus award game upon detecting the first triggering condition, and detects a second triggering condition appearing in the outcome of the primary game and responsively initiates a free game feature upon detecting the second triggering condition. | 1. A gaming machine for providing a game to a player, comprising:
a cabinet; a display device mounted to the cabinet; and a controller including processor programed to execute an algorithm including the steps of: displaying a plurality of reels on the display device and spinning and stopping the reels to display an outcome of a primary game; detecting a plurality of trigger symbols appearing in the outcome of the primary game; for at least one trigger symbol, randomly selecting a number of instances of a bonus feature; and replacing the at least one trigger symbol with a bonus symbol indicating the randomly selecting a number of instances of the bonus feature. 2. The gaming machine of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
randomly selecting another trigger symbol appearing in the outcome of the primary game and randomly selecting a credit prize associated with the another trigger symbol; and replacing the another trigger symbol with the randomly selected credit prize. 3. The gaming machine of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
initiating the bonus feature including a number of free spins of the reels equal to a sum of the number of instances of the bonus feature indicated by the bonus symbols. 4. The gaming machine of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
initiating the bonus feature by displaying a bonus award game on the display device including a plurality of bonus awards and a rotating award selector; and initiating a number of instances of the bonus award game equal to a sum of the number of instances of the bonus feature indicated by the bonus symbols, each instance of the bonus award game including a spin of the rotating award selector to randomly select one of the bonus awards. 5. The gaming machine of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
randomly determining whether to initiate the bonus feature based on a number of trigger symbols appearing in the outcome of the primary game. 6. The gaming machine of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
initiating the bonus feature upon detecting a predefined number of trigger symbols appearing in the outcome of the primary game. 7. The gaming machine of claim 6, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
initiating the bonus feature upon detecting the predefined number of trigger symbols appearing in a predefined arrangement. 8. A method of operating a gaming machine including a display device mounted to a cabinet and a controller including a processor operably coupled to the display, the method including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
displaying a plurality of reels on the display device and spinning and stopping the reels to display an outcome of a primary game; detecting a plurality of trigger symbols appearing in the outcome of the primary game; for at least one trigger symbol, randomly selecting a number of instances of a bonus feature; and replacing the at least one trigger symbol with a bonus symbol indicating the randomly selecting a number of instances of the bonus feature. 9. The method of claim 8, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
randomly selecting another trigger symbol appearing in the outcome of the primary game and randomly selecting a credit prize associated with the another trigger symbol; and replacing the another trigger symbol with the randomly selected credit prize. 10. The method of claim 8, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
initiating the bonus feature including a number of free spins of the reels equal to a sum of the number of instances of the bonus feature indicated by the bonus symbols. 11. The method of claim 8, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
initiating the bonus feature by displaying a bonus award game on the display device including a plurality of bonus awards and a rotating award selector; and initiating a number of instances of the bonus award game equal to a sum of the number of instances of the bonus feature indicated by the bonus symbols, each instance of the bonus award game including a spin of the rotating award selector to randomly select one of the bonus awards. 12. The method of claim 8, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
randomly determining whether to initiate the bonus feature based on a number of trigger symbols appearing in the outcome of the primary game. 13. The method of claim 8, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
initiating the bonus feature upon detecting a predefined number of trigger symbols appearing in the outcome of the primary game. 14. The method of claim 13, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
initiating the bonus feature upon detecting the predefined number of trigger symbols appearing in a predefined arrangement. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable storage media having computer-executable instructions embodied thereon, when executed by at least one processor the computer-executable instructions cause the at least one processor to perform an algorithm including the steps of:
displaying a plurality of reels on the display device and spinning and stopping the reels to display an outcome of a primary game; detecting a plurality of trigger symbols appearing in the outcome of the primary game; for at least one trigger symbol, randomly selecting a number of instances of a bonus feature; and replacing the at least one trigger symbol with a bonus symbol indicating the randomly selecting a number of instances of the bonus feature. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, wherein the computer-executable instructions cause the at least one processor to perform the algorithm including the steps of:
randomly selecting another trigger symbol appearing in the outcome of the primary game and randomly selecting a credit prize associated with the another trigger symbol; and replacing the another trigger symbol with the randomly selected credit prize. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, wherein the computer-executable instructions cause the at least one processor to perform the algorithm including the steps of:
initiating the bonus feature including a number of free spins of the reels equal to a sum of the number of instances of the bonus feature indicated by the bonus symbols. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, wherein the computer-executable instructions cause the at least one processor to perform the algorithm including the steps of:
initiating the bonus feature by displaying a bonus award game on the display device including a plurality of bonus awards and a rotating award selector; and initiating a number of instances of the bonus award game equal to a sum of the number of instances of the bonus feature indicated by the bonus symbols, each instance of the bonus award game including a spin of the rotating award selector to randomly select one of the bonus awards. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, wherein the computer-executable instructions cause the at least one processor to perform the algorithm including the steps of:
randomly determining whether to initiate the bonus feature based on a number of trigger symbols appearing in the outcome of the primary game. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, wherein the computer-executable instructions cause the at least one processor to perform the algorithm including the steps of:
initiating the bonus feature upon detecting a predefined number of trigger symbols appearing in the outcome of the primary game. | A gaming machine for providing a game to a player is described herein. The gaming machine displays a primary game including a plurality of reels and spins and stops the reels to display the outcome of the primary game. The gaming machine detects a first triggering condition appearing in the outcome of the primary game and responsively initiates a bonus award game upon detecting the first triggering condition, and detects a second triggering condition appearing in the outcome of the primary game and responsively initiates a free game feature upon detecting the second triggering condition.1. A gaming machine for providing a game to a player, comprising:
a cabinet; a display device mounted to the cabinet; and a controller including processor programed to execute an algorithm including the steps of: displaying a plurality of reels on the display device and spinning and stopping the reels to display an outcome of a primary game; detecting a plurality of trigger symbols appearing in the outcome of the primary game; for at least one trigger symbol, randomly selecting a number of instances of a bonus feature; and replacing the at least one trigger symbol with a bonus symbol indicating the randomly selecting a number of instances of the bonus feature. 2. The gaming machine of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
randomly selecting another trigger symbol appearing in the outcome of the primary game and randomly selecting a credit prize associated with the another trigger symbol; and replacing the another trigger symbol with the randomly selected credit prize. 3. The gaming machine of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
initiating the bonus feature including a number of free spins of the reels equal to a sum of the number of instances of the bonus feature indicated by the bonus symbols. 4. The gaming machine of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
initiating the bonus feature by displaying a bonus award game on the display device including a plurality of bonus awards and a rotating award selector; and initiating a number of instances of the bonus award game equal to a sum of the number of instances of the bonus feature indicated by the bonus symbols, each instance of the bonus award game including a spin of the rotating award selector to randomly select one of the bonus awards. 5. The gaming machine of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
randomly determining whether to initiate the bonus feature based on a number of trigger symbols appearing in the outcome of the primary game. 6. The gaming machine of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
initiating the bonus feature upon detecting a predefined number of trigger symbols appearing in the outcome of the primary game. 7. The gaming machine of claim 6, wherein the processor is programmed to execute the algorithm including the steps of:
initiating the bonus feature upon detecting the predefined number of trigger symbols appearing in a predefined arrangement. 8. A method of operating a gaming machine including a display device mounted to a cabinet and a controller including a processor operably coupled to the display, the method including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
displaying a plurality of reels on the display device and spinning and stopping the reels to display an outcome of a primary game; detecting a plurality of trigger symbols appearing in the outcome of the primary game; for at least one trigger symbol, randomly selecting a number of instances of a bonus feature; and replacing the at least one trigger symbol with a bonus symbol indicating the randomly selecting a number of instances of the bonus feature. 9. The method of claim 8, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
randomly selecting another trigger symbol appearing in the outcome of the primary game and randomly selecting a credit prize associated with the another trigger symbol; and replacing the another trigger symbol with the randomly selected credit prize. 10. The method of claim 8, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
initiating the bonus feature including a number of free spins of the reels equal to a sum of the number of instances of the bonus feature indicated by the bonus symbols. 11. The method of claim 8, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
initiating the bonus feature by displaying a bonus award game on the display device including a plurality of bonus awards and a rotating award selector; and initiating a number of instances of the bonus award game equal to a sum of the number of instances of the bonus feature indicated by the bonus symbols, each instance of the bonus award game including a spin of the rotating award selector to randomly select one of the bonus awards. 12. The method of claim 8, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
randomly determining whether to initiate the bonus feature based on a number of trigger symbols appearing in the outcome of the primary game. 13. The method of claim 8, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
initiating the bonus feature upon detecting a predefined number of trigger symbols appearing in the outcome of the primary game. 14. The method of claim 13, including the processor performing the algorithm steps of:
initiating the bonus feature upon detecting the predefined number of trigger symbols appearing in a predefined arrangement. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable storage media having computer-executable instructions embodied thereon, when executed by at least one processor the computer-executable instructions cause the at least one processor to perform an algorithm including the steps of:
displaying a plurality of reels on the display device and spinning and stopping the reels to display an outcome of a primary game; detecting a plurality of trigger symbols appearing in the outcome of the primary game; for at least one trigger symbol, randomly selecting a number of instances of a bonus feature; and replacing the at least one trigger symbol with a bonus symbol indicating the randomly selecting a number of instances of the bonus feature. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, wherein the computer-executable instructions cause the at least one processor to perform the algorithm including the steps of:
randomly selecting another trigger symbol appearing in the outcome of the primary game and randomly selecting a credit prize associated with the another trigger symbol; and replacing the another trigger symbol with the randomly selected credit prize. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, wherein the computer-executable instructions cause the at least one processor to perform the algorithm including the steps of:
initiating the bonus feature including a number of free spins of the reels equal to a sum of the number of instances of the bonus feature indicated by the bonus symbols. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, wherein the computer-executable instructions cause the at least one processor to perform the algorithm including the steps of:
initiating the bonus feature by displaying a bonus award game on the display device including a plurality of bonus awards and a rotating award selector; and initiating a number of instances of the bonus award game equal to a sum of the number of instances of the bonus feature indicated by the bonus symbols, each instance of the bonus award game including a spin of the rotating award selector to randomly select one of the bonus awards. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, wherein the computer-executable instructions cause the at least one processor to perform the algorithm including the steps of:
randomly determining whether to initiate the bonus feature based on a number of trigger symbols appearing in the outcome of the primary game. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, wherein the computer-executable instructions cause the at least one processor to perform the algorithm including the steps of:
initiating the bonus feature upon detecting a predefined number of trigger symbols appearing in the outcome of the primary game. | 1,600 |
339,655 | 16,800,603 | 1,615 | An image forming apparatus according to the present disclosure has items relating to function control. The image forming apparatus includes a setting section and a classification section. The setting section sets item content for each function. The classification section classifies an item into a first item group depending on a change frequency of the item contents. The first item group is defined such that information indicating a change in item content of the group is sent to an external device. | 1. An image forming apparatus having items relating to control of a function, the apparatus comprising:
a setting section configured to set content of the item for the function; and a classification section configured to classify the item into a first item group depending on a change frequency of the content of the item, wherein the first item group is a group defined such that information indicating a change in the content of the item is sent to an external device. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising
storage, wherein some of the items are classified in a second item group, the second item group is a group defined such that information including changed item content is stored in the storage, and the classification section makes a change depending on the change frequency such that the item classified in the second item group is to be included in the first item group. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising
storage, wherein some of the items are classified in a third item group, the third item group is a group defined such that storing information indicating change content of an item in the storage and sending the information indicating a change in the content of the item to the external device are prevented, and the classification section makes a change depending on the change frequency such that the item classified in the third item group is to be included in the first item group. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising
storage, wherein some of the items are classified in a second item group, some other of the items are classified in a third item group, the second item group is a group defined such that information including changed item content is stored in the storage, the third item group is a group defined such that storing information indicating change content of an item in the storage and sending the information indicating a change in the content of the item to the external device are prevented, and the classification section makes a change depending on the change frequency such that the item classified in the second item group or the third item group is to be included in the first item group. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein
when the change frequency is reduced to be less than a first threshold, the classification section makes a change such that the item classified in the second item group is to be included in the first item group. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 3, wherein
when the change frequency is increased to be more than a second threshold, the classification section makes a change such that the item classified in the third item group is to be included in the first item group. 7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the classification section calculates the change frequency based on change intervals each between a change made in the content of the item and a next change. 8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 7, wherein
the change frequency is represented by an average value of the change intervals of the item. 9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the classification section calculates the change frequency based on count values each indicating a change count of the content of the item within a specified period. 10. The image forming apparatus according to claim 9, wherein
the change frequency is represented by an average value of the count values of the item. | An image forming apparatus according to the present disclosure has items relating to function control. The image forming apparatus includes a setting section and a classification section. The setting section sets item content for each function. The classification section classifies an item into a first item group depending on a change frequency of the item contents. The first item group is defined such that information indicating a change in item content of the group is sent to an external device.1. An image forming apparatus having items relating to control of a function, the apparatus comprising:
a setting section configured to set content of the item for the function; and a classification section configured to classify the item into a first item group depending on a change frequency of the content of the item, wherein the first item group is a group defined such that information indicating a change in the content of the item is sent to an external device. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising
storage, wherein some of the items are classified in a second item group, the second item group is a group defined such that information including changed item content is stored in the storage, and the classification section makes a change depending on the change frequency such that the item classified in the second item group is to be included in the first item group. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising
storage, wherein some of the items are classified in a third item group, the third item group is a group defined such that storing information indicating change content of an item in the storage and sending the information indicating a change in the content of the item to the external device are prevented, and the classification section makes a change depending on the change frequency such that the item classified in the third item group is to be included in the first item group. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising
storage, wherein some of the items are classified in a second item group, some other of the items are classified in a third item group, the second item group is a group defined such that information including changed item content is stored in the storage, the third item group is a group defined such that storing information indicating change content of an item in the storage and sending the information indicating a change in the content of the item to the external device are prevented, and the classification section makes a change depending on the change frequency such that the item classified in the second item group or the third item group is to be included in the first item group. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein
when the change frequency is reduced to be less than a first threshold, the classification section makes a change such that the item classified in the second item group is to be included in the first item group. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 3, wherein
when the change frequency is increased to be more than a second threshold, the classification section makes a change such that the item classified in the third item group is to be included in the first item group. 7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the classification section calculates the change frequency based on change intervals each between a change made in the content of the item and a next change. 8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 7, wherein
the change frequency is represented by an average value of the change intervals of the item. 9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the classification section calculates the change frequency based on count values each indicating a change count of the content of the item within a specified period. 10. The image forming apparatus according to claim 9, wherein
the change frequency is represented by an average value of the count values of the item. | 1,600 |
339,656 | 16,800,602 | 1,615 | An electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes a device body and a rotating member rotatably coupled with the device body. The device body is provided with a sliding member, where the sliding member is slidable relative to the rotating member and abuts against the rotating member, enabling the rotating member to be rotatable relative to the device body along a predetermined trajectory. | 1. An electronic device, comprising:
a device body; and a rotating member rotatably coupled with the device body; the device body being provided with a sliding member, the sliding member being slidable relative to the rotating member and abutting against the rotating member, enabling the rotating member to be rotatable relative to the device body along a predetermined trajectory. 2. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein:
the device body defines a mounting hole, wherein the sliding member is received in the mounting hole; and the electronic device further comprises a limiting member disposed at an opening of the mounting hole, wherein the limiting member is used for limiting a movement of the sliding member. 3. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein:
the device body defines a mounting hole; and the sliding member comprises a first sliding sub-member and a second sliding sub-member, wherein the first sliding sub-member and the second sliding sub-member are received in the mounting hole. 4. The electronic device of claim 3, wherein the first sliding sub-member and the second sliding sub-member are stacked in a direction in which the mounting hole extends. 5. The electronic device of claim 3, wherein the first sliding sub-member is in direct contact with the second sliding sub-member, and at least one of the first sliding sub-member or the second sliding sub-member abuts against the rotating member. 6. The electronic device of claim 3, further comprising a spacer disposed between the first sliding sub-member and the second sliding sub-member, wherein the spacer separates the first sliding sub-member from the second sliding sub-member. 7. The electronic device of claim 3, wherein the sliding member further comprises a third sliding sub-member, wherein the third sliding sub-member is received in the mounting hole, and the first sliding sub-member and the second sliding sub-member both abut against the third sliding sub-member. 8. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein the third sliding sub-member is disposed between the first sliding sub-member and the second sliding sub-member, and the first sliding sub-member, the second sliding sub-member, and the third sliding sub-member are stacked in a direction in which the mounting hole extends. 9. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein:
the first sliding sub-member and the second sliding sub-member are stacked in a direction in which the mounting hole extends; and the third sliding sub-member is disposed at a side of the first sliding sub-member away from the rotating member, and the third sliding sub-member abuts against both the first sliding sub-member and the second sliding sub-member. 10. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein the mounting hole comprises a first limiting hole and a second limiting hole in communication with the first limiting hole, wherein the second limiting hole is further away from the rotating member than the first limiting hole, the first sliding sub-member and the second sliding sub-member are received in the first limiting hole, and the third sliding sub-member is received in the second limiting hole. 11. The electronic device of claim 1, further comprising a resilient piece disposed between the rotating member and the device body, wherein the resilient piece limits a movement of the rotating member when the rotating member rotates relative to the device body. 12. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the rotating member is in point contact with the sliding member. 13. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the rotating member is switched between a first state and a second state, wherein in the first state the rotating member is fully received in the device body, and wherein in the second state the rotating member partially extends out of the device body. 14. The electronic device of claim 13, further comprising a functional component arranged on the rotating member, wherein when the rotating member is in the second state, the functional component is exposed outside the device body. 15. An electronic device, comprising:
a rotating member; and a device body; an end of the rotating member being rotatably coupled with the device body; the device body being provided with a sliding member, wherein the sliding member is rotatable relative to the rotating member and used for applying an abutting force against the rotating member, enabling another end of the rotating member to be rotatable relative to the device body along a predetermined trajectory. 16. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the device body defines a mounting hole, wherein the sliding member is received in the mounting hole, and a sidewall of the mounting hole is used for applying a circumferential abutting force against the sliding member. 17. The electronic device of claim 16, further comprising a limiting member disposed at an opening of the mounting hole, wherein the limiting member is used for applying an abutting force against the sliding member in a direction in which the mounting hole extends. 18. The electronic device of claim 16, wherein the sliding member comprises a first sliding sub-member and a second sliding sub-member, wherein the second sliding sub-member and the first sliding sub-member are stacked in a direction in which the mounting hole extends, and wherein the second sliding sub-member and the first sliding sub-member cooperatively apply an abutting force against the rotating member. 19. The electronic device of claim 18, wherein the first sliding sub-member applies a first abutting force in a first direction against the rotating member, and the second sliding sub-member applies a second abutting force in a second direction against the rotating member, wherein the first abutting force comprises a component force in the direction in which the mounting hole extends and the second abutting force comprises a component force in the direction in which the mounting hole extends, wherein the component force of the first abutting force is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the component force of the second abutting force. 20. An electronic device, comprising:
a device body comprising a frame assembly and a display screen installed in the frame assembly; a sliding member coupled to the device body; and a rotating member comprising a camera module, wherein an end of the rotating member is rotatably coupled with the device body; wherein the sliding member is rotatable relative to the rotating member and applies an abutting force against the rotating member, enabling another end of the rotating member to rotate relative to the device body along a predetermined trajectory, and rotation of the rotating member along the predetermined trajectory enables the camera module to be switched between a position in which the camera module is outside of the device body and a position in which the camera module is received in the device body. | An electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes a device body and a rotating member rotatably coupled with the device body. The device body is provided with a sliding member, where the sliding member is slidable relative to the rotating member and abuts against the rotating member, enabling the rotating member to be rotatable relative to the device body along a predetermined trajectory.1. An electronic device, comprising:
a device body; and a rotating member rotatably coupled with the device body; the device body being provided with a sliding member, the sliding member being slidable relative to the rotating member and abutting against the rotating member, enabling the rotating member to be rotatable relative to the device body along a predetermined trajectory. 2. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein:
the device body defines a mounting hole, wherein the sliding member is received in the mounting hole; and the electronic device further comprises a limiting member disposed at an opening of the mounting hole, wherein the limiting member is used for limiting a movement of the sliding member. 3. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein:
the device body defines a mounting hole; and the sliding member comprises a first sliding sub-member and a second sliding sub-member, wherein the first sliding sub-member and the second sliding sub-member are received in the mounting hole. 4. The electronic device of claim 3, wherein the first sliding sub-member and the second sliding sub-member are stacked in a direction in which the mounting hole extends. 5. The electronic device of claim 3, wherein the first sliding sub-member is in direct contact with the second sliding sub-member, and at least one of the first sliding sub-member or the second sliding sub-member abuts against the rotating member. 6. The electronic device of claim 3, further comprising a spacer disposed between the first sliding sub-member and the second sliding sub-member, wherein the spacer separates the first sliding sub-member from the second sliding sub-member. 7. The electronic device of claim 3, wherein the sliding member further comprises a third sliding sub-member, wherein the third sliding sub-member is received in the mounting hole, and the first sliding sub-member and the second sliding sub-member both abut against the third sliding sub-member. 8. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein the third sliding sub-member is disposed between the first sliding sub-member and the second sliding sub-member, and the first sliding sub-member, the second sliding sub-member, and the third sliding sub-member are stacked in a direction in which the mounting hole extends. 9. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein:
the first sliding sub-member and the second sliding sub-member are stacked in a direction in which the mounting hole extends; and the third sliding sub-member is disposed at a side of the first sliding sub-member away from the rotating member, and the third sliding sub-member abuts against both the first sliding sub-member and the second sliding sub-member. 10. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein the mounting hole comprises a first limiting hole and a second limiting hole in communication with the first limiting hole, wherein the second limiting hole is further away from the rotating member than the first limiting hole, the first sliding sub-member and the second sliding sub-member are received in the first limiting hole, and the third sliding sub-member is received in the second limiting hole. 11. The electronic device of claim 1, further comprising a resilient piece disposed between the rotating member and the device body, wherein the resilient piece limits a movement of the rotating member when the rotating member rotates relative to the device body. 12. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the rotating member is in point contact with the sliding member. 13. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the rotating member is switched between a first state and a second state, wherein in the first state the rotating member is fully received in the device body, and wherein in the second state the rotating member partially extends out of the device body. 14. The electronic device of claim 13, further comprising a functional component arranged on the rotating member, wherein when the rotating member is in the second state, the functional component is exposed outside the device body. 15. An electronic device, comprising:
a rotating member; and a device body; an end of the rotating member being rotatably coupled with the device body; the device body being provided with a sliding member, wherein the sliding member is rotatable relative to the rotating member and used for applying an abutting force against the rotating member, enabling another end of the rotating member to be rotatable relative to the device body along a predetermined trajectory. 16. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the device body defines a mounting hole, wherein the sliding member is received in the mounting hole, and a sidewall of the mounting hole is used for applying a circumferential abutting force against the sliding member. 17. The electronic device of claim 16, further comprising a limiting member disposed at an opening of the mounting hole, wherein the limiting member is used for applying an abutting force against the sliding member in a direction in which the mounting hole extends. 18. The electronic device of claim 16, wherein the sliding member comprises a first sliding sub-member and a second sliding sub-member, wherein the second sliding sub-member and the first sliding sub-member are stacked in a direction in which the mounting hole extends, and wherein the second sliding sub-member and the first sliding sub-member cooperatively apply an abutting force against the rotating member. 19. The electronic device of claim 18, wherein the first sliding sub-member applies a first abutting force in a first direction against the rotating member, and the second sliding sub-member applies a second abutting force in a second direction against the rotating member, wherein the first abutting force comprises a component force in the direction in which the mounting hole extends and the second abutting force comprises a component force in the direction in which the mounting hole extends, wherein the component force of the first abutting force is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the component force of the second abutting force. 20. An electronic device, comprising:
a device body comprising a frame assembly and a display screen installed in the frame assembly; a sliding member coupled to the device body; and a rotating member comprising a camera module, wherein an end of the rotating member is rotatably coupled with the device body; wherein the sliding member is rotatable relative to the rotating member and applies an abutting force against the rotating member, enabling another end of the rotating member to rotate relative to the device body along a predetermined trajectory, and rotation of the rotating member along the predetermined trajectory enables the camera module to be switched between a position in which the camera module is outside of the device body and a position in which the camera module is received in the device body. | 1,600 |
339,657 | 16,800,624 | 1,792 | The present invention is a candy that warms with an exothermic composition in the mouth of the consumer sufficient to not heat the candy past the candy's melting point or body temperature. This creates a gentle warming sensation in the mouth of the consumer increasing satisfaction with the candy. | 1. A candy product comprising a piece of candy with a chemical product that delivers an exothermic reaction upon placement of the piece of candy in the mouth, wherein the product is limited in the candy is warmed to be just over ambient temperature to no more than about body temperature, but not past the point of melting. 2. The candy according to claim 1 wherein the candy is a chocolate heated between above ambient to less than about the melting point of the chocolate. 3. A method for delivering a warmed piece of candy comprising:
a) selecting a piece of candy; and b) associating the candy with a chemical product that activates upon placement of the candy in the mouth, the chemical product present in just enough quantity to warm the candy from about ambient temperature to about body temperature, but not higher than about the melting point of the candy. | The present invention is a candy that warms with an exothermic composition in the mouth of the consumer sufficient to not heat the candy past the candy's melting point or body temperature. This creates a gentle warming sensation in the mouth of the consumer increasing satisfaction with the candy.1. A candy product comprising a piece of candy with a chemical product that delivers an exothermic reaction upon placement of the piece of candy in the mouth, wherein the product is limited in the candy is warmed to be just over ambient temperature to no more than about body temperature, but not past the point of melting. 2. The candy according to claim 1 wherein the candy is a chocolate heated between above ambient to less than about the melting point of the chocolate. 3. A method for delivering a warmed piece of candy comprising:
a) selecting a piece of candy; and b) associating the candy with a chemical product that activates upon placement of the candy in the mouth, the chemical product present in just enough quantity to warm the candy from about ambient temperature to about body temperature, but not higher than about the melting point of the candy. | 1,700 |
339,658 | 16,800,516 | 1,792 | A swivel includes a male segment, a female segment, and a lock pin. The male segment can mate with the female segment, and the lock pin can pass through the female segment and engage with the male segment to prevent relative axial movement of the male segment and the female segment while allowing relative rotational movement of the male segment and the female segment. The male segment includes a first conductive ring configured to couple to a first wire. The female segment includes a second conductive ring configured to couple to a second wire. Contact between the first and second conductive rings establishes an electrical connection between the first and second wires. | 1. A swivel comprising:
a male segment configured to couple to a first drill pipe of a drill string configured to form a wellbore in a subterranean formation, the male segment comprising:
an outer circumferential surface defining a groove; and
a first conductive ring disposed on the outer circumferential surface, the first conductive ring configured to couple to a first wire disposed within the first drill pipe;
a female segment configured to couple to a second drill pipe of the drill string, the female segment defining a passageway, the female segment comprising:
an inner circumferential surface configured to mate with the outer circumferential surface of the male segment; and
a second conductive ring disposed on the inner circumferential surface, the second conductive ring configured to couple to a second wire disposed within the second drill pipe, the second conductive ring configured to contact the first conductive ring when the inner circumferential surface of the female segment mates with the outer circumferential surface of the male segment to establish an electrical connection between the first wire and the second wire; and
a lock pin configured to pass through the passageway of the female segment and engage with the groove of the male segment to prevent relative axial movement of the male segment and the female segment while allowing relative rotational movement of the male segment and the female segment. 2. The swivel of claim 1, comprising a first seal and a second seal positioned between the male segment and the female segment, wherein the first seal, the second seal, the outer circumferential surface of the male segment, and the inner circumferential surface of the female segment together define an inner volume between the male segment and the female segment. 3. The swivel of claim 2, wherein the first conductive ring and the second conductive ring are axially positioned, relative to a longitudinal axis of the swivel, between the first seal and the second seal, such that the first conductive ring and the second conductive ring are electrically isolated from a remaining portion of the swivel and fluidically isolated from fluids external to the inner volume. 4. The swivel of claim 3, wherein the first conductive ring is rotationally fixed relative to the male segment, the second conductive ring is rotationally fixed relative to the female segment, and the first conductive ring and the second conductive ring are configured to maintain the electrical connection between the first wire and the second wire during relative rotational movement of the first conductive ring and the second conductive ring. 5. The swivel of claim 4, wherein the lock pin and the passageway of the female segment are threaded. 6. The swivel of claim 5, wherein each of the first seal and the second seal comprise a self-lubricated O-ring. 7. A system comprising:
a first drill pipe configured to be disposed within a subterranean formation; a first wire configured to be disposed within the first drill pipe; a second drill pipe configured to be disposed within the subterranean formation; a second wire configured to be disposed within the second drill pipe; and a swivel connecting the first drill pipe to the second drill pipe and the first wire to the second wire, the swivel comprising:
a male segment connected to the first drill pipe;
a female segment connected to the second drill pipe, the male segment and the female segment configured to mate with each other to establish an electrical connection between the first wire and the second wire; and
a lock pin configured to prevent relative axial movement of the male segment and the female segment while allowing relative rotational movement of the male segment and the female segment. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein:
the male segment comprises an outer circumferential surface defining a groove; the female segment comprises an inner circumferential surface and defines a passageway; and the lock pin is configured to pass through the passageway of the female segment and engage with the groove of the male segment. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the lock pin and the passageway of the female segment are threaded. 10. The system of claim 7, wherein:
the male segment comprises a first conductive ring connected to the first wire; the female segment comprises a second conductive ring connected to the second wire; and the first conductive ring of the male segment is configured to contact the second conductive ring of the female segment when the male segment and the female segment mate with each other to establish the electrical connection between the first wire and the second wire. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the first conductive ring is rotationally fixed relative to the male segment, the second conductive ring is rotationally fixed relative to the female segment, and the first conductive ring and the second conductive ring are configured to maintain the electrical connection between the first wire and the second wire during relative rotational movement of the first conductive ring and the second conductive ring. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the swivel comprises a first seal and a second seal positioned between the male segment and the female segment, wherein the first seal, the second seal, the male segment, and the female segment together define an inner volume between the male segment and the female segment. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the first conductive ring and the second conductive ring are axially positioned, relative to a longitudinal axis of the swivel, between the first seal and the second seal, such that the first conductive ring and the second conductive ring are electrically isolated from a remaining portion of the swivel and fluidically isolated from fluids external to the inner volume. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein each of the first seal and the second seal comprise a self-lubricated O-ring. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein at least one of the first seal or the second seal is disposed on an axial surface of the male segment. 16. A method comprising:
connecting, by a swivel, a first drill pipe to a second drill pipe; enabling, by the swivel, relative rotational movement of the first drill pipe and the second drill pipe while preventing relative axial movement of the first drill pipe and the second drill pipe; and establishing, by the swivel, an electrical connection between a first wire disposed within the first drill pipe and a second wire disposed within the second drill pipe. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the swivel comprises:
a first portion connected to the first drill pipe, the first portion defining a groove, a second portion connected to the second drill pipe and mated with the first portion, the second portion defining a passageway, and wherein connecting the first drill pipe to the second drill pipe comprises passing the lock pin through the passageway of the second portion and engaging the lock pin with the groove of the first portion to secure the first portion to the second portion, and engaging the lock pin with the groove of the first portion prevents the relative axial movement of the first drill pipe and the second drill pipe. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein:
the first portion comprises a first conductive ring connected to the first wire, the second portion comprises a second conductive ring connected to the second wire, and wherein establishing the electrical connection between the first wire and the second wire comprises establishing contact between the first conductive ring and the second conductive ring. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein:
the first conductive ring is rotationally fixed to the first portion; the second conductive ring is rotationally fixed to the second portion; and the method comprises continuously contacting the first conductive ring to the second conductive ring during relative rotational movement of the first conductive ring and the second conductive ring to maintain the electrical connection between the first wire and the second wire. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein:
the swivel comprises a first seal and a second seal positioned between the first portion and the second portion, the first seal, the second seal, the first portion, and the second portion define an inner volume between the first portion and the second portion, and wherein the method comprises isolating, by the first seal and the second seal, the first conductive ring and the second conductive ring within the inner volume. | A swivel includes a male segment, a female segment, and a lock pin. The male segment can mate with the female segment, and the lock pin can pass through the female segment and engage with the male segment to prevent relative axial movement of the male segment and the female segment while allowing relative rotational movement of the male segment and the female segment. The male segment includes a first conductive ring configured to couple to a first wire. The female segment includes a second conductive ring configured to couple to a second wire. Contact between the first and second conductive rings establishes an electrical connection between the first and second wires.1. A swivel comprising:
a male segment configured to couple to a first drill pipe of a drill string configured to form a wellbore in a subterranean formation, the male segment comprising:
an outer circumferential surface defining a groove; and
a first conductive ring disposed on the outer circumferential surface, the first conductive ring configured to couple to a first wire disposed within the first drill pipe;
a female segment configured to couple to a second drill pipe of the drill string, the female segment defining a passageway, the female segment comprising:
an inner circumferential surface configured to mate with the outer circumferential surface of the male segment; and
a second conductive ring disposed on the inner circumferential surface, the second conductive ring configured to couple to a second wire disposed within the second drill pipe, the second conductive ring configured to contact the first conductive ring when the inner circumferential surface of the female segment mates with the outer circumferential surface of the male segment to establish an electrical connection between the first wire and the second wire; and
a lock pin configured to pass through the passageway of the female segment and engage with the groove of the male segment to prevent relative axial movement of the male segment and the female segment while allowing relative rotational movement of the male segment and the female segment. 2. The swivel of claim 1, comprising a first seal and a second seal positioned between the male segment and the female segment, wherein the first seal, the second seal, the outer circumferential surface of the male segment, and the inner circumferential surface of the female segment together define an inner volume between the male segment and the female segment. 3. The swivel of claim 2, wherein the first conductive ring and the second conductive ring are axially positioned, relative to a longitudinal axis of the swivel, between the first seal and the second seal, such that the first conductive ring and the second conductive ring are electrically isolated from a remaining portion of the swivel and fluidically isolated from fluids external to the inner volume. 4. The swivel of claim 3, wherein the first conductive ring is rotationally fixed relative to the male segment, the second conductive ring is rotationally fixed relative to the female segment, and the first conductive ring and the second conductive ring are configured to maintain the electrical connection between the first wire and the second wire during relative rotational movement of the first conductive ring and the second conductive ring. 5. The swivel of claim 4, wherein the lock pin and the passageway of the female segment are threaded. 6. The swivel of claim 5, wherein each of the first seal and the second seal comprise a self-lubricated O-ring. 7. A system comprising:
a first drill pipe configured to be disposed within a subterranean formation; a first wire configured to be disposed within the first drill pipe; a second drill pipe configured to be disposed within the subterranean formation; a second wire configured to be disposed within the second drill pipe; and a swivel connecting the first drill pipe to the second drill pipe and the first wire to the second wire, the swivel comprising:
a male segment connected to the first drill pipe;
a female segment connected to the second drill pipe, the male segment and the female segment configured to mate with each other to establish an electrical connection between the first wire and the second wire; and
a lock pin configured to prevent relative axial movement of the male segment and the female segment while allowing relative rotational movement of the male segment and the female segment. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein:
the male segment comprises an outer circumferential surface defining a groove; the female segment comprises an inner circumferential surface and defines a passageway; and the lock pin is configured to pass through the passageway of the female segment and engage with the groove of the male segment. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the lock pin and the passageway of the female segment are threaded. 10. The system of claim 7, wherein:
the male segment comprises a first conductive ring connected to the first wire; the female segment comprises a second conductive ring connected to the second wire; and the first conductive ring of the male segment is configured to contact the second conductive ring of the female segment when the male segment and the female segment mate with each other to establish the electrical connection between the first wire and the second wire. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the first conductive ring is rotationally fixed relative to the male segment, the second conductive ring is rotationally fixed relative to the female segment, and the first conductive ring and the second conductive ring are configured to maintain the electrical connection between the first wire and the second wire during relative rotational movement of the first conductive ring and the second conductive ring. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the swivel comprises a first seal and a second seal positioned between the male segment and the female segment, wherein the first seal, the second seal, the male segment, and the female segment together define an inner volume between the male segment and the female segment. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the first conductive ring and the second conductive ring are axially positioned, relative to a longitudinal axis of the swivel, between the first seal and the second seal, such that the first conductive ring and the second conductive ring are electrically isolated from a remaining portion of the swivel and fluidically isolated from fluids external to the inner volume. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein each of the first seal and the second seal comprise a self-lubricated O-ring. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein at least one of the first seal or the second seal is disposed on an axial surface of the male segment. 16. A method comprising:
connecting, by a swivel, a first drill pipe to a second drill pipe; enabling, by the swivel, relative rotational movement of the first drill pipe and the second drill pipe while preventing relative axial movement of the first drill pipe and the second drill pipe; and establishing, by the swivel, an electrical connection between a first wire disposed within the first drill pipe and a second wire disposed within the second drill pipe. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the swivel comprises:
a first portion connected to the first drill pipe, the first portion defining a groove, a second portion connected to the second drill pipe and mated with the first portion, the second portion defining a passageway, and wherein connecting the first drill pipe to the second drill pipe comprises passing the lock pin through the passageway of the second portion and engaging the lock pin with the groove of the first portion to secure the first portion to the second portion, and engaging the lock pin with the groove of the first portion prevents the relative axial movement of the first drill pipe and the second drill pipe. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein:
the first portion comprises a first conductive ring connected to the first wire, the second portion comprises a second conductive ring connected to the second wire, and wherein establishing the electrical connection between the first wire and the second wire comprises establishing contact between the first conductive ring and the second conductive ring. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein:
the first conductive ring is rotationally fixed to the first portion; the second conductive ring is rotationally fixed to the second portion; and the method comprises continuously contacting the first conductive ring to the second conductive ring during relative rotational movement of the first conductive ring and the second conductive ring to maintain the electrical connection between the first wire and the second wire. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein:
the swivel comprises a first seal and a second seal positioned between the first portion and the second portion, the first seal, the second seal, the first portion, and the second portion define an inner volume between the first portion and the second portion, and wherein the method comprises isolating, by the first seal and the second seal, the first conductive ring and the second conductive ring within the inner volume. | 1,700 |
339,659 | 16,800,562 | 1,792 | The present disclosure relates to providing a computer-generated reality (CGR) platform for generating CGR environments including virtual and augmented reality environments. In some embodiments, the platform includes an operating-system-level (OS-level) process that simulates and renders content in the CGR environment, and one or more application-level processes that provide information related to the content to be simulated and rendered to the OS-level process. | 1. An electronic device, comprising:
one or more processors; and memory storing one or more programs configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for:
receiving a first input indicative of a request to launch a first application in the three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment;
in response to receiving the first input, initiating a process of the first application;
receiving a second input indicative of a request to launch a second application different from the first application in the three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment;
in response to receiving the second input, initiating a process of the second application different from the process of the first application;
providing to a process of an operating system of the electronic device, by the process of the first application, a first data object, wherein the process of the operating system is different from the process of the first application and from the process of the second application;
providing to the process of the operating system, by the process of the second application, a second data object different from the first data object;
rendering, by the process of the operating system of the electronic device, a three-dimensional representation of the first data object and a three-dimensional representation of the second data object in the three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment; and
causing a display of the rendered three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment. 2. The electronic device of claim 1, the one or more programs including instructions for:
generating, by the process of the first application, the first data object; and generating, by the process of the second application, the second data object. 3. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the first data object includes data representative of one or more of:
one or more properties of the first data object; one or more behaviors of the first data object; and one or more events of the first data object. 4. The electronic device of claim 3, wherein the one or more properties include a value indicative of an appearance of the rendered three-dimensional representation of the first data object, wherein the three-dimensional representation of the first data object is rendered based on the value indicative of the appearance. 5. The electronic device of claim 3, wherein the one or more properties include at least a value indicative of an access level of a portion of the first data object. 6. The electronic device of claim 5, wherein the value indicative of the access level of the portion of the first data object indicates that the portion of the first data object is subject to a sharing restriction, and wherein the portion of the first data object is a first portion, the one or more programs including instructions for:
providing to the process of the second application, by the process of the operating system, data object data of the first data object, comprising:
providing a second portion of the first data object to the process of the second application, wherein the second portion of the first data object is not subject to the sharing restriction; and
forgoing providing the first portion of the first data object to the process of the second application. 7. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the process of the operating system operates at a kernel level access level. 8. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the process of the first application and the process of the second application operate at a lower access level than a kernel level access level. 9. The electronic device claim 3, wherein the one or more behaviors are indicative of one or more actions by the three-dimensional representation of the first data object in the computer-generated reality environment. 10. The electronic device of claim 3, wherein the one or more events are indicative of one or more actions by the three-dimensional representation of the first data object performed in response to a state change in the computer-generated reality environment. 11. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the three-dimensional representation of the first data object is rendered based on the first data object and the second data object. 12. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the operating system and the first application are associated with different service providers. 13. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the first application and the second application are associated with different service providers. 14. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the electronic device is a headset base station. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs configured to be executed by one or more processors of an electronic device, the one or more programs including instructions for:
receiving a first input indicative of a request to launch a first application in a three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment; in response to receiving the first input, initiating a process of the first application; receiving a second input indicative of a request to launch a second application different from the first application in the three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment; in response to receiving the second input, initiating a process of the second application different from the process of the first application; providing to a process of an operating system of the electronic device, by the process of the first application, a first data object, wherein the process of the operating system is different from the process of the first application and from the process of the second application; providing to the process of the operating system, by the process of the second application, a second data object different from the first data object; rendering, by the process of the operating system of the electronic device, a three-dimensional representation of the first data object and a three-dimensional representation of the second data object in the three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment; and causing a display of the rendered three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, the one or more programs including instructions for:
generating, by the process of the first application, the first data object; and generating, by the process of the second application, the second data object. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the first data object includes data representative of one or more of:
one or more properties of the first data object; one or more behaviors of the first data object; and one or more events of the first data object. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the one or more properties include a value indicative of an appearance of the rendered three-dimensional representation of the first data object, wherein the three-dimensional representation of the first data object is rendered based on the value indicative of the appearance. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the one or more properties include at least a value indicative of an access level of a portion of the first data object. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 19, wherein the value indicative of the access level of the portion of the first data object indicates that the portion of the first data object is subject to a sharing restriction, and wherein the portion of the first data object is a first portion, the one or more programs including instructions for:
providing to the process of the second application, by the process of the operating system, data object data of the first data object, comprising:
providing a second portion of the first data object to the process of the second application, wherein the second portion of the first data object is not subject to the sharing restriction; and
forgoing providing the first portion of the first data object to the process of the second application. 21. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the process of the operating system operates at a kernel level access level. 22. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the process of the first application and the process of the second application operate at a lower access level than a kernel level access level. 23. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the one or more behaviors are indicative of one or more actions by the three-dimensional representation of the first data object in the computer-generated reality environment. 24. A method for providing a computer-generated reality platform capable of generating a three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment, the method comprising:
at an electronic device with one or more processors and memory:
receiving a first input indicative of a request to launch a first application in the three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment;
in response to receiving the first input, initiating a process of the first application;
receiving a second input indicative of a request to launch a second application different from the first application in the three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment;
in response to receiving the second input, initiating a process of the second application different from the process of the first application;
providing to a process of an operating system of the electronic device, by the process of the first application, a first data object, wherein the process of the operating system is different from the process of the first application and from the process of the second application;
providing to the process of the operating system, by the process of the second application, a second data object different from the first data object;
rendering, by the process of the operating system of the electronic device, a three-dimensional representation of the first data object and a three-dimensional representation of the second data object in the three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment; and
causing a display of the rendered three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment. 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising:
generating, by the process of the first application, the first data object; and generating, by the process of the second application, the second data object. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the first data object includes data representative of one or more of:
one or more properties of the first data object; one or more behaviors of the first data object; and one or more events of the first data object. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the one or more properties include a value indicative of an appearance of the rendered three-dimensional representation of the first data object, wherein the three-dimensional representation of the first data object is rendered based on the value indicative of the appearance. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the one or more properties include at least a value indicative of an access level of a portion of the first data object. | The present disclosure relates to providing a computer-generated reality (CGR) platform for generating CGR environments including virtual and augmented reality environments. In some embodiments, the platform includes an operating-system-level (OS-level) process that simulates and renders content in the CGR environment, and one or more application-level processes that provide information related to the content to be simulated and rendered to the OS-level process.1. An electronic device, comprising:
one or more processors; and memory storing one or more programs configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for:
receiving a first input indicative of a request to launch a first application in the three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment;
in response to receiving the first input, initiating a process of the first application;
receiving a second input indicative of a request to launch a second application different from the first application in the three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment;
in response to receiving the second input, initiating a process of the second application different from the process of the first application;
providing to a process of an operating system of the electronic device, by the process of the first application, a first data object, wherein the process of the operating system is different from the process of the first application and from the process of the second application;
providing to the process of the operating system, by the process of the second application, a second data object different from the first data object;
rendering, by the process of the operating system of the electronic device, a three-dimensional representation of the first data object and a three-dimensional representation of the second data object in the three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment; and
causing a display of the rendered three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment. 2. The electronic device of claim 1, the one or more programs including instructions for:
generating, by the process of the first application, the first data object; and generating, by the process of the second application, the second data object. 3. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the first data object includes data representative of one or more of:
one or more properties of the first data object; one or more behaviors of the first data object; and one or more events of the first data object. 4. The electronic device of claim 3, wherein the one or more properties include a value indicative of an appearance of the rendered three-dimensional representation of the first data object, wherein the three-dimensional representation of the first data object is rendered based on the value indicative of the appearance. 5. The electronic device of claim 3, wherein the one or more properties include at least a value indicative of an access level of a portion of the first data object. 6. The electronic device of claim 5, wherein the value indicative of the access level of the portion of the first data object indicates that the portion of the first data object is subject to a sharing restriction, and wherein the portion of the first data object is a first portion, the one or more programs including instructions for:
providing to the process of the second application, by the process of the operating system, data object data of the first data object, comprising:
providing a second portion of the first data object to the process of the second application, wherein the second portion of the first data object is not subject to the sharing restriction; and
forgoing providing the first portion of the first data object to the process of the second application. 7. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the process of the operating system operates at a kernel level access level. 8. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the process of the first application and the process of the second application operate at a lower access level than a kernel level access level. 9. The electronic device claim 3, wherein the one or more behaviors are indicative of one or more actions by the three-dimensional representation of the first data object in the computer-generated reality environment. 10. The electronic device of claim 3, wherein the one or more events are indicative of one or more actions by the three-dimensional representation of the first data object performed in response to a state change in the computer-generated reality environment. 11. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the three-dimensional representation of the first data object is rendered based on the first data object and the second data object. 12. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the operating system and the first application are associated with different service providers. 13. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the first application and the second application are associated with different service providers. 14. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the electronic device is a headset base station. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs configured to be executed by one or more processors of an electronic device, the one or more programs including instructions for:
receiving a first input indicative of a request to launch a first application in a three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment; in response to receiving the first input, initiating a process of the first application; receiving a second input indicative of a request to launch a second application different from the first application in the three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment; in response to receiving the second input, initiating a process of the second application different from the process of the first application; providing to a process of an operating system of the electronic device, by the process of the first application, a first data object, wherein the process of the operating system is different from the process of the first application and from the process of the second application; providing to the process of the operating system, by the process of the second application, a second data object different from the first data object; rendering, by the process of the operating system of the electronic device, a three-dimensional representation of the first data object and a three-dimensional representation of the second data object in the three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment; and causing a display of the rendered three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, the one or more programs including instructions for:
generating, by the process of the first application, the first data object; and generating, by the process of the second application, the second data object. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the first data object includes data representative of one or more of:
one or more properties of the first data object; one or more behaviors of the first data object; and one or more events of the first data object. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the one or more properties include a value indicative of an appearance of the rendered three-dimensional representation of the first data object, wherein the three-dimensional representation of the first data object is rendered based on the value indicative of the appearance. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the one or more properties include at least a value indicative of an access level of a portion of the first data object. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 19, wherein the value indicative of the access level of the portion of the first data object indicates that the portion of the first data object is subject to a sharing restriction, and wherein the portion of the first data object is a first portion, the one or more programs including instructions for:
providing to the process of the second application, by the process of the operating system, data object data of the first data object, comprising:
providing a second portion of the first data object to the process of the second application, wherein the second portion of the first data object is not subject to the sharing restriction; and
forgoing providing the first portion of the first data object to the process of the second application. 21. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the process of the operating system operates at a kernel level access level. 22. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the process of the first application and the process of the second application operate at a lower access level than a kernel level access level. 23. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the one or more behaviors are indicative of one or more actions by the three-dimensional representation of the first data object in the computer-generated reality environment. 24. A method for providing a computer-generated reality platform capable of generating a three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment, the method comprising:
at an electronic device with one or more processors and memory:
receiving a first input indicative of a request to launch a first application in the three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment;
in response to receiving the first input, initiating a process of the first application;
receiving a second input indicative of a request to launch a second application different from the first application in the three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment;
in response to receiving the second input, initiating a process of the second application different from the process of the first application;
providing to a process of an operating system of the electronic device, by the process of the first application, a first data object, wherein the process of the operating system is different from the process of the first application and from the process of the second application;
providing to the process of the operating system, by the process of the second application, a second data object different from the first data object;
rendering, by the process of the operating system of the electronic device, a three-dimensional representation of the first data object and a three-dimensional representation of the second data object in the three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment; and
causing a display of the rendered three-dimensional computer-generated reality environment. 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising:
generating, by the process of the first application, the first data object; and generating, by the process of the second application, the second data object. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the first data object includes data representative of one or more of:
one or more properties of the first data object; one or more behaviors of the first data object; and one or more events of the first data object. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the one or more properties include a value indicative of an appearance of the rendered three-dimensional representation of the first data object, wherein the three-dimensional representation of the first data object is rendered based on the value indicative of the appearance. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the one or more properties include at least a value indicative of an access level of a portion of the first data object. | 1,700 |
339,660 | 16,800,599 | 1,792 | A controller and a memory system including the same are disclosed. The controller receives a write command for storing write data, which is stored in at least one among a plurality of memory regions included in a host memory, in a nonvolatile memory device, generates a host memory map table by mapping virtual addresses to host memory physical addresses corresponding to the at least one memory region, and transmits the write data stored in the at least one memory region to the nonvolatile memory device by converting the virtual addresses into the host memory physical addresses based on the host memory map table. | 1. A memory system comprising:
a nonvolatile memory device; and a controller configured to control the nonvolatile memory device, wherein the controller is further configured to: receive a write command for storing write data, currently stored in at least one among a plurality of memory regions in a host memory, in the nonvolatile memory, generate a host memory map table by mapping virtual addresses to host memory physical addresses corresponding to the at least one memory region, and transmit the write data to the nonvolatile memory device from the host memory based on the host memory map table. 2. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the controller generates the host memory map table by mapping the virtual addresses to the host memory physical addresses corresponding to a plurality of sub memory regions within the at least one memory region, each of the plurality of sub memory regions having a set size. 3. The memory system of claim 2, wherein the set size is a data size unit to be processed in the memory system. 4. The memory system of claim 2, wherein the nonvolatile memory device includes:
a memory cell array including a plurality of data storage regions; and a page buffer configured to temporarily store the transmitted write data, wherein the set size is a data size to be stored in the page buffer. 5. The memory system of claim 2, wherein the controller generates the host memory map table by setting indexes to the host memory physical addresses and mapping the virtual addresses to the set indexes. 6. The memory system of claim 5, wherein the indexes are offset values from the lowest host memory physical address among the host memory physical addresses. 7. The memory system of claim 2,
wherein the write command includes information of a size of the write data and the host memory physical addresses corresponding to the at least one memory region, and wherein the controller generates the host memory map table based on the information. 8. A controller which controls a nonvolatile memory device, the controller comprising:
a first interface configured to perform data communication with a host; a second interface configured to perform data communication with the nonvolatile memory device; and a processor configured to control operations of the first and second interfaces, wherein the first interface receives, from a host, a write command for storing write data, which is currently stored in at least one among a plurality of memory regions in a host memory, wherein the processor generates access information corresponding to host memory physical addresses, which respectively correspond to a plurality of sub memory regions within the at least one memory region, each of the plurality of sub memory regions having a set size, in response to the received write command, and wherein the second interface transmits the write data to the nonvolatile memory device from the host memory based on the access information. 9. The controller of claim 8,
wherein the access information includes a host memory map table, and wherein the processor generates the host memory map table by mapping virtual addresses to the host memory physical addresses respectively corresponding to the plurality of sub memory regions. 10. The controller of claim 9, wherein the processor generates the host memory map table by mapping the virtual addresses to the host memory physical addresses corresponding to the plurality of sub memory regions. 11. The controller of claim 8, wherein the set size is a data size unit to be processed in the nonvolatile memory device. 12. The controller of claim 10, wherein the processor generates the host memory map table by setting indexes to the host memory physical addresses and mapping the virtual addresses to the set indexes. 13. The controller of claim 12, wherein the indexes are offset values from the lowest host memory physical address among the host memory physical addresses. 14. The controller of claim 10,
wherein the write command includes information of a size of the write data and the host memory physical addresses corresponding to the plurality of sub memory regions, and wherein the host memory map table is generated based on the information. 15. A controller which controls a nonvolatile memory device, the controller comprising:
a first interface configured to receive, from a host, a write command for storing write data, which is currently stored in at least one among a plurality of memory regions in a host memory; a first processor configured to generate a host memory map table by mapping virtual addresses to host memory physical addresses corresponding to the at least one memory region; a second interface configured to transmit the write data, stored in the at least one memory region, to the nonvolatile memory device; and a second processor configured to control the second interface to access the at least one memory region based on the host memory map table. 16. The controller of claim 15, wherein the first processor generates the host memory map table by mapping the virtual addresses to the host memory physical addresses corresponding to a plurality of sub memory regions within the at least one memory region, each of the plurality of sub memory regions having a set size. 17. The controller of claim 16, wherein the set size is a data size unit to be processed in the nonvolatile memory device. 18. The controller of claim 16, wherein the first processor generates the host memory map table by setting indexes to the host memory physical addresses and mapping the virtual addresses to the set indexes. 19. The controller of claim 18, wherein the indexes are offset values from the lowest host memory physical address among the host memory physical addresses. 20. The controller of claim 15,
wherein the write command includes information of a size of the write data and the host memory physical addresses corresponding to a plurality of sub memory regions within the at least one memory region, each of the sub memory regions having a set size, and wherein the first processor generates, based on the information, the host memory map table by mapping the virtual addresses to the host memory physical addresses corresponding to the plurality of sub memory regions. | A controller and a memory system including the same are disclosed. The controller receives a write command for storing write data, which is stored in at least one among a plurality of memory regions included in a host memory, in a nonvolatile memory device, generates a host memory map table by mapping virtual addresses to host memory physical addresses corresponding to the at least one memory region, and transmits the write data stored in the at least one memory region to the nonvolatile memory device by converting the virtual addresses into the host memory physical addresses based on the host memory map table.1. A memory system comprising:
a nonvolatile memory device; and a controller configured to control the nonvolatile memory device, wherein the controller is further configured to: receive a write command for storing write data, currently stored in at least one among a plurality of memory regions in a host memory, in the nonvolatile memory, generate a host memory map table by mapping virtual addresses to host memory physical addresses corresponding to the at least one memory region, and transmit the write data to the nonvolatile memory device from the host memory based on the host memory map table. 2. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the controller generates the host memory map table by mapping the virtual addresses to the host memory physical addresses corresponding to a plurality of sub memory regions within the at least one memory region, each of the plurality of sub memory regions having a set size. 3. The memory system of claim 2, wherein the set size is a data size unit to be processed in the memory system. 4. The memory system of claim 2, wherein the nonvolatile memory device includes:
a memory cell array including a plurality of data storage regions; and a page buffer configured to temporarily store the transmitted write data, wherein the set size is a data size to be stored in the page buffer. 5. The memory system of claim 2, wherein the controller generates the host memory map table by setting indexes to the host memory physical addresses and mapping the virtual addresses to the set indexes. 6. The memory system of claim 5, wherein the indexes are offset values from the lowest host memory physical address among the host memory physical addresses. 7. The memory system of claim 2,
wherein the write command includes information of a size of the write data and the host memory physical addresses corresponding to the at least one memory region, and wherein the controller generates the host memory map table based on the information. 8. A controller which controls a nonvolatile memory device, the controller comprising:
a first interface configured to perform data communication with a host; a second interface configured to perform data communication with the nonvolatile memory device; and a processor configured to control operations of the first and second interfaces, wherein the first interface receives, from a host, a write command for storing write data, which is currently stored in at least one among a plurality of memory regions in a host memory, wherein the processor generates access information corresponding to host memory physical addresses, which respectively correspond to a plurality of sub memory regions within the at least one memory region, each of the plurality of sub memory regions having a set size, in response to the received write command, and wherein the second interface transmits the write data to the nonvolatile memory device from the host memory based on the access information. 9. The controller of claim 8,
wherein the access information includes a host memory map table, and wherein the processor generates the host memory map table by mapping virtual addresses to the host memory physical addresses respectively corresponding to the plurality of sub memory regions. 10. The controller of claim 9, wherein the processor generates the host memory map table by mapping the virtual addresses to the host memory physical addresses corresponding to the plurality of sub memory regions. 11. The controller of claim 8, wherein the set size is a data size unit to be processed in the nonvolatile memory device. 12. The controller of claim 10, wherein the processor generates the host memory map table by setting indexes to the host memory physical addresses and mapping the virtual addresses to the set indexes. 13. The controller of claim 12, wherein the indexes are offset values from the lowest host memory physical address among the host memory physical addresses. 14. The controller of claim 10,
wherein the write command includes information of a size of the write data and the host memory physical addresses corresponding to the plurality of sub memory regions, and wherein the host memory map table is generated based on the information. 15. A controller which controls a nonvolatile memory device, the controller comprising:
a first interface configured to receive, from a host, a write command for storing write data, which is currently stored in at least one among a plurality of memory regions in a host memory; a first processor configured to generate a host memory map table by mapping virtual addresses to host memory physical addresses corresponding to the at least one memory region; a second interface configured to transmit the write data, stored in the at least one memory region, to the nonvolatile memory device; and a second processor configured to control the second interface to access the at least one memory region based on the host memory map table. 16. The controller of claim 15, wherein the first processor generates the host memory map table by mapping the virtual addresses to the host memory physical addresses corresponding to a plurality of sub memory regions within the at least one memory region, each of the plurality of sub memory regions having a set size. 17. The controller of claim 16, wherein the set size is a data size unit to be processed in the nonvolatile memory device. 18. The controller of claim 16, wherein the first processor generates the host memory map table by setting indexes to the host memory physical addresses and mapping the virtual addresses to the set indexes. 19. The controller of claim 18, wherein the indexes are offset values from the lowest host memory physical address among the host memory physical addresses. 20. The controller of claim 15,
wherein the write command includes information of a size of the write data and the host memory physical addresses corresponding to a plurality of sub memory regions within the at least one memory region, each of the sub memory regions having a set size, and wherein the first processor generates, based on the information, the host memory map table by mapping the virtual addresses to the host memory physical addresses corresponding to the plurality of sub memory regions. | 1,700 |
339,661 | 16,800,568 | 1,792 | A valve assembly is provided and includes a valve housing, an actuator housing coupled to the valve housing and configured when actuated to open a normally-closed valve element in the valve housing whereby pressurized fluid is permitted to flow through the valve housing and a solenoid valve. The solenoid valve includes an armature-valve element balanced to remain in a closed position and an electromagnet. The electromagnet generates magnetic flux that moves the armature-valve element into an open position such that at least a portion of the pressurized fluid flows into the actuator housing to actuate the actuator housing. | 1. A valve assembly, comprising:
a valve housing; an actuator housing coupled to the valve housing and configured when actuated to open a normally-closed valve element in the valve housing whereby pressurized fluid is permitted to flow through the valve housing; and a solenoid valve comprising an armature-valve element balanced to remain in a closed position and an electromagnet which generates magnetic flux that moves the armature-valve element into an open position such that at least a portion of the pressurized fluid flows into the actuator housing to actuate the actuator housing. 2. The valve assembly according to claim 1, wherein the valve housing comprises:
the normally-closed valve element; and a body having an inlet connectable with a fluid source and an outlet connectable with an inflatable, the body defining a first pathway connecting the fluid source and the inflatable in which the normally-closed valve element is seated, a second pathway receptive of an actuator housing plunger and a third pathway by which the portion of the pressurized fluid is supplied for flow into the actuator housing. 3. The valve assembly according to claim 1, wherein the solenoid valve further comprises:
a solenoid valve housing which is supportive of the armature-valve element and the electromagnet and which defines a central bore; and an elastic element to bias the armature-valve element to remain in the closed position, the elastic element being sized to be overpowered by electromagnetic forces applied to the armature-valve element by the magnetic flux. | A valve assembly is provided and includes a valve housing, an actuator housing coupled to the valve housing and configured when actuated to open a normally-closed valve element in the valve housing whereby pressurized fluid is permitted to flow through the valve housing and a solenoid valve. The solenoid valve includes an armature-valve element balanced to remain in a closed position and an electromagnet. The electromagnet generates magnetic flux that moves the armature-valve element into an open position such that at least a portion of the pressurized fluid flows into the actuator housing to actuate the actuator housing.1. A valve assembly, comprising:
a valve housing; an actuator housing coupled to the valve housing and configured when actuated to open a normally-closed valve element in the valve housing whereby pressurized fluid is permitted to flow through the valve housing; and a solenoid valve comprising an armature-valve element balanced to remain in a closed position and an electromagnet which generates magnetic flux that moves the armature-valve element into an open position such that at least a portion of the pressurized fluid flows into the actuator housing to actuate the actuator housing. 2. The valve assembly according to claim 1, wherein the valve housing comprises:
the normally-closed valve element; and a body having an inlet connectable with a fluid source and an outlet connectable with an inflatable, the body defining a first pathway connecting the fluid source and the inflatable in which the normally-closed valve element is seated, a second pathway receptive of an actuator housing plunger and a third pathway by which the portion of the pressurized fluid is supplied for flow into the actuator housing. 3. The valve assembly according to claim 1, wherein the solenoid valve further comprises:
a solenoid valve housing which is supportive of the armature-valve element and the electromagnet and which defines a central bore; and an elastic element to bias the armature-valve element to remain in the closed position, the elastic element being sized to be overpowered by electromagnetic forces applied to the armature-valve element by the magnetic flux. | 1,700 |
339,662 | 16,800,569 | 1,792 | An apparatus and a method for attaching functional elements, e.g. composed of metal, to a component, in particular to a component comprising fiber-reinforced plastic, while using a setting head, wherein the functional element has a contact surface provided with adhesive and wherein the adhesive can be supplied to the setting head in individual depots adapted to the functional elements on a carrier band is characterized in that the functional elements are taken over by a guide device and are each pressable to an adhesive depot and are subsequently guidable with the adhering adhesive depots and separately from the carrier band in the setting head to the setting position in front of a setting die. | 1. An apparatus for attaching functional elements to a component while using a setting head having a plunger, the apparatus comprising:
a supply device for supplying the functional elements in a row to a guide device, each of the functional elements having a contact surface and the guide device having a guide rail for feeding the functional elements to a setting position of the setting head in front of the said plunger, a carrier band carrying individual adhesive depots provided with an adhesive and adapted to adhere to the contact surfaces of the functional elements, a movable device at the guide device adapted to bring the contact surfaces of the functional elements into contact with the adhesive depots on the carrier band, to separate the functional elements with the adhesive depots from the carrier band and to move them on the guide rail to the setting head, the guide rail being present in a mouth piece of the setting head, the movable device being one of a rotatable wheel with receivers for the functional elements which takes over the functional elements from the supply device, which presses them against the adhesive depots carried by the carrier band and which directly conveys them onto the guide rail of the mouth piece, and a revolving conveyor with receivers for the functional elements which takes over the functional elements from the guide device, which presses them against the adhesive depots carried by the carrier band and directly conveys them onto the guide rail of the mouth piece. 2. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the functional elements are composed of metal. 3. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the component comprises fiber-reinforced plastic. 4. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the carrier band is present in a form of a band carrying the adhesive depots and covered by removable protective film and wound up to form a roll. 5. The apparatus in accordance with claim 4, wherein a guide track of the supply device is formed by a guide passage, guide tube, or guide rail. 6. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the functional elements are supplied to the guide device in a plurality of rows next to one another. 7. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the carrier band with the adhesive depots is covered in front of the setting head by a cover band removable from the adhesive. 8. The apparatus in accordance with claim 7, wherein the cover band is separable from the carrier band via a deflection roller. 9. The apparatus in accordance with claim 8, wherein the deflection roller is arranged above the carrier band, beneath a supply device guiding the functional elements to the guide device and is arranged on an inflow side of the mouth piece. 10. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the carrier band can be led off to the bottom about a deflection roller that is located in a cut-out of the mouth piece. 11. The apparatus in accordance with claim 10, wherein the deflection roller is arranged such that the functional elements are movable tangentially to the surface of the deflection roller of the carrier band directly on the guide rail of the mouth piece. 12. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein at least one of the adhesive depots and the carrier band is configured such that the adhesive depots adhere less strongly to the carrier band than to the functional elements. 13. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the mouth piece of the supply device is releasably connected to the setting head by means of a movable latching nose. 14. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the apparatus is adapted either to push a functional element immediately into a die channel of the setting head or only to bring it into a waiting position in front of the die channel after application of the adhesive to said functional element. 15. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein a flushing system is integrated in the setting head to flush adhesive residues out of the setting head as required. | An apparatus and a method for attaching functional elements, e.g. composed of metal, to a component, in particular to a component comprising fiber-reinforced plastic, while using a setting head, wherein the functional element has a contact surface provided with adhesive and wherein the adhesive can be supplied to the setting head in individual depots adapted to the functional elements on a carrier band is characterized in that the functional elements are taken over by a guide device and are each pressable to an adhesive depot and are subsequently guidable with the adhering adhesive depots and separately from the carrier band in the setting head to the setting position in front of a setting die.1. An apparatus for attaching functional elements to a component while using a setting head having a plunger, the apparatus comprising:
a supply device for supplying the functional elements in a row to a guide device, each of the functional elements having a contact surface and the guide device having a guide rail for feeding the functional elements to a setting position of the setting head in front of the said plunger, a carrier band carrying individual adhesive depots provided with an adhesive and adapted to adhere to the contact surfaces of the functional elements, a movable device at the guide device adapted to bring the contact surfaces of the functional elements into contact with the adhesive depots on the carrier band, to separate the functional elements with the adhesive depots from the carrier band and to move them on the guide rail to the setting head, the guide rail being present in a mouth piece of the setting head, the movable device being one of a rotatable wheel with receivers for the functional elements which takes over the functional elements from the supply device, which presses them against the adhesive depots carried by the carrier band and which directly conveys them onto the guide rail of the mouth piece, and a revolving conveyor with receivers for the functional elements which takes over the functional elements from the guide device, which presses them against the adhesive depots carried by the carrier band and directly conveys them onto the guide rail of the mouth piece. 2. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the functional elements are composed of metal. 3. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the component comprises fiber-reinforced plastic. 4. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the carrier band is present in a form of a band carrying the adhesive depots and covered by removable protective film and wound up to form a roll. 5. The apparatus in accordance with claim 4, wherein a guide track of the supply device is formed by a guide passage, guide tube, or guide rail. 6. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the functional elements are supplied to the guide device in a plurality of rows next to one another. 7. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the carrier band with the adhesive depots is covered in front of the setting head by a cover band removable from the adhesive. 8. The apparatus in accordance with claim 7, wherein the cover band is separable from the carrier band via a deflection roller. 9. The apparatus in accordance with claim 8, wherein the deflection roller is arranged above the carrier band, beneath a supply device guiding the functional elements to the guide device and is arranged on an inflow side of the mouth piece. 10. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the carrier band can be led off to the bottom about a deflection roller that is located in a cut-out of the mouth piece. 11. The apparatus in accordance with claim 10, wherein the deflection roller is arranged such that the functional elements are movable tangentially to the surface of the deflection roller of the carrier band directly on the guide rail of the mouth piece. 12. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein at least one of the adhesive depots and the carrier band is configured such that the adhesive depots adhere less strongly to the carrier band than to the functional elements. 13. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the mouth piece of the supply device is releasably connected to the setting head by means of a movable latching nose. 14. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the apparatus is adapted either to push a functional element immediately into a die channel of the setting head or only to bring it into a waiting position in front of the die channel after application of the adhesive to said functional element. 15. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein a flushing system is integrated in the setting head to flush adhesive residues out of the setting head as required. | 1,700 |
339,663 | 16,800,595 | 1,792 | A vehicle roof is provided having a mobile roof element which can be moved by means of a drive carriage which is connected to the roof part and can be movably guided in a guide rail, a drive cable for moving the drive carriage, and a cable connection which connects the drive cable to the drive carriage. The cable connection may have a metal element. In one approach the metal element positively engages in a cable coil arranged on the drive cable. | 1. A vehicle roof comprising: a mobile roof element which is movable by a drive carriage which is connected to the roof element and is movably guided in a guide rail, and comprising a drive cable for moving the drive carriage and a cable connection which connects the drive cable to the drive carriage, wherein the cable connection comprises a metal element; and wherein the metal element positively engages in a cable coil arranged on the drive cable. 2.-5. (canceled) 6. The vehicle roof according to claim 1, wherein the metal element comprises a row of cogs which are arranged in a series and along the longitudinal direction of the drive cable and positively engage in the cable coil of the drive cable, wherein the cable coil runs as an outer threading around the drive cable. 7.-15. (canceled) | A vehicle roof is provided having a mobile roof element which can be moved by means of a drive carriage which is connected to the roof part and can be movably guided in a guide rail, a drive cable for moving the drive carriage, and a cable connection which connects the drive cable to the drive carriage. The cable connection may have a metal element. In one approach the metal element positively engages in a cable coil arranged on the drive cable.1. A vehicle roof comprising: a mobile roof element which is movable by a drive carriage which is connected to the roof element and is movably guided in a guide rail, and comprising a drive cable for moving the drive carriage and a cable connection which connects the drive cable to the drive carriage, wherein the cable connection comprises a metal element; and wherein the metal element positively engages in a cable coil arranged on the drive cable. 2.-5. (canceled) 6. The vehicle roof according to claim 1, wherein the metal element comprises a row of cogs which are arranged in a series and along the longitudinal direction of the drive cable and positively engage in the cable coil of the drive cable, wherein the cable coil runs as an outer threading around the drive cable. 7.-15. (canceled) | 1,700 |
339,664 | 16,800,575 | 1,792 | A base station transmits to a wireless device, a first message indicating a RRC state transition of the wireless device from an RRC connected state to an RRC inactive state. The first message indicates a value associated with a wireless device radio-access-network notification area (RNA) update timer for a periodic RNA update procedure. The base station receives an RNA update from the wireless device in response to expiry of the wireless device RNA update timer. A determination is made that the periodic RNA update is unsuccessful based on expiry of a network RNA update timer. A second message is transmitted by the base station to an AMF in response to the determination. The second message indicates a wireless device context release request for the wireless device. The second message comprises an identifier of the wireless device. | 1. A method comprising:
transmitting, by a base station to a wireless device, a first message indicating a radio resource control (RRC) state transition of the wireless device from an RRC connected state to an RRC inactive state, wherein the first message indicates a value associated with a wireless device radio-access-network notification area (RNA) update timer for a periodic RNA update procedure; receiving, by the base station from the wireless device, an RNA update in response to expiry of the wireless device RNA update timer; determining that the periodic RNA update is unsuccessful based on expiry of a network RNA update timer; and transmitting, by the base station to an access and mobility management function (AMF) and in response to the determination, a second message indicating a wireless device context release request for the wireless device, wherein the second message comprises an identifier of the wireless device. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the base station starts the network RNA update timer in response to transmitting one or more packets to the wireless device. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first message comprises an RNA information associated with the wireless device, the RNA information comprising at least one of:
a RAN area identifier; or a cell identifier. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising releasing, by the base station, a wireless device context of the wireless device based on the expiry of the network RNA update timer. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second message indicates that the wireless device fails in the periodic RNA update. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the AMF determines the wireless device as being in an idle state based on receiving the second message. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the base station keeps a wireless device context of the wireless device at least during a time in which the wireless device is in the RRC inactive state, the wireless device context comprising at least one of:
a bearer configuration information; a logical channel configuration information; a packet data convergence protocol configuration information; or a security information. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the value associated with the wireless device RNA update timer is based on at least one of:
a moving speed of the wireless device; a device type of the wireless device; a network slice of the wireless device; or a bearer of the wireless device. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the AMF:
transmits, to a second base station, a paging message for the wireless device based on the second message; and receives, from the second base station, a response message to the paging message. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the wireless device transitions an RRC state from the RRC inactive state to an RRC idle state based on failing in the periodic RNA update. 11. A base station comprising:
one or more processors; and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the base station to:
transmit, to a wireless device, a first message indicating a radio resource control (RRC) state transition of the wireless device from an RRC connected state to an RRC inactive state, wherein the first message indicates a value associated with a wireless device radio-access-network notification area (RNA) update timer for a periodic RNA update procedure;
receive, from the wireless device, an RNA update in response to expiry of the wireless device RNA update timer;
determine that the periodic RNA update is unsuccessful based on expiry of a network RNA update timer; and
transmit, to an access and mobility management function (AMF) and in response to the determination, a second message indicating a wireless device context release request for the wireless device, wherein the second message comprises an identifier of the wireless device. 12. The base station of claim 11, wherein the base station starts the network RNA update timer in response to transmitting one or more packets to the wireless device. 13. The base station of claim 11, wherein the first message comprises an RNA information associated with the wireless device, the RNA information comprising at least one of:
a RAN area identifier; or a cell identifier. 14. The base station of claim 11, wherein the instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the base station to release a wireless device context of the wireless device based on the expiry of the network RNA update timer. 15. The base station of claim 11, wherein the second message indicates that the wireless device fails in the periodic RNA update. 16. The base station of claim 11, wherein the AMF determines the wireless device as being in an idle state based on receiving the second message. 17. The base station of claim 11, wherein the base station keeps a wireless device context of the wireless device at least during a time in which the wireless device is in the RRC inactive state, the wireless device context comprising at least one of:
a bearer configuration information; a logical channel configuration information; a packet data convergence protocol configuration information; or a security information. 18. The base station of claim 11, wherein the value associated with the wireless device RNA update timer is based on at least one of:
a moving speed of the wireless device; a device type of the wireless device; a network slice of the wireless device; or a bearer of the wireless device. 19. The base station of claim 11, wherein the AMF:
transmits, to a second base station, a paging message for the wireless device based on the second message; and receives, from the second base station, a response message to the paging message. 20. A system comprising:
a wireless device; a first base station; and an access and mobility management function (AMF); and wherein:
the first base station is configured to:
transmit, to the wireless device, a first message indicating a radio resource control (RRC) state transition of the wireless device from an RRC connected state to an RRC inactive state, wherein the first message indicates a value associated with a wireless device radio-access-network notification area (RNA) update timer for a periodic RNA update procedure;
receive, from the wireless device, an RNA update in response to expiry of the wireless device RNA update timer;
determine that the periodic RNA update is unsuccessful based on expiry of a network RNA update timer; and
transmit to the AMF and in response to the determination, a second message indicating a wireless device context release request for the wireless device, wherein the second message comprises an identifier of the wireless device; and
wherein the AMF is configured to:
transmit, to a second base station, a paging message for the wireless device based on the second message; and
receive, from the second base station, a response message to the paging message. | A base station transmits to a wireless device, a first message indicating a RRC state transition of the wireless device from an RRC connected state to an RRC inactive state. The first message indicates a value associated with a wireless device radio-access-network notification area (RNA) update timer for a periodic RNA update procedure. The base station receives an RNA update from the wireless device in response to expiry of the wireless device RNA update timer. A determination is made that the periodic RNA update is unsuccessful based on expiry of a network RNA update timer. A second message is transmitted by the base station to an AMF in response to the determination. The second message indicates a wireless device context release request for the wireless device. The second message comprises an identifier of the wireless device.1. A method comprising:
transmitting, by a base station to a wireless device, a first message indicating a radio resource control (RRC) state transition of the wireless device from an RRC connected state to an RRC inactive state, wherein the first message indicates a value associated with a wireless device radio-access-network notification area (RNA) update timer for a periodic RNA update procedure; receiving, by the base station from the wireless device, an RNA update in response to expiry of the wireless device RNA update timer; determining that the periodic RNA update is unsuccessful based on expiry of a network RNA update timer; and transmitting, by the base station to an access and mobility management function (AMF) and in response to the determination, a second message indicating a wireless device context release request for the wireless device, wherein the second message comprises an identifier of the wireless device. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the base station starts the network RNA update timer in response to transmitting one or more packets to the wireless device. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first message comprises an RNA information associated with the wireless device, the RNA information comprising at least one of:
a RAN area identifier; or a cell identifier. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising releasing, by the base station, a wireless device context of the wireless device based on the expiry of the network RNA update timer. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second message indicates that the wireless device fails in the periodic RNA update. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the AMF determines the wireless device as being in an idle state based on receiving the second message. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the base station keeps a wireless device context of the wireless device at least during a time in which the wireless device is in the RRC inactive state, the wireless device context comprising at least one of:
a bearer configuration information; a logical channel configuration information; a packet data convergence protocol configuration information; or a security information. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the value associated with the wireless device RNA update timer is based on at least one of:
a moving speed of the wireless device; a device type of the wireless device; a network slice of the wireless device; or a bearer of the wireless device. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the AMF:
transmits, to a second base station, a paging message for the wireless device based on the second message; and receives, from the second base station, a response message to the paging message. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the wireless device transitions an RRC state from the RRC inactive state to an RRC idle state based on failing in the periodic RNA update. 11. A base station comprising:
one or more processors; and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the base station to:
transmit, to a wireless device, a first message indicating a radio resource control (RRC) state transition of the wireless device from an RRC connected state to an RRC inactive state, wherein the first message indicates a value associated with a wireless device radio-access-network notification area (RNA) update timer for a periodic RNA update procedure;
receive, from the wireless device, an RNA update in response to expiry of the wireless device RNA update timer;
determine that the periodic RNA update is unsuccessful based on expiry of a network RNA update timer; and
transmit, to an access and mobility management function (AMF) and in response to the determination, a second message indicating a wireless device context release request for the wireless device, wherein the second message comprises an identifier of the wireless device. 12. The base station of claim 11, wherein the base station starts the network RNA update timer in response to transmitting one or more packets to the wireless device. 13. The base station of claim 11, wherein the first message comprises an RNA information associated with the wireless device, the RNA information comprising at least one of:
a RAN area identifier; or a cell identifier. 14. The base station of claim 11, wherein the instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the base station to release a wireless device context of the wireless device based on the expiry of the network RNA update timer. 15. The base station of claim 11, wherein the second message indicates that the wireless device fails in the periodic RNA update. 16. The base station of claim 11, wherein the AMF determines the wireless device as being in an idle state based on receiving the second message. 17. The base station of claim 11, wherein the base station keeps a wireless device context of the wireless device at least during a time in which the wireless device is in the RRC inactive state, the wireless device context comprising at least one of:
a bearer configuration information; a logical channel configuration information; a packet data convergence protocol configuration information; or a security information. 18. The base station of claim 11, wherein the value associated with the wireless device RNA update timer is based on at least one of:
a moving speed of the wireless device; a device type of the wireless device; a network slice of the wireless device; or a bearer of the wireless device. 19. The base station of claim 11, wherein the AMF:
transmits, to a second base station, a paging message for the wireless device based on the second message; and receives, from the second base station, a response message to the paging message. 20. A system comprising:
a wireless device; a first base station; and an access and mobility management function (AMF); and wherein:
the first base station is configured to:
transmit, to the wireless device, a first message indicating a radio resource control (RRC) state transition of the wireless device from an RRC connected state to an RRC inactive state, wherein the first message indicates a value associated with a wireless device radio-access-network notification area (RNA) update timer for a periodic RNA update procedure;
receive, from the wireless device, an RNA update in response to expiry of the wireless device RNA update timer;
determine that the periodic RNA update is unsuccessful based on expiry of a network RNA update timer; and
transmit to the AMF and in response to the determination, a second message indicating a wireless device context release request for the wireless device, wherein the second message comprises an identifier of the wireless device; and
wherein the AMF is configured to:
transmit, to a second base station, a paging message for the wireless device based on the second message; and
receive, from the second base station, a response message to the paging message. | 1,700 |
339,665 | 16,800,579 | 1,792 | An imaging system includes an image sensor configured to obtain first image data, based on a received light; and a processing circuit configured to determine an operating mode of the image sensor, among a first mode and a second mode, based on an illumination and a dynamic range corresponding to the obtained first image data. The image sensor includes a first sub-pixel configured to sense a target light corresponding to a target color, in the first mode, convert the target light sensed during a first exposure time, into a first signal, and in the second mode, convert the target light sensed during a second exposure time longer than the first exposure time, into a second signal. | 1. An imaging system comprising:
an image sensor configured to obtain first image data, based on a received light; and a processing circuit configured to determine an operating mode of the image sensor, among a first mode and a second mode, based on an illumination and a dynamic range corresponding to the obtained first image data, wherein the image sensor comprises:
a first sub-pixel configured to:
sense a target light corresponding to a target color;
in the first mode, convert the target light sensed during a first exposure time, into a first signal; and
in the second mode, convert the target light sensed during a second exposure time longer than the first exposure time, into a second signal;
a second sub-pixel sharing a floating diffusion area with the first sub-pixel, and configured to:
sense the target light;
in the first mode, convert the target light sensed during the first exposure time into a third signal; and
in the second mode, convert the target light sensed during the first exposure time into a fourth signal; and
a converting circuit configured to:
obtain second image data, based on the first signal and the third signal into which the target light is converted in the first mode; and
obtain third image data, based on the second signal and the fourth signal into which the target light is converted in the second mode. 2. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to:
based on the illumination being greater than a first threshold and the dynamic range being greater than a second threshold, determine the operating mode as the second mode; and based on the illumination being less than or equal to the first threshold or the dynamic range being less than or equal to the second threshold, determine the operating mode as the first mode. 3. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to:
obtain the illumination, based on a plurality of values of the obtained first image data and a plurality of exposure times of a plurality of sub-pixels respectively corresponding to the plurality of values; and obtain the dynamic range, based on a maximum value and a minimum value of the plurality of values. 4. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to:
divide the obtained third image data into a first value corresponding to the first sub-pixel and a second value corresponding to the second sub-pixel; obtain a first sub-image, based on the first value into which the third image data is divided; obtain a second sub-image, based on the second value into which the third image data is divided; and obtain a high dynamic range (HDR) image, based on the obtained first sub-image and the obtained second sub-image. 5. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to perform tone mapping on the obtained second image data to obtain a high dynamic range (HDR) image. 6. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the image sensor further comprises:
a third sub-pixel sharing the floating diffusion area with the first sub-pixel and the second sub-pixel, and configured to:
sense the target light;
in the first mode, convert the target light sensed during the first exposure time into a fifth signal; and
in the second mode, convert the target light sensed during a third exposure time longer than the first exposure time and shorter than the second exposure time, into a sixth signal,
wherein the converting circuit is further configured to:
obtain the second image data, further based on the fifth signal into which the target light is converted in the first mode; and
obtain the third image data, further based on the sixth signal into which the target light is converted in the second mode. 7. The imaging system of claim 6, wherein the operating mode is determined further among a third mode,
wherein at least one among the first sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel, and the third sub-pixel is further configured to, in the third mode, convert the target light sensed during the first exposure time into a seventh signal, wherein a remaining one among the first sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel and the third sub-pixel other than the at least one among the first sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel, and the third sub-pixel is further configured to, in the third mode, convert the target light sensed during the second exposure time into an eighth signal, and wherein the converting circuit is further configured to obtain fourth image data, based on the seventh signal and the eighth signal into which the target light is converted in the third mode. 8. The imaging system of claim 7, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to:
based on each of the illumination and the dynamic range being within a first reference range, determine the operating mode as the second mode; based on the illumination or the dynamic range being within a second reference range less than the first reference range, determine the operating mode as the third mode; and based on the illumination or the dynamic range being less than the second reference range, determine the operating mode as the first mode. 9. The imaging system of claim 6, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to:
divide the third image data into a first value corresponding to the first sub-pixel, a second value corresponding to the second sub-pixel, and a third value corresponding to the third sub-pixel; obtain a first sub-image, based on the first value into which the third image data is divided; obtain a second sub-image, based on the second value into which the third image data is divided; obtain a third sub-image, based on the third value into which the third image data is divided; and obtain a high dynamic range (HDR) image, based on the obtained first sub-image, the obtained second sub-image and the obtained third sub-image. 10. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the operating mode is determined further among a third mode,
wherein each of the first sub-pixel and the second sub-pixel is further configured to, in the third mode, convert the target light sensed during the first exposure time into a fifth signal, wherein the converting circuit is further configured to obtain fourth image data, based on the fifth signal into which the target light is converted in the third mode, and wherein the processing circuit is further configured to:
in the first mode, obtain a high dynamic range (HDR) image, based on the obtained second image data in the first mode,
in the second mode, obtain the HDR image, based on the obtained third image data; and
in the third mode, refrain from obtaining the HDR image that is based on the fourth image data. 11. The imaging system of claim 10, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to:
based on each of the illumination and the dynamic range being within a first reference range, determine the operating mode as the second mode; based on the illumination or the dynamic range being within a second reference range less than the first reference range, determine the operating mode as the first mode; and based on the illumination or the dynamic range being less than the second reference range, determine the operating mode as the third mode. 12. An imaging system comprising:
an image sensor comprising:
a pixel array that comprises a plurality of sub-pixels, each of the plurality of sub-pixels generating an electrical signal based on a received light; and
a converting circuit configured to obtain image data, based on the electrical signal generated by each of the plurality of sub-pixels; and
a processing circuit configured to:
obtain an illumination and a dynamic range, based on the obtained image data;
change an exposure time of any one or any combination of the plurality of sub-pixels, based on the obtained illumination and the obtained dynamic range; and
perform high dynamic range (HDR) processing on the obtained image data. 13. The imaging system of claim 12, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to, based on the obtained illumination being greater than a first threshold and the obtained dynamic range being greater than a second threshold, increase the exposure time of first ones among the plurality of sub-pixels, and maintain the exposure time of second ones among the plurality of sub-pixels,
wherein the image sensor is further configured to obtain conversion image data, based on the increased exposure time of the first ones among the plurality of sub-pixels and the maintained exposure time of the second ones among the plurality of sub-pixels, and wherein the processing circuit is further configured to perform the HDR processing on the obtained conversion image data. 14. The imaging system of claim 12, wherein the plurality of sub-pixels comprises:
first ones among the plurality of sub-pixels configured to generate a first part of the electrical signals, based on the received light during a first time duration; and second ones among the plurality of sub-pixels configured to generate a second part of the electrical signals, based on the received light during a second time duration different from the first time duration, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to, based on the obtained illumination being less than or equal to a first threshold or the obtained dynamic range being less than or equal to a second threshold, change the exposure time of the first ones among the plurality of sub-pixels from the first time duration to the second time duration, and wherein the image sensor is further configured to obtain conversion image data, based on the second time duration. 15. The imaging system of claim 14, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to perform tone mapping on the obtained conversion image data. 16. The imaging system of claim 14, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to further refrain from performing the HDR processing on the obtained conversion image data, based on the obtained illumination and the obtained dynamic range. 17. The imaging system of claim 12, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to, based on the obtained illumination being greater than a first threshold and the obtained dynamic range being greater than a second threshold:
control the exposure time of first ones among the plurality of sub-pixels to be set to a first time duration; control the exposure time of second ones among the plurality of sub-pixels to be set to a second time duration shorter than the first time duration; and control the exposure time of third ones among the plurality of sub-pixels to be set to a third time duration shorter than the second time duration, 18. An imaging system comprising:
an image sensor comprising:
a pixel array comprising:
first sub-pixels sharing a first floating diffusion area corresponding to a first color;
second sub-pixels sharing a second floating diffusion area corresponding to a second color; and
third sub-pixels sharing a third floating diffusion area corresponding to a third color; and
a converting circuit configured to obtain current image data, based on signals that are output from the first sub-pixels, the second sub-pixels and the third sub-pixels; and
a processing circuit configured to:
obtain an illumination and a dynamic range corresponding to the obtained current image data;
perform high dynamic range (HDR) processing on next image data that is obtained after the obtained current image data, based on the obtained illumination and the obtained dynamic range;
determine an operating mode of the image sensor, among a first mode and a second mode based on the obtained illumination and the obtained dynamic range;
in the first mode, control a first exposure time of a first one among the first sub-pixels, a first one among the second sub-pixels, and a first one among the third sub-pixels, to be set to a first time duration;
in the first mode, control a second exposure time of a second one among the first sub-pixels, a second one among the second sub-pixels, and a second one among the third sub-pixels, to be set to a second time duration; and
in the second mode, control a third exposure time of the first sub-pixels, the second sub-pixels and the third sub-pixels, to be set to the first time duration. 19. The imaging system of claim 18, wherein the operating mode is determined further among a third mode, and
wherein the processing circuit is further configured to, in the third mode:
control a fourth exposure time of at least one among the first sub-pixels, at least one among the second sub-pixels, and at least one among the third sub-pixels, to be set to the first time duration;
control a fifth exposure time of one or more among the first sub-pixels, one or more among the second sub-pixels, and one or more among the third sub-pixels, to be set to the second time duration; and
control a sixth exposure time of remaining ones the first sub-pixels, the second sub-pixels and the third sub-pixels, to be set to a third time duration. 20. The imaging system of claim 18, wherein the operating mode is determined further among a third mode, and
wherein the processing circuit is further configured to, in the third mode, control a fourth exposure time of the first sub-pixels, the second sub-pixels and the third sub-pixels to be set to the first time duration, and refrain from performing HDR processing on the obtained next image data. | An imaging system includes an image sensor configured to obtain first image data, based on a received light; and a processing circuit configured to determine an operating mode of the image sensor, among a first mode and a second mode, based on an illumination and a dynamic range corresponding to the obtained first image data. The image sensor includes a first sub-pixel configured to sense a target light corresponding to a target color, in the first mode, convert the target light sensed during a first exposure time, into a first signal, and in the second mode, convert the target light sensed during a second exposure time longer than the first exposure time, into a second signal.1. An imaging system comprising:
an image sensor configured to obtain first image data, based on a received light; and a processing circuit configured to determine an operating mode of the image sensor, among a first mode and a second mode, based on an illumination and a dynamic range corresponding to the obtained first image data, wherein the image sensor comprises:
a first sub-pixel configured to:
sense a target light corresponding to a target color;
in the first mode, convert the target light sensed during a first exposure time, into a first signal; and
in the second mode, convert the target light sensed during a second exposure time longer than the first exposure time, into a second signal;
a second sub-pixel sharing a floating diffusion area with the first sub-pixel, and configured to:
sense the target light;
in the first mode, convert the target light sensed during the first exposure time into a third signal; and
in the second mode, convert the target light sensed during the first exposure time into a fourth signal; and
a converting circuit configured to:
obtain second image data, based on the first signal and the third signal into which the target light is converted in the first mode; and
obtain third image data, based on the second signal and the fourth signal into which the target light is converted in the second mode. 2. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to:
based on the illumination being greater than a first threshold and the dynamic range being greater than a second threshold, determine the operating mode as the second mode; and based on the illumination being less than or equal to the first threshold or the dynamic range being less than or equal to the second threshold, determine the operating mode as the first mode. 3. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to:
obtain the illumination, based on a plurality of values of the obtained first image data and a plurality of exposure times of a plurality of sub-pixels respectively corresponding to the plurality of values; and obtain the dynamic range, based on a maximum value and a minimum value of the plurality of values. 4. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to:
divide the obtained third image data into a first value corresponding to the first sub-pixel and a second value corresponding to the second sub-pixel; obtain a first sub-image, based on the first value into which the third image data is divided; obtain a second sub-image, based on the second value into which the third image data is divided; and obtain a high dynamic range (HDR) image, based on the obtained first sub-image and the obtained second sub-image. 5. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to perform tone mapping on the obtained second image data to obtain a high dynamic range (HDR) image. 6. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the image sensor further comprises:
a third sub-pixel sharing the floating diffusion area with the first sub-pixel and the second sub-pixel, and configured to:
sense the target light;
in the first mode, convert the target light sensed during the first exposure time into a fifth signal; and
in the second mode, convert the target light sensed during a third exposure time longer than the first exposure time and shorter than the second exposure time, into a sixth signal,
wherein the converting circuit is further configured to:
obtain the second image data, further based on the fifth signal into which the target light is converted in the first mode; and
obtain the third image data, further based on the sixth signal into which the target light is converted in the second mode. 7. The imaging system of claim 6, wherein the operating mode is determined further among a third mode,
wherein at least one among the first sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel, and the third sub-pixel is further configured to, in the third mode, convert the target light sensed during the first exposure time into a seventh signal, wherein a remaining one among the first sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel and the third sub-pixel other than the at least one among the first sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel, and the third sub-pixel is further configured to, in the third mode, convert the target light sensed during the second exposure time into an eighth signal, and wherein the converting circuit is further configured to obtain fourth image data, based on the seventh signal and the eighth signal into which the target light is converted in the third mode. 8. The imaging system of claim 7, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to:
based on each of the illumination and the dynamic range being within a first reference range, determine the operating mode as the second mode; based on the illumination or the dynamic range being within a second reference range less than the first reference range, determine the operating mode as the third mode; and based on the illumination or the dynamic range being less than the second reference range, determine the operating mode as the first mode. 9. The imaging system of claim 6, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to:
divide the third image data into a first value corresponding to the first sub-pixel, a second value corresponding to the second sub-pixel, and a third value corresponding to the third sub-pixel; obtain a first sub-image, based on the first value into which the third image data is divided; obtain a second sub-image, based on the second value into which the third image data is divided; obtain a third sub-image, based on the third value into which the third image data is divided; and obtain a high dynamic range (HDR) image, based on the obtained first sub-image, the obtained second sub-image and the obtained third sub-image. 10. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the operating mode is determined further among a third mode,
wherein each of the first sub-pixel and the second sub-pixel is further configured to, in the third mode, convert the target light sensed during the first exposure time into a fifth signal, wherein the converting circuit is further configured to obtain fourth image data, based on the fifth signal into which the target light is converted in the third mode, and wherein the processing circuit is further configured to:
in the first mode, obtain a high dynamic range (HDR) image, based on the obtained second image data in the first mode,
in the second mode, obtain the HDR image, based on the obtained third image data; and
in the third mode, refrain from obtaining the HDR image that is based on the fourth image data. 11. The imaging system of claim 10, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to:
based on each of the illumination and the dynamic range being within a first reference range, determine the operating mode as the second mode; based on the illumination or the dynamic range being within a second reference range less than the first reference range, determine the operating mode as the first mode; and based on the illumination or the dynamic range being less than the second reference range, determine the operating mode as the third mode. 12. An imaging system comprising:
an image sensor comprising:
a pixel array that comprises a plurality of sub-pixels, each of the plurality of sub-pixels generating an electrical signal based on a received light; and
a converting circuit configured to obtain image data, based on the electrical signal generated by each of the plurality of sub-pixels; and
a processing circuit configured to:
obtain an illumination and a dynamic range, based on the obtained image data;
change an exposure time of any one or any combination of the plurality of sub-pixels, based on the obtained illumination and the obtained dynamic range; and
perform high dynamic range (HDR) processing on the obtained image data. 13. The imaging system of claim 12, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to, based on the obtained illumination being greater than a first threshold and the obtained dynamic range being greater than a second threshold, increase the exposure time of first ones among the plurality of sub-pixels, and maintain the exposure time of second ones among the plurality of sub-pixels,
wherein the image sensor is further configured to obtain conversion image data, based on the increased exposure time of the first ones among the plurality of sub-pixels and the maintained exposure time of the second ones among the plurality of sub-pixels, and wherein the processing circuit is further configured to perform the HDR processing on the obtained conversion image data. 14. The imaging system of claim 12, wherein the plurality of sub-pixels comprises:
first ones among the plurality of sub-pixels configured to generate a first part of the electrical signals, based on the received light during a first time duration; and second ones among the plurality of sub-pixels configured to generate a second part of the electrical signals, based on the received light during a second time duration different from the first time duration, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to, based on the obtained illumination being less than or equal to a first threshold or the obtained dynamic range being less than or equal to a second threshold, change the exposure time of the first ones among the plurality of sub-pixels from the first time duration to the second time duration, and wherein the image sensor is further configured to obtain conversion image data, based on the second time duration. 15. The imaging system of claim 14, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to perform tone mapping on the obtained conversion image data. 16. The imaging system of claim 14, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to further refrain from performing the HDR processing on the obtained conversion image data, based on the obtained illumination and the obtained dynamic range. 17. The imaging system of claim 12, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to, based on the obtained illumination being greater than a first threshold and the obtained dynamic range being greater than a second threshold:
control the exposure time of first ones among the plurality of sub-pixels to be set to a first time duration; control the exposure time of second ones among the plurality of sub-pixels to be set to a second time duration shorter than the first time duration; and control the exposure time of third ones among the plurality of sub-pixels to be set to a third time duration shorter than the second time duration, 18. An imaging system comprising:
an image sensor comprising:
a pixel array comprising:
first sub-pixels sharing a first floating diffusion area corresponding to a first color;
second sub-pixels sharing a second floating diffusion area corresponding to a second color; and
third sub-pixels sharing a third floating diffusion area corresponding to a third color; and
a converting circuit configured to obtain current image data, based on signals that are output from the first sub-pixels, the second sub-pixels and the third sub-pixels; and
a processing circuit configured to:
obtain an illumination and a dynamic range corresponding to the obtained current image data;
perform high dynamic range (HDR) processing on next image data that is obtained after the obtained current image data, based on the obtained illumination and the obtained dynamic range;
determine an operating mode of the image sensor, among a first mode and a second mode based on the obtained illumination and the obtained dynamic range;
in the first mode, control a first exposure time of a first one among the first sub-pixels, a first one among the second sub-pixels, and a first one among the third sub-pixels, to be set to a first time duration;
in the first mode, control a second exposure time of a second one among the first sub-pixels, a second one among the second sub-pixels, and a second one among the third sub-pixels, to be set to a second time duration; and
in the second mode, control a third exposure time of the first sub-pixels, the second sub-pixels and the third sub-pixels, to be set to the first time duration. 19. The imaging system of claim 18, wherein the operating mode is determined further among a third mode, and
wherein the processing circuit is further configured to, in the third mode:
control a fourth exposure time of at least one among the first sub-pixels, at least one among the second sub-pixels, and at least one among the third sub-pixels, to be set to the first time duration;
control a fifth exposure time of one or more among the first sub-pixels, one or more among the second sub-pixels, and one or more among the third sub-pixels, to be set to the second time duration; and
control a sixth exposure time of remaining ones the first sub-pixels, the second sub-pixels and the third sub-pixels, to be set to a third time duration. 20. The imaging system of claim 18, wherein the operating mode is determined further among a third mode, and
wherein the processing circuit is further configured to, in the third mode, control a fourth exposure time of the first sub-pixels, the second sub-pixels and the third sub-pixels to be set to the first time duration, and refrain from performing HDR processing on the obtained next image data. | 1,700 |
339,666 | 16,800,591 | 1,792 | A forceps includes a first jaw member, a second jaw member, a drive rod assembly and a moveable handle attached to a fixed handle. The first jaw member and the second jaw member are in opposing relation relative to one another, and at least one of the first jaw member and the second jaw member is relatively movable from a first open position to a second clamping position when the first jaw member and the second jaw member cooperate to grasp tissue therebetween. Moving the moveable handle relative to the fixed handle moves the drive rod assembly for imparting movement of at least one of the first jaw member and the second jaw member from the first position and the second position. The moveable handle has an actuator with a lost motion connection between the first and second jaw members and the actuator. | 1. A forceps comprising:
a first jaw member; a second jaw member, the first jaw member and the second jaw member being in opposing relation relative to one another, the first jaw member and the second jaw member being relatively movable from a first open position when the first jaw member and the second jaw member are disposed in spaced relation relative to one another to a second clamping position when the first jaw member and the second jaw member cooperate to grasp tissue therebetween; a drive rod assembly; and a moveable handle attached to a fixed handle, the moveable handle configured to move relative to the fixed handle to move the drive rod assembly for imparting movement of the first jaw member and the second jaw member between the first position and the second position, the moveable handle having an actuator with a lost motion connection between the first and second jaw members and the actuator, wherein the lost motion connection is configured so that if a force imparted on the drive rod assembly exceeds a predetermined amount of force, the lost motion connection allows the movable handle to return away from the fixed handle to maintain the first jaw member and the second jaw member in the second clamped position, and wherein the lost motion connection allows the moveable handle to move towards the fixed handle without the first jaw member moving relative to the second jaw member so that the first jaw member and the second jaw member do not move towards the second clamping position when the moveable handle moves towards the fixed handle. 2. The forceps of claim 1 wherein the lost motion connection includes a yoke on the end of the moveable handle and a drive shuttle, the yoke including flanges and the drive shuttle being configured so that if a force imparted on the drive rod assembly exceeds a predetermined amount of force, the flanges of the yoke deflect outwardly to allow relative axial motion between the yoke and the shuttle, which allows relative movement between the moveable handle and the fixed handle without the first jaw member moving relative to the second jaw member. 3. The forceps of claim 2 wherein at least one of the yoke and the shuttle has a tapered surface that enables the at least one of the yoke and the shuttle to disengage from the other of the yoke and the shuttle. 4. The forceps of claim 1 wherein the drive rod assembly moves at least one of the first jaw member and the second jaw member towards the second clamping position as the moveable handle is moved towards the fixed handle. 5. The forceps of claim 1 wherein the lost motion connection allows the moveable handle to move away from the fixed handle without the first jaw member moving relative to the second jaw member so that the first jaw member and the second jaw member do not move towards the first open position when the moveable handle moves away from the fixed handle. 6. The forceps of claim 1 wherein the lost motion connection allows the moveable handle to move away from the fixed handle without the first jaw member moving relative to the second jaw member so that the first jaw member and the second jaw member do not move towards the first open position when the moveable handle moves away from the fixed handle, and wherein the lost motion connection allows the moveable handle to move towards the fixed handle without the first jaw member moving relative to the second jaw member so that the first jaw member and the second jaw member do not move towards the second clamping position when the moveable handle moves towards the fixed handle. 7. The forceps of claim 1 wherein the first jaw member and the second jaw member each includes a sealing surface, each sealing surfaces being configured to connect to a source of electrosurgical energy. 8. The forceps of claim 7 wherein the source is configured to generate electrosurgical energy to coagulate tissue grasped between the first jaw member and the second jaw member. | A forceps includes a first jaw member, a second jaw member, a drive rod assembly and a moveable handle attached to a fixed handle. The first jaw member and the second jaw member are in opposing relation relative to one another, and at least one of the first jaw member and the second jaw member is relatively movable from a first open position to a second clamping position when the first jaw member and the second jaw member cooperate to grasp tissue therebetween. Moving the moveable handle relative to the fixed handle moves the drive rod assembly for imparting movement of at least one of the first jaw member and the second jaw member from the first position and the second position. The moveable handle has an actuator with a lost motion connection between the first and second jaw members and the actuator.1. A forceps comprising:
a first jaw member; a second jaw member, the first jaw member and the second jaw member being in opposing relation relative to one another, the first jaw member and the second jaw member being relatively movable from a first open position when the first jaw member and the second jaw member are disposed in spaced relation relative to one another to a second clamping position when the first jaw member and the second jaw member cooperate to grasp tissue therebetween; a drive rod assembly; and a moveable handle attached to a fixed handle, the moveable handle configured to move relative to the fixed handle to move the drive rod assembly for imparting movement of the first jaw member and the second jaw member between the first position and the second position, the moveable handle having an actuator with a lost motion connection between the first and second jaw members and the actuator, wherein the lost motion connection is configured so that if a force imparted on the drive rod assembly exceeds a predetermined amount of force, the lost motion connection allows the movable handle to return away from the fixed handle to maintain the first jaw member and the second jaw member in the second clamped position, and wherein the lost motion connection allows the moveable handle to move towards the fixed handle without the first jaw member moving relative to the second jaw member so that the first jaw member and the second jaw member do not move towards the second clamping position when the moveable handle moves towards the fixed handle. 2. The forceps of claim 1 wherein the lost motion connection includes a yoke on the end of the moveable handle and a drive shuttle, the yoke including flanges and the drive shuttle being configured so that if a force imparted on the drive rod assembly exceeds a predetermined amount of force, the flanges of the yoke deflect outwardly to allow relative axial motion between the yoke and the shuttle, which allows relative movement between the moveable handle and the fixed handle without the first jaw member moving relative to the second jaw member. 3. The forceps of claim 2 wherein at least one of the yoke and the shuttle has a tapered surface that enables the at least one of the yoke and the shuttle to disengage from the other of the yoke and the shuttle. 4. The forceps of claim 1 wherein the drive rod assembly moves at least one of the first jaw member and the second jaw member towards the second clamping position as the moveable handle is moved towards the fixed handle. 5. The forceps of claim 1 wherein the lost motion connection allows the moveable handle to move away from the fixed handle without the first jaw member moving relative to the second jaw member so that the first jaw member and the second jaw member do not move towards the first open position when the moveable handle moves away from the fixed handle. 6. The forceps of claim 1 wherein the lost motion connection allows the moveable handle to move away from the fixed handle without the first jaw member moving relative to the second jaw member so that the first jaw member and the second jaw member do not move towards the first open position when the moveable handle moves away from the fixed handle, and wherein the lost motion connection allows the moveable handle to move towards the fixed handle without the first jaw member moving relative to the second jaw member so that the first jaw member and the second jaw member do not move towards the second clamping position when the moveable handle moves towards the fixed handle. 7. The forceps of claim 1 wherein the first jaw member and the second jaw member each includes a sealing surface, each sealing surfaces being configured to connect to a source of electrosurgical energy. 8. The forceps of claim 7 wherein the source is configured to generate electrosurgical energy to coagulate tissue grasped between the first jaw member and the second jaw member. | 1,700 |
339,667 | 16,800,618 | 1,792 | A track assembly for a vehicle seating assembly includes a track that defines a lateral channel and a central channel. The lateral channel is in communication with the central channel. A plurality of contact strips are coupled with the track and are positioned within the lateral channel. A rail cartridge is positioned within the central channel and is slidable along the track. The lateral channel is at least partially enclosed by the track and the rail cartridge. A support is operably coupled with the rail cartridge and extends from the central channel into the lateral channel. A plurality of contacts are operably coupled with the support and are configured to engage the plurality of contact strips. | 1. A track assembly for a vehicle seating assembly, comprising:
a track defining a lateral channel and a central channel, wherein the lateral channel is in communication with the central channel; a conductive rail coupled with the track and extending along the lateral channel, the conductive rail including a plurality of contact strips; a rail cartridge positioned within the central channel and slidable along the track, wherein the lateral channel is at least partially enclosed by the track and the rail cartridge; a support operably coupled with the rail cartridge and extending from the central channel into the lateral channel; and a plurality of contacts operably coupled with the support and configured to engage with the plurality of contact strips. 2. The track assembly of claim 1, wherein the track includes first and second lateral walls, the first lateral wall at least partially defining the lateral channel, and further wherein the conductive rail is positioned to orient the plurality of contact strips parallel to the first lateral wall. 3. The track assembly of claim 2, wherein each of the first and second lateral walls is integrally formed with one of a first top portion and a second top portion extending perpendicularly from the first and second lateral walls, and further wherein the rail cartridge includes first and second sidewalls, the first and second sidewalls positioned substantially flush with the first and second top portions. 4. The track assembly of claim 3, wherein the first sidewall of the rail cartridge defines an opening, and further wherein the support extends at least partially through the opening. 5. The track assembly of claim 1, wherein the support includes:
a body portion having a surface positioned parallel to and spaced apart from the conductive rail, wherein the plurality of contacts extend from the body portion; a first electrical connector positioned within the rail cartridge and configured to engage with a second electrical connector positioned exterior of the rail cartridge; and an arm extending between the body portion of the support and the first electrical connector. 6. The track assembly of claim 5, wherein the plurality of contacts are spring-loaded and are configured to be biased toward the conductive rail. 7. The track assembly of claim 5, wherein the support is configured to house a plurality of electrical components electrically coupled with the plurality of contacts and the first electrical connector. 8. A track assembly for a vehicle seating assembly, comprising:
a track defining a lateral channel and a central channel, wherein the lateral channel is in communication with the central channel; a housing coupled with the track and positioned within the lateral channel, wherein the housing defines a housing channel, and further wherein a plurality of contact strips are positioned on an interior surface of the housing; a rail cartridge positioned within the central channel and slidable along the track, wherein the lateral channel is at least partially enclosed by the track and the rail cartridge; a support operably coupled with the rail cartridge and extending from the central channel into the lateral channel; and a plurality of contacts operably coupled with the support and configured to engage the plurality of contact strips. 9. The track assembly of claim 8, wherein the housing includes an outer step, and further wherein the support includes a plurality of hooks configured to receive the outer step and slidably couple the support with the housing. 10. The track assembly of claim 8, further comprising:
a block extending from an end of the support, wherein the block is configured to be received by the housing channel to clean the plurality of contact strips. 11. The track assembly of claim 8, further comprising:
a brush cartridge slidably positioned within the housing channel and having first and second sides, wherein the plurality of contacts extend from the first and second sides of the brush cartridge. 12. The track assembly of claim 8, further comprising:
a first brush cartridge slidably positioned within the housing channel and coupled with the support, wherein a first portion of the plurality of contacts extends from the first brush cartridge; and a second brush cartridge slidably positioned within the housing channel and aligned with the first brush cartridge, wherein the second brush cartridge is coupled with the support, and further wherein a second portion of the plurality of contacts extends from the second brush cartridge. 13. The track assembly of claim 12, wherein the first and second portions of the plurality of contacts extend in opposing directions. 14. The track assembly of claim 8, wherein the support includes a wire tray configured to carry a plurality of electrical wires to electrically couple the plurality of contacts with a vertical electrical connector. 15. A track assembly for a vehicle seating assembly, comprising:
a track defining a lateral channel and a central channel, wherein the lateral channel is in communication with the central channel; a plurality of contact strips operably coupled with the track and positioned within the lateral channel; a rail cartridge positioned within the central channel and slidable along the track, wherein the lateral channel is at least partially enclosed by the track and the rail cartridge; a support operably coupled with the rail cartridge and extending from the central channel into the lateral channel; and a plurality of contacts operably coupled with the support and configured to engage the plurality of contact strips. 16. The track assembly of claim 15, wherein the plurality of contact strips are coupled with a conductive rail positioned within the lateral channel. 17. The track assembly of claim 15, wherein the plurality of contact strips are coupled with a housing, wherein the housing defines a housing channel and the plurality of contact strips are positioned on an interior surface of the housing. 18. The track assembly of claim 17, further comprising:
a brush cartridge coupled with the support and slidably positioned within the housing channel and configured to carry the plurality of contacts. 19. The track assembly of claim 17, further comprising:
a first brush cartridge coupled with the support and slidably received within the housing channel, wherein a first portion of the plurality of contacts extends from the first brush cartridge in a first direction; and a second brush cartridge coupled with the support and slidably received within the housing channel, wherein the second brush cartridge is aligned with the first brush cartridge, and further wherein a second portion of the plurality of contacts extends from the second brush cartridge in a second direction, the second direction opposite the first direction. 20. The track assembly of claim 15, wherein the support is configured to guide a plurality of wires between the plurality of contacts and an electrical connector, and further wherein the electrical connector is positioned within the rail cartridge. | A track assembly for a vehicle seating assembly includes a track that defines a lateral channel and a central channel. The lateral channel is in communication with the central channel. A plurality of contact strips are coupled with the track and are positioned within the lateral channel. A rail cartridge is positioned within the central channel and is slidable along the track. The lateral channel is at least partially enclosed by the track and the rail cartridge. A support is operably coupled with the rail cartridge and extends from the central channel into the lateral channel. A plurality of contacts are operably coupled with the support and are configured to engage the plurality of contact strips.1. A track assembly for a vehicle seating assembly, comprising:
a track defining a lateral channel and a central channel, wherein the lateral channel is in communication with the central channel; a conductive rail coupled with the track and extending along the lateral channel, the conductive rail including a plurality of contact strips; a rail cartridge positioned within the central channel and slidable along the track, wherein the lateral channel is at least partially enclosed by the track and the rail cartridge; a support operably coupled with the rail cartridge and extending from the central channel into the lateral channel; and a plurality of contacts operably coupled with the support and configured to engage with the plurality of contact strips. 2. The track assembly of claim 1, wherein the track includes first and second lateral walls, the first lateral wall at least partially defining the lateral channel, and further wherein the conductive rail is positioned to orient the plurality of contact strips parallel to the first lateral wall. 3. The track assembly of claim 2, wherein each of the first and second lateral walls is integrally formed with one of a first top portion and a second top portion extending perpendicularly from the first and second lateral walls, and further wherein the rail cartridge includes first and second sidewalls, the first and second sidewalls positioned substantially flush with the first and second top portions. 4. The track assembly of claim 3, wherein the first sidewall of the rail cartridge defines an opening, and further wherein the support extends at least partially through the opening. 5. The track assembly of claim 1, wherein the support includes:
a body portion having a surface positioned parallel to and spaced apart from the conductive rail, wherein the plurality of contacts extend from the body portion; a first electrical connector positioned within the rail cartridge and configured to engage with a second electrical connector positioned exterior of the rail cartridge; and an arm extending between the body portion of the support and the first electrical connector. 6. The track assembly of claim 5, wherein the plurality of contacts are spring-loaded and are configured to be biased toward the conductive rail. 7. The track assembly of claim 5, wherein the support is configured to house a plurality of electrical components electrically coupled with the plurality of contacts and the first electrical connector. 8. A track assembly for a vehicle seating assembly, comprising:
a track defining a lateral channel and a central channel, wherein the lateral channel is in communication with the central channel; a housing coupled with the track and positioned within the lateral channel, wherein the housing defines a housing channel, and further wherein a plurality of contact strips are positioned on an interior surface of the housing; a rail cartridge positioned within the central channel and slidable along the track, wherein the lateral channel is at least partially enclosed by the track and the rail cartridge; a support operably coupled with the rail cartridge and extending from the central channel into the lateral channel; and a plurality of contacts operably coupled with the support and configured to engage the plurality of contact strips. 9. The track assembly of claim 8, wherein the housing includes an outer step, and further wherein the support includes a plurality of hooks configured to receive the outer step and slidably couple the support with the housing. 10. The track assembly of claim 8, further comprising:
a block extending from an end of the support, wherein the block is configured to be received by the housing channel to clean the plurality of contact strips. 11. The track assembly of claim 8, further comprising:
a brush cartridge slidably positioned within the housing channel and having first and second sides, wherein the plurality of contacts extend from the first and second sides of the brush cartridge. 12. The track assembly of claim 8, further comprising:
a first brush cartridge slidably positioned within the housing channel and coupled with the support, wherein a first portion of the plurality of contacts extends from the first brush cartridge; and a second brush cartridge slidably positioned within the housing channel and aligned with the first brush cartridge, wherein the second brush cartridge is coupled with the support, and further wherein a second portion of the plurality of contacts extends from the second brush cartridge. 13. The track assembly of claim 12, wherein the first and second portions of the plurality of contacts extend in opposing directions. 14. The track assembly of claim 8, wherein the support includes a wire tray configured to carry a plurality of electrical wires to electrically couple the plurality of contacts with a vertical electrical connector. 15. A track assembly for a vehicle seating assembly, comprising:
a track defining a lateral channel and a central channel, wherein the lateral channel is in communication with the central channel; a plurality of contact strips operably coupled with the track and positioned within the lateral channel; a rail cartridge positioned within the central channel and slidable along the track, wherein the lateral channel is at least partially enclosed by the track and the rail cartridge; a support operably coupled with the rail cartridge and extending from the central channel into the lateral channel; and a plurality of contacts operably coupled with the support and configured to engage the plurality of contact strips. 16. The track assembly of claim 15, wherein the plurality of contact strips are coupled with a conductive rail positioned within the lateral channel. 17. The track assembly of claim 15, wherein the plurality of contact strips are coupled with a housing, wherein the housing defines a housing channel and the plurality of contact strips are positioned on an interior surface of the housing. 18. The track assembly of claim 17, further comprising:
a brush cartridge coupled with the support and slidably positioned within the housing channel and configured to carry the plurality of contacts. 19. The track assembly of claim 17, further comprising:
a first brush cartridge coupled with the support and slidably received within the housing channel, wherein a first portion of the plurality of contacts extends from the first brush cartridge in a first direction; and a second brush cartridge coupled with the support and slidably received within the housing channel, wherein the second brush cartridge is aligned with the first brush cartridge, and further wherein a second portion of the plurality of contacts extends from the second brush cartridge in a second direction, the second direction opposite the first direction. 20. The track assembly of claim 15, wherein the support is configured to guide a plurality of wires between the plurality of contacts and an electrical connector, and further wherein the electrical connector is positioned within the rail cartridge. | 1,700 |
339,668 | 16,800,526 | 1,792 | A method of transmitting a frame by a station (STA) in a wireless LAN system supporting an HE PPDU (high efficiency physical layer protocol data unit) according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: setting a first duration field included in an HE-SIG A field; and transmitting a frame including the HE-SIG A field and a MAC header, wherein the first duration field is set to indicate a TXOP (transmission opportunity) value using a smaller number of bits than a second duration field included in the MAC header, and a granularity of a time unit used for indicating the TXOP value in the first duration field is set to be different from a granularity of a time unit used in the second duration field. | 1. A method of transmitting a high efficiency (HE) physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) by a station (STA) operating in a wireless local area network (LAN) system, the method comprising:
setting a first duration field included in a HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU based on a transmission opportunity (TXOP) duration; and transmitting the HE PPDU including (i) the HE-SIG A field and (ii) a medium access control (MAC) header, wherein a bit length of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is smaller than a bit length of a second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU, wherein the first duration field comprises at least one most significant bit (MSB) and at least one least significant bit (LSB), and wherein setting the first duration field based on the TXOP duration comprises:
setting the at least one MSB of the first duration field such that (i) a first value obtained based on the at least one MSB multiplied by (ii) a second value obtained based on the at least one LSB relates to the TXOP duration. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one MSB of the first duration field indicates a granularity with which the first duration field is set based on the TXOP duration. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of a plurality of granularities that are related to a plurality of TXOP durations. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is greater than a granularity of the second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 5 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 32 us or 512 us, or
wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 6 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 16 us or 256 us, or wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 7 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 8 us or 128 us. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first value is equal to a first bit value of the at least one MSB of the first duration field, and
wherein the second value is obtained based on a second bit value of the at least one LSB of the first duration field. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 5 bits, 6 bits, or 7 bits. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein both the TXOP duration indicated by the first duration field in the PPDU and a second TXOP duration indicated by the second duration field in the MAC header are set for transmission of the HE PPDU, and
wherein the TXOP duration indicated by the first duration field of the HE PPDU is greater than or equal to the second TXOP duration indicated by the second duration field of the MAC header. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the bit length of the first duration field is n bits,
wherein the at least one MSB is a first k bits of the first duration field, for k greater than or equal to 1, and wherein the at least one LSB is a remaining n-k bits of the first duration field. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one MSB is a single bit. 11. A station (STA) device configured to transmit a high efficiency (HE) physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) in a wireless local area network (LAN) system, the STA device comprising:
a transceiver; at least one processor; and at least one computer memory operably connectable to the at least one processor and storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, perform operations comprising: setting a first duration field included in a HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU based on a transmission opportunity (TXOP) duration; and transmitting, through the transceiver, the HE PPDU including (i) the HE-SIG A field and (ii) a medium access control (MAC) header, wherein a bit length of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is smaller than a bit length of a second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU, wherein the first duration field comprises at least one most significant bit (MSB) and at least one least significant bit (LSB), and wherein setting the first duration field based on the TXOP duration comprises:
setting the at least one MSB of the first duration field such that (i) a first value obtained based on the at least one MSB multiplied by (ii) a second value obtained based on the at least one LSB relates to the TXOP duration. 12. The STA device of claim 11, wherein the at least one MSB of the first duration field indicates a granularity with which the first duration field is set based on the TXOP duration. 13. The STA device of claim 12, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of a plurality of granularities that are related to a plurality of TXOP durations. 14. The STA device of claim 12, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is greater than a granularity of the second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU. 15. The STA device of claim 12, wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 5 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 32 us or 512 us, or
wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 6 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 16 us or 256 us, or wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 7 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 8 us or 128 us. 16. An apparatus configured to control a station (STA) device to operate in a wireless local area network (LAN) system, the apparatus comprising:
at least one processor; and at least one computer memory operably connectable to the at least one processor and storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, perform operations that control the STA device to transmit a high efficiency (HE) physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU), the operations comprising: setting a first duration field included in a HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU based on a transmission opportunity (TXOP) duration; and transmitting the HE PPDU including (i) the HE-SIG A field and (ii) a medium access control (MAC) header, wherein a bit length of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is smaller than a bit length of a second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU, wherein the first duration field comprises at least one most significant bit (MSB) and at least one least significant bit (LSB), and wherein setting the first duration field based on the TXOP duration comprises:
setting the at least one MSB of the first duration field such that (i) a first value obtained based on the at least one MSB multiplied by (ii) a second value obtained based on the at least one LSB relates to the TXOP duration. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the at least one MSB of the first duration field indicates a granularity with which the first duration field is set based on the TXOP duration. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of a plurality of granularities that are related to a plurality of TXOP durations. 19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is greater than a granularity of the second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU. 20. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 5 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 32 us or 512 us, or
wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 6 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 16 us or 256 us, or wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 7 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 8 us or 128 us. | A method of transmitting a frame by a station (STA) in a wireless LAN system supporting an HE PPDU (high efficiency physical layer protocol data unit) according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: setting a first duration field included in an HE-SIG A field; and transmitting a frame including the HE-SIG A field and a MAC header, wherein the first duration field is set to indicate a TXOP (transmission opportunity) value using a smaller number of bits than a second duration field included in the MAC header, and a granularity of a time unit used for indicating the TXOP value in the first duration field is set to be different from a granularity of a time unit used in the second duration field.1. A method of transmitting a high efficiency (HE) physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) by a station (STA) operating in a wireless local area network (LAN) system, the method comprising:
setting a first duration field included in a HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU based on a transmission opportunity (TXOP) duration; and transmitting the HE PPDU including (i) the HE-SIG A field and (ii) a medium access control (MAC) header, wherein a bit length of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is smaller than a bit length of a second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU, wherein the first duration field comprises at least one most significant bit (MSB) and at least one least significant bit (LSB), and wherein setting the first duration field based on the TXOP duration comprises:
setting the at least one MSB of the first duration field such that (i) a first value obtained based on the at least one MSB multiplied by (ii) a second value obtained based on the at least one LSB relates to the TXOP duration. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one MSB of the first duration field indicates a granularity with which the first duration field is set based on the TXOP duration. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of a plurality of granularities that are related to a plurality of TXOP durations. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is greater than a granularity of the second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 5 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 32 us or 512 us, or
wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 6 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 16 us or 256 us, or wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 7 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 8 us or 128 us. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first value is equal to a first bit value of the at least one MSB of the first duration field, and
wherein the second value is obtained based on a second bit value of the at least one LSB of the first duration field. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 5 bits, 6 bits, or 7 bits. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein both the TXOP duration indicated by the first duration field in the PPDU and a second TXOP duration indicated by the second duration field in the MAC header are set for transmission of the HE PPDU, and
wherein the TXOP duration indicated by the first duration field of the HE PPDU is greater than or equal to the second TXOP duration indicated by the second duration field of the MAC header. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the bit length of the first duration field is n bits,
wherein the at least one MSB is a first k bits of the first duration field, for k greater than or equal to 1, and wherein the at least one LSB is a remaining n-k bits of the first duration field. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one MSB is a single bit. 11. A station (STA) device configured to transmit a high efficiency (HE) physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) in a wireless local area network (LAN) system, the STA device comprising:
a transceiver; at least one processor; and at least one computer memory operably connectable to the at least one processor and storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, perform operations comprising: setting a first duration field included in a HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU based on a transmission opportunity (TXOP) duration; and transmitting, through the transceiver, the HE PPDU including (i) the HE-SIG A field and (ii) a medium access control (MAC) header, wherein a bit length of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is smaller than a bit length of a second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU, wherein the first duration field comprises at least one most significant bit (MSB) and at least one least significant bit (LSB), and wherein setting the first duration field based on the TXOP duration comprises:
setting the at least one MSB of the first duration field such that (i) a first value obtained based on the at least one MSB multiplied by (ii) a second value obtained based on the at least one LSB relates to the TXOP duration. 12. The STA device of claim 11, wherein the at least one MSB of the first duration field indicates a granularity with which the first duration field is set based on the TXOP duration. 13. The STA device of claim 12, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of a plurality of granularities that are related to a plurality of TXOP durations. 14. The STA device of claim 12, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is greater than a granularity of the second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU. 15. The STA device of claim 12, wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 5 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 32 us or 512 us, or
wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 6 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 16 us or 256 us, or wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 7 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 8 us or 128 us. 16. An apparatus configured to control a station (STA) device to operate in a wireless local area network (LAN) system, the apparatus comprising:
at least one processor; and at least one computer memory operably connectable to the at least one processor and storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, perform operations that control the STA device to transmit a high efficiency (HE) physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU), the operations comprising: setting a first duration field included in a HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU based on a transmission opportunity (TXOP) duration; and transmitting the HE PPDU including (i) the HE-SIG A field and (ii) a medium access control (MAC) header, wherein a bit length of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is smaller than a bit length of a second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU, wherein the first duration field comprises at least one most significant bit (MSB) and at least one least significant bit (LSB), and wherein setting the first duration field based on the TXOP duration comprises:
setting the at least one MSB of the first duration field such that (i) a first value obtained based on the at least one MSB multiplied by (ii) a second value obtained based on the at least one LSB relates to the TXOP duration. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the at least one MSB of the first duration field indicates a granularity with which the first duration field is set based on the TXOP duration. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of a plurality of granularities that are related to a plurality of TXOP durations. 19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is greater than a granularity of the second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU. 20. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 5 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 32 us or 512 us, or
wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 6 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 16 us or 256 us, or wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 7 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 8 us or 128 us. | 1,700 |
339,669 | 16,800,543 | 1,792 | A method of transmitting a frame by a station (STA) in a wireless LAN system supporting an HE PPDU (high efficiency physical layer protocol data unit) according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: setting a first duration field included in an HE-SIG A field; and transmitting a frame including the HE-SIG A field and a MAC header, wherein the first duration field is set to indicate a TXOP (transmission opportunity) value using a smaller number of bits than a second duration field included in the MAC header, and a granularity of a time unit used for indicating the TXOP value in the first duration field is set to be different from a granularity of a time unit used in the second duration field. | 1. A method of transmitting a high efficiency (HE) physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) by a station (STA) operating in a wireless local area network (LAN) system, the method comprising:
setting a first duration field included in a HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU based on a transmission opportunity (TXOP) duration; and transmitting the HE PPDU including (i) the HE-SIG A field and (ii) a medium access control (MAC) header, wherein a bit length of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is smaller than a bit length of a second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU, wherein the first duration field comprises at least one most significant bit (MSB) and at least one least significant bit (LSB), and wherein setting the first duration field based on the TXOP duration comprises:
setting the at least one MSB of the first duration field such that (i) a first value obtained based on the at least one MSB multiplied by (ii) a second value obtained based on the at least one LSB relates to the TXOP duration. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one MSB of the first duration field indicates a granularity with which the first duration field is set based on the TXOP duration. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of a plurality of granularities that are related to a plurality of TXOP durations. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is greater than a granularity of the second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 5 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 32 us or 512 us, or
wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 6 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 16 us or 256 us, or wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 7 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 8 us or 128 us. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first value is equal to a first bit value of the at least one MSB of the first duration field, and
wherein the second value is obtained based on a second bit value of the at least one LSB of the first duration field. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 5 bits, 6 bits, or 7 bits. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein both the TXOP duration indicated by the first duration field in the PPDU and a second TXOP duration indicated by the second duration field in the MAC header are set for transmission of the HE PPDU, and
wherein the TXOP duration indicated by the first duration field of the HE PPDU is greater than or equal to the second TXOP duration indicated by the second duration field of the MAC header. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the bit length of the first duration field is n bits,
wherein the at least one MSB is a first k bits of the first duration field, for k greater than or equal to 1, and wherein the at least one LSB is a remaining n-k bits of the first duration field. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one MSB is a single bit. 11. A station (STA) device configured to transmit a high efficiency (HE) physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) in a wireless local area network (LAN) system, the STA device comprising:
a transceiver; at least one processor; and at least one computer memory operably connectable to the at least one processor and storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, perform operations comprising: setting a first duration field included in a HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU based on a transmission opportunity (TXOP) duration; and transmitting, through the transceiver, the HE PPDU including (i) the HE-SIG A field and (ii) a medium access control (MAC) header, wherein a bit length of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is smaller than a bit length of a second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU, wherein the first duration field comprises at least one most significant bit (MSB) and at least one least significant bit (LSB), and wherein setting the first duration field based on the TXOP duration comprises:
setting the at least one MSB of the first duration field such that (i) a first value obtained based on the at least one MSB multiplied by (ii) a second value obtained based on the at least one LSB relates to the TXOP duration. 12. The STA device of claim 11, wherein the at least one MSB of the first duration field indicates a granularity with which the first duration field is set based on the TXOP duration. 13. The STA device of claim 12, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of a plurality of granularities that are related to a plurality of TXOP durations. 14. The STA device of claim 12, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is greater than a granularity of the second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU. 15. The STA device of claim 12, wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 5 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 32 us or 512 us, or
wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 6 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 16 us or 256 us, or wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 7 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 8 us or 128 us. 16. An apparatus configured to control a station (STA) device to operate in a wireless local area network (LAN) system, the apparatus comprising:
at least one processor; and at least one computer memory operably connectable to the at least one processor and storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, perform operations that control the STA device to transmit a high efficiency (HE) physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU), the operations comprising: setting a first duration field included in a HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU based on a transmission opportunity (TXOP) duration; and transmitting the HE PPDU including (i) the HE-SIG A field and (ii) a medium access control (MAC) header, wherein a bit length of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is smaller than a bit length of a second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU, wherein the first duration field comprises at least one most significant bit (MSB) and at least one least significant bit (LSB), and wherein setting the first duration field based on the TXOP duration comprises:
setting the at least one MSB of the first duration field such that (i) a first value obtained based on the at least one MSB multiplied by (ii) a second value obtained based on the at least one LSB relates to the TXOP duration. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the at least one MSB of the first duration field indicates a granularity with which the first duration field is set based on the TXOP duration. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of a plurality of granularities that are related to a plurality of TXOP durations. 19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is greater than a granularity of the second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU. 20. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 5 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 32 us or 512 us, or
wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 6 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 16 us or 256 us, or wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 7 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 8 us or 128 us. | A method of transmitting a frame by a station (STA) in a wireless LAN system supporting an HE PPDU (high efficiency physical layer protocol data unit) according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: setting a first duration field included in an HE-SIG A field; and transmitting a frame including the HE-SIG A field and a MAC header, wherein the first duration field is set to indicate a TXOP (transmission opportunity) value using a smaller number of bits than a second duration field included in the MAC header, and a granularity of a time unit used for indicating the TXOP value in the first duration field is set to be different from a granularity of a time unit used in the second duration field.1. A method of transmitting a high efficiency (HE) physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) by a station (STA) operating in a wireless local area network (LAN) system, the method comprising:
setting a first duration field included in a HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU based on a transmission opportunity (TXOP) duration; and transmitting the HE PPDU including (i) the HE-SIG A field and (ii) a medium access control (MAC) header, wherein a bit length of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is smaller than a bit length of a second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU, wherein the first duration field comprises at least one most significant bit (MSB) and at least one least significant bit (LSB), and wherein setting the first duration field based on the TXOP duration comprises:
setting the at least one MSB of the first duration field such that (i) a first value obtained based on the at least one MSB multiplied by (ii) a second value obtained based on the at least one LSB relates to the TXOP duration. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one MSB of the first duration field indicates a granularity with which the first duration field is set based on the TXOP duration. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of a plurality of granularities that are related to a plurality of TXOP durations. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is greater than a granularity of the second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 5 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 32 us or 512 us, or
wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 6 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 16 us or 256 us, or wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 7 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 8 us or 128 us. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first value is equal to a first bit value of the at least one MSB of the first duration field, and
wherein the second value is obtained based on a second bit value of the at least one LSB of the first duration field. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 5 bits, 6 bits, or 7 bits. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein both the TXOP duration indicated by the first duration field in the PPDU and a second TXOP duration indicated by the second duration field in the MAC header are set for transmission of the HE PPDU, and
wherein the TXOP duration indicated by the first duration field of the HE PPDU is greater than or equal to the second TXOP duration indicated by the second duration field of the MAC header. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the bit length of the first duration field is n bits,
wherein the at least one MSB is a first k bits of the first duration field, for k greater than or equal to 1, and wherein the at least one LSB is a remaining n-k bits of the first duration field. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one MSB is a single bit. 11. A station (STA) device configured to transmit a high efficiency (HE) physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) in a wireless local area network (LAN) system, the STA device comprising:
a transceiver; at least one processor; and at least one computer memory operably connectable to the at least one processor and storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, perform operations comprising: setting a first duration field included in a HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU based on a transmission opportunity (TXOP) duration; and transmitting, through the transceiver, the HE PPDU including (i) the HE-SIG A field and (ii) a medium access control (MAC) header, wherein a bit length of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is smaller than a bit length of a second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU, wherein the first duration field comprises at least one most significant bit (MSB) and at least one least significant bit (LSB), and wherein setting the first duration field based on the TXOP duration comprises:
setting the at least one MSB of the first duration field such that (i) a first value obtained based on the at least one MSB multiplied by (ii) a second value obtained based on the at least one LSB relates to the TXOP duration. 12. The STA device of claim 11, wherein the at least one MSB of the first duration field indicates a granularity with which the first duration field is set based on the TXOP duration. 13. The STA device of claim 12, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of a plurality of granularities that are related to a plurality of TXOP durations. 14. The STA device of claim 12, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is greater than a granularity of the second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU. 15. The STA device of claim 12, wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 5 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 32 us or 512 us, or
wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 6 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 16 us or 256 us, or wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 7 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 8 us or 128 us. 16. An apparatus configured to control a station (STA) device to operate in a wireless local area network (LAN) system, the apparatus comprising:
at least one processor; and at least one computer memory operably connectable to the at least one processor and storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, perform operations that control the STA device to transmit a high efficiency (HE) physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU), the operations comprising: setting a first duration field included in a HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU based on a transmission opportunity (TXOP) duration; and transmitting the HE PPDU including (i) the HE-SIG A field and (ii) a medium access control (MAC) header, wherein a bit length of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is smaller than a bit length of a second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU, wherein the first duration field comprises at least one most significant bit (MSB) and at least one least significant bit (LSB), and wherein setting the first duration field based on the TXOP duration comprises:
setting the at least one MSB of the first duration field such that (i) a first value obtained based on the at least one MSB multiplied by (ii) a second value obtained based on the at least one LSB relates to the TXOP duration. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the at least one MSB of the first duration field indicates a granularity with which the first duration field is set based on the TXOP duration. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of a plurality of granularities that are related to a plurality of TXOP durations. 19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field in the HE-SIG A field of the HE PPDU is greater than a granularity of the second duration field in the MAC header of the HE PPDU. 20. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 5 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 32 us or 512 us, or
wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 6 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 16 us or 256 us, or wherein the bit length of the first duration field is set to 7 bits and the granularity indicated by the at least one MSB of the first duration field is one of 8 us or 128 us. | 1,700 |
339,670 | 16,800,630 | 1,792 | Circuits integrating OR logic and level shifting functionality and methods of operating the same are configured to accommodate different applications. One such circuit comprises first and second transistors coupled in parallel defining first and second nodes, the first transistor being responsive to a first input signal and the second transistor being responsive to a second input signal; a first resistor coupled between a power supply terminal of the circuit and the first node; and a second resistor coupled between the second node and a ground terminal of the circuit. The circuit generates an output signal having a voltage level that is lower than a voltage level of each of the first and second input signals. | 1. A circuit comprising:
first and second transistors coupled in parallel defining first and second nodes, the first transistor being responsive to a first input signal and the second transistor being responsive to a second input signal; a first resistor coupled between a power supply terminal of the circuit and the first node; and a second resistor coupled between the second node and a ground terminal of the circuit, wherein the circuit generates an output signal having a voltage level that is lower than a voltage level of each of the first and second input signals, wherein the circuit further comprises: a third resistor coupled between the second node and a third node; and a capacitor coupled between the third node and the ground terminal, and wherein the output signal is generated at the third node. 2. The circuit of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second transistors is a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET). 3. The circuit of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second resistors is a small package resistor. 4. The circuit of claim 1, wherein a power supply voltage applied to the power supply terminal is between 2.5V and 5V inclusive. 5. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the output signal is generated at the second node. 6. The circuit of claim 1, further comprising:
one or more transistors coupled in parallel with each other and the first and second transistors, each of the one or more transistors being responsive to a corresponding input signal, wherein the voltage level of the output signal is lower than a voltage of each of the corresponding input signals and the voltage level of each of the first and second input signals. 7. (canceled) 8. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the first input signal is applied to a gate of the first transistor, and the second input signal is applied to a gate of the second transistor. 9. The circuit of claim 1, further comprising:
a first voltage divider including a first pair of resistors coupled to define a node in between that is coupled to the gate of the first transistor; and a second voltage divider including a second pair of resistors coupled to define a node in between that is coupled to the gate of the second transistor. 10. The circuit of claim 9, wherein the voltage level of the output signal is controlled by a resistance value of at least one of the resistors of the first pair of resistors or a resistance value of at least one of the resistors of the second pair of resistors. 11. A method of operating a circuit, the method comprising:
applying a first input signal to a first transistor of the circuit; applying a second input signal to a second transistor of the circuit, the second transistor being coupled in parallel with the first transistor; applying a power supply voltage to a power supply terminal of the circuit through a first resistor coupled between the power supply terminal and a first node coupling the first and second transistors; generating an output signal on a second node coupling the first and second transistors, the second node being coupled to a second resistor that is coupled to ground; and delaying the output signal, wherein the output signal generated has a voltage level that is lower than a voltage level of each of the first and second input signals. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
applying the output signal to a microcontroller (MCU); detecting a specific event occurring on the MCU based on configuration of the first and second input signals; and alerting the MCU when the specific event is detected. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the specific event is exceeding a set temperature. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
adjusting resistance values of the first and second resistors to control the voltage level of the output signal. 15. (canceled) 16. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
generating the first input signal using a first voltage divider; and generating the second input signal using a second voltage divider. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
varying a resistance component of either or both of the first and second voltage dividers to control the voltage level of the output signal. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
setting a resistance component of each of the first and second voltage dividers such that the voltage level of the output signal corresponds to logic low when the voltages of both power supplies drop below certain voltage levels. | Circuits integrating OR logic and level shifting functionality and methods of operating the same are configured to accommodate different applications. One such circuit comprises first and second transistors coupled in parallel defining first and second nodes, the first transistor being responsive to a first input signal and the second transistor being responsive to a second input signal; a first resistor coupled between a power supply terminal of the circuit and the first node; and a second resistor coupled between the second node and a ground terminal of the circuit. The circuit generates an output signal having a voltage level that is lower than a voltage level of each of the first and second input signals.1. A circuit comprising:
first and second transistors coupled in parallel defining first and second nodes, the first transistor being responsive to a first input signal and the second transistor being responsive to a second input signal; a first resistor coupled between a power supply terminal of the circuit and the first node; and a second resistor coupled between the second node and a ground terminal of the circuit, wherein the circuit generates an output signal having a voltage level that is lower than a voltage level of each of the first and second input signals, wherein the circuit further comprises: a third resistor coupled between the second node and a third node; and a capacitor coupled between the third node and the ground terminal, and wherein the output signal is generated at the third node. 2. The circuit of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second transistors is a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET). 3. The circuit of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second resistors is a small package resistor. 4. The circuit of claim 1, wherein a power supply voltage applied to the power supply terminal is between 2.5V and 5V inclusive. 5. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the output signal is generated at the second node. 6. The circuit of claim 1, further comprising:
one or more transistors coupled in parallel with each other and the first and second transistors, each of the one or more transistors being responsive to a corresponding input signal, wherein the voltage level of the output signal is lower than a voltage of each of the corresponding input signals and the voltage level of each of the first and second input signals. 7. (canceled) 8. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the first input signal is applied to a gate of the first transistor, and the second input signal is applied to a gate of the second transistor. 9. The circuit of claim 1, further comprising:
a first voltage divider including a first pair of resistors coupled to define a node in between that is coupled to the gate of the first transistor; and a second voltage divider including a second pair of resistors coupled to define a node in between that is coupled to the gate of the second transistor. 10. The circuit of claim 9, wherein the voltage level of the output signal is controlled by a resistance value of at least one of the resistors of the first pair of resistors or a resistance value of at least one of the resistors of the second pair of resistors. 11. A method of operating a circuit, the method comprising:
applying a first input signal to a first transistor of the circuit; applying a second input signal to a second transistor of the circuit, the second transistor being coupled in parallel with the first transistor; applying a power supply voltage to a power supply terminal of the circuit through a first resistor coupled between the power supply terminal and a first node coupling the first and second transistors; generating an output signal on a second node coupling the first and second transistors, the second node being coupled to a second resistor that is coupled to ground; and delaying the output signal, wherein the output signal generated has a voltage level that is lower than a voltage level of each of the first and second input signals. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
applying the output signal to a microcontroller (MCU); detecting a specific event occurring on the MCU based on configuration of the first and second input signals; and alerting the MCU when the specific event is detected. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the specific event is exceeding a set temperature. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
adjusting resistance values of the first and second resistors to control the voltage level of the output signal. 15. (canceled) 16. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
generating the first input signal using a first voltage divider; and generating the second input signal using a second voltage divider. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
varying a resistance component of either or both of the first and second voltage dividers to control the voltage level of the output signal. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
setting a resistance component of each of the first and second voltage dividers such that the voltage level of the output signal corresponds to logic low when the voltages of both power supplies drop below certain voltage levels. | 1,700 |
339,671 | 16,800,628 | 3,695 | The present invention manages money received from a general user having no bank account, so that the general user is able to make payment, send remittance, receive lottery prize via a network. A deposit amount managing device of the present invention includes a deposit amount storage unit which stores a deposit amount of each of a plurality of users, a deposit amount managing unit which increases or decreases the deposit amount of any of the users in response to a request from a user terminal device, a store terminal device, or an automatic teller machine, and a cash processing unit which generates a account transfer requesting message and transmit the message to a financial institution system to cause the system to receive or disburse cash in order to convert cash to deposit or deposit to cash. | 1. A remittance process method comprising the steps of:
providing a deposit account associated with user identification information in a server of a deposit amount managing device and storing a deposit in the deposit account; when the user identification information is sent from a user terminal device to a server of the deposit amount managing device via a server of a service management center, sending transfer request information from the server of the deposit amount managing device to a server of a financial institution system; and in the server of the financial institution system having received the transfer request information, performing transfer from the deposit account associated with the user identification information to an account associated with the service management center. 2. The remittance process method according to claim 1, wherein,
the server of the deposit amount managing device includes a database for storing user information corresponding to the deposit account and an authentication unit which compares the user identification information sent from the user terminal device with the user information stored in the database and determines whether the user identification information is matched with the user information, when the authentication unit determines that the user identification information is matched with the user information, the user is specified and the deposit account associated with the user identification information is specified, and when the authentication unit determines that the user identification information is not matched with the user information, text image data indicating that a service provided by the service management center is unavailable is sent to the user terminal device either directly from either the server of the deposit amount managing device or from the server of the deposit amount managing device via the server of the service management center. | The present invention manages money received from a general user having no bank account, so that the general user is able to make payment, send remittance, receive lottery prize via a network. A deposit amount managing device of the present invention includes a deposit amount storage unit which stores a deposit amount of each of a plurality of users, a deposit amount managing unit which increases or decreases the deposit amount of any of the users in response to a request from a user terminal device, a store terminal device, or an automatic teller machine, and a cash processing unit which generates a account transfer requesting message and transmit the message to a financial institution system to cause the system to receive or disburse cash in order to convert cash to deposit or deposit to cash.1. A remittance process method comprising the steps of:
providing a deposit account associated with user identification information in a server of a deposit amount managing device and storing a deposit in the deposit account; when the user identification information is sent from a user terminal device to a server of the deposit amount managing device via a server of a service management center, sending transfer request information from the server of the deposit amount managing device to a server of a financial institution system; and in the server of the financial institution system having received the transfer request information, performing transfer from the deposit account associated with the user identification information to an account associated with the service management center. 2. The remittance process method according to claim 1, wherein,
the server of the deposit amount managing device includes a database for storing user information corresponding to the deposit account and an authentication unit which compares the user identification information sent from the user terminal device with the user information stored in the database and determines whether the user identification information is matched with the user information, when the authentication unit determines that the user identification information is matched with the user information, the user is specified and the deposit account associated with the user identification information is specified, and when the authentication unit determines that the user identification information is not matched with the user information, text image data indicating that a service provided by the service management center is unavailable is sent to the user terminal device either directly from either the server of the deposit amount managing device or from the server of the deposit amount managing device via the server of the service management center. | 3,600 |
339,672 | 16,800,620 | 3,695 | A three dimensional (3D) detection device has a detection supporter base to be disposed on a transmission device, ultrasonic transceiver modules disposed on at least one inner base surface of the detection supporter base and a controller. When a tested object is transmitted by the transmission device and then enters the detection supporter base, the ultrasonic transceiver modules emit ultrasonic signals to the tested object, and the tested object reflects the ultrasonic signals to the ultrasonic transceiver modules. The ultrasonic transceiver modules generate detection signals according to the reflected ultrasonic signals. The detection signals are sent to the controller, and the controller generates an ultrasonic image corresponding to a tested object according to the detection signals, and then compares the ultrasonic image to a pre-established original 3D image, so to achieve a surface detection objective. | 1. A three dimensional (3D) detection device, at least comprising:
a detection supporter base, disposed on a transmission device of a production line apparatus; ultrasonic transceiver modules, disposed on at least one inner base surface of the detection supporter base, for emitting ultrasonic signals to surfaces of a tested object which enters the detection supporter base, receiving the reflected ultrasonic signals from the surfaces of the tested object, and generating detection signals according to the reflected ultrasonic signals; and a controller, communicatively connected to the ultrasonic transceiver modules, for receiving the detection signals, generating a 3D ultrasonic image according to the detection signals, and comparing the 3D ultrasonic image with a pre-established 3D image, so as to determine whether the surfaces of the tested object have at least one size or appearance defect. 2. The 3D detection device of claim 1, wherein a shape of the detection supporter base is a curved, T-shaped or semi-circular. 3. The 3D detection device of claim 1, wherein the ultrasonic transceiver module comprises an ultrasonic transmitting unit and an ultrasonic receiving unit. 4. The 3D detection device of claim 2, wherein the ultrasonic transmitting unit and the ultrasonic receiving unit are integrated in a single one module. 5. The 3D detection device of claim 1, wherein the 3D ultrasonic image and the 3D image are a modeling processed 3D ultrasonic image and a modeling processed 3D image, and the modeling processed 3D ultrasonic image and the modeling processed 3D image are compared with each other to generate a difference image. 6. The 3D detection device of claim 1, further comprising:
cameras, disposed on the at least one inner base surface of the detection supporter base, for acquiring an optical image of the surfaces of the tested object, and the controller compares the optical image and a pre-established optical reference image, so as to determine whether the surfaces of the tested object have the at least one size or appearance defect. 7. The 3D detection device of claim 1, wherein the 3D ultrasonic image and the 3D image are compared with each other in at least one of a time domain, a frequency domain or a spatial domain. 8. The 3D detection device of claim 1, wherein to compare the 3D ultrasonic image with the 3D image, at least one eigenvalue or characteristic vector in one of a time domain, a frequency domain or a spatial domain of the 3D ultrasonic image is compared with that of the 3D image. 9. The 3D detection device of claim 1, wherein to compare the 3D ultrasonic image with the 3D image, a trained convolution neuron network is used to determine whether the surfaces of the tested object corresponding to the 3D ultrasonic image have the at least one size or appearance defect. 10. A surface detection method, comprising:
providing the 3D detection device of claim 1; performing an ultrasonic measuring process on the tested object in the detection supporter base, so as to obtain the 3D ultrasonic image; obtaining the 3D image of an accepted object; comparing the 3D ultrasonic image with the 3D image; and outputting a detection result. 11. A production line apparatus, comprising:
the 3D detection device of claim 1; and the transmission device, having a transmission belt and a motor, wherein the motor drives the transmission belt to transmit the tested object on the transmission belt. 12. The production line apparatus of claim 11, further comprising:
grabbing devices, wherein one of them is used to grab the tested object in a pickup region to the transmission belt, and another one of them is used to grab the tested object which has passed the detection supporter base to an accepted object region or a defective object region according to a detection result. | A three dimensional (3D) detection device has a detection supporter base to be disposed on a transmission device, ultrasonic transceiver modules disposed on at least one inner base surface of the detection supporter base and a controller. When a tested object is transmitted by the transmission device and then enters the detection supporter base, the ultrasonic transceiver modules emit ultrasonic signals to the tested object, and the tested object reflects the ultrasonic signals to the ultrasonic transceiver modules. The ultrasonic transceiver modules generate detection signals according to the reflected ultrasonic signals. The detection signals are sent to the controller, and the controller generates an ultrasonic image corresponding to a tested object according to the detection signals, and then compares the ultrasonic image to a pre-established original 3D image, so to achieve a surface detection objective.1. A three dimensional (3D) detection device, at least comprising:
a detection supporter base, disposed on a transmission device of a production line apparatus; ultrasonic transceiver modules, disposed on at least one inner base surface of the detection supporter base, for emitting ultrasonic signals to surfaces of a tested object which enters the detection supporter base, receiving the reflected ultrasonic signals from the surfaces of the tested object, and generating detection signals according to the reflected ultrasonic signals; and a controller, communicatively connected to the ultrasonic transceiver modules, for receiving the detection signals, generating a 3D ultrasonic image according to the detection signals, and comparing the 3D ultrasonic image with a pre-established 3D image, so as to determine whether the surfaces of the tested object have at least one size or appearance defect. 2. The 3D detection device of claim 1, wherein a shape of the detection supporter base is a curved, T-shaped or semi-circular. 3. The 3D detection device of claim 1, wherein the ultrasonic transceiver module comprises an ultrasonic transmitting unit and an ultrasonic receiving unit. 4. The 3D detection device of claim 2, wherein the ultrasonic transmitting unit and the ultrasonic receiving unit are integrated in a single one module. 5. The 3D detection device of claim 1, wherein the 3D ultrasonic image and the 3D image are a modeling processed 3D ultrasonic image and a modeling processed 3D image, and the modeling processed 3D ultrasonic image and the modeling processed 3D image are compared with each other to generate a difference image. 6. The 3D detection device of claim 1, further comprising:
cameras, disposed on the at least one inner base surface of the detection supporter base, for acquiring an optical image of the surfaces of the tested object, and the controller compares the optical image and a pre-established optical reference image, so as to determine whether the surfaces of the tested object have the at least one size or appearance defect. 7. The 3D detection device of claim 1, wherein the 3D ultrasonic image and the 3D image are compared with each other in at least one of a time domain, a frequency domain or a spatial domain. 8. The 3D detection device of claim 1, wherein to compare the 3D ultrasonic image with the 3D image, at least one eigenvalue or characteristic vector in one of a time domain, a frequency domain or a spatial domain of the 3D ultrasonic image is compared with that of the 3D image. 9. The 3D detection device of claim 1, wherein to compare the 3D ultrasonic image with the 3D image, a trained convolution neuron network is used to determine whether the surfaces of the tested object corresponding to the 3D ultrasonic image have the at least one size or appearance defect. 10. A surface detection method, comprising:
providing the 3D detection device of claim 1; performing an ultrasonic measuring process on the tested object in the detection supporter base, so as to obtain the 3D ultrasonic image; obtaining the 3D image of an accepted object; comparing the 3D ultrasonic image with the 3D image; and outputting a detection result. 11. A production line apparatus, comprising:
the 3D detection device of claim 1; and the transmission device, having a transmission belt and a motor, wherein the motor drives the transmission belt to transmit the tested object on the transmission belt. 12. The production line apparatus of claim 11, further comprising:
grabbing devices, wherein one of them is used to grab the tested object in a pickup region to the transmission belt, and another one of them is used to grab the tested object which has passed the detection supporter base to an accepted object region or a defective object region according to a detection result. | 3,600 |
339,673 | 16,800,632 | 3,695 | Systems and methods for automatic price and/or reward adjustment by a branded card provider is disclosed. One method obtains purchase information for an item purchased by a cardholder. The purchase information for the item is monitored. When it is determined that a change in the purchase information for the item has occurred, a value of the change is determined. The value of the change is automatically credited to an account of the cardholder. | 1. A computer-implemented method comprising:
obtaining, at a computer system of a branded card provider, purchase information for an item purchased by a cardholder; monitoring, at the computer system, the purchase information for the item; determining, at the computer system, that a change in the purchase information for the item has occurred; determining, at the computer system, a value of the change; and automatically crediting, at the computer system, the value of the change to an account of the cardholder. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
monitoring the purchase information for the item for a period of time, the period of time defined by a brand from which the item was purchased; determining that the change in the purchase information for the item has occurred within the period of time; and automatically crediting the account of the cardholder. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein monitoring the purchase information for the item further comprises:
monitoring the purchase information for the item for a period of time, the period of time defined by a brand from which the item was purchased determining that the change in the purchase information for the item has occurred after the period of time has tolled; and providing no credit to the account of the cardholder. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
monitoring the purchase information for the item only from a brand from which the item was purchased, the monitoring comprising:
monitoring one or more Internet websites of the brand for the purchase information for the item;
using a brand level API for monitoring a brand's purchase information for the item; and
monitoring a transaction database of the branded card provider for purchase information for the item received from any other cardholders for the brand. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
monitoring the purchase information for the item from any retail provider, the monitoring comprising:
monitoring one or more Internet websites for the purchase information for the item;
using an API from the branded card provider to monitor all brands supported by the branded card provider for purchase information for the item; and
monitoring a transaction database of the branded card provider for purchase information for the item received from any other cardholders of all brands supported by the branded card provider. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining that the change in the purchase information for the item is a lower price of the item; determining a monetary value for a difference between a purchase price paid by the cardholder and the lower price of the item; and automatically crediting the account of the cardholder with the determined monetary value. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining that the change in the purchase information for the item is a lower price of the item; determining a monetary value for a difference between a purchase price paid by the cardholder and the lower price of the item; providing the cardholder with an option to select either the monetary value in a statement credit, a rewards offer that is equal to or greater in value than the monetary value, or a combination of a portion of the monetary value and a portion of the rewards offer that is equal to or greater in value that the monetary value; and automatically crediting the account of the cardholder based on the cardholder's selected option. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining that the change in the purchase information for the item is an increase in a rewards offer for purchasing the item; and automatically crediting the account of the cardholder with the increased rewards offer. 9. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having instructions embodied therein that when executed by a computer system, cause one or more processors of the computer system to perform a method comprising:
obtaining purchase information for an item purchased by a cardholder; monitoring the purchase information for the item; determining that a change in the purchase information for the item has occurred; determining a value of the change; and automatically crediting the value of the change to an account of the cardholder. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, further comprising:
monitoring the purchase information for the item for a period of time, the period of time defined by a brand from which the item was purchased; determining that the change in the purchase information for the item has occurred within the period of time; and automatically crediting the account of the cardholder. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, further comprising:
monitoring the purchase information for the item for a period of time, the period of time defined by a brand from which the item was purchased; determining that the change in the purchase information for the item has occurred after the period of time has tolled; and providing no credit to the account of the cardholder. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein the monitoring of the purchase information for the item further comprises:
monitoring one or more Internet websites for the purchase information for the item; using an API from a branded card provider to monitor all brands supported by the branded card provider for purchase information for the item; using machine learning to predict a price drop, the predicted price drop selected from the group consisting of: a seasonal price drop, a weather related price drop, and a brand specific special sales date; and monitoring a transaction database of the branded card provider for purchase information for the item received from any other cardholders of the branded card provider. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, further comprising:
determining that the change in the purchase information for the item is a lower price of the item; determining a monetary value for a difference between a purchase price paid by the cardholder and the lower price of the item; and automatically crediting the account of the cardholder with the determined monetary value. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, further comprising:
determining that the change in the purchase information for the item is a lower price of the item; determining a monetary value for a difference between a purchase price paid by the cardholder and the lower price of the item; providing the cardholder with an option to select either the monetary value in a statement credit, a rewards offer that is equal to or greater in value than the monetary value, or a combination of a portion of the monetary value and a portion of the rewards offer that is equal to or greater in value that the monetary value; and automatically crediting the account of the cardholder with the cardholder's selected option. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, further comprising:
determining that the change in the purchase information for the item is an increase in a rewards offer for purchasing the item; and automatically crediting the account of the cardholder with the increased rewards offer. 16. A system comprising:
a display; a memory storing instructions; and one or more processors, executing the instructions, the one or more processors to:
obtain a purchase information for an item purchased by a cardholder;
monitor the purchase information for the item;
determine that a change in the purchase information for the item has occurred;
determine a value of the change; and
automatically credit the value of the change to an account of the cardholder. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the one or more processors are further to:
monitor the purchase information for the item for a period of time, the period of time defined by a brand from which the item was purchased; determine that the change in the purchase information for the item has occurred within the period of time; and automatically credit the account of the cardholder. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the monitor of the purchase information for the item further causes the one or more processors to:
search one or more Internet websites for the purchase information for the item; utilize an API from a branded card provider to monitor all brands supported by the branded card provider for purchase information for the item; predict a price drop, the predicted price drop selected from the group consisting of: a seasonal price drop, a weather related price drop, and a brand specific special sales date; and monitor a transaction database of the branded card provider for purchase information for the item received from any other cardholders of the branded card provider. 19. The system of claim 16, wherein the one or more processors are further to:
determine that the change in the purchase information for the item is a lower price of the item; determine a monetary value for a difference between a purchase price paid by the cardholder and the lower price of the item; provide the cardholder with an option to select either the monetary value in a statement credit, or a rewards offer that is equal to or greater in value than the monetary value; and automatically credit the account of the cardholder with the cardholder's selected option. 20. The system of claim 16, wherein the one or more processors are further to:
determine that the change in the purchase information for the item is an increase in a rewards offer for purchasing the item; and automatically credit the account of the cardholder with the increased rewards offer. | Systems and methods for automatic price and/or reward adjustment by a branded card provider is disclosed. One method obtains purchase information for an item purchased by a cardholder. The purchase information for the item is monitored. When it is determined that a change in the purchase information for the item has occurred, a value of the change is determined. The value of the change is automatically credited to an account of the cardholder.1. A computer-implemented method comprising:
obtaining, at a computer system of a branded card provider, purchase information for an item purchased by a cardholder; monitoring, at the computer system, the purchase information for the item; determining, at the computer system, that a change in the purchase information for the item has occurred; determining, at the computer system, a value of the change; and automatically crediting, at the computer system, the value of the change to an account of the cardholder. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
monitoring the purchase information for the item for a period of time, the period of time defined by a brand from which the item was purchased; determining that the change in the purchase information for the item has occurred within the period of time; and automatically crediting the account of the cardholder. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein monitoring the purchase information for the item further comprises:
monitoring the purchase information for the item for a period of time, the period of time defined by a brand from which the item was purchased determining that the change in the purchase information for the item has occurred after the period of time has tolled; and providing no credit to the account of the cardholder. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
monitoring the purchase information for the item only from a brand from which the item was purchased, the monitoring comprising:
monitoring one or more Internet websites of the brand for the purchase information for the item;
using a brand level API for monitoring a brand's purchase information for the item; and
monitoring a transaction database of the branded card provider for purchase information for the item received from any other cardholders for the brand. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
monitoring the purchase information for the item from any retail provider, the monitoring comprising:
monitoring one or more Internet websites for the purchase information for the item;
using an API from the branded card provider to monitor all brands supported by the branded card provider for purchase information for the item; and
monitoring a transaction database of the branded card provider for purchase information for the item received from any other cardholders of all brands supported by the branded card provider. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining that the change in the purchase information for the item is a lower price of the item; determining a monetary value for a difference between a purchase price paid by the cardholder and the lower price of the item; and automatically crediting the account of the cardholder with the determined monetary value. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining that the change in the purchase information for the item is a lower price of the item; determining a monetary value for a difference between a purchase price paid by the cardholder and the lower price of the item; providing the cardholder with an option to select either the monetary value in a statement credit, a rewards offer that is equal to or greater in value than the monetary value, or a combination of a portion of the monetary value and a portion of the rewards offer that is equal to or greater in value that the monetary value; and automatically crediting the account of the cardholder based on the cardholder's selected option. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining that the change in the purchase information for the item is an increase in a rewards offer for purchasing the item; and automatically crediting the account of the cardholder with the increased rewards offer. 9. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having instructions embodied therein that when executed by a computer system, cause one or more processors of the computer system to perform a method comprising:
obtaining purchase information for an item purchased by a cardholder; monitoring the purchase information for the item; determining that a change in the purchase information for the item has occurred; determining a value of the change; and automatically crediting the value of the change to an account of the cardholder. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, further comprising:
monitoring the purchase information for the item for a period of time, the period of time defined by a brand from which the item was purchased; determining that the change in the purchase information for the item has occurred within the period of time; and automatically crediting the account of the cardholder. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, further comprising:
monitoring the purchase information for the item for a period of time, the period of time defined by a brand from which the item was purchased; determining that the change in the purchase information for the item has occurred after the period of time has tolled; and providing no credit to the account of the cardholder. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein the monitoring of the purchase information for the item further comprises:
monitoring one or more Internet websites for the purchase information for the item; using an API from a branded card provider to monitor all brands supported by the branded card provider for purchase information for the item; using machine learning to predict a price drop, the predicted price drop selected from the group consisting of: a seasonal price drop, a weather related price drop, and a brand specific special sales date; and monitoring a transaction database of the branded card provider for purchase information for the item received from any other cardholders of the branded card provider. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, further comprising:
determining that the change in the purchase information for the item is a lower price of the item; determining a monetary value for a difference between a purchase price paid by the cardholder and the lower price of the item; and automatically crediting the account of the cardholder with the determined monetary value. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, further comprising:
determining that the change in the purchase information for the item is a lower price of the item; determining a monetary value for a difference between a purchase price paid by the cardholder and the lower price of the item; providing the cardholder with an option to select either the monetary value in a statement credit, a rewards offer that is equal to or greater in value than the monetary value, or a combination of a portion of the monetary value and a portion of the rewards offer that is equal to or greater in value that the monetary value; and automatically crediting the account of the cardholder with the cardholder's selected option. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, further comprising:
determining that the change in the purchase information for the item is an increase in a rewards offer for purchasing the item; and automatically crediting the account of the cardholder with the increased rewards offer. 16. A system comprising:
a display; a memory storing instructions; and one or more processors, executing the instructions, the one or more processors to:
obtain a purchase information for an item purchased by a cardholder;
monitor the purchase information for the item;
determine that a change in the purchase information for the item has occurred;
determine a value of the change; and
automatically credit the value of the change to an account of the cardholder. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the one or more processors are further to:
monitor the purchase information for the item for a period of time, the period of time defined by a brand from which the item was purchased; determine that the change in the purchase information for the item has occurred within the period of time; and automatically credit the account of the cardholder. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the monitor of the purchase information for the item further causes the one or more processors to:
search one or more Internet websites for the purchase information for the item; utilize an API from a branded card provider to monitor all brands supported by the branded card provider for purchase information for the item; predict a price drop, the predicted price drop selected from the group consisting of: a seasonal price drop, a weather related price drop, and a brand specific special sales date; and monitor a transaction database of the branded card provider for purchase information for the item received from any other cardholders of the branded card provider. 19. The system of claim 16, wherein the one or more processors are further to:
determine that the change in the purchase information for the item is a lower price of the item; determine a monetary value for a difference between a purchase price paid by the cardholder and the lower price of the item; provide the cardholder with an option to select either the monetary value in a statement credit, or a rewards offer that is equal to or greater in value than the monetary value; and automatically credit the account of the cardholder with the cardholder's selected option. 20. The system of claim 16, wherein the one or more processors are further to:
determine that the change in the purchase information for the item is an increase in a rewards offer for purchasing the item; and automatically credit the account of the cardholder with the increased rewards offer. | 3,600 |
339,674 | 16,800,570 | 3,695 | Disclosed herein are compositions and methods for treating neoplastic diseases. Included are compositions and methods that are effective against multiple myeloma cells resistant to conventional and bortezomib treatment. Furthermore, combination treatment with two different proteosome inhibitors is shown to be synergistic for treating multiple myeloma. | 1. A method of treating a neoplastic disease, comprising:
administering to a patient inflicted with the neoplastic disease a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof: 2. The method of claim 1, wherein X is chlorine. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) has the structure of formula (II): 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the neoplastic disease is cancer. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, sarcoma, leukemia, ovarian cancer, uretal cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, endocrine cancer, skin cancer, melanoma, angioma, and brain or central nervous system (CNS) cancer. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of multiple myeloma, colorectal carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, breast adenocarcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and an ovarian carcinoma or melanoma. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the cancer is a multiple myeloma. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the patient is a human. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the other chemotherapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of dexamethasone, doxorubicin, and thalidomide. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the other chemotherapeutic agent is a proteosome inhibitor. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the other chemotherapeutic agent is bortezomib. 12. A method of treating a neoplastic disease, comprising administering to a patient inflicted with the neoplastic disease a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof: 13. The method of claim 12, wherein X is chlorine. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the compound of formula (I) has the structure of formula (II): 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the neoplastic disease is cancer. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, sarcoma, leukemia, ovarian cancer, uretal cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, endocrine cancer, skin cancer, melanoma, angioma, and brain or central nervous system (CNS) cancer. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of multiple myeloma, colorectal carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, breast adenocarcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and an ovarian carcinoma or melanoma. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the cancer is a multiple myeloma. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein the patient is a human. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein the other chemotherapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of dexamethasone, doxorubicin, and thalidomide. 21. The method of claim 12, wherein the other chemotherapeutic agent is a proteosome inhibitor. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the other chemotherapeutic agent is bortezomib. 23. The method of claim 12, wherein the combination is synergistic. 24. The method of claim 12, wherein the combination is additive. 25. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising:
a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof: 26. The composition of claim 25, wherein X is chlorine. 27. The composition of claim 25, wherein the compound of formula (I) has the structure of formula (II): 28. The composition of claim 25, wherein the other chemotherapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of dexamethasone, doxorubicin, and thalidomide. 29. The composition of claim 25, wherein the other chemotherapeutic agent is a proteosome inhibitor. 30. The composition of claim 29, wherein the other chemotherapeutic agent is bortezomib. 31. A method of treating a neoplastic disease, comprising administering to a patient inflicted with the neoplastic disease a synergistic combination of at least two proteosome inhibitors. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the neoplastic disease is cancer. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, sarcoma, leukemia, ovarian cancer, uretal cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, endocrine cancer, skin cancer, melanoma, angioma, and brain or central nervous system (CNS) cancer. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of multiple myeloma, colorectal carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, breast adenocarcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and an ovarian carcinoma or melanoma. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the cancer is a multiple myeloma. 36. The method of claim 31, wherein the patient is a human. 37. The method of claim 31, wherein at least one of the proteosome inhibitors is selected from the group consisting of bortezomib and the compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof: | Disclosed herein are compositions and methods for treating neoplastic diseases. Included are compositions and methods that are effective against multiple myeloma cells resistant to conventional and bortezomib treatment. Furthermore, combination treatment with two different proteosome inhibitors is shown to be synergistic for treating multiple myeloma.1. A method of treating a neoplastic disease, comprising:
administering to a patient inflicted with the neoplastic disease a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof: 2. The method of claim 1, wherein X is chlorine. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) has the structure of formula (II): 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the neoplastic disease is cancer. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, sarcoma, leukemia, ovarian cancer, uretal cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, endocrine cancer, skin cancer, melanoma, angioma, and brain or central nervous system (CNS) cancer. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of multiple myeloma, colorectal carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, breast adenocarcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and an ovarian carcinoma or melanoma. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the cancer is a multiple myeloma. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the patient is a human. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the other chemotherapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of dexamethasone, doxorubicin, and thalidomide. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the other chemotherapeutic agent is a proteosome inhibitor. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the other chemotherapeutic agent is bortezomib. 12. A method of treating a neoplastic disease, comprising administering to a patient inflicted with the neoplastic disease a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof: 13. The method of claim 12, wherein X is chlorine. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the compound of formula (I) has the structure of formula (II): 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the neoplastic disease is cancer. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, sarcoma, leukemia, ovarian cancer, uretal cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, endocrine cancer, skin cancer, melanoma, angioma, and brain or central nervous system (CNS) cancer. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of multiple myeloma, colorectal carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, breast adenocarcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and an ovarian carcinoma or melanoma. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the cancer is a multiple myeloma. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein the patient is a human. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein the other chemotherapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of dexamethasone, doxorubicin, and thalidomide. 21. The method of claim 12, wherein the other chemotherapeutic agent is a proteosome inhibitor. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the other chemotherapeutic agent is bortezomib. 23. The method of claim 12, wherein the combination is synergistic. 24. The method of claim 12, wherein the combination is additive. 25. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising:
a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof: 26. The composition of claim 25, wherein X is chlorine. 27. The composition of claim 25, wherein the compound of formula (I) has the structure of formula (II): 28. The composition of claim 25, wherein the other chemotherapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of dexamethasone, doxorubicin, and thalidomide. 29. The composition of claim 25, wherein the other chemotherapeutic agent is a proteosome inhibitor. 30. The composition of claim 29, wherein the other chemotherapeutic agent is bortezomib. 31. A method of treating a neoplastic disease, comprising administering to a patient inflicted with the neoplastic disease a synergistic combination of at least two proteosome inhibitors. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the neoplastic disease is cancer. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, sarcoma, leukemia, ovarian cancer, uretal cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, endocrine cancer, skin cancer, melanoma, angioma, and brain or central nervous system (CNS) cancer. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of multiple myeloma, colorectal carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, breast adenocarcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and an ovarian carcinoma or melanoma. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the cancer is a multiple myeloma. 36. The method of claim 31, wherein the patient is a human. 37. The method of claim 31, wherein at least one of the proteosome inhibitors is selected from the group consisting of bortezomib and the compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof: | 3,600 |
339,675 | 16,800,601 | 3,695 | A cleaning robot includes an arm including a distal end portion to which a brush is attached, the arm extending in a first direction parallel to a horizontal direction, a driver connected to the arm, the driver including a first mechanism that moves the arm in the first direction, a second mechanism that moves the arm in a second direction parallel to a vertical direction perpendicular to the first direction, and a third mechanism that moves the arm in a third direction perpendicular to both the first direction and second direction, a controller configured to switch the orientation of the distal end portion between an orientation for cleaning a first target face of the object and an orientation for cleaning a second target face of the object, the first target face facing the first direction, the second target face facing the second direction. | 1. A cleaning robot for cleaning an object, the cleaning robot comprising:
an arm including a distal end portion to which a brush is attached, the arm extending in a first direction parallel to a horizontal direction; a driver connected to the arm, the driver including a first mechanism that moves the arm in the first direction, a second mechanism that moves the arm in a second direction parallel to a vertical direction perpendicular to the first direction, and a third mechanism that moves the arm in a third direction perpendicular to both the first direction and the second direction, the arm being configured to switch an orientation of the distal end portion; and a controller configured to switch the orientation of the distal end portion between an orientation for cleaning a first target face of the object and an orientation for cleaning a second target face of the object, the first target face facing the first direction, the second target face facing the second direction. 2. The cleaning robot according to claim 1, wherein
the arm includes a joint, and the controller orients the distal end portion to face the first target face when cleaning the first target face and orients the distal end to face the second target face when cleaning the second target face. 3. The cleaning robot according to claim 2, wherein
the arm includes a first member extending in the first direction and a second member pivotally attached to the first member via the joint and including the distal end portion, and the joint is switchable a position between a first position in which the second member extends in the first direction and a second position in which the second member extends in the second direction. 4. The cleaning robot according to claim 1, further comprising a brush driver configured to rotate the brush about a longitudinal direction of the arm. 5. The cleaning robot according to claim 4, wherein
the brush driver alternately switch a rotational direction of the brush to vibrate the brush. 6. The cleaning robot according to claim 1, wherein
the controller fixes the orientation of the distal end portion toward the first direction when cleaning the first target face. 7. The cleaning robot according to claim 1, wherein
the controller fixes the orientation of the distal end portion toward the second direction when cleaning the second target face. 8. The cleaning robot according to claim 1, wherein
the controller switches the orientation of the distal end portion when an operation is switched between cleaning of the first target face and cleaning of the second target face. 9. The cleaning robot according to claim 1, further comprising:
a cleanser discharger configured to discharge a cleanser from a front portion of the brush; and a water discharger configured to discharge water from the front portion of the brush, wherein the controller is capable of performing a cleanser applying process to apply the cleanser on the object by controlling the cleanser discharger, and a rinsing process to wash off the cleanser applied on the object with the water by controlling the water discharger, and when cleaning the first target face, the rinsing process is not performed after performing the cleanser applying process. 10. The cleaning robot according to claim 1, further comprising a cleanser discharger configured to discharge a cleanser from a front portion of the brush, wherein
when cleaning a third target face facing the third direction, the controller orients the distal end portion toward the first direction and keeps a predetermined distance between the third target face and the brush in a view looking the third direction while causing the cleanser discharger to apply the cleanser. 11. The cleaning robot according to claim 1, wherein
the controller drives the driver to move the brush according to route information of the brush, the route information being predetermined based on a shape of the object. 12. The cleaning robot according to claim 11, further comprising camera configured to capture an image of the object, wherein
the controller derives a predetermined feature portion of the object from an image captured by the camera, compares a location of the feature portion derived with a predetermined location of the feature determined under a condition where a coordinate system of the cleaning robot is not shifted from the object, calculates a shift of the coordinate system from the object by the comparison, and corrects the route information based on the shift. 13. The cleaning robot according to claim 1, wherein
the object is a urinal for males. | A cleaning robot includes an arm including a distal end portion to which a brush is attached, the arm extending in a first direction parallel to a horizontal direction, a driver connected to the arm, the driver including a first mechanism that moves the arm in the first direction, a second mechanism that moves the arm in a second direction parallel to a vertical direction perpendicular to the first direction, and a third mechanism that moves the arm in a third direction perpendicular to both the first direction and second direction, a controller configured to switch the orientation of the distal end portion between an orientation for cleaning a first target face of the object and an orientation for cleaning a second target face of the object, the first target face facing the first direction, the second target face facing the second direction.1. A cleaning robot for cleaning an object, the cleaning robot comprising:
an arm including a distal end portion to which a brush is attached, the arm extending in a first direction parallel to a horizontal direction; a driver connected to the arm, the driver including a first mechanism that moves the arm in the first direction, a second mechanism that moves the arm in a second direction parallel to a vertical direction perpendicular to the first direction, and a third mechanism that moves the arm in a third direction perpendicular to both the first direction and the second direction, the arm being configured to switch an orientation of the distal end portion; and a controller configured to switch the orientation of the distal end portion between an orientation for cleaning a first target face of the object and an orientation for cleaning a second target face of the object, the first target face facing the first direction, the second target face facing the second direction. 2. The cleaning robot according to claim 1, wherein
the arm includes a joint, and the controller orients the distal end portion to face the first target face when cleaning the first target face and orients the distal end to face the second target face when cleaning the second target face. 3. The cleaning robot according to claim 2, wherein
the arm includes a first member extending in the first direction and a second member pivotally attached to the first member via the joint and including the distal end portion, and the joint is switchable a position between a first position in which the second member extends in the first direction and a second position in which the second member extends in the second direction. 4. The cleaning robot according to claim 1, further comprising a brush driver configured to rotate the brush about a longitudinal direction of the arm. 5. The cleaning robot according to claim 4, wherein
the brush driver alternately switch a rotational direction of the brush to vibrate the brush. 6. The cleaning robot according to claim 1, wherein
the controller fixes the orientation of the distal end portion toward the first direction when cleaning the first target face. 7. The cleaning robot according to claim 1, wherein
the controller fixes the orientation of the distal end portion toward the second direction when cleaning the second target face. 8. The cleaning robot according to claim 1, wherein
the controller switches the orientation of the distal end portion when an operation is switched between cleaning of the first target face and cleaning of the second target face. 9. The cleaning robot according to claim 1, further comprising:
a cleanser discharger configured to discharge a cleanser from a front portion of the brush; and a water discharger configured to discharge water from the front portion of the brush, wherein the controller is capable of performing a cleanser applying process to apply the cleanser on the object by controlling the cleanser discharger, and a rinsing process to wash off the cleanser applied on the object with the water by controlling the water discharger, and when cleaning the first target face, the rinsing process is not performed after performing the cleanser applying process. 10. The cleaning robot according to claim 1, further comprising a cleanser discharger configured to discharge a cleanser from a front portion of the brush, wherein
when cleaning a third target face facing the third direction, the controller orients the distal end portion toward the first direction and keeps a predetermined distance between the third target face and the brush in a view looking the third direction while causing the cleanser discharger to apply the cleanser. 11. The cleaning robot according to claim 1, wherein
the controller drives the driver to move the brush according to route information of the brush, the route information being predetermined based on a shape of the object. 12. The cleaning robot according to claim 11, further comprising camera configured to capture an image of the object, wherein
the controller derives a predetermined feature portion of the object from an image captured by the camera, compares a location of the feature portion derived with a predetermined location of the feature determined under a condition where a coordinate system of the cleaning robot is not shifted from the object, calculates a shift of the coordinate system from the object by the comparison, and corrects the route information based on the shift. 13. The cleaning robot according to claim 1, wherein
the object is a urinal for males. | 3,600 |
339,676 | 16,800,611 | 3,695 | One embodiment of the invention provides a method for administering tasimelteon to a human patient that comprises orally administering an effective dose of tasimelteon under fasted conditions. Fasted conditions may comprise administering the tasimelteon without food, no food at least ½ hour prior to administration, no food at least 1 hour prior to administration, no food at least 1½ hours prior to administration, no food at least 2 hours prior to administration, no food at least 2½ hours prior to administration, or no food at least 3 hours prior to administration. According to such embodiments, tasimelteon may be administered, for example, at a dose of 20 mg/d. Tasimelteon may be administered where, for example, the patient is being treated for a circadian rhythm disorder or for a sleep disorder, including, for example, Non-24 Disorder. | 1. In a method of administering tasimelteon to an individual, the improvement comprising:
orally administering to the patient an effective dose of tasimelteon without food and with no food after at least one-half hour prior to orally administering. 2. The improvement of claim 1, wherein the tasimelteon is administered with no food after at least one hour prior to administration. 3. The improvement of claim 1, wherein the tasimelteon is administered with no food after at least one-and-one-half hours prior to administration. 4. The improvement of claim 1, wherein the tasimelteon is administered with no food after at least two hours prior to administration. 5. The improvement of claim 1, wherein the tasimelteon is administered with no food after at least about two-and-one-half hours prior to administration. 6. The improvement of claim 1, wherein the tasimelteon is administered with no food after at least three hours prior to administration. 7. The improvement of claim 1, wherein the tasimelteon is administered once daily before a target bedtime. 8. A method of treating a human patient suffering from a sleep disturbance, the method comprising:
instructing the patient that tasimelteon should be taken without food; and orally administering to the patient an effective dose of tasimelteon without food and with no food after at least one-half hour prior to administration. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the tasimelteon is administered with no food after at least one hour prior to administration. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the tasimelteon is administered with no food after at least one-and-one-half hours prior to administration. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the tasimelteon is administered with no food after at least two hours prior to administration. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the tasimelteon is administered with no food after at least two-and-one-half hours prior to administration. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the tasimelteon is administered with no food after at least three hours prior to administration. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein Cmax of the tasimelteon is lowered while AUC is approximately the same whether the tasimelteon is administered under fed conditions or under fasted conditions. | One embodiment of the invention provides a method for administering tasimelteon to a human patient that comprises orally administering an effective dose of tasimelteon under fasted conditions. Fasted conditions may comprise administering the tasimelteon without food, no food at least ½ hour prior to administration, no food at least 1 hour prior to administration, no food at least 1½ hours prior to administration, no food at least 2 hours prior to administration, no food at least 2½ hours prior to administration, or no food at least 3 hours prior to administration. According to such embodiments, tasimelteon may be administered, for example, at a dose of 20 mg/d. Tasimelteon may be administered where, for example, the patient is being treated for a circadian rhythm disorder or for a sleep disorder, including, for example, Non-24 Disorder.1. In a method of administering tasimelteon to an individual, the improvement comprising:
orally administering to the patient an effective dose of tasimelteon without food and with no food after at least one-half hour prior to orally administering. 2. The improvement of claim 1, wherein the tasimelteon is administered with no food after at least one hour prior to administration. 3. The improvement of claim 1, wherein the tasimelteon is administered with no food after at least one-and-one-half hours prior to administration. 4. The improvement of claim 1, wherein the tasimelteon is administered with no food after at least two hours prior to administration. 5. The improvement of claim 1, wherein the tasimelteon is administered with no food after at least about two-and-one-half hours prior to administration. 6. The improvement of claim 1, wherein the tasimelteon is administered with no food after at least three hours prior to administration. 7. The improvement of claim 1, wherein the tasimelteon is administered once daily before a target bedtime. 8. A method of treating a human patient suffering from a sleep disturbance, the method comprising:
instructing the patient that tasimelteon should be taken without food; and orally administering to the patient an effective dose of tasimelteon without food and with no food after at least one-half hour prior to administration. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the tasimelteon is administered with no food after at least one hour prior to administration. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the tasimelteon is administered with no food after at least one-and-one-half hours prior to administration. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the tasimelteon is administered with no food after at least two hours prior to administration. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the tasimelteon is administered with no food after at least two-and-one-half hours prior to administration. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the tasimelteon is administered with no food after at least three hours prior to administration. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein Cmax of the tasimelteon is lowered while AUC is approximately the same whether the tasimelteon is administered under fed conditions or under fasted conditions. | 3,600 |
339,677 | 16,800,627 | 3,695 | A gimbal assembly includes a gimble, a connection shaft and a shock absorber. One end of the connection shaft is connected to the gimbal. The shock absorber includes an inner support member, an outer support member sleeved outside the inner support member, and an elastic member. Two ends of the elastic member are connected to the outer support member and the inner support member, respectively. One of the inner support member and the outer support member is configured to be fixed to a movable device. Another one of the inner support member and the outer support member is configured to be fixed to another end of the connection shaft. | 1. A gimbal assembly comprising:
a gimbal; a connection shaft, one end of the connection shaft being connected to the gimbal; and a shock absorber including:
an inner support member;
an outer support member sleeved outside the inner support member; and
an elastic member, two ends of the elastic member being connected to the outer support member and the inner support member, respectively;
wherein:
one of the inner support member and the outer support member is configured to be fixed to a movable device; and
another one of the inner support member and the outer support member is configured to be fixed to another end of the connection shaft. 2. The gimbal assembly according to claim 1, wherein the elastic member is one of a plurality of elastic members of the shock absorber, and the plurality of elastic members are located on a same radial cross-section of the inner support member and are disposed along a circumferential direction of the inner support member. 3. The gimbal assembly according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of elastic members are uniformly disposed along the circumferential direction of the inner support member. 4. The gimbal assembly according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of elastic members include two, three, or eight elastic members. 5. The gimbal assembly according to claim 1, wherein:
the elastic member is one of a plurality of elastic members arranged in a plurality of layers disposed along an axial direction of the inner support member. 6. The gimbal assembly according to claim 5, wherein the plurality of layers include two layers disposed at a top end and a bottom end of the inner support member, respectively. 7. The gimbal assembly according to claim 1, wherein the elastic member includes a spring or a rubber band. 8. The gimbal assembly according to claim 1, wherein the shock absorber further includes fixation members fixing the elastic member to the inner support member and the outer support member. 9. The gimbal assembly according to claim 1, wherein the outer support member or the inner support member includes a frame structure. 10. The gimbal assembly according to claim 1, wherein the shock absorber further includes a damping member disposed in an annular space between the inner support member and the outer support member. 11. The gimbal assembly according to claim 10, wherein the damping member includes a chamber. 12. The gimbal assembly according to claim 11, wherein the shock absorber further includes a damping fluid filled in the chamber. 13. The gimbal assembly according to claim 11, wherein the chamber is one of a plurality of chambers of the damping member. 14. The gimbal assembly according to claim 10, wherein the inner support member includes a mounting groove formed at an outer surface of the inner support member, and an inner surface of the damping member is at least partially sleeved in the mounting groove. 15. The gimbal assembly according to claim 14, wherein the mounting groove is annular. 16. The gimbal assembly according to claim 10, wherein:
the outer support member includes a snap-fit groove formed at an inner surface of the outer support member; and the damping member includes a protrusion formed at an outer surface of the damping member and configured to couple with the snap-fit groove. 17. The gimbal assembly according to claim 10, wherein the damping member includes a damping rubber layer, a soft bag covered with damping grease, or a rubber ring. 18. The gimbal assembly according to claim 1, wherein the gimbal includes one or more rotation mechanisms, one of the one or more rotation mechanisms being connected to the connection shaft of the shock absorber. 19. The gimbal assembly according to claim 18, wherein the one or more rotation mechanisms includes at least one of a yaw axis mechanism, a pitch axis mechanism, or a roll axis mechanism. 20. The gimbal assembly according to claim 18, wherein each of the one or more rotation mechanisms includes:
a support frame; and a motor configured to drive the support frame to rotate. | A gimbal assembly includes a gimble, a connection shaft and a shock absorber. One end of the connection shaft is connected to the gimbal. The shock absorber includes an inner support member, an outer support member sleeved outside the inner support member, and an elastic member. Two ends of the elastic member are connected to the outer support member and the inner support member, respectively. One of the inner support member and the outer support member is configured to be fixed to a movable device. Another one of the inner support member and the outer support member is configured to be fixed to another end of the connection shaft.1. A gimbal assembly comprising:
a gimbal; a connection shaft, one end of the connection shaft being connected to the gimbal; and a shock absorber including:
an inner support member;
an outer support member sleeved outside the inner support member; and
an elastic member, two ends of the elastic member being connected to the outer support member and the inner support member, respectively;
wherein:
one of the inner support member and the outer support member is configured to be fixed to a movable device; and
another one of the inner support member and the outer support member is configured to be fixed to another end of the connection shaft. 2. The gimbal assembly according to claim 1, wherein the elastic member is one of a plurality of elastic members of the shock absorber, and the plurality of elastic members are located on a same radial cross-section of the inner support member and are disposed along a circumferential direction of the inner support member. 3. The gimbal assembly according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of elastic members are uniformly disposed along the circumferential direction of the inner support member. 4. The gimbal assembly according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of elastic members include two, three, or eight elastic members. 5. The gimbal assembly according to claim 1, wherein:
the elastic member is one of a plurality of elastic members arranged in a plurality of layers disposed along an axial direction of the inner support member. 6. The gimbal assembly according to claim 5, wherein the plurality of layers include two layers disposed at a top end and a bottom end of the inner support member, respectively. 7. The gimbal assembly according to claim 1, wherein the elastic member includes a spring or a rubber band. 8. The gimbal assembly according to claim 1, wherein the shock absorber further includes fixation members fixing the elastic member to the inner support member and the outer support member. 9. The gimbal assembly according to claim 1, wherein the outer support member or the inner support member includes a frame structure. 10. The gimbal assembly according to claim 1, wherein the shock absorber further includes a damping member disposed in an annular space between the inner support member and the outer support member. 11. The gimbal assembly according to claim 10, wherein the damping member includes a chamber. 12. The gimbal assembly according to claim 11, wherein the shock absorber further includes a damping fluid filled in the chamber. 13. The gimbal assembly according to claim 11, wherein the chamber is one of a plurality of chambers of the damping member. 14. The gimbal assembly according to claim 10, wherein the inner support member includes a mounting groove formed at an outer surface of the inner support member, and an inner surface of the damping member is at least partially sleeved in the mounting groove. 15. The gimbal assembly according to claim 14, wherein the mounting groove is annular. 16. The gimbal assembly according to claim 10, wherein:
the outer support member includes a snap-fit groove formed at an inner surface of the outer support member; and the damping member includes a protrusion formed at an outer surface of the damping member and configured to couple with the snap-fit groove. 17. The gimbal assembly according to claim 10, wherein the damping member includes a damping rubber layer, a soft bag covered with damping grease, or a rubber ring. 18. The gimbal assembly according to claim 1, wherein the gimbal includes one or more rotation mechanisms, one of the one or more rotation mechanisms being connected to the connection shaft of the shock absorber. 19. The gimbal assembly according to claim 18, wherein the one or more rotation mechanisms includes at least one of a yaw axis mechanism, a pitch axis mechanism, or a roll axis mechanism. 20. The gimbal assembly according to claim 18, wherein each of the one or more rotation mechanisms includes:
a support frame; and a motor configured to drive the support frame to rotate. | 3,600 |
339,678 | 16,800,610 | 3,695 | Snapshots created through a plurality of interfaces are grouped. Grouping is performed at the time of snapshot creation. Snapshots in a group are required by other interfaces at a time when the snapshots are created. In a case where a deletion instruction is issued with respect to grouped snapshots, only the issuance of the deletion instruction is recorded without deleting snapshot data. In a case where the deletion instruction is issued with respect to all the snapshots in a group, the group is deleted because the snapshots in the group can be determined to be unnecessary for any user. After group deletion, snapshots instructed to be deleted and not grouped are deleted. | 1. A storage system comprising:
a storage device; and a controller, wherein the controller includes
a first interface connected to a server system that issues an IO request to the storage system,
a second interface connected to a management system that manages the storage system, and
a memory that provides the server system with a volume that is to be configured by using the storage device, and that stores attribute information and status information with respect to a snapshot to be acquired upon receiving a snapshot acquisition instruction on the volume from one of the first and second interfaces, the attribute information indicating whether the snapshot acquisition instruction is received through the first interface or the second interface, the status information indicating that an acquired snapshot is in a state where a deletion instruction is not issued yet. 2. The storage system according to claim 1, wherein
the snapshot acquisition instruction received through the first interface represents a request from the server system application, and upon receiving a snapshot acquisition instruction from the application through the first interface, the controller stores snapshot management information in the volume. 3. The storage system according to claim 2, wherein
the status information stored in the memory includes information indicating that an acquired snapshot is in a state where a deletion instruction is received. 4. The storage system according to claim 3, wherein
when acquiring a plurality of snapshots in the volume that represent states at different time points, the controller performs group registration of the plurality of snapshots in accordance with the attribute information and the status information. 5. The storage system according to claim 4, wherein
when a deletion instruction for deleting one of the plurality of snapshots is received from one of the first and second interfaces and the snapshot designated by the deletion instruction is subjected to the group registration, the controller executes the received deletion instruction for snapshot only when the status information on all snapshots subjected to the group registration indicates a state where a deletion instruction is received. 6. The storage system according to claim 5, wherein
the controller sets the status information on all snapshots subjected to the group registration to a state where a deletion instruction is received, and then deletes the group registration. 7. The storage system according to claim 6, wherein
when the deletion instruction for snapshot designates a snapshot not subjected to the group registration, the controller deletes the snapshot. 8. The storage system according to claim 4, wherein
the controller causes the memory to store identification information on a snapshot subjected to the group registration that is recognizable by the server system at the time of the group registration. 9. The storage system according to claim 8, wherein
when restoring a snapshot subjected to the group registration, the controller restores the identification information recognizable by the server system. 10. The storage system according to claim 9, wherein
after a snapshot subjected to the group registration is restored, the controller deletes a snapshot of a generation unrecognizable by the server system. 11. A snapshot management method for a storage system including a storage device and a controller, wherein
the controller includes a first interface and a second interface, the first interface being connected to a server system that issues an IO request to the storage system, the second interface being connected to a management system that manages the storage system, the controller provides the server system with a volume that is to be configured by using the storage device, upon receiving a snapshot acquisition instruction on the volume from one of the first and second interfaces, the controller stores attribute information and status information with respect to a snapshot to be acquired, the attribute information indicating whether the snapshot acquisition instruction is received through the first interface or the second interface, the status information indicating that an acquired snapshot is in a state where a deletion instruction is not issued yet. | Snapshots created through a plurality of interfaces are grouped. Grouping is performed at the time of snapshot creation. Snapshots in a group are required by other interfaces at a time when the snapshots are created. In a case where a deletion instruction is issued with respect to grouped snapshots, only the issuance of the deletion instruction is recorded without deleting snapshot data. In a case where the deletion instruction is issued with respect to all the snapshots in a group, the group is deleted because the snapshots in the group can be determined to be unnecessary for any user. After group deletion, snapshots instructed to be deleted and not grouped are deleted.1. A storage system comprising:
a storage device; and a controller, wherein the controller includes
a first interface connected to a server system that issues an IO request to the storage system,
a second interface connected to a management system that manages the storage system, and
a memory that provides the server system with a volume that is to be configured by using the storage device, and that stores attribute information and status information with respect to a snapshot to be acquired upon receiving a snapshot acquisition instruction on the volume from one of the first and second interfaces, the attribute information indicating whether the snapshot acquisition instruction is received through the first interface or the second interface, the status information indicating that an acquired snapshot is in a state where a deletion instruction is not issued yet. 2. The storage system according to claim 1, wherein
the snapshot acquisition instruction received through the first interface represents a request from the server system application, and upon receiving a snapshot acquisition instruction from the application through the first interface, the controller stores snapshot management information in the volume. 3. The storage system according to claim 2, wherein
the status information stored in the memory includes information indicating that an acquired snapshot is in a state where a deletion instruction is received. 4. The storage system according to claim 3, wherein
when acquiring a plurality of snapshots in the volume that represent states at different time points, the controller performs group registration of the plurality of snapshots in accordance with the attribute information and the status information. 5. The storage system according to claim 4, wherein
when a deletion instruction for deleting one of the plurality of snapshots is received from one of the first and second interfaces and the snapshot designated by the deletion instruction is subjected to the group registration, the controller executes the received deletion instruction for snapshot only when the status information on all snapshots subjected to the group registration indicates a state where a deletion instruction is received. 6. The storage system according to claim 5, wherein
the controller sets the status information on all snapshots subjected to the group registration to a state where a deletion instruction is received, and then deletes the group registration. 7. The storage system according to claim 6, wherein
when the deletion instruction for snapshot designates a snapshot not subjected to the group registration, the controller deletes the snapshot. 8. The storage system according to claim 4, wherein
the controller causes the memory to store identification information on a snapshot subjected to the group registration that is recognizable by the server system at the time of the group registration. 9. The storage system according to claim 8, wherein
when restoring a snapshot subjected to the group registration, the controller restores the identification information recognizable by the server system. 10. The storage system according to claim 9, wherein
after a snapshot subjected to the group registration is restored, the controller deletes a snapshot of a generation unrecognizable by the server system. 11. A snapshot management method for a storage system including a storage device and a controller, wherein
the controller includes a first interface and a second interface, the first interface being connected to a server system that issues an IO request to the storage system, the second interface being connected to a management system that manages the storage system, the controller provides the server system with a volume that is to be configured by using the storage device, upon receiving a snapshot acquisition instruction on the volume from one of the first and second interfaces, the controller stores attribute information and status information with respect to a snapshot to be acquired, the attribute information indicating whether the snapshot acquisition instruction is received through the first interface or the second interface, the status information indicating that an acquired snapshot is in a state where a deletion instruction is not issued yet. | 3,600 |
339,679 | 16,800,594 | 3,695 | A bracket for mounting objects to a wall includes a base defining mounting holes for fasteners. An arm extends from the base and has a top, a bottom and a maximum width at the interconnection with the base. The mounting holes includes at least two that are spaced from another by a distance greater than a maximum width of the arm so that one of the mounting holes is outside the arm on one side of the arm and another of the mounting holes is outside the arm on the other side of the arm. At least a portion of the mounting holes is located above the top of the arm. | 1. An apparatus for mounting a curtain rod, the apparatus comprising:
a rod holder including a receptacle for receiving a rod; a base portion of the rod holder for being positioned against a surface, the base portion configured to extend in a first direction along the surface; an arm portion of the rod holder extending away from the base portion in a second direction transverse to the first direction, the arm portion having an upper surface and a lower surface; a mount configured to be connected to the rod holder, the mount including at least one opening configured to receive at least one fastener for securing the mount and rod holder connected thereto to the surface; and a support of the mount configured to contact the lower surface of the arm portion of the rod holder spaced from the base portion and resist downward deflection of the arm portion with the rod received in the receptacle. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein at least one opening of the mount is level with or above the upper surface of the arm portion of the rod holder. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the arm portion includes lateral side surfaces extending intermediate the upper and lower surfaces thereof; and
wherein the at least one opening of the mount includes at least two openings laterally outward from the lateral side surfaces of the arm portion of the rod holder. 4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the mount includes at least two tabs extending away from the mount and each of the at least two tabs defining at least one of the at least two openings. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the rod holder and the mount are separate components. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the receptacle includes a fitting for supporting a rod, the fitting includes ends spaced apart less than a diameter of a rod for maintaining a rod in the receptacle. 7. A bracket comprising:
a base defining at least two mounting holes that receive fasteners for mounting the bracket to a structure; an arm extending from the base and having a top, a bottom and a maximum width at the interconnection with the base; the at least two mounting holes being spaced from another by a distance greater than the maximum width of the arm so that one of the at least two mounting holes is outside the arm on one side of the arm and one of the at least two mounting holes is outside the arm on the other side of the arm; and at least a portion of the at least two mounting holes being located above the top of the arm. 8. The bracket of claim 7 wherein the base includes at least two tabs extending away from the base and each of the at least two tabs defining at least one of the at least two mounting holes. 9. The bracket of claim 7 wherein the predetermined width of the arm extends in a horizontal direction and the base includes an extension that engages the bottom of the arm. 10. The bracket of claim 7 wherein the predetermined width of the arm extends in a vertical direction. 11. The bracket of claim 10 wherein the arm includes an angled portion extending from the base. 12. The bracket of claim 7 wherein the base and arm are separate components. 13. The bracket of claim 7 further comprising a first cradle for supporting a rod at an end of arm distal from the base. 14. The bracket of claim 13 wherein the first cradle includes a fitting for supporting a rod and the fitting includes ends spaced apart less than a diameter of a rod for maintaining a rod in the first cradle. 15. The bracket of claim 7 wherein the arm includes a distal portion and a proximal portion, and the distal portion and the proximal portion are adjustable relative to one another to adjust a length of the arm. 16. The bracket of claim 7 wherein the base includes a Y-shaped portion spacing the at least two mounting holes. 17. The bracket of claim 7 wherein the base includes a T-shaped portion spacing the at least two mounting holes. 18. An apparatus for mounting a curtain rod, the apparatus comprising:
a base for being positioned against a surface; a receptacle for receiving a curtain rod; an arm connecting the base and the receptacle; a mounting portion of the base having at least one opening level with or above the arm, the at least one opening configured to receive at least one fastener extending through the at least one opening normal to the surface to mount the base to the surface; a lower portion of the base configured to press against the surface with the curtain rod in the receptacle; and a spacer portion of the base vertically separating the mounting portion and the lower portion to create a moment arm for the reaction force from the at least one fastener to counteract the moment created by the curtain rod in the receptacle. 19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the arm includes an upper surface, a lower surface, and lateral side surfaces extending between the upper and lower surfaces; and
wherein the at least one opening of the mounting portion includes a pair of openings laterally outward from the lateral side surfaces of the arm. 20. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the lower portion of the base extends below the arm. 21. The bracket of claim 13 wherein the first cradle includes a notch and a moveable positioner that locates a rod in the notch such that the rod is suspended in the cradle. 22. An apparatus for mounting a rod, the apparatus comprising:
a base for being positioned against a surface; a receptacle for receiving a curtain rod; an arm connecting the base and the receptacle; and the receptacle having a notch and a moveable positioner opposite the notch to locate and secure a rod in the notch such that the rod is suspended in the cradle. | A bracket for mounting objects to a wall includes a base defining mounting holes for fasteners. An arm extends from the base and has a top, a bottom and a maximum width at the interconnection with the base. The mounting holes includes at least two that are spaced from another by a distance greater than a maximum width of the arm so that one of the mounting holes is outside the arm on one side of the arm and another of the mounting holes is outside the arm on the other side of the arm. At least a portion of the mounting holes is located above the top of the arm.1. An apparatus for mounting a curtain rod, the apparatus comprising:
a rod holder including a receptacle for receiving a rod; a base portion of the rod holder for being positioned against a surface, the base portion configured to extend in a first direction along the surface; an arm portion of the rod holder extending away from the base portion in a second direction transverse to the first direction, the arm portion having an upper surface and a lower surface; a mount configured to be connected to the rod holder, the mount including at least one opening configured to receive at least one fastener for securing the mount and rod holder connected thereto to the surface; and a support of the mount configured to contact the lower surface of the arm portion of the rod holder spaced from the base portion and resist downward deflection of the arm portion with the rod received in the receptacle. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein at least one opening of the mount is level with or above the upper surface of the arm portion of the rod holder. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the arm portion includes lateral side surfaces extending intermediate the upper and lower surfaces thereof; and
wherein the at least one opening of the mount includes at least two openings laterally outward from the lateral side surfaces of the arm portion of the rod holder. 4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the mount includes at least two tabs extending away from the mount and each of the at least two tabs defining at least one of the at least two openings. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the rod holder and the mount are separate components. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the receptacle includes a fitting for supporting a rod, the fitting includes ends spaced apart less than a diameter of a rod for maintaining a rod in the receptacle. 7. A bracket comprising:
a base defining at least two mounting holes that receive fasteners for mounting the bracket to a structure; an arm extending from the base and having a top, a bottom and a maximum width at the interconnection with the base; the at least two mounting holes being spaced from another by a distance greater than the maximum width of the arm so that one of the at least two mounting holes is outside the arm on one side of the arm and one of the at least two mounting holes is outside the arm on the other side of the arm; and at least a portion of the at least two mounting holes being located above the top of the arm. 8. The bracket of claim 7 wherein the base includes at least two tabs extending away from the base and each of the at least two tabs defining at least one of the at least two mounting holes. 9. The bracket of claim 7 wherein the predetermined width of the arm extends in a horizontal direction and the base includes an extension that engages the bottom of the arm. 10. The bracket of claim 7 wherein the predetermined width of the arm extends in a vertical direction. 11. The bracket of claim 10 wherein the arm includes an angled portion extending from the base. 12. The bracket of claim 7 wherein the base and arm are separate components. 13. The bracket of claim 7 further comprising a first cradle for supporting a rod at an end of arm distal from the base. 14. The bracket of claim 13 wherein the first cradle includes a fitting for supporting a rod and the fitting includes ends spaced apart less than a diameter of a rod for maintaining a rod in the first cradle. 15. The bracket of claim 7 wherein the arm includes a distal portion and a proximal portion, and the distal portion and the proximal portion are adjustable relative to one another to adjust a length of the arm. 16. The bracket of claim 7 wherein the base includes a Y-shaped portion spacing the at least two mounting holes. 17. The bracket of claim 7 wherein the base includes a T-shaped portion spacing the at least two mounting holes. 18. An apparatus for mounting a curtain rod, the apparatus comprising:
a base for being positioned against a surface; a receptacle for receiving a curtain rod; an arm connecting the base and the receptacle; a mounting portion of the base having at least one opening level with or above the arm, the at least one opening configured to receive at least one fastener extending through the at least one opening normal to the surface to mount the base to the surface; a lower portion of the base configured to press against the surface with the curtain rod in the receptacle; and a spacer portion of the base vertically separating the mounting portion and the lower portion to create a moment arm for the reaction force from the at least one fastener to counteract the moment created by the curtain rod in the receptacle. 19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the arm includes an upper surface, a lower surface, and lateral side surfaces extending between the upper and lower surfaces; and
wherein the at least one opening of the mounting portion includes a pair of openings laterally outward from the lateral side surfaces of the arm. 20. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the lower portion of the base extends below the arm. 21. The bracket of claim 13 wherein the first cradle includes a notch and a moveable positioner that locates a rod in the notch such that the rod is suspended in the cradle. 22. An apparatus for mounting a rod, the apparatus comprising:
a base for being positioned against a surface; a receptacle for receiving a curtain rod; an arm connecting the base and the receptacle; and the receptacle having a notch and a moveable positioner opposite the notch to locate and secure a rod in the notch such that the rod is suspended in the cradle. | 3,600 |
339,680 | 16,800,604 | 3,695 | An apparatus and a method for constituent code processing in polar successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding and a method thereof. The apparatus includes a processor configured to determine a number of r candidate paths, wherein r is an integer; determine path metrics PMtj of a codeword j for each candidate path t; and select r most probable paths based on the path metrics PMtj. The method includes determining q indicies min1, min2, . . . , minq of least reliable bits in the constituent code, wherein q is a number; determining a number of r candidate paths, wherein r is an integer; determining path metrics PMtj of a codeword j for each candidate path t; and selecting r most probable paths based on the path metrics PMtj. | 1. An apparatus for constituent code processing in polar successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding, comprising:
a processor configured to:
determine a number of r candidate paths, wherein r is an integer;
determine path metrics PMt j of a codeword j for each candidate path t; and
select r most probable paths based on the path metrics PMt j . 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the constituent code is an intermediate node corresponding to a constituent polar code structure called a special node. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the special node is a single parity check (SPC) code. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a number of least reliable bits in h(av[i]) is equal to q, h(av[i]) is a hard decision of av[i], av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v, and i, j, and m are integers, wherein q is a number that indicates indices min1, min2, . . . , minq of least reliable bits in the constituent code. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein a least reliable bit of h(av[i]) is flipped. 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the processor is further configured to determine the q indices min1, min2, . . . , minq based on av, wherein av[min1]≤av[min2]≤ . . . ≤av[minq]. 7. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the number q is equal to a number of minimum elements found in |av|, wherein av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v. 8. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the potential codeword j of the node v is obtained by flipping binary values of combinations of q least reliable bits in h(av[i]) based on av such that a constraint imposed by a distribution of k information nodes is satisfied, wherein h(av[i]) is a hard decision of av[i], av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v, and i and k are integers. 9. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein each candidate path t is associated with a path metric PMt, wherein PMt=PMs−Σi|βt[i]−h(av[i])|×|av[i]|, where PMs is an incoming path metric, βt is a candidate codeword of the node v, and PMt indicates a reliability of the candidate path t. 10. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein a least reliable two bits of h(av[i]) are flipped. 11. A method of constituent code processing for polar successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding, comprising:
determining a number of r candidate paths, wherein r is an integer; determining path metrics PMt j of a codeword j for each candidate path t; and selecting r most probable paths based on the path metrics PMt j . 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the constituent code is an intermediate node corresponding to a constituent polar code structure called a special node. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the special node is a single parity check (SPC) code. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein a number of least reliable bits in h(av[1]) is equal to q, {minj} are indices of the q least reliable bits; h(av[i]) is a hard decision of av[i], av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v, and i, j, and m are integers, wherein q is a number that indicates indices min1, min2, . . . , minq of least reliable bits in the constituent code. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein a least reliable bit of h(av[i]) is flipped. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein determining the q indices min1, min2, . . . , minq is comprised of determining the q indices min1, min2, . . . , minq based on av, wherein av[min1]≤av[min2]≤ . . . ≤av[minq]. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the number q is equal to a number of minimum elements found in |av|, wherein av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the codeword j of node v is obtained by flipping binary values of combinations of q least reliable bits in h(av[i]) based on av such that a constraint imposed by a distribution of k information nodes is satisfied, wherein h(av[i]) is a hard decision of av[i], av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v, and i and k an integers. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein each candidate path t is associated with a path metric PMt, wherein PMt=PMs−Σi|βt[i]−h(av[i])|×|av[i]|, where PMs is an incoming path metric, βt is a candidate codeword of the node v, and PMt indicates a reliability of the candidate path t. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein a least reliable two bits of h(av[i]) are flipped. | An apparatus and a method for constituent code processing in polar successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding and a method thereof. The apparatus includes a processor configured to determine a number of r candidate paths, wherein r is an integer; determine path metrics PMtj of a codeword j for each candidate path t; and select r most probable paths based on the path metrics PMtj. The method includes determining q indicies min1, min2, . . . , minq of least reliable bits in the constituent code, wherein q is a number; determining a number of r candidate paths, wherein r is an integer; determining path metrics PMtj of a codeword j for each candidate path t; and selecting r most probable paths based on the path metrics PMtj.1. An apparatus for constituent code processing in polar successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding, comprising:
a processor configured to:
determine a number of r candidate paths, wherein r is an integer;
determine path metrics PMt j of a codeword j for each candidate path t; and
select r most probable paths based on the path metrics PMt j . 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the constituent code is an intermediate node corresponding to a constituent polar code structure called a special node. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the special node is a single parity check (SPC) code. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a number of least reliable bits in h(av[i]) is equal to q, h(av[i]) is a hard decision of av[i], av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v, and i, j, and m are integers, wherein q is a number that indicates indices min1, min2, . . . , minq of least reliable bits in the constituent code. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein a least reliable bit of h(av[i]) is flipped. 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the processor is further configured to determine the q indices min1, min2, . . . , minq based on av, wherein av[min1]≤av[min2]≤ . . . ≤av[minq]. 7. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the number q is equal to a number of minimum elements found in |av|, wherein av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v. 8. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the potential codeword j of the node v is obtained by flipping binary values of combinations of q least reliable bits in h(av[i]) based on av such that a constraint imposed by a distribution of k information nodes is satisfied, wherein h(av[i]) is a hard decision of av[i], av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v, and i and k are integers. 9. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein each candidate path t is associated with a path metric PMt, wherein PMt=PMs−Σi|βt[i]−h(av[i])|×|av[i]|, where PMs is an incoming path metric, βt is a candidate codeword of the node v, and PMt indicates a reliability of the candidate path t. 10. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein a least reliable two bits of h(av[i]) are flipped. 11. A method of constituent code processing for polar successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding, comprising:
determining a number of r candidate paths, wherein r is an integer; determining path metrics PMt j of a codeword j for each candidate path t; and selecting r most probable paths based on the path metrics PMt j . 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the constituent code is an intermediate node corresponding to a constituent polar code structure called a special node. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the special node is a single parity check (SPC) code. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein a number of least reliable bits in h(av[1]) is equal to q, {minj} are indices of the q least reliable bits; h(av[i]) is a hard decision of av[i], av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v, and i, j, and m are integers, wherein q is a number that indicates indices min1, min2, . . . , minq of least reliable bits in the constituent code. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein a least reliable bit of h(av[i]) is flipped. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein determining the q indices min1, min2, . . . , minq is comprised of determining the q indices min1, min2, . . . , minq based on av, wherein av[min1]≤av[min2]≤ . . . ≤av[minq]. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the number q is equal to a number of minimum elements found in |av|, wherein av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the codeword j of node v is obtained by flipping binary values of combinations of q least reliable bits in h(av[i]) based on av such that a constraint imposed by a distribution of k information nodes is satisfied, wherein h(av[i]) is a hard decision of av[i], av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v, and i and k an integers. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein each candidate path t is associated with a path metric PMt, wherein PMt=PMs−Σi|βt[i]−h(av[i])|×|av[i]|, where PMs is an incoming path metric, βt is a candidate codeword of the node v, and PMt indicates a reliability of the candidate path t. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein a least reliable two bits of h(av[i]) are flipped. | 3,600 |
339,681 | 16,800,607 | 3,695 | An apparatus and a method for constituent code processing in polar successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding and a method thereof. The apparatus includes a processor configured to determine a number of r candidate paths, wherein r is an integer; determine path metrics PMtj of a codeword j for each candidate path t; and select r most probable paths based on the path metrics PMtj. The method includes determining q indicies min1, min2, . . . , minq of least reliable bits in the constituent code, wherein q is a number; determining a number of r candidate paths, wherein r is an integer; determining path metrics PMtj of a codeword j for each candidate path t; and selecting r most probable paths based on the path metrics PMtj. | 1. An apparatus for constituent code processing in polar successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding, comprising:
a processor configured to:
determine a number of r candidate paths, wherein r is an integer;
determine path metrics PMt j of a codeword j for each candidate path t; and
select r most probable paths based on the path metrics PMt j . 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the constituent code is an intermediate node corresponding to a constituent polar code structure called a special node. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the special node is a single parity check (SPC) code. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a number of least reliable bits in h(av[i]) is equal to q, h(av[i]) is a hard decision of av[i], av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v, and i, j, and m are integers, wherein q is a number that indicates indices min1, min2, . . . , minq of least reliable bits in the constituent code. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein a least reliable bit of h(av[i]) is flipped. 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the processor is further configured to determine the q indices min1, min2, . . . , minq based on av, wherein av[min1]≤av[min2]≤ . . . ≤av[minq]. 7. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the number q is equal to a number of minimum elements found in |av|, wherein av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v. 8. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the potential codeword j of the node v is obtained by flipping binary values of combinations of q least reliable bits in h(av[i]) based on av such that a constraint imposed by a distribution of k information nodes is satisfied, wherein h(av[i]) is a hard decision of av[i], av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v, and i and k are integers. 9. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein each candidate path t is associated with a path metric PMt, wherein PMt=PMs−Σi|βt[i]−h(av[i])|×|av[i]|, where PMs is an incoming path metric, βt is a candidate codeword of the node v, and PMt indicates a reliability of the candidate path t. 10. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein a least reliable two bits of h(av[i]) are flipped. 11. A method of constituent code processing for polar successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding, comprising:
determining a number of r candidate paths, wherein r is an integer; determining path metrics PMt j of a codeword j for each candidate path t; and selecting r most probable paths based on the path metrics PMt j . 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the constituent code is an intermediate node corresponding to a constituent polar code structure called a special node. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the special node is a single parity check (SPC) code. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein a number of least reliable bits in h(av[1]) is equal to q, {minj} are indices of the q least reliable bits; h(av[i]) is a hard decision of av[i], av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v, and i, j, and m are integers, wherein q is a number that indicates indices min1, min2, . . . , minq of least reliable bits in the constituent code. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein a least reliable bit of h(av[i]) is flipped. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein determining the q indices min1, min2, . . . , minq is comprised of determining the q indices min1, min2, . . . , minq based on av, wherein av[min1]≤av[min2]≤ . . . ≤av[minq]. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the number q is equal to a number of minimum elements found in |av|, wherein av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the codeword j of node v is obtained by flipping binary values of combinations of q least reliable bits in h(av[i]) based on av such that a constraint imposed by a distribution of k information nodes is satisfied, wherein h(av[i]) is a hard decision of av[i], av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v, and i and k an integers. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein each candidate path t is associated with a path metric PMt, wherein PMt=PMs−Σi|βt[i]−h(av[i])|×|av[i]|, where PMs is an incoming path metric, βt is a candidate codeword of the node v, and PMt indicates a reliability of the candidate path t. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein a least reliable two bits of h(av[i]) are flipped. | An apparatus and a method for constituent code processing in polar successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding and a method thereof. The apparatus includes a processor configured to determine a number of r candidate paths, wherein r is an integer; determine path metrics PMtj of a codeword j for each candidate path t; and select r most probable paths based on the path metrics PMtj. The method includes determining q indicies min1, min2, . . . , minq of least reliable bits in the constituent code, wherein q is a number; determining a number of r candidate paths, wherein r is an integer; determining path metrics PMtj of a codeword j for each candidate path t; and selecting r most probable paths based on the path metrics PMtj.1. An apparatus for constituent code processing in polar successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding, comprising:
a processor configured to:
determine a number of r candidate paths, wherein r is an integer;
determine path metrics PMt j of a codeword j for each candidate path t; and
select r most probable paths based on the path metrics PMt j . 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the constituent code is an intermediate node corresponding to a constituent polar code structure called a special node. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the special node is a single parity check (SPC) code. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a number of least reliable bits in h(av[i]) is equal to q, h(av[i]) is a hard decision of av[i], av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v, and i, j, and m are integers, wherein q is a number that indicates indices min1, min2, . . . , minq of least reliable bits in the constituent code. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein a least reliable bit of h(av[i]) is flipped. 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the processor is further configured to determine the q indices min1, min2, . . . , minq based on av, wherein av[min1]≤av[min2]≤ . . . ≤av[minq]. 7. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the number q is equal to a number of minimum elements found in |av|, wherein av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v. 8. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the potential codeword j of the node v is obtained by flipping binary values of combinations of q least reliable bits in h(av[i]) based on av such that a constraint imposed by a distribution of k information nodes is satisfied, wherein h(av[i]) is a hard decision of av[i], av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v, and i and k are integers. 9. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein each candidate path t is associated with a path metric PMt, wherein PMt=PMs−Σi|βt[i]−h(av[i])|×|av[i]|, where PMs is an incoming path metric, βt is a candidate codeword of the node v, and PMt indicates a reliability of the candidate path t. 10. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein a least reliable two bits of h(av[i]) are flipped. 11. A method of constituent code processing for polar successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding, comprising:
determining a number of r candidate paths, wherein r is an integer; determining path metrics PMt j of a codeword j for each candidate path t; and selecting r most probable paths based on the path metrics PMt j . 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the constituent code is an intermediate node corresponding to a constituent polar code structure called a special node. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the special node is a single parity check (SPC) code. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein a number of least reliable bits in h(av[1]) is equal to q, {minj} are indices of the q least reliable bits; h(av[i]) is a hard decision of av[i], av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v, and i, j, and m are integers, wherein q is a number that indicates indices min1, min2, . . . , minq of least reliable bits in the constituent code. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein a least reliable bit of h(av[i]) is flipped. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein determining the q indices min1, min2, . . . , minq is comprised of determining the q indices min1, min2, . . . , minq based on av, wherein av[min1]≤av[min2]≤ . . . ≤av[minq]. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the number q is equal to a number of minimum elements found in |av|, wherein av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the codeword j of node v is obtained by flipping binary values of combinations of q least reliable bits in h(av[i]) based on av such that a constraint imposed by a distribution of k information nodes is satisfied, wherein h(av[i]) is a hard decision of av[i], av is a vector of length m that indicates log-likelihood ratios of node v, and i and k an integers. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein each candidate path t is associated with a path metric PMt, wherein PMt=PMs−Σi|βt[i]−h(av[i])|×|av[i]|, where PMs is an incoming path metric, βt is a candidate codeword of the node v, and PMt indicates a reliability of the candidate path t. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein a least reliable two bits of h(av[i]) are flipped. | 3,600 |
339,682 | 16,800,598 | 3,695 | A carbon powder replenishing bottle for replenishing a carbon powder storage member with carbon powder. The bottle comprises a hollow body and a bottle mouth. The hollow body stores the carbon powder. The bottle mouth connected to the hollow body has a stopper portion. The stopper portion restricts a depth, to which the bottle mouth is placed into a carbon powder entrance of the carbon powder storage member, so that the bottle mouth is only partially inserted into the carbon powder entrance, and is connected to the carbon powder entrance in a sealed manner through the stopper portion. A combination using the carbon powder replenishing bottle is also disclosed. | 1. A carbon powder replenishing bottle for replenishing a carbon powder storage member with carbon powder, the carbon powder replenishing bottle comprising:
a hollow body storing the carbon powder; and a bottle mouth, which is integrally connected to the hollow body and has an integrally formed stopper portion, wherein the stopper portion restricts a depth, by which the bottle mouth is placed into a carbon powder entrance of the carbon powder storage member, so that the bottle mouth is only partially inserted into the carbon powder entrance, and is connected to the carbon powder entrance in a sealed manner to form a hermetic connection through the stopper portion. 2. The carbon powder replenishing bottle according to claim 1, further comprising a buffer layer disposed at a connection portion between the stopper portion and the carbon powder entrance to form the hermetic connection. 3. The carbon powder replenishing bottle according to claim 1, wherein the stopper portion and a buffer layer of the carbon powder entrance form the hermetic connection. 4. The carbon powder replenishing bottle according to claim 1, wherein the stopper portion is a flange formed on a central portion of the bottle mouth. 5. The carbon powder replenishing bottle according to claim 1, wherein the stopper portion is separated from the hollow body by a distance. 6. The carbon powder replenishing bottle according to claim 1, wherein the stopper portion restricts the depth by which the bottle mouth is placed into the carbon powder entrance in a placing direction, and the stopper portion provides a force in the placing direction to press against the carbon powder entrance to form the hermetic connection with the carbon powder entrance. 7. A carbon powder replenishing bottle for replenishing a carbon powder storage member with carbon powder, the carbon powder replenishing bottle comprising:
a hollow body storing the carbon powder; and a bottle mouth, which is connected to the hollow body and has a stopper portion, wherein the stopper portion restricts a depth, by which the bottle mouth is placed into a carbon powder entrance of the carbon powder storage member, so that the bottle mouth is only partially inserted into the carbon powder entrance to form a hermetic connection with the carbon powder entrance through the stopper portion, wherein the bottle mouth has a cylindrically shaped inner chamber. 8. A combination, comprising a carbon powder replenishing bottle and a carbon powder storage member combined together, wherein:
the carbon powder replenishing bottle comprises: a hollow body storing carbon powder; and a bottle mouth, which is connected to the hollow body and has a stopper portion, wherein the stopper portion restricts a depth, by which the bottle mouth is placed into a carbon powder entrance of the carbon powder storage member, so that the bottle mouth is only partially inserted into the carbon powder entrance to form a hermetic connection with the carbon powder entrance through the stopper portion; and the stopper portion is entirely accommodated within an outer housing of the carbon powder storage member. 9. The combination according to claim 8, wherein the hollow body is separated from the outer housing of the carbon powder storage member by a distance. 10. The combination according to claim 8, wherein the carbon powder storage member comprises:
a housing carrying the carbon powder; the carbon powder entrance disposed on one side surface of a short side of the housing, so that the carbon powder is refilled into the housing through the carbon powder entrance; and a fluid discharge mechanism disposed on a long side of the housing; wherein when a user performs a refilling operation and the carbon powder entrance receives the carbon powder added into the housing, a fluid in the housing is discharged through the fluid discharge mechanism; wherein the fluid discharge mechanism comprises a shielding member, and positions of the shielding member and the carbon powder entrance on the housing do not correspond to each other. | A carbon powder replenishing bottle for replenishing a carbon powder storage member with carbon powder. The bottle comprises a hollow body and a bottle mouth. The hollow body stores the carbon powder. The bottle mouth connected to the hollow body has a stopper portion. The stopper portion restricts a depth, to which the bottle mouth is placed into a carbon powder entrance of the carbon powder storage member, so that the bottle mouth is only partially inserted into the carbon powder entrance, and is connected to the carbon powder entrance in a sealed manner through the stopper portion. A combination using the carbon powder replenishing bottle is also disclosed.1. A carbon powder replenishing bottle for replenishing a carbon powder storage member with carbon powder, the carbon powder replenishing bottle comprising:
a hollow body storing the carbon powder; and a bottle mouth, which is integrally connected to the hollow body and has an integrally formed stopper portion, wherein the stopper portion restricts a depth, by which the bottle mouth is placed into a carbon powder entrance of the carbon powder storage member, so that the bottle mouth is only partially inserted into the carbon powder entrance, and is connected to the carbon powder entrance in a sealed manner to form a hermetic connection through the stopper portion. 2. The carbon powder replenishing bottle according to claim 1, further comprising a buffer layer disposed at a connection portion between the stopper portion and the carbon powder entrance to form the hermetic connection. 3. The carbon powder replenishing bottle according to claim 1, wherein the stopper portion and a buffer layer of the carbon powder entrance form the hermetic connection. 4. The carbon powder replenishing bottle according to claim 1, wherein the stopper portion is a flange formed on a central portion of the bottle mouth. 5. The carbon powder replenishing bottle according to claim 1, wherein the stopper portion is separated from the hollow body by a distance. 6. The carbon powder replenishing bottle according to claim 1, wherein the stopper portion restricts the depth by which the bottle mouth is placed into the carbon powder entrance in a placing direction, and the stopper portion provides a force in the placing direction to press against the carbon powder entrance to form the hermetic connection with the carbon powder entrance. 7. A carbon powder replenishing bottle for replenishing a carbon powder storage member with carbon powder, the carbon powder replenishing bottle comprising:
a hollow body storing the carbon powder; and a bottle mouth, which is connected to the hollow body and has a stopper portion, wherein the stopper portion restricts a depth, by which the bottle mouth is placed into a carbon powder entrance of the carbon powder storage member, so that the bottle mouth is only partially inserted into the carbon powder entrance to form a hermetic connection with the carbon powder entrance through the stopper portion, wherein the bottle mouth has a cylindrically shaped inner chamber. 8. A combination, comprising a carbon powder replenishing bottle and a carbon powder storage member combined together, wherein:
the carbon powder replenishing bottle comprises: a hollow body storing carbon powder; and a bottle mouth, which is connected to the hollow body and has a stopper portion, wherein the stopper portion restricts a depth, by which the bottle mouth is placed into a carbon powder entrance of the carbon powder storage member, so that the bottle mouth is only partially inserted into the carbon powder entrance to form a hermetic connection with the carbon powder entrance through the stopper portion; and the stopper portion is entirely accommodated within an outer housing of the carbon powder storage member. 9. The combination according to claim 8, wherein the hollow body is separated from the outer housing of the carbon powder storage member by a distance. 10. The combination according to claim 8, wherein the carbon powder storage member comprises:
a housing carrying the carbon powder; the carbon powder entrance disposed on one side surface of a short side of the housing, so that the carbon powder is refilled into the housing through the carbon powder entrance; and a fluid discharge mechanism disposed on a long side of the housing; wherein when a user performs a refilling operation and the carbon powder entrance receives the carbon powder added into the housing, a fluid in the housing is discharged through the fluid discharge mechanism; wherein the fluid discharge mechanism comprises a shielding member, and positions of the shielding member and the carbon powder entrance on the housing do not correspond to each other. | 3,600 |
339,683 | 16,800,638 | 3,695 | An inertial sensor includes a package that includes a substrate and a lid bonded to the substrate and has an internal space between the substrate and the lid and a sensor element accommodated in the internal space, and in which the lid has a through-hole causing an inside and an outside of the internal space to communicate with each other and sealed with a sealing member and the inertial sensor further includes a cylindrical first projection portion provided on the lid and surrounding an opening of the through-hole on the internal space side in plan view and a cylindrical second projection portion provided on the substrate and surrounding an outer periphery of the first projection portion in plan view. | 1. An inertial sensor comprising:
a package that includes a substrate and a lid bonded to the substrate and has an internal space between the substrate and the lid; and a sensor element accommodated in the internal space, wherein the lid has a through-hole causing an inside and an outside of the internal space to communicate with each other and sealed with a sealing member, and the inertial sensor further comprises
a cylindrical first projection portion provided on the lid and surrounding an opening of the through-hole at the internal space side in plan view, and
a cylindrical second projection portion provided on the substrate and surrounding an outer periphery of the first projection portion in plan view. 2. The inertial sensor according to claim 1, wherein
an end portion of the first projection portion at the substrate side is inserted into the second projection portion. 3. The inertial sensor according to claim 1, wherein
the first projection portion is integrated with the lid. 4. The inertial sensor according to claim 1, wherein
the second projection portion contains the same material as the sensor element. 5. The inertial sensor according to claim 1, wherein
among straight lines connecting two different points on an inner peripheral surface of the first projection portion, a straight line having a smallest angle with respect to a main surface of the substrate intersects an inner surface of the second projection portion. 6. The inertial sensor according to claim 1, wherein
the substrate has a concave portion communicating with an inner space of the second projection portion. 7. The inertial sensor according to claim 6, wherein
in plan view, the opening is positioned inside an opening of the concave portion. 8. The inertial sensor according to claim 1, wherein
the sensor element includes a movable body configured to be displaced with respect to the substrate, and the second projection portion is configured to contact the movable body. 9. The inertial sensor according to claim 1, further comprising:
a wiring provided on the substrate and electrically coupled to the sensor element, wherein the wiring does not overlap the second projection portion in plan view. 10. An electronic apparatus comprising:
the inertial sensor according to claim 1; and a control circuit that performs control based on a detection signal output from the inertial sensor. 11. A vehicle comprising:
the inertial sensor according to claim 1; and a control device that performs control based on a detection signal output from the inertial sensor. | An inertial sensor includes a package that includes a substrate and a lid bonded to the substrate and has an internal space between the substrate and the lid and a sensor element accommodated in the internal space, and in which the lid has a through-hole causing an inside and an outside of the internal space to communicate with each other and sealed with a sealing member and the inertial sensor further includes a cylindrical first projection portion provided on the lid and surrounding an opening of the through-hole on the internal space side in plan view and a cylindrical second projection portion provided on the substrate and surrounding an outer periphery of the first projection portion in plan view.1. An inertial sensor comprising:
a package that includes a substrate and a lid bonded to the substrate and has an internal space between the substrate and the lid; and a sensor element accommodated in the internal space, wherein the lid has a through-hole causing an inside and an outside of the internal space to communicate with each other and sealed with a sealing member, and the inertial sensor further comprises
a cylindrical first projection portion provided on the lid and surrounding an opening of the through-hole at the internal space side in plan view, and
a cylindrical second projection portion provided on the substrate and surrounding an outer periphery of the first projection portion in plan view. 2. The inertial sensor according to claim 1, wherein
an end portion of the first projection portion at the substrate side is inserted into the second projection portion. 3. The inertial sensor according to claim 1, wherein
the first projection portion is integrated with the lid. 4. The inertial sensor according to claim 1, wherein
the second projection portion contains the same material as the sensor element. 5. The inertial sensor according to claim 1, wherein
among straight lines connecting two different points on an inner peripheral surface of the first projection portion, a straight line having a smallest angle with respect to a main surface of the substrate intersects an inner surface of the second projection portion. 6. The inertial sensor according to claim 1, wherein
the substrate has a concave portion communicating with an inner space of the second projection portion. 7. The inertial sensor according to claim 6, wherein
in plan view, the opening is positioned inside an opening of the concave portion. 8. The inertial sensor according to claim 1, wherein
the sensor element includes a movable body configured to be displaced with respect to the substrate, and the second projection portion is configured to contact the movable body. 9. The inertial sensor according to claim 1, further comprising:
a wiring provided on the substrate and electrically coupled to the sensor element, wherein the wiring does not overlap the second projection portion in plan view. 10. An electronic apparatus comprising:
the inertial sensor according to claim 1; and a control circuit that performs control based on a detection signal output from the inertial sensor. 11. A vehicle comprising:
the inertial sensor according to claim 1; and a control device that performs control based on a detection signal output from the inertial sensor. | 3,600 |
339,684 | 16,800,617 | 3,695 | Various embodiments set forth a computer-implemented method for selectively caching digital content for streaming, comprising analyzing a set of traffic data associated with streaming of a plurality of media items in a first time period, selecting, based on the set of traffic data, a first media item for storage in a cache during a second time period, and storing in the cache, prior to receiving a request for the first media item in the second time period, at least a portion of a first media stream of a plurality of media streams associated with the first media item, and at least a portion of a second media stream of the plurality of media streams, wherein each media stream in the plurality of media streams is encoded with different characteristics. | 1. A computer-implemented method for selectively caching digital content for streaming, the method comprising:
analyzing a set of traffic data associated with streaming of a plurality of media items in a first time period, selecting, based on the set of traffic data, a first media item for storage in a cache during a second time period; and storing in the cache, prior to receiving a request for the first media item in the second time period:
at least a portion of a first media stream of a plurality of media streams associated with the first media item, and
at least a portion of a second media stream of the plurality of media streams associated with the first media item,
wherein each media stream in the plurality of media streams is encoded with different characteristics. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the set of traffic data comprises a log of URL requests, wherein each URL request includes an asset identifier associated with a candidate media item. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein selecting the first media item for storage comprises:
determining, from the set of traffic data, a caching priority value for each media item in a set of candidate media items, wherein the caching priority value is based on a quantity that each media item in the set of candidate media items was requested during the first time period; and selecting the first media item based on a first caching priority value for the first media item. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein identifying the first media item for storage comprises:
determining, from the set of traffic data, a caching priority value for each media item in a set of candidate media items, wherein the caching priority value is based on a quantity that each candidate media item was requested, wherein the first media item is not included in the set of candidate media items; determining that the first media item is related to a given media item in the set of candidate media items; assigning a first caching priority value to the first media item based on the caching priority value of the given media item; and selecting the first media item based on the first caching priority value. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
analyzing, for the first media item, a second set of traffic data associated with streaming of the plurality of media streams associated with the first media item in the first time period; and selecting, based on the second set of traffic data, the first media stream and the second media stream for storage in the cache during the second time period. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 5, further comprising:
identifying, based on the second set of traffic data, a first set of media streams included in the plurality of media streams associated with the first media item, wherein the first set of media streams comprises a set of one or more media streams that were most frequently accessed by a specific device type during the first time period, and wherein the first media stream or the second media stream is selected from the first set of media streams. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 5, further comprising:
identifying, based on the second set of traffic data, a first set of media streams included in the plurality of media streams associated with the first media item, wherein the first set of media streams comprises a set of one or more media streams that were most frequently accessed in a specific geographic region during the first time period, and wherein the first media stream or the second media stream is selected from the first set of media streams. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising specifying a maximum age value associated with the portion of the first media stream to a first value of at least one hour, wherein the maximum age value specifies a length of time that the portion of the first media stream is to remain in the cache. 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
analyzing a set of operating parameters associated with streaming the first media item in the second time period; determining that the first media stream satisfies the set of operating parameters; and selecting the first media stream for storage in the cache during the second time period. 10. The computer-implemented method of claim 9, wherein the set of operating parameters comprises at least one of a geographical region, a playback device type, a streaming bandwidth, or a communications provider. 11. The computer-implemented method of claim 9, further comprising:
generating a maximum streaming bitrate supported by the set of operating parameters, wherein determining that the first media stream satisfies the set of operating parameters comprises determining that the first media stream is encoded at a streaming bitrate that is lower than or equal to the maximum streaming bitrate. 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein:
a playback device receives at least the portion of the first media stream from the cache to initiate playback; and the playback device receives a different portion of the second media stream to continue playback. 13. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising selecting, based on the set of traffic data, a first section of the first media item for storage in a cache during a second time period, wherein the first section of the first media item is determined to be more likely to be requested for playback relative to at least one other section of the first media item, and wherein storing in the cache comprises storing a first portion of the first media stream associated with the first section of the first media item. 14. One or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media including instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the steps of:
analyzing a set of traffic data associated with streaming of a plurality of media items in a first time period, selecting, based on the set of traffic data, a first media item for storage in a cache during a second time period; and storing in the cache, prior to receiving a request for the first media item in the second time period:
at least a portion of a first media stream of a plurality of media streams associated with the first media item, and
at least a portion of a second media stream of the plurality of media streams,
wherein each media stream in the plurality of media streams is encoded with different characteristics. 15. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 14, further including instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to further perform the steps of:
determining, from the set of traffic data, a caching priority value for each media item in a set of candidate media items, wherein the caching priority value is based on a quantity that each media item in the set of candidate media items was requested during the first time period; and selecting the first media item based on a first caching priority value for the first media item. 16. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 14, further including instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to further perform the steps of:
analyzing a set of operating parameters associated with streaming the first media item in the second time period; determining that the first media stream satisfies the set of operating parameters; and selecting the first media stream for storage in the cache during the second time period. 17. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 16, further including instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to further perform the step of:
generating a maximum streaming bitrate supported by the set of operating parameters, wherein determining that the first media stream satisfies the set of operating parameters comprises determining that the first media stream is encoded at a streaming bitrate that is lower than or equal to the maximum streaming bitrate. 18. A computing system that selectively caches digital content for streaming, the computing system comprising:
a memory that stores a pre-caching Application; and a processor that is coupled to the memory and executes the pre-caching Application to: analyze a set of traffic data associated with streaming of a plurality of media items in a first time period, select, based on the set of traffic data, a first media item for storage in a cache during a second time period; and store in the cache, prior to receiving a request for the first media item in the second time period:
at least a portion of a first media stream of a plurality of media streams associated with the first media item, and
at least a portion of a second media stream of the plurality of media streams,
wherein each media stream in the plurality of media streams is encoded with different characteristics. 19. The computing system of claim 18, wherein the processor executes the pre-caching Application to further:
determine, from the set of traffic data, a caching priority value for each media item in a set of candidate media items, wherein the caching priority value is based on a quantity that each media item in the set of candidate media items was requested during the first time period; and select the first media item based on a first caching priority value for the first media item. 20. The computing system of claim 18, wherein the processor executes the pre-caching Application to further:
analyze a set of operating parameters associated with streaming the first media item in the second time period; determine that the first media stream satisfies the set of operating parameters; and select the first media stream for storage in the cache during the second time period. | Various embodiments set forth a computer-implemented method for selectively caching digital content for streaming, comprising analyzing a set of traffic data associated with streaming of a plurality of media items in a first time period, selecting, based on the set of traffic data, a first media item for storage in a cache during a second time period, and storing in the cache, prior to receiving a request for the first media item in the second time period, at least a portion of a first media stream of a plurality of media streams associated with the first media item, and at least a portion of a second media stream of the plurality of media streams, wherein each media stream in the plurality of media streams is encoded with different characteristics.1. A computer-implemented method for selectively caching digital content for streaming, the method comprising:
analyzing a set of traffic data associated with streaming of a plurality of media items in a first time period, selecting, based on the set of traffic data, a first media item for storage in a cache during a second time period; and storing in the cache, prior to receiving a request for the first media item in the second time period:
at least a portion of a first media stream of a plurality of media streams associated with the first media item, and
at least a portion of a second media stream of the plurality of media streams associated with the first media item,
wherein each media stream in the plurality of media streams is encoded with different characteristics. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the set of traffic data comprises a log of URL requests, wherein each URL request includes an asset identifier associated with a candidate media item. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein selecting the first media item for storage comprises:
determining, from the set of traffic data, a caching priority value for each media item in a set of candidate media items, wherein the caching priority value is based on a quantity that each media item in the set of candidate media items was requested during the first time period; and selecting the first media item based on a first caching priority value for the first media item. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein identifying the first media item for storage comprises:
determining, from the set of traffic data, a caching priority value for each media item in a set of candidate media items, wherein the caching priority value is based on a quantity that each candidate media item was requested, wherein the first media item is not included in the set of candidate media items; determining that the first media item is related to a given media item in the set of candidate media items; assigning a first caching priority value to the first media item based on the caching priority value of the given media item; and selecting the first media item based on the first caching priority value. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
analyzing, for the first media item, a second set of traffic data associated with streaming of the plurality of media streams associated with the first media item in the first time period; and selecting, based on the second set of traffic data, the first media stream and the second media stream for storage in the cache during the second time period. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 5, further comprising:
identifying, based on the second set of traffic data, a first set of media streams included in the plurality of media streams associated with the first media item, wherein the first set of media streams comprises a set of one or more media streams that were most frequently accessed by a specific device type during the first time period, and wherein the first media stream or the second media stream is selected from the first set of media streams. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 5, further comprising:
identifying, based on the second set of traffic data, a first set of media streams included in the plurality of media streams associated with the first media item, wherein the first set of media streams comprises a set of one or more media streams that were most frequently accessed in a specific geographic region during the first time period, and wherein the first media stream or the second media stream is selected from the first set of media streams. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising specifying a maximum age value associated with the portion of the first media stream to a first value of at least one hour, wherein the maximum age value specifies a length of time that the portion of the first media stream is to remain in the cache. 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
analyzing a set of operating parameters associated with streaming the first media item in the second time period; determining that the first media stream satisfies the set of operating parameters; and selecting the first media stream for storage in the cache during the second time period. 10. The computer-implemented method of claim 9, wherein the set of operating parameters comprises at least one of a geographical region, a playback device type, a streaming bandwidth, or a communications provider. 11. The computer-implemented method of claim 9, further comprising:
generating a maximum streaming bitrate supported by the set of operating parameters, wherein determining that the first media stream satisfies the set of operating parameters comprises determining that the first media stream is encoded at a streaming bitrate that is lower than or equal to the maximum streaming bitrate. 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein:
a playback device receives at least the portion of the first media stream from the cache to initiate playback; and the playback device receives a different portion of the second media stream to continue playback. 13. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising selecting, based on the set of traffic data, a first section of the first media item for storage in a cache during a second time period, wherein the first section of the first media item is determined to be more likely to be requested for playback relative to at least one other section of the first media item, and wherein storing in the cache comprises storing a first portion of the first media stream associated with the first section of the first media item. 14. One or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media including instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the steps of:
analyzing a set of traffic data associated with streaming of a plurality of media items in a first time period, selecting, based on the set of traffic data, a first media item for storage in a cache during a second time period; and storing in the cache, prior to receiving a request for the first media item in the second time period:
at least a portion of a first media stream of a plurality of media streams associated with the first media item, and
at least a portion of a second media stream of the plurality of media streams,
wherein each media stream in the plurality of media streams is encoded with different characteristics. 15. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 14, further including instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to further perform the steps of:
determining, from the set of traffic data, a caching priority value for each media item in a set of candidate media items, wherein the caching priority value is based on a quantity that each media item in the set of candidate media items was requested during the first time period; and selecting the first media item based on a first caching priority value for the first media item. 16. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 14, further including instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to further perform the steps of:
analyzing a set of operating parameters associated with streaming the first media item in the second time period; determining that the first media stream satisfies the set of operating parameters; and selecting the first media stream for storage in the cache during the second time period. 17. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 16, further including instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to further perform the step of:
generating a maximum streaming bitrate supported by the set of operating parameters, wherein determining that the first media stream satisfies the set of operating parameters comprises determining that the first media stream is encoded at a streaming bitrate that is lower than or equal to the maximum streaming bitrate. 18. A computing system that selectively caches digital content for streaming, the computing system comprising:
a memory that stores a pre-caching Application; and a processor that is coupled to the memory and executes the pre-caching Application to: analyze a set of traffic data associated with streaming of a plurality of media items in a first time period, select, based on the set of traffic data, a first media item for storage in a cache during a second time period; and store in the cache, prior to receiving a request for the first media item in the second time period:
at least a portion of a first media stream of a plurality of media streams associated with the first media item, and
at least a portion of a second media stream of the plurality of media streams,
wherein each media stream in the plurality of media streams is encoded with different characteristics. 19. The computing system of claim 18, wherein the processor executes the pre-caching Application to further:
determine, from the set of traffic data, a caching priority value for each media item in a set of candidate media items, wherein the caching priority value is based on a quantity that each media item in the set of candidate media items was requested during the first time period; and select the first media item based on a first caching priority value for the first media item. 20. The computing system of claim 18, wherein the processor executes the pre-caching Application to further:
analyze a set of operating parameters associated with streaming the first media item in the second time period; determine that the first media stream satisfies the set of operating parameters; and select the first media stream for storage in the cache during the second time period. | 3,600 |
339,685 | 16,800,615 | 3,695 | A process for making microwave-irradiated nanocomposites comprising graphene nanoplatelets dispersed in a polymer matrix, showing improved structural and electrical properties, is provided. The nanocomposites may be made using a solution casting technique, and may have a bilayer structure comprising a graphene-enriched layer in contact with a polymer-enriched layer. The nanocomposite may be used as a shielding material on electrical devices to decrease electromagnetic interference. | 1. (canceled) 2. The method of claim 20, wherein the poly(vinyl alcohol) has a weight average molecular weight of 85-105 kDa. 3. The method of claim 20, wherein the graphene nanoplatelets have a thickness of 40-110 nm. 4. The method of claim 20, wherein the graphene nanoplatelets have a length to thickness aspect ratio of 40:1-1,200:1. 5-6. (canceled) 7. The method of claim 20, further comprising degassing the mixture before the drying. 8. The method of claim 20, wherein the drying is at 20-27° C. and 0.85-1.10 atm for 3-7 days. 9. The method of claim 20, wherein the mass ratio of poly(vinyl alcohol) to graphene nanoplatelets in the mixture is 80:1-110:1, and
wherein the film is exposed to the microwave radiation for 3-7 minutes. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the PVA/graphene nanocomposite has an electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of 30-50 dB for an electromagnetic radiation in the range of 5.0-12.0 GHz. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the exposing increases a graphene nucleation efficiency of the PVA/graphene nanocomposite to 500-570% from a graphene nucleation efficiency of 380-480% of the film. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the exposing increases a percentage crystallinity of the PVA/graphene nanocomposite to 51-60% from a percentage crystallinity of 40-50% of the film. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the exposing increases a Raman ID/IG ratio of the PVA/graphene nanocomposite to 0.45-0.65 from an ID/IG ratio of 0.25-0.40 of the film. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the PVA/graphene nanocomposite has a peak crystallization temperature of 202-206° C. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the PVA/graphene nanocomposite has a melting point of 227-231° C. 16. The method of claim 20, wherein the PVA/graphene nanocomposite has an electrical conductivity of 0.029-0.050 S/cm. 17. The method of claim 20, wherein the microwave radiation has a frequency in a range of 2200-2700 MHz. 18-19. (canceled) 20. A method for producing a PVA/graphene film, comprising:
dispersing poly(vinyl alcohol) and graphene nanoplatelets in water to form a mixture, wherein a mass ratio of poly(vinyl alcohol) to graphene nanoplatelets in the mixture is 80:1-110:1, and drying the mixture to produce the PVA/graphene film, wherein an electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of the PVA/graphene film is 90-140 dB for an electromagnetic radiation in the range of 0.8-2.5 GHz. | A process for making microwave-irradiated nanocomposites comprising graphene nanoplatelets dispersed in a polymer matrix, showing improved structural and electrical properties, is provided. The nanocomposites may be made using a solution casting technique, and may have a bilayer structure comprising a graphene-enriched layer in contact with a polymer-enriched layer. The nanocomposite may be used as a shielding material on electrical devices to decrease electromagnetic interference.1. (canceled) 2. The method of claim 20, wherein the poly(vinyl alcohol) has a weight average molecular weight of 85-105 kDa. 3. The method of claim 20, wherein the graphene nanoplatelets have a thickness of 40-110 nm. 4. The method of claim 20, wherein the graphene nanoplatelets have a length to thickness aspect ratio of 40:1-1,200:1. 5-6. (canceled) 7. The method of claim 20, further comprising degassing the mixture before the drying. 8. The method of claim 20, wherein the drying is at 20-27° C. and 0.85-1.10 atm for 3-7 days. 9. The method of claim 20, wherein the mass ratio of poly(vinyl alcohol) to graphene nanoplatelets in the mixture is 80:1-110:1, and
wherein the film is exposed to the microwave radiation for 3-7 minutes. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the PVA/graphene nanocomposite has an electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of 30-50 dB for an electromagnetic radiation in the range of 5.0-12.0 GHz. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the exposing increases a graphene nucleation efficiency of the PVA/graphene nanocomposite to 500-570% from a graphene nucleation efficiency of 380-480% of the film. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the exposing increases a percentage crystallinity of the PVA/graphene nanocomposite to 51-60% from a percentage crystallinity of 40-50% of the film. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the exposing increases a Raman ID/IG ratio of the PVA/graphene nanocomposite to 0.45-0.65 from an ID/IG ratio of 0.25-0.40 of the film. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the PVA/graphene nanocomposite has a peak crystallization temperature of 202-206° C. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the PVA/graphene nanocomposite has a melting point of 227-231° C. 16. The method of claim 20, wherein the PVA/graphene nanocomposite has an electrical conductivity of 0.029-0.050 S/cm. 17. The method of claim 20, wherein the microwave radiation has a frequency in a range of 2200-2700 MHz. 18-19. (canceled) 20. A method for producing a PVA/graphene film, comprising:
dispersing poly(vinyl alcohol) and graphene nanoplatelets in water to form a mixture, wherein a mass ratio of poly(vinyl alcohol) to graphene nanoplatelets in the mixture is 80:1-110:1, and drying the mixture to produce the PVA/graphene film, wherein an electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of the PVA/graphene film is 90-140 dB for an electromagnetic radiation in the range of 0.8-2.5 GHz. | 3,600 |
339,686 | 16,800,581 | 3,695 | Methods, apparatus, and processor-readable storage media for filtering security controls are provided herein. An example computer-implemented method includes obtaining information pertaining to a software project and a target market of the software project; and identifying, based on the obtained information, at least one security control to be implemented in the software project, from among a plurality of security controls, in order to satisfy at least a threshold level of security defined for the software project, wherein the threshold level of security is based at least in part on one or more security standards related to the target market. | 1. A computer-implemented method comprising:
maintaining a database comprising mappings between (i) a plurality of security controls and (ii) security requirements related to a plurality of security standards, wherein said maintaining is based at least in a part on a software script that identifies overlapping sections of the plurality of security standards; obtaining information pertaining to a software project and a target market of the software project; identifying, based on the obtained information, one or more of the security controls in the database to be implemented in the software project in order to satisfy at least a threshold level of security defined for the software project, wherein the threshold level of security is based at least in part on one or more of the plurality of security standards related to the target market; and automatically implementing at least one of the identified security controls in the software project; wherein the method is performed by at least one processing device comprising a processor coupled to a memory. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the obtained information corresponds to user input provided in response to one or more application profiling questions provided on a graphical user interface. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the obtained information comprises a software design representation of the software project that indicates at least one of: one or more processes of the software project, one or more dataflows within the software project, a type of each of the dataflows, one or more existing security controls, and one or more storage data locations. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the database maps at least one of the security controls to multiple ones of the security standards to remove overlapping security requirements defined in the plurality of security standards. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, comprising:
maintaining one or more application criteria for each of the plurality of security controls, wherein the application criteria defines software characteristics that trigger a corresponding one of the security controls and a context in which the corresponding security control is required. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 5, wherein the identifying the one or more security controls is based at least in part on the application criteria maintained for each of the plurality of security controls. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, comprising:
maintaining, for a given one of the security controls, a plurality of verification methods, wherein the verification methods verify whether the given security control satisfies different levels of security defined for the software project; and providing information indicative of the identified one or more security controls and at least one verification method corresponding to at least one of the identified security control that corresponds to the threshold level of security defined for the software project. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, wherein the threshold level of security is configurable based on user input. 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, wherein the plurality of verification methods for the given security control comprises one or more of:
a self-attestation method; an automated static analysis method; and an expert-verification method. 10. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, comprising:
obtaining user input specifying a change to one or more of the target market and the threshold level for the software project; and dynamically updating the identified one or more security controls based on the change. 11. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, comprising:
estimating a complexity to implement the at least one identified security control, wherein the at least one identified security control is automatically implemented in the software project responsive to the estimated complexity satisfying a threshold complexity level. 12. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory processor-readable storage medium having stored therein program code of one or more software programs, wherein the program code when executed by at least one processing device causes the at least one processing device:
to maintain a database comprising mappings between (i) a plurality of security controls and (ii) security requirements related to a plurality of security standards, wherein said maintaining is based at least in a part on a software script that identifies overlapping sections of the plurality of security standards; to obtain information pertaining to a software project and a target market of the software project; to identify, based on the obtained information, one or more of the security controls in the database to be implemented in the software project in order to satisfy at least a threshold level of security defined for the software project, wherein the threshold level of security is based at least in part on one or more of the plurality of security standards related to the target market, and to automatically implement at least one of the identified security controls in the software project. 13. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the obtained information corresponds to user input provided in response to one or more application profiling questions provided on a graphical user interface. 14. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the obtained information comprises a software design representation of the software project that indicates at least one of: one or more processes of the software project, one or more dataflows within the software project, a type of each of the dataflows, one or more existing security controls, and one or more storage data locations. 15. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the database maps at least one of the security controls to multiple ones of the security standards to remove overlapping security requirements defined in the plurality of security standards. 16. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the program code when executed by the at least one processing device causes the at least one processing device:
to maintain one or more application criteria for each of the plurality of security controls, wherein the application criteria defines software characteristics that trigger a corresponding one of the security controls and a context in which the corresponding security control is required, wherein the identifying the at least one security control is based at least in part on the application criteria that is maintained for each of the plurality of security controls. 17. An apparatus comprising:
at least one processing device comprising a processor coupled to a memory; the at least one processing device being configured:
to maintain a database comprising mappings between (i) a plurality of security controls and (ii) security requirements related to a plurality of security standards, wherein said maintaining is based at least in a part on a software script that identifies overlapping sections of the plurality of security standards;
to obtain information pertaining to a software project and a target market of the software project;
to identify, based on the obtained information, one or more of the security controls in the database to be implemented in the software project in order to satisfy at least a threshold level of security defined for the software project, wherein the threshold level of security is based at least in part on one or more of the plurality of security standards related to the target market, and
to automatically implement at least one of the identified security controls in the software project. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein at least one of:
the obtained information corresponds to user input provided in response to one or more application profiling questions provide on a graphical user interface; and the obtained information comprises a software design representation of the software project that indicates at least one of: one or more processes of the software project, one or more dataflows within the software project, a type of each of the dataflows, one or more existing security controls, and one or more storage data locations. 19. (canceled) 20. The system of claim 17, wherein the at least one processing device is configured:
to obtain user input specifying a change to one or more of the target market and the threshold level for the software project; and to update the identified one or more security controls based on the change. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein said obtaining comprises:
determining the target market of the software project by identifying one or more portions of software code associated with the software project that correspond to one or more of the plurality of security standards. | Methods, apparatus, and processor-readable storage media for filtering security controls are provided herein. An example computer-implemented method includes obtaining information pertaining to a software project and a target market of the software project; and identifying, based on the obtained information, at least one security control to be implemented in the software project, from among a plurality of security controls, in order to satisfy at least a threshold level of security defined for the software project, wherein the threshold level of security is based at least in part on one or more security standards related to the target market.1. A computer-implemented method comprising:
maintaining a database comprising mappings between (i) a plurality of security controls and (ii) security requirements related to a plurality of security standards, wherein said maintaining is based at least in a part on a software script that identifies overlapping sections of the plurality of security standards; obtaining information pertaining to a software project and a target market of the software project; identifying, based on the obtained information, one or more of the security controls in the database to be implemented in the software project in order to satisfy at least a threshold level of security defined for the software project, wherein the threshold level of security is based at least in part on one or more of the plurality of security standards related to the target market; and automatically implementing at least one of the identified security controls in the software project; wherein the method is performed by at least one processing device comprising a processor coupled to a memory. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the obtained information corresponds to user input provided in response to one or more application profiling questions provided on a graphical user interface. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the obtained information comprises a software design representation of the software project that indicates at least one of: one or more processes of the software project, one or more dataflows within the software project, a type of each of the dataflows, one or more existing security controls, and one or more storage data locations. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the database maps at least one of the security controls to multiple ones of the security standards to remove overlapping security requirements defined in the plurality of security standards. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, comprising:
maintaining one or more application criteria for each of the plurality of security controls, wherein the application criteria defines software characteristics that trigger a corresponding one of the security controls and a context in which the corresponding security control is required. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 5, wherein the identifying the one or more security controls is based at least in part on the application criteria maintained for each of the plurality of security controls. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, comprising:
maintaining, for a given one of the security controls, a plurality of verification methods, wherein the verification methods verify whether the given security control satisfies different levels of security defined for the software project; and providing information indicative of the identified one or more security controls and at least one verification method corresponding to at least one of the identified security control that corresponds to the threshold level of security defined for the software project. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, wherein the threshold level of security is configurable based on user input. 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, wherein the plurality of verification methods for the given security control comprises one or more of:
a self-attestation method; an automated static analysis method; and an expert-verification method. 10. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, comprising:
obtaining user input specifying a change to one or more of the target market and the threshold level for the software project; and dynamically updating the identified one or more security controls based on the change. 11. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, comprising:
estimating a complexity to implement the at least one identified security control, wherein the at least one identified security control is automatically implemented in the software project responsive to the estimated complexity satisfying a threshold complexity level. 12. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory processor-readable storage medium having stored therein program code of one or more software programs, wherein the program code when executed by at least one processing device causes the at least one processing device:
to maintain a database comprising mappings between (i) a plurality of security controls and (ii) security requirements related to a plurality of security standards, wherein said maintaining is based at least in a part on a software script that identifies overlapping sections of the plurality of security standards; to obtain information pertaining to a software project and a target market of the software project; to identify, based on the obtained information, one or more of the security controls in the database to be implemented in the software project in order to satisfy at least a threshold level of security defined for the software project, wherein the threshold level of security is based at least in part on one or more of the plurality of security standards related to the target market, and to automatically implement at least one of the identified security controls in the software project. 13. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the obtained information corresponds to user input provided in response to one or more application profiling questions provided on a graphical user interface. 14. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the obtained information comprises a software design representation of the software project that indicates at least one of: one or more processes of the software project, one or more dataflows within the software project, a type of each of the dataflows, one or more existing security controls, and one or more storage data locations. 15. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the database maps at least one of the security controls to multiple ones of the security standards to remove overlapping security requirements defined in the plurality of security standards. 16. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the program code when executed by the at least one processing device causes the at least one processing device:
to maintain one or more application criteria for each of the plurality of security controls, wherein the application criteria defines software characteristics that trigger a corresponding one of the security controls and a context in which the corresponding security control is required, wherein the identifying the at least one security control is based at least in part on the application criteria that is maintained for each of the plurality of security controls. 17. An apparatus comprising:
at least one processing device comprising a processor coupled to a memory; the at least one processing device being configured:
to maintain a database comprising mappings between (i) a plurality of security controls and (ii) security requirements related to a plurality of security standards, wherein said maintaining is based at least in a part on a software script that identifies overlapping sections of the plurality of security standards;
to obtain information pertaining to a software project and a target market of the software project;
to identify, based on the obtained information, one or more of the security controls in the database to be implemented in the software project in order to satisfy at least a threshold level of security defined for the software project, wherein the threshold level of security is based at least in part on one or more of the plurality of security standards related to the target market, and
to automatically implement at least one of the identified security controls in the software project. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein at least one of:
the obtained information corresponds to user input provided in response to one or more application profiling questions provide on a graphical user interface; and the obtained information comprises a software design representation of the software project that indicates at least one of: one or more processes of the software project, one or more dataflows within the software project, a type of each of the dataflows, one or more existing security controls, and one or more storage data locations. 19. (canceled) 20. The system of claim 17, wherein the at least one processing device is configured:
to obtain user input specifying a change to one or more of the target market and the threshold level for the software project; and to update the identified one or more security controls based on the change. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein said obtaining comprises:
determining the target market of the software project by identifying one or more portions of software code associated with the software project that correspond to one or more of the plurality of security standards. | 3,600 |
339,687 | 16,800,648 | 3,695 | A flexible shaft, having a first end and, a second end and capable of being bent about its axis while transferring rotary motion from a device to tool is disclosed. The shaft, manufactured from a rigid material, has at least one flexible segment having two sinuous slots ascending in a helical path from a common start point in opposite rotational directions. In other segments the slots can be a single helical slot, double helical slots, parallel or crossing, or circumferential. The helical paths can vary within each segment or from segment to segment. | 1. A flexible shaft, said flexible shaft being a rigid material and comprising:
a. a rigid first end, said rigid first end being capable of receiving an instrument to impart rotary motion, b. a rigid second end, said rigid second end being dimensioned to receive a tool to receive and transmit said rotary motion, c. a body between said rigid first end and said rigid second end, said body having:
an outer surface,
an inner cavity having a surface,
a longitudinal surface,
at least one segment, each of said at least one segment having a segment proximal end and a segment distal end,
at least two helical sinuous slots within at least one of said at least one segment, each of said at least two helical sinuous slots forming interlocking teeth and having:
a width,
a depth from said outer surface to said inner cavity,
a common start point, said common start point having a circular end, said start point being a first predetermined distance from said rigid first end, and
at least one end point, each of said at least one end point having a circular end, said at least one end point being a second predetermined distance from said rigid first end,
a first of said at least one segment having said at least two helical sinuous slots cut in a helical sinuous path along said longitudinal surface of said first of said at least one segment and ascending in a first direction, a first of said helical sinuous slots ascending from said common start point in a first rotational direction and a second of said helical sinuous slots ascending from said common start point in a second rotational direction, said helical sinuous slots crossing paths along said longitudinal surface to enable flexibility within said at least one segment,
wherein said rotary motion is transferred by said interlocking teeth locking with adjacent teeth to transfer said rotary motion from said rigid first end to said rigid second end while said body is unbent or bent about an axis. 2. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein a third helical slot ascends another of said at least one segment in a helical path along said longitudinal surface from a first start point to a first end point in first a rotational direction. 3. The flexible shaft of claim 2 wherein an unslotted segment separates said first of said at least one segment and said another of said at least one segment. 4. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein said end point is a single point. 5. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein said end point is multiple points spaced from one another 6. The flexible shaft of claim 2 further comprising a fourth helical slot ascending said another of said at least one segment from a second start point to a second end point in said first rotational direction, said first start point and said second start point and said first end point and said second end point being spaced from one another and said fourth helical slot ascending in a path parallel to said third helical slot. 7. The flexible shaft of claim 6 wherein an unslotted segment separates said first of said at least one segment and said another of said at least one segment. 8. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein another of said at least one segment comprises multiple circumferential sinuous slots, each of said multiple circumferential sinuous slots having a start point and an end point. 9. The flexible shaft of claim 8 wherein an unslotted segment separates said first of said at least one segment and said another of said at least one segment. 10. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein another of said at least one segment comprises a pair of helical sinuous slots cut along said longitudinal surface, ascending in a first direction, said pair of said helical sinuous slots ascending from a common start point, a first of said pair of helical sinuous ascending in a first rotational direction and a second of said pair of helical sinuous slots ascending in a second rotational direction, said helical sinuous slots crossing paths along said longitudinal surface to enable flexibility within said another of said at least one segment. 11. The flexible shaft of claim 10 wherein an unslotted segment separates said first of said at least one segment and said another of said at least one segment. 12. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein another of said at least one segment comprises a pair of helical sinuous slots cut along said longitudinal surface, ascending in a second direction from said common start point, a first of said pair of helical sinuous slots ascending in a first rotational direction and a second of said pair of helical sinuous slots ascending in a second rotational direction, said helical sinuous slots crossing paths along said longitudinal surface to enable flexibility within said another of said at least one segment. 13. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein each of said at least one sinuous slot has a helical angle from the group of about 30 to 85 degrees from the longitudinal axis or about 45 to 75 degrees from the longitudinal axis 14. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein at least one of said at least one sinuous slot has a depth perpendicular to a plane tangent to the outer surface of said body. 15. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein at least one of said at least one sinuous slot has a depth at an angle with a plane tangent to the outer surface to form an undercut. 16. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein said angle is in the range of about one to about 75 degrees. 17. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein said angle is in the range of about 30 to about 45 degree 18. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein at least one of said at least one sinuous slot has a width of about 0.005 to about 0.25 inches. 19. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein at least one of said at least one sinuous slot has a width of about 2.5% to about 20% of a diameter of said body. 20. A flexible shaft, said flexible shaft being a rigid material and comprising:
a. a rigid first end, said rigid first end being capable of receiving an instrument to impart rotary motion, b. a rigid second end, said rigid second end being dimensioned to receive a tool to receive and transmit said rotary motion, c. a body between said rigid first end and said rigid second end, said body having: an outer surface,
an inner cavity having a surface,
a longitudinal surface,
at least one segment, each of said at least one segment having a segment proximal end and a segment distal end,
at least two helical sinuous slots within at least one of said at least one segment, each of said at least two helical sinuous slots forming interlocking teeth and having:
a width,
a depth from said outer surface to said inner cavity,
a common start point, said common start point having a circular end, said start point being a first predetermined distance from said rigid first end, and
at least one end point, each of said at least one end point having a circular end, said at least one end point being a second predetermined distance from said rigid first end,
a first of said at least one segment having two helical sinuous slots cut in a helical sinuous path along said longitudinal surface of said first of said at least one segment and ascending in a first direction, a first of said helical sinuous slots ascending from said common start point in a first rotational direction and a second of said helical sinuous slots ascending from said common start point in a second rotational direction, said helical sinuous slots crossing paths along said longitudinal surface to enable flexibility within said at least one segment,
a second of said at least one segment have at least one sinuous slot, each of said at least one sinuous slot being selected from the group comprising multiple circumferential slots, single helical sinuous slot, multiple parallel helical sinuous slots having spaced start points and end point, two helical sinuous slots having a single start point and a single end point, two helical sinuous slots having a single start point and two spaced end point, two helical sinuous slots ascending from said common start point with opposing rotational directions or said first of said at least one segment and said second of said at least one segment being separated by an unslotted segment,
wherein said rotary motion is transferred by said interlocking teeth locking with adjacent teeth to transfer said rotary motion from said rigid first end to said rigid second end while said body is unbent or bent about an axis. | A flexible shaft, having a first end and, a second end and capable of being bent about its axis while transferring rotary motion from a device to tool is disclosed. The shaft, manufactured from a rigid material, has at least one flexible segment having two sinuous slots ascending in a helical path from a common start point in opposite rotational directions. In other segments the slots can be a single helical slot, double helical slots, parallel or crossing, or circumferential. The helical paths can vary within each segment or from segment to segment.1. A flexible shaft, said flexible shaft being a rigid material and comprising:
a. a rigid first end, said rigid first end being capable of receiving an instrument to impart rotary motion, b. a rigid second end, said rigid second end being dimensioned to receive a tool to receive and transmit said rotary motion, c. a body between said rigid first end and said rigid second end, said body having:
an outer surface,
an inner cavity having a surface,
a longitudinal surface,
at least one segment, each of said at least one segment having a segment proximal end and a segment distal end,
at least two helical sinuous slots within at least one of said at least one segment, each of said at least two helical sinuous slots forming interlocking teeth and having:
a width,
a depth from said outer surface to said inner cavity,
a common start point, said common start point having a circular end, said start point being a first predetermined distance from said rigid first end, and
at least one end point, each of said at least one end point having a circular end, said at least one end point being a second predetermined distance from said rigid first end,
a first of said at least one segment having said at least two helical sinuous slots cut in a helical sinuous path along said longitudinal surface of said first of said at least one segment and ascending in a first direction, a first of said helical sinuous slots ascending from said common start point in a first rotational direction and a second of said helical sinuous slots ascending from said common start point in a second rotational direction, said helical sinuous slots crossing paths along said longitudinal surface to enable flexibility within said at least one segment,
wherein said rotary motion is transferred by said interlocking teeth locking with adjacent teeth to transfer said rotary motion from said rigid first end to said rigid second end while said body is unbent or bent about an axis. 2. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein a third helical slot ascends another of said at least one segment in a helical path along said longitudinal surface from a first start point to a first end point in first a rotational direction. 3. The flexible shaft of claim 2 wherein an unslotted segment separates said first of said at least one segment and said another of said at least one segment. 4. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein said end point is a single point. 5. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein said end point is multiple points spaced from one another 6. The flexible shaft of claim 2 further comprising a fourth helical slot ascending said another of said at least one segment from a second start point to a second end point in said first rotational direction, said first start point and said second start point and said first end point and said second end point being spaced from one another and said fourth helical slot ascending in a path parallel to said third helical slot. 7. The flexible shaft of claim 6 wherein an unslotted segment separates said first of said at least one segment and said another of said at least one segment. 8. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein another of said at least one segment comprises multiple circumferential sinuous slots, each of said multiple circumferential sinuous slots having a start point and an end point. 9. The flexible shaft of claim 8 wherein an unslotted segment separates said first of said at least one segment and said another of said at least one segment. 10. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein another of said at least one segment comprises a pair of helical sinuous slots cut along said longitudinal surface, ascending in a first direction, said pair of said helical sinuous slots ascending from a common start point, a first of said pair of helical sinuous ascending in a first rotational direction and a second of said pair of helical sinuous slots ascending in a second rotational direction, said helical sinuous slots crossing paths along said longitudinal surface to enable flexibility within said another of said at least one segment. 11. The flexible shaft of claim 10 wherein an unslotted segment separates said first of said at least one segment and said another of said at least one segment. 12. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein another of said at least one segment comprises a pair of helical sinuous slots cut along said longitudinal surface, ascending in a second direction from said common start point, a first of said pair of helical sinuous slots ascending in a first rotational direction and a second of said pair of helical sinuous slots ascending in a second rotational direction, said helical sinuous slots crossing paths along said longitudinal surface to enable flexibility within said another of said at least one segment. 13. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein each of said at least one sinuous slot has a helical angle from the group of about 30 to 85 degrees from the longitudinal axis or about 45 to 75 degrees from the longitudinal axis 14. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein at least one of said at least one sinuous slot has a depth perpendicular to a plane tangent to the outer surface of said body. 15. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein at least one of said at least one sinuous slot has a depth at an angle with a plane tangent to the outer surface to form an undercut. 16. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein said angle is in the range of about one to about 75 degrees. 17. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein said angle is in the range of about 30 to about 45 degree 18. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein at least one of said at least one sinuous slot has a width of about 0.005 to about 0.25 inches. 19. The flexible shaft of claim 1 wherein at least one of said at least one sinuous slot has a width of about 2.5% to about 20% of a diameter of said body. 20. A flexible shaft, said flexible shaft being a rigid material and comprising:
a. a rigid first end, said rigid first end being capable of receiving an instrument to impart rotary motion, b. a rigid second end, said rigid second end being dimensioned to receive a tool to receive and transmit said rotary motion, c. a body between said rigid first end and said rigid second end, said body having: an outer surface,
an inner cavity having a surface,
a longitudinal surface,
at least one segment, each of said at least one segment having a segment proximal end and a segment distal end,
at least two helical sinuous slots within at least one of said at least one segment, each of said at least two helical sinuous slots forming interlocking teeth and having:
a width,
a depth from said outer surface to said inner cavity,
a common start point, said common start point having a circular end, said start point being a first predetermined distance from said rigid first end, and
at least one end point, each of said at least one end point having a circular end, said at least one end point being a second predetermined distance from said rigid first end,
a first of said at least one segment having two helical sinuous slots cut in a helical sinuous path along said longitudinal surface of said first of said at least one segment and ascending in a first direction, a first of said helical sinuous slots ascending from said common start point in a first rotational direction and a second of said helical sinuous slots ascending from said common start point in a second rotational direction, said helical sinuous slots crossing paths along said longitudinal surface to enable flexibility within said at least one segment,
a second of said at least one segment have at least one sinuous slot, each of said at least one sinuous slot being selected from the group comprising multiple circumferential slots, single helical sinuous slot, multiple parallel helical sinuous slots having spaced start points and end point, two helical sinuous slots having a single start point and a single end point, two helical sinuous slots having a single start point and two spaced end point, two helical sinuous slots ascending from said common start point with opposing rotational directions or said first of said at least one segment and said second of said at least one segment being separated by an unslotted segment,
wherein said rotary motion is transferred by said interlocking teeth locking with adjacent teeth to transfer said rotary motion from said rigid first end to said rigid second end while said body is unbent or bent about an axis. | 3,600 |
339,688 | 16,800,637 | 3,695 | A drive force transmission mechanism includes a drive pulley, a driven pulley and an endless belt wound around the drive pulley and the driven pulley. The drive pulley and the driven pulley rotate around axes parallel to each other. At least one of the drive pulley and the driven pulley has a protruding part protruding outwardly in a radial direction around an outer circumferential face along an entire circumference. At least one axial end portion among both axial end portions of the protruding part in an axial direction of the rotational axis has a radius of curvature smaller than a radius of curvature of an axial center portion of the protruding part in the axial direction. | 1. A drive force transmission mechanism comprising:
a drive pulley and a driven pulley which rotate around rotational axes parallel to each other; and an endless belt wound around the drive pulley and the driven pulley, wherein at least one of the drive pulley and the driven pulley has a protruding part protruding outwardly in a radial direction around an outer circumferential face along an entire circumference, and at least one axial end portion among both axial end portions of the protruding part in an axial direction of the rotational axis has a radius of curvature smaller than a radius of curvature of an axial center portion of the protruding part in the axial direction. 2. The drive force transmission mechanism according to claim 1, wherein
the axial end portion on a side to which the belt is shifted when the belt is driven, among both the axial end portions of the protruding part, has a radius of curvature smaller than a radius of curvature of the axial center portion. 3. The drive force transmission mechanism according to claim 1, wherein
the drive pulley is a cantilever rotational shaft, the protruding part is formed around the outer circumferential face of the driven pulley, and the axial end portion on a side of a free end portion of the rotational shaft, among both the axial end portions of the protruding part, has a radius of curvature smaller than a radius of curvature of the axial center portion. 4. The drive force transmission mechanism according to claim 1, wherein
the axial center portion has a width in the axial direction equal to a width of the belt in the axial direction, and both the axial end portions are outside the axial center portion in the axial direction. 5. The drive force transmission mechanism according to claim 1, wherein
the axial center portion is crowned into a symmetrical shape in the axial direction. 6. The drive force transmission mechanism according to claim 1, wherein
the axial end portion on a side to which the belt is not shifted when the belt is driven, among both the axial end portions of the protruding part, has a radius of curvature equal to a radius of curvature of the axial center portion. 7. The drive force transmission mechanism according to claim 1, wherein
the drive pulley is a cantilever rotational shaft, the protruding part is formed around the outer circumferential face of the driven pulley, and the axial end portion on opposite side of a free end portion of the rotational shaft, among both the axial end portions of the protruding part, has a radius of curvature equal to a radius of curvature of the axial center portion. 8. The drive force transmission mechanism according to claim 1, wherein
the drive pulley has an outer diameter larger than an outer diameter of the drive pulley, and the protruding part is formed around the outer circumferential face of the driven pulley. 9. An image forming apparatus comprising:
the drive force transmission mechanism according to claim 1; and a photosensitive drum to be rotated by the drive force transmission mechanism. | A drive force transmission mechanism includes a drive pulley, a driven pulley and an endless belt wound around the drive pulley and the driven pulley. The drive pulley and the driven pulley rotate around axes parallel to each other. At least one of the drive pulley and the driven pulley has a protruding part protruding outwardly in a radial direction around an outer circumferential face along an entire circumference. At least one axial end portion among both axial end portions of the protruding part in an axial direction of the rotational axis has a radius of curvature smaller than a radius of curvature of an axial center portion of the protruding part in the axial direction.1. A drive force transmission mechanism comprising:
a drive pulley and a driven pulley which rotate around rotational axes parallel to each other; and an endless belt wound around the drive pulley and the driven pulley, wherein at least one of the drive pulley and the driven pulley has a protruding part protruding outwardly in a radial direction around an outer circumferential face along an entire circumference, and at least one axial end portion among both axial end portions of the protruding part in an axial direction of the rotational axis has a radius of curvature smaller than a radius of curvature of an axial center portion of the protruding part in the axial direction. 2. The drive force transmission mechanism according to claim 1, wherein
the axial end portion on a side to which the belt is shifted when the belt is driven, among both the axial end portions of the protruding part, has a radius of curvature smaller than a radius of curvature of the axial center portion. 3. The drive force transmission mechanism according to claim 1, wherein
the drive pulley is a cantilever rotational shaft, the protruding part is formed around the outer circumferential face of the driven pulley, and the axial end portion on a side of a free end portion of the rotational shaft, among both the axial end portions of the protruding part, has a radius of curvature smaller than a radius of curvature of the axial center portion. 4. The drive force transmission mechanism according to claim 1, wherein
the axial center portion has a width in the axial direction equal to a width of the belt in the axial direction, and both the axial end portions are outside the axial center portion in the axial direction. 5. The drive force transmission mechanism according to claim 1, wherein
the axial center portion is crowned into a symmetrical shape in the axial direction. 6. The drive force transmission mechanism according to claim 1, wherein
the axial end portion on a side to which the belt is not shifted when the belt is driven, among both the axial end portions of the protruding part, has a radius of curvature equal to a radius of curvature of the axial center portion. 7. The drive force transmission mechanism according to claim 1, wherein
the drive pulley is a cantilever rotational shaft, the protruding part is formed around the outer circumferential face of the driven pulley, and the axial end portion on opposite side of a free end portion of the rotational shaft, among both the axial end portions of the protruding part, has a radius of curvature equal to a radius of curvature of the axial center portion. 8. The drive force transmission mechanism according to claim 1, wherein
the drive pulley has an outer diameter larger than an outer diameter of the drive pulley, and the protruding part is formed around the outer circumferential face of the driven pulley. 9. An image forming apparatus comprising:
the drive force transmission mechanism according to claim 1; and a photosensitive drum to be rotated by the drive force transmission mechanism. | 3,600 |
339,689 | 16,800,640 | 3,695 | A drive apparatus of a hybrid vehicle including an internal combustion engine, a first motor-generator, a power division mechanism, a second motor-generator and a mode switching unit. The mode switching unit includes a hydraulic pressure source, a planetary gear mechanism, a clutch actuator, a brake actuator, a parking lock actuator, control valves, a failure detecting part and an electronic control unit, A microprocessor of the electronic control unit is configured to perform controlling the control valves so that hydraulic oil is supplied to the clutch actuator, the brake actuator and the parking lock actuator, respectively, when a parking brake is operated in a state that the failure of the third control valve is detected by the failure detecting part. | 1. A drive apparatus of a hybrid vehicle, comprising:
an internal combustion engine; a first power transmission path and a second power transmission path connected with each other in series; a first motor-generator connected to an output shaft of the internal combustion engine; a power division mechanism configured to divide and output a power generated by the internal combustion engine to the first motor-generator and the first power transmission path; a second motor-generator connected to the second power transmission path; and a mode switching unit configured to switch a drive mode to one of a plurality of drive modes including an EV mode in which the hybrid vehicle is driven by a power of the second motor-generator with the internal combustion engine stopped, a start mode in which the internal combustion engine is started, and a HV mode in which the hybrid vehicle is driven by the power of the internal combustion engine and the power of the second motor-generator, wherein the mode switching unit includes:
a planetary gear mechanism disposed in the first power transmission path and including a sun gear, ring gear and a carrier;
a hydraulic pressure source;
a plurality of hydraulic actuators including a first hydraulic actuator, a second hydraulic actuator and a third hydraulic actuator, respectively operated by a hydraulic pressure of a hydraulic oil supplied from the hydraulic pressure source;
a plurality of control valves configured to control flows of the hydraulic oil from the hydraulic pressure source to the plurality of hydraulic actuators;
a failure detecting part configured to detect a failure of the plurality of control valves; and
an electronic control unit including a microprocessor configured to perform controlling the plurality of control valves in accordance with a switching instruction of the drive mode,
each of the sun gear, the ring gear and the carrier is any one of a first rotation member to which a power divided by the power division mechanism is input, a second rotation member connected to the second power transmission path, and a third rotation member, the first hydraulic actuator is a clutch actuator configured to couple or uncouple the second rotation member and the third rotation member, the second hydraulic actuator is a brake actuator configured to brake or non-brake the third rotation member, the third hydraulic actuator is a parking lock actuator configured to operate a parking brake of the hybrid vehicle, the plurality of control valves includes:
a first control valve disposed in a first oil passage connecting the hydraulic pressure source and the first hydraulic actuator;
a second control valve disposed in a second oil passage connecting the hydraulic pressure source and the second hydraulic actuator;
a third control valve disposed in a third oil passage connecting the hydraulic pressure source and the third hydraulic actuator; and
a fourth control valve disposed in a fourth oil passage connecting the hydraulic pressure source and each of the first hydraulic actuator, the second hydraulic actuator and the third hydraulic actuator, and
the microprocessor is configured to perform the controlling including controlling the fourth control valve so that the hydraulic oil is supplied to the first hydraulic actuator, the second hydraulic actuator and the third hydraulic actuator, respectively, when the parking brake is operated in a state that the failure of the third control valve is detected by the failure detecting part. 2. The drive apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the plurality of hydraulic actuators further include a fourth hydraulic actuator configured to cancel an operation of the parking brake, and the mode switching unit further includes a hydraulic circuit configured so that the hydraulic oil flowing through the first control valve is supplied to the first hydraulic actuator and the fourth hydraulic actuator and the hydraulic oil flowing through the second control valve is supplied to the second hydraulic actuator and the fourth hydraulic actuator. 3. The drive apparatus according to claim 2, wherein
the hydraulic circuit includes:
a fifth oil passage connecting the first oil passage and the fourth hydraulic actuator;
a sixth oil passage connecting the second oil passage and the fourth hydraulic actuator;
a first check valve disposed in the fifth oil passage to prevent the hydraulic oil from flowing from the fifth oil passage to the first oil passage; and
a second check valve disposed in the sixth oil passage to prevent the hydraulic oil from the sixth oil passage to the second oil passage. 4. The drive apparatus according to claim 2, wherein
the hydraulic circuit includes:
a fifth oil passage connecting the first control valve and the fourth hydraulic actuator; and
a sixth oil passage connecting the second control valve and the fourth hydraulic actuator,
the first control valve is configured to cut off a connection of the first hydraulic actuator and the fourth hydraulic actuator through the fifth oil passage when cutting off a connection of the hydraulic pressure source and the first hydraulic actuator through the first oil passage, and the second control valve is configured to cut off a connection of the second hydraulic actuator and the fourth hydraulic actuator through the sixth oil passage when cutting off a connection of the hydraulic pressure source and the second hydraulic actuator through the second oil passage. 5. The drive apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising
a one-way clutch interposed between an output shaft through which a torque is output from the first power transmission path and an input shaft through which the torque is input to the second power transmission path to allow a rotation of the input shaft relative to the output shaft in a first direction and prevent the rotation of the input shaft relative to the output shaft in a second direction opposite to the first direction. 6. The drive apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the first rotation member is the carrier, the second rotation member is the sun gear, and the third rotation member is the ring gear. 7. A drive method of a hybrid vehicle, the hybrid vehicle including: an internal combustion engine; a first power transmission path and a second power transmission path connected with each other in series; a first motor-generator connected to an output shaft of the internal combustion engine; a power division mechanism configured to divide and output a power generated by the internal combustion engine to the first motor-generator and the first power transmission path; a second motor-generator connected to the second power transmission path; and a planetary gear mechanism disposed in the first power transmission path and including a sun gear, ring gear and a carrier; a hydraulic pressure source; a plurality of hydraulic actuators including a first hydraulic actuator, a second hydraulic actuator and a third hydraulic actuator, respectively operated by a hydraulic pressure of a hydraulic oil supplied from the hydraulic pressure source; and a plurality of control valves configured to control flows of the hydraulic oil from the hydraulic pressure source to the plurality of hydraulic actuators,
the drive method comprising:
switching a drive mode to one of a plurality of drive modes including an EV mode in which the hybrid vehicle is driven by a power of the second motor-generator with the internal combustion engine stopped, a start mode in which the internal combustion engine is started, and a HV mode in which the hybrid vehicle is driven by the power of the internal combustion engine and the power of the second motor-generator;
detecting a failure of the plurality of control valves; and
controlling the plurality of control valves in accordance with a switching instruction of the drive mode, wherein
each of the sun gear, the ring gear and the carrier is any one of a first rotation member to which a power divided by the power division mechanism is input, a second rotation member connected to the second power transmission path, and a third rotation member,
the first hydraulic actuator is a clutch actuator configured to couple or uncouple the second rotation member and the third rotation member,
the second hydraulic actuator is a brake actuator configured to brake or non-brake the third rotation member,
the third hydraulic actuator is a parking lock actuator configured to operate a parking brake of the hybrid vehicle,
the plurality of control valves includes: a first control valve disposed in a first oil passage connecting the hydraulic pressure source and the first hydraulic actuator; a second control valve disposed in a second oil passage connecting the hydraulic pressure source and the second hydraulic actuator; a third control valve disposed in a third oil passage connecting the hydraulic pressure source and the third hydraulic actuator, and a fourth control valve disposed in a fourth oil passage connecting the hydraulic pressure source and each of the first hydraulic actuator, the second hydraulic actuator and the third hydraulic actuator, and
the controlling includes controlling the fourth control valve so that the hydraulic oil is supplied to the first hydraulic actuator, the second hydraulic actuator and the third hydraulic actuator, respectively, when the parking brake is operated in a state that the failure of the third control valve is detected by the failure detecting part. | A drive apparatus of a hybrid vehicle including an internal combustion engine, a first motor-generator, a power division mechanism, a second motor-generator and a mode switching unit. The mode switching unit includes a hydraulic pressure source, a planetary gear mechanism, a clutch actuator, a brake actuator, a parking lock actuator, control valves, a failure detecting part and an electronic control unit, A microprocessor of the electronic control unit is configured to perform controlling the control valves so that hydraulic oil is supplied to the clutch actuator, the brake actuator and the parking lock actuator, respectively, when a parking brake is operated in a state that the failure of the third control valve is detected by the failure detecting part.1. A drive apparatus of a hybrid vehicle, comprising:
an internal combustion engine; a first power transmission path and a second power transmission path connected with each other in series; a first motor-generator connected to an output shaft of the internal combustion engine; a power division mechanism configured to divide and output a power generated by the internal combustion engine to the first motor-generator and the first power transmission path; a second motor-generator connected to the second power transmission path; and a mode switching unit configured to switch a drive mode to one of a plurality of drive modes including an EV mode in which the hybrid vehicle is driven by a power of the second motor-generator with the internal combustion engine stopped, a start mode in which the internal combustion engine is started, and a HV mode in which the hybrid vehicle is driven by the power of the internal combustion engine and the power of the second motor-generator, wherein the mode switching unit includes:
a planetary gear mechanism disposed in the first power transmission path and including a sun gear, ring gear and a carrier;
a hydraulic pressure source;
a plurality of hydraulic actuators including a first hydraulic actuator, a second hydraulic actuator and a third hydraulic actuator, respectively operated by a hydraulic pressure of a hydraulic oil supplied from the hydraulic pressure source;
a plurality of control valves configured to control flows of the hydraulic oil from the hydraulic pressure source to the plurality of hydraulic actuators;
a failure detecting part configured to detect a failure of the plurality of control valves; and
an electronic control unit including a microprocessor configured to perform controlling the plurality of control valves in accordance with a switching instruction of the drive mode,
each of the sun gear, the ring gear and the carrier is any one of a first rotation member to which a power divided by the power division mechanism is input, a second rotation member connected to the second power transmission path, and a third rotation member, the first hydraulic actuator is a clutch actuator configured to couple or uncouple the second rotation member and the third rotation member, the second hydraulic actuator is a brake actuator configured to brake or non-brake the third rotation member, the third hydraulic actuator is a parking lock actuator configured to operate a parking brake of the hybrid vehicle, the plurality of control valves includes:
a first control valve disposed in a first oil passage connecting the hydraulic pressure source and the first hydraulic actuator;
a second control valve disposed in a second oil passage connecting the hydraulic pressure source and the second hydraulic actuator;
a third control valve disposed in a third oil passage connecting the hydraulic pressure source and the third hydraulic actuator; and
a fourth control valve disposed in a fourth oil passage connecting the hydraulic pressure source and each of the first hydraulic actuator, the second hydraulic actuator and the third hydraulic actuator, and
the microprocessor is configured to perform the controlling including controlling the fourth control valve so that the hydraulic oil is supplied to the first hydraulic actuator, the second hydraulic actuator and the third hydraulic actuator, respectively, when the parking brake is operated in a state that the failure of the third control valve is detected by the failure detecting part. 2. The drive apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the plurality of hydraulic actuators further include a fourth hydraulic actuator configured to cancel an operation of the parking brake, and the mode switching unit further includes a hydraulic circuit configured so that the hydraulic oil flowing through the first control valve is supplied to the first hydraulic actuator and the fourth hydraulic actuator and the hydraulic oil flowing through the second control valve is supplied to the second hydraulic actuator and the fourth hydraulic actuator. 3. The drive apparatus according to claim 2, wherein
the hydraulic circuit includes:
a fifth oil passage connecting the first oil passage and the fourth hydraulic actuator;
a sixth oil passage connecting the second oil passage and the fourth hydraulic actuator;
a first check valve disposed in the fifth oil passage to prevent the hydraulic oil from flowing from the fifth oil passage to the first oil passage; and
a second check valve disposed in the sixth oil passage to prevent the hydraulic oil from the sixth oil passage to the second oil passage. 4. The drive apparatus according to claim 2, wherein
the hydraulic circuit includes:
a fifth oil passage connecting the first control valve and the fourth hydraulic actuator; and
a sixth oil passage connecting the second control valve and the fourth hydraulic actuator,
the first control valve is configured to cut off a connection of the first hydraulic actuator and the fourth hydraulic actuator through the fifth oil passage when cutting off a connection of the hydraulic pressure source and the first hydraulic actuator through the first oil passage, and the second control valve is configured to cut off a connection of the second hydraulic actuator and the fourth hydraulic actuator through the sixth oil passage when cutting off a connection of the hydraulic pressure source and the second hydraulic actuator through the second oil passage. 5. The drive apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising
a one-way clutch interposed between an output shaft through which a torque is output from the first power transmission path and an input shaft through which the torque is input to the second power transmission path to allow a rotation of the input shaft relative to the output shaft in a first direction and prevent the rotation of the input shaft relative to the output shaft in a second direction opposite to the first direction. 6. The drive apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the first rotation member is the carrier, the second rotation member is the sun gear, and the third rotation member is the ring gear. 7. A drive method of a hybrid vehicle, the hybrid vehicle including: an internal combustion engine; a first power transmission path and a second power transmission path connected with each other in series; a first motor-generator connected to an output shaft of the internal combustion engine; a power division mechanism configured to divide and output a power generated by the internal combustion engine to the first motor-generator and the first power transmission path; a second motor-generator connected to the second power transmission path; and a planetary gear mechanism disposed in the first power transmission path and including a sun gear, ring gear and a carrier; a hydraulic pressure source; a plurality of hydraulic actuators including a first hydraulic actuator, a second hydraulic actuator and a third hydraulic actuator, respectively operated by a hydraulic pressure of a hydraulic oil supplied from the hydraulic pressure source; and a plurality of control valves configured to control flows of the hydraulic oil from the hydraulic pressure source to the plurality of hydraulic actuators,
the drive method comprising:
switching a drive mode to one of a plurality of drive modes including an EV mode in which the hybrid vehicle is driven by a power of the second motor-generator with the internal combustion engine stopped, a start mode in which the internal combustion engine is started, and a HV mode in which the hybrid vehicle is driven by the power of the internal combustion engine and the power of the second motor-generator;
detecting a failure of the plurality of control valves; and
controlling the plurality of control valves in accordance with a switching instruction of the drive mode, wherein
each of the sun gear, the ring gear and the carrier is any one of a first rotation member to which a power divided by the power division mechanism is input, a second rotation member connected to the second power transmission path, and a third rotation member,
the first hydraulic actuator is a clutch actuator configured to couple or uncouple the second rotation member and the third rotation member,
the second hydraulic actuator is a brake actuator configured to brake or non-brake the third rotation member,
the third hydraulic actuator is a parking lock actuator configured to operate a parking brake of the hybrid vehicle,
the plurality of control valves includes: a first control valve disposed in a first oil passage connecting the hydraulic pressure source and the first hydraulic actuator; a second control valve disposed in a second oil passage connecting the hydraulic pressure source and the second hydraulic actuator; a third control valve disposed in a third oil passage connecting the hydraulic pressure source and the third hydraulic actuator, and a fourth control valve disposed in a fourth oil passage connecting the hydraulic pressure source and each of the first hydraulic actuator, the second hydraulic actuator and the third hydraulic actuator, and
the controlling includes controlling the fourth control valve so that the hydraulic oil is supplied to the first hydraulic actuator, the second hydraulic actuator and the third hydraulic actuator, respectively, when the parking brake is operated in a state that the failure of the third control valve is detected by the failure detecting part. | 3,600 |
339,690 | 16,800,587 | 3,695 | A robotic system is disclosed that include an articulated arm and a first perception system for inspecting an object, as well as a plurality of additional perception systems, each of which is arranged to be directed toward a common area in which an object may be positioned by the robotic arm such that a plurality of views within the common area may be obtained by the plurality of additional perception systems. | 1.-39. (canceled). 40. A method of processing a plurality of dissimilar objects, said method comprising:
presenting the plurality of dissimilar objects at a first location, each of which is in contact with at least another of the plurality of dissimilar objects; providing first captured data regarding a first view of the plurality of dissimilar objects at the first location; grasping with an end effector of a programmable motion device, a first object of the plurality of dissimilar objects; separating the first object from the plurality of objects using the programmable motion device; providing second captured data regarding a second view of the plurality of dissimilar objects; confirming that the first object is not present in the second view of the plurality of dissimilar objects; presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices for providing first identity data regarding the first object; and routing the first object toward a destination location associated with the first identity data. 41. The method as claimed in claim 40, wherein the step of presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices includes presenting the first object to the identity capturing devices positioned in a generally bowl-shape using the end effector. 42. The method as claimed in claim 40, wherein the step of presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices includes dropping the first object from the end effector into a drop scanner that includes an open top and an open bottom. 43. The method as claimed in claim 40, wherein the step of presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices includes providing illumination of the first object by a plurality of illumination sources. 44. The method as claimed in claim 40, wherein the plurality of dissimilar objects at a first location include both objects with a exposed identifying indicia and objects without exposed identifying indicia. 45. The method as claimed in claim 40, wherein the method further includes the step of ranking at least two objects of the plurality of dissimilar objects with regard to a picking order. 46. The method as claimed in claim 40, wherein the step of grasping the first object includes grasping the first object without having identified the first object. 47. The method as claimed in claim 40, wherein the method further includes the step of rotating the first object with the end effector of the programmable motion device. 48. The method as claimed in claim 40, wherein the method further includes the step of providing simulations of poses of the first object to optimize placement of the plurality of identity capturing devices. 49. The method as claimed in claim 48, wherein the step of providing simulations of poses of the first object involves the use of a barcode scanner performance model. 50. The method as claimed in claim 49, wherein the barcode scanner performance model incorporates pitch and skew of planes of barcode symbologies. 51. A method of processing a plurality of dissimilar objects, said method comprising:
presenting the plurality of dissimilar objects at a first location, each of which is in contact with at least another of the plurality of dissimilar objects; providing first captured data regarding a first view of the plurality of dissimilar objects at the first location; grasping with an end effector of a programmable motion device, a first object of the plurality of dissimilar objects without having identified the first object; separating the first object from the plurality of objects using the programmable motion device; confirming that the first object is grasped by the end effector; presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices for providing first identity data regarding the first object; and routing the first object toward a destination location associated with the first identity data. 52. The method as claimed in claim 51, wherein the step of presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices includes presenting the first object to the identity capturing devices positioned in a generally bowl-shape using the end effector. 53. The method as claimed in claim 51, wherein the step of presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices includes dropping the first object from the end effector into a drop scanner that includes an open top and an open bottom. 54. The method as claimed in claim 51, wherein the step of presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices includes providing illumination of the first object by a plurality of illumination sources. 55. The method as claimed in claim 51, wherein the plurality of dissimilar objects at a first location include both objects with a exposed identifying indicia and objects without exposed identifying indicia. 56. The method as claimed in claim 51, wherein the method further includes the step of ranking at least two objects of the plurality of dissimilar objects with regard to a picking order. 57. The method as claimed in claim 51, wherein the method further includes the steps of providing second captured data regarding a second view of the plurality of dissimilar objects, and confirming that the first object is not present in the second view of the plurality of dissimilar objects. 58. The method as claimed in claim 51, wherein the method further includes the step of rotating the first object with the end effector of the programmable motion device. 59. The method as claimed in claim 51, wherein the method further includes the step of providing simulations of poses of the first object to optimize placement of the plurality of identity capturing devices. 60. The method as claimed in claim 59, Wherein the step of providing simulations of poses of the first object involves the use of a barcode scanner performance model. 61. The method as claimed in claim 60, wherein the barcode scanner performance model incorporates pitch and skew of planes of barcode symbologies. 62. A method of processing a plurality of dissimilar objects, said method comprising:
presenting the plurality of dissimilar objects at a first location, each of which is in contact with at least another of the plurality of dissimilar objects; providing first captured data regarding a first view of the plurality of dissimilar objects at the first location; ranking at least two objects of the plurality of dissimilar objects with regard to a picking order; grasping with an end effector of a programmable motion device, a first object of the plurality of dissimilar objects without having identified the first object; separating the first object from the plurality of objects using the programmable motion device; presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices for providing first identity data regarding the first object; and routing the first object toward a destination location associated with the first identity data. 63. The method as claimed in claim 62, wherein the step of presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices includes presenting the first object to the identity capturing devices positioned in a generally bowl-shape using the end effector. 64. The method as claimed in claim 62, wherein the step of presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices includes dropping the first object from the end effector into a drop scanner that includes an open top and an open bottom. 65. The method as claimed in claim 62, wherein the step of presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices includes providing illumination of the first object by a plurality of illumination sources. 66. The method as claimed in claim 62, wherein the plurality of dissimilar objects at a first location include both objects with a exposed identifying indicia and objects without exposed identifying indicia. 67. The method as claimed in claim 62, wherein the method further includes the step of confirming that the first object is grasped by the end effector. 68. The method as claimed in claim 62, wherein the method further includes the steps of providing second captured data regarding a second view of the plurality of dissimilar objects, and confirming that the first object is not present in the second view of the plurality of dissimilar objects. 69. The method as claimed in claim 62, wherein the method further includes the step of rotating the first object with the end effector of the programmable motion device. 70. The method as claimed in claim 62, wherein the method further includes the step of providing simulations of poses of the first object to optimize placement of the plurality of identity capturing devices. 71. The method as claimed in claim 70, wherein the step of providing simulations of poses of the first object involves the use of a barcode scanner performance model. 72. The method as claimed in claim 71, wherein the barcode scanner performance model incorporates pitch and skew of planes of barcode symbologies. | A robotic system is disclosed that include an articulated arm and a first perception system for inspecting an object, as well as a plurality of additional perception systems, each of which is arranged to be directed toward a common area in which an object may be positioned by the robotic arm such that a plurality of views within the common area may be obtained by the plurality of additional perception systems.1.-39. (canceled). 40. A method of processing a plurality of dissimilar objects, said method comprising:
presenting the plurality of dissimilar objects at a first location, each of which is in contact with at least another of the plurality of dissimilar objects; providing first captured data regarding a first view of the plurality of dissimilar objects at the first location; grasping with an end effector of a programmable motion device, a first object of the plurality of dissimilar objects; separating the first object from the plurality of objects using the programmable motion device; providing second captured data regarding a second view of the plurality of dissimilar objects; confirming that the first object is not present in the second view of the plurality of dissimilar objects; presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices for providing first identity data regarding the first object; and routing the first object toward a destination location associated with the first identity data. 41. The method as claimed in claim 40, wherein the step of presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices includes presenting the first object to the identity capturing devices positioned in a generally bowl-shape using the end effector. 42. The method as claimed in claim 40, wherein the step of presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices includes dropping the first object from the end effector into a drop scanner that includes an open top and an open bottom. 43. The method as claimed in claim 40, wherein the step of presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices includes providing illumination of the first object by a plurality of illumination sources. 44. The method as claimed in claim 40, wherein the plurality of dissimilar objects at a first location include both objects with a exposed identifying indicia and objects without exposed identifying indicia. 45. The method as claimed in claim 40, wherein the method further includes the step of ranking at least two objects of the plurality of dissimilar objects with regard to a picking order. 46. The method as claimed in claim 40, wherein the step of grasping the first object includes grasping the first object without having identified the first object. 47. The method as claimed in claim 40, wherein the method further includes the step of rotating the first object with the end effector of the programmable motion device. 48. The method as claimed in claim 40, wherein the method further includes the step of providing simulations of poses of the first object to optimize placement of the plurality of identity capturing devices. 49. The method as claimed in claim 48, wherein the step of providing simulations of poses of the first object involves the use of a barcode scanner performance model. 50. The method as claimed in claim 49, wherein the barcode scanner performance model incorporates pitch and skew of planes of barcode symbologies. 51. A method of processing a plurality of dissimilar objects, said method comprising:
presenting the plurality of dissimilar objects at a first location, each of which is in contact with at least another of the plurality of dissimilar objects; providing first captured data regarding a first view of the plurality of dissimilar objects at the first location; grasping with an end effector of a programmable motion device, a first object of the plurality of dissimilar objects without having identified the first object; separating the first object from the plurality of objects using the programmable motion device; confirming that the first object is grasped by the end effector; presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices for providing first identity data regarding the first object; and routing the first object toward a destination location associated with the first identity data. 52. The method as claimed in claim 51, wherein the step of presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices includes presenting the first object to the identity capturing devices positioned in a generally bowl-shape using the end effector. 53. The method as claimed in claim 51, wherein the step of presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices includes dropping the first object from the end effector into a drop scanner that includes an open top and an open bottom. 54. The method as claimed in claim 51, wherein the step of presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices includes providing illumination of the first object by a plurality of illumination sources. 55. The method as claimed in claim 51, wherein the plurality of dissimilar objects at a first location include both objects with a exposed identifying indicia and objects without exposed identifying indicia. 56. The method as claimed in claim 51, wherein the method further includes the step of ranking at least two objects of the plurality of dissimilar objects with regard to a picking order. 57. The method as claimed in claim 51, wherein the method further includes the steps of providing second captured data regarding a second view of the plurality of dissimilar objects, and confirming that the first object is not present in the second view of the plurality of dissimilar objects. 58. The method as claimed in claim 51, wherein the method further includes the step of rotating the first object with the end effector of the programmable motion device. 59. The method as claimed in claim 51, wherein the method further includes the step of providing simulations of poses of the first object to optimize placement of the plurality of identity capturing devices. 60. The method as claimed in claim 59, Wherein the step of providing simulations of poses of the first object involves the use of a barcode scanner performance model. 61. The method as claimed in claim 60, wherein the barcode scanner performance model incorporates pitch and skew of planes of barcode symbologies. 62. A method of processing a plurality of dissimilar objects, said method comprising:
presenting the plurality of dissimilar objects at a first location, each of which is in contact with at least another of the plurality of dissimilar objects; providing first captured data regarding a first view of the plurality of dissimilar objects at the first location; ranking at least two objects of the plurality of dissimilar objects with regard to a picking order; grasping with an end effector of a programmable motion device, a first object of the plurality of dissimilar objects without having identified the first object; separating the first object from the plurality of objects using the programmable motion device; presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices for providing first identity data regarding the first object; and routing the first object toward a destination location associated with the first identity data. 63. The method as claimed in claim 62, wherein the step of presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices includes presenting the first object to the identity capturing devices positioned in a generally bowl-shape using the end effector. 64. The method as claimed in claim 62, wherein the step of presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices includes dropping the first object from the end effector into a drop scanner that includes an open top and an open bottom. 65. The method as claimed in claim 62, wherein the step of presenting the first object to a plurality of identity capturing devices includes providing illumination of the first object by a plurality of illumination sources. 66. The method as claimed in claim 62, wherein the plurality of dissimilar objects at a first location include both objects with a exposed identifying indicia and objects without exposed identifying indicia. 67. The method as claimed in claim 62, wherein the method further includes the step of confirming that the first object is grasped by the end effector. 68. The method as claimed in claim 62, wherein the method further includes the steps of providing second captured data regarding a second view of the plurality of dissimilar objects, and confirming that the first object is not present in the second view of the plurality of dissimilar objects. 69. The method as claimed in claim 62, wherein the method further includes the step of rotating the first object with the end effector of the programmable motion device. 70. The method as claimed in claim 62, wherein the method further includes the step of providing simulations of poses of the first object to optimize placement of the plurality of identity capturing devices. 71. The method as claimed in claim 70, wherein the step of providing simulations of poses of the first object involves the use of a barcode scanner performance model. 72. The method as claimed in claim 71, wherein the barcode scanner performance model incorporates pitch and skew of planes of barcode symbologies. | 3,600 |
339,691 | 16,800,646 | 3,695 | Conventionally, a neuronal controller located inside the central nervous system governing the maintenance of the upright posture of the human body is designed from a control system perspective using proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers, wherein human postural sway is modeled either along a sagittal plan or along a frontal plane separately resulting in limited insights on intricacies of a governing neuronal controller. Also, existing neuronal controllers using a reinforcement learning (RL) paradigm are based on complex actor-critic on-policy algorithms. Analyzing human postural sway is critical to detect markers for progression of balance impairments. The present disclosure facilitates modelling the neuronal controller using a simplified RL algorithm, capable of producing postural sway characteristics in both sagittal and frontal plane together. The 0-learning technique of the RL paradigm is employed for learning an optimal state-action value (0-value) function for a tuneable Markov Decision Process (MDP) model. | 1. A processor implemented method for modeling a neuronal controller exhibiting human postural sway, the method comprising the steps of:
modeling, by one or more hardware processors, the neuronal controller in the form of a Reinforcement Learning (RL) agent based on an inverted pendulum with 1 Degree Of Freedom (1 DOF) representing a first mechanical model of a human body in the form of a dynamical system, wherein the RL agent is trained using a Q-learning technique to learn an optimal state-action value (Q-value) function for a tuneable Markov Decision Process (MDP) model, wherein the modeled neuronal controller is configured to reproduce Center Of Pressure (COP) characteristics in the human body either along a sagittal plane or along a frontal plane separately; deriving, by the one or more hardware processors, dynamical equations of a Spherical Inverted Pendulum (SIP) with respect to a global coordinate system, wherein the SIP represents a second mechanical model of the human body that exhibits postural sway along both the frontal plane and the sagittal plane together, wherein the dynamical equations are derived by using Lagrange's equations with two independent state variables (θx and θy) being angular deviation of the SIP about a pivot joint and along x and y axes respectively of the global coordinate system, wherein the pivot joint characterizes an ankle joint of the human body; and modeling, by the one or more hardware processors, the human postural sway both along the sagittal plane and along the frontal plane together using the modeled neuronal controller and the derived dynamical equations of the SIP by tuning (i) a reward function comprised in the modeled neuronal controller and (ii) a set of parameters to balance the SIP such that the postural sway characteristics generated by the modeled neuronal controller match the postural sway characteristics of one or more control subjects, wherein the set of parameters include parameters of the MDP model and parameters associated with physiology of the human body. 2. The processor implemented method of claim 1, wherein the Q-learning technique is configured to learn to generate a torque representing an action for each state of the inverted pendulum by:
receiving proprioceptive inputs in the form of angle and angular velocity of the pivot joint of the inverted pendulum; and generating the torque at the pivot joint of the inverted pendulum based on the received proprioceptive inputs to maintain an upright posture of the inverted pendulum. 3. The processor implemented method of claim 1, wherein the step of modeling a neuronal controller comprises reproducing the Center Of Pressure (COP) characteristics in the human body either along the sagittal or along the frontal plane separately in accordance with a dynamical equation based on overall mass of the human body being concentrated at the point of Center Of Mass (COM) located at the 2nd lumbar vertebrae of the human body, an approximate height of the 2nd lumbar vertebrae, moment of inertia of the inverted pendulum, angle of the inverted pendulum with respect to the direction of gravity, gravitational acceleration, a stiffness constant and a damping constant, wherein the stiffness constant and the damping constant denote pivot joint properties of the inverted pendulum. 4. The processor implemented method of claim 3, wherein the step of modeling a neuronal controller comprises reproducing the Center Of Pressure (COP) characteristics in the human body either along the sagittal or along the frontal plane separately in accordance with the dynamical equation represented as: 5. The processor implemented method of claim 2, wherein the parameters of the MDP model include:
nθ representing resolution of states in θ domain (from θmax to −θmax); n{dot over (θ)} representing resolution of states in {dot over (θ)} domain (from {dot over (θ)}max to −{dot over (θ)}max); nA representing resolution of states in τ domain (from τmax to −τmax); τmax representing the maximum torque exertable on the pivot joint or the boundary of the τ domain; θmax representing the boundary of the θ domain; {dot over (θ)}max representing a finite boundary of the {dot over (θ)} domain; pα representing property of a curve from which torque values in the τ domain is sampled; pθ representing property of a curve from which boundaries of states of the θ domain is sampled; and p{dot over (θ)} representing property of a curve from which boundaries of the states of the {dot over (θ)} domain is sampled. 6. The processor implemented method of claim 2, wherein the parameters associated with physiology of the human body include:
White Gaussian Noise (WGN) added to the generated torque to represent a real world noisy biological system; filtering factor (λ) added to portray signaling characteristics of a neuromuscular junction; and Scaling Factor (SF) introduced to scale down the magnitude of the generated torque for each state of the inverted pendulum after the training of the RL agent is completed, wherein completion of the training is represented by a balanced SIP. 7. The processor implemented method of claim 6, wherein a relationship between the generated torque by the modeled neuronal controller and the torque applied to the dynamical system based on the parameters associated with physiology of the human body is represented as: 8. The processor implemented method of claim 7, wherein the dynamical equations of the SIP are represented as:
for θ=0 to 90°, θ being the polar or zenith angle of the spherical coordinate system, 9. A system for modeling a neuronal controller exhibiting human postural sway, the system comprising: one or more data storage devices operatively coupled to one or more hardware processors and configured to store instructions configured for execution by the one or more hardware processors to:
model the neuronal controller in the form of a Reinforcement Learning (RL) agent based on an inverted pendulum with 1 Degree Of Freedom (1 DOF) representing a first mechanical model of a human body in the form of a dynamical system, wherein the RL agent is trained using a Q-learning technique to learn an optimal state-action value (Q-value) function for a tuneable Markov Decision Process (MDP) model, wherein the modeled neuronal controller is configured to reproduce Center Of Pressure (COP) characteristics in the human body either along a sagittal plane or along a frontal plane separately; derive dynamical equations of a Spherical Inverted Pendulum (SIP) with respect to a global coordinate system, wherein the SIP represents a second mechanical model of the human body that exhibits postural sway along both the frontal plane and the sagittal plane together, wherein the dynamical equations are derived by using Lagrange's equations with two independent state variables (θx and θy) being angular deviation of the SIP about a pivot joint and along x and y axes respectively of the global coordinate system, wherein the pivot joint characterizes an ankle joint of the human body; and model the human postural sway both along the sagittal plane and along the frontal plane together using the modeled neuronal controller and the derived dynamical equations of the SIP by tuning (i) a reward function comprised in the modeled neuronal controller and (ii) a set of parameters to balance the SIP such that the postural sway characteristics generated by the modeled neuronal controller match the postural sway characteristics of one or more control subjects, wherein the set of parameters include parameters of the MDP model and parameters associated with physiology of the human body. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the Q-learning technique is configured to learn to generate a torque representing an action for each state of the inverted pendulum by:
receiving proprioceptive inputs in the form of angle and angular velocity of the pivot joint of the inverted pendulum; and generating the torque at the pivot joint of the inverted pendulum based on the received proprioceptive inputs to maintain an upright posture of the inverted pendulum. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the one or more hardware processors are configured to perform the step of modeling a neuronal controller by reproducing the Center Of Pressure (COP) characteristics in the human body either along the sagittal or along the frontal plane separately in accordance with a dynamic equation based on overall mass m of the human body being concentrated at the point of Center Of Mass (COM) located at the 2nd lumbar vertebrae of the human body, an approximate height L of the 2nd lumbar vertebrae, moment of inertia of the inverted pendulum I, angle of the inverted pendulum θ with respect to the direction of gravity, gravitational acceleration g, a stiffness constant K and a damping constant B, wherein the stiffness constant and the damping constant denote pivot joint properties of the inverted pendulum. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the parameters of the MDP model include:
nθ representing resolution of states in θ domain (from θmax to −θmax); n{dot over (θ)} representing resolution of states in {dot over (θ)} domain (from {dot over (θ)}max to −{dot over (θ)}max); nA representing resolution of states in τ domain (from τmax to −τmax); τmax representing the maximum torque exertable on the pivot joint or the boundary of the τ domain; θmax representing the boundary of the θ domain; {dot over (θ)}max representing a finite boundary of the {dot over (θ)} domain; pα representing property of a curve from which torque values in the τ domain is sampled; pθ representing property of a curve from which boundaries of states of the θ domain is sampled; and p{dot over (θ)} representing property of a curve from which boundaries of the states of the {dot over (θ)} domain is sampled; and the parameters associated with physiology of the human body include: White Gaussian Noise (WGN) added to the generated torque to represent a real world noisy biological system; filtering factor (λ) added to portray signaling characteristics of a neuromuscular junction; and Scaling Factor (SF) introduced to scale down the magnitude of the generated torque for each state of the inverted pendulum after the training of the RL agent is completed, wherein completion is of the training is represented by a balanced SIP. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein a relationship between the generated torque by the modeled neuronal controller and the torque applied to the dynamical system based on the parameters associated with physiology of the human body is represented as: 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the dynamical equations of the SIP are represented as:
for θ=0 to 90°, θ being the polar or zenith angle of the spherical coordinate system, 15. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable medium having a computer readable program embodied therein, wherein the computer readable program, when executed on a computing device, causes the computing device to:
model the neuronal controller in the form of a Reinforcement Learning (RL) agent based on an inverted pendulum with 1 Degree Of Freedom (1 DOF) representing a first mechanical model of a human body in the form of a dynamical system, wherein the RL agent is trained using a Q-learning technique to learn an optimal state-action value (Q-value) function for a tuneable Markov Decision Process (MDP) model, wherein the modeled neuronal controller is configured to reproduce Center Of Pressure (COP) characteristics in the human body either along a sagittal plane or along a frontal plane separately; derive dynamical equations of a Spherical Inverted Pendulum (SIP) with respect to a global coordinate system, wherein the SIP represents a second mechanical model of the human body that exhibits postural sway along both the frontal plane and the sagittal plane together, wherein the dynamical equations are derived by using Lagrange's equations with two independent state variables (θx and θy) being angular deviation of the SIP about a pivot joint and along x and y axes respectively of the global coordinate system, wherein the pivot joint characterizes an ankle joint of the human body; and model the human postural sway both along the sagittal plane and along the frontal plane together using the modeled neuronal controller and the derived dynamical equations of the SIP by tuning (i) a reward function comprised in the modeled neuronal controller and (ii) a set of parameters to balance the SIP such that the postural sway characteristics generated by the modeled neuronal controller match the postural sway characteristics of one or more control subjects, wherein the set of parameters include parameters of the MDP model and parameters associated with physiology of the human body. | Conventionally, a neuronal controller located inside the central nervous system governing the maintenance of the upright posture of the human body is designed from a control system perspective using proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers, wherein human postural sway is modeled either along a sagittal plan or along a frontal plane separately resulting in limited insights on intricacies of a governing neuronal controller. Also, existing neuronal controllers using a reinforcement learning (RL) paradigm are based on complex actor-critic on-policy algorithms. Analyzing human postural sway is critical to detect markers for progression of balance impairments. The present disclosure facilitates modelling the neuronal controller using a simplified RL algorithm, capable of producing postural sway characteristics in both sagittal and frontal plane together. The 0-learning technique of the RL paradigm is employed for learning an optimal state-action value (0-value) function for a tuneable Markov Decision Process (MDP) model.1. A processor implemented method for modeling a neuronal controller exhibiting human postural sway, the method comprising the steps of:
modeling, by one or more hardware processors, the neuronal controller in the form of a Reinforcement Learning (RL) agent based on an inverted pendulum with 1 Degree Of Freedom (1 DOF) representing a first mechanical model of a human body in the form of a dynamical system, wherein the RL agent is trained using a Q-learning technique to learn an optimal state-action value (Q-value) function for a tuneable Markov Decision Process (MDP) model, wherein the modeled neuronal controller is configured to reproduce Center Of Pressure (COP) characteristics in the human body either along a sagittal plane or along a frontal plane separately; deriving, by the one or more hardware processors, dynamical equations of a Spherical Inverted Pendulum (SIP) with respect to a global coordinate system, wherein the SIP represents a second mechanical model of the human body that exhibits postural sway along both the frontal plane and the sagittal plane together, wherein the dynamical equations are derived by using Lagrange's equations with two independent state variables (θx and θy) being angular deviation of the SIP about a pivot joint and along x and y axes respectively of the global coordinate system, wherein the pivot joint characterizes an ankle joint of the human body; and modeling, by the one or more hardware processors, the human postural sway both along the sagittal plane and along the frontal plane together using the modeled neuronal controller and the derived dynamical equations of the SIP by tuning (i) a reward function comprised in the modeled neuronal controller and (ii) a set of parameters to balance the SIP such that the postural sway characteristics generated by the modeled neuronal controller match the postural sway characteristics of one or more control subjects, wherein the set of parameters include parameters of the MDP model and parameters associated with physiology of the human body. 2. The processor implemented method of claim 1, wherein the Q-learning technique is configured to learn to generate a torque representing an action for each state of the inverted pendulum by:
receiving proprioceptive inputs in the form of angle and angular velocity of the pivot joint of the inverted pendulum; and generating the torque at the pivot joint of the inverted pendulum based on the received proprioceptive inputs to maintain an upright posture of the inverted pendulum. 3. The processor implemented method of claim 1, wherein the step of modeling a neuronal controller comprises reproducing the Center Of Pressure (COP) characteristics in the human body either along the sagittal or along the frontal plane separately in accordance with a dynamical equation based on overall mass of the human body being concentrated at the point of Center Of Mass (COM) located at the 2nd lumbar vertebrae of the human body, an approximate height of the 2nd lumbar vertebrae, moment of inertia of the inverted pendulum, angle of the inverted pendulum with respect to the direction of gravity, gravitational acceleration, a stiffness constant and a damping constant, wherein the stiffness constant and the damping constant denote pivot joint properties of the inverted pendulum. 4. The processor implemented method of claim 3, wherein the step of modeling a neuronal controller comprises reproducing the Center Of Pressure (COP) characteristics in the human body either along the sagittal or along the frontal plane separately in accordance with the dynamical equation represented as: 5. The processor implemented method of claim 2, wherein the parameters of the MDP model include:
nθ representing resolution of states in θ domain (from θmax to −θmax); n{dot over (θ)} representing resolution of states in {dot over (θ)} domain (from {dot over (θ)}max to −{dot over (θ)}max); nA representing resolution of states in τ domain (from τmax to −τmax); τmax representing the maximum torque exertable on the pivot joint or the boundary of the τ domain; θmax representing the boundary of the θ domain; {dot over (θ)}max representing a finite boundary of the {dot over (θ)} domain; pα representing property of a curve from which torque values in the τ domain is sampled; pθ representing property of a curve from which boundaries of states of the θ domain is sampled; and p{dot over (θ)} representing property of a curve from which boundaries of the states of the {dot over (θ)} domain is sampled. 6. The processor implemented method of claim 2, wherein the parameters associated with physiology of the human body include:
White Gaussian Noise (WGN) added to the generated torque to represent a real world noisy biological system; filtering factor (λ) added to portray signaling characteristics of a neuromuscular junction; and Scaling Factor (SF) introduced to scale down the magnitude of the generated torque for each state of the inverted pendulum after the training of the RL agent is completed, wherein completion of the training is represented by a balanced SIP. 7. The processor implemented method of claim 6, wherein a relationship between the generated torque by the modeled neuronal controller and the torque applied to the dynamical system based on the parameters associated with physiology of the human body is represented as: 8. The processor implemented method of claim 7, wherein the dynamical equations of the SIP are represented as:
for θ=0 to 90°, θ being the polar or zenith angle of the spherical coordinate system, 9. A system for modeling a neuronal controller exhibiting human postural sway, the system comprising: one or more data storage devices operatively coupled to one or more hardware processors and configured to store instructions configured for execution by the one or more hardware processors to:
model the neuronal controller in the form of a Reinforcement Learning (RL) agent based on an inverted pendulum with 1 Degree Of Freedom (1 DOF) representing a first mechanical model of a human body in the form of a dynamical system, wherein the RL agent is trained using a Q-learning technique to learn an optimal state-action value (Q-value) function for a tuneable Markov Decision Process (MDP) model, wherein the modeled neuronal controller is configured to reproduce Center Of Pressure (COP) characteristics in the human body either along a sagittal plane or along a frontal plane separately; derive dynamical equations of a Spherical Inverted Pendulum (SIP) with respect to a global coordinate system, wherein the SIP represents a second mechanical model of the human body that exhibits postural sway along both the frontal plane and the sagittal plane together, wherein the dynamical equations are derived by using Lagrange's equations with two independent state variables (θx and θy) being angular deviation of the SIP about a pivot joint and along x and y axes respectively of the global coordinate system, wherein the pivot joint characterizes an ankle joint of the human body; and model the human postural sway both along the sagittal plane and along the frontal plane together using the modeled neuronal controller and the derived dynamical equations of the SIP by tuning (i) a reward function comprised in the modeled neuronal controller and (ii) a set of parameters to balance the SIP such that the postural sway characteristics generated by the modeled neuronal controller match the postural sway characteristics of one or more control subjects, wherein the set of parameters include parameters of the MDP model and parameters associated with physiology of the human body. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the Q-learning technique is configured to learn to generate a torque representing an action for each state of the inverted pendulum by:
receiving proprioceptive inputs in the form of angle and angular velocity of the pivot joint of the inverted pendulum; and generating the torque at the pivot joint of the inverted pendulum based on the received proprioceptive inputs to maintain an upright posture of the inverted pendulum. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the one or more hardware processors are configured to perform the step of modeling a neuronal controller by reproducing the Center Of Pressure (COP) characteristics in the human body either along the sagittal or along the frontal plane separately in accordance with a dynamic equation based on overall mass m of the human body being concentrated at the point of Center Of Mass (COM) located at the 2nd lumbar vertebrae of the human body, an approximate height L of the 2nd lumbar vertebrae, moment of inertia of the inverted pendulum I, angle of the inverted pendulum θ with respect to the direction of gravity, gravitational acceleration g, a stiffness constant K and a damping constant B, wherein the stiffness constant and the damping constant denote pivot joint properties of the inverted pendulum. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the parameters of the MDP model include:
nθ representing resolution of states in θ domain (from θmax to −θmax); n{dot over (θ)} representing resolution of states in {dot over (θ)} domain (from {dot over (θ)}max to −{dot over (θ)}max); nA representing resolution of states in τ domain (from τmax to −τmax); τmax representing the maximum torque exertable on the pivot joint or the boundary of the τ domain; θmax representing the boundary of the θ domain; {dot over (θ)}max representing a finite boundary of the {dot over (θ)} domain; pα representing property of a curve from which torque values in the τ domain is sampled; pθ representing property of a curve from which boundaries of states of the θ domain is sampled; and p{dot over (θ)} representing property of a curve from which boundaries of the states of the {dot over (θ)} domain is sampled; and the parameters associated with physiology of the human body include: White Gaussian Noise (WGN) added to the generated torque to represent a real world noisy biological system; filtering factor (λ) added to portray signaling characteristics of a neuromuscular junction; and Scaling Factor (SF) introduced to scale down the magnitude of the generated torque for each state of the inverted pendulum after the training of the RL agent is completed, wherein completion is of the training is represented by a balanced SIP. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein a relationship between the generated torque by the modeled neuronal controller and the torque applied to the dynamical system based on the parameters associated with physiology of the human body is represented as: 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the dynamical equations of the SIP are represented as:
for θ=0 to 90°, θ being the polar or zenith angle of the spherical coordinate system, 15. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable medium having a computer readable program embodied therein, wherein the computer readable program, when executed on a computing device, causes the computing device to:
model the neuronal controller in the form of a Reinforcement Learning (RL) agent based on an inverted pendulum with 1 Degree Of Freedom (1 DOF) representing a first mechanical model of a human body in the form of a dynamical system, wherein the RL agent is trained using a Q-learning technique to learn an optimal state-action value (Q-value) function for a tuneable Markov Decision Process (MDP) model, wherein the modeled neuronal controller is configured to reproduce Center Of Pressure (COP) characteristics in the human body either along a sagittal plane or along a frontal plane separately; derive dynamical equations of a Spherical Inverted Pendulum (SIP) with respect to a global coordinate system, wherein the SIP represents a second mechanical model of the human body that exhibits postural sway along both the frontal plane and the sagittal plane together, wherein the dynamical equations are derived by using Lagrange's equations with two independent state variables (θx and θy) being angular deviation of the SIP about a pivot joint and along x and y axes respectively of the global coordinate system, wherein the pivot joint characterizes an ankle joint of the human body; and model the human postural sway both along the sagittal plane and along the frontal plane together using the modeled neuronal controller and the derived dynamical equations of the SIP by tuning (i) a reward function comprised in the modeled neuronal controller and (ii) a set of parameters to balance the SIP such that the postural sway characteristics generated by the modeled neuronal controller match the postural sway characteristics of one or more control subjects, wherein the set of parameters include parameters of the MDP model and parameters associated with physiology of the human body. | 3,600 |
339,692 | 16,800,619 | 3,695 | Goods storage and retrieval systems and materials handling vehicles are provided. The goods storage and retrieval system includes a multilevel warehouse racking system; a materials handling vehicle comprising a mast assembly, a picking attachment, and vehicle-based cart engagement hardware; a mobile storage cart; and a transporter comprising transporter-based engagement hardware. The transporter-based engagement hardware enables the transporter to engage, transport, and disengage the mobile storage cart. The vehicle-based cart engagement hardware is coupled to the mast assembly to (i) engage and disengage the mobile storage cart and (ii) transport the mobile storage cart to multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system. The mast assembly and the picking attachment are configured to access multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system. The picking attachment is configured to transfer totes between the multilevel warehouse racking system and the mobile storage cart. | 1. A goods storage and retrieval system, comprising a multilevel warehouse racking system, a materials handling vehicle comprising vehicle-based cart engagement hardware, a mast assembly, and a picking attachment, a mobile storage cart, and a transporter comprising transporter-based engagement hardware, wherein:
the transporter-based engagement hardware enables the transporter to engage, transport, and disengage the mobile storage cart at a variety of locations along an inventory transit surface of the goods storage and retrieval system independent of movement of the materials handling vehicle within the goods storage and retrieval system; the vehicle-based cart engagement hardware is coupled to the mast assembly for movement along a lifting dimension of the mast assembly to
(i) engage and disengage the mobile storage cart at a variety of locations along the inventory transit surface independent of movement of the transporter within the goods storage and retrieval system and
(ii) transport the mobile storage cart to multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system independent of movement of the transporter within the goods storage and retrieval system;
the mast assembly and the picking attachment are configured to access multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system; and the picking attachment of the materials handling vehicle is configured to transfer totes between the multilevel warehouse racking system and the mobile storage cart at multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system when the mobile storage cart is engaged by the materials handling vehicle. 2. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the vehicle-based cart engagement hardware comprises a mobile storage cart support platform defined by one or more vertically-oriented cart lifting forks. 3. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the vehicle-based cart engagement hardware comprises anti-rock cart engagement hardware configured to engage a top end of the mobile storage cart. 4. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 3, wherein the anti-rock cart engagement hardware comprises a pair of support arms configured to engage the top end of the mobile storage cart. 5. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 4, wherein the anti-rock cart engagement hardware comprises lateral anti-rock hardware wherein each support arm comprises a hook subtending extension, and the mobile storage cart comprises a pair of extension passages structurally configured to permit the hook subtending extensions to pass at least partially through the pair of extension passages. 6. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 4, wherein the anti-rock cart engagement hardware comprises front-rear anti-rock hardware wherein each support arm comprises an anti-rock hook defining a notch, the anti-rock hook extends downwardly at a distal portion of the support arm to define an engagement gap between a hook subtending extension and a terminal portion of the anti-rock hook, and the mobile storage cart comprises hook engaging features structurally configured to engage the anti-rock hooks of the pair of support arms. 7. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 4, wherein:
each support arm comprises an anti-rock hook defining a notch, and a hook subtending extension; and the anti-rock hook extends downwardly at a distal portion of the support arm to define an engagement gap between the hook subtending extension and a terminal portion of the anti-rock hook. 8. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 7, wherein the mobile storage cart comprises:
hook engaging features structurally configured to engage the anti-rock hooks of the pair of support arms; and a pair of extension passages structurally configured to permit the hook subtending extensions to pass at least partially through the pair of extension passages to permit the anti-rock hooks of the pair of support arms to engage the hook engaging features of the mobile storage cart while the pair of support arms engage a top end of the mobile storage cart. 9. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the mobile storage cart comprises a transporter access opening that is sized and configured to permit the transporter to enter and exit through the transporter access opening along the inventory transit surface. 10. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the mobile storage cart comprises at least two vertically-oriented fork slots; the vehicle-based cart engagement hardware comprises a mobile storage cart support platform defined by one or more vertically-oriented cart lifting forks; and the vertically-oriented lifting slots are structurally configured to receive the vertically-oriented cart lifting forks. 11. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the transporter comprises a lifting surface and is structurally configured to lift the mobile storage cart off of the inventory transit surface upon which the multilevel warehouse racking system is supported by elevating the transporter lifting surface from a traveling height to a transporting height; and the mobile storage cart is structurally configured to permit the transporter to enter and exit a lifting zone beneath the mobile storage cart in at least two orthogonal directions, with the lifting surface of the transporter at the traveling height. 12. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle further comprises a vehicle body, a plurality of wheels supporting the vehicle body, a traction control unit, a braking system, and a steering assembly, each operatively coupled to one or more of the vehicle wheels, a fork carriage assembly movably coupled to the mast assembly, a mast assembly control unit, a carriage control unit, the picking attachment secured to the fork carriage assembly, a cart engagement subsystem, a navigation subsystem, and one or more vehicular controllers in communication with the traction control unit, the braking system, the steering assembly, the mast assembly control unit, the carriage control unit, the picking attachment, the vehicle-based cart engagement hardware, and the navigation subsystem; the cart engagement subsystem is characterized by a storage cart engagement field of view; and the one or more vehicular controllers of the materials handling vehicle executes vehicle functions to
(i) use the navigation subsystem to navigate the materials handling vehicle along the inventory transit surface to a localized engagement position where a cart home position is within the storage cart engagement field of view, and
(ii) use the cart engagement subsystem to engage the mobile storage cart in the cart home position with the fork carriage assembly. 13. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle further comprises one or more vehicular controllers; the picking attachment comprises an X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner; and the one or more vehicular controllers executes vehicle functions to use the X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner of the picking attachment to engage and disengage a target tote positioned in the multilevel warehouse racking system or positioned in the mobile storage cart with the picking attachment. 14. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle further comprises a navigation subsystem comprising a vision system; the multilevel warehouse racking system comprises a target fiducial associated with the target tote to guide engagement of the target tote with the picking attachment; the navigation subsystem is configured to position the materials handling vehicle such that the target fiducial is within a field of view of the vision system; the materials handling vehicle further comprises one or more vehicular controllers and a picking attachment subsystem comprising the picking attachment and a time-of-flight (TOF) system; the picking attachment comprises an X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner; the picking attachment subsystem is configured to generate a target TOF depth map of a target tote; and the one or more vehicular controllers of the materials handling vehicle executes vehicle functions to use the X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner of the picking attachment subsystem to engage the target tote with the picking attachment based on the field of view of the vision system and the target TOF depth map. 15. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 14, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle further comprises a navigation subsystem; and the navigation subsystem is configured to position the materials handling vehicle such that the target tote is within a tote engagement field of view of the TOF system. 16. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the picking attachment comprises an X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner comprising:
an X-positioner configured to move the picking attachment in a first degree of freedom along a first lateral axis in a lateral plane;
a Y-positioner configured to move the picking attachment in a second degree of freedom along a second lateral axis perpendicular to the first lateral axis in the lateral plane;
a Z-positioner configured to move the picking attachment in a third degree of freedom along a Z-axis perpendicular to the first lateral axis and the second lateral axis; and
a rotational Ψ-positioner configured to rotate the picking attachment in a fourth degree of freedom about the Z-axis. 17. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle further comprises a navigation subsystem comprising a vision system; the multilevel warehouse racking system comprises a target fiducial associated with the target tote to guide engagement of the target tote with the picking attachment; and the navigation subsystem is configured to position the materials handling vehicle such that the target fiducial is within a field of view of the vision system. 18. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 17, wherein the navigation subsystem is configured to utilize the target fiducial of the multilevel warehouse racking system to position the materials handling vehicle such that the target tote is within a tote engagement field of view of a picking attachment subsystem. 19. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 17 wherein:
the multilevel warehouse racking system comprises a plurality of target fiducials associated with the target tote; and
one of the target fiducials is positioned on the shelf unit of the rack module; and
another of the target fiducials is positioned on the target tote. 20. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, further comprising a goods receiving station comprising a goods selection terminal outfitted for removal of totes from the mobile storage cart. 21. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, further comprising a goods receiving station, a goods selection terminal, and an intermediate transfer station, wherein:
the goods selection terminal is outfitted for removal of totes from the mobile storage cart; and the intermediate transfer station is positioned along a mobile storage cart travel path extending from a mobile storage cart transfer node to the goods receiving station. 22. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, further comprising a warehouse management computing hub in communication with the transporter and the materials handling vehicle and programmed to instruct the transporter and the materials handling vehicle to coordinate engagement, transport, and disengagement of the mobile storage cart in the goods storage and retrieval system. 23. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of RFID tags embedded in the inventory transit surface at vehicle stop locations, tote transfer zones, transfer nodes, pick-place locations, or combinations thereof. 24. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, further comprising a target fiducial associated with a target tote, where the target fiducial is disposed on a rack module of the multilevel warehouse racking system, the target tote, or both, to guide engagement of the target tote with the picking attachment. 25. A goods storage and retrieval system, comprising a multilevel warehouse racking system, a materials handling vehicle, a mobile storage cart, a transporter comprising transporter-based engagement hardware and a lifting surface, a warehouse management computing hub, and a goods receiving station, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle comprises vehicle-based cart engagement hardware, one or more vehicular controllers, a mast assembly, a picking attachment configured to access multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system, a navigation subsystem comprising a vision system, and a picking attachment subsystem comprising the picking attachment and a time-of-flight (TOF) system; the transporter-based engagement hardware enables the transporter to engage, transport, and disengage the mobile storage cart at a variety of locations along an inventory transit surface of the goods storage and retrieval system independent of movement of the materials handling vehicle within the goods storage and retrieval system; the lifting surface is structurally configured to lift the mobile storage cart off of the inventory transit surface upon which the multilevel warehouse racking system is supported by elevating the transporter lifting surface from a traveling height to a transporting height; the mobile storage cart is structurally configured to permit the transporter to enter and exit a lifting zone beneath the mobile storage cart in at least two orthogonal directions, with the lifting surface of the transporter at the traveling height; the vehicle-based cart engagement hardware is coupled to the mast assembly for movement along a lifting dimension of the mast assembly to (i) engage and disengage the mobile storage cart at a variety of locations along the inventory transit surface independent of movement of the transporter within the goods storage and retrieval system, and (ii) transport the mobile storage cart to multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system independent of movement of the transporter within the goods storage and retrieval system; the multilevel warehouse racking system comprises a target fiducial associated with the target tote to guide engagement of the target tote with the picking attachment; the navigation subsystem is configured to position the materials handling vehicle such that the target fiducial is within a field of view of the vision system; the picking attachment of the materials handling vehicle comprises an X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner and is configured to transfer totes between the multilevel warehouse racking system and the mobile storage cart at multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system when the mobile storage cart is engaged by the materials handling vehicle; the picking attachment subsystem is configured to generate a target TOF depth map of a target tote; the one or more vehicular controllers of the materials handling vehicle execute vehicle functions to use the X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner of the picking attachment subsystem to engage the target tote with the picking attachment based on the field of view of the vision system and the target TOF depth map; the warehouse management computing hub is in communication with the transporter and the materials handling vehicle and is programmed to instruct the transporter and the materials handling vehicle to coordinate engagement, transport, and disengagement of the mobile storage cart in the goods storage and retrieval system; and the goods receiving station comprises a goods selection terminal outfitted for removal of totes from the mobile storage cart. 26. A materials handling vehicle comprising:
a vehicle body; a plurality of wheels supporting the vehicle body and defining a direction of travel for the vehicle body; a braking system, a traction control unit, and a steering assembly, each operatively coupled to one or more of the plurality of wheels; a mast assembly; a monofork carriage assembly coupled to the mast assembly for movement along a lifting dimension of the mast assembly; and a transport, engagement, or disengagement accessory configured to facilitate transport, engagement, or disengagement of materials by the materials handling vehicle, wherein the monofork carriage assembly comprises a hollow body portion accommodating at least a portion of the transport, engagement, or disengagement accessory therein. 27. The materials handling vehicle of claim 26, wherein:
the monofork carriage assembly defines an operator compartment width that is oriented across the direction of travel of the vehicle body; the operator compartment width is between about 100 cm and about 125 cm; the monofork carriage assembly comprises a unitary materials handling platform that is oriented across the direction of travel of the vehicle body and defines a platform width parallel to the operator compartment width; and the platform width is at least about 75 cm and is less than the operator compartment width. 28. The materials handling vehicle of claim 27, wherein:
the unitary materials handling platform comprises a leading face that is oriented across the direction of travel of the vehicle body; and the leading face of the platform forms a protruding arc that extends across the platform width and protrudes along the direction of travel of the vehicle body. 29. The materials handling vehicle of claim 27, wherein:
the unitary materials handling platform comprises at least two opposing pairs of vertically oriented cart stabilizers; the two opposing pairs of cart stabilizers are located on opposite sides of the unitary materials handling platform along the direction of travel of the vehicle body; and each cart stabilizer comprises an inclined contact edge facing an opposing inclined contact edge of a cart stabilizer on an opposite side of the unitary materials handling platform. | Goods storage and retrieval systems and materials handling vehicles are provided. The goods storage and retrieval system includes a multilevel warehouse racking system; a materials handling vehicle comprising a mast assembly, a picking attachment, and vehicle-based cart engagement hardware; a mobile storage cart; and a transporter comprising transporter-based engagement hardware. The transporter-based engagement hardware enables the transporter to engage, transport, and disengage the mobile storage cart. The vehicle-based cart engagement hardware is coupled to the mast assembly to (i) engage and disengage the mobile storage cart and (ii) transport the mobile storage cart to multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system. The mast assembly and the picking attachment are configured to access multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system. The picking attachment is configured to transfer totes between the multilevel warehouse racking system and the mobile storage cart.1. A goods storage and retrieval system, comprising a multilevel warehouse racking system, a materials handling vehicle comprising vehicle-based cart engagement hardware, a mast assembly, and a picking attachment, a mobile storage cart, and a transporter comprising transporter-based engagement hardware, wherein:
the transporter-based engagement hardware enables the transporter to engage, transport, and disengage the mobile storage cart at a variety of locations along an inventory transit surface of the goods storage and retrieval system independent of movement of the materials handling vehicle within the goods storage and retrieval system; the vehicle-based cart engagement hardware is coupled to the mast assembly for movement along a lifting dimension of the mast assembly to
(i) engage and disengage the mobile storage cart at a variety of locations along the inventory transit surface independent of movement of the transporter within the goods storage and retrieval system and
(ii) transport the mobile storage cart to multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system independent of movement of the transporter within the goods storage and retrieval system;
the mast assembly and the picking attachment are configured to access multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system; and the picking attachment of the materials handling vehicle is configured to transfer totes between the multilevel warehouse racking system and the mobile storage cart at multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system when the mobile storage cart is engaged by the materials handling vehicle. 2. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the vehicle-based cart engagement hardware comprises a mobile storage cart support platform defined by one or more vertically-oriented cart lifting forks. 3. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the vehicle-based cart engagement hardware comprises anti-rock cart engagement hardware configured to engage a top end of the mobile storage cart. 4. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 3, wherein the anti-rock cart engagement hardware comprises a pair of support arms configured to engage the top end of the mobile storage cart. 5. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 4, wherein the anti-rock cart engagement hardware comprises lateral anti-rock hardware wherein each support arm comprises a hook subtending extension, and the mobile storage cart comprises a pair of extension passages structurally configured to permit the hook subtending extensions to pass at least partially through the pair of extension passages. 6. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 4, wherein the anti-rock cart engagement hardware comprises front-rear anti-rock hardware wherein each support arm comprises an anti-rock hook defining a notch, the anti-rock hook extends downwardly at a distal portion of the support arm to define an engagement gap between a hook subtending extension and a terminal portion of the anti-rock hook, and the mobile storage cart comprises hook engaging features structurally configured to engage the anti-rock hooks of the pair of support arms. 7. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 4, wherein:
each support arm comprises an anti-rock hook defining a notch, and a hook subtending extension; and the anti-rock hook extends downwardly at a distal portion of the support arm to define an engagement gap between the hook subtending extension and a terminal portion of the anti-rock hook. 8. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 7, wherein the mobile storage cart comprises:
hook engaging features structurally configured to engage the anti-rock hooks of the pair of support arms; and a pair of extension passages structurally configured to permit the hook subtending extensions to pass at least partially through the pair of extension passages to permit the anti-rock hooks of the pair of support arms to engage the hook engaging features of the mobile storage cart while the pair of support arms engage a top end of the mobile storage cart. 9. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the mobile storage cart comprises a transporter access opening that is sized and configured to permit the transporter to enter and exit through the transporter access opening along the inventory transit surface. 10. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the mobile storage cart comprises at least two vertically-oriented fork slots; the vehicle-based cart engagement hardware comprises a mobile storage cart support platform defined by one or more vertically-oriented cart lifting forks; and the vertically-oriented lifting slots are structurally configured to receive the vertically-oriented cart lifting forks. 11. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the transporter comprises a lifting surface and is structurally configured to lift the mobile storage cart off of the inventory transit surface upon which the multilevel warehouse racking system is supported by elevating the transporter lifting surface from a traveling height to a transporting height; and the mobile storage cart is structurally configured to permit the transporter to enter and exit a lifting zone beneath the mobile storage cart in at least two orthogonal directions, with the lifting surface of the transporter at the traveling height. 12. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle further comprises a vehicle body, a plurality of wheels supporting the vehicle body, a traction control unit, a braking system, and a steering assembly, each operatively coupled to one or more of the vehicle wheels, a fork carriage assembly movably coupled to the mast assembly, a mast assembly control unit, a carriage control unit, the picking attachment secured to the fork carriage assembly, a cart engagement subsystem, a navigation subsystem, and one or more vehicular controllers in communication with the traction control unit, the braking system, the steering assembly, the mast assembly control unit, the carriage control unit, the picking attachment, the vehicle-based cart engagement hardware, and the navigation subsystem; the cart engagement subsystem is characterized by a storage cart engagement field of view; and the one or more vehicular controllers of the materials handling vehicle executes vehicle functions to
(i) use the navigation subsystem to navigate the materials handling vehicle along the inventory transit surface to a localized engagement position where a cart home position is within the storage cart engagement field of view, and
(ii) use the cart engagement subsystem to engage the mobile storage cart in the cart home position with the fork carriage assembly. 13. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle further comprises one or more vehicular controllers; the picking attachment comprises an X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner; and the one or more vehicular controllers executes vehicle functions to use the X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner of the picking attachment to engage and disengage a target tote positioned in the multilevel warehouse racking system or positioned in the mobile storage cart with the picking attachment. 14. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle further comprises a navigation subsystem comprising a vision system; the multilevel warehouse racking system comprises a target fiducial associated with the target tote to guide engagement of the target tote with the picking attachment; the navigation subsystem is configured to position the materials handling vehicle such that the target fiducial is within a field of view of the vision system; the materials handling vehicle further comprises one or more vehicular controllers and a picking attachment subsystem comprising the picking attachment and a time-of-flight (TOF) system; the picking attachment comprises an X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner; the picking attachment subsystem is configured to generate a target TOF depth map of a target tote; and the one or more vehicular controllers of the materials handling vehicle executes vehicle functions to use the X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner of the picking attachment subsystem to engage the target tote with the picking attachment based on the field of view of the vision system and the target TOF depth map. 15. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 14, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle further comprises a navigation subsystem; and the navigation subsystem is configured to position the materials handling vehicle such that the target tote is within a tote engagement field of view of the TOF system. 16. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the picking attachment comprises an X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner comprising:
an X-positioner configured to move the picking attachment in a first degree of freedom along a first lateral axis in a lateral plane;
a Y-positioner configured to move the picking attachment in a second degree of freedom along a second lateral axis perpendicular to the first lateral axis in the lateral plane;
a Z-positioner configured to move the picking attachment in a third degree of freedom along a Z-axis perpendicular to the first lateral axis and the second lateral axis; and
a rotational Ψ-positioner configured to rotate the picking attachment in a fourth degree of freedom about the Z-axis. 17. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle further comprises a navigation subsystem comprising a vision system; the multilevel warehouse racking system comprises a target fiducial associated with the target tote to guide engagement of the target tote with the picking attachment; and the navigation subsystem is configured to position the materials handling vehicle such that the target fiducial is within a field of view of the vision system. 18. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 17, wherein the navigation subsystem is configured to utilize the target fiducial of the multilevel warehouse racking system to position the materials handling vehicle such that the target tote is within a tote engagement field of view of a picking attachment subsystem. 19. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 17 wherein:
the multilevel warehouse racking system comprises a plurality of target fiducials associated with the target tote; and
one of the target fiducials is positioned on the shelf unit of the rack module; and
another of the target fiducials is positioned on the target tote. 20. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, further comprising a goods receiving station comprising a goods selection terminal outfitted for removal of totes from the mobile storage cart. 21. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, further comprising a goods receiving station, a goods selection terminal, and an intermediate transfer station, wherein:
the goods selection terminal is outfitted for removal of totes from the mobile storage cart; and the intermediate transfer station is positioned along a mobile storage cart travel path extending from a mobile storage cart transfer node to the goods receiving station. 22. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, further comprising a warehouse management computing hub in communication with the transporter and the materials handling vehicle and programmed to instruct the transporter and the materials handling vehicle to coordinate engagement, transport, and disengagement of the mobile storage cart in the goods storage and retrieval system. 23. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of RFID tags embedded in the inventory transit surface at vehicle stop locations, tote transfer zones, transfer nodes, pick-place locations, or combinations thereof. 24. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, further comprising a target fiducial associated with a target tote, where the target fiducial is disposed on a rack module of the multilevel warehouse racking system, the target tote, or both, to guide engagement of the target tote with the picking attachment. 25. A goods storage and retrieval system, comprising a multilevel warehouse racking system, a materials handling vehicle, a mobile storage cart, a transporter comprising transporter-based engagement hardware and a lifting surface, a warehouse management computing hub, and a goods receiving station, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle comprises vehicle-based cart engagement hardware, one or more vehicular controllers, a mast assembly, a picking attachment configured to access multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system, a navigation subsystem comprising a vision system, and a picking attachment subsystem comprising the picking attachment and a time-of-flight (TOF) system; the transporter-based engagement hardware enables the transporter to engage, transport, and disengage the mobile storage cart at a variety of locations along an inventory transit surface of the goods storage and retrieval system independent of movement of the materials handling vehicle within the goods storage and retrieval system; the lifting surface is structurally configured to lift the mobile storage cart off of the inventory transit surface upon which the multilevel warehouse racking system is supported by elevating the transporter lifting surface from a traveling height to a transporting height; the mobile storage cart is structurally configured to permit the transporter to enter and exit a lifting zone beneath the mobile storage cart in at least two orthogonal directions, with the lifting surface of the transporter at the traveling height; the vehicle-based cart engagement hardware is coupled to the mast assembly for movement along a lifting dimension of the mast assembly to (i) engage and disengage the mobile storage cart at a variety of locations along the inventory transit surface independent of movement of the transporter within the goods storage and retrieval system, and (ii) transport the mobile storage cart to multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system independent of movement of the transporter within the goods storage and retrieval system; the multilevel warehouse racking system comprises a target fiducial associated with the target tote to guide engagement of the target tote with the picking attachment; the navigation subsystem is configured to position the materials handling vehicle such that the target fiducial is within a field of view of the vision system; the picking attachment of the materials handling vehicle comprises an X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner and is configured to transfer totes between the multilevel warehouse racking system and the mobile storage cart at multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system when the mobile storage cart is engaged by the materials handling vehicle; the picking attachment subsystem is configured to generate a target TOF depth map of a target tote; the one or more vehicular controllers of the materials handling vehicle execute vehicle functions to use the X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner of the picking attachment subsystem to engage the target tote with the picking attachment based on the field of view of the vision system and the target TOF depth map; the warehouse management computing hub is in communication with the transporter and the materials handling vehicle and is programmed to instruct the transporter and the materials handling vehicle to coordinate engagement, transport, and disengagement of the mobile storage cart in the goods storage and retrieval system; and the goods receiving station comprises a goods selection terminal outfitted for removal of totes from the mobile storage cart. 26. A materials handling vehicle comprising:
a vehicle body; a plurality of wheels supporting the vehicle body and defining a direction of travel for the vehicle body; a braking system, a traction control unit, and a steering assembly, each operatively coupled to one or more of the plurality of wheels; a mast assembly; a monofork carriage assembly coupled to the mast assembly for movement along a lifting dimension of the mast assembly; and a transport, engagement, or disengagement accessory configured to facilitate transport, engagement, or disengagement of materials by the materials handling vehicle, wherein the monofork carriage assembly comprises a hollow body portion accommodating at least a portion of the transport, engagement, or disengagement accessory therein. 27. The materials handling vehicle of claim 26, wherein:
the monofork carriage assembly defines an operator compartment width that is oriented across the direction of travel of the vehicle body; the operator compartment width is between about 100 cm and about 125 cm; the monofork carriage assembly comprises a unitary materials handling platform that is oriented across the direction of travel of the vehicle body and defines a platform width parallel to the operator compartment width; and the platform width is at least about 75 cm and is less than the operator compartment width. 28. The materials handling vehicle of claim 27, wherein:
the unitary materials handling platform comprises a leading face that is oriented across the direction of travel of the vehicle body; and the leading face of the platform forms a protruding arc that extends across the platform width and protrudes along the direction of travel of the vehicle body. 29. The materials handling vehicle of claim 27, wherein:
the unitary materials handling platform comprises at least two opposing pairs of vertically oriented cart stabilizers; the two opposing pairs of cart stabilizers are located on opposite sides of the unitary materials handling platform along the direction of travel of the vehicle body; and each cart stabilizer comprises an inclined contact edge facing an opposing inclined contact edge of a cart stabilizer on an opposite side of the unitary materials handling platform. | 3,600 |
339,693 | 16,800,625 | 3,695 | Presented are electrical conductor assemblies with vascular cooling systems, methods for making/using such assemblies, and vehicles equipped with such assemblies for transmitting power and coolant between electric devices. An electrical conductor assembly includes an outer sheath, an electrical conductor extending through the sheath, a coolant channel defined through the sheath, and an optional cable jacket encasing the electrical conductor. The outer sheath has a tubular body formed from an electrically insulating material. The electrical conductor has a solid cable body located within a conductor duct extending through the sheath. The coolant channel, which is coaxial with and thermally connected to the cable body, passes therethrough coolant fluid that cools the electrical conductor. The cable jacket may be formed from an electrically insulating material having a thermal conductivity and melting point higher than that of the sheath. The conductor assembly may include multiple electrical conductors circumferentially spaced around the coolant channel. | 1. An electrical conductor assembly, comprising:
an outer sheath having a tubular sheath body formed with a first electrically insulating material and defining therethrough a conductor duct, the first electrically insulating material including a first polymer with a first thermal conductivity and a first melting point; an electrical conductor having a solid cable body located within the conductor duct and extending across a longitudinal length of the tubular sheath body; a cable jacket formed with a second electrically insulating material and encasing therein the electrical conductor, the second electrically insulating material including a second polymer with a second thermal conductivity and a second melting point higher than the first thermal conductivity and the first melting point, respectively; and a coolant channel extending through the tubular sheath body and thermally connected to the solid cable body, the coolant channel being configured to pass therethrough a coolant fluid and thereby cool the electrical conductor. 2. The electric-drive vehicle of claim 14, further comprising a cable jacket formed with a second electrically insulating material and encasing therein the electrical conductor. 3. The electric-drive vehicle of claim 2, wherein the first electrically insulating material of the outer sheath is a first polymer with a first thermal conductivity and a first melting point, and the second electrically insulating material of the cable jacket is a second polymer with a second thermal conductivity and a second melting point higher than the first thermal conductivity and the first melting point, respectively. 4. The electrical conductor assembly of claim 1, wherein the cable jacket, with the electrical conductor encased therein, is interference fit into the conductor duct. 5. The electrical conductor assembly of claim 1, wherein the conductor duct extends through the center of the tubular sheath body, and wherein the coolant channel includes a plurality of coolant channels circumferentially spaced around and adjoining the conductor duct. 6. The electrical conductor assembly of claim 5, wherein the outer sheath includes a plurality of channel walls extending radially inward from the tubular sheath body, separating the coolant channels, and buttressing the electrical conductor in the conductor duct. 7. The electrical conductor assembly of claim 1, wherein the electrical conductor includes a plurality of electrical conductors spaced circumferentially around the coolant channel. 8. The electrical conductor assembly of claim 7, wherein the cable jacket includes a plurality of cable jackets each formed with the second electrically insulating material and encasing therein a respective one of the electrical conductors. 9. The electrical conductor assembly of claim 8, wherein the coolant channel extends through the center of the tubular sheath body, and wherein the conductor duct includes a plurality of discrete conductor ducts each adjoining the coolant channel and securing therein a respective one of the electrical conductors encased within a respective one of the cable jackets. 10. The electrical conductor assembly of claim 9, further comprising a plurality of discrete coolant channels circumferentially spaced around the center coolant channel, interleaved with the electrical conductors, and adjoining the conductor ducts. 11. The electrical conductor assembly of claim 10, wherein the center coolant channel is configured as a feed line through which the coolant fluid is transmitted in a first direction, and the circumferentially spaced discrete coolant channels are configured as return lines through which the coolant fluid is transmitted in a second direction opposite the first direction. 12. The electrical conductor assembly of claim 7, wherein the coolant channel extends through the center of the tubular sheath body, the electrical conductor assembly further comprising a thermal coolant pipe encasing therein the coolant channel. 13. The electrical conductor assembly of claim 12, further comprising a plurality of discrete coolant channels circumferentially spaced around the thermal coolant pipe and interleaved between the electrical conductors. 14. An electric-drive vehicle, comprising:
a vehicle body with a plurality of road wheels attached to the vehicle body; a traction motor mounted to the vehicle body and configured to drive one or more of the road wheels to thereby propel the vehicle; a traction battery pack mounted to the vehicle body and configured to exchange an electric current with the traction motor; and an electrical conductor assembly mounted to the vehicle body and connecting the traction battery pack to the traction motor, the electrical conductor assembly including: an outer sheath having an elongated tubular sheath body formed from an electrically insulating material and defining therethrough a conductor duct; an electrical conductor having an elongated solid cable body located within the conductor duct and extending across the length of the tubular sheath body; and a coolant channel extending through the tubular sheath body axially parallel with and thermally connected to the solid cable body, the coolant channel passing therethrough a coolant fluid and thereby cooling the electrical conductor, traction battery pack and/or traction motor. 15. A method of manufacturing an electrical conductor assembly, the method comprising:
receiving an outer sheath having a tubular sheath body formed with a first electrically insulating material and defining therethrough a conductor duct, the first electrically insulating material including a first polymer with a first thermal conductivity and a first melting point; locating, within the conductor duct, an electrical conductor having a solid cable body extending across a longitudinal length of the tubular sheath body; encasing the electrical conductor within a cable jacket, the cable jacket formed with a second electrically insulating material including a second polymer with a second thermal conductivity and a second melting point higher than the first thermal conductivity and the first melting point, respectively; and forming, in the outer sheath, a coolant channel extending through the sheath body and thermally connected to the solid cable body, the coolant channel being configured to pass therethrough a coolant fluid and thereby cool the electrical conductor. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the electrical conductor includes a plurality of electrical conductors, and the cable jacket includes a plurality of cable jackets each formed with the second electrically insulating material and encasing therein a respective one of the electrical conductors. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein locating the electrical conductor within the conductor duct includes interference fitting the cable jacket, with the electrical conductor encased therein, into the conductor duct. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the conductor duct extends through the center of the tubular sheath body, and wherein the coolant channel includes a plurality of coolant channels circumferentially spaced around and adjoining the conductor duct. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the electrical conductor includes a plurality of electrical conductors spaced circumferentially around the coolant channel. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the coolant channel extends through the center of the tubular sheath body, and wherein the conductor duct includes a plurality of discrete conductor ducts each adjoining the coolant channel and securing therein a respective one of the electrical conductors. | Presented are electrical conductor assemblies with vascular cooling systems, methods for making/using such assemblies, and vehicles equipped with such assemblies for transmitting power and coolant between electric devices. An electrical conductor assembly includes an outer sheath, an electrical conductor extending through the sheath, a coolant channel defined through the sheath, and an optional cable jacket encasing the electrical conductor. The outer sheath has a tubular body formed from an electrically insulating material. The electrical conductor has a solid cable body located within a conductor duct extending through the sheath. The coolant channel, which is coaxial with and thermally connected to the cable body, passes therethrough coolant fluid that cools the electrical conductor. The cable jacket may be formed from an electrically insulating material having a thermal conductivity and melting point higher than that of the sheath. The conductor assembly may include multiple electrical conductors circumferentially spaced around the coolant channel.1. An electrical conductor assembly, comprising:
an outer sheath having a tubular sheath body formed with a first electrically insulating material and defining therethrough a conductor duct, the first electrically insulating material including a first polymer with a first thermal conductivity and a first melting point; an electrical conductor having a solid cable body located within the conductor duct and extending across a longitudinal length of the tubular sheath body; a cable jacket formed with a second electrically insulating material and encasing therein the electrical conductor, the second electrically insulating material including a second polymer with a second thermal conductivity and a second melting point higher than the first thermal conductivity and the first melting point, respectively; and a coolant channel extending through the tubular sheath body and thermally connected to the solid cable body, the coolant channel being configured to pass therethrough a coolant fluid and thereby cool the electrical conductor. 2. The electric-drive vehicle of claim 14, further comprising a cable jacket formed with a second electrically insulating material and encasing therein the electrical conductor. 3. The electric-drive vehicle of claim 2, wherein the first electrically insulating material of the outer sheath is a first polymer with a first thermal conductivity and a first melting point, and the second electrically insulating material of the cable jacket is a second polymer with a second thermal conductivity and a second melting point higher than the first thermal conductivity and the first melting point, respectively. 4. The electrical conductor assembly of claim 1, wherein the cable jacket, with the electrical conductor encased therein, is interference fit into the conductor duct. 5. The electrical conductor assembly of claim 1, wherein the conductor duct extends through the center of the tubular sheath body, and wherein the coolant channel includes a plurality of coolant channels circumferentially spaced around and adjoining the conductor duct. 6. The electrical conductor assembly of claim 5, wherein the outer sheath includes a plurality of channel walls extending radially inward from the tubular sheath body, separating the coolant channels, and buttressing the electrical conductor in the conductor duct. 7. The electrical conductor assembly of claim 1, wherein the electrical conductor includes a plurality of electrical conductors spaced circumferentially around the coolant channel. 8. The electrical conductor assembly of claim 7, wherein the cable jacket includes a plurality of cable jackets each formed with the second electrically insulating material and encasing therein a respective one of the electrical conductors. 9. The electrical conductor assembly of claim 8, wherein the coolant channel extends through the center of the tubular sheath body, and wherein the conductor duct includes a plurality of discrete conductor ducts each adjoining the coolant channel and securing therein a respective one of the electrical conductors encased within a respective one of the cable jackets. 10. The electrical conductor assembly of claim 9, further comprising a plurality of discrete coolant channels circumferentially spaced around the center coolant channel, interleaved with the electrical conductors, and adjoining the conductor ducts. 11. The electrical conductor assembly of claim 10, wherein the center coolant channel is configured as a feed line through which the coolant fluid is transmitted in a first direction, and the circumferentially spaced discrete coolant channels are configured as return lines through which the coolant fluid is transmitted in a second direction opposite the first direction. 12. The electrical conductor assembly of claim 7, wherein the coolant channel extends through the center of the tubular sheath body, the electrical conductor assembly further comprising a thermal coolant pipe encasing therein the coolant channel. 13. The electrical conductor assembly of claim 12, further comprising a plurality of discrete coolant channels circumferentially spaced around the thermal coolant pipe and interleaved between the electrical conductors. 14. An electric-drive vehicle, comprising:
a vehicle body with a plurality of road wheels attached to the vehicle body; a traction motor mounted to the vehicle body and configured to drive one or more of the road wheels to thereby propel the vehicle; a traction battery pack mounted to the vehicle body and configured to exchange an electric current with the traction motor; and an electrical conductor assembly mounted to the vehicle body and connecting the traction battery pack to the traction motor, the electrical conductor assembly including: an outer sheath having an elongated tubular sheath body formed from an electrically insulating material and defining therethrough a conductor duct; an electrical conductor having an elongated solid cable body located within the conductor duct and extending across the length of the tubular sheath body; and a coolant channel extending through the tubular sheath body axially parallel with and thermally connected to the solid cable body, the coolant channel passing therethrough a coolant fluid and thereby cooling the electrical conductor, traction battery pack and/or traction motor. 15. A method of manufacturing an electrical conductor assembly, the method comprising:
receiving an outer sheath having a tubular sheath body formed with a first electrically insulating material and defining therethrough a conductor duct, the first electrically insulating material including a first polymer with a first thermal conductivity and a first melting point; locating, within the conductor duct, an electrical conductor having a solid cable body extending across a longitudinal length of the tubular sheath body; encasing the electrical conductor within a cable jacket, the cable jacket formed with a second electrically insulating material including a second polymer with a second thermal conductivity and a second melting point higher than the first thermal conductivity and the first melting point, respectively; and forming, in the outer sheath, a coolant channel extending through the sheath body and thermally connected to the solid cable body, the coolant channel being configured to pass therethrough a coolant fluid and thereby cool the electrical conductor. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the electrical conductor includes a plurality of electrical conductors, and the cable jacket includes a plurality of cable jackets each formed with the second electrically insulating material and encasing therein a respective one of the electrical conductors. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein locating the electrical conductor within the conductor duct includes interference fitting the cable jacket, with the electrical conductor encased therein, into the conductor duct. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the conductor duct extends through the center of the tubular sheath body, and wherein the coolant channel includes a plurality of coolant channels circumferentially spaced around and adjoining the conductor duct. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the electrical conductor includes a plurality of electrical conductors spaced circumferentially around the coolant channel. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the coolant channel extends through the center of the tubular sheath body, and wherein the conductor duct includes a plurality of discrete conductor ducts each adjoining the coolant channel and securing therein a respective one of the electrical conductors. | 3,600 |
339,694 | 16,800,634 | 3,695 | A display device includes a substrate, a first transistor disposed on the substrate and including a first active pattern having a first channel region, a first source region, a first drain region, and a first gate electrode, a first insulating layer disposed on the first transistor, a first electrode disposed on the first insulating layer and electrically connected to the first drain region, a second insulating layer having a first opening disposed on the first electrode, a first contact member disposed on the second insulating layer and electrically connected to the first electrode through the first opening, a third insulating layer having a second opening disposed on the first contact member, and a pixel electrode disposed on the third insulating layer and electrically connected to the first contact member through the second opening, and an emission layer disposed on the pixel electrode. | 1. A display device, comprising:
a substrate; a first transistor disposed on the substrate, and including a first active pattern having a first channel region, a first source region, a first drain region, and a first gate electrode; a first insulating layer disposed on the first transistor; a first electrode disposed on the first insulating layer, and electrically connected to the first drain region; a second insulating layer having a first opening disposed on the first electrode; a first contact member disposed on the second insulating layer, and electrically connected to the first electrode through the first opening; a third insulating layer having a second opening disposed on the first contact member; a pixel electrode disposed on the third insulating layer, and electrically connected to the first contact member through the second opening; and an emission layer disposed on the pixel electrode, wherein
the first gate electrode overlaps the first electrode to form a capacitor,
when shown in a plan view, a center of the second opening is spaced from a center of the first opening, and
when shown in cross-section, a light emitting region of the pixel electrode is disposed away from the first contact member. 2. The display device of claim 1, wherein:
when shown in the plan view, the first contact member does not overlap the first gate electrode. 3. The display device of claim 1, wherein:
when shown in the plan view, a portion of the second opening overlaps the first opening. 4. The display device of claim 1, further comprising:
a conductive layer disposed on the substrate, and when shown in cross-section, the conductive layer overlaps the first channel region. 5. The display device of claim 1, wherein:
when shown in the plan view, the first contact member does not overlap the first active pattern. 6. The display device of claim 1, further comprising:
a fourth insulating layer having a third opening disposed on the pixel electrode; and a common electrode disposed on the emission layer, wherein,
when shown in the plan view, the second opening does not overlap the third opening, and
when shown in cross-section, a portion of the emission layer is disposed in the third opening, and an edge of the third opening is the light defining region of the pixel electrode. 7. The display device of claim 6, wherein:
the first contact member does not overlap the third opening. 8. The display device of claim 6, further comprising:
a common voltage line to transmit a common voltage, and disposed between the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer; and a second contact member disposed between the second insulating layer and the third insulating layer, and disposed in a same layer and including a same material as the first contact member, wherein
the second insulating layer further includes a fourth opening disposed on the common voltage line,
the third insulating layer further includes a fifth opening disposed on the second contact member,
the common electrode is electrically connected to the second contact member through the fifth opening, and
the second contact member is electrically connected to the common voltage line through the fourth opening. 9. The display device of claim 1, wherein:
when shown in cross-section, at least a portion of the first contact member does not overlap the first electrode. 10. The display device of claim 1, further comprising:
a second transistor disposed on the substrate and including a second active pattern having a second channel region, a second source region, a second drain region, and a second gate electrode, the second drain region being electrically connected to the first gate electrode. 11. The display device of claim 1, wherein:
when shown in the plan view, the second opening includes a portion that does not overlap the first electrode. 12. The display device of claim 1, wherein:
when shown in the plan view, the first insulating layer includes a first insulating layer opening, and the first electrode is electrically connected to the first drain region through the first insulating layer opening. 13. The display device of claim 1, wherein:
the first contact member comprises ITO or IZO. 14. A display device, comprising:
a first transistor including a first gate electrode; a driving gate electrode including the first gate electrode; a capacitor electrode overlapping the driving gate electrode to form a capacitor; a first insulating layer having a first opening overlapping a portion of the capacitor electrode; a contact member electrically connected to the capacitor electrode through the first opening; a second insulating layer having a second opening overlapping the contact member; a pixel electrode electrically connected to the contact member through the second opening; an emission layer disposed on the pixel electrode; and a common electrode disposed on the emission layer, wherein
when shown in a plan view, a center of the second opening and a center of the first opening are spaced from each other, and
when shown in cross-section, a light emitting region of the pixel electrode is disposed away from the contact member. 15. The display device of claim 14, wherein:
when shown in the plan view, the contact member does not overlap the driving gate electrode. 16. The display device of claim 14, wherein:
when shown in the plan view, a portion of the second opening overlaps the first opening. 17. The display device of claim 14, further comprising:
a substrate, and the first transistor being disposed on the substrate, and wherein a conductive layer is disposed on the substrate, and when shown in cross-section, the conductive layer overlaps a channel region of the first transistor. 18. The display device of claim 14, wherein:
the first transistor comprises an active pattern, and when shown in the plan view, the contact member does not overlap the active pattern. 19. The display device of claim 14, further comprising:
a third insulating layer having a third opening disposed on the pixel electrode, and wherein
the emission layer is disposed between the pixel electrode and the common electrode, and comprises a portion thereof disposed in the third opening,
when shown in the plan view, the second opening does not overlap the third opening, and
when shown in cross-section, a portion of the emission layer is disposed in the third opening, and an edge of the third opening is the light defining region of the pixel electrode. 20. The display device of claim 19, wherein:
the contact member does not overlap the third opening. 21. The display device of claim 14, wherein:
when shown in cross-section, at least a portion of the contact member does not overlap the capacitor electrode. 22. The display device of claim 14, further comprising:
a second transistor electrically connected to the driving gate electrode. 23. The display device of claim 14, wherein:
when shown in the plan view, the second opening includes a portion that does not overlap the capacitor electrode. 24. The display device of claim 14, wherein:
the contact member comprises ITO or IZO. 25. A display device, comprising:
a substrate; a first transistor disposed on the substrate and including a first active pattern having a first channel region, a first source region, a first drain region, and a first gate electrode; a first insulating layer disposed on the first transistor; a first electrode disposed on the first insulating layer, and electrically connected to the first drain region; a second insulating layer having a first opening disposed on the first electrode; a contact member disposed on the second insulating layer, and electrically connected to the first electrode through the first opening; a third insulating layer having a second opening disposed on the contact member; a pixel electrode disposed on the third insulating layer, and electrically connected to the contact member through the second opening; and an emission layer disposed on the pixel electrode, wherein
when shown in a plan view, an area of the contact member is smaller than a combined area including the pixel electrode and the first electrode,
a center of the second opening is not aligned with a center of the first opening, and
when shown in cross-section, a light emitting region of the pixel electrode is disposed away from the contact member. | A display device includes a substrate, a first transistor disposed on the substrate and including a first active pattern having a first channel region, a first source region, a first drain region, and a first gate electrode, a first insulating layer disposed on the first transistor, a first electrode disposed on the first insulating layer and electrically connected to the first drain region, a second insulating layer having a first opening disposed on the first electrode, a first contact member disposed on the second insulating layer and electrically connected to the first electrode through the first opening, a third insulating layer having a second opening disposed on the first contact member, and a pixel electrode disposed on the third insulating layer and electrically connected to the first contact member through the second opening, and an emission layer disposed on the pixel electrode.1. A display device, comprising:
a substrate; a first transistor disposed on the substrate, and including a first active pattern having a first channel region, a first source region, a first drain region, and a first gate electrode; a first insulating layer disposed on the first transistor; a first electrode disposed on the first insulating layer, and electrically connected to the first drain region; a second insulating layer having a first opening disposed on the first electrode; a first contact member disposed on the second insulating layer, and electrically connected to the first electrode through the first opening; a third insulating layer having a second opening disposed on the first contact member; a pixel electrode disposed on the third insulating layer, and electrically connected to the first contact member through the second opening; and an emission layer disposed on the pixel electrode, wherein
the first gate electrode overlaps the first electrode to form a capacitor,
when shown in a plan view, a center of the second opening is spaced from a center of the first opening, and
when shown in cross-section, a light emitting region of the pixel electrode is disposed away from the first contact member. 2. The display device of claim 1, wherein:
when shown in the plan view, the first contact member does not overlap the first gate electrode. 3. The display device of claim 1, wherein:
when shown in the plan view, a portion of the second opening overlaps the first opening. 4. The display device of claim 1, further comprising:
a conductive layer disposed on the substrate, and when shown in cross-section, the conductive layer overlaps the first channel region. 5. The display device of claim 1, wherein:
when shown in the plan view, the first contact member does not overlap the first active pattern. 6. The display device of claim 1, further comprising:
a fourth insulating layer having a third opening disposed on the pixel electrode; and a common electrode disposed on the emission layer, wherein,
when shown in the plan view, the second opening does not overlap the third opening, and
when shown in cross-section, a portion of the emission layer is disposed in the third opening, and an edge of the third opening is the light defining region of the pixel electrode. 7. The display device of claim 6, wherein:
the first contact member does not overlap the third opening. 8. The display device of claim 6, further comprising:
a common voltage line to transmit a common voltage, and disposed between the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer; and a second contact member disposed between the second insulating layer and the third insulating layer, and disposed in a same layer and including a same material as the first contact member, wherein
the second insulating layer further includes a fourth opening disposed on the common voltage line,
the third insulating layer further includes a fifth opening disposed on the second contact member,
the common electrode is electrically connected to the second contact member through the fifth opening, and
the second contact member is electrically connected to the common voltage line through the fourth opening. 9. The display device of claim 1, wherein:
when shown in cross-section, at least a portion of the first contact member does not overlap the first electrode. 10. The display device of claim 1, further comprising:
a second transistor disposed on the substrate and including a second active pattern having a second channel region, a second source region, a second drain region, and a second gate electrode, the second drain region being electrically connected to the first gate electrode. 11. The display device of claim 1, wherein:
when shown in the plan view, the second opening includes a portion that does not overlap the first electrode. 12. The display device of claim 1, wherein:
when shown in the plan view, the first insulating layer includes a first insulating layer opening, and the first electrode is electrically connected to the first drain region through the first insulating layer opening. 13. The display device of claim 1, wherein:
the first contact member comprises ITO or IZO. 14. A display device, comprising:
a first transistor including a first gate electrode; a driving gate electrode including the first gate electrode; a capacitor electrode overlapping the driving gate electrode to form a capacitor; a first insulating layer having a first opening overlapping a portion of the capacitor electrode; a contact member electrically connected to the capacitor electrode through the first opening; a second insulating layer having a second opening overlapping the contact member; a pixel electrode electrically connected to the contact member through the second opening; an emission layer disposed on the pixel electrode; and a common electrode disposed on the emission layer, wherein
when shown in a plan view, a center of the second opening and a center of the first opening are spaced from each other, and
when shown in cross-section, a light emitting region of the pixel electrode is disposed away from the contact member. 15. The display device of claim 14, wherein:
when shown in the plan view, the contact member does not overlap the driving gate electrode. 16. The display device of claim 14, wherein:
when shown in the plan view, a portion of the second opening overlaps the first opening. 17. The display device of claim 14, further comprising:
a substrate, and the first transistor being disposed on the substrate, and wherein a conductive layer is disposed on the substrate, and when shown in cross-section, the conductive layer overlaps a channel region of the first transistor. 18. The display device of claim 14, wherein:
the first transistor comprises an active pattern, and when shown in the plan view, the contact member does not overlap the active pattern. 19. The display device of claim 14, further comprising:
a third insulating layer having a third opening disposed on the pixel electrode, and wherein
the emission layer is disposed between the pixel electrode and the common electrode, and comprises a portion thereof disposed in the third opening,
when shown in the plan view, the second opening does not overlap the third opening, and
when shown in cross-section, a portion of the emission layer is disposed in the third opening, and an edge of the third opening is the light defining region of the pixel electrode. 20. The display device of claim 19, wherein:
the contact member does not overlap the third opening. 21. The display device of claim 14, wherein:
when shown in cross-section, at least a portion of the contact member does not overlap the capacitor electrode. 22. The display device of claim 14, further comprising:
a second transistor electrically connected to the driving gate electrode. 23. The display device of claim 14, wherein:
when shown in the plan view, the second opening includes a portion that does not overlap the capacitor electrode. 24. The display device of claim 14, wherein:
the contact member comprises ITO or IZO. 25. A display device, comprising:
a substrate; a first transistor disposed on the substrate and including a first active pattern having a first channel region, a first source region, a first drain region, and a first gate electrode; a first insulating layer disposed on the first transistor; a first electrode disposed on the first insulating layer, and electrically connected to the first drain region; a second insulating layer having a first opening disposed on the first electrode; a contact member disposed on the second insulating layer, and electrically connected to the first electrode through the first opening; a third insulating layer having a second opening disposed on the contact member; a pixel electrode disposed on the third insulating layer, and electrically connected to the contact member through the second opening; and an emission layer disposed on the pixel electrode, wherein
when shown in a plan view, an area of the contact member is smaller than a combined area including the pixel electrode and the first electrode,
a center of the second opening is not aligned with a center of the first opening, and
when shown in cross-section, a light emitting region of the pixel electrode is disposed away from the contact member. | 3,600 |
339,695 | 16,800,623 | 3,695 | Goods storage and retrieval systems and materials handling vehicles are provided. The goods storage and retrieval system includes a multilevel warehouse racking system; a materials handling vehicle comprising a mast assembly, a picking attachment, and vehicle-based cart engagement hardware; a mobile storage cart; and a transporter comprising transporter-based engagement hardware. The transporter-based engagement hardware enables the transporter to engage, transport, and disengage the mobile storage cart. The vehicle-based cart engagement hardware is coupled to the mast assembly to (i) engage and disengage the mobile storage cart and (ii) transport the mobile storage cart to multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system. The mast assembly and the picking attachment are configured to access multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system. The picking attachment is configured to transfer totes between the multilevel warehouse racking system and the mobile storage cart. | 1. A goods storage and retrieval system, comprising a multilevel warehouse racking system comprising a tote transfer zone, a materials handling vehicle comprising a mast assembly and a picking attachment, a target tote, and a transporter comprising transporter-based engagement hardware, wherein:
the transporter-based engagement hardware enables the transporter to engage, transport, and disengage the target tote at the tote transfer zone independent of movement of the materials handling vehicle within the goods storage and retrieval system; the picking attachment is coupled to the mast assembly for movement along a lifting dimension of the mast assembly to
(i) engage and disengage the target tote at the tote transfer zone and at multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system independent of movement of the transporter within the goods storage and retrieval system and
(ii) transport the target tote to the tote transfer zone and to multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system independent of movement of the transporter within the goods storage and retrieval system; and
the mast assembly and the picking attachment are configured to access multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system. 2. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the target tote has a tote width t; the target tote comprises a pair of protruding rims positioned on opposite sides of the target tote, defining a target tote rimmed width r; the tote transfer zone comprises a plurality of tote suspension tracks defined by a track spacing b; and t<b<r. 3. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the tote transfer zone forms a bottom level of the multilevel warehouse racking system. 4. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the tote transfer zone is elevated above an inventory transit surface of the goods storage and retrieval system. 5. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the multilevel warehouse racking system comprises a first rack and a second rack arranged on opposite sides of a racking system aisle; the first and second racks define end points of the racking system aisle; and the tote transfer zone extends past the end points of the racking system aisle. 6. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the transporter comprises a lifting surface and is structurally configured to lift the target tote relative to a tote supporting surface of the tote transfer zone by elevating the transporter lifting surface from a traveling height to a transporting height. 7. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the picking attachment of the materials handling vehicle is configured to transfer totes between (i) the multilevel warehouse racking system and the transporter and (ii) the tote transfer zone and the transporter. 8. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle further comprises one or more vehicular controllers; the picking attachment comprises an X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner; and the one or more vehicular controllers executes vehicle functions to use the X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner of the picking attachment to engage and disengage the target tote positioned in the multilevel warehouse racking system with the picking attachment. 9. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle further comprises one or more vehicular controllers; the picking attachment comprises an X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner; and the one or more vehicular controllers executes vehicle functions to use the X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner of the picking attachment to engage and disengage the target tote positioned on the transporter with the picking attachment. 10. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle further comprises a navigation subsystem comprising a vision system; the multilevel warehouse racking system comprises a target fiducial associated with the target tote to guide engagement of the target tote with the picking attachment; the navigation subsystem is configured to position the materials handling vehicle such that the target fiducial is within a field of view of the vision system; the materials handling vehicle further comprises one or more vehicular controllers and a picking attachment subsystem comprising the picking attachment and a time-of-flight (TOF) system; the picking attachment comprises an X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner; the picking attachment subsystem is configured to generate a target TOF depth map of the target tote; and the one or more vehicular controllers of the materials handling vehicle executes vehicle functions to use the X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner of the picking attachment subsystem to engage the target tote with the picking attachment based on the target TOF depth map. 11. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 10, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle further comprises a navigation subsystem; and the navigation subsystem is configured to position the materials handling vehicle such that the target tote is within a tote engagement field of view of the TOF system. 12. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the picking attachment comprises an X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner comprising:
an X-positioner configured to move the picking attachment in a first degree of freedom along a first lateral axis in a lateral plane;
a Y-positioner configured to move the picking attachment in a second degree of freedom along a second lateral axis perpendicular to the first lateral axis in the lateral plane;
a Z-positioner configured to move the picking attachment in a third degree of freedom along a Z-axis perpendicular to the first lateral axis and the second lateral axis; and
a rotational Ψ-positioner configured to rotate the picking attachment in a fourth degree of freedom about the Z-axis. 13. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle further comprises a navigation subsystem comprising a vision system; the multilevel warehouse racking system comprises a target fiducial associated with the target tote to guide engagement of the target tote with the picking attachment; and the navigation subsystem is configured to position the materials handling vehicle such that the target fiducial is within a field of view of the vision system. 14. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 13, wherein:
the multilevel warehouse racking system comprises a plurality of target fiducials associated with the target tote; and one of the target fiducials is positioned on the shelf unit of the rack module; and another of the target fiducials is positioned on the target tote. 15. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, further comprising a goods receiving station comprising a goods selection terminal outfitted for removal of the target tote from the transporter lifting surface. 16. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 15, wherein:
the goods selection terminal comprises an operator platform above an inventory transit surface of the goods storage and retrieval system; and the operator platform comprises a goods access portal that is accessible by an operator from above the operator platform and by the transporter from below the operator platform. 17. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 16, wherein the transporter is further configured to elevate the transporter lifting surface to a height of the operator platform. 18. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 16, wherein the goods selection terminal comprises a transporter raising surface that is flush with the inventory transit surface, aligned with the goods access portal, and configured to elevate the transporter from the inventory transit surface of the goods storage and retrieval system to the operator platform. 19. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, further comprising a warehouse management computing hub in communication with the transporter and the materials handling vehicle and programmed to instruct the transporter and the materials handling vehicle to coordinate engagement, transport, and disengagement of the target tote in the goods storage and retrieval system. 20. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of RFID tags embedded in the inventory transit surface at vehicle stop locations, tote transfer zones, transfer nodes, pick-place locations, or combinations thereof. 21. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, further comprising a mobile storage cart and wherein:
the transporter further comprises transporter-based engagement hardware that enables the transporter to engage, transport, and disengage the mobile storage cart at a variety of locations along an inventory transit surface of the goods storage and retrieval system independent of movement of the materials handling vehicle within the goods storage and retrieval system; the materials handling vehicle further comprises vehicle-based cart engagement hardware that is coupled to the mast assembly for movement along a lifting dimension of the mast assembly to (i) engage and disengage the mobile storage cart at a variety of locations along the inventory transit surface independent of movement of the transporter within the goods storage and retrieval system and (ii) transport the mobile storage cart to multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system independent of movement of the transporter within the goods storage and retrieval system; and the picking attachment of the materials handling vehicle is configured to (i) transfer totes between the multilevel warehouse racking system and the mobile storage cart at multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system when the mobile storage cart is engaged by the materials handling vehicle, (ii) transfer totes between the tote transfer zone and the mobile storage cart when the mobile storage cart is engaged by the materials handling vehicle, (iii) transfer totes between the multilevel warehouse racking system and the transporter, and (iv) transfer totes between the tote transfer zone and the transporter. 22. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 21, wherein the vehicle-based cart engagement hardware comprises a mobile storage cart support platform defined by one or more vertically-oriented cart lifting forks. 23. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 21, wherein the vehicle-based cart engagement hardware comprises anti-rock cart engagement hardware configured to engage a top end of the mobile storage cart. 24. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 23, wherein the anti-rock cart engagement hardware comprises a pair of support arms configured to engage the top end of the mobile storage cart. 25. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 24, wherein the anti-rock cart engagement hardware comprises lateral anti-rock hardware wherein each support arm comprises a hook subtending extension, and the mobile storage cart comprises a pair of extension passages structurally configured to permit the hook subtending extensions to pass at least partially through the pair of extension passages. 26. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 24, wherein the anti-rock cart engagement hardware comprises front-rear anti-rock hardware wherein each support arm comprises an anti-rock hook defining a notch, the anti-rock hook extends downwardly at a distal portion of the support arm to define an engagement gap between a hook subtending extension and a terminal portion of the anti-rock hook, and the mobile storage cart comprises hook engaging features structurally configured to engage the anti-rock hooks of the pair of support arms. 27. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 24, wherein:
each support arm comprises an anti-rock hook defining a notch, and a hook subtending extension; and the anti-rock hook extends downwardly at a distal portion of the support arm to define an engagement gap between the hook subtending extension and a terminal portion of the anti-rock hook. 28. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 27, wherein the mobile storage cart comprises:
hook engaging features structurally configured to engage the anti-rock hooks of the pair of support arms; and a pair of extension passages structurally configured to permit the hook subtending extensions to pass at least partially through the pair of extension passages to permit the anti-rock hooks of the pair of support arms to engage the hook engaging features of the mobile storage cart while the pair of support arms engage a top end of the mobile storage cart. 29. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 21, wherein the mobile storage cart comprises a transporter access opening that is sized and configured to permit the transporter to enter and exit through the transporter access opening along the inventory transit surface. 30. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 21, wherein:
the mobile storage cart comprises at least two vertically-oriented fork slots; the vehicle-based cart engagement hardware comprises a mobile storage cart support platform defined by one or more vertically-oriented cart lifting forks; and the vertically-oriented fork slots are structurally configured to receive the vertically-oriented cart lifting forks. 31. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 21, wherein:
the transporter comprises a lifting surface and is structurally configured to lift the mobile storage cart off of the inventory transit surface upon which the multilevel warehouse racking system is supported by elevating the transporter lifting surface from a traveling height to a transporting height; and the mobile storage cart is structurally configured to permit the transporter to enter and exit a lifting zone beneath the mobile storage cart in at least two orthogonal directions, with the lifting surface of the transporter at the traveling height. 32. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 21, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle further comprises a vehicle body, a plurality of wheels supporting the vehicle body, a traction control unit, a braking system, and a steering assembly, each operatively coupled to one or more of the vehicle wheels, a fork carriage assembly movably coupled to the mast assembly, a mast assembly control unit, a carriage control unit, the picking attachment secured to the fork carriage assembly, a cart engagement subsystem, a navigation subsystem, and one or more vehicular controllers in communication with the traction control unit, the braking system, the steering assembly, the mast assembly control unit, the carriage control unit, the picking attachment, the vehicle-based cart engagement hardware, and the navigation subsystem; the cart engagement subsystem is characterized by a storage cart engagement field of view; and the one or more vehicular controllers of the materials handling vehicle executes vehicle functions to
(i) use the navigation subsystem to navigate the materials handling vehicle along the inventory transit surface to a localized engagement position where a cart home position is within the storage cart engagement field of view, and
(ii) use the cart engagement subsystem to engage the mobile storage cart in the cart home position with the fork carriage assembly. 33. A method of operating a goods storage and retrieval system, the method comprising:
providing the goods storage and retrieval system comprising a multilevel warehouse racking system, a materials handling vehicle disposed on an inventory transit surface, a tote transfer zone, a target tote, and a transporter comprising transporter-based engagement hardware wherein the materials handling vehicle comprises
a traction control unit, a braking system, and a steering assembly, each operatively coupled to one or more of the vehicle wheels,
a mast assembly, a fork carriage assembly movably coupled to the mast assembly, a mast assembly control unit, a carriage control unit, a picking attachment comprising an X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner secured to the fork carriage assembly, a navigation subsystem, and
one or more vehicular controllers in communication with the traction control unit, the braking system, the steering assembly, the mast assembly control unit, the carriage control unit, the picking attachment, and the navigation subsystem;
navigating the materials handling vehicle along the inventory transit surface to the target tote through use of the navigation subsystem and the one or more vehicular controllers independent of movement of the transporter within the goods storage and retrieval system; engaging or disengaging the target tote with the picking attachment secured to the fork carriage assembly through use of the X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner at the tote transfer zone and at multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system independent of movement of the transporter within the goods storage and retrieval system; placing with the picking attachment the target tote on the tote transfer zone or on a level of the multilevel warehouse racking system; and engaging the target tote with the transporter through use of the transporter-based engagement hardware comprising a transporter lifting surface. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein engaging the target tote with the transporter further comprises lifting the target tote relative to a tote supporting surface of the tote transfer zone with the transporter lifting surface. 35. The method of claim 33, further comprising transmitting, via a warehouse management computing hub, instructions to the materials handling vehicle and the transporter. 36. The method of claim 33, further comprising:
transporting the target tote with the transporter to a goods receiving station comprising a goods selection terminal; and removing the target tote from the transporter lifting surface. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein removing the target tote further comprises elevating a transporter raising surface from an access height flush with the inventory transit surface to a selection height. 38. The method of claim 33, further comprising placing with the picking attachment the target tote on a lifting surface of the transporter. 39. The method of claim 33, further comprising:
providing a mobile storage cart; engaging the mobile storage cart with the fork carriage assembly through the use of a cart engagement subsystem of the materials handling vehicle; and placing with the picking attachment the target tote in the mobile storage cart engaged by the fork carriage assembly. 40. The method of claim 38, further comprising:
disengaging the mobile storage cart with the fork carriage assembly through the use of a cart engagement subsystem of the materials handling vehicle; engaging the mobile storage cart with the transporter lifting surface; transporting the mobile storage cart with the transporter to a goods receiving station comprising a goods selection terminal; and removing the target tote from the mobile storage cart. | Goods storage and retrieval systems and materials handling vehicles are provided. The goods storage and retrieval system includes a multilevel warehouse racking system; a materials handling vehicle comprising a mast assembly, a picking attachment, and vehicle-based cart engagement hardware; a mobile storage cart; and a transporter comprising transporter-based engagement hardware. The transporter-based engagement hardware enables the transporter to engage, transport, and disengage the mobile storage cart. The vehicle-based cart engagement hardware is coupled to the mast assembly to (i) engage and disengage the mobile storage cart and (ii) transport the mobile storage cart to multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system. The mast assembly and the picking attachment are configured to access multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system. The picking attachment is configured to transfer totes between the multilevel warehouse racking system and the mobile storage cart.1. A goods storage and retrieval system, comprising a multilevel warehouse racking system comprising a tote transfer zone, a materials handling vehicle comprising a mast assembly and a picking attachment, a target tote, and a transporter comprising transporter-based engagement hardware, wherein:
the transporter-based engagement hardware enables the transporter to engage, transport, and disengage the target tote at the tote transfer zone independent of movement of the materials handling vehicle within the goods storage and retrieval system; the picking attachment is coupled to the mast assembly for movement along a lifting dimension of the mast assembly to
(i) engage and disengage the target tote at the tote transfer zone and at multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system independent of movement of the transporter within the goods storage and retrieval system and
(ii) transport the target tote to the tote transfer zone and to multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system independent of movement of the transporter within the goods storage and retrieval system; and
the mast assembly and the picking attachment are configured to access multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system. 2. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the target tote has a tote width t; the target tote comprises a pair of protruding rims positioned on opposite sides of the target tote, defining a target tote rimmed width r; the tote transfer zone comprises a plurality of tote suspension tracks defined by a track spacing b; and t<b<r. 3. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the tote transfer zone forms a bottom level of the multilevel warehouse racking system. 4. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the tote transfer zone is elevated above an inventory transit surface of the goods storage and retrieval system. 5. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the multilevel warehouse racking system comprises a first rack and a second rack arranged on opposite sides of a racking system aisle; the first and second racks define end points of the racking system aisle; and the tote transfer zone extends past the end points of the racking system aisle. 6. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the transporter comprises a lifting surface and is structurally configured to lift the target tote relative to a tote supporting surface of the tote transfer zone by elevating the transporter lifting surface from a traveling height to a transporting height. 7. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the picking attachment of the materials handling vehicle is configured to transfer totes between (i) the multilevel warehouse racking system and the transporter and (ii) the tote transfer zone and the transporter. 8. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle further comprises one or more vehicular controllers; the picking attachment comprises an X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner; and the one or more vehicular controllers executes vehicle functions to use the X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner of the picking attachment to engage and disengage the target tote positioned in the multilevel warehouse racking system with the picking attachment. 9. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle further comprises one or more vehicular controllers; the picking attachment comprises an X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner; and the one or more vehicular controllers executes vehicle functions to use the X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner of the picking attachment to engage and disengage the target tote positioned on the transporter with the picking attachment. 10. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle further comprises a navigation subsystem comprising a vision system; the multilevel warehouse racking system comprises a target fiducial associated with the target tote to guide engagement of the target tote with the picking attachment; the navigation subsystem is configured to position the materials handling vehicle such that the target fiducial is within a field of view of the vision system; the materials handling vehicle further comprises one or more vehicular controllers and a picking attachment subsystem comprising the picking attachment and a time-of-flight (TOF) system; the picking attachment comprises an X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner; the picking attachment subsystem is configured to generate a target TOF depth map of the target tote; and the one or more vehicular controllers of the materials handling vehicle executes vehicle functions to use the X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner of the picking attachment subsystem to engage the target tote with the picking attachment based on the target TOF depth map. 11. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 10, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle further comprises a navigation subsystem; and the navigation subsystem is configured to position the materials handling vehicle such that the target tote is within a tote engagement field of view of the TOF system. 12. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the picking attachment comprises an X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner comprising:
an X-positioner configured to move the picking attachment in a first degree of freedom along a first lateral axis in a lateral plane;
a Y-positioner configured to move the picking attachment in a second degree of freedom along a second lateral axis perpendicular to the first lateral axis in the lateral plane;
a Z-positioner configured to move the picking attachment in a third degree of freedom along a Z-axis perpendicular to the first lateral axis and the second lateral axis; and
a rotational Ψ-positioner configured to rotate the picking attachment in a fourth degree of freedom about the Z-axis. 13. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle further comprises a navigation subsystem comprising a vision system; the multilevel warehouse racking system comprises a target fiducial associated with the target tote to guide engagement of the target tote with the picking attachment; and the navigation subsystem is configured to position the materials handling vehicle such that the target fiducial is within a field of view of the vision system. 14. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 13, wherein:
the multilevel warehouse racking system comprises a plurality of target fiducials associated with the target tote; and one of the target fiducials is positioned on the shelf unit of the rack module; and another of the target fiducials is positioned on the target tote. 15. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, further comprising a goods receiving station comprising a goods selection terminal outfitted for removal of the target tote from the transporter lifting surface. 16. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 15, wherein:
the goods selection terminal comprises an operator platform above an inventory transit surface of the goods storage and retrieval system; and the operator platform comprises a goods access portal that is accessible by an operator from above the operator platform and by the transporter from below the operator platform. 17. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 16, wherein the transporter is further configured to elevate the transporter lifting surface to a height of the operator platform. 18. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 16, wherein the goods selection terminal comprises a transporter raising surface that is flush with the inventory transit surface, aligned with the goods access portal, and configured to elevate the transporter from the inventory transit surface of the goods storage and retrieval system to the operator platform. 19. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, further comprising a warehouse management computing hub in communication with the transporter and the materials handling vehicle and programmed to instruct the transporter and the materials handling vehicle to coordinate engagement, transport, and disengagement of the target tote in the goods storage and retrieval system. 20. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of RFID tags embedded in the inventory transit surface at vehicle stop locations, tote transfer zones, transfer nodes, pick-place locations, or combinations thereof. 21. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 1, further comprising a mobile storage cart and wherein:
the transporter further comprises transporter-based engagement hardware that enables the transporter to engage, transport, and disengage the mobile storage cart at a variety of locations along an inventory transit surface of the goods storage and retrieval system independent of movement of the materials handling vehicle within the goods storage and retrieval system; the materials handling vehicle further comprises vehicle-based cart engagement hardware that is coupled to the mast assembly for movement along a lifting dimension of the mast assembly to (i) engage and disengage the mobile storage cart at a variety of locations along the inventory transit surface independent of movement of the transporter within the goods storage and retrieval system and (ii) transport the mobile storage cart to multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system independent of movement of the transporter within the goods storage and retrieval system; and the picking attachment of the materials handling vehicle is configured to (i) transfer totes between the multilevel warehouse racking system and the mobile storage cart at multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system when the mobile storage cart is engaged by the materials handling vehicle, (ii) transfer totes between the tote transfer zone and the mobile storage cart when the mobile storage cart is engaged by the materials handling vehicle, (iii) transfer totes between the multilevel warehouse racking system and the transporter, and (iv) transfer totes between the tote transfer zone and the transporter. 22. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 21, wherein the vehicle-based cart engagement hardware comprises a mobile storage cart support platform defined by one or more vertically-oriented cart lifting forks. 23. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 21, wherein the vehicle-based cart engagement hardware comprises anti-rock cart engagement hardware configured to engage a top end of the mobile storage cart. 24. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 23, wherein the anti-rock cart engagement hardware comprises a pair of support arms configured to engage the top end of the mobile storage cart. 25. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 24, wherein the anti-rock cart engagement hardware comprises lateral anti-rock hardware wherein each support arm comprises a hook subtending extension, and the mobile storage cart comprises a pair of extension passages structurally configured to permit the hook subtending extensions to pass at least partially through the pair of extension passages. 26. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 24, wherein the anti-rock cart engagement hardware comprises front-rear anti-rock hardware wherein each support arm comprises an anti-rock hook defining a notch, the anti-rock hook extends downwardly at a distal portion of the support arm to define an engagement gap between a hook subtending extension and a terminal portion of the anti-rock hook, and the mobile storage cart comprises hook engaging features structurally configured to engage the anti-rock hooks of the pair of support arms. 27. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 24, wherein:
each support arm comprises an anti-rock hook defining a notch, and a hook subtending extension; and the anti-rock hook extends downwardly at a distal portion of the support arm to define an engagement gap between the hook subtending extension and a terminal portion of the anti-rock hook. 28. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 27, wherein the mobile storage cart comprises:
hook engaging features structurally configured to engage the anti-rock hooks of the pair of support arms; and a pair of extension passages structurally configured to permit the hook subtending extensions to pass at least partially through the pair of extension passages to permit the anti-rock hooks of the pair of support arms to engage the hook engaging features of the mobile storage cart while the pair of support arms engage a top end of the mobile storage cart. 29. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 21, wherein the mobile storage cart comprises a transporter access opening that is sized and configured to permit the transporter to enter and exit through the transporter access opening along the inventory transit surface. 30. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 21, wherein:
the mobile storage cart comprises at least two vertically-oriented fork slots; the vehicle-based cart engagement hardware comprises a mobile storage cart support platform defined by one or more vertically-oriented cart lifting forks; and the vertically-oriented fork slots are structurally configured to receive the vertically-oriented cart lifting forks. 31. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 21, wherein:
the transporter comprises a lifting surface and is structurally configured to lift the mobile storage cart off of the inventory transit surface upon which the multilevel warehouse racking system is supported by elevating the transporter lifting surface from a traveling height to a transporting height; and the mobile storage cart is structurally configured to permit the transporter to enter and exit a lifting zone beneath the mobile storage cart in at least two orthogonal directions, with the lifting surface of the transporter at the traveling height. 32. The goods storage and retrieval system of claim 21, wherein:
the materials handling vehicle further comprises a vehicle body, a plurality of wheels supporting the vehicle body, a traction control unit, a braking system, and a steering assembly, each operatively coupled to one or more of the vehicle wheels, a fork carriage assembly movably coupled to the mast assembly, a mast assembly control unit, a carriage control unit, the picking attachment secured to the fork carriage assembly, a cart engagement subsystem, a navigation subsystem, and one or more vehicular controllers in communication with the traction control unit, the braking system, the steering assembly, the mast assembly control unit, the carriage control unit, the picking attachment, the vehicle-based cart engagement hardware, and the navigation subsystem; the cart engagement subsystem is characterized by a storage cart engagement field of view; and the one or more vehicular controllers of the materials handling vehicle executes vehicle functions to
(i) use the navigation subsystem to navigate the materials handling vehicle along the inventory transit surface to a localized engagement position where a cart home position is within the storage cart engagement field of view, and
(ii) use the cart engagement subsystem to engage the mobile storage cart in the cart home position with the fork carriage assembly. 33. A method of operating a goods storage and retrieval system, the method comprising:
providing the goods storage and retrieval system comprising a multilevel warehouse racking system, a materials handling vehicle disposed on an inventory transit surface, a tote transfer zone, a target tote, and a transporter comprising transporter-based engagement hardware wherein the materials handling vehicle comprises
a traction control unit, a braking system, and a steering assembly, each operatively coupled to one or more of the vehicle wheels,
a mast assembly, a fork carriage assembly movably coupled to the mast assembly, a mast assembly control unit, a carriage control unit, a picking attachment comprising an X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner secured to the fork carriage assembly, a navigation subsystem, and
one or more vehicular controllers in communication with the traction control unit, the braking system, the steering assembly, the mast assembly control unit, the carriage control unit, the picking attachment, and the navigation subsystem;
navigating the materials handling vehicle along the inventory transit surface to the target tote through use of the navigation subsystem and the one or more vehicular controllers independent of movement of the transporter within the goods storage and retrieval system; engaging or disengaging the target tote with the picking attachment secured to the fork carriage assembly through use of the X-Y-Z-Ψ positioner at the tote transfer zone and at multiple levels of the multilevel warehouse racking system independent of movement of the transporter within the goods storage and retrieval system; placing with the picking attachment the target tote on the tote transfer zone or on a level of the multilevel warehouse racking system; and engaging the target tote with the transporter through use of the transporter-based engagement hardware comprising a transporter lifting surface. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein engaging the target tote with the transporter further comprises lifting the target tote relative to a tote supporting surface of the tote transfer zone with the transporter lifting surface. 35. The method of claim 33, further comprising transmitting, via a warehouse management computing hub, instructions to the materials handling vehicle and the transporter. 36. The method of claim 33, further comprising:
transporting the target tote with the transporter to a goods receiving station comprising a goods selection terminal; and removing the target tote from the transporter lifting surface. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein removing the target tote further comprises elevating a transporter raising surface from an access height flush with the inventory transit surface to a selection height. 38. The method of claim 33, further comprising placing with the picking attachment the target tote on a lifting surface of the transporter. 39. The method of claim 33, further comprising:
providing a mobile storage cart; engaging the mobile storage cart with the fork carriage assembly through the use of a cart engagement subsystem of the materials handling vehicle; and placing with the picking attachment the target tote in the mobile storage cart engaged by the fork carriage assembly. 40. The method of claim 38, further comprising:
disengaging the mobile storage cart with the fork carriage assembly through the use of a cart engagement subsystem of the materials handling vehicle; engaging the mobile storage cart with the transporter lifting surface; transporting the mobile storage cart with the transporter to a goods receiving station comprising a goods selection terminal; and removing the target tote from the mobile storage cart. | 3,600 |
339,696 | 16,800,631 | 3,695 | An introducer assembly to facilitate ultrasound guidance. The introducer assembly includes an obturator removably disposed within a sheath. The obturator includes a solid section near its distal end. A reverberation feature is disposed within the solid section and configured to reverberate an incident wave to produce reflected waves. An ultrasound system generates a visual artifact in response to receiving the reflected waves. The visual artifact is easy to see on a display and facilitates identification of the tip of the needle. The reverberation feature may include a bore angled relative to a longitudinal axis. The bore or an opening may be positioned distal to the sheath. A plug may be disposed within the bore with the plug formed from a material different than that of the elongate body. The obturator may include a beveled tip with the bore extending through surfaces of the beveled tip. | 1. An introducer assembly positionable within anatomy of a patient under visual guidance from an ultrasound system configured to direct an incident wave and receive reflected waves, and generate a visual artifact in response to receiving the reflected waves, said introducer assembly comprising:
a sheath; an obturator comprising:
an elongate body sized to be removably disposed within said sheath, said elongate body comprising a distal end, a proximal end opposite said distal end with said distal and proximal ends defining a longitudinal axis, and a solid section near said distal end that is solid in cross section; and
a reverberation feature comprising a bore extending through said solid section and angled relative to said longitudinal axis, said reverberation feature configured to reverberate the incident wave within said bore to produce the reflected waves. 2. The introducer assembly of claim 1, wherein said elongate body of said obturator is formed from metal and unitary in construction. 3. The introducer assembly of claim 2, further comprising a plug disposed within said bore and formed from a material different than the metal of said elongate body. 4. The introducer assembly of claim 3, wherein said plug is formed from a sorbent or includes microbubbles. 5. The introducer assembly of claim 1, wherein said bore comprises at least two bores oriented parallel to one another and transverse relative to said longitudinal axis. 6. The introducer assembly of claim 1, wherein said solid section is a beveled tip comprising surfaces tapering to an edge or point, wherein said bore extends through said beveled tip between said surfaces. 7. The introducer assembly of claim 1, wherein said solid section is a beveled tip comprising at least three surfaces tapering to a point, wherein said bore comprises at least three bores each extending from a respective one of said at least three surfaces. 8. The introducer assembly of claim 1, wherein said sheath comprises a distal end opposite a proximal end with said distal end of said sheath axially positioned proximal to said reverberation feature of said elongate body. 9. The introducer assembly of claim 1, wherein said solid section is formed from a polymer, said obturator further comprising an insert that is formed from metal and disposed within said bore. 10. An introducer assembly positionable within anatomy of a patient under visual guidance from an ultrasound system configured to direct an incident wave and receive reflected waves, and generate a visual artifact in response to receiving the reflected waves, said introducer assembly comprising:
a sheath; an obturator comprising:
an elongate body sized to be removably disposed within said sheath, said elongate body comprising a distal end, a proximal end opposite said distal end with said distal and proximal ends defining a longitudinal axis, and a solid section near said distal end that is solid in cross section; and
a reverberation feature defined by a bore or a cavity positioned distal to said sheath and extending from a side to within said solid section, said reverberation feature configured to reverberate the incident wave within said bore or said cavity to produce the reflected waves. 11. The introducer assembly of claim 10, wherein said bore is a singular bore is oriented transverse relative to said longitudinal axis. 12. The introducer assembly of claim 11, further comprising a plug disposed within said singular bore and formed from a material different than the metal of said elongate body. 13. The introducer assembly of claim 10, wherein said solid section is a beveled tip comprising surfaces tapering to an edge or point, wherein said bore or said cavity extends through said beveled tip between said surfaces. 14. The introducer assembly of claim 10, wherein said solid section is a beveled tip comprising at least three surfaces tapering to a point, wherein said bore or said cavity comprises at least three bores or cavities each extending from a respective one of said at least three surfaces. 15. The introducer assembly of claim 10, wherein said bore comprises at least two bores oriented parallel to one another and transverse relative to said longitudinal axis. 16. An introducer assembly positionable within anatomy of a patient under visual guidance from an ultrasound system configured to direct an incident wave and receive reflected waves, and generate a visual artifact in response to receiving the reflected waves, said introducer assembly comprising:
a sheath; an obturator comprising:
an elongate body sized to be removably disposed within said sheath, said elongate body comprising a distal end, a proximal end opposite said distal end with said distal and proximal ends defining a longitudinal axis;
a beveled tip comprising surfaces tapering to an edge or point; and
a reverberation feature comprising a bore extending through said beveled tip between said surfaces, said reverberation feature configured to reverberate the incident wave within said bore to produce the reflected waves. 17. The introducer assembly of claim 16, wherein said surfaces comprise at least three surfaces tapering to a point, wherein said bore comprises at least three bores each extending from a respective one of said at least three surfaces. 18. The introducer assembly of claim 16, wherein said sheath comprises a distal end opposite a proximal end with said distal end of said sheath axially positioned proximal to said reverberation feature of said elongate body. 19. The introducer assembly of claim 16, wherein said beveled tip is formed from metal and unitary in construction. 20. The introducer assembly of claim 16, further comprising a plug disposed within said bore and formed from a material different than said elongate body. | An introducer assembly to facilitate ultrasound guidance. The introducer assembly includes an obturator removably disposed within a sheath. The obturator includes a solid section near its distal end. A reverberation feature is disposed within the solid section and configured to reverberate an incident wave to produce reflected waves. An ultrasound system generates a visual artifact in response to receiving the reflected waves. The visual artifact is easy to see on a display and facilitates identification of the tip of the needle. The reverberation feature may include a bore angled relative to a longitudinal axis. The bore or an opening may be positioned distal to the sheath. A plug may be disposed within the bore with the plug formed from a material different than that of the elongate body. The obturator may include a beveled tip with the bore extending through surfaces of the beveled tip.1. An introducer assembly positionable within anatomy of a patient under visual guidance from an ultrasound system configured to direct an incident wave and receive reflected waves, and generate a visual artifact in response to receiving the reflected waves, said introducer assembly comprising:
a sheath; an obturator comprising:
an elongate body sized to be removably disposed within said sheath, said elongate body comprising a distal end, a proximal end opposite said distal end with said distal and proximal ends defining a longitudinal axis, and a solid section near said distal end that is solid in cross section; and
a reverberation feature comprising a bore extending through said solid section and angled relative to said longitudinal axis, said reverberation feature configured to reverberate the incident wave within said bore to produce the reflected waves. 2. The introducer assembly of claim 1, wherein said elongate body of said obturator is formed from metal and unitary in construction. 3. The introducer assembly of claim 2, further comprising a plug disposed within said bore and formed from a material different than the metal of said elongate body. 4. The introducer assembly of claim 3, wherein said plug is formed from a sorbent or includes microbubbles. 5. The introducer assembly of claim 1, wherein said bore comprises at least two bores oriented parallel to one another and transverse relative to said longitudinal axis. 6. The introducer assembly of claim 1, wherein said solid section is a beveled tip comprising surfaces tapering to an edge or point, wherein said bore extends through said beveled tip between said surfaces. 7. The introducer assembly of claim 1, wherein said solid section is a beveled tip comprising at least three surfaces tapering to a point, wherein said bore comprises at least three bores each extending from a respective one of said at least three surfaces. 8. The introducer assembly of claim 1, wherein said sheath comprises a distal end opposite a proximal end with said distal end of said sheath axially positioned proximal to said reverberation feature of said elongate body. 9. The introducer assembly of claim 1, wherein said solid section is formed from a polymer, said obturator further comprising an insert that is formed from metal and disposed within said bore. 10. An introducer assembly positionable within anatomy of a patient under visual guidance from an ultrasound system configured to direct an incident wave and receive reflected waves, and generate a visual artifact in response to receiving the reflected waves, said introducer assembly comprising:
a sheath; an obturator comprising:
an elongate body sized to be removably disposed within said sheath, said elongate body comprising a distal end, a proximal end opposite said distal end with said distal and proximal ends defining a longitudinal axis, and a solid section near said distal end that is solid in cross section; and
a reverberation feature defined by a bore or a cavity positioned distal to said sheath and extending from a side to within said solid section, said reverberation feature configured to reverberate the incident wave within said bore or said cavity to produce the reflected waves. 11. The introducer assembly of claim 10, wherein said bore is a singular bore is oriented transverse relative to said longitudinal axis. 12. The introducer assembly of claim 11, further comprising a plug disposed within said singular bore and formed from a material different than the metal of said elongate body. 13. The introducer assembly of claim 10, wherein said solid section is a beveled tip comprising surfaces tapering to an edge or point, wherein said bore or said cavity extends through said beveled tip between said surfaces. 14. The introducer assembly of claim 10, wherein said solid section is a beveled tip comprising at least three surfaces tapering to a point, wherein said bore or said cavity comprises at least three bores or cavities each extending from a respective one of said at least three surfaces. 15. The introducer assembly of claim 10, wherein said bore comprises at least two bores oriented parallel to one another and transverse relative to said longitudinal axis. 16. An introducer assembly positionable within anatomy of a patient under visual guidance from an ultrasound system configured to direct an incident wave and receive reflected waves, and generate a visual artifact in response to receiving the reflected waves, said introducer assembly comprising:
a sheath; an obturator comprising:
an elongate body sized to be removably disposed within said sheath, said elongate body comprising a distal end, a proximal end opposite said distal end with said distal and proximal ends defining a longitudinal axis;
a beveled tip comprising surfaces tapering to an edge or point; and
a reverberation feature comprising a bore extending through said beveled tip between said surfaces, said reverberation feature configured to reverberate the incident wave within said bore to produce the reflected waves. 17. The introducer assembly of claim 16, wherein said surfaces comprise at least three surfaces tapering to a point, wherein said bore comprises at least three bores each extending from a respective one of said at least three surfaces. 18. The introducer assembly of claim 16, wherein said sheath comprises a distal end opposite a proximal end with said distal end of said sheath axially positioned proximal to said reverberation feature of said elongate body. 19. The introducer assembly of claim 16, wherein said beveled tip is formed from metal and unitary in construction. 20. The introducer assembly of claim 16, further comprising a plug disposed within said bore and formed from a material different than said elongate body. | 3,600 |
339,697 | 16,800,616 | 3,695 | A system and method for providing power to independent movers traveling along a track in a motion control system without requiring a fixed connection between the mover and a power source external to the mover. In one embodiment, a sliding transformer transfers power between the track and each mover. In another embodiment, an optical transmitter transfers power between the track and an optical receiver mounted on each mover. In yet another embodiment, a generator includes a drive wheel engaging the track as each mover travels along the track. A power converter on the mover receives the power generated on and/or transmitted to the mover to control an actuator or a sensor mounted on the mover or to activate drive coils mounted on the mover to interact with magnets mounted along the track and, thereby, control motion of each mover. | 1. An apparatus for providing power to a mover in a motion control system, the apparatus comprising:
a plurality of movers; a plurality of electrical devices, wherein at least one of the electrical devices is mounted to each of the plurality of movers; a track defining a continuous path along which each of the plurality of movers travels; an optical transmitter mounted on the track and operative to emit light at a predefined frequency; a plurality of optical receivers, wherein each optical receiver is mounted to one of the plurality of movers and is oriented to receive the light emitted by the optical transmitter as the mover travels along the track; and a plurality of power converters, wherein each of the plurality of power converters is mounted to one of the plurality of movers and is operative to receive power from the optical receiver and to supply power to the at least one electrical device mounted on the mover. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the track includes a plurality of track segments, the apparatus further comprising a plurality of optical transmitters, wherein each track segment has one of the plurality of optical transmitters mounted thereto and each optical receiver receives the light emitted from the optical transmitter as the mover travels along the corresponding track segment. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising an electrical energy storage device, wherein when the optical receiver on each of the plurality of movers is receiving light emitted from the optical transmitter, the power converter on the corresponding mover is further configured to supply at least a portion of the power from the optical receiver to the electrical energy storage device. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein:
the optical receiver on each of the plurality of movers receives the light emitted from the optical transmitter over a first portion of the track, the optical receiver on each of the plurality of movers receives no light from the optical transmitter over a second portion of the track, and when the optical receiver on each of the plurality of movers is not receiving light emitted from the optical transmitter, the power converter is further configured to supply power from the electrical energy storage device to the at least one electrical device mounted on the mover. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a generator mounted on each of the plurality of movers, wherein the generator includes:
a drive wheel configured to engage the track and to rotate as the mover travels along the track,
a drive shaft operatively coupled to the drive wheel wherein rotation of the drive wheel causes rotation of the drive shaft, and
a rotor operatively coupled to the drive shaft to generate power on a stator when the drive shaft rotates, and wherein each of the plurality of power converters is operative to receive power from both the generator and the optical receiver. 6. The apparatus of claim 5 further comprising an electrical energy storage device, wherein:
the power converter supplies power to charge the electrical energy storage device when a magnitude of power received from the generator and the optical receiver exceeds a magnitude of power demanded by the at least one electrical device mounted on the mover, and
the power converter draws power from the electrical energy storage device when the magnitude of power received from the generator and the optical receiver is less than the magnitude of power demanded by the at least one electrical device mounted on the mover. 7. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
a plurality of motor drives, wherein each motor drive is mounted to one of the plurality of movers and wherein each motor drive includes:
a rectifier section, wherein an input of the rectifier section is connected to and receives power from the optical receiver mounted to the corresponding mover and an output of the rectifier section is connected to a dc bus, and
an inverter section, wherein an input of the inverter section is connected to and receives power from the de bus and wherein the motor drive is operative to provide a variable amplitude and variable frequency voltage at an output of the inverter section; and
a plurality of drive coils mounted to each mover and connected to the output of the inverter section to receive the variable amplitude and variable frequency voltage. 8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein each motor drive and each power converter on one of the movers utilize the rectifier section and wherein each power converter receives power from the dc bus. 9. An apparatus for providing power to a mover in a motion control system, the apparatus comprising:
at least one mover; a track defining a path along which the at least one mover travels; an optical transmitter mounted in a housing, wherein the optical transmitter is configured to receive power from a power supply and to emit light; at least one optical receiver mounted to the at least one mover, the at least one optical receiver configured to receive the light emitted from the optical transmitter and to convert power from the light to electrical power; and at least one electrical device mounted to the at least one mover and configured to receive the electrical power from the at least one optical receiver. 10. The apparatus of claim 9 further comprising at least one power converter mounted to the at least one mover, wherein the at least one power converter is operative to receive power in a first form from the at least one optical receiver and to supply power in a second form to the at least one electrical device mounted on the mover. 11. The apparatus of claim 9 further comprising an electrical energy storage device, wherein at least a portion of the electrical power from the at least one optical receiver is stored in the electrical energy storage device. 12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein:
the at least one optical receiver receives the light emitted from the optical transmitter over a first portion of the track,
the at least one optical receiver receives no light from the optical transmitter over a second portion of the track, and
when the at least one optical receiver is not receiving light emitted from the optical transmitter, the portion of the electrical power stored in the electrical energy storage device is supplied to the at least one electrical device. 13. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the housing for the optical transmitter is mounted to the track. 13. The apparatus of claim 9 further comprising a plurality of optical transmitters, wherein each of the plurality of optical transmitters is configured to emit light and wherein the at least one optical receiver is configured to receive the light emitted from each of the plurality of optical transmitters over at least a portion of the track as the mover travels along the track. 14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein:
the track includes a plurality of track segments,
each track segment has one of the plurality of optical transmitters mounted thereto, and
the at least one optical receiver receives the light emitted from the optical transmitter as the mover travels along the corresponding track segment. 15. The apparatus of claim 9 where at least one lens is mounted between the optical transmitter and the optical receiver, wherein the at least one lens is configured to increase an amount of light emitted from the optical transmitter to become incident on the optical receiver. 16. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the optical transmitter is a laser diode. 17. A method of powering an electrical device associated with a mover in a linear motor system, comprising:
supplying power to an optical transmitter mounted proximate a track in the linear motor system; emitting light from the optical transmitter to the mover traveling along the track; receiving the light emitted from the optical transmitter at an optical receiver mounted on the mover; converting the light emitter at the optical receiver to electrical power on the mover; and supplying the electrical power to an electrical device mounted on the mover. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the step of supplying electrical power to the electrical device mounted on the mover further comprises the steps of:
receiving the electrical power in a first form at an input of a power converter mounted on the mover;
generating power in a second form at an output of the power converter; and
conducting the power in the second form from the output of the power converter to the electrical device. 19. The method of claim 17 wherein the track includes a plurality of optical transmitters, the method further comprising the steps of:
supplying power to each of the plurality of optical transmitters from a power source; and
emitting light from each of the plurality of optical transmitters, wherein the optical receiver receives light from each of the plurality of optical transmitters over a portion of the track as the mover travels along the track. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein each of the optical transmitters is a laser diode. | A system and method for providing power to independent movers traveling along a track in a motion control system without requiring a fixed connection between the mover and a power source external to the mover. In one embodiment, a sliding transformer transfers power between the track and each mover. In another embodiment, an optical transmitter transfers power between the track and an optical receiver mounted on each mover. In yet another embodiment, a generator includes a drive wheel engaging the track as each mover travels along the track. A power converter on the mover receives the power generated on and/or transmitted to the mover to control an actuator or a sensor mounted on the mover or to activate drive coils mounted on the mover to interact with magnets mounted along the track and, thereby, control motion of each mover.1. An apparatus for providing power to a mover in a motion control system, the apparatus comprising:
a plurality of movers; a plurality of electrical devices, wherein at least one of the electrical devices is mounted to each of the plurality of movers; a track defining a continuous path along which each of the plurality of movers travels; an optical transmitter mounted on the track and operative to emit light at a predefined frequency; a plurality of optical receivers, wherein each optical receiver is mounted to one of the plurality of movers and is oriented to receive the light emitted by the optical transmitter as the mover travels along the track; and a plurality of power converters, wherein each of the plurality of power converters is mounted to one of the plurality of movers and is operative to receive power from the optical receiver and to supply power to the at least one electrical device mounted on the mover. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the track includes a plurality of track segments, the apparatus further comprising a plurality of optical transmitters, wherein each track segment has one of the plurality of optical transmitters mounted thereto and each optical receiver receives the light emitted from the optical transmitter as the mover travels along the corresponding track segment. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising an electrical energy storage device, wherein when the optical receiver on each of the plurality of movers is receiving light emitted from the optical transmitter, the power converter on the corresponding mover is further configured to supply at least a portion of the power from the optical receiver to the electrical energy storage device. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein:
the optical receiver on each of the plurality of movers receives the light emitted from the optical transmitter over a first portion of the track, the optical receiver on each of the plurality of movers receives no light from the optical transmitter over a second portion of the track, and when the optical receiver on each of the plurality of movers is not receiving light emitted from the optical transmitter, the power converter is further configured to supply power from the electrical energy storage device to the at least one electrical device mounted on the mover. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a generator mounted on each of the plurality of movers, wherein the generator includes:
a drive wheel configured to engage the track and to rotate as the mover travels along the track,
a drive shaft operatively coupled to the drive wheel wherein rotation of the drive wheel causes rotation of the drive shaft, and
a rotor operatively coupled to the drive shaft to generate power on a stator when the drive shaft rotates, and wherein each of the plurality of power converters is operative to receive power from both the generator and the optical receiver. 6. The apparatus of claim 5 further comprising an electrical energy storage device, wherein:
the power converter supplies power to charge the electrical energy storage device when a magnitude of power received from the generator and the optical receiver exceeds a magnitude of power demanded by the at least one electrical device mounted on the mover, and
the power converter draws power from the electrical energy storage device when the magnitude of power received from the generator and the optical receiver is less than the magnitude of power demanded by the at least one electrical device mounted on the mover. 7. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
a plurality of motor drives, wherein each motor drive is mounted to one of the plurality of movers and wherein each motor drive includes:
a rectifier section, wherein an input of the rectifier section is connected to and receives power from the optical receiver mounted to the corresponding mover and an output of the rectifier section is connected to a dc bus, and
an inverter section, wherein an input of the inverter section is connected to and receives power from the de bus and wherein the motor drive is operative to provide a variable amplitude and variable frequency voltage at an output of the inverter section; and
a plurality of drive coils mounted to each mover and connected to the output of the inverter section to receive the variable amplitude and variable frequency voltage. 8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein each motor drive and each power converter on one of the movers utilize the rectifier section and wherein each power converter receives power from the dc bus. 9. An apparatus for providing power to a mover in a motion control system, the apparatus comprising:
at least one mover; a track defining a path along which the at least one mover travels; an optical transmitter mounted in a housing, wherein the optical transmitter is configured to receive power from a power supply and to emit light; at least one optical receiver mounted to the at least one mover, the at least one optical receiver configured to receive the light emitted from the optical transmitter and to convert power from the light to electrical power; and at least one electrical device mounted to the at least one mover and configured to receive the electrical power from the at least one optical receiver. 10. The apparatus of claim 9 further comprising at least one power converter mounted to the at least one mover, wherein the at least one power converter is operative to receive power in a first form from the at least one optical receiver and to supply power in a second form to the at least one electrical device mounted on the mover. 11. The apparatus of claim 9 further comprising an electrical energy storage device, wherein at least a portion of the electrical power from the at least one optical receiver is stored in the electrical energy storage device. 12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein:
the at least one optical receiver receives the light emitted from the optical transmitter over a first portion of the track,
the at least one optical receiver receives no light from the optical transmitter over a second portion of the track, and
when the at least one optical receiver is not receiving light emitted from the optical transmitter, the portion of the electrical power stored in the electrical energy storage device is supplied to the at least one electrical device. 13. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the housing for the optical transmitter is mounted to the track. 13. The apparatus of claim 9 further comprising a plurality of optical transmitters, wherein each of the plurality of optical transmitters is configured to emit light and wherein the at least one optical receiver is configured to receive the light emitted from each of the plurality of optical transmitters over at least a portion of the track as the mover travels along the track. 14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein:
the track includes a plurality of track segments,
each track segment has one of the plurality of optical transmitters mounted thereto, and
the at least one optical receiver receives the light emitted from the optical transmitter as the mover travels along the corresponding track segment. 15. The apparatus of claim 9 where at least one lens is mounted between the optical transmitter and the optical receiver, wherein the at least one lens is configured to increase an amount of light emitted from the optical transmitter to become incident on the optical receiver. 16. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the optical transmitter is a laser diode. 17. A method of powering an electrical device associated with a mover in a linear motor system, comprising:
supplying power to an optical transmitter mounted proximate a track in the linear motor system; emitting light from the optical transmitter to the mover traveling along the track; receiving the light emitted from the optical transmitter at an optical receiver mounted on the mover; converting the light emitter at the optical receiver to electrical power on the mover; and supplying the electrical power to an electrical device mounted on the mover. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the step of supplying electrical power to the electrical device mounted on the mover further comprises the steps of:
receiving the electrical power in a first form at an input of a power converter mounted on the mover;
generating power in a second form at an output of the power converter; and
conducting the power in the second form from the output of the power converter to the electrical device. 19. The method of claim 17 wherein the track includes a plurality of optical transmitters, the method further comprising the steps of:
supplying power to each of the plurality of optical transmitters from a power source; and
emitting light from each of the plurality of optical transmitters, wherein the optical receiver receives light from each of the plurality of optical transmitters over a portion of the track as the mover travels along the track. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein each of the optical transmitters is a laser diode. | 3,600 |
339,698 | 16,800,636 | 3,695 | Methods, systems, and computer program products for memory protection in hypervisor environments are provided herein. A method includes maintaining, by a memory management layer of a hypervisor environment, a blockchain-based hash chain associated with a page table of the memory management layer, the page table corresponding to a plurality of memory pages; and verifying, by the first memory management layer, content obtained in connection with a read operation for a given one of the plurality of memory pages based at least in part on hashes maintained for the given memory page in the blockchain-based hash chain. | 1. A computer-implemented method, the method comprising:
maintaining, by a first one of a plurality of memory management layers of a hypervisor environment, at least one blockchain-based hash chain associated with a page table of the first memory management layer, the page table corresponding to a plurality of memory pages, wherein the at least one blockchain-based hash chain comprises, for each of the plurality of memory pages: (i) a current hash associated with the memory page and (ii) a previous hash associated with an immediately preceding memory page corresponding to the page table; and verifying, by the first memory management layer, content obtained in connection with a read operation for a given one of the plurality of memory pages, wherein said verifying comprises at least: (i) checking that a hash of the obtained content matches the current hash maintained in the at least one blockchain-based hash chain for the given memory page, (ii) obtaining further content of the memory page associated with the page table that immediately precedes the given memory page, and (iii) checking that a hash of the further content matches the previous hash maintained in the at least one blockchain-based hash chain for the given memory page; wherein the method is carried out by at least one computing device. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of memory pages comprise at least one of: (i) one or more read-only pages and (ii) one or more updateable pages. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the at least one blockchain-based hash chain comprises one or more first blockchain-based hash chains and one or more second blockchain-based hash chains, and wherein said maintaining comprises:
maintaining the one or more first blockchain-based hash chains in the page table for the one or more read-only pages; and maintaining the one or more second blockchain-based hash chains for the one or more updatable pages, wherein the one or more first blockchain-based hash chains are mutually disjoint from the one or more second blockchain-based hash chains. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein said maintaining comprises:
updating at least one of the second blockchain-based hash chains in the page table in response to a change to page content of at least one of the updatable pages. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the one or more updateable pages comprise application data. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the one or more read-only pages comprise data corresponding to least one of (i) a booting subroutine, (ii) an exception handler, and (iii) a dynamic link library. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of memory management layers comprises one or more other memory management layers that are lower than the first memory management layer in the hypervisor environment. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein a further one of the plurality of memory management layers in the hypervisor environment independently maintains one or more further blockchain-based hash chains to protect memory associated with the further memory management layer from at least one memory management layer of the hypervisor environment that is lower than the further memory management layer. 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of memory management layers corresponds to at least one of: (i) a host operating system, (ii) a guest virtual machine, (iii) a main memory, (iv) L1 Cache, (v) L2 Cache, and (vi) L3 cache. 10. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, comprising:
periodically checking the integrity of the at least one blockchain-based hash chain in its entirety. 11. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the first memory management layer corresponds to a guest virtual machine, and wherein maintaining the at least one blockchain-based hash chain protects memory associated with the guest virtual machine from one or more of: at least one other memory management layer of the hypervisor environment and at least one other memory management layer of the guest virtual machine. 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the hypervisor environment implements at least one of: (i) shadow paging, (ii) nested paging, and (iii) para-virtualization. 13. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, comprising:
preventing one or more types of memory attacks based at least in part on the at least one blockchain-based hash chain. 14. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, comprising:
utilizing specific hardware in conjunction with maintaining the at least one blockchain-based hash chain to protect confidentiality of memory contents associated with the first memory management layer from one or more of the other memory management layers of the hypervisor environment. 15. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the specific hardware comprises a secure processor that manages keys for encrypting the memory contents of the memory associated with the first memory management layer. 16. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, comprising:
detecting, by the first memory management layer, that at least one other one of the plurality of memory management layers of the hypervisor environment changed the content of one of the memory pages associated with the first memory management layer. 17. A computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions executable by a computing device to cause the computing device to:
maintain, by a first one of a plurality of memory management layers of a hypervisor environment, at least one blockchain-based hash chain associated with a page table of the first memory management layer, the page table corresponding to a plurality of memory pages, wherein the at least one blockchain-based hash chain comprises, for each of the plurality memory pages: (i) a current hash associated with the memory page and (ii) a previous hash associated with an immediately preceding memory page corresponding to the page table; and verify, by the first memory management layer, content obtained in connection with a read operation for a given one of the plurality of memory pages, wherein said verifying comprises at least: (i) checking that a hash of the obtained content matches the current hash maintained in the at least one blockchain-based hash chain for the given memory page, (ii) obtaining further content of the memory page associated with the page table that immediately precedes the given memory page, and (iii) checking that a hash of the further content matches the previous hash maintained in the at least one blockchain-based hash chain for the given memory page. 18. The computer program product of claim 17, wherein the plurality of memory pages comprise at least one of: (i) one or more read-only pages and (ii) one or more updateable pages. 19. A system comprising:
a memory; and at least one processor operably coupled to the memory and configured for:
maintaining, by a first one of a plurality of memory management layers of a hypervisor environment, at least one blockchain-based hash chain associated with a page table of the first memory management layer, the page table corresponding to a plurality of memory pages, wherein the at least one blockchain-based hash chain comprises, for each of the plurality memory pages: (i) a current hash associated with the memory page and (ii) a previous hash associated with an immediately preceding memory page corresponding to the page table; and
verifying, by the first memory management layer, content obtained in connection with a read operation for a given one of the plurality of memory pages, wherein said verifying comprises at least: (i) checking that a hash of the obtained content matches the current hash maintained in the at least one blockchain-based hash chain for the given memory page, (ii) obtaining further content of the memory page associated with the page table that immediately precedes the given memory page, and (iii) checking that a hash of the further content matches the previous hash maintained in the at least one blockchain-based hash chain for the given memory page. 20. A computer implemented method, comprising:
maintaining, by a guest virtual machine in a hypervisor environment, at least one blockchain-based hash chain associated with a page table of the guest virtual machine; reading, by the guest virtual machine, a first page from a memory associated with the guest virtual machine in connection with a read operation; and performing an integrity check of content of the first page, thereby protecting the memory associated with the guest virtual machine, wherein the integrity check is based at least in part on (i) a first hash in the at least one blockchain-based hash chain associated with the first page and (ii) a second hash in the at least one blockchain-based hash chain corresponding to a page immediately preceding the first page in the page table; wherein the method is carried out by at least one computing device. | Methods, systems, and computer program products for memory protection in hypervisor environments are provided herein. A method includes maintaining, by a memory management layer of a hypervisor environment, a blockchain-based hash chain associated with a page table of the memory management layer, the page table corresponding to a plurality of memory pages; and verifying, by the first memory management layer, content obtained in connection with a read operation for a given one of the plurality of memory pages based at least in part on hashes maintained for the given memory page in the blockchain-based hash chain.1. A computer-implemented method, the method comprising:
maintaining, by a first one of a plurality of memory management layers of a hypervisor environment, at least one blockchain-based hash chain associated with a page table of the first memory management layer, the page table corresponding to a plurality of memory pages, wherein the at least one blockchain-based hash chain comprises, for each of the plurality of memory pages: (i) a current hash associated with the memory page and (ii) a previous hash associated with an immediately preceding memory page corresponding to the page table; and verifying, by the first memory management layer, content obtained in connection with a read operation for a given one of the plurality of memory pages, wherein said verifying comprises at least: (i) checking that a hash of the obtained content matches the current hash maintained in the at least one blockchain-based hash chain for the given memory page, (ii) obtaining further content of the memory page associated with the page table that immediately precedes the given memory page, and (iii) checking that a hash of the further content matches the previous hash maintained in the at least one blockchain-based hash chain for the given memory page; wherein the method is carried out by at least one computing device. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of memory pages comprise at least one of: (i) one or more read-only pages and (ii) one or more updateable pages. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the at least one blockchain-based hash chain comprises one or more first blockchain-based hash chains and one or more second blockchain-based hash chains, and wherein said maintaining comprises:
maintaining the one or more first blockchain-based hash chains in the page table for the one or more read-only pages; and maintaining the one or more second blockchain-based hash chains for the one or more updatable pages, wherein the one or more first blockchain-based hash chains are mutually disjoint from the one or more second blockchain-based hash chains. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein said maintaining comprises:
updating at least one of the second blockchain-based hash chains in the page table in response to a change to page content of at least one of the updatable pages. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the one or more updateable pages comprise application data. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the one or more read-only pages comprise data corresponding to least one of (i) a booting subroutine, (ii) an exception handler, and (iii) a dynamic link library. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of memory management layers comprises one or more other memory management layers that are lower than the first memory management layer in the hypervisor environment. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein a further one of the plurality of memory management layers in the hypervisor environment independently maintains one or more further blockchain-based hash chains to protect memory associated with the further memory management layer from at least one memory management layer of the hypervisor environment that is lower than the further memory management layer. 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of memory management layers corresponds to at least one of: (i) a host operating system, (ii) a guest virtual machine, (iii) a main memory, (iv) L1 Cache, (v) L2 Cache, and (vi) L3 cache. 10. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, comprising:
periodically checking the integrity of the at least one blockchain-based hash chain in its entirety. 11. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the first memory management layer corresponds to a guest virtual machine, and wherein maintaining the at least one blockchain-based hash chain protects memory associated with the guest virtual machine from one or more of: at least one other memory management layer of the hypervisor environment and at least one other memory management layer of the guest virtual machine. 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the hypervisor environment implements at least one of: (i) shadow paging, (ii) nested paging, and (iii) para-virtualization. 13. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, comprising:
preventing one or more types of memory attacks based at least in part on the at least one blockchain-based hash chain. 14. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, comprising:
utilizing specific hardware in conjunction with maintaining the at least one blockchain-based hash chain to protect confidentiality of memory contents associated with the first memory management layer from one or more of the other memory management layers of the hypervisor environment. 15. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the specific hardware comprises a secure processor that manages keys for encrypting the memory contents of the memory associated with the first memory management layer. 16. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, comprising:
detecting, by the first memory management layer, that at least one other one of the plurality of memory management layers of the hypervisor environment changed the content of one of the memory pages associated with the first memory management layer. 17. A computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions executable by a computing device to cause the computing device to:
maintain, by a first one of a plurality of memory management layers of a hypervisor environment, at least one blockchain-based hash chain associated with a page table of the first memory management layer, the page table corresponding to a plurality of memory pages, wherein the at least one blockchain-based hash chain comprises, for each of the plurality memory pages: (i) a current hash associated with the memory page and (ii) a previous hash associated with an immediately preceding memory page corresponding to the page table; and verify, by the first memory management layer, content obtained in connection with a read operation for a given one of the plurality of memory pages, wherein said verifying comprises at least: (i) checking that a hash of the obtained content matches the current hash maintained in the at least one blockchain-based hash chain for the given memory page, (ii) obtaining further content of the memory page associated with the page table that immediately precedes the given memory page, and (iii) checking that a hash of the further content matches the previous hash maintained in the at least one blockchain-based hash chain for the given memory page. 18. The computer program product of claim 17, wherein the plurality of memory pages comprise at least one of: (i) one or more read-only pages and (ii) one or more updateable pages. 19. A system comprising:
a memory; and at least one processor operably coupled to the memory and configured for:
maintaining, by a first one of a plurality of memory management layers of a hypervisor environment, at least one blockchain-based hash chain associated with a page table of the first memory management layer, the page table corresponding to a plurality of memory pages, wherein the at least one blockchain-based hash chain comprises, for each of the plurality memory pages: (i) a current hash associated with the memory page and (ii) a previous hash associated with an immediately preceding memory page corresponding to the page table; and
verifying, by the first memory management layer, content obtained in connection with a read operation for a given one of the plurality of memory pages, wherein said verifying comprises at least: (i) checking that a hash of the obtained content matches the current hash maintained in the at least one blockchain-based hash chain for the given memory page, (ii) obtaining further content of the memory page associated with the page table that immediately precedes the given memory page, and (iii) checking that a hash of the further content matches the previous hash maintained in the at least one blockchain-based hash chain for the given memory page. 20. A computer implemented method, comprising:
maintaining, by a guest virtual machine in a hypervisor environment, at least one blockchain-based hash chain associated with a page table of the guest virtual machine; reading, by the guest virtual machine, a first page from a memory associated with the guest virtual machine in connection with a read operation; and performing an integrity check of content of the first page, thereby protecting the memory associated with the guest virtual machine, wherein the integrity check is based at least in part on (i) a first hash in the at least one blockchain-based hash chain associated with the first page and (ii) a second hash in the at least one blockchain-based hash chain corresponding to a page immediately preceding the first page in the page table; wherein the method is carried out by at least one computing device. | 3,600 |
339,699 | 16,800,652 | 3,695 | A display device comprising: first and second pixels; a first data line connected to the first pixel and configured to have data voltages applied thereto; and a second data line connected to the second pixel, the second data line being adjacent to the first data line, and configured to have the data voltages applied thereto, wherein the first data line includes a 1A-th data line which is in a first data layer, and the second data line includes a 2B-th data line which is in a second data layer different from the first data layer. | 1. A display device comprising:
first and second pixels; a first data line connected to the first pixel and configured to have data voltages applied thereto; and a second data line connected to the second pixel, the second data line being adjacent to the first data line, and configured to have the data voltages applied thereto, wherein the first data line includes a 1A-th data line in a first data layer, and the second data line includes a 2B-th data line in a second data layer different from the first data layer. 2. The display device of claim 1, wherein the second data line further includes a 1B-th data line in the first data layer. 3. The display device of claim 2, wherein the 2B-th data line is connected to the 1B-th data line through a first data contact hole which penetrates an interlayer insulating film between the 1B-th and 2B-th data lines. 4. The display device of claim 3, wherein the 1B-th and 2B-th data lines overlap with a transistor of the first pixel. 5. The display device of claim 3, wherein the first data contact hole overlaps with a transistor of the first pixel. 6. The display device of claim 3, wherein the 2B-th data line is connected to the 1B-th data line through a plurality of first data contact holes which penetrate an interlayer insulating film between the 1B-th and 2B-th data lines. 7. The display device of claim 6, wherein at least one of the plurality of first data contact holes overlaps with a transistor of the first pixel. 8. The display device of claim 3, wherein each of the first and second pixels includes an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) which includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an organic light-emitting layer between the first and second electrodes, a driving transistor configured to provide a driving current to the OLED, and a first switching transistor between gate and drain electrodes of the driving transistor. 9. The display device of claim 8, wherein the 1B-th and 2B-th data lines overlap with at least one of a gate electrode, an active layer, a source electrode, and a drain electrode of a first switching transistor of the first pixel. 10. The display device of claim 9, wherein the first data contact hole overlaps with at least one of the gate electrode, the active layer, the source electrode, and the drain electrode of the first switching transistor of the first pixel. 11. The display device of claim 8, wherein
each of the first and second pixels further includes a first bridge electrode which connects the gate electrode of the driving transistor and a drain electrode of the first switching transistor, and the first bridge electrode is in the first data layer. 12. The display device of claim 8, wherein
each of the first and second pixels further includes a second switching transistor between the gate electrode of the driving transistor and an initialization voltage line configured to have an initialization voltage applied thereto, a third switching transistor between the first electrode of the OLED and the initialization voltage line, and a second bridge electrode which connects the initialization voltage line and a drain electrode of the second switching transistor, and the second bridge electrode in the first data layer. 13. The display device of claim 12, wherein
each of the first and second pixels further includes a fourth switching transistor between the drain electrode of the driving transistor and the first electrode of the OLED, a third bridge electrode between a drain electrode of the fourth switching transistor and the first electrode of the OLED, and a fourth bridge electrode between the third bridge electrode and the first electrode of the OLED, and the third and fourth bridge electrodes in the first and second data layers, respectively. 14. The display device of claim 13, wherein each of the first and second pixels further includes a fifth switching transistor between a source electrode of the driving transistor and a first power supply voltage line configured to have a first power supply voltage applied thereto and a sixth switching transistor between the first data line and the source electrode of the driving transistor or between the second data line and the source electrode of the driving transistor. 15. The display device of claim 14, wherein the 1A-th data line is connected to a source electrode of the sixth switching transistor through a contact hole which penetrates an interlayer insulating film between the source electrode of the sixth switching transistor and the 1A-th data line. 16. The display device of claim 2, wherein the first data line further includes a 2A-th data line as the second data layer. 17. The display device of claim 16, wherein a 2A-th data line is connected to the 1A-th data line through a second data contact hole which penetrates an interlayer insulating film between the 1A- and 2A-th data lines. 18. The display device of claim 17, wherein the 1A- and 2A-th data lines overlap with a transistor of the second pixel. 19. The display device of claim 17, wherein the second data contact hole overlaps with a transistor of the second pixel. 20. The display device of claim 1, wherein the second data line further includes a first data bridge electrode in the first data layer. 21. The display device of claim 20, wherein the first data bridge electrode is connected to a 1B-th data line through a third data contact hole which penetrates an interlayer insulating film between the 1B-th data line and the first data bridge electrode. 22. The display device of claim 21, wherein the 1B-th data line and the first data bridge electrode overlap with a transistor of the first pixel. 23. The display device of claim 22, wherein the third data contact hole overlaps with the transistor of the first pixel. 24. A display device comprising:
first and second pixels; a first data line connected to the first pixel and configured to have data voltages applied thereto; and a second data line connected to the second pixel, the second data line being adjacent to the first data line, and configured to have the data voltages applied thereto, wherein the first data line includes a 2A-th data line in a second data layer, the second data line includes a 2B-th data line in the second data layer, the 2B-th data line is connected to the second pixel through a first data bridge electrode, and the 2A-th data line is connected to the first pixel through a second data bridge electrode. 25. A display device comprising:
a first substrate having defined thereon a first through hole area where a first through hole is formed, a first wiring area which surrounds the first through hole area, and a pixel area where pixels are arranged to surround the first wiring area; and first and second data lines on the first substrate to be adjacent to each other, wherein the first data line includes a plurality of metal layers in the pixel area and includes a second metal layer of the plurality of metal layers in the first wiring area. 26. The display device of claim 25, wherein the second data line includes a first metal layer of the plurality of metal layers in the pixel area and the first wiring area. 27. The display device of claim 25, wherein the second metal layer is on the first metal layer with an interlayer insulating film interposed therebetween. 28. The display device of claim 25, wherein
a second through hole where a second through hole is formed and a second wiring area which surrounds the second through hole area are further defined on the first substrate, the pixel area surrounds the second wiring area, the display device further comprises third and fourth data lines on the first substrate to be adjacent to each other, and the third data line includes a plurality of metal layers in the pixel area and includes the second metal layer of the plurality of metal layers in the second wiring area. 29. The display device of claim 28, wherein the fourth data line includes the plurality of metal layers in the pixel area and includes a first metal layer in the first wiring area. 30. A display device comprising:
a first substrate having defined thereon a through hole area where a through hole is formed, a wiring area which surrounds the through hole area, and a pixel area where pixels are arranged to surround the wiring area; and first and second data lines on the first substrate to be adjacent to each other, wherein the first data line includes a first metal layer in both the pixel area and the wiring area, and the second data line includes a second metal layer in both the pixel area and the wiring area. 31. The display device of claim 30, wherein the second metal layer is on the first metal layer with an interlayer insulating film interposed therebetween. 32. A display device comprising:
a first substrate having defined thereon a through hole area where a through hole is formed, a wiring area which surrounds the through hole area, and a pixel area where pixels are arranged to surround the wiring area; and first and second data lines on the first substrate to be adjacent to each other, wherein the first data line includes a first metal layer in the wiring area and a second metal layer in the pixel area, and the second data line includes the second metal layer in both the pixel area and the wiring area. | A display device comprising: first and second pixels; a first data line connected to the first pixel and configured to have data voltages applied thereto; and a second data line connected to the second pixel, the second data line being adjacent to the first data line, and configured to have the data voltages applied thereto, wherein the first data line includes a 1A-th data line which is in a first data layer, and the second data line includes a 2B-th data line which is in a second data layer different from the first data layer.1. A display device comprising:
first and second pixels; a first data line connected to the first pixel and configured to have data voltages applied thereto; and a second data line connected to the second pixel, the second data line being adjacent to the first data line, and configured to have the data voltages applied thereto, wherein the first data line includes a 1A-th data line in a first data layer, and the second data line includes a 2B-th data line in a second data layer different from the first data layer. 2. The display device of claim 1, wherein the second data line further includes a 1B-th data line in the first data layer. 3. The display device of claim 2, wherein the 2B-th data line is connected to the 1B-th data line through a first data contact hole which penetrates an interlayer insulating film between the 1B-th and 2B-th data lines. 4. The display device of claim 3, wherein the 1B-th and 2B-th data lines overlap with a transistor of the first pixel. 5. The display device of claim 3, wherein the first data contact hole overlaps with a transistor of the first pixel. 6. The display device of claim 3, wherein the 2B-th data line is connected to the 1B-th data line through a plurality of first data contact holes which penetrate an interlayer insulating film between the 1B-th and 2B-th data lines. 7. The display device of claim 6, wherein at least one of the plurality of first data contact holes overlaps with a transistor of the first pixel. 8. The display device of claim 3, wherein each of the first and second pixels includes an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) which includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an organic light-emitting layer between the first and second electrodes, a driving transistor configured to provide a driving current to the OLED, and a first switching transistor between gate and drain electrodes of the driving transistor. 9. The display device of claim 8, wherein the 1B-th and 2B-th data lines overlap with at least one of a gate electrode, an active layer, a source electrode, and a drain electrode of a first switching transistor of the first pixel. 10. The display device of claim 9, wherein the first data contact hole overlaps with at least one of the gate electrode, the active layer, the source electrode, and the drain electrode of the first switching transistor of the first pixel. 11. The display device of claim 8, wherein
each of the first and second pixels further includes a first bridge electrode which connects the gate electrode of the driving transistor and a drain electrode of the first switching transistor, and the first bridge electrode is in the first data layer. 12. The display device of claim 8, wherein
each of the first and second pixels further includes a second switching transistor between the gate electrode of the driving transistor and an initialization voltage line configured to have an initialization voltage applied thereto, a third switching transistor between the first electrode of the OLED and the initialization voltage line, and a second bridge electrode which connects the initialization voltage line and a drain electrode of the second switching transistor, and the second bridge electrode in the first data layer. 13. The display device of claim 12, wherein
each of the first and second pixels further includes a fourth switching transistor between the drain electrode of the driving transistor and the first electrode of the OLED, a third bridge electrode between a drain electrode of the fourth switching transistor and the first electrode of the OLED, and a fourth bridge electrode between the third bridge electrode and the first electrode of the OLED, and the third and fourth bridge electrodes in the first and second data layers, respectively. 14. The display device of claim 13, wherein each of the first and second pixels further includes a fifth switching transistor between a source electrode of the driving transistor and a first power supply voltage line configured to have a first power supply voltage applied thereto and a sixth switching transistor between the first data line and the source electrode of the driving transistor or between the second data line and the source electrode of the driving transistor. 15. The display device of claim 14, wherein the 1A-th data line is connected to a source electrode of the sixth switching transistor through a contact hole which penetrates an interlayer insulating film between the source electrode of the sixth switching transistor and the 1A-th data line. 16. The display device of claim 2, wherein the first data line further includes a 2A-th data line as the second data layer. 17. The display device of claim 16, wherein a 2A-th data line is connected to the 1A-th data line through a second data contact hole which penetrates an interlayer insulating film between the 1A- and 2A-th data lines. 18. The display device of claim 17, wherein the 1A- and 2A-th data lines overlap with a transistor of the second pixel. 19. The display device of claim 17, wherein the second data contact hole overlaps with a transistor of the second pixel. 20. The display device of claim 1, wherein the second data line further includes a first data bridge electrode in the first data layer. 21. The display device of claim 20, wherein the first data bridge electrode is connected to a 1B-th data line through a third data contact hole which penetrates an interlayer insulating film between the 1B-th data line and the first data bridge electrode. 22. The display device of claim 21, wherein the 1B-th data line and the first data bridge electrode overlap with a transistor of the first pixel. 23. The display device of claim 22, wherein the third data contact hole overlaps with the transistor of the first pixel. 24. A display device comprising:
first and second pixels; a first data line connected to the first pixel and configured to have data voltages applied thereto; and a second data line connected to the second pixel, the second data line being adjacent to the first data line, and configured to have the data voltages applied thereto, wherein the first data line includes a 2A-th data line in a second data layer, the second data line includes a 2B-th data line in the second data layer, the 2B-th data line is connected to the second pixel through a first data bridge electrode, and the 2A-th data line is connected to the first pixel through a second data bridge electrode. 25. A display device comprising:
a first substrate having defined thereon a first through hole area where a first through hole is formed, a first wiring area which surrounds the first through hole area, and a pixel area where pixels are arranged to surround the first wiring area; and first and second data lines on the first substrate to be adjacent to each other, wherein the first data line includes a plurality of metal layers in the pixel area and includes a second metal layer of the plurality of metal layers in the first wiring area. 26. The display device of claim 25, wherein the second data line includes a first metal layer of the plurality of metal layers in the pixel area and the first wiring area. 27. The display device of claim 25, wherein the second metal layer is on the first metal layer with an interlayer insulating film interposed therebetween. 28. The display device of claim 25, wherein
a second through hole where a second through hole is formed and a second wiring area which surrounds the second through hole area are further defined on the first substrate, the pixel area surrounds the second wiring area, the display device further comprises third and fourth data lines on the first substrate to be adjacent to each other, and the third data line includes a plurality of metal layers in the pixel area and includes the second metal layer of the plurality of metal layers in the second wiring area. 29. The display device of claim 28, wherein the fourth data line includes the plurality of metal layers in the pixel area and includes a first metal layer in the first wiring area. 30. A display device comprising:
a first substrate having defined thereon a through hole area where a through hole is formed, a wiring area which surrounds the through hole area, and a pixel area where pixels are arranged to surround the wiring area; and first and second data lines on the first substrate to be adjacent to each other, wherein the first data line includes a first metal layer in both the pixel area and the wiring area, and the second data line includes a second metal layer in both the pixel area and the wiring area. 31. The display device of claim 30, wherein the second metal layer is on the first metal layer with an interlayer insulating film interposed therebetween. 32. A display device comprising:
a first substrate having defined thereon a through hole area where a through hole is formed, a wiring area which surrounds the through hole area, and a pixel area where pixels are arranged to surround the wiring area; and first and second data lines on the first substrate to be adjacent to each other, wherein the first data line includes a first metal layer in the wiring area and a second metal layer in the pixel area, and the second data line includes the second metal layer in both the pixel area and the wiring area. | 3,600 |
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