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1,700 | 14,685,936 | 1,729 | An exemplary assembly includes an array plate, and an electronic component held within a cavity of the array plate. An exemplary method includes housing an electronic component within a cavity of an array plate, and holding a battery cell of an array with the array plate. | 1. An assembly, comprising:
an array plate; and an electronic component held within a cavity of the array plate. 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the cavity comprises a floor and a plurality of walls extending from the floor. 3. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the plurality of walls comprises a first wall, a second wall opposite the first wall, a third wall extending from the first wall to the second wall, and a fourth wall extending from the first wall to the second wall. 4. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the electronic component is mounted to the floor. 5. The assembly of claim 1, comprising a cover attached to the array plate to enclose the electronic component within the cavity. 6. The assembly of claim 5, wherein the electronic component is secured directly to the cover. 7. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the array plate is an array endplate. 8. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the electronic component comprises a battery electronic control module. 9. The assembly of claim 1, wherein a first side of the array plate faces a plurality of battery cells, and the cavity is open to a second side of the array plate, the second side opposite the first side. 10. The assembly of claim 1, comprising a heat exchanger plate attached to the array plate. 11. A method, comprising:
housing an electronic component within a cavity of an array plate; and holding a battery cell of an array with the array plate. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising covering the cavity with cover. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising securing the electronic component to the cover. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising mounting the array plate on a heat exchanger plate and communicating thermal energy from the electronic component through the array plate to the heat exchanger plate. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the array plate is an endplate. 16. The method of claim 11, further comprising securing the electronic component to a floor of the cavity. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein a first side of the array faces a plurality of battery cells, and the cavity is open to a second side of the array, the second side opposite the first side. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the electronic component is a battery electronic control module. | An exemplary assembly includes an array plate, and an electronic component held within a cavity of the array plate. An exemplary method includes housing an electronic component within a cavity of an array plate, and holding a battery cell of an array with the array plate.1. An assembly, comprising:
an array plate; and an electronic component held within a cavity of the array plate. 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the cavity comprises a floor and a plurality of walls extending from the floor. 3. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the plurality of walls comprises a first wall, a second wall opposite the first wall, a third wall extending from the first wall to the second wall, and a fourth wall extending from the first wall to the second wall. 4. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the electronic component is mounted to the floor. 5. The assembly of claim 1, comprising a cover attached to the array plate to enclose the electronic component within the cavity. 6. The assembly of claim 5, wherein the electronic component is secured directly to the cover. 7. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the array plate is an array endplate. 8. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the electronic component comprises a battery electronic control module. 9. The assembly of claim 1, wherein a first side of the array plate faces a plurality of battery cells, and the cavity is open to a second side of the array plate, the second side opposite the first side. 10. The assembly of claim 1, comprising a heat exchanger plate attached to the array plate. 11. A method, comprising:
housing an electronic component within a cavity of an array plate; and holding a battery cell of an array with the array plate. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising covering the cavity with cover. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising securing the electronic component to the cover. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising mounting the array plate on a heat exchanger plate and communicating thermal energy from the electronic component through the array plate to the heat exchanger plate. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the array plate is an endplate. 16. The method of claim 11, further comprising securing the electronic component to a floor of the cavity. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein a first side of the array faces a plurality of battery cells, and the cavity is open to a second side of the array, the second side opposite the first side. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the electronic component is a battery electronic control module. | 1,700 |
1,701 | 14,950,734 | 1,747 | A method in accordance with the present invention manufactures a tire with a biaxial monolayer belt component (MBC). The method comprises the steps of: winding a cord continuously about a first drum according to a pre-defined pattern to create a mesh of cords defining a single belt/overlay structure; adjusting the structure to a predetermined position on the first drum by laser lights; applying a tread component to the structure; transferring the structure and tread component to a second drum; applying the structure and tread component to a carcass component on the second drum; reducing pressure of the carcass component by a predetermined amount; and stitching the structure and tread component to the carcass component. | 1. A method for manufacturing a tire with a biaxial monolayer belt component (MBC), the method comprising the steps of:
winding a cord continuously about a first drum according to a pre-defined pattern to create a mesh of cords defining a single belt/overlay structure; adjusting the structure to a predetermined position on the first drum by laser lights; applying a tread component to the structure; transferring the structure and tread component to a second drum; applying the structure and tread component to a carcass component on the second drum; reducing pressure of the carcass component by a predetermined amount; and stitching the structure and tread component to the carcass component. 2. The method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the predetermined amount is in the range between 100 mbar and 600 mbar. 3. The method as set forth in claim 1 further including the steps of:
individually dipping the cord; and
individually tackifying the cord. 4. The method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the cord is part of a plurality of individually dipped and individually tackified cords. 5. The method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the cord is constructed of two twisted aramid yarns. 6. The method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the structure is disposed radially between the tread component and the carcass component. 7. The method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the cord is constructed of one of the following materials: aramid, PEN, PET, PVA, PBO, POK, rayon, nylon, carbon, and glass fiber. 8. The method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the carcass component comprises uncured rubber. | A method in accordance with the present invention manufactures a tire with a biaxial monolayer belt component (MBC). The method comprises the steps of: winding a cord continuously about a first drum according to a pre-defined pattern to create a mesh of cords defining a single belt/overlay structure; adjusting the structure to a predetermined position on the first drum by laser lights; applying a tread component to the structure; transferring the structure and tread component to a second drum; applying the structure and tread component to a carcass component on the second drum; reducing pressure of the carcass component by a predetermined amount; and stitching the structure and tread component to the carcass component.1. A method for manufacturing a tire with a biaxial monolayer belt component (MBC), the method comprising the steps of:
winding a cord continuously about a first drum according to a pre-defined pattern to create a mesh of cords defining a single belt/overlay structure; adjusting the structure to a predetermined position on the first drum by laser lights; applying a tread component to the structure; transferring the structure and tread component to a second drum; applying the structure and tread component to a carcass component on the second drum; reducing pressure of the carcass component by a predetermined amount; and stitching the structure and tread component to the carcass component. 2. The method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the predetermined amount is in the range between 100 mbar and 600 mbar. 3. The method as set forth in claim 1 further including the steps of:
individually dipping the cord; and
individually tackifying the cord. 4. The method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the cord is part of a plurality of individually dipped and individually tackified cords. 5. The method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the cord is constructed of two twisted aramid yarns. 6. The method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the structure is disposed radially between the tread component and the carcass component. 7. The method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the cord is constructed of one of the following materials: aramid, PEN, PET, PVA, PBO, POK, rayon, nylon, carbon, and glass fiber. 8. The method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the carcass component comprises uncured rubber. | 1,700 |
1,702 | 13,514,411 | 1,761 | A composite resin material particle of the present invention includes: a resin material particle that is a material for producing a resin molding product; and a conductive nano-material, wherein a dispersion mixing layer, which is obtained by dispersedly mixing the conductive nano-material from the surface to the inside of the resin material particle, is formed over all of the surface or at least a part of the surface of the resin material particle, the conductive nano-material is dispersedly mixed within a resin material of the resin material particle in the dispersion mixing layer, and the whole of the dispersion mixing layer forms a conductive layer. | 1. A composite resin material particle comprising:
a resin material particle that is a material for producing a resin molding product; and a conductive nano-material, wherein a dispersion mixing layer, which is obtained by dispersedly mixing the conductive nano-material from the surface to the inside of the resin material particle, is formed over all of the surface or at least a part of the surface of the resin material particle, the conductive nano-material is dispersedly mixed within a resin material of the resin material particle in the dispersion mixing layer, and the whole of the dispersion mixing layer forms a conductive layer. 2. The composite resin material particle according to claim 1, wherein the dispersion mixing layer has a predetermined mixed thickness and is formed over all of the surface of the composite resin material particle, and a resin-only region that is solely composed of the resin material is present within the inside of the composite resin material particle which is enclosed by the dispersion mixing layer. 3. The composite resin material particle according to claim 2, wherein the mixed thickness of the dispersion mixing layer is from 0.1 μm to 10 μm. 4. The composite resin material particle according to claim 1, the whole inside of which is solely composed of the dispersion mixing layer. 5. The composite resin material particle according to claim 1, which is a pellet having a diameter of 100 μm or larger. 6. The composite resin material particle according to claim 1, which is a powder having a diameter of 100 μm or smaller. 7. The composite resin material particle according to claim 1, wherein the conductive nano-material is one or more selected from the group consisting of a carbon nanotube, a carbon nanofiber, a carbon nanocoil, a carbon nanotwist, a carbon nanohorn, a fullerene, carbon black, ketjen black, acetylene black, a metal nanoparticle, a metal nanoplate, a metal nanorod, and a metal nanowire. 8. The composite resin material particle according to claim 1, wherein the conductive nano-material has a shape with an outer diameter of 150 nm or smaller and a length of 500 nm or longer. 9. The composite resin material particle according to claim 1, wherein the resin material is one or more selected from the group consisting of a fluorine-based resin, a polycarbonate resin, an olefin-based resin, a polyether ether ketone resin, a formalin-based resin, an ester resin, and a styrene-based resin. 10. A production method of a composite resin material particle, comprising:
filling at least a resin material particle, a conductive nano-material, a solvent for propagating ultrasonic waves, and liquid carbon dioxide, into a pressure vessel; holding the inside of the pressure vessel at a temperature and a pressure which can keep the liquid carbon dioxide in a subcritical or supercritical state; dispersedly mixing the conductive nano-material from the surface to the inside of the resin material particle by using ultrasonic waves; thereafter evaporating the liquid carbon dioxide by reducing the pressure; and further volatilizing the solvent either concurrently or with time lag, to obtain the composite resin material particle in which a dispersion mixing layer is formed on the surface of the resin material particle. 11. The production method of a composite resin material particle according to claim 10, wherein the solvent is a highly volatile solvent at normal temperature and normal pressure. 12. The production method of a composite resin material particle according to claim 11, wherein the solvent is one or more selected from the group consisting of an alcohol, a ketone, an ester, an ether, an organochloride, and an organofluoride. 13. The production method of a composite resin material particle according to claim 10, wherein a ratio by weight of the solvent to the conductive nano-material is 20 or more. 14. The production method of a composite resin material particle according to claim 10, wherein a ratio by weight of the liquid carbon dioxide:the solvent is from 0.05:1 to 20:1. 15. The production method of a composite resin material particle according to claim 10, wherein a dispersant and/or a surfactant is added in the pressure vessel. 16. The production method of a composite resin material particle according to claim 10, wherein the temperature is over 25° C. and below the melting point temperature of the resin material. 17. The production method of a composite resin material particle according to claim 10, wherein the maximum pressure inside the pressure vessel is 100 MPa. 18. The production method of a composite resin material particle according to claim 10, wherein a generator of the ultrasonic waves is a horn type of a 150 W or higher. 19. The production method of a composite resin material particle according to claim 10, wherein the conductive nano-material has been oxidatively treated. 20. The production method of a composite resin material particle according to claim 10, wherein a dispersion liquid, which is obtained by mixing and dispersing at least the conductive nano-material in the solvent, is filled into the pressure vessel together with the liquid carbon dioxide and the resin material particle. 21. The production method of a composite resin material particle according to claim 20, wherein the dispersion liquid contains a dispersant and/or a surfactant. | A composite resin material particle of the present invention includes: a resin material particle that is a material for producing a resin molding product; and a conductive nano-material, wherein a dispersion mixing layer, which is obtained by dispersedly mixing the conductive nano-material from the surface to the inside of the resin material particle, is formed over all of the surface or at least a part of the surface of the resin material particle, the conductive nano-material is dispersedly mixed within a resin material of the resin material particle in the dispersion mixing layer, and the whole of the dispersion mixing layer forms a conductive layer.1. A composite resin material particle comprising:
a resin material particle that is a material for producing a resin molding product; and a conductive nano-material, wherein a dispersion mixing layer, which is obtained by dispersedly mixing the conductive nano-material from the surface to the inside of the resin material particle, is formed over all of the surface or at least a part of the surface of the resin material particle, the conductive nano-material is dispersedly mixed within a resin material of the resin material particle in the dispersion mixing layer, and the whole of the dispersion mixing layer forms a conductive layer. 2. The composite resin material particle according to claim 1, wherein the dispersion mixing layer has a predetermined mixed thickness and is formed over all of the surface of the composite resin material particle, and a resin-only region that is solely composed of the resin material is present within the inside of the composite resin material particle which is enclosed by the dispersion mixing layer. 3. The composite resin material particle according to claim 2, wherein the mixed thickness of the dispersion mixing layer is from 0.1 μm to 10 μm. 4. The composite resin material particle according to claim 1, the whole inside of which is solely composed of the dispersion mixing layer. 5. The composite resin material particle according to claim 1, which is a pellet having a diameter of 100 μm or larger. 6. The composite resin material particle according to claim 1, which is a powder having a diameter of 100 μm or smaller. 7. The composite resin material particle according to claim 1, wherein the conductive nano-material is one or more selected from the group consisting of a carbon nanotube, a carbon nanofiber, a carbon nanocoil, a carbon nanotwist, a carbon nanohorn, a fullerene, carbon black, ketjen black, acetylene black, a metal nanoparticle, a metal nanoplate, a metal nanorod, and a metal nanowire. 8. The composite resin material particle according to claim 1, wherein the conductive nano-material has a shape with an outer diameter of 150 nm or smaller and a length of 500 nm or longer. 9. The composite resin material particle according to claim 1, wherein the resin material is one or more selected from the group consisting of a fluorine-based resin, a polycarbonate resin, an olefin-based resin, a polyether ether ketone resin, a formalin-based resin, an ester resin, and a styrene-based resin. 10. A production method of a composite resin material particle, comprising:
filling at least a resin material particle, a conductive nano-material, a solvent for propagating ultrasonic waves, and liquid carbon dioxide, into a pressure vessel; holding the inside of the pressure vessel at a temperature and a pressure which can keep the liquid carbon dioxide in a subcritical or supercritical state; dispersedly mixing the conductive nano-material from the surface to the inside of the resin material particle by using ultrasonic waves; thereafter evaporating the liquid carbon dioxide by reducing the pressure; and further volatilizing the solvent either concurrently or with time lag, to obtain the composite resin material particle in which a dispersion mixing layer is formed on the surface of the resin material particle. 11. The production method of a composite resin material particle according to claim 10, wherein the solvent is a highly volatile solvent at normal temperature and normal pressure. 12. The production method of a composite resin material particle according to claim 11, wherein the solvent is one or more selected from the group consisting of an alcohol, a ketone, an ester, an ether, an organochloride, and an organofluoride. 13. The production method of a composite resin material particle according to claim 10, wherein a ratio by weight of the solvent to the conductive nano-material is 20 or more. 14. The production method of a composite resin material particle according to claim 10, wherein a ratio by weight of the liquid carbon dioxide:the solvent is from 0.05:1 to 20:1. 15. The production method of a composite resin material particle according to claim 10, wherein a dispersant and/or a surfactant is added in the pressure vessel. 16. The production method of a composite resin material particle according to claim 10, wherein the temperature is over 25° C. and below the melting point temperature of the resin material. 17. The production method of a composite resin material particle according to claim 10, wherein the maximum pressure inside the pressure vessel is 100 MPa. 18. The production method of a composite resin material particle according to claim 10, wherein a generator of the ultrasonic waves is a horn type of a 150 W or higher. 19. The production method of a composite resin material particle according to claim 10, wherein the conductive nano-material has been oxidatively treated. 20. The production method of a composite resin material particle according to claim 10, wherein a dispersion liquid, which is obtained by mixing and dispersing at least the conductive nano-material in the solvent, is filled into the pressure vessel together with the liquid carbon dioxide and the resin material particle. 21. The production method of a composite resin material particle according to claim 20, wherein the dispersion liquid contains a dispersant and/or a surfactant. | 1,700 |
1,703 | 14,628,603 | 1,722 | An assembly according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, a top plate piece, a bottom plate piece and tubing sandwiched between the top plate piece and the bottom plate piece. | 1. An assembly, comprising:
a top plate piece; a bottom plate piece; and tubing sandwiched between said top plate piece and said bottom plate piece. 2. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein portions of both said top plate piece and said bottom plate piece overlap said tubing. 3. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein each of said top plate piece and said bottom plate piece include flared portions that overlap said tubing. 4. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said tubing extends along a linear axis away from an edge of said assembly. 5. The assembly as recited in claim 4, wherein said linear axis extends between said top plate piece and said bottom plate piece. 6. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said top plate piece and said bottom plate piece cooperate to establish a body of a cold plate assembly. 7. The assembly as recited in claim 6, comprising an extension that extends from said body, said tubing received by said extension. 8. The assembly as recited in claim 7, wherein said extension includes a platform connected to said body by a bridge, said platform elevated relative to said body. 9. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said top plate piece includes a first flared portion and said bottom plate piece includes a second flared portion, said tubing received within an opening between said first flared portion and said second flared portion. 10. The assembly as recited in claim 1, comprising a passage formed between said top plate piece and said bottom plate piece. 11. The assembly as recited in claim 10, wherein said passage is a serpentine passage. 12. The assembly as recited in claim 10, wherein a portion of said tubing that is received between said top plate piece and said bottom plate piece extends along a linear axis that is parallel with at least a portion of said passage. 13. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said tubing includes an inlet tube and an outlet tube. 14. A battery assembly, comprising:
a plurality of battery cells; an enclosure assembly that houses said plurality of battery cells; and a cold plate assembly in contact with said plurality of battery cells, wherein tubing of said cold plate assembly protrudes through a wall of said enclosure, said tubing extending along a linear axis away from an edge of a body of said cold plate assembly. 15. The assembly as recited in claim 14, wherein said linear axis excludes any bends. 16. The assembly as recited in claim 14, wherein said body includes an extension and said tubing extends from said extension. 17. The assembly as recited in claim 14, wherein said body includes a flared portion and said tubing is received within an opening established by said flared portion. 18. The assembly as recited in claim 14, wherein said body is established by a top plate piece and a bottom plate piece, said tubing sandwiched between said top plate piece and said bottom plate piece. 19. The assembly as recited in claim 14, wherein said cold plate assembly is part of a thermal management system that includes a fluid source, an inlet and an outlet. 20. The assembly as recited in claim 19, wherein said tubing includes an inlet tube connected to said inlet and an outlet tube connected to said outlet. | An assembly according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, a top plate piece, a bottom plate piece and tubing sandwiched between the top plate piece and the bottom plate piece.1. An assembly, comprising:
a top plate piece; a bottom plate piece; and tubing sandwiched between said top plate piece and said bottom plate piece. 2. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein portions of both said top plate piece and said bottom plate piece overlap said tubing. 3. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein each of said top plate piece and said bottom plate piece include flared portions that overlap said tubing. 4. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said tubing extends along a linear axis away from an edge of said assembly. 5. The assembly as recited in claim 4, wherein said linear axis extends between said top plate piece and said bottom plate piece. 6. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said top plate piece and said bottom plate piece cooperate to establish a body of a cold plate assembly. 7. The assembly as recited in claim 6, comprising an extension that extends from said body, said tubing received by said extension. 8. The assembly as recited in claim 7, wherein said extension includes a platform connected to said body by a bridge, said platform elevated relative to said body. 9. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said top plate piece includes a first flared portion and said bottom plate piece includes a second flared portion, said tubing received within an opening between said first flared portion and said second flared portion. 10. The assembly as recited in claim 1, comprising a passage formed between said top plate piece and said bottom plate piece. 11. The assembly as recited in claim 10, wherein said passage is a serpentine passage. 12. The assembly as recited in claim 10, wherein a portion of said tubing that is received between said top plate piece and said bottom plate piece extends along a linear axis that is parallel with at least a portion of said passage. 13. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said tubing includes an inlet tube and an outlet tube. 14. A battery assembly, comprising:
a plurality of battery cells; an enclosure assembly that houses said plurality of battery cells; and a cold plate assembly in contact with said plurality of battery cells, wherein tubing of said cold plate assembly protrudes through a wall of said enclosure, said tubing extending along a linear axis away from an edge of a body of said cold plate assembly. 15. The assembly as recited in claim 14, wherein said linear axis excludes any bends. 16. The assembly as recited in claim 14, wherein said body includes an extension and said tubing extends from said extension. 17. The assembly as recited in claim 14, wherein said body includes a flared portion and said tubing is received within an opening established by said flared portion. 18. The assembly as recited in claim 14, wherein said body is established by a top plate piece and a bottom plate piece, said tubing sandwiched between said top plate piece and said bottom plate piece. 19. The assembly as recited in claim 14, wherein said cold plate assembly is part of a thermal management system that includes a fluid source, an inlet and an outlet. 20. The assembly as recited in claim 19, wherein said tubing includes an inlet tube connected to said inlet and an outlet tube connected to said outlet. | 1,700 |
1,704 | 13,612,487 | 1,792 | A cartridge for preparation of a beverage comprising: a closed container defining a container volume; a filter to divide the container volume into an ingredient chamber volume and a filtrate volume; a beverage medium located in the ingredient chamber volume; and a guard element located in the filtrate volume; wherein the guard element is separately-formed from the closed container and located within the filtrate volume to define an outlet zone, the guard element being interposed between the filter and the outlet zone; wherein the guard element is configured to prevent encroachment of the filter into the outlet zone such that on piercing of a piercing surface of the cartridge by a piercing element of a beverage preparation apparatus the piercing element is enabled to be placed in fluid communication with the outlet zone without the piercing element contacting the guard element or filter. Associated methods and systems are also disclosed. | 1. A cartridge for preparation of a beverage comprising:
a closed container defining a container volume; a filter located in the closed container to divide the container volume into an ingredient chamber volume and a filtrate volume; a beverage medium located in the ingredient chamber volume; and a guard element located in the filtrate volume; wherein the guard element is separately-formed from the closed container and located within the filtrate volume to define an outlet zone, the guard element being interposed between the filter and the outlet zone; wherein the guard element is configured to prevent encroachment of the filter into the outlet zone such that in use on full extension of a piercing element of a beverage preparation apparatus the piercing element is enabled to be placed in fluid communication with the outlet zone without the piercing element contacting the guard element or filter. 2. A cartridge as claimed in claim 1 wherein the guard element is configured to provide physical support to at least a portion of the filter in use. 3. A cartridge as claimed in claim 1 wherein the guard element is configured to provide a clearance distance between the piercing surface and the filter, which is greater than a penetration distance of said piercing element into the closed container. 4. A cartridge as claimed in claim 1 wherein the guard element comprises a filter support surface and at least one strut portion for spacing the filter support surface from the piercing surface of the cartridge. 5. A cartridge as claimed in claim 4 wherein the strut portion comprises a circumferential side wall. 6. A cartridge as claimed in claim 5 wherein the circumferential side wall comprises a plurality of elongate support ribs interposed by elongate filtrate apertures. 7. A cartridge as claimed in claim 6 wherein the circumferential side wall is inwardly-tapered such that a diameter of the filter support surface is less than a diameter of a distal end of the circumferential side wall. 8. A cartridge as claimed in claim 4 wherein the filter support surface comprises a plurality of elongate support ribs interposed by elongate filtrate apertures. 9. A cartridge as claimed in claim 1 wherein the closed container comprises a cup-shaped body and a lid, the cup-shaped body comprising a base defining the piercing surface and a side wall extending from the base to the lid, wherein the guard element comprises a filter support surface and at least one strut portion for spacing the filter support surface from the piercing surface of the cartridge, wherein a distal end of said strut portion is abutted into an angle formed between the side wall and the base. 10. A cartridge as claimed in claim 9 wherein the side wall in the region of the base is inwardly-tapered so as to retain the distal end of the strut portion. 11. A cartridge as claimed in claim 1 wherein the closed container comprises a cup-shaped body and a lid, the cup-shaped body comprising a base defining the piercing surface and a container side wall extending from the base to the lid, wherein the filter comprises an upper rim that is connected at or near a lid-end of the container side wall and/or between the container side wall and the lid and further comprises a filter side wall that is unconnected to the container side wall. 12. A cartridge as claimed in claim 11 wherein the filter comprises a base portion and the guard element provides physical support to substantially the whole base portion of the filter. 13. A cartridge as claimed in claim 1 wherein the guard element is rigid. 14. A cartridge as claimed in claim 1 wherein the guard element is a one-piece moulding. 15. A cartridge for preparation of a beverage comprising:
a closed container comprising a cup-shaped body and a lid, the cup-shaped body comprising a base defining a piercing surface and a container side wall extending from the base to the lid, the closed container defining a container volume; a filter located in the closed container to divide the container volume into an ingredient chamber volume and a filtrate volume; a beverage medium located in the ingredient chamber volume; and a guard element located in the filtrate volume comprising a filter support surface and a circumferential side wall for spacing the filter support surface from the piercing surface of the cartridge; wherein a distal end of said circumferential side wall is abutted into an angle formed between the container side wall and the base; wherein the guard element is separately-formed from the closed container and located within the filtrate volume to define an outlet zone, the guard element being interposed between the filter and the outlet zone; wherein the guard element is configured to provide physical support to at least a portion of the filter in use and to prevent encroachment of the filter into the outlet zone such that on piercing of the piercing surface by a piercing element of a beverage preparation apparatus the piercing element is enabled to be placed in fluid communication with the outlet zone without the piercing element contacting the guard element or filter. 16. A beverage preparation system comprising a beverage preparation apparatus and a cartridge as claimed in claim 1, the beverage preparation apparatus comprising an outlet piercing element adapted to pierce a piercing surface of said cartridge to enable fluid communication between the outlet zone of said cartridge and an outlet of said beverage preparation apparatus without the piercing element contacting the guard element or filter of said cartridge. 17. A beverage preparation system as claimed in claim 16 wherein the beverage preparation apparatus is configured such that the outlet piercing element is off-set from a central axis of the piercing surface. 18. A method for preparing a beverage comprising:
providing a closed container containing a beverage medium located in a ingredient chamber volume; said ingredient chamber volume being separated from a filtrate volume by a filter; said filtrate volume containing a separately-formed guard element; piercing an inlet in an inlet piercing surface of the container using an inlet piercing element; piercing an outlet in an outlet piercing surface of the container using an outlet piercing element; supplying fluid through the inlet into the ingredient chamber volume to form a beverage from the beverage medium; passing the beverage through the filter into the filtrate volume; supporting the filter using the guard element to prevent encroachment of the filter into an outlet zone located between the guard element and the outlet piercing surface; and discharging the beverage from the filtrate volume via the outlet zone and outlet. | A cartridge for preparation of a beverage comprising: a closed container defining a container volume; a filter to divide the container volume into an ingredient chamber volume and a filtrate volume; a beverage medium located in the ingredient chamber volume; and a guard element located in the filtrate volume; wherein the guard element is separately-formed from the closed container and located within the filtrate volume to define an outlet zone, the guard element being interposed between the filter and the outlet zone; wherein the guard element is configured to prevent encroachment of the filter into the outlet zone such that on piercing of a piercing surface of the cartridge by a piercing element of a beverage preparation apparatus the piercing element is enabled to be placed in fluid communication with the outlet zone without the piercing element contacting the guard element or filter. Associated methods and systems are also disclosed.1. A cartridge for preparation of a beverage comprising:
a closed container defining a container volume; a filter located in the closed container to divide the container volume into an ingredient chamber volume and a filtrate volume; a beverage medium located in the ingredient chamber volume; and a guard element located in the filtrate volume; wherein the guard element is separately-formed from the closed container and located within the filtrate volume to define an outlet zone, the guard element being interposed between the filter and the outlet zone; wherein the guard element is configured to prevent encroachment of the filter into the outlet zone such that in use on full extension of a piercing element of a beverage preparation apparatus the piercing element is enabled to be placed in fluid communication with the outlet zone without the piercing element contacting the guard element or filter. 2. A cartridge as claimed in claim 1 wherein the guard element is configured to provide physical support to at least a portion of the filter in use. 3. A cartridge as claimed in claim 1 wherein the guard element is configured to provide a clearance distance between the piercing surface and the filter, which is greater than a penetration distance of said piercing element into the closed container. 4. A cartridge as claimed in claim 1 wherein the guard element comprises a filter support surface and at least one strut portion for spacing the filter support surface from the piercing surface of the cartridge. 5. A cartridge as claimed in claim 4 wherein the strut portion comprises a circumferential side wall. 6. A cartridge as claimed in claim 5 wherein the circumferential side wall comprises a plurality of elongate support ribs interposed by elongate filtrate apertures. 7. A cartridge as claimed in claim 6 wherein the circumferential side wall is inwardly-tapered such that a diameter of the filter support surface is less than a diameter of a distal end of the circumferential side wall. 8. A cartridge as claimed in claim 4 wherein the filter support surface comprises a plurality of elongate support ribs interposed by elongate filtrate apertures. 9. A cartridge as claimed in claim 1 wherein the closed container comprises a cup-shaped body and a lid, the cup-shaped body comprising a base defining the piercing surface and a side wall extending from the base to the lid, wherein the guard element comprises a filter support surface and at least one strut portion for spacing the filter support surface from the piercing surface of the cartridge, wherein a distal end of said strut portion is abutted into an angle formed between the side wall and the base. 10. A cartridge as claimed in claim 9 wherein the side wall in the region of the base is inwardly-tapered so as to retain the distal end of the strut portion. 11. A cartridge as claimed in claim 1 wherein the closed container comprises a cup-shaped body and a lid, the cup-shaped body comprising a base defining the piercing surface and a container side wall extending from the base to the lid, wherein the filter comprises an upper rim that is connected at or near a lid-end of the container side wall and/or between the container side wall and the lid and further comprises a filter side wall that is unconnected to the container side wall. 12. A cartridge as claimed in claim 11 wherein the filter comprises a base portion and the guard element provides physical support to substantially the whole base portion of the filter. 13. A cartridge as claimed in claim 1 wherein the guard element is rigid. 14. A cartridge as claimed in claim 1 wherein the guard element is a one-piece moulding. 15. A cartridge for preparation of a beverage comprising:
a closed container comprising a cup-shaped body and a lid, the cup-shaped body comprising a base defining a piercing surface and a container side wall extending from the base to the lid, the closed container defining a container volume; a filter located in the closed container to divide the container volume into an ingredient chamber volume and a filtrate volume; a beverage medium located in the ingredient chamber volume; and a guard element located in the filtrate volume comprising a filter support surface and a circumferential side wall for spacing the filter support surface from the piercing surface of the cartridge; wherein a distal end of said circumferential side wall is abutted into an angle formed between the container side wall and the base; wherein the guard element is separately-formed from the closed container and located within the filtrate volume to define an outlet zone, the guard element being interposed between the filter and the outlet zone; wherein the guard element is configured to provide physical support to at least a portion of the filter in use and to prevent encroachment of the filter into the outlet zone such that on piercing of the piercing surface by a piercing element of a beverage preparation apparatus the piercing element is enabled to be placed in fluid communication with the outlet zone without the piercing element contacting the guard element or filter. 16. A beverage preparation system comprising a beverage preparation apparatus and a cartridge as claimed in claim 1, the beverage preparation apparatus comprising an outlet piercing element adapted to pierce a piercing surface of said cartridge to enable fluid communication between the outlet zone of said cartridge and an outlet of said beverage preparation apparatus without the piercing element contacting the guard element or filter of said cartridge. 17. A beverage preparation system as claimed in claim 16 wherein the beverage preparation apparatus is configured such that the outlet piercing element is off-set from a central axis of the piercing surface. 18. A method for preparing a beverage comprising:
providing a closed container containing a beverage medium located in a ingredient chamber volume; said ingredient chamber volume being separated from a filtrate volume by a filter; said filtrate volume containing a separately-formed guard element; piercing an inlet in an inlet piercing surface of the container using an inlet piercing element; piercing an outlet in an outlet piercing surface of the container using an outlet piercing element; supplying fluid through the inlet into the ingredient chamber volume to form a beverage from the beverage medium; passing the beverage through the filter into the filtrate volume; supporting the filter using the guard element to prevent encroachment of the filter into an outlet zone located between the guard element and the outlet piercing surface; and discharging the beverage from the filtrate volume via the outlet zone and outlet. | 1,700 |
1,705 | 13,812,986 | 1,792 | Described are packages useful for food and non-food items, wherein the packages include a closure, an aperture located on the closure, and an insert that covers the aperture; the package can optionally be pressurized and certain embodiments can be designed to contain a dough product for refrigerated storage. | 1. A package capable of being pressurized internally to above atmospheric pressure, the package comprising
an interior space defined by a hollow container having sidewalls and an opening at an end of the sidewalls, and a closure at the opening, the closure comprising
a perimeter that engages the end of the sidewalls,
a surface extending between locations of the perimeter,
an aperture in the surface, and
an insert that covers the aperture. 2. A package according to claim 1 wherein the package is a vented package capable of being sealed by expansion of dough within the interior space. 3. A package according to claim 1 wherein the surface contains no more than one aperture. 4. A package according to claim 1 wherein the insert comprises plastic. 5. A package according to claim 1 wherein the insert is at least partially transparent and the insert allows viewing of the interior space. 6. A package according to claim 1 wherein the hollow container comprises an elongate cylinder having sidewalls extending between two openings at opposing ends of the sidewalls, and a closure at each opening, each closure comprising
a perimeter that engages an end of the sidewalls,
a surface extending between locations of the perimeter,
aperture in the surface, and
an insert in the interior side of the surface, covering the aperture. 7. A package according to claim 6 wherein the hollow container comprises an elongate cylinder comprising material selected from: a wound cardboard cylinder, a non-wound cardboard cylinder, and a plastic cylinder. 8. A package according to claim 1 comprising a vent between the perimeter and the end of the sidewalls. 9. A package according to claim 1 comprising a vent between the closure aperture and the insert. 10. A packaged dough composition comprising a package according to claim 1 containing a dough and having an internal pressure in the range from greater than 0 to 30 pounds per square inch (gauge). 11. A package according to claim 1 wherein the perimeter is circular and has diameter in a range from 3 to 12 centimeters, and the aperture is circular and has a dimension in the range from 0.3 to 11 centimeters. 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. A packaged dough composition according to claim 10, wherein the dough comprises from 30 to 50 weight percent flour, from 15 to 40 weight percent water, and less than 20 weight percent fat, based on the total weight of dough composition. 21. (canceled) 22. A package according to claim 1 wherein the sidewalls comprise an inner layer comprising an anaconda fold. 23. A package according to claim 1 wherein the sidewalls do not include an anaconda fold. 24. A package according to claim 1, wherein the closure comprises a metal and the insert comprises a non-metal. 25. A package according to claim 24 wherein the non-metal is selected from a polymeric material, cardboard, and paperboard. 26. A package according to claim 1, comprising adhesive between a surface of the closure and a surface of the insert. 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. (canceled) 30. (canceled) | Described are packages useful for food and non-food items, wherein the packages include a closure, an aperture located on the closure, and an insert that covers the aperture; the package can optionally be pressurized and certain embodiments can be designed to contain a dough product for refrigerated storage.1. A package capable of being pressurized internally to above atmospheric pressure, the package comprising
an interior space defined by a hollow container having sidewalls and an opening at an end of the sidewalls, and a closure at the opening, the closure comprising
a perimeter that engages the end of the sidewalls,
a surface extending between locations of the perimeter,
an aperture in the surface, and
an insert that covers the aperture. 2. A package according to claim 1 wherein the package is a vented package capable of being sealed by expansion of dough within the interior space. 3. A package according to claim 1 wherein the surface contains no more than one aperture. 4. A package according to claim 1 wherein the insert comprises plastic. 5. A package according to claim 1 wherein the insert is at least partially transparent and the insert allows viewing of the interior space. 6. A package according to claim 1 wherein the hollow container comprises an elongate cylinder having sidewalls extending between two openings at opposing ends of the sidewalls, and a closure at each opening, each closure comprising
a perimeter that engages an end of the sidewalls,
a surface extending between locations of the perimeter,
aperture in the surface, and
an insert in the interior side of the surface, covering the aperture. 7. A package according to claim 6 wherein the hollow container comprises an elongate cylinder comprising material selected from: a wound cardboard cylinder, a non-wound cardboard cylinder, and a plastic cylinder. 8. A package according to claim 1 comprising a vent between the perimeter and the end of the sidewalls. 9. A package according to claim 1 comprising a vent between the closure aperture and the insert. 10. A packaged dough composition comprising a package according to claim 1 containing a dough and having an internal pressure in the range from greater than 0 to 30 pounds per square inch (gauge). 11. A package according to claim 1 wherein the perimeter is circular and has diameter in a range from 3 to 12 centimeters, and the aperture is circular and has a dimension in the range from 0.3 to 11 centimeters. 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. A packaged dough composition according to claim 10, wherein the dough comprises from 30 to 50 weight percent flour, from 15 to 40 weight percent water, and less than 20 weight percent fat, based on the total weight of dough composition. 21. (canceled) 22. A package according to claim 1 wherein the sidewalls comprise an inner layer comprising an anaconda fold. 23. A package according to claim 1 wherein the sidewalls do not include an anaconda fold. 24. A package according to claim 1, wherein the closure comprises a metal and the insert comprises a non-metal. 25. A package according to claim 24 wherein the non-metal is selected from a polymeric material, cardboard, and paperboard. 26. A package according to claim 1, comprising adhesive between a surface of the closure and a surface of the insert. 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. (canceled) 30. (canceled) | 1,700 |
1,706 | 12,997,391 | 1,788 | Fine fibers comprising aliphatic polyester and a viscosity modifier. The fine fibers are preferably made by a Blown microfiber process. | 1. A fine fiber, comprising
one or more thermoplastic aliphatic polyesters; and a viscosity modifier selected from the group consisting of alkyl carboxylates, alkenyl carboxylates, aralkyl carboxylates, alkylethoxylated carboxylates, aralkylethoxylated carboxylates, alkyl lactylates, alkenyl lactylates, and mixtures thereof. 2. The fine fiber of claim 1, wherein the aliphatic polyester is selected from the group consisting of one or more poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), polybutylene succinate, polyhydroxybutyrate, polyhydroxyvalerate, blends, and copolymers thereof. 3. The fine fiber of claim 1, wherein the viscosity modifier has the following structure:
R—CO2 −M+
wherein R is an alkyl or alkylene of C8-C30 as a branched or straight carbon chain, or C12-C30 aralkyl, and may be optionally substituted with 0-100 alkylene oxide groups such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide groups, oligameric lactic and/or glycolic acid or a combination thereof; and M is H, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or an ammonium group. 4. The fine fiber of claim 3, wherein the ammonium group is a protonated tertiary or quaternary amine. 5. The fine fiber claim 3 wherein the ammonium group is a protonated triethanolamine or tetramethylammonium. 6. The fine fiber of claim 3, wherein M is an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal. 7. The fine fiber of claim 3, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of calcium, sodium, potassium, or magnesium. 8. The fine fiber of claim 1, wherein the viscosity modifier is selected from the group consisting of stearoyl lactylates and stearates. 9. The fine fiber of claim 1, wherein the viscosity modifier is present in an amount less than about 10 percent by weight based on the total weight of the fiber. 10. The fine fiber of claim 1, further comprising a thermoplastic polymer distinct from the thermoplastic aliphatic polyester. 11. The fine fiber of claim 1, wherein the viscosity modifier is present in an amount less than 2% by weight. 12. The fine fiber of claim 1, wherein the viscosity modifier comprises less than 5% water. 13. The fine fiber of claim 1, further comprising a surfactant distinct from the viscosity modifier. 14. The fine fiber of claim 1, wherein the aliphatic polyester is semicrystalline. 15. The fine fiber of claim 1, further comprising an antimicrobial component. 16. The fine fiber of claim 1, wherein the composition is biocompatible. 17. The fine fiber of claim 1, wherein the composition is melt processable. 18. An article comprising the composition of claim 1, said article being selected from molded polymeric articles, polymeric sheet, polymeric fibers, woven webs, nonwoven webs, porous membranes, polymeric foams, thermal or adhesive laminates, and combinations thereof. 19. The article of claim 18, wherein the nonwoven is selected from the group consisting of a spunbond web, a blown microfiber web, or a hydroentangled web. 20. An article comprising the composition of claim 1, wherein the article is a surgical drape, a surgical gown, a wound contact material, a personal hygiene article, or a sterilization wrap. 21-24. (canceled) 25. A method of making fine fibers, comprising
providing an aliphatic thermoplastic polyester; providing a viscosity modifier selected from the group consisting of alkyl carboxylates, alkenyl carboxylates, aralkyl carboxylates, alkylethoxylated carboxylates, aralkylethoxylated carboxylates, alkyl lactylates, alkenyl lactylates, and mixtures thereof and mixing the aliphatic plyester and the viscosity modifier; and forming fibers from the mixture. 26. The method of claim 25 wherein the fibers are formed using a melt-blowing, spun-bonding, or melt-spinning process. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the fibers form of a nonwoven web. 28. The method of claim 25, wherein the aliphatic thermoplastic polyester and the viscosity modifier are mixed prior to the fiber forming process. 29. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of extruding the aliphatic polyester blended with the viscosity modifier. 30. The method of claim 1, wherein the mixing of the aliphatic polyester and the viscosity modifier comprises extruding the aliphatic polyester and the viscosity modifier. 31. The method of claim 1, further comprising post healing the web. | Fine fibers comprising aliphatic polyester and a viscosity modifier. The fine fibers are preferably made by a Blown microfiber process.1. A fine fiber, comprising
one or more thermoplastic aliphatic polyesters; and a viscosity modifier selected from the group consisting of alkyl carboxylates, alkenyl carboxylates, aralkyl carboxylates, alkylethoxylated carboxylates, aralkylethoxylated carboxylates, alkyl lactylates, alkenyl lactylates, and mixtures thereof. 2. The fine fiber of claim 1, wherein the aliphatic polyester is selected from the group consisting of one or more poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), polybutylene succinate, polyhydroxybutyrate, polyhydroxyvalerate, blends, and copolymers thereof. 3. The fine fiber of claim 1, wherein the viscosity modifier has the following structure:
R—CO2 −M+
wherein R is an alkyl or alkylene of C8-C30 as a branched or straight carbon chain, or C12-C30 aralkyl, and may be optionally substituted with 0-100 alkylene oxide groups such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide groups, oligameric lactic and/or glycolic acid or a combination thereof; and M is H, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or an ammonium group. 4. The fine fiber of claim 3, wherein the ammonium group is a protonated tertiary or quaternary amine. 5. The fine fiber claim 3 wherein the ammonium group is a protonated triethanolamine or tetramethylammonium. 6. The fine fiber of claim 3, wherein M is an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal. 7. The fine fiber of claim 3, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of calcium, sodium, potassium, or magnesium. 8. The fine fiber of claim 1, wherein the viscosity modifier is selected from the group consisting of stearoyl lactylates and stearates. 9. The fine fiber of claim 1, wherein the viscosity modifier is present in an amount less than about 10 percent by weight based on the total weight of the fiber. 10. The fine fiber of claim 1, further comprising a thermoplastic polymer distinct from the thermoplastic aliphatic polyester. 11. The fine fiber of claim 1, wherein the viscosity modifier is present in an amount less than 2% by weight. 12. The fine fiber of claim 1, wherein the viscosity modifier comprises less than 5% water. 13. The fine fiber of claim 1, further comprising a surfactant distinct from the viscosity modifier. 14. The fine fiber of claim 1, wherein the aliphatic polyester is semicrystalline. 15. The fine fiber of claim 1, further comprising an antimicrobial component. 16. The fine fiber of claim 1, wherein the composition is biocompatible. 17. The fine fiber of claim 1, wherein the composition is melt processable. 18. An article comprising the composition of claim 1, said article being selected from molded polymeric articles, polymeric sheet, polymeric fibers, woven webs, nonwoven webs, porous membranes, polymeric foams, thermal or adhesive laminates, and combinations thereof. 19. The article of claim 18, wherein the nonwoven is selected from the group consisting of a spunbond web, a blown microfiber web, or a hydroentangled web. 20. An article comprising the composition of claim 1, wherein the article is a surgical drape, a surgical gown, a wound contact material, a personal hygiene article, or a sterilization wrap. 21-24. (canceled) 25. A method of making fine fibers, comprising
providing an aliphatic thermoplastic polyester; providing a viscosity modifier selected from the group consisting of alkyl carboxylates, alkenyl carboxylates, aralkyl carboxylates, alkylethoxylated carboxylates, aralkylethoxylated carboxylates, alkyl lactylates, alkenyl lactylates, and mixtures thereof and mixing the aliphatic plyester and the viscosity modifier; and forming fibers from the mixture. 26. The method of claim 25 wherein the fibers are formed using a melt-blowing, spun-bonding, or melt-spinning process. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the fibers form of a nonwoven web. 28. The method of claim 25, wherein the aliphatic thermoplastic polyester and the viscosity modifier are mixed prior to the fiber forming process. 29. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of extruding the aliphatic polyester blended with the viscosity modifier. 30. The method of claim 1, wherein the mixing of the aliphatic polyester and the viscosity modifier comprises extruding the aliphatic polyester and the viscosity modifier. 31. The method of claim 1, further comprising post healing the web. | 1,700 |
1,707 | 14,654,075 | 1,717 | A cloud tower ( 11 ) receives microscopic particles ( 18 ) impelled by an inert gas ( 17 ) for deposition on a porous substrate ( 29 ) having vacuum ( 34 ) disposed on opposite side. To alter the size and/or shape of the deposition field without changing the entire tower structure, a pair of flaps ( 43, 44 ) are hinged ( 47, 48 ) on one side or on a pair of opposed sides of the cloud primary tower. Another embodiment places selectable tower inserts ( 36, 38 ) within the primary tower structure, fitting therein and sealing thereto. | 1. Apparatus, comprising:
a source of microscopic particles impelled by inert gas; a porous substrate which is to receive the microscopic particles; a primary cloud tower connected to the source, resting on the substrate to define the target area thereon for the particles, and having wall structure completely surrounding all volume between the substrate and the connection to the source; and a vacuum applied to a side of the substrate opposite to the side engaged by the primary cloud tower; characterized by: means including wall structure in addition to the wall structure of the primary cloud tower for changing the wall structure surrounding the volume and for changing the target area for the particles. 2. Apparatus according to claim 1 further characterized in that:
the distance between the substrate and the top of the cloud tower where connected to the source being at least twice the dimension of the tower across the substrate. 3. Apparatus according to claim 1 further characterized in that:
said means includes a selected one of a plurality of cloud tower inserts which fit within said primary cloud tower and connect to the source. 4. Apparatus according to claim 1 further characterized in that:
the primary cloud tower is a pyramid with the connection at its apex and the substrate at its base. 5. Apparatus according to claim 4 further characterized in that:
said means includes at least one pair of flaps hinged to a wall of the primary cloud tower. 6. Apparatus according to claim 5 further characterized in that:
each pair of flaps are hinged to the related wall by hinges which are slideable along the related wall, each in a direction perpendicular to its bending axis. | A cloud tower ( 11 ) receives microscopic particles ( 18 ) impelled by an inert gas ( 17 ) for deposition on a porous substrate ( 29 ) having vacuum ( 34 ) disposed on opposite side. To alter the size and/or shape of the deposition field without changing the entire tower structure, a pair of flaps ( 43, 44 ) are hinged ( 47, 48 ) on one side or on a pair of opposed sides of the cloud primary tower. Another embodiment places selectable tower inserts ( 36, 38 ) within the primary tower structure, fitting therein and sealing thereto.1. Apparatus, comprising:
a source of microscopic particles impelled by inert gas; a porous substrate which is to receive the microscopic particles; a primary cloud tower connected to the source, resting on the substrate to define the target area thereon for the particles, and having wall structure completely surrounding all volume between the substrate and the connection to the source; and a vacuum applied to a side of the substrate opposite to the side engaged by the primary cloud tower; characterized by: means including wall structure in addition to the wall structure of the primary cloud tower for changing the wall structure surrounding the volume and for changing the target area for the particles. 2. Apparatus according to claim 1 further characterized in that:
the distance between the substrate and the top of the cloud tower where connected to the source being at least twice the dimension of the tower across the substrate. 3. Apparatus according to claim 1 further characterized in that:
said means includes a selected one of a plurality of cloud tower inserts which fit within said primary cloud tower and connect to the source. 4. Apparatus according to claim 1 further characterized in that:
the primary cloud tower is a pyramid with the connection at its apex and the substrate at its base. 5. Apparatus according to claim 4 further characterized in that:
said means includes at least one pair of flaps hinged to a wall of the primary cloud tower. 6. Apparatus according to claim 5 further characterized in that:
each pair of flaps are hinged to the related wall by hinges which are slideable along the related wall, each in a direction perpendicular to its bending axis. | 1,700 |
1,708 | 13,857,639 | 1,766 | A method of servicing a wellbore in a subterranean formation comprising preparing a wellbore servicing fluid comprising (i) a breaking agent, a breaking agent precursor, or combinations thereof, wherein the breaking agent comprises a sugar acid and (ii) an aqueous base fluid, and contacting the wellbore servicing fluid with a filter cake in the wellbore and/or subterranean formation. | 1. A method of servicing a wellbore in a subterranean formation comprising:
preparing a wellbore servicing fluid comprising (i) a breaking agent, a breaking agent precursor, or combinations thereof, wherein the breaking agent comprises a sugar acid and (ii) an aqueous base fluid; and contacting the wellbore servicing fluid with a filter cake in the wellbore and/or subterranean formation. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the sugar acid comprises aldonic acids, gluconic acid, mannoic acid, mannonic acid, gulonic acid, galactonic acid, arabonic acid, allonic acid, altronic acid, idonic acid, talonic acid, glyceric acid, xylonic acid, lyxonic acid glucoheptonic acid (i.e., D-glycero-D-guloheptonic acid), fructonic acid, ascorbic acid; ulosonic acids, neuraminic acid, sialic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid, N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid, N-glycolylneuraminic acid, ketodeoxyoctulosonic acid (i.e., 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid); uronic acids, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, iduronic acid, mannuronic acid; aldaric acids, tartaric acid, meso-galactaric acid (i.e., mucic acid), D-glucaric acid or saccharic acid, isosaccharinic acid; threonic acid; lactobionic acid; muramic acid; pangamic acid; salts thereof, or combinations thereof. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the sugar acid comprises sodium gluconate. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the breaking agent comprises a molasses hydrolysate. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the breaking agent precursor comprises an ester, an amide and/or an anhydride of at least one hydroxyl and/or one carboxylic acid functionalities of a sugar acid. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the ester protecting at least one hydroxyl functionality of the sugar acid comprises esters of lactic acid with a sugar acid (e.g., lactates, dilactates, trilactates), an ester of lactic acid with gluconic acid, gluconic acid monolactate, gluconic acid dilactate, gluconic acid trilactate; esters of formic acid with a sugar acid (e.g., formates, diformates, triformates), an ester of formic acid with gluconic acid, gluconic acid monoformate, gluconic acid diformate, gluconic acid triformate; esters of acetic acid with a sugar acid (e.g., acetates, diacetates, triacetates), an ester of acetic acid with gluconic acid, gluconic acid monoacetate, gluconic acid diacetate, gluconic acid triacetate; esters of propionic acid with a sugar acid (e.g., propionates, dipropionates, tripropionates), an ester of propionic acid with gluconic acid, gluconic acid monopropionate, gluconic acid dipropionate, gluconic acid tripropionate; esters of butyric acid with a sugar acid (e.g., butyrates, dibutyrates, tributyrates), an ester of butyric acid with gluconic acid, gluconic acid monobutyrate, gluconic acid dibutyrate, gluconic acid tributyrate; esters of monochloroacetic acid with a sugar acid (e.g., monochloroacetates), an ester of monochloroacetic acid with gluconic acid, gluconic acid mono(monochloroacetate), gluconic acid di(monochloroacetate), gluconic acid tri(monochloroacetate); esters of dichloroacetic acid with a sugar acid (e.g., dichloroacetates), an ester of dichloroacetic acid with gluconic acid, gluconic acid mono(dichloroacetate), gluconic acid di(dichloroacetate), gluconic acid tri(dichloroacetate); esters of trichloroacetic acid with a sugar acid (e.g., trichloroacetates), an ester of trichloroacetic acid with gluconic acid, gluconic acid mono(trichloroacetate), gluconic acid di(trichloroacetate), gluconic acid tri(trichloroacetate); derivatives thereof; or combinations thereof. 7. The method of claim 5 wherein the ester protecting at least one carboxylic acid functionality of the sugar acid comprises aliphatic esters, alkyl esters, methyl esters, ethyl esters, propyl esters, n-propyl esters, iso-propyl esters, butyl esters, n-butyl esters, iso-butyl esters, t-butyl esters, aromatic esters, benzyl esters, silyl esters, trimethylsilyl esters, triethylsilyl esters, dimethylisopropylsilyl esters, diethylisopropylsilyl esters, t-butyldimethylsilyl esters, t-butyldiphenylsilyl esters, triisopropylsilyl esters, and the like, or combinations thereof. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the breaking agent and/or the breaking agent precursor is present in the wellbore servicing fluid in an amount of from about 0.01 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, based on the total weight of the wellbore servicing fluid. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the aqueous base fluid comprises a brine. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the brine is present in the wellbore servicing fluid in an amount of from about 50 wt. % to about 95 wt. %, based on the total weight of the wellbore servicing fluid. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the wellbore servicing fluid comprises a breaking agent and the wellbore servicing fluid has a pH of greater than about 7. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the wellbore servicing fluid comprises a breaking agent precursor and the wellbore servicing fluid has a pH of less than about 10. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein the wellbore servicing fluid optionally comprises a rate adjustment material, an acid, a base, a surfactant, a mutual solvent, a corrosion inhibitor, or combinations thereof. 14. A method of servicing a wellbore in a subterranean formation comprising:
preparing a wellbore servicing fluid comprising (i) a breaking agent, a breaking agent precursor, or combinations thereof and (ii) an aqueous base fluid; wherein the breaking agent comprises a sugar acid, and the breaking agent precursor comprises an ester of at least one hydroxyl and/or one carboxylic acid functionalities of a sugar acid; and contacting the wellbore servicing fluid with a filter cake in the wellbore and/or subterranean formation. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the sugar acid comprises sodium gluconate. 16. The method of claim 14 wherein the ester of at least one hydroxyl and/or one carboxylic acid functionalities of a sugar acid comprises an ester of formic acid with gluconic acid. 17. The method of claim 14 wherein the wellbore servicing fluid comprises a breaking agent and the wellbore servicing fluid has a pH of greater than about 7. 18. The method of claim 14 wherein the wellbore servicing fluid comprises a breaking agent precursor and the wellbore servicing fluid has a pH of less than about 10. 19. The method of claim 14 wherein the wellbore servicing fluid optionally comprises a rate adjustment material, an acid, a base, a surfactant, a mutual solvent, a corrosion inhibitor, or combinations thereof. 20. The method of claim 14 wherein the breaking agent and/or the breaking agent precursor is present in the wellbore servicing fluid in an amount of from about 0.01 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, based on the total weight of the wellbore servicing fluid. | A method of servicing a wellbore in a subterranean formation comprising preparing a wellbore servicing fluid comprising (i) a breaking agent, a breaking agent precursor, or combinations thereof, wherein the breaking agent comprises a sugar acid and (ii) an aqueous base fluid, and contacting the wellbore servicing fluid with a filter cake in the wellbore and/or subterranean formation.1. A method of servicing a wellbore in a subterranean formation comprising:
preparing a wellbore servicing fluid comprising (i) a breaking agent, a breaking agent precursor, or combinations thereof, wherein the breaking agent comprises a sugar acid and (ii) an aqueous base fluid; and contacting the wellbore servicing fluid with a filter cake in the wellbore and/or subterranean formation. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the sugar acid comprises aldonic acids, gluconic acid, mannoic acid, mannonic acid, gulonic acid, galactonic acid, arabonic acid, allonic acid, altronic acid, idonic acid, talonic acid, glyceric acid, xylonic acid, lyxonic acid glucoheptonic acid (i.e., D-glycero-D-guloheptonic acid), fructonic acid, ascorbic acid; ulosonic acids, neuraminic acid, sialic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid, N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid, N-glycolylneuraminic acid, ketodeoxyoctulosonic acid (i.e., 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid); uronic acids, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, iduronic acid, mannuronic acid; aldaric acids, tartaric acid, meso-galactaric acid (i.e., mucic acid), D-glucaric acid or saccharic acid, isosaccharinic acid; threonic acid; lactobionic acid; muramic acid; pangamic acid; salts thereof, or combinations thereof. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the sugar acid comprises sodium gluconate. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the breaking agent comprises a molasses hydrolysate. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the breaking agent precursor comprises an ester, an amide and/or an anhydride of at least one hydroxyl and/or one carboxylic acid functionalities of a sugar acid. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the ester protecting at least one hydroxyl functionality of the sugar acid comprises esters of lactic acid with a sugar acid (e.g., lactates, dilactates, trilactates), an ester of lactic acid with gluconic acid, gluconic acid monolactate, gluconic acid dilactate, gluconic acid trilactate; esters of formic acid with a sugar acid (e.g., formates, diformates, triformates), an ester of formic acid with gluconic acid, gluconic acid monoformate, gluconic acid diformate, gluconic acid triformate; esters of acetic acid with a sugar acid (e.g., acetates, diacetates, triacetates), an ester of acetic acid with gluconic acid, gluconic acid monoacetate, gluconic acid diacetate, gluconic acid triacetate; esters of propionic acid with a sugar acid (e.g., propionates, dipropionates, tripropionates), an ester of propionic acid with gluconic acid, gluconic acid monopropionate, gluconic acid dipropionate, gluconic acid tripropionate; esters of butyric acid with a sugar acid (e.g., butyrates, dibutyrates, tributyrates), an ester of butyric acid with gluconic acid, gluconic acid monobutyrate, gluconic acid dibutyrate, gluconic acid tributyrate; esters of monochloroacetic acid with a sugar acid (e.g., monochloroacetates), an ester of monochloroacetic acid with gluconic acid, gluconic acid mono(monochloroacetate), gluconic acid di(monochloroacetate), gluconic acid tri(monochloroacetate); esters of dichloroacetic acid with a sugar acid (e.g., dichloroacetates), an ester of dichloroacetic acid with gluconic acid, gluconic acid mono(dichloroacetate), gluconic acid di(dichloroacetate), gluconic acid tri(dichloroacetate); esters of trichloroacetic acid with a sugar acid (e.g., trichloroacetates), an ester of trichloroacetic acid with gluconic acid, gluconic acid mono(trichloroacetate), gluconic acid di(trichloroacetate), gluconic acid tri(trichloroacetate); derivatives thereof; or combinations thereof. 7. The method of claim 5 wherein the ester protecting at least one carboxylic acid functionality of the sugar acid comprises aliphatic esters, alkyl esters, methyl esters, ethyl esters, propyl esters, n-propyl esters, iso-propyl esters, butyl esters, n-butyl esters, iso-butyl esters, t-butyl esters, aromatic esters, benzyl esters, silyl esters, trimethylsilyl esters, triethylsilyl esters, dimethylisopropylsilyl esters, diethylisopropylsilyl esters, t-butyldimethylsilyl esters, t-butyldiphenylsilyl esters, triisopropylsilyl esters, and the like, or combinations thereof. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the breaking agent and/or the breaking agent precursor is present in the wellbore servicing fluid in an amount of from about 0.01 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, based on the total weight of the wellbore servicing fluid. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the aqueous base fluid comprises a brine. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the brine is present in the wellbore servicing fluid in an amount of from about 50 wt. % to about 95 wt. %, based on the total weight of the wellbore servicing fluid. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the wellbore servicing fluid comprises a breaking agent and the wellbore servicing fluid has a pH of greater than about 7. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the wellbore servicing fluid comprises a breaking agent precursor and the wellbore servicing fluid has a pH of less than about 10. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein the wellbore servicing fluid optionally comprises a rate adjustment material, an acid, a base, a surfactant, a mutual solvent, a corrosion inhibitor, or combinations thereof. 14. A method of servicing a wellbore in a subterranean formation comprising:
preparing a wellbore servicing fluid comprising (i) a breaking agent, a breaking agent precursor, or combinations thereof and (ii) an aqueous base fluid; wherein the breaking agent comprises a sugar acid, and the breaking agent precursor comprises an ester of at least one hydroxyl and/or one carboxylic acid functionalities of a sugar acid; and contacting the wellbore servicing fluid with a filter cake in the wellbore and/or subterranean formation. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the sugar acid comprises sodium gluconate. 16. The method of claim 14 wherein the ester of at least one hydroxyl and/or one carboxylic acid functionalities of a sugar acid comprises an ester of formic acid with gluconic acid. 17. The method of claim 14 wherein the wellbore servicing fluid comprises a breaking agent and the wellbore servicing fluid has a pH of greater than about 7. 18. The method of claim 14 wherein the wellbore servicing fluid comprises a breaking agent precursor and the wellbore servicing fluid has a pH of less than about 10. 19. The method of claim 14 wherein the wellbore servicing fluid optionally comprises a rate adjustment material, an acid, a base, a surfactant, a mutual solvent, a corrosion inhibitor, or combinations thereof. 20. The method of claim 14 wherein the breaking agent and/or the breaking agent precursor is present in the wellbore servicing fluid in an amount of from about 0.01 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, based on the total weight of the wellbore servicing fluid. | 1,700 |
1,709 | 14,412,538 | 1,793 | Suggested is a dry food composition for mixing with a drinkable liquid, said composition comprising (a) carbohydrates, (b) proteins, (c) fats, and optionally (d) probiotic micro-organisms and/or prebiotics, and (e) vitamins, minerals, texturisers, fibres, sweeteners, flavourings and/or colorants, whereby said composition shows a particle size distribution wherein (i) about 90% b.w. of the particles show an average diameter of less than about 400 μm, (ii) about 50% b.w. of the particles show an average diameter of less than about 80 μm, and (iii) about 10% b.w. of the particles show an average diameter of less than about 10 μm. | 1. A dry food composition for mixing with a drinkable liquid, said composition comprising
(a) carbohydrates, (b) proteins, (c) fats, and optionally (d) probiotic micro-organisms and/or prebiotics, and (e) vitamins, minerals, texturisers, fibres, sweeteners, flavourings and/or colorants, whereby said composition shows a particle size distribution wherein (i) about 90% b.w. of the particles show an average diameter of less than about 400 μm, (ii) about 50% b.w. of the particles show an average diameter of less than about 80 μm, (iii) about 10% b.w. of the particles show an average diameter of less than about 10 μm. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition when mixed with a drinkable liquid shows glycaemic index (GI) of less than 30. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the ratio by weight between carbohydrates, proteins and fat is of the magnitude of about 0.5 to 2.0:1:0.1 to 0.4. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carbohydrates forming group (a) are derived from leguminous plants. 5. The composition of claim 4, wherein the carbohydrates are derived from yellow peas, and rosaceous plants. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carbohydrates are present in the form of simple sugars selected from group consisting of glucose, saccharose, fructose, maltose, lactose and their mixtures. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition has either a low lactose content or alternatively is completely free of lactose. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the proteins (forming group b) are derived from whey, yellow pea, soy, potatoes, lupine, egg albumen, whole eggs and their mixtures. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fats (forming group c) comprise glycerides of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids or conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the probiotic-microorganisms forming sub-group (d1) are selected from lactic acid bacteriae and/or bifidobacteriae. 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the prebiotics forming sub-group (d2) are selected from the group consisting of fructooligosaccharides, inulins, isomaltooligosaccharides, lactilol, lactosucrose, lactulose, pyrodextrins, soy oligosaccharides, transgalactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides, biopolymers and their mixtures. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the vitamins forming sub-group (e1) are selected from the group consisting of Vitamin A (retinol, retinal, beta carotene), Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (niacin, niacinamide), Vitamin B5 (panthothenic acid), Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, paridoxal), Vitamin B7 (biotin), Vitamin B9 (folic acid, folinic acid), Vitamin B12 (cyanobalamin, hydoxycobalmin, methylcobalmin), Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), Vitamin D (cholecalciferol), Vitamin E (tocopherols, tocotrienols), and Vitamin K (phyolloquinone, menaquinone). 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the minerals forming sub-group (e2) are selected from the group consisting of aluminium, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, bromide, cadmium, cerium, caesium, chloride, chrome, dysprosium, iron, erbium, europium, fluoride, gadolinium, gallium, germanium, gold, hafnium, holmium, indium, iridium, iodide, potassium, calcium, cobalt, copper, lanthanum, lithium, lutetium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, sodium, neodymium, nickel, niobium, osmium, palladium, phosphorus, platinum, praseodymium, rhenium, rhodium, rubidium, ruthenium, samarium, scandium, sulphur, selenium, silica, silver, strontium, tantalum, tellurium, terbium, thallium, thorium, thulium, titan, vanadium, ytterbium, yttrium, bismuth, wolfram, zinc, tin, zirconium and their mixtures. 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the sweeteners forming sub-group (e5) are selected from the group consisting of sucrose, sucralose, trehalose, lactose, maltose, melicitose, raffinose, palatinose, lactulose, D-fructose, D-glucose, D-galactose, L-rhamnose, D-sorbose, D-mannose, D-tagatose, D-arabinose, L-arabinose, D-ribose, D-glyceraldehyde, erythritol, threitol, arabitol, ribitol, xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, duicitol, lactitol, miraculin, monellin, thaumatin, curculin, brazzein, MAGAP, sodium cyclamate, acesulfame K, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, saccharine sodium salt, aspartame, superaspartame, neotame, sucralose, stevioside, rebaudioside, lugduname, carrelame, sucrononate, sucrooctate, glycine, D-leucine, D-threonine, D-asparagine, D-phenylalanine, D-trypto-phan, L-proline, hemandulcin, dihydrochalcone glycosides, glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives, extracts of liquorice (Glycyrrhizza glabra ssp.), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris ssp.), sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum ssp.), Lippia ssp. (e.g. Lippia dulcis), Stevia ssp. (e.g. Stevia rebaudiana), Luo Han Guo, or their active principles like rebaudiosides or mogrosides. 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the flavourings forming sub-group (e6) are selected from the group consisting of natural flavouring substances, extracts or distillates from fruits or vegetables. 16. The composition of claim 1, comprising
(a) about 10 to about 20% b.w. whole eggs; (b) about 3 to about 15% b.w. egg albumin; (c) about 10 to about 25% b.w. whey protein concentrate; (d) about 10 to about 35% b.w yellow pea protein; (e) about 10 to about 25% b.w. apple powder; and (f) about 5 to about 15% b.w. rose hips powder, on condition that the amounts add optionally with additional ingredients to 100% b.w. 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition shows when mixed with a drinkable liquid a pH-value in the range of 5.8 to 6.2. 18. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition is essentially free of gluten. 19. A non-therapeutic method for improving the over-all health status of a human body by consumption of the food composition of claim 1 20. A single portion pack, a liquid or a bar containing the food composition of claim 1. | Suggested is a dry food composition for mixing with a drinkable liquid, said composition comprising (a) carbohydrates, (b) proteins, (c) fats, and optionally (d) probiotic micro-organisms and/or prebiotics, and (e) vitamins, minerals, texturisers, fibres, sweeteners, flavourings and/or colorants, whereby said composition shows a particle size distribution wherein (i) about 90% b.w. of the particles show an average diameter of less than about 400 μm, (ii) about 50% b.w. of the particles show an average diameter of less than about 80 μm, and (iii) about 10% b.w. of the particles show an average diameter of less than about 10 μm.1. A dry food composition for mixing with a drinkable liquid, said composition comprising
(a) carbohydrates, (b) proteins, (c) fats, and optionally (d) probiotic micro-organisms and/or prebiotics, and (e) vitamins, minerals, texturisers, fibres, sweeteners, flavourings and/or colorants, whereby said composition shows a particle size distribution wherein (i) about 90% b.w. of the particles show an average diameter of less than about 400 μm, (ii) about 50% b.w. of the particles show an average diameter of less than about 80 μm, (iii) about 10% b.w. of the particles show an average diameter of less than about 10 μm. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition when mixed with a drinkable liquid shows glycaemic index (GI) of less than 30. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the ratio by weight between carbohydrates, proteins and fat is of the magnitude of about 0.5 to 2.0:1:0.1 to 0.4. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carbohydrates forming group (a) are derived from leguminous plants. 5. The composition of claim 4, wherein the carbohydrates are derived from yellow peas, and rosaceous plants. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carbohydrates are present in the form of simple sugars selected from group consisting of glucose, saccharose, fructose, maltose, lactose and their mixtures. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition has either a low lactose content or alternatively is completely free of lactose. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the proteins (forming group b) are derived from whey, yellow pea, soy, potatoes, lupine, egg albumen, whole eggs and their mixtures. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fats (forming group c) comprise glycerides of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids or conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the probiotic-microorganisms forming sub-group (d1) are selected from lactic acid bacteriae and/or bifidobacteriae. 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the prebiotics forming sub-group (d2) are selected from the group consisting of fructooligosaccharides, inulins, isomaltooligosaccharides, lactilol, lactosucrose, lactulose, pyrodextrins, soy oligosaccharides, transgalactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides, biopolymers and their mixtures. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the vitamins forming sub-group (e1) are selected from the group consisting of Vitamin A (retinol, retinal, beta carotene), Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (niacin, niacinamide), Vitamin B5 (panthothenic acid), Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, paridoxal), Vitamin B7 (biotin), Vitamin B9 (folic acid, folinic acid), Vitamin B12 (cyanobalamin, hydoxycobalmin, methylcobalmin), Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), Vitamin D (cholecalciferol), Vitamin E (tocopherols, tocotrienols), and Vitamin K (phyolloquinone, menaquinone). 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the minerals forming sub-group (e2) are selected from the group consisting of aluminium, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, bromide, cadmium, cerium, caesium, chloride, chrome, dysprosium, iron, erbium, europium, fluoride, gadolinium, gallium, germanium, gold, hafnium, holmium, indium, iridium, iodide, potassium, calcium, cobalt, copper, lanthanum, lithium, lutetium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, sodium, neodymium, nickel, niobium, osmium, palladium, phosphorus, platinum, praseodymium, rhenium, rhodium, rubidium, ruthenium, samarium, scandium, sulphur, selenium, silica, silver, strontium, tantalum, tellurium, terbium, thallium, thorium, thulium, titan, vanadium, ytterbium, yttrium, bismuth, wolfram, zinc, tin, zirconium and their mixtures. 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the sweeteners forming sub-group (e5) are selected from the group consisting of sucrose, sucralose, trehalose, lactose, maltose, melicitose, raffinose, palatinose, lactulose, D-fructose, D-glucose, D-galactose, L-rhamnose, D-sorbose, D-mannose, D-tagatose, D-arabinose, L-arabinose, D-ribose, D-glyceraldehyde, erythritol, threitol, arabitol, ribitol, xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, duicitol, lactitol, miraculin, monellin, thaumatin, curculin, brazzein, MAGAP, sodium cyclamate, acesulfame K, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, saccharine sodium salt, aspartame, superaspartame, neotame, sucralose, stevioside, rebaudioside, lugduname, carrelame, sucrononate, sucrooctate, glycine, D-leucine, D-threonine, D-asparagine, D-phenylalanine, D-trypto-phan, L-proline, hemandulcin, dihydrochalcone glycosides, glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives, extracts of liquorice (Glycyrrhizza glabra ssp.), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris ssp.), sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum ssp.), Lippia ssp. (e.g. Lippia dulcis), Stevia ssp. (e.g. Stevia rebaudiana), Luo Han Guo, or their active principles like rebaudiosides or mogrosides. 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the flavourings forming sub-group (e6) are selected from the group consisting of natural flavouring substances, extracts or distillates from fruits or vegetables. 16. The composition of claim 1, comprising
(a) about 10 to about 20% b.w. whole eggs; (b) about 3 to about 15% b.w. egg albumin; (c) about 10 to about 25% b.w. whey protein concentrate; (d) about 10 to about 35% b.w yellow pea protein; (e) about 10 to about 25% b.w. apple powder; and (f) about 5 to about 15% b.w. rose hips powder, on condition that the amounts add optionally with additional ingredients to 100% b.w. 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition shows when mixed with a drinkable liquid a pH-value in the range of 5.8 to 6.2. 18. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition is essentially free of gluten. 19. A non-therapeutic method for improving the over-all health status of a human body by consumption of the food composition of claim 1 20. A single portion pack, a liquid or a bar containing the food composition of claim 1. | 1,700 |
1,710 | 14,404,284 | 1,767 | The present invention relates to a composition in the form of a dispersion, a method for the manufacturing of said composition and uses thereof. | 1. A composition in the form of a dispersion, comprising one or more dispersants, and lignin, wherein said lignin has an average particle size of from about 100 nm to about 2000 nm, and wherein said dispersants has a solubility parameter of from about 18 to about 30 MPa1/2 and a viscosity of from about 15 mPas to about 20,000 mPas. 2. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said lignin is a Kraft lignin. 3. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said dispersant is a polyol. 4. A composition according to claim 3 wherein the polyol is PEG having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 5000. 5. A composition according to claim 3 wherein said polyol comprises a mixture of different PEGs, one PEG having a molecular weight of about 400 and one PEG having a molecular weight of about 600. 6. A composition according to claim 1 also comprising one or more alkanolamines. 7. A composition according to claim 1 also comprising one or more flame retarding agents. 8. Use of a composition according to claim 1 for making foams, rubbers, adhesives, reactive fillers or for use as a filling agent. 9. A method for manufacturing a composition in the form of a dispersion, according to claim 1, comprising the following steps:
a. i) providing a lignin, b. ii) adding one polyol or a mixture of polyols, and c. iii) mixing said components thus providing said composition. 10. A method according claim 9 wherein one or more flame retarding agents are added before mixing. 11. A method according claim 9 wherein said mixing is a high shear mixing of at least about 1000 rpm. 12. A composition in the form of a dispersion obtainable by a method according to claim 9. 13. A method for manufacturing a foam comprising the following steps:
a. providing a composition according to claim 1, b. adding one or more blowing agents to said composition, c. adding one or more additives, d. adding iso-cyanate to said composition, e. stirring the mixture obtained in step d) and f. conveying the stirred mixture in step e) into a mould to provide a foam continuously or discontinuously. 14. A method according to claim 13 wherein said one or more additives may be selected from the group consisting of one or more surfactants, one or more polyurethane catalysts, one or more flame retarding agents, or combinations thereof. 15. A method according to claim 13 wherein said one or more blowing agents are one or more hydrocarbon compounds selected from i-pentane, n-pentane and cyclopentene or a combination thereof. 16. A method according to claim 13 wherein one or more hydroxyl-containing compounds or one more catalysts are added before addition of said one or more blowing agents. 17. A foam obtainable by the method according to claim 13. 18. Use of a foam according to claim 17 in the building and construction segment, for thermal insulation, in automotive applications, appliances, footwear, or in furniture or bedding applications. 19. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said lignin has an average particle size in a range from 200 to 600 nm. 20. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said dispersants have a viscosity of from 20 mPas to 500 mPas. | The present invention relates to a composition in the form of a dispersion, a method for the manufacturing of said composition and uses thereof.1. A composition in the form of a dispersion, comprising one or more dispersants, and lignin, wherein said lignin has an average particle size of from about 100 nm to about 2000 nm, and wherein said dispersants has a solubility parameter of from about 18 to about 30 MPa1/2 and a viscosity of from about 15 mPas to about 20,000 mPas. 2. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said lignin is a Kraft lignin. 3. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said dispersant is a polyol. 4. A composition according to claim 3 wherein the polyol is PEG having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 5000. 5. A composition according to claim 3 wherein said polyol comprises a mixture of different PEGs, one PEG having a molecular weight of about 400 and one PEG having a molecular weight of about 600. 6. A composition according to claim 1 also comprising one or more alkanolamines. 7. A composition according to claim 1 also comprising one or more flame retarding agents. 8. Use of a composition according to claim 1 for making foams, rubbers, adhesives, reactive fillers or for use as a filling agent. 9. A method for manufacturing a composition in the form of a dispersion, according to claim 1, comprising the following steps:
a. i) providing a lignin, b. ii) adding one polyol or a mixture of polyols, and c. iii) mixing said components thus providing said composition. 10. A method according claim 9 wherein one or more flame retarding agents are added before mixing. 11. A method according claim 9 wherein said mixing is a high shear mixing of at least about 1000 rpm. 12. A composition in the form of a dispersion obtainable by a method according to claim 9. 13. A method for manufacturing a foam comprising the following steps:
a. providing a composition according to claim 1, b. adding one or more blowing agents to said composition, c. adding one or more additives, d. adding iso-cyanate to said composition, e. stirring the mixture obtained in step d) and f. conveying the stirred mixture in step e) into a mould to provide a foam continuously or discontinuously. 14. A method according to claim 13 wherein said one or more additives may be selected from the group consisting of one or more surfactants, one or more polyurethane catalysts, one or more flame retarding agents, or combinations thereof. 15. A method according to claim 13 wherein said one or more blowing agents are one or more hydrocarbon compounds selected from i-pentane, n-pentane and cyclopentene or a combination thereof. 16. A method according to claim 13 wherein one or more hydroxyl-containing compounds or one more catalysts are added before addition of said one or more blowing agents. 17. A foam obtainable by the method according to claim 13. 18. Use of a foam according to claim 17 in the building and construction segment, for thermal insulation, in automotive applications, appliances, footwear, or in furniture or bedding applications. 19. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said lignin has an average particle size in a range from 200 to 600 nm. 20. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said dispersants have a viscosity of from 20 mPas to 500 mPas. | 1,700 |
1,711 | 14,242,250 | 1,726 | A photovoltaic energy harvesting (PVEH) device comprises a single-junction photovoltaic cell. The photovoltaic cell includes a light converting element made of a wide band-gap III-V active material spectrally matched to an ambient light source, a light receiving side that is free from front metal contact gridlines, and at least one discrete metal contact element placed on the light receiving side that realizes power extraction. The active material of the light converting element may be made of (Al)GaInP compounds. The active material of the light converting element may be spectrally matched to ambient light in the form of at least one of an artificial light source and natural sunlight, and combinations thereof. The PVEH device may have a plurality of photovoltaic cells inter-connected in series to achieve a higher open-circuit voltage. A total fractional power loss due to series resistance, shunt resistance and contact shading is less than 20%. | 1. A photovoltaic energy harvesting device comprising a single-junction photovoltaic cell, wherein the photovoltaic cell comprises:
a light converting element made of a high band-gap III-V active material, and said active material has a direct band-gap in a range of 1.12 eV to 2.0 eV and is spectrally matched to an ambient light source; a light receiving side that is free from front metal contact gridlines; and
at least one discrete metal contact element placed on the light receiving side that realizes power extraction from the light converting element. 2. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein the active material of the light converting element is made of (Al)GaInP compounds. 3. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein the active material of the light converting element is spectrally matched to at least one of an artificial fluorescent light, an artificial solid-state light, natural sunlight, or a combination of artificial light and natural sunlight. 4. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein the light receiving side includes only one metal contact element located on a longer edge of the photovoltaic cell. 5. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein the light receiving side includes a plurality of metal contact elements located on a same edge of the photovoltaic cell. 6. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein the light receiving side of the photovoltaic cell includes a plurality of metal contact elements located on different edges of the photovoltaic cell. 7. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein the at least one metal contact element is one of a point contact pad, a circular contact pad, or a rectangular contact pad. 8. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein a total area covered by the at least one metal contact element is less than 5% of a total area of the light receiving side of the photovoltaic cell. 9. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein the at least one metal contact element is patterned using one of a low resolution photo-lithography method, a screen-printing method, or a soldering method. 10. (canceled) 11. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein the photovoltaic energy harvesting device comprises a plurality of photovoltaic cells made of III-V material inter-connected in series to achieve a higher open-circuit voltage. 12. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein an area-normalised shunt resistance is greater than 500 kΩ·cm2. 13. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein a specific contact resistance of the at least one metal contact element is less than 10−2 Ω·cm2. 14-15. (canceled) 16. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein a total fractional power loss due to series resistance, shunt resistance and contact shading under low light level is less than 20%. 17-18. (canceled) 19. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein the photovoltaic cell includes an anti-reflection coating that is spectrally matched with the ambient light source. 20. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein the PV cell includes a spherical optical lens element or a Fresnel optical lens element. 21. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein an area-normalised shunt resistance of said photovoltaic cell is not less than 500 kΩ·cm2 22. A photovoltaic energy harvesting device comprising a single-junction photovoltaic cell, wherein the photovoltaic cell comprises:
a light converting element made of (Al)GaInP III-V active material spectrally matched to an ambient light source, and said active material has a direct band-gap in a range of 1.12 eV to 2.0 eV, and an area-normalised shunt resistance of said photovoltaic cell is not less than 500 kΩ·cm2 23. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 22, wherein said active material comprises at least an emitter made of (Al)GaInP and a base material made of (Al)GaInP, a sheet resistance of said emitter being not more than 1000Ω/□. 24. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 23, further comprising one or more of metal contact gridlines and metal contact elements on a light-receiving side of said active material, and a specific contact resistance of said metal contact gridlines and metal contact elements is not more than 10−2 Ω·cm2. 25. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 24, wherein a total fractional power loss due to series resistance, shunt resistance and contact shading is less than 20%. | A photovoltaic energy harvesting (PVEH) device comprises a single-junction photovoltaic cell. The photovoltaic cell includes a light converting element made of a wide band-gap III-V active material spectrally matched to an ambient light source, a light receiving side that is free from front metal contact gridlines, and at least one discrete metal contact element placed on the light receiving side that realizes power extraction. The active material of the light converting element may be made of (Al)GaInP compounds. The active material of the light converting element may be spectrally matched to ambient light in the form of at least one of an artificial light source and natural sunlight, and combinations thereof. The PVEH device may have a plurality of photovoltaic cells inter-connected in series to achieve a higher open-circuit voltage. A total fractional power loss due to series resistance, shunt resistance and contact shading is less than 20%.1. A photovoltaic energy harvesting device comprising a single-junction photovoltaic cell, wherein the photovoltaic cell comprises:
a light converting element made of a high band-gap III-V active material, and said active material has a direct band-gap in a range of 1.12 eV to 2.0 eV and is spectrally matched to an ambient light source; a light receiving side that is free from front metal contact gridlines; and
at least one discrete metal contact element placed on the light receiving side that realizes power extraction from the light converting element. 2. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein the active material of the light converting element is made of (Al)GaInP compounds. 3. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein the active material of the light converting element is spectrally matched to at least one of an artificial fluorescent light, an artificial solid-state light, natural sunlight, or a combination of artificial light and natural sunlight. 4. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein the light receiving side includes only one metal contact element located on a longer edge of the photovoltaic cell. 5. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein the light receiving side includes a plurality of metal contact elements located on a same edge of the photovoltaic cell. 6. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein the light receiving side of the photovoltaic cell includes a plurality of metal contact elements located on different edges of the photovoltaic cell. 7. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein the at least one metal contact element is one of a point contact pad, a circular contact pad, or a rectangular contact pad. 8. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein a total area covered by the at least one metal contact element is less than 5% of a total area of the light receiving side of the photovoltaic cell. 9. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein the at least one metal contact element is patterned using one of a low resolution photo-lithography method, a screen-printing method, or a soldering method. 10. (canceled) 11. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein the photovoltaic energy harvesting device comprises a plurality of photovoltaic cells made of III-V material inter-connected in series to achieve a higher open-circuit voltage. 12. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein an area-normalised shunt resistance is greater than 500 kΩ·cm2. 13. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein a specific contact resistance of the at least one metal contact element is less than 10−2 Ω·cm2. 14-15. (canceled) 16. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein a total fractional power loss due to series resistance, shunt resistance and contact shading under low light level is less than 20%. 17-18. (canceled) 19. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein the photovoltaic cell includes an anti-reflection coating that is spectrally matched with the ambient light source. 20. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein the PV cell includes a spherical optical lens element or a Fresnel optical lens element. 21. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein an area-normalised shunt resistance of said photovoltaic cell is not less than 500 kΩ·cm2 22. A photovoltaic energy harvesting device comprising a single-junction photovoltaic cell, wherein the photovoltaic cell comprises:
a light converting element made of (Al)GaInP III-V active material spectrally matched to an ambient light source, and said active material has a direct band-gap in a range of 1.12 eV to 2.0 eV, and an area-normalised shunt resistance of said photovoltaic cell is not less than 500 kΩ·cm2 23. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 22, wherein said active material comprises at least an emitter made of (Al)GaInP and a base material made of (Al)GaInP, a sheet resistance of said emitter being not more than 1000Ω/□. 24. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 23, further comprising one or more of metal contact gridlines and metal contact elements on a light-receiving side of said active material, and a specific contact resistance of said metal contact gridlines and metal contact elements is not more than 10−2 Ω·cm2. 25. The photovoltaic energy harvesting device of claim 24, wherein a total fractional power loss due to series resistance, shunt resistance and contact shading is less than 20%. | 1,700 |
1,712 | 13,973,425 | 1,786 | The invention relates to prepregs and composite components produced therefrom (mouldings), obtainable by the use of powdery reactive polyurethane compositions. | 1-16. (canceled) 17. A prepreg, comprising:
(A) at least one fibrous support, and, as a matrix material, (B) at least one reactive powdery polyurethane composition comprising (1) at least one di- or polyisocyanate and (2) at least one hydroxyl group containing polymer, wherein the di- or polyisocyanate is internally blocked and/or blocked with a blocking agent, wherein the hydroxyl group containing polymer is selected from the group consisting of a polyacrylate, a polyester, a polyether, a polycarbonate, a polyurethane and mixtures thereof and has (a) one or more functional groups reactive towards an isocyanate group, (b) an OH number of 20-500 mg KOH/g and (c) an average molecular weight of 250-6,000 g/mol, and wherein the reactive powdery polyurethane composition has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 40° C. and a curing temperature above 160° C. 18. The prepreg according to claim 17, wherein the fibrous support is a fibrous material of glass, carbon, plastic, a natural fiber, a mineral fiber or a ceramic fiber. 19. The prepreg according to claim 17, wherein the fibrous support is a planar textile body of non-woven material, a knitted good, or a non-knitted skein. 20. The prepreg according to claim 17, wherein the di- or polyisocyanate is selected from the group consisting isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), diisocyanatodicyclohexylmethane (H12MDI), 2-methylpentane diisocyanate (MPDI), 2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate/2,4,4-trimethyl-hexamethylene diisocyanate (TMDI), norbornane diisocyanate (NBDI), isocyanurates thereof and mixtures thereof. 21. The prepreg according to claim 17, wherein the di- or polyisocyanate is internally blocked. 22. The prepreg according to claim 17, wherein the isocyanate is blocked with an external blocking agent selected from the group consisting of ethyl acetoacetate, diisopropylamine, methyl ethyl ketoxime, diethyl malonate, ε-caprolactam, 1,2,4-triazole, phenol or substituted phenols and 3,5-dimethylpyrazole. 23. The prepreg according to claim 17, wherein the isocyanate is an IPDI adduct, comprising an isocyanurate grouping and an c-caprolactam blocked isocyanate structure. 24. The prepreg according to claim 17, wherein the hydroxyl group containing polymer is a polyacrylate. 25. The prepreg according to claim 17, wherein the hydroxyl group containing polymer is a polyester. 26. The prepreg according to claim 17, wherein the hydroxyl group containing polymer is a polyether. 27. The prepreg according to claim 17, wherein the hydroxyl group containing polymer is a polycarbonate. 28. The prepreg according to claim 17, wherein the hydroxyl group containing polymer is a polyurethane. 29. A process for producing a prepreg according to claim 17, comprising applying component B) to component A), and optionally fixing B). 30. A process for producing a composite comprising compressing the prepreg according to claim 17 at a temperature above 160° C. | The invention relates to prepregs and composite components produced therefrom (mouldings), obtainable by the use of powdery reactive polyurethane compositions.1-16. (canceled) 17. A prepreg, comprising:
(A) at least one fibrous support, and, as a matrix material, (B) at least one reactive powdery polyurethane composition comprising (1) at least one di- or polyisocyanate and (2) at least one hydroxyl group containing polymer, wherein the di- or polyisocyanate is internally blocked and/or blocked with a blocking agent, wherein the hydroxyl group containing polymer is selected from the group consisting of a polyacrylate, a polyester, a polyether, a polycarbonate, a polyurethane and mixtures thereof and has (a) one or more functional groups reactive towards an isocyanate group, (b) an OH number of 20-500 mg KOH/g and (c) an average molecular weight of 250-6,000 g/mol, and wherein the reactive powdery polyurethane composition has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 40° C. and a curing temperature above 160° C. 18. The prepreg according to claim 17, wherein the fibrous support is a fibrous material of glass, carbon, plastic, a natural fiber, a mineral fiber or a ceramic fiber. 19. The prepreg according to claim 17, wherein the fibrous support is a planar textile body of non-woven material, a knitted good, or a non-knitted skein. 20. The prepreg according to claim 17, wherein the di- or polyisocyanate is selected from the group consisting isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), diisocyanatodicyclohexylmethane (H12MDI), 2-methylpentane diisocyanate (MPDI), 2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate/2,4,4-trimethyl-hexamethylene diisocyanate (TMDI), norbornane diisocyanate (NBDI), isocyanurates thereof and mixtures thereof. 21. The prepreg according to claim 17, wherein the di- or polyisocyanate is internally blocked. 22. The prepreg according to claim 17, wherein the isocyanate is blocked with an external blocking agent selected from the group consisting of ethyl acetoacetate, diisopropylamine, methyl ethyl ketoxime, diethyl malonate, ε-caprolactam, 1,2,4-triazole, phenol or substituted phenols and 3,5-dimethylpyrazole. 23. The prepreg according to claim 17, wherein the isocyanate is an IPDI adduct, comprising an isocyanurate grouping and an c-caprolactam blocked isocyanate structure. 24. The prepreg according to claim 17, wherein the hydroxyl group containing polymer is a polyacrylate. 25. The prepreg according to claim 17, wherein the hydroxyl group containing polymer is a polyester. 26. The prepreg according to claim 17, wherein the hydroxyl group containing polymer is a polyether. 27. The prepreg according to claim 17, wherein the hydroxyl group containing polymer is a polycarbonate. 28. The prepreg according to claim 17, wherein the hydroxyl group containing polymer is a polyurethane. 29. A process for producing a prepreg according to claim 17, comprising applying component B) to component A), and optionally fixing B). 30. A process for producing a composite comprising compressing the prepreg according to claim 17 at a temperature above 160° C. | 1,700 |
1,713 | 14,413,965 | 1,784 | The present invention provides an assembly of an aluminum-based element and an element made of steel provided on at least one of the surfaces thereof with a metal coating. The metal coating is made of a zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy including from 2.3% to 3.3% by weight of magnesium and from 3.5% to 3.9% by weight of aluminum. The remainder of the metal coating is zinc, inevitable impurities and possibly one or more additional elements selected from among Si, Sb, Pb, Ti, Ca, Mn, Sn, La, Ce, Cr, Ni or Bi. The coated surface of the steel element is in at least partial contact with the the aluminum-based element. The contact is brought about by a layer of adhesive or sealant having a thickness of less than 5 mm. The present invention also provides a part for a vehicle including at least one assembly and a vehicle. | 1-7. (canceled) 8. An assembly comprising:
an aluminum-based element; and a steel element provided on at least one of the surfaces thereof having a metal coating made of a zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy including from 2.3% to 3.3% by weight of magnesium, from 3.5% to 3.9% by weight of aluminum, a remainder of the metal coating being zinc and inevitable impurities; the coated surface of the steel element is in at least partial contact with the aluminum-based element via a layer of adhesive or sealant having a thickness of less than 5 mm. 9. The assembly according to claim 8, wherein the metal coating further includes one or more additional elements selected from among Si, Sb, Pb, Ti, Ca, Mn, Sn, La, Ce, Cr, Ni or Bi. 10. An assembly according to claim 8, wherein the metal coating made of a zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy includes from 2.3% to 3.3% by weight of magnesium, and from 3.6% to 3.9% by weight of aluminum, the remainder of the metal coating being zinc and inevitable impurities. 11. The assembly according to claim 10, wherein the metal coating further includes one or more additional elements selected from among Si, Sb, Pb, Ti, Ca, Mn, Sn, La, Ce, Cr, Ni or Bi. 12. The assembly according to claim 8, wherein the aluminum-based element and the steel element are assembled by crimping. 13. A part for a vehicle comprising at least one assembly according to claim 8. 14. A vehicle door comprising:
the part according to claim 13, the aluminum-based element forming an exterior part of the door, and the steel element forming an interior part of the door. 15. A vehicle including at least one part according to claim 13. 16. Use of a part made of steel provided on at least one of the surfaces thereof, with a metal coating made of a zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy including from 2.3% to 3.3% by weight of magnesium, from 3.5% to 3.9% by weight of aluminum, the remainder of the metal coating being zinc and inevitable impurities, for the manufacture of assemblies according to claim 8. 17. The use of a part according to claim 16 wherein the metal coating further includes one or more additional elements selected from among Si, Sb, Pb, Ti, Ca, Mn, Sn, La, Ce, Cr, Ni or Bi. 18. The assembly according to claim 10, wherein the aluminum-based element and the steel element are assembled by crimping. 19. A vehicle including at least one vehicle door according to claim 14. 20. Use of a part made of steel provided on at least one of the surfaces thereof, with a metal coating made of a zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy including from 2.3% to 3.3% by weight of magnesium, from 3.5% to 3.9% by weight of aluminum, a remainder of the metal coating consisting of zinc, inevitable impurities and possibly one or more additional elements selected from among Si, Sb, Pb, Ti, Ca, Mn, Sn, La, Ce, Cr, Ni or Bi, for the manufacture of assemblies according to claim 10. 21. Use of a part made of steel provided on at least one of the surfaces thereof, with a metal coating made of a zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy including from 2.3% to 3.3% by weight of magnesium, from 3.5% to 3.9% by weight of aluminum, the remainder of the metal coating consisting of zinc, inevitable impurities and possibly one or more additional elements selected from among Si, Sb, Pb, Ti, Ca, Mn, Sn, La, Ce, Cr, Ni or Bi, for the manufacture of assemblies according to claim 12. 22. Use of a part made of steel provided on at least one of the surfaces thereof, with a metal coating made of a zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy including from 2.3% to 3.3% by weight of magnesium, from 3.5% to 3.9% by weight of aluminum, the remainder of the metal coating consisting of zinc, inevitable impurities and possibly one or more additional elements selected from among Si, Sb, Pb, Ti, Ca, Mn, Sn, La, Ce, Cr, Ni or Bi, for the manufacture of parts according to claim 13. 23. Use of a part made of steel provided on at least one of the surfaces thereof, with a metal coating made of a zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy including from 2.3% to 3.3% by weight of magnesium, from 3.5% to 3.9% by weight of aluminum, the remainder of the metal coating consisting of zinc, inevitable impurities and possibly one or more additional elements selected from among Si, Sb, Pb, Ti, Ca, Mn, Sn, La, Ce, Cr, Ni or Bi, for the manufacture of vehicle doors according to claim 14. 24. A method of manufacturing the assembly recited in claim 8 comprising the steps of:
supplying the aluminum-based element; and
supplying the steel element provided on at least one of the surfaces thereof having a metal coating made of a zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy including from 2.3% to 3.3% by weight of magnesium, from 3.5% to 3.9% by weight of aluminum, a remainder of the metal coating being zinc and inevitable impurities;
contacting, at least partially, the aluminum-based element with the coated surface of the steel element via a layer of adhesive or sealant having a thickness of less than 5 mm. 25. The method of manufacturing according to claim 25, wherein the metal coating further includes one or more additional elements selected from among Si, Sb, Pb, Ti, Ca, Mn, Sn, La, Ce, Cr, Ni or Bi. | The present invention provides an assembly of an aluminum-based element and an element made of steel provided on at least one of the surfaces thereof with a metal coating. The metal coating is made of a zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy including from 2.3% to 3.3% by weight of magnesium and from 3.5% to 3.9% by weight of aluminum. The remainder of the metal coating is zinc, inevitable impurities and possibly one or more additional elements selected from among Si, Sb, Pb, Ti, Ca, Mn, Sn, La, Ce, Cr, Ni or Bi. The coated surface of the steel element is in at least partial contact with the the aluminum-based element. The contact is brought about by a layer of adhesive or sealant having a thickness of less than 5 mm. The present invention also provides a part for a vehicle including at least one assembly and a vehicle.1-7. (canceled) 8. An assembly comprising:
an aluminum-based element; and a steel element provided on at least one of the surfaces thereof having a metal coating made of a zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy including from 2.3% to 3.3% by weight of magnesium, from 3.5% to 3.9% by weight of aluminum, a remainder of the metal coating being zinc and inevitable impurities; the coated surface of the steel element is in at least partial contact with the aluminum-based element via a layer of adhesive or sealant having a thickness of less than 5 mm. 9. The assembly according to claim 8, wherein the metal coating further includes one or more additional elements selected from among Si, Sb, Pb, Ti, Ca, Mn, Sn, La, Ce, Cr, Ni or Bi. 10. An assembly according to claim 8, wherein the metal coating made of a zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy includes from 2.3% to 3.3% by weight of magnesium, and from 3.6% to 3.9% by weight of aluminum, the remainder of the metal coating being zinc and inevitable impurities. 11. The assembly according to claim 10, wherein the metal coating further includes one or more additional elements selected from among Si, Sb, Pb, Ti, Ca, Mn, Sn, La, Ce, Cr, Ni or Bi. 12. The assembly according to claim 8, wherein the aluminum-based element and the steel element are assembled by crimping. 13. A part for a vehicle comprising at least one assembly according to claim 8. 14. A vehicle door comprising:
the part according to claim 13, the aluminum-based element forming an exterior part of the door, and the steel element forming an interior part of the door. 15. A vehicle including at least one part according to claim 13. 16. Use of a part made of steel provided on at least one of the surfaces thereof, with a metal coating made of a zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy including from 2.3% to 3.3% by weight of magnesium, from 3.5% to 3.9% by weight of aluminum, the remainder of the metal coating being zinc and inevitable impurities, for the manufacture of assemblies according to claim 8. 17. The use of a part according to claim 16 wherein the metal coating further includes one or more additional elements selected from among Si, Sb, Pb, Ti, Ca, Mn, Sn, La, Ce, Cr, Ni or Bi. 18. The assembly according to claim 10, wherein the aluminum-based element and the steel element are assembled by crimping. 19. A vehicle including at least one vehicle door according to claim 14. 20. Use of a part made of steel provided on at least one of the surfaces thereof, with a metal coating made of a zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy including from 2.3% to 3.3% by weight of magnesium, from 3.5% to 3.9% by weight of aluminum, a remainder of the metal coating consisting of zinc, inevitable impurities and possibly one or more additional elements selected from among Si, Sb, Pb, Ti, Ca, Mn, Sn, La, Ce, Cr, Ni or Bi, for the manufacture of assemblies according to claim 10. 21. Use of a part made of steel provided on at least one of the surfaces thereof, with a metal coating made of a zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy including from 2.3% to 3.3% by weight of magnesium, from 3.5% to 3.9% by weight of aluminum, the remainder of the metal coating consisting of zinc, inevitable impurities and possibly one or more additional elements selected from among Si, Sb, Pb, Ti, Ca, Mn, Sn, La, Ce, Cr, Ni or Bi, for the manufacture of assemblies according to claim 12. 22. Use of a part made of steel provided on at least one of the surfaces thereof, with a metal coating made of a zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy including from 2.3% to 3.3% by weight of magnesium, from 3.5% to 3.9% by weight of aluminum, the remainder of the metal coating consisting of zinc, inevitable impurities and possibly one or more additional elements selected from among Si, Sb, Pb, Ti, Ca, Mn, Sn, La, Ce, Cr, Ni or Bi, for the manufacture of parts according to claim 13. 23. Use of a part made of steel provided on at least one of the surfaces thereof, with a metal coating made of a zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy including from 2.3% to 3.3% by weight of magnesium, from 3.5% to 3.9% by weight of aluminum, the remainder of the metal coating consisting of zinc, inevitable impurities and possibly one or more additional elements selected from among Si, Sb, Pb, Ti, Ca, Mn, Sn, La, Ce, Cr, Ni or Bi, for the manufacture of vehicle doors according to claim 14. 24. A method of manufacturing the assembly recited in claim 8 comprising the steps of:
supplying the aluminum-based element; and
supplying the steel element provided on at least one of the surfaces thereof having a metal coating made of a zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy including from 2.3% to 3.3% by weight of magnesium, from 3.5% to 3.9% by weight of aluminum, a remainder of the metal coating being zinc and inevitable impurities;
contacting, at least partially, the aluminum-based element with the coated surface of the steel element via a layer of adhesive or sealant having a thickness of less than 5 mm. 25. The method of manufacturing according to claim 25, wherein the metal coating further includes one or more additional elements selected from among Si, Sb, Pb, Ti, Ca, Mn, Sn, La, Ce, Cr, Ni or Bi. | 1,700 |
1,714 | 13,996,256 | 1,787 | The invention relates to a glazing comprising a glass substrate and a complex sheet made of a plastic comprising a plasticized polyvinyl butyral layer and a polyester film provided with a scratch-resistant and abrasion-resistant coating, an adhesive layer of thermoplastic polyurethane being inserted between the glass substrate and the polyvinyl butyral layer of the complex sheet of plastic, characterized in that the adhesion of the polyester film to the polyvinyl butyral layer, measured by exerting on a 1 cm wide strip of the polyester film a tensile force perpendicular to the surface of the glazing with a pull rate of 5 cm/min, is at least equal to 3 daN/cm.
It also relates to the application of such a glazing for an airborne transport vehicle in particular. | 1. A glazing comprising:
a glass substrate and a complex sheet comprising a plastic comprising a plasticized polyvinyl butyral layer and a polyester film with comprising a scratch-resistant and abrasion-resistant coating, an adhesive layer of thermoplastic polyurethane being inserted between the glass substrate and the polyvinyl butyral layer of the complex sheet of plastic, wherein the adhesion of the polyester film to the polyvinyl butyral layer, measured by exerting on a 1 cm wide strip of the polyester film a tensile force perpendicular to the surface of the glazing with a pull rate of 5 cm/min, is at least equal to 3 daN/cm. 2. The glazing of claim 1, wherein the adhesion of the polyester film to the polyvinyl butyral layer is at least equal to 4 daN/cm. 3. The glazing of claim 1, wherein the adhesion of the polyester film to the polyvinyl butyral layer is at least equal to 5 daN/cm. 4. The glazing of claim 1, wherein the adhesion of the polyester film to the polyvinyl butyral layer is at most equal to 8 daN/cm. 5. The glazing of claim 1, wherein the adhesion of the polyester film to the polyvinyl butyral layer is at most equal to 7 daN/cm. 6. The glazing of claim 1, wherein the glass substrate is a sheet of annealed or tempered glass. 7. The glazing of claim 6, wherein the glass is chemically tempered. 8. The glazing of claim 6, wherein the glass is a soda-lime-silica glass or a glass that is essentially free of CaO. 9. The glazing of claim 6, wherein the glass has, in the form of a 3.2 mm thick, respectively 4 mm thick sheet, a light transmission TL of at least 90%. 10. The glazing of claim 6, wherein the glass has, in the form of a 3.2 mm thick, respectively 4 mm thick sheet, an energy transmission TE of at least 90%. 11. The glazing of claim 1, wherein the layer of thermoplastic polyurethane has a thickness at least equal to 0.1 mm. 12. The glazing of claim 1, wherein the layer of thermoplastic polyurethane has a thickness at most equal to 6 mm. 13. A vehicle comprising the glazing of claim 1, wherein the vehicle is an airborne, water-borne or terrestrial transport vehicle. 14. A helicopter glazing comprising the glazing of claim 1. 15. The glazing of claim 1, wherein the layer of thermo-plastic polyurethane has a thickness at least equal to 0.2 mm. 16. The glazing of claim 1, wherein the layer of thermo-plastic polyurethane has a thickness at most equal to 4.5 mm. 17. A building comprising the glazing of claim 1. 18. Furniture comprising the glazing of claim 1. 19. An interior fitting comprising the glazing of claim 1. 20. An electrical good comprising the glazing of claim 1. | The invention relates to a glazing comprising a glass substrate and a complex sheet made of a plastic comprising a plasticized polyvinyl butyral layer and a polyester film provided with a scratch-resistant and abrasion-resistant coating, an adhesive layer of thermoplastic polyurethane being inserted between the glass substrate and the polyvinyl butyral layer of the complex sheet of plastic, characterized in that the adhesion of the polyester film to the polyvinyl butyral layer, measured by exerting on a 1 cm wide strip of the polyester film a tensile force perpendicular to the surface of the glazing with a pull rate of 5 cm/min, is at least equal to 3 daN/cm.
It also relates to the application of such a glazing for an airborne transport vehicle in particular.1. A glazing comprising:
a glass substrate and a complex sheet comprising a plastic comprising a plasticized polyvinyl butyral layer and a polyester film with comprising a scratch-resistant and abrasion-resistant coating, an adhesive layer of thermoplastic polyurethane being inserted between the glass substrate and the polyvinyl butyral layer of the complex sheet of plastic, wherein the adhesion of the polyester film to the polyvinyl butyral layer, measured by exerting on a 1 cm wide strip of the polyester film a tensile force perpendicular to the surface of the glazing with a pull rate of 5 cm/min, is at least equal to 3 daN/cm. 2. The glazing of claim 1, wherein the adhesion of the polyester film to the polyvinyl butyral layer is at least equal to 4 daN/cm. 3. The glazing of claim 1, wherein the adhesion of the polyester film to the polyvinyl butyral layer is at least equal to 5 daN/cm. 4. The glazing of claim 1, wherein the adhesion of the polyester film to the polyvinyl butyral layer is at most equal to 8 daN/cm. 5. The glazing of claim 1, wherein the adhesion of the polyester film to the polyvinyl butyral layer is at most equal to 7 daN/cm. 6. The glazing of claim 1, wherein the glass substrate is a sheet of annealed or tempered glass. 7. The glazing of claim 6, wherein the glass is chemically tempered. 8. The glazing of claim 6, wherein the glass is a soda-lime-silica glass or a glass that is essentially free of CaO. 9. The glazing of claim 6, wherein the glass has, in the form of a 3.2 mm thick, respectively 4 mm thick sheet, a light transmission TL of at least 90%. 10. The glazing of claim 6, wherein the glass has, in the form of a 3.2 mm thick, respectively 4 mm thick sheet, an energy transmission TE of at least 90%. 11. The glazing of claim 1, wherein the layer of thermoplastic polyurethane has a thickness at least equal to 0.1 mm. 12. The glazing of claim 1, wherein the layer of thermoplastic polyurethane has a thickness at most equal to 6 mm. 13. A vehicle comprising the glazing of claim 1, wherein the vehicle is an airborne, water-borne or terrestrial transport vehicle. 14. A helicopter glazing comprising the glazing of claim 1. 15. The glazing of claim 1, wherein the layer of thermo-plastic polyurethane has a thickness at least equal to 0.2 mm. 16. The glazing of claim 1, wherein the layer of thermo-plastic polyurethane has a thickness at most equal to 4.5 mm. 17. A building comprising the glazing of claim 1. 18. Furniture comprising the glazing of claim 1. 19. An interior fitting comprising the glazing of claim 1. 20. An electrical good comprising the glazing of claim 1. | 1,700 |
1,715 | 15,056,198 | 1,716 | The invention provides a chemical-mechanical polishing composition including wet-process ceria particles having a median particle size of about 25 nm to about 150 nm and a particle size distribution of about 300 nm or more, and an aqueous carrier. The invention also provides a method of polishing a substrate, especially a substrate comprising a silicon layer, with the polishing composition. | 1. A chemical-mechanical polishing composition comprising:
(a) wet-process ceria particles having a median particle size of about 25 nm to about 150 nm and a particle size distribution of about 300 nm or more, wherein the wet-process ceria particles have a surface that comprises tridentate hydroxyl groups and has a surface coverage of tridentate hydroxyl groups that is about 2.0×10−5 moles/m2 or more, and (b) an aqueous carrier. 2. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 1, wherein the wet-process ceria particles have a median particle size of about 40 nm to about 100 nm. 3. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 1, wherein the wet-process ceria particles have a median particle size of about 60 nm to about 80 nm. 4. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 1, wherein the wet-process ceria particles have a particle size distribution of about 350 nm or more. 5. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 4, wherein the wet-process ceria particles have a particle size distribution of about 375 nm or more. 6. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 1, wherein the wet-process ceria particles have a surface coverage of tridentate hydroxyl groups that is about 2.0×10−5 moles/m2 and about 6.0×10−5 moles/m2. 7. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 6, wherein the wet-process ceria particles have a surface coverage of tridentate hydroxyl groups that is about 2.3×10−5 moles/m2 or more. 8. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 1, wherein a Raman spectrum of the wet-process ceria particles comprises a peak at about 458 cm−1 and a peak at about 583 cm−1, and wherein the ratio of the intensity of the peak at about 458 cm−1 to the intensity of the peak at about 583 cm−1 is about 100 or less. 9. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 8, wherein the ratio of the intensity of the peak at about 458 cm−1 to the intensity of the peak at about 583 cm−1 is about 65 or less. 10. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 1, wherein the wet-process ceria particles are present in the polishing composition at a concentration of about 0.1 wt. % to about 1 wt. %. 11. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 10, wherein the wet-process ceria particles are present in the polishing composition at a concentration of about 0.2 wt. % to about 0.6 wt. %. 12. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claims 1, further comprising a pH-adjusting agent. 13. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 12, wherein the pH-adjusting agent is selected from an alkyl amine, an alcohol amine, a quaternary amine hydroxide, ammonia, and combinations thereof. 14. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 12, wherein the pH-adjusting agent is triethanolamine. 15. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 1, wherein the pH of the polishing composition is about 1 to about 6. 16. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 15, wherein the pH of the polishing composition is about 3.5 to about 5. 17. A method of polishing a substrate comprising:
(i) providing a substrate; (ii) providing a polishing pad; (iii) providing the chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 1; (iv) contacting the substrate with the polishing pad and the chemical-mechanical polishing composition; and (v) moving the polishing pad and the chemical-mechanical polishing composition relative to the substrate to abrade at least a portion of the substrate to polish the substrate. 18. A method of polishing a substrate comprising:
(i) providing a substrate, wherein the substrate comprises a silicon layer; (ii) providing a polishing pad; (iii) providing the chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 1; (iv) contacting the substrate with the polishing pad and the chemical-mechanical polishing composition; and (v) moving the polishing pad and the chemical-mechanical polishing composition relative to the substrate to abrade at least a portion of the silicon layer on a surface of the substrate to polish the substrate. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the silicon layer is selected from a silicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride layer, a polysilicon layer, and combinations thereof. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the silicon layer is a tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) layer. | The invention provides a chemical-mechanical polishing composition including wet-process ceria particles having a median particle size of about 25 nm to about 150 nm and a particle size distribution of about 300 nm or more, and an aqueous carrier. The invention also provides a method of polishing a substrate, especially a substrate comprising a silicon layer, with the polishing composition.1. A chemical-mechanical polishing composition comprising:
(a) wet-process ceria particles having a median particle size of about 25 nm to about 150 nm and a particle size distribution of about 300 nm or more, wherein the wet-process ceria particles have a surface that comprises tridentate hydroxyl groups and has a surface coverage of tridentate hydroxyl groups that is about 2.0×10−5 moles/m2 or more, and (b) an aqueous carrier. 2. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 1, wherein the wet-process ceria particles have a median particle size of about 40 nm to about 100 nm. 3. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 1, wherein the wet-process ceria particles have a median particle size of about 60 nm to about 80 nm. 4. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 1, wherein the wet-process ceria particles have a particle size distribution of about 350 nm or more. 5. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 4, wherein the wet-process ceria particles have a particle size distribution of about 375 nm or more. 6. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 1, wherein the wet-process ceria particles have a surface coverage of tridentate hydroxyl groups that is about 2.0×10−5 moles/m2 and about 6.0×10−5 moles/m2. 7. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 6, wherein the wet-process ceria particles have a surface coverage of tridentate hydroxyl groups that is about 2.3×10−5 moles/m2 or more. 8. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 1, wherein a Raman spectrum of the wet-process ceria particles comprises a peak at about 458 cm−1 and a peak at about 583 cm−1, and wherein the ratio of the intensity of the peak at about 458 cm−1 to the intensity of the peak at about 583 cm−1 is about 100 or less. 9. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 8, wherein the ratio of the intensity of the peak at about 458 cm−1 to the intensity of the peak at about 583 cm−1 is about 65 or less. 10. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 1, wherein the wet-process ceria particles are present in the polishing composition at a concentration of about 0.1 wt. % to about 1 wt. %. 11. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 10, wherein the wet-process ceria particles are present in the polishing composition at a concentration of about 0.2 wt. % to about 0.6 wt. %. 12. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claims 1, further comprising a pH-adjusting agent. 13. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 12, wherein the pH-adjusting agent is selected from an alkyl amine, an alcohol amine, a quaternary amine hydroxide, ammonia, and combinations thereof. 14. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 12, wherein the pH-adjusting agent is triethanolamine. 15. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 1, wherein the pH of the polishing composition is about 1 to about 6. 16. The chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 15, wherein the pH of the polishing composition is about 3.5 to about 5. 17. A method of polishing a substrate comprising:
(i) providing a substrate; (ii) providing a polishing pad; (iii) providing the chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 1; (iv) contacting the substrate with the polishing pad and the chemical-mechanical polishing composition; and (v) moving the polishing pad and the chemical-mechanical polishing composition relative to the substrate to abrade at least a portion of the substrate to polish the substrate. 18. A method of polishing a substrate comprising:
(i) providing a substrate, wherein the substrate comprises a silicon layer; (ii) providing a polishing pad; (iii) providing the chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 1; (iv) contacting the substrate with the polishing pad and the chemical-mechanical polishing composition; and (v) moving the polishing pad and the chemical-mechanical polishing composition relative to the substrate to abrade at least a portion of the silicon layer on a surface of the substrate to polish the substrate. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the silicon layer is selected from a silicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride layer, a polysilicon layer, and combinations thereof. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the silicon layer is a tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) layer. | 1,700 |
1,716 | 14,467,688 | 1,715 | Use of a non-solvent for the edge bead removal of spin-coated PZT or PLZT thinfilms, eliminates swelling of the exposed edges of the PZT or PLZT thinfilms and eliminates delamination and formation of particle defects in subsequent bake and anneal steps. | 1. A process of forming an integrated circuit, comprising the steps:
forming a thin film containing lead, zirconium, titanium, and oxygen by spin coating a solution containing the lead, zirconium, titanium, and oxygen onto a wafer using a spin-coating tool; and removing an edge bead of the thin film by directing a jet of non-solvent onto an edge of the wafer through an edge bead removal nozzle in the spin-coating tool. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the thinfilm is a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thinfilm. 3. The process of claim 1 wherein the thinfilm further includes lanthanum and is a lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) thinfilm. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the non-solvent is DI water. 5. The process of claim 1 wherein the non-solvent is DI water and is present in an aqueous solution including a solvent wherein a volume of DI water in the aqueous solution is greater than 50%. 6. The process of claim 5 wherein the solvent is butanol 7. The process of claim 5, wherein the solvent isopropyl alcohol. 8. The process of claim 1 further comprising the step of adding a solvent to the non-solvent plus the edge bead material collected in a coater reservoir of the spin-coating tool and reducing the DI water volume percent to less than about 45%. 9. The process of claim 7 wherein said solvent is selected from the group consisting of acetone, methanol, butanol, and isopropyl alcohol. 10. A process of forming an integrated circuit, comprising the steps:
forming a thin film containing lead, zirconium, titanium, and oxygen by spin coating a solution containing the lead, zirconium, titanium, and oxygen onto a wafer using a spin-coating tool; directing a jet of deionized (DI) water onto an edge of the wafer through an edge bead removal nozzle in the spin-coating tool to physically remove an edge bead of the thin film without chemically attacking the thin film; and adding a solvent to the DI water plus the edge bead material collected in a coater reservoir of the spin-coating tool in order to reduce the DI water volume percent to less than about 45%. 11. A process of forming an integrated circuit, comprising the steps:
forming a thin film containing lead, zirconium, titanium, and oxygen by spin coating a solution containing the lead, zirconium, titanium, and oxygen onto a wafer using a spin-coating tool; removing an edge bead of the thin film by directing a jet of aqueous solution comprising at least 50% of a non-solvent onto an edge of the wafer through an edge bead removal nozzle in the spin-coating tool; and adding a solvent to the aqueous solution plus the edge bead material collected in a coater reservoir of the spin-coating tool in order to reduce the aqueous volume percent to less than about 45%. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein the non-solvent comprises deionized (DI) water. | Use of a non-solvent for the edge bead removal of spin-coated PZT or PLZT thinfilms, eliminates swelling of the exposed edges of the PZT or PLZT thinfilms and eliminates delamination and formation of particle defects in subsequent bake and anneal steps.1. A process of forming an integrated circuit, comprising the steps:
forming a thin film containing lead, zirconium, titanium, and oxygen by spin coating a solution containing the lead, zirconium, titanium, and oxygen onto a wafer using a spin-coating tool; and removing an edge bead of the thin film by directing a jet of non-solvent onto an edge of the wafer through an edge bead removal nozzle in the spin-coating tool. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the thinfilm is a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thinfilm. 3. The process of claim 1 wherein the thinfilm further includes lanthanum and is a lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) thinfilm. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the non-solvent is DI water. 5. The process of claim 1 wherein the non-solvent is DI water and is present in an aqueous solution including a solvent wherein a volume of DI water in the aqueous solution is greater than 50%. 6. The process of claim 5 wherein the solvent is butanol 7. The process of claim 5, wherein the solvent isopropyl alcohol. 8. The process of claim 1 further comprising the step of adding a solvent to the non-solvent plus the edge bead material collected in a coater reservoir of the spin-coating tool and reducing the DI water volume percent to less than about 45%. 9. The process of claim 7 wherein said solvent is selected from the group consisting of acetone, methanol, butanol, and isopropyl alcohol. 10. A process of forming an integrated circuit, comprising the steps:
forming a thin film containing lead, zirconium, titanium, and oxygen by spin coating a solution containing the lead, zirconium, titanium, and oxygen onto a wafer using a spin-coating tool; directing a jet of deionized (DI) water onto an edge of the wafer through an edge bead removal nozzle in the spin-coating tool to physically remove an edge bead of the thin film without chemically attacking the thin film; and adding a solvent to the DI water plus the edge bead material collected in a coater reservoir of the spin-coating tool in order to reduce the DI water volume percent to less than about 45%. 11. A process of forming an integrated circuit, comprising the steps:
forming a thin film containing lead, zirconium, titanium, and oxygen by spin coating a solution containing the lead, zirconium, titanium, and oxygen onto a wafer using a spin-coating tool; removing an edge bead of the thin film by directing a jet of aqueous solution comprising at least 50% of a non-solvent onto an edge of the wafer through an edge bead removal nozzle in the spin-coating tool; and adding a solvent to the aqueous solution plus the edge bead material collected in a coater reservoir of the spin-coating tool in order to reduce the aqueous volume percent to less than about 45%. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein the non-solvent comprises deionized (DI) water. | 1,700 |
1,717 | 15,168,624 | 1,789 | A base fabric for a disposable textile product, including: a laminated sheet including a first fibrous sheet, a second fibrous sheet, and a fiber material interposed between the first fibrous sheet and the second fibrous sheet. The first and second fibrous sheets have air permeability, and the fiber material has liquid diffusibility. The first fibrous sheet, the second fibrous sheet, and the fiber material are laminated together with an elastic member. The laminated sheet forms a composite layer in which a fiber layer having the air permeability and a fiber layer having the liquid diffusibility are laminated. The laminated sheet has a shirring portion in which an uneven surface is formed by the composite layer. Elasticity is imparted to the laminated sheet. | 1: A base fabric for a disposable textile product, comprising:
a laminated sheet comprising a first fibrous sheet, a second fibrous sheet, and a fiber material interposed between the first fibrous sheet and the second fibrous sheet, wherein the first and second fibrous sheets have air permeability, the fiber material has liquid diffusibility, the first fibrous sheet, the second fibrous sheet, and the fiber material are laminated together with an elastic member, the laminated sheet forms a composite layer in which a fiber layer having the air permeability and a fiber layer having the liquid diffusibility are laminated, the laminated sheet has a shirring portion in which an uneven surface is formed by the composite layer, and elasticity is imparted to the laminated sheet. 2: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the elasticity is imparted to the laminated sheet by the elastic member provided between the first fibrous sheet and the fiber material. 3: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the first fibrous sheet and the fiber material are intermittently joined together through the elastic member. 4: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the second fibrous sheet and the fiber material are intermittently joined together. 5: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the first fibrous sheet and the fiber material are joined together by a hot-melt adhesive through the elastic member. 6: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the second fibrous sheet and the fiber material are joined together by a hot-melt adhesive. 7: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the elastic member is configured of a plurality of linear elastic bodies having stretching ability, and the plurality of linear elastic bodies is disposed at an interval in a width direction of the laminated sheet and attached between the first fibrous sheet and the fiber material. 8: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 7, wherein the linear elastic bodies are provided over an entire region or in a partial region inside the laminated sheet. 9: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 7, wherein, in the laminated sheet, a plurality of shining portions extending in a direction perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the linear elastic body in a non-tensioned state is formed, and a shirring row is formed in a pattern. 10: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the fiber material has a flexible structure obtained by a mechanical softening process. 11: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the fiber material is subjected to a weakening process. 12: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the first fibrous sheet and the second fibrous sheet are configured of a material having the air permeability and moisture permeability. 13: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the first fibrous sheet and the second fibrous sheet are configured of nonwoven fabric. 14: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the fiber material is configured of a material having the liquid diffusibility and liquid permeability. 15: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the fiber material is configured of a paper material. 16: A disposable textile product, comprising:
the base fabric for a disposable product according to claim 1. 17: The disposable textile product according to claim 16, wherein the disposable textile product is an undergarment, a diaper, a fitness wear, a swimming wear, a tube top, a room wear, a raincoat, or a belly band. 18: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 2, wherein the first fibrous sheet and the fiber material are intermittently joined together through the elastic member. 19: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 2, wherein the second fibrous sheet and the fiber material are intermittently joined together. 20: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 3, wherein the second fibrous sheet and the fiber material are intermittently joined together. | A base fabric for a disposable textile product, including: a laminated sheet including a first fibrous sheet, a second fibrous sheet, and a fiber material interposed between the first fibrous sheet and the second fibrous sheet. The first and second fibrous sheets have air permeability, and the fiber material has liquid diffusibility. The first fibrous sheet, the second fibrous sheet, and the fiber material are laminated together with an elastic member. The laminated sheet forms a composite layer in which a fiber layer having the air permeability and a fiber layer having the liquid diffusibility are laminated. The laminated sheet has a shirring portion in which an uneven surface is formed by the composite layer. Elasticity is imparted to the laminated sheet.1: A base fabric for a disposable textile product, comprising:
a laminated sheet comprising a first fibrous sheet, a second fibrous sheet, and a fiber material interposed between the first fibrous sheet and the second fibrous sheet, wherein the first and second fibrous sheets have air permeability, the fiber material has liquid diffusibility, the first fibrous sheet, the second fibrous sheet, and the fiber material are laminated together with an elastic member, the laminated sheet forms a composite layer in which a fiber layer having the air permeability and a fiber layer having the liquid diffusibility are laminated, the laminated sheet has a shirring portion in which an uneven surface is formed by the composite layer, and elasticity is imparted to the laminated sheet. 2: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the elasticity is imparted to the laminated sheet by the elastic member provided between the first fibrous sheet and the fiber material. 3: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the first fibrous sheet and the fiber material are intermittently joined together through the elastic member. 4: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the second fibrous sheet and the fiber material are intermittently joined together. 5: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the first fibrous sheet and the fiber material are joined together by a hot-melt adhesive through the elastic member. 6: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the second fibrous sheet and the fiber material are joined together by a hot-melt adhesive. 7: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the elastic member is configured of a plurality of linear elastic bodies having stretching ability, and the plurality of linear elastic bodies is disposed at an interval in a width direction of the laminated sheet and attached between the first fibrous sheet and the fiber material. 8: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 7, wherein the linear elastic bodies are provided over an entire region or in a partial region inside the laminated sheet. 9: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 7, wherein, in the laminated sheet, a plurality of shining portions extending in a direction perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the linear elastic body in a non-tensioned state is formed, and a shirring row is formed in a pattern. 10: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the fiber material has a flexible structure obtained by a mechanical softening process. 11: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the fiber material is subjected to a weakening process. 12: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the first fibrous sheet and the second fibrous sheet are configured of a material having the air permeability and moisture permeability. 13: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the first fibrous sheet and the second fibrous sheet are configured of nonwoven fabric. 14: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the fiber material is configured of a material having the liquid diffusibility and liquid permeability. 15: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 1, wherein the fiber material is configured of a paper material. 16: A disposable textile product, comprising:
the base fabric for a disposable product according to claim 1. 17: The disposable textile product according to claim 16, wherein the disposable textile product is an undergarment, a diaper, a fitness wear, a swimming wear, a tube top, a room wear, a raincoat, or a belly band. 18: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 2, wherein the first fibrous sheet and the fiber material are intermittently joined together through the elastic member. 19: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 2, wherein the second fibrous sheet and the fiber material are intermittently joined together. 20: The base fabric for the disposable textile product according to claim 3, wherein the second fibrous sheet and the fiber material are intermittently joined together. | 1,700 |
1,718 | 13,509,196 | 1,785 | Disclosed is a thermal diffusion control film to be used in a magnetic medium for thermally assisted recording, said thermal diffusion control film maintaining a high heat conductivity, and at the same time, having all of a high thermal diffusivity, a smooth surface roughness, and a high heat resistance. The thermal diffusion control film, i.e., an Ag alloy thermal diffusion control film, is composed of an Ag alloy having Ag as a main component, and satisfies a surface roughness (Ra) of 1.0 nm or less, a heat conductivity of 100 W/(m·K) or more, and a thermal diffusivity of 4.0×10 −5 m 2 /s or more. | 1. A film, comprising a Ag alloy comprising Ag, and having
a surface roughness Ra of 1.0 nm or less, a thermal conductivity of 100 W/(m·K) or more, and a thermal diffusivity of 4.0×10−5 m2/s or more. 2. The film according to claim 1, wherein the Ag alloy comprises 0.05% to 0.8% by atom of at least one of Nd and Y and 0.05% to 0.5% by atom of Bi. 3. The film according claim 2, wherein the Ag alloy further comprises 0.2% to 1.0% by atom of Cu. 4. A magnetic recording medium, comprising the film according to claim 1. 5. A sputtering target, comprising a Ag alloy comprising 0.05% to 0.8% by atom of at least one of Nd and Y and 0.05% to 0.5% by atom of Bi. 6. The sputtering target according to claim 5, wherein the Ag alloy further comprises 0.2% to 1.0% by atom of Cu. 7. The film according to claim 1, which is suitable for heat assisted magnetic recording in a magnetic recording medium. 8. The magnetic recording medium according to claim 4, which is suitable for heat assisted magnetic recording. 9. The sputtering target according to claim 5, which is suitable for manufacturing a film comprising a Ag alloy comprising Ag, and having
a surface roughness Ra of 1.0 nm or less, a thermal conductivity of 100 W/(m·K) or more, and a thermal diffusivity of 4.0×10−5 m2/s or more. 10. The film according to claim 1, wherein the Ag alloy mainly comprises Ag. 11. The film according to claim 2, wherein the Ag alloy comprises 0.05% to 0.8% by atom of Nd. 12. The film according to claim 2, wherein the Ag alloy comprises 0.05% to 0.8% by atom of Y. 13. The sputtering target according to claim 5, wherein the Ag alloy comprises 0.05% to 0.8% by atom of Nd. 14. The sputtering target according to claim 5, wherein the Ag alloy comprises 0.05% to 0.8% by atom of Y. | Disclosed is a thermal diffusion control film to be used in a magnetic medium for thermally assisted recording, said thermal diffusion control film maintaining a high heat conductivity, and at the same time, having all of a high thermal diffusivity, a smooth surface roughness, and a high heat resistance. The thermal diffusion control film, i.e., an Ag alloy thermal diffusion control film, is composed of an Ag alloy having Ag as a main component, and satisfies a surface roughness (Ra) of 1.0 nm or less, a heat conductivity of 100 W/(m·K) or more, and a thermal diffusivity of 4.0×10 −5 m 2 /s or more.1. A film, comprising a Ag alloy comprising Ag, and having
a surface roughness Ra of 1.0 nm or less, a thermal conductivity of 100 W/(m·K) or more, and a thermal diffusivity of 4.0×10−5 m2/s or more. 2. The film according to claim 1, wherein the Ag alloy comprises 0.05% to 0.8% by atom of at least one of Nd and Y and 0.05% to 0.5% by atom of Bi. 3. The film according claim 2, wherein the Ag alloy further comprises 0.2% to 1.0% by atom of Cu. 4. A magnetic recording medium, comprising the film according to claim 1. 5. A sputtering target, comprising a Ag alloy comprising 0.05% to 0.8% by atom of at least one of Nd and Y and 0.05% to 0.5% by atom of Bi. 6. The sputtering target according to claim 5, wherein the Ag alloy further comprises 0.2% to 1.0% by atom of Cu. 7. The film according to claim 1, which is suitable for heat assisted magnetic recording in a magnetic recording medium. 8. The magnetic recording medium according to claim 4, which is suitable for heat assisted magnetic recording. 9. The sputtering target according to claim 5, which is suitable for manufacturing a film comprising a Ag alloy comprising Ag, and having
a surface roughness Ra of 1.0 nm or less, a thermal conductivity of 100 W/(m·K) or more, and a thermal diffusivity of 4.0×10−5 m2/s or more. 10. The film according to claim 1, wherein the Ag alloy mainly comprises Ag. 11. The film according to claim 2, wherein the Ag alloy comprises 0.05% to 0.8% by atom of Nd. 12. The film according to claim 2, wherein the Ag alloy comprises 0.05% to 0.8% by atom of Y. 13. The sputtering target according to claim 5, wherein the Ag alloy comprises 0.05% to 0.8% by atom of Nd. 14. The sputtering target according to claim 5, wherein the Ag alloy comprises 0.05% to 0.8% by atom of Y. | 1,700 |
1,719 | 14,666,231 | 1,799 | An isolator system includes: a main body case including a substantially box-shaped work space isolated from its surroundings; a spray device configured to spray a sterilizing mist from a nozzle mounted within the main body case, the sterilizing mist being obtained by converting a sterilizing liquid into mist; a diffusion fan mounted within the main body case to diffuse the sterilizing mist; and a control device configured to control operations of the spray device and the diffusion fan, the spray device being configured to spray the sterilizing mist when spraying, the diffusion fan being configured to be intermittently operated in the spray process of the spray device, the diffusion fan being configured to be continuously operated from an end of the spray process of the spray device. | 1. An isolator system comprising:
a main body case including a substantially box-shaped work space isolated from its surroundings; a spray device configured to spray a sterilizing mist from a nozzle mounted within the main body case, the sterilizing mist being obtained by converting a sterilizing liquid into mist; a diffusion fan mounted within the main body case to diffuse the sterilizing mist; and a control device configured to control operations of the spray device and the diffusion fan, the spray device being configured to spray the sterilizing mist when spraying, the diffusion fan being configured to be intermittently operated in the spray process of the spray device, the diffusion fan being configured to be continuously operated from an end of the spray process of the spray device. 2. The isolator system according to claim 1, wherein
the spray device is configured to spray the sterilizing mist, obtained by converting the sterilizing liquid into mist, substantially diagonally from the nozzle mounted on one of left and right sides in an upper portion on one of front and back sides within the main body case, toward an other of the left and right sides in a lower portion on an other of the front and back sides. 3. The isolator system according to claim 1, wherein
the spray device includes a water suction tube through which the sterilizing liquid is suctioned, a liquid delivery device configured to adjust a flow rate of the sterilizing liquid to be suctioned, the nozzle configured to convert the suctioned sterilizing liquid into mist, and a compressor configured to deliver air into the nozzle and cause the sterilizing liquid to be sprayed from the nozzle, and a flow rate in the liquid delivery device is set lower than a flow rate of the sterilizing liquid drawn into the nozzle by creation of a negative pressure within the nozzle through delivery of air with the compressor, so that the spray device intermittently sprays the sterilizing mist. 4. The isolator system according to claim 1, wherein
the control device is configured to perform control so that the spray device intermittently performs a spray process of spraying the sterilizing mist, and the spray device is configured to intermittently spray the sterilizing mist in the spray process. 5. The isolator system according to claim 1, further comprising:
an intake device configured to take gas into the main body case through an inlet provided in an upper portion of the main body case; and a discharge device configured to discharge gas from an interior of the main body case through an outlet provided in the upper portion of the main boy case, wherein a pressure within the main body case can be released from at least one of the inlet and the outlet in the spray process of the spray device. 6. The isolator system according to claim 1, comprising:
at least two of the diffusion fans whose airflow directions are different from each other, wherein the control device is configured to cause the at least two of the diffusion fans to operate in an alternate manner in the spray process of the spray device. 7. The isolator system according to claim 1, further comprising:
an air conditioning device provided outside the main body case, the air conditioning device being configured to perform air conditioning in an interior thereof; and a first diffusion fan mounted within the main body case to diffuse the sterilizing mist, wherein the control device is configured to control an operation of the first diffusion fan so that the first diffusion fan operates intermittently while the spray device is spraying. 8. The isolator system according to claim 7, further comprising, within the main body case,
a second diffusion fan whose airflow direction is different from that of the first diffusion fan, wherein the control device is configured to cause each of the first and the second diffusion fans to operate intermittently while the spray device is spraying. 9. The isolator system according to claim 8, wherein
the control device is configured to cause the first and the second diffusion fans to operate in an alternate manner while the spray device is spraying. 10. The isolator system according to claim 9, wherein
the control device is configured to, while the spray device is spraying,
stop an operation of the second diffusion fan when the first diffusion fan is operating, and
stop an operation of the first diffusion fan when the second diffusion fan is operating. 11. The isolator system according to claim 10, wherein
the control device is configured to, while the spray device is spraying, cause each operating time of the first and the second diffusion fans to be shorter than a stop time. 12. The isolator system according to claim 7, wherein
the first diffusion fan is configured to blow air from one of left and right sides to an other side within the main body case, and the second diffusion fan is configured to blow air from an upper side to a lower side within the main body case. 13. The isolator system according to claim 12, wherein
the spray device is configured to spray the sterilizing mist substantially diagonally from the nozzle mounted on one of left and right sides in an upper portion on one of front and back sides within the main body case toward an other of the left and right sides in a lower portion on an other of the front and back sides, and the second diffusion fan is configured to blow air from an upper portion on the other of left and right sides to a lower portion on a front surface side within the main body case. 14. The isolator system according to claim 13, wherein
the spray device includes a water suction tube through which the sterilizing liquid is suctioned, a liquid delivery device configured to adjust a flow rate of the sterilizing liquid to be suctioned, the nozzle configured to spray the suctioned sterilizing liquid, and a compressor configured to deliver air into the nozzle and cause the sterilizing liquid in a mist form to be sprayed from the nozzle, and a flow rate in the liquid delivery device is set lower than a flow rate of the sterilizing liquid drawn into the nozzle by creation of a negative pressure within the nozzle through delivery of air with the compressor, so that the spray device intermittently sprays the sterilizing mist. 15. The isolator system according to claim 14, further comprising:
an intake device configured to take gas into the main body case through an inlet provided in an upper portion of the main body case; and a discharge device configured to discharge gas from an interior of the main body case through an outlet provided in the upper portion of the main boy case, wherein a pressure within the main body case can be released from at least one of the inlet and the outlet, while the spray device is spraying. | An isolator system includes: a main body case including a substantially box-shaped work space isolated from its surroundings; a spray device configured to spray a sterilizing mist from a nozzle mounted within the main body case, the sterilizing mist being obtained by converting a sterilizing liquid into mist; a diffusion fan mounted within the main body case to diffuse the sterilizing mist; and a control device configured to control operations of the spray device and the diffusion fan, the spray device being configured to spray the sterilizing mist when spraying, the diffusion fan being configured to be intermittently operated in the spray process of the spray device, the diffusion fan being configured to be continuously operated from an end of the spray process of the spray device.1. An isolator system comprising:
a main body case including a substantially box-shaped work space isolated from its surroundings; a spray device configured to spray a sterilizing mist from a nozzle mounted within the main body case, the sterilizing mist being obtained by converting a sterilizing liquid into mist; a diffusion fan mounted within the main body case to diffuse the sterilizing mist; and a control device configured to control operations of the spray device and the diffusion fan, the spray device being configured to spray the sterilizing mist when spraying, the diffusion fan being configured to be intermittently operated in the spray process of the spray device, the diffusion fan being configured to be continuously operated from an end of the spray process of the spray device. 2. The isolator system according to claim 1, wherein
the spray device is configured to spray the sterilizing mist, obtained by converting the sterilizing liquid into mist, substantially diagonally from the nozzle mounted on one of left and right sides in an upper portion on one of front and back sides within the main body case, toward an other of the left and right sides in a lower portion on an other of the front and back sides. 3. The isolator system according to claim 1, wherein
the spray device includes a water suction tube through which the sterilizing liquid is suctioned, a liquid delivery device configured to adjust a flow rate of the sterilizing liquid to be suctioned, the nozzle configured to convert the suctioned sterilizing liquid into mist, and a compressor configured to deliver air into the nozzle and cause the sterilizing liquid to be sprayed from the nozzle, and a flow rate in the liquid delivery device is set lower than a flow rate of the sterilizing liquid drawn into the nozzle by creation of a negative pressure within the nozzle through delivery of air with the compressor, so that the spray device intermittently sprays the sterilizing mist. 4. The isolator system according to claim 1, wherein
the control device is configured to perform control so that the spray device intermittently performs a spray process of spraying the sterilizing mist, and the spray device is configured to intermittently spray the sterilizing mist in the spray process. 5. The isolator system according to claim 1, further comprising:
an intake device configured to take gas into the main body case through an inlet provided in an upper portion of the main body case; and a discharge device configured to discharge gas from an interior of the main body case through an outlet provided in the upper portion of the main boy case, wherein a pressure within the main body case can be released from at least one of the inlet and the outlet in the spray process of the spray device. 6. The isolator system according to claim 1, comprising:
at least two of the diffusion fans whose airflow directions are different from each other, wherein the control device is configured to cause the at least two of the diffusion fans to operate in an alternate manner in the spray process of the spray device. 7. The isolator system according to claim 1, further comprising:
an air conditioning device provided outside the main body case, the air conditioning device being configured to perform air conditioning in an interior thereof; and a first diffusion fan mounted within the main body case to diffuse the sterilizing mist, wherein the control device is configured to control an operation of the first diffusion fan so that the first diffusion fan operates intermittently while the spray device is spraying. 8. The isolator system according to claim 7, further comprising, within the main body case,
a second diffusion fan whose airflow direction is different from that of the first diffusion fan, wherein the control device is configured to cause each of the first and the second diffusion fans to operate intermittently while the spray device is spraying. 9. The isolator system according to claim 8, wherein
the control device is configured to cause the first and the second diffusion fans to operate in an alternate manner while the spray device is spraying. 10. The isolator system according to claim 9, wherein
the control device is configured to, while the spray device is spraying,
stop an operation of the second diffusion fan when the first diffusion fan is operating, and
stop an operation of the first diffusion fan when the second diffusion fan is operating. 11. The isolator system according to claim 10, wherein
the control device is configured to, while the spray device is spraying, cause each operating time of the first and the second diffusion fans to be shorter than a stop time. 12. The isolator system according to claim 7, wherein
the first diffusion fan is configured to blow air from one of left and right sides to an other side within the main body case, and the second diffusion fan is configured to blow air from an upper side to a lower side within the main body case. 13. The isolator system according to claim 12, wherein
the spray device is configured to spray the sterilizing mist substantially diagonally from the nozzle mounted on one of left and right sides in an upper portion on one of front and back sides within the main body case toward an other of the left and right sides in a lower portion on an other of the front and back sides, and the second diffusion fan is configured to blow air from an upper portion on the other of left and right sides to a lower portion on a front surface side within the main body case. 14. The isolator system according to claim 13, wherein
the spray device includes a water suction tube through which the sterilizing liquid is suctioned, a liquid delivery device configured to adjust a flow rate of the sterilizing liquid to be suctioned, the nozzle configured to spray the suctioned sterilizing liquid, and a compressor configured to deliver air into the nozzle and cause the sterilizing liquid in a mist form to be sprayed from the nozzle, and a flow rate in the liquid delivery device is set lower than a flow rate of the sterilizing liquid drawn into the nozzle by creation of a negative pressure within the nozzle through delivery of air with the compressor, so that the spray device intermittently sprays the sterilizing mist. 15. The isolator system according to claim 14, further comprising:
an intake device configured to take gas into the main body case through an inlet provided in an upper portion of the main body case; and a discharge device configured to discharge gas from an interior of the main body case through an outlet provided in the upper portion of the main boy case, wherein a pressure within the main body case can be released from at least one of the inlet and the outlet, while the spray device is spraying. | 1,700 |
1,720 | 15,436,129 | 1,765 | A date tree waste-based lost circulation material (LCM) is provided. The date tree waste LCM may include includes fibers from the date tree waste produced from processing date trees in the production of date fruits. The date tree waste may include fibers from one or more of the following: date tree trunks, date tree rachis, date tree leaflets, date tree panicles, and date tree roots. The date tree waste LCM may include fibers having lengths in the range of 5 millimeters (5 mm) to 15 mm, diameters in the range of 0.5 mm to 0.8 mm, and having an aspect ratio range of 6 to 30. Methods of lost circulation control using and manufacture of a date tree waste LCM are also provided. | 1. A method to control lost circulation in a lost circulation zone in a wellbore, comprising:
introducing an altered drilling fluid into the wellbore such that the altered drilling fluid contacts the lost circulation zone and reduces a rate of lost circulation into the lost circulation zone, where the altered drilling fluid comprises a drilling fluid and a lost circulation material (LCM), wherein the LCM comprises a plurality of date tree waste fibers produced from date tree waste, wherein the date tree waste comprises waste from date palm processing. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the altered drilling fluid consists of the drilling fluid and the LCM. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the LCM consists of the plurality of date tree waste fibers produced from date tree waste. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the date tree waste comprises at least one of: date tree trunks, date tree rachis, date tree leaves, date tree leaflets, and date tree roots. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the date tree waste fibers comprise fibers produced from at least one of: date tree trunks, date tree rachis, date tree leaves, date tree leaflets, and date tree roots. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of date tree waste fibers comprise a concentration of at least 30 pounds-per-barrel (ppb) in the altered drilling fluid. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the reduced rate of lost circulation of a fluid portion of the altered drilling fluid is zero. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of date tree fibers has a length in the range of 5 millimeters (mm) to 15 mm. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of date tree fibers has a diameter in the range of 0.5 millimeters (mm) to 0.8 mm. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein each of plurality of date tree fibers has an aspect ratio in the range of 6 to 30. 11. An altered drilling fluid, comprising:
a drilling fluid; and a lost circulation material (LCM), wherein the LCM comprises a plurality of date tree waste fibers produced from date tree waste, wherein the date tree waste comprises waste from date palm processing. 12. The altered drilling fluid of claim 11, wherein the date tree waste comprises at least one of: date tree trunks, date tree rachis, date tree leaves, date tree leaflets, and date tree roots. 13. The altered drilling fluid of claim 11, wherein the date tree waste fibers comprise fibers produced from at least one of: date tree trunks, date tree rachis, date tree leaves, date tree leaflets, and date tree roots. 14. The altered drilling fluid of claim 11, wherein the plurality of date tree waste fibers comprise a concentration of at least 30 pounds-per-barrel (ppb) in the altered drilling fluid. 15. The altered drilling fluid of claim 11, wherein the plurality of date tree waste fibers comprise a plurality of untreated date tree waste fibers. 16. The altered drilling fluid of claim 11, wherein each of the plurality of date tree fibers has a length in the range of 5 millimeters (mm) to 15 mm. 17. The altered drilling fluid of claim 11, wherein each of the plurality of date tree fibers has a diameter in the range of 0.5 millimeters (mm) to 0.8 mm. 18. The altered drilling fluid of claim 11, wherein each of plurality of date tree fibers has an aspect ratio in the range of 6 to 30. 19. A lost circulation material (LCM) composition, the composition comprising:
a plurality of date tree waste fibers produced from date tree waste, wherein the date tree waste comprises waste from date palm processing, wherein the date tree waste comprises at least one of: date tree trunks, date tree rachis, date tree leaves, date tree leaflets, and date tree root. 20. The LCM composition of claim 19, wherein the plurality of date tree waste fibers comprise a plurality of untreated date tree waste fibers. 21. The LCM composition of claim 19, wherein each of the plurality of date tree fibers has a length in the range of 5 millimeters (mm) to 15 mm. 22. The LCM composition of claim 19, wherein each of the plurality of date tree fibers has a diameter in the range of 0.5 millimeters (mm) to 0.8 mm. 23. The LCM composition of claim 19, wherein each of plurality of date tree fibers has an aspect ratio in the range of 6 to 30. 24. A method of forming a lost circulation material (LCM), comprising:
grinding date tree waste to produce a plurality of date tree waste fibers, wherein the date tree waste comprises waste from date palm processing and further comprises at least one of: date tree trunks, date tree rachis, date tree leaves, date tree leaflets, and date tree roots; and mixing the plurality of date tree waste fibers to form a homogenous mix of the date tree waste fibers, the LCM comprising the homogenous mix. 25. The method of claim 24, comprising chopping the date tree waste before grinding the date tree waste. 26. The method of claim 25, comprising washing the date tree waste before chopping the date tree waste. 27. The method of claim 24, comprising crushing the date tree waste to produce the plurality of date tree waste fibers, wherein the crushing is performed during the grinding. 28. The method of claim 24, comprising sun drying the homogenous mix of date tree waste fibers for a time period at atmospheric conditions. | A date tree waste-based lost circulation material (LCM) is provided. The date tree waste LCM may include includes fibers from the date tree waste produced from processing date trees in the production of date fruits. The date tree waste may include fibers from one or more of the following: date tree trunks, date tree rachis, date tree leaflets, date tree panicles, and date tree roots. The date tree waste LCM may include fibers having lengths in the range of 5 millimeters (5 mm) to 15 mm, diameters in the range of 0.5 mm to 0.8 mm, and having an aspect ratio range of 6 to 30. Methods of lost circulation control using and manufacture of a date tree waste LCM are also provided.1. A method to control lost circulation in a lost circulation zone in a wellbore, comprising:
introducing an altered drilling fluid into the wellbore such that the altered drilling fluid contacts the lost circulation zone and reduces a rate of lost circulation into the lost circulation zone, where the altered drilling fluid comprises a drilling fluid and a lost circulation material (LCM), wherein the LCM comprises a plurality of date tree waste fibers produced from date tree waste, wherein the date tree waste comprises waste from date palm processing. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the altered drilling fluid consists of the drilling fluid and the LCM. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the LCM consists of the plurality of date tree waste fibers produced from date tree waste. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the date tree waste comprises at least one of: date tree trunks, date tree rachis, date tree leaves, date tree leaflets, and date tree roots. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the date tree waste fibers comprise fibers produced from at least one of: date tree trunks, date tree rachis, date tree leaves, date tree leaflets, and date tree roots. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of date tree waste fibers comprise a concentration of at least 30 pounds-per-barrel (ppb) in the altered drilling fluid. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the reduced rate of lost circulation of a fluid portion of the altered drilling fluid is zero. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of date tree fibers has a length in the range of 5 millimeters (mm) to 15 mm. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of date tree fibers has a diameter in the range of 0.5 millimeters (mm) to 0.8 mm. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein each of plurality of date tree fibers has an aspect ratio in the range of 6 to 30. 11. An altered drilling fluid, comprising:
a drilling fluid; and a lost circulation material (LCM), wherein the LCM comprises a plurality of date tree waste fibers produced from date tree waste, wherein the date tree waste comprises waste from date palm processing. 12. The altered drilling fluid of claim 11, wherein the date tree waste comprises at least one of: date tree trunks, date tree rachis, date tree leaves, date tree leaflets, and date tree roots. 13. The altered drilling fluid of claim 11, wherein the date tree waste fibers comprise fibers produced from at least one of: date tree trunks, date tree rachis, date tree leaves, date tree leaflets, and date tree roots. 14. The altered drilling fluid of claim 11, wherein the plurality of date tree waste fibers comprise a concentration of at least 30 pounds-per-barrel (ppb) in the altered drilling fluid. 15. The altered drilling fluid of claim 11, wherein the plurality of date tree waste fibers comprise a plurality of untreated date tree waste fibers. 16. The altered drilling fluid of claim 11, wherein each of the plurality of date tree fibers has a length in the range of 5 millimeters (mm) to 15 mm. 17. The altered drilling fluid of claim 11, wherein each of the plurality of date tree fibers has a diameter in the range of 0.5 millimeters (mm) to 0.8 mm. 18. The altered drilling fluid of claim 11, wherein each of plurality of date tree fibers has an aspect ratio in the range of 6 to 30. 19. A lost circulation material (LCM) composition, the composition comprising:
a plurality of date tree waste fibers produced from date tree waste, wherein the date tree waste comprises waste from date palm processing, wherein the date tree waste comprises at least one of: date tree trunks, date tree rachis, date tree leaves, date tree leaflets, and date tree root. 20. The LCM composition of claim 19, wherein the plurality of date tree waste fibers comprise a plurality of untreated date tree waste fibers. 21. The LCM composition of claim 19, wherein each of the plurality of date tree fibers has a length in the range of 5 millimeters (mm) to 15 mm. 22. The LCM composition of claim 19, wherein each of the plurality of date tree fibers has a diameter in the range of 0.5 millimeters (mm) to 0.8 mm. 23. The LCM composition of claim 19, wherein each of plurality of date tree fibers has an aspect ratio in the range of 6 to 30. 24. A method of forming a lost circulation material (LCM), comprising:
grinding date tree waste to produce a plurality of date tree waste fibers, wherein the date tree waste comprises waste from date palm processing and further comprises at least one of: date tree trunks, date tree rachis, date tree leaves, date tree leaflets, and date tree roots; and mixing the plurality of date tree waste fibers to form a homogenous mix of the date tree waste fibers, the LCM comprising the homogenous mix. 25. The method of claim 24, comprising chopping the date tree waste before grinding the date tree waste. 26. The method of claim 25, comprising washing the date tree waste before chopping the date tree waste. 27. The method of claim 24, comprising crushing the date tree waste to produce the plurality of date tree waste fibers, wherein the crushing is performed during the grinding. 28. The method of claim 24, comprising sun drying the homogenous mix of date tree waste fibers for a time period at atmospheric conditions. | 1,700 |
1,721 | 14,083,928 | 1,745 | A composite bonding process is disclosed. At least one of two curable, resin-based composite substrates is partially cured to a degree of cure of at least 10% but less than 75% of full cure. The composite substrates are then joined to each other with a curable adhesive there between. Co-curing of the joined substrates is carried out to form a bonded composite structure, whereby the adhesive is chemically bonded to and mechanically diffused with the resin matrix of the composite substrates, resulting in a chemically bonded interface between the adhesive and each composite substrate. Furthermore, bonding can occur with the presence of contaminants on the joined surfaces. | 1. A composite bonding process comprising:
a) forming at least two curable composite substrates, each composite substrate comprising reinforcing fibers and a curable, resin matrix; b) partially curing the composite substrates to a degree of cure of at least 10% but less than 75%; c) applying a curable adhesive on at least one of the composite substrates; d) joining the composite substrates to each other with the curable adhesive between the substrates; and e) fully co-curing the joined composite substrates to form a bonded composite structure,
whereby, following co-curing, the adhesive is chemically bonded to and mechanically diffused with the resin matrix of the composite substrates resulting in a chemically bonded interface between the adhesive and each composite substrate. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the degree of cure in step (b) is within the range of 25%-70% cure. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the degree of cure in step (b) is within the range of 25%-50% cure. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the degree of cure in step (b) is within the range of 40%-60%. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein steps (a)-(d) are carried out without any intervening surface treatment to physically modify the surfaces of the curable composite substrates. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the intervening surface treatment includes applying a peel ply, and treatments that physically roughen or texturize the surface. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the fully cured, bonded composite structure exhibits an adhesive bond strength of greater than 4,000 psi (27.6 MPa) at about 75° F. (or 24° C.), and greater than 3,000 psi (20.7 MPa) at 250° F. (or 121° C.), as measured by a Lap Shear Test using ASTM D1002. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the fully cured, bonded composite structure provides a cohesive failure and exhibits a mode I fracture toughness of approximately 650 J/m2 or greater as determined by G1c testing according to ASTM D5528. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein each curable composite substrate is a prepreg layup comprised of a plurality of prepreg plies, each prepreg ply comprising a layer of reinforcing fibers impregnated with a curable, thermoset matrix resin. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the thermoset matrix resin comprises one or more epoxy resins and a curing agent. 11. The process of claim 10, wherein the curable adhesive comprises one or more epoxy resins and a curing agent. 12. The process of claim 9, wherein each prepreg layup is formed on a non-planar, three-dimensional molding surface and at least a portion of the prepreg layup conforms to the molding surface. 13. The process of claim 12, wherein the molding surface has a mold release coating thereon, and
wherein the joining of the prepreg layups is carried out without any intervening step of removing residual mold release coating on the prepreg layups, and bonding can occur with the presence of contaminant on the joined surfaces of the prepreg layups. 14. The process of claim 12, wherein the prepreg layups are joined with the sides that were in contact with the molding surface facing each other. 15. A composite bonding process comprising:
a) forming two curable composite substrates, each composite substrate comprising reinforcing fibers and a curable, resin matrix; b) partially curing one of the composite substrates to a degree of cure of at least 10% but less than 75%; c) applying a curable adhesive on at least one of the composite substrates; d) joining the composite substrates to each other with the curable adhesive between the substrates; and e) co-curing the joined composite substrates to form a fully cured, bonded composite structure,
whereby, following co-curing step (e), the adhesive is chemically bonded to and mechanically diffused with the resin matrix of the composite substrates resulting in a chemically bonded interface between the adhesive and each composite substrate. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein the composite substrate being partially cured at step (b) is a prepreg layup comprised of a plurality of prepreg plies, each prepreg ply comprising a layer of reinforcing fibers impregnated with a curable, thermoset matrix resin. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein
the prepreg layup is formed on a non-planar, three-dimensional molding surface, which has a mold release coating thereon, and at least a portion of the prepreg layup conforms to the molding surface, at step (d), the side of the prepreg layup that was in contact with the molding surface is joined to the other composite substrate, and the joining of the composite substrates is carried out without any intervening step of removing residual mold release coating on the prepreg layup. 18. The process of claim 15, wherein the degree of cure in step (b) is within the range of 25%-70% cure. | A composite bonding process is disclosed. At least one of two curable, resin-based composite substrates is partially cured to a degree of cure of at least 10% but less than 75% of full cure. The composite substrates are then joined to each other with a curable adhesive there between. Co-curing of the joined substrates is carried out to form a bonded composite structure, whereby the adhesive is chemically bonded to and mechanically diffused with the resin matrix of the composite substrates, resulting in a chemically bonded interface between the adhesive and each composite substrate. Furthermore, bonding can occur with the presence of contaminants on the joined surfaces.1. A composite bonding process comprising:
a) forming at least two curable composite substrates, each composite substrate comprising reinforcing fibers and a curable, resin matrix; b) partially curing the composite substrates to a degree of cure of at least 10% but less than 75%; c) applying a curable adhesive on at least one of the composite substrates; d) joining the composite substrates to each other with the curable adhesive between the substrates; and e) fully co-curing the joined composite substrates to form a bonded composite structure,
whereby, following co-curing, the adhesive is chemically bonded to and mechanically diffused with the resin matrix of the composite substrates resulting in a chemically bonded interface between the adhesive and each composite substrate. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the degree of cure in step (b) is within the range of 25%-70% cure. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the degree of cure in step (b) is within the range of 25%-50% cure. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the degree of cure in step (b) is within the range of 40%-60%. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein steps (a)-(d) are carried out without any intervening surface treatment to physically modify the surfaces of the curable composite substrates. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the intervening surface treatment includes applying a peel ply, and treatments that physically roughen or texturize the surface. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the fully cured, bonded composite structure exhibits an adhesive bond strength of greater than 4,000 psi (27.6 MPa) at about 75° F. (or 24° C.), and greater than 3,000 psi (20.7 MPa) at 250° F. (or 121° C.), as measured by a Lap Shear Test using ASTM D1002. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the fully cured, bonded composite structure provides a cohesive failure and exhibits a mode I fracture toughness of approximately 650 J/m2 or greater as determined by G1c testing according to ASTM D5528. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein each curable composite substrate is a prepreg layup comprised of a plurality of prepreg plies, each prepreg ply comprising a layer of reinforcing fibers impregnated with a curable, thermoset matrix resin. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the thermoset matrix resin comprises one or more epoxy resins and a curing agent. 11. The process of claim 10, wherein the curable adhesive comprises one or more epoxy resins and a curing agent. 12. The process of claim 9, wherein each prepreg layup is formed on a non-planar, three-dimensional molding surface and at least a portion of the prepreg layup conforms to the molding surface. 13. The process of claim 12, wherein the molding surface has a mold release coating thereon, and
wherein the joining of the prepreg layups is carried out without any intervening step of removing residual mold release coating on the prepreg layups, and bonding can occur with the presence of contaminant on the joined surfaces of the prepreg layups. 14. The process of claim 12, wherein the prepreg layups are joined with the sides that were in contact with the molding surface facing each other. 15. A composite bonding process comprising:
a) forming two curable composite substrates, each composite substrate comprising reinforcing fibers and a curable, resin matrix; b) partially curing one of the composite substrates to a degree of cure of at least 10% but less than 75%; c) applying a curable adhesive on at least one of the composite substrates; d) joining the composite substrates to each other with the curable adhesive between the substrates; and e) co-curing the joined composite substrates to form a fully cured, bonded composite structure,
whereby, following co-curing step (e), the adhesive is chemically bonded to and mechanically diffused with the resin matrix of the composite substrates resulting in a chemically bonded interface between the adhesive and each composite substrate. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein the composite substrate being partially cured at step (b) is a prepreg layup comprised of a plurality of prepreg plies, each prepreg ply comprising a layer of reinforcing fibers impregnated with a curable, thermoset matrix resin. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein
the prepreg layup is formed on a non-planar, three-dimensional molding surface, which has a mold release coating thereon, and at least a portion of the prepreg layup conforms to the molding surface, at step (d), the side of the prepreg layup that was in contact with the molding surface is joined to the other composite substrate, and the joining of the composite substrates is carried out without any intervening step of removing residual mold release coating on the prepreg layup. 18. The process of claim 15, wherein the degree of cure in step (b) is within the range of 25%-70% cure. | 1,700 |
1,722 | 13,153,831 | 1,747 | A filtered cigarette possesses at least one breakable capsule in its filter element. The filter element can possess a central cavity extending from the cigarette tobacco rod towards the middle of the filter element. The central cavity may be defined by an inner filter portion. The inner filter portion can be surrounded by an outer filter portion comprised of filter tow material that is generally permeable to the smoke generated by the cigarette. At least one breakable capsule is disposed in the central cavity of the filter element. The breakable capsules are spherical in shape, and are composed of a gelatin outer shell that encloses a payload of triglycerides and flavoring agents. The breakable capsules are adapted to rupture in response to pressure applied by the smoker to the outside region of the filter element. | 1. A smoking article, comprising:
a tobacco-containing rod; and a filter element attached to the tobacco-containing rod, wherein the filter element comprises at least one breakable capsule having a crush strength sufficient for the capsule to retain its integrity within the smoking article until the capsule is purposefully broken by a user before, during or after use of the smoking article, the capsule being generally spherical in shape and comprising an outer wall in the form of a continuous sealed one-piece member surrounding an internal payload comprising a flavoring or aromatic agent, wherein the outer wall represents about 5 percent to about 50 percent of the total weight of the capsule. 2. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the outer wall represents about 10 percent to about 30 percent of the total weight of the capsule. 3. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the diameter of the capsule is at least about 1 mm and less than about 6 mm. 4. The smoking article of claim 3, wherein the diameter of the capsule is at least about 3 mm and less than about 6 mm. 5. The smoking article of claim 4, wherein the diameter of the capsule is about 3.5 mm. 6. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the outer wall is resistant to dissolution by moisture. 7. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the volume of the internal payload of the capsule is about 50 percent to about 90 percent of the total volume of the capsule. 8. The smoking article of claim 7, wherein the volume of the internal payload of the capsule is about 70 percent to about 90 percent of the total volume of the capsule. 9. The smoking article of claim 8, wherein the volume of the internal payload of the capsule is about 80 percent to about 90 percent of the total volume of the capsule. 10. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the breakable capsule is affixed within a cavity in the filter element. 11. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the breakable capsule is positioned in a cavity having walls, the walls of the cavity being defined at least partially by a compressible and resilient fibrous tow filter material such that application of pressure to the filter element causes deformation of the fibrous tow filter material and release of the applied pressure results in return of the fibrous tow filter material to essentially its original shape. 12. The smoking article of claim 11, wherein the fibrous tow filter material is capable of wicking the internal payload released from the breakable capsule into the fibrous tow filter material. 13. The smoking article of claim 11, wherein the fibrous tow filter material is a cellulose acetate tow or a polypropylene tow. 14. The smoking article of claim 1, further comprising tipping material connecting the tobacco rod to the filter element, wherein said tipping material includes a visual indicator of the position of the breakable capsule within the filter element. 15. The smoking article of claim 14, wherein the visual indicator is a band printed on the tipping material. 16. The smoking article of claim 14, wherein the visual indicator also indicates the nature of the internal payload of the breakable capsule. 17. The smoking article of claim 16, wherein the visual indicator comprises a particular color, shape, or design that indicates the nature of an internal payload of the breakable capsule. 18. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the internal payload of the breakable capsule comprises a compound capable of flavoring or scenting the smoke, cooling or moistening the smoke, or freshening the scent of a cigarette butt. 19. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the internal payload of the breakable capsule comprises menthol. 20. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the internal payload of the breakable capsule comprises an essential oil. 21. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein rupture of the breakable capsule can be discerned by an audible pop. 22. The smoking article of claim 21, wherein the audible pop occurs before, during, or after smoking. 23. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the breakable capsule is colored to assist in detection during an automated manufacturing process. 24. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the breakable capsule comprises a liquid or gel internal payload comprising a triglyceride diluting agent. 25. The smoking article of claim 24, wherein the outer wall of the breakable capsule incorporates gelatin. 26. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the outer wall of the breakable capsule incorporates gelatin. 27. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the internal payload of the breakable capsule comprises about 5 percent to about 25 percent of flavoring or aromatic agent, with the balance being a diluting agent. 28. The smoking article of claim 27, wherein the internal payload of the breakable capsule comprises about 10 percent to about 15 percent of flavoring or aromatic agent, with the balance being the diluting agent. 29. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the weight of the internal payload of the breakable capsule is in the range of about 15 mg to about 25 mg. 30. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the diameter of the breakable capsule is about 3.5 mm, the outer wall weighs about 2 mg to about 4 mg, and the internal payload weighs about 16 to about 21 mg. 31. A smoking article, comprising:
a tobacco-containing rod; a filter element attached to the tobacco-containing rod, wherein the filter element comprises a single breakable capsule having a crush strength sufficient for the capsule to retain its integrity within the smoking article until the capsule is purposefully broken by a user before, during or after use of the smoking article, the capsule being generally spherical in shape and comprising an outer wall in the form of a continuous sealed one-piece member resistant to dissolution by moisture surrounding an internal payload comprising a flavoring or aromatic agent and a triglyceride diluting agent, wherein the outer wall represents about 10 percent to about 30 percent of the total weight of the capsule and wherein the diameter of the capsule is at least about 3 mm; and a tipping material connecting the tobacco rod to the filter element, wherein said tipping material includes a visual indicator of the position of the breakable capsule within the filter element. 32. The smoking article of claim 31, wherein the breakable capsule is positioned in a cavity having walls, the walls of the cavity being defined at least partially by a compressible and resilient fibrous tow filter material such that application of pressure to the filter element causes deformation of the fibrous tow filter material and release of the applied pressure results in return of the fibrous tow filter material to essentially its original shape. 33. A smoking article, comprising:
a tobacco-containing rod; a filter element attached to the tobacco-containing rod, wherein the filter element comprises at least one breakable capsule having a crush strength sufficient for the capsule to retain its integrity within the smoking article until the capsule is purposefully broken by a user before, during or after use of the smoking article, the capsule being generally spherical in shape and comprising an outer wall in the form of a continuous sealed one-piece member resistant to dissolution by moisture and comprising gelatin, the outer wall surrounding an internal payload comprising a flavoring or aromatic agent and a diluting agent, wherein the outer wall represents about 10 percent to about 30 percent of the total weight of the capsule and wherein the diameter of the capsule is at least about 3 mm, and wherein rupture of the breakable capsule can be discerned by an audible pop, and further wherein the breakable capsule is colored to assist in detection during an automated manufacturing process. | A filtered cigarette possesses at least one breakable capsule in its filter element. The filter element can possess a central cavity extending from the cigarette tobacco rod towards the middle of the filter element. The central cavity may be defined by an inner filter portion. The inner filter portion can be surrounded by an outer filter portion comprised of filter tow material that is generally permeable to the smoke generated by the cigarette. At least one breakable capsule is disposed in the central cavity of the filter element. The breakable capsules are spherical in shape, and are composed of a gelatin outer shell that encloses a payload of triglycerides and flavoring agents. The breakable capsules are adapted to rupture in response to pressure applied by the smoker to the outside region of the filter element.1. A smoking article, comprising:
a tobacco-containing rod; and a filter element attached to the tobacco-containing rod, wherein the filter element comprises at least one breakable capsule having a crush strength sufficient for the capsule to retain its integrity within the smoking article until the capsule is purposefully broken by a user before, during or after use of the smoking article, the capsule being generally spherical in shape and comprising an outer wall in the form of a continuous sealed one-piece member surrounding an internal payload comprising a flavoring or aromatic agent, wherein the outer wall represents about 5 percent to about 50 percent of the total weight of the capsule. 2. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the outer wall represents about 10 percent to about 30 percent of the total weight of the capsule. 3. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the diameter of the capsule is at least about 1 mm and less than about 6 mm. 4. The smoking article of claim 3, wherein the diameter of the capsule is at least about 3 mm and less than about 6 mm. 5. The smoking article of claim 4, wherein the diameter of the capsule is about 3.5 mm. 6. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the outer wall is resistant to dissolution by moisture. 7. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the volume of the internal payload of the capsule is about 50 percent to about 90 percent of the total volume of the capsule. 8. The smoking article of claim 7, wherein the volume of the internal payload of the capsule is about 70 percent to about 90 percent of the total volume of the capsule. 9. The smoking article of claim 8, wherein the volume of the internal payload of the capsule is about 80 percent to about 90 percent of the total volume of the capsule. 10. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the breakable capsule is affixed within a cavity in the filter element. 11. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the breakable capsule is positioned in a cavity having walls, the walls of the cavity being defined at least partially by a compressible and resilient fibrous tow filter material such that application of pressure to the filter element causes deformation of the fibrous tow filter material and release of the applied pressure results in return of the fibrous tow filter material to essentially its original shape. 12. The smoking article of claim 11, wherein the fibrous tow filter material is capable of wicking the internal payload released from the breakable capsule into the fibrous tow filter material. 13. The smoking article of claim 11, wherein the fibrous tow filter material is a cellulose acetate tow or a polypropylene tow. 14. The smoking article of claim 1, further comprising tipping material connecting the tobacco rod to the filter element, wherein said tipping material includes a visual indicator of the position of the breakable capsule within the filter element. 15. The smoking article of claim 14, wherein the visual indicator is a band printed on the tipping material. 16. The smoking article of claim 14, wherein the visual indicator also indicates the nature of the internal payload of the breakable capsule. 17. The smoking article of claim 16, wherein the visual indicator comprises a particular color, shape, or design that indicates the nature of an internal payload of the breakable capsule. 18. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the internal payload of the breakable capsule comprises a compound capable of flavoring or scenting the smoke, cooling or moistening the smoke, or freshening the scent of a cigarette butt. 19. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the internal payload of the breakable capsule comprises menthol. 20. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the internal payload of the breakable capsule comprises an essential oil. 21. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein rupture of the breakable capsule can be discerned by an audible pop. 22. The smoking article of claim 21, wherein the audible pop occurs before, during, or after smoking. 23. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the breakable capsule is colored to assist in detection during an automated manufacturing process. 24. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the breakable capsule comprises a liquid or gel internal payload comprising a triglyceride diluting agent. 25. The smoking article of claim 24, wherein the outer wall of the breakable capsule incorporates gelatin. 26. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the outer wall of the breakable capsule incorporates gelatin. 27. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the internal payload of the breakable capsule comprises about 5 percent to about 25 percent of flavoring or aromatic agent, with the balance being a diluting agent. 28. The smoking article of claim 27, wherein the internal payload of the breakable capsule comprises about 10 percent to about 15 percent of flavoring or aromatic agent, with the balance being the diluting agent. 29. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the weight of the internal payload of the breakable capsule is in the range of about 15 mg to about 25 mg. 30. The smoking article of claim 1, wherein the diameter of the breakable capsule is about 3.5 mm, the outer wall weighs about 2 mg to about 4 mg, and the internal payload weighs about 16 to about 21 mg. 31. A smoking article, comprising:
a tobacco-containing rod; a filter element attached to the tobacco-containing rod, wherein the filter element comprises a single breakable capsule having a crush strength sufficient for the capsule to retain its integrity within the smoking article until the capsule is purposefully broken by a user before, during or after use of the smoking article, the capsule being generally spherical in shape and comprising an outer wall in the form of a continuous sealed one-piece member resistant to dissolution by moisture surrounding an internal payload comprising a flavoring or aromatic agent and a triglyceride diluting agent, wherein the outer wall represents about 10 percent to about 30 percent of the total weight of the capsule and wherein the diameter of the capsule is at least about 3 mm; and a tipping material connecting the tobacco rod to the filter element, wherein said tipping material includes a visual indicator of the position of the breakable capsule within the filter element. 32. The smoking article of claim 31, wherein the breakable capsule is positioned in a cavity having walls, the walls of the cavity being defined at least partially by a compressible and resilient fibrous tow filter material such that application of pressure to the filter element causes deformation of the fibrous tow filter material and release of the applied pressure results in return of the fibrous tow filter material to essentially its original shape. 33. A smoking article, comprising:
a tobacco-containing rod; a filter element attached to the tobacco-containing rod, wherein the filter element comprises at least one breakable capsule having a crush strength sufficient for the capsule to retain its integrity within the smoking article until the capsule is purposefully broken by a user before, during or after use of the smoking article, the capsule being generally spherical in shape and comprising an outer wall in the form of a continuous sealed one-piece member resistant to dissolution by moisture and comprising gelatin, the outer wall surrounding an internal payload comprising a flavoring or aromatic agent and a diluting agent, wherein the outer wall represents about 10 percent to about 30 percent of the total weight of the capsule and wherein the diameter of the capsule is at least about 3 mm, and wherein rupture of the breakable capsule can be discerned by an audible pop, and further wherein the breakable capsule is colored to assist in detection during an automated manufacturing process. | 1,700 |
1,723 | 14,886,664 | 1,723 | A ceramic precursor batch composition comprising inorganic ceramic-forming ingredients, a hydrophobically modified cellulose ether binder having a molecular weight less than or equal to about 300,000 g/mole and an aqueous solvent is provided. The ceramic precursor batch composition has a ratio of binder to aqueous solvent of less than about 0.32. The ceramic precursor batch composition may be used to increase the rate of extrusion of the composition. A method for increasing a rate of extrusion of a ceramic precursor batch composition is also disclosed. | 1. A ceramic precursor batch composition, comprising:
inorganic ceramic-forming ingredients; a hydrophobically modified cellulose ether binder having a molecular weight less than or equal to about 300,000 g/mole; an aqueous solvent; and wherein MC/W is less than about 0.32, MC is a weight % of the hydrophobically modified cellulose ether binder based on a 100% of the inorganic ceramic-forming ingredients, and W is a weight % of water based on the 100% of the inorganic ceramic-forming ingredients. 2. The ceramic paste composition of claim 1 wherein the hydrophobically modified cellulose ether binder has a molecular weight of from about 50,000 g/mole to about 300,000 g/mole. 3. The ceramic paste composition of claim 1 wherein the hydrophobically modified cellulose ether binder has a molecular weight of from about 100,000 g/mole to about 200,000 g/mole. 4. The ceramic precursor batch composition of claim 1 wherein the hydrophobically modified cellulose ether binder has a molecular weight of from about 200,000 g/mole. 5. The ceramic precursor batch composition of claim 1 wherein the hydrophobically modified cellulose ether binder has a molecular weight of from about 100,000 g/mole. 6. The ceramic precursor batch composition of claim 1 wherein the aqueous solvent is water. 7. The ceramic precursor batch composition of claim 1 wherein MC/W is less than about 0.22. 8. The ceramic precursor batch composition of claim 1 wherein the hydrophobically modified cellulose ether binder comprises methylcellulose, ethylhydroxy ethylcellulose, hydroxybutyl methylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl methylcellulose, hydroxybutylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, sodium carboxy methylcellulose or mixtures thereof. 9. The ceramic precursor batch composition of claim 1 wherein the hydrophobically modified cellulose ether binder comprises at least two hydrophobically modified cellulose ethers having different molecular weights. 10. The ceramic precursor batch composition of claim 1 wherein the hydrophobically modified cellulose ether binder comprises at least two hydrophobically modified cellulose ethers having different molecular weights and wherein the at least two hydrophobically modified cellulose ethers have different hydrophobic groups, different concentrations of the same hydrophobic group or both. 11. The ceramic precursor batch composition of claim 1 wherein the ceramic precursor batch composition comprises aluminum titanate-forming ingredients. 12. The ceramic precursor batch composition of claim 1 wherein ceramic precursor batch composition comprises from about 3 wt % to about 10 wt % of the hydrophobically modified cellulose ether binder. 13. The ceramic precursor batch composition of claim 1 wherein the composition further comprises cordierite, mullite, clay, talc, zircon, zirconia, spinel, aluminas and their precursors, silicas and their precursors, silicates, aluminates, lithium aluminosilicates, alumina silica, feldspar, titania, fused silica, nitrides, carbides, borides, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, soda lime, aluminosilicate, borosilicate, soda barium borosilicate or mixtures of thereof. | A ceramic precursor batch composition comprising inorganic ceramic-forming ingredients, a hydrophobically modified cellulose ether binder having a molecular weight less than or equal to about 300,000 g/mole and an aqueous solvent is provided. The ceramic precursor batch composition has a ratio of binder to aqueous solvent of less than about 0.32. The ceramic precursor batch composition may be used to increase the rate of extrusion of the composition. A method for increasing a rate of extrusion of a ceramic precursor batch composition is also disclosed.1. A ceramic precursor batch composition, comprising:
inorganic ceramic-forming ingredients; a hydrophobically modified cellulose ether binder having a molecular weight less than or equal to about 300,000 g/mole; an aqueous solvent; and wherein MC/W is less than about 0.32, MC is a weight % of the hydrophobically modified cellulose ether binder based on a 100% of the inorganic ceramic-forming ingredients, and W is a weight % of water based on the 100% of the inorganic ceramic-forming ingredients. 2. The ceramic paste composition of claim 1 wherein the hydrophobically modified cellulose ether binder has a molecular weight of from about 50,000 g/mole to about 300,000 g/mole. 3. The ceramic paste composition of claim 1 wherein the hydrophobically modified cellulose ether binder has a molecular weight of from about 100,000 g/mole to about 200,000 g/mole. 4. The ceramic precursor batch composition of claim 1 wherein the hydrophobically modified cellulose ether binder has a molecular weight of from about 200,000 g/mole. 5. The ceramic precursor batch composition of claim 1 wherein the hydrophobically modified cellulose ether binder has a molecular weight of from about 100,000 g/mole. 6. The ceramic precursor batch composition of claim 1 wherein the aqueous solvent is water. 7. The ceramic precursor batch composition of claim 1 wherein MC/W is less than about 0.22. 8. The ceramic precursor batch composition of claim 1 wherein the hydrophobically modified cellulose ether binder comprises methylcellulose, ethylhydroxy ethylcellulose, hydroxybutyl methylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl methylcellulose, hydroxybutylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, sodium carboxy methylcellulose or mixtures thereof. 9. The ceramic precursor batch composition of claim 1 wherein the hydrophobically modified cellulose ether binder comprises at least two hydrophobically modified cellulose ethers having different molecular weights. 10. The ceramic precursor batch composition of claim 1 wherein the hydrophobically modified cellulose ether binder comprises at least two hydrophobically modified cellulose ethers having different molecular weights and wherein the at least two hydrophobically modified cellulose ethers have different hydrophobic groups, different concentrations of the same hydrophobic group or both. 11. The ceramic precursor batch composition of claim 1 wherein the ceramic precursor batch composition comprises aluminum titanate-forming ingredients. 12. The ceramic precursor batch composition of claim 1 wherein ceramic precursor batch composition comprises from about 3 wt % to about 10 wt % of the hydrophobically modified cellulose ether binder. 13. The ceramic precursor batch composition of claim 1 wherein the composition further comprises cordierite, mullite, clay, talc, zircon, zirconia, spinel, aluminas and their precursors, silicas and their precursors, silicates, aluminates, lithium aluminosilicates, alumina silica, feldspar, titania, fused silica, nitrides, carbides, borides, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, soda lime, aluminosilicate, borosilicate, soda barium borosilicate or mixtures of thereof. | 1,700 |
1,724 | 11,870,119 | 1,794 | Plasma etch-cleaning of substrates is performed by means of a plasma discharge arrangement comprising an electron source cathode ( 5 ) and an anode arrangement ( 7 ). The anode arrangement ( 7 ) comprises on one hand an anode electrode ( 9 ) and on the other hand and electrically isolated therefrom a confinement ( 11 ). The confinement ( 11 ) has an opening ( 13 ) directed towards an area (S) of a substrate ( 21 ) to be cleaned. The electron source cathode ( 5 ) and the anode electrode ( 9 ) are electrically supplied by a supply circuit with a supply source ( 19 ). The circuit is operated electrically floating. | 1: A method for manufacturing at least one cleaned substrate or a substrate resulting from cleaning and additional processing before and/or after such cleaning, comprising:
establishing in a vacuum chamber having a reaction space and containing a gas to be ionised, at least one plasma discharge between at least one electron source cathode and at least one anode arrangement having at least one anode electrode, increasing electron density and thereby ion density adjacent said at least one anode arrangement by means of a confinement having an opening, open towards said reaction space and comprising said at least one anode electrode; providing said anode electrode within said confinement and operating said confinement on a electric potential different from an electric potential of said anode electrode, thereby concentrating increased ion density in said confinement and adjacent said opening; positioning said substrate on a negative electric potential, at least averaged over time, with respect to said electric potential of said anode electrode; positioning at least a surface to be cleaned of said substrate exposed to said area of increased ion density and adjacent said opening thereby substantially closer to said opening than to said electron source cathode for a predetermined cleaning time. 2: The method of claim 1, thereby selecting said plasma discharge to be a low voltage discharge with a anode electrode to electron source cathode voltage UAC for which there is valid:
20 V≦UAC≦100 V, preferably 35 V≦UAC≦70 V. 3: The method of claim 1, thereby mutually electrically feeding said anode electrode and said electron source cathode by an electric supply circuit being operated on floating electric potentials. 4: The method of claim 1 comprising operating said confinement on a floating electric potential 5: The method of claim 1, the inner space of said confinement being selected to be substantially U-shaped at least in one cross-sectional plane and providing said anode electrode spaced from and along the bottom of said U-shaped inner space considered in said cross-sectional plane. 6: The method of claim 5, thereby selecting said inner space to form a channel transverse to said cross-sectional plane. 7: The method of claim 1 comprising electrically feeding said anode electrode with respect to said electron source cathode with DC and superimposed pulses. 8: The method of claim 7, at least one of DC value, amplitude of said pulses with respect to said DC value, pulse repetition frequency, pulse width or duty cycle, pulse shape, being adjustable. 9: The method of claim 7, the pulse repetition frequency f of said pulses being selected to be
0.2 Hz<f≦200 kHz. 10: The method of claim 1 the inner space of said confinement being selected to be substantially U-shaped at least in one cross-sectional plane and providing said anode electrode spaced from and along the bottom of said U-shaped inner space considered in said cross-sectional plane, said anode having in said plane an extent wAN, said bottom of said inner space of said confinement being selected with an extent wCO and wherein there is valid:
wAN≦wCO≦wAN+2DSD
wherein DSD is the dark space distance at the conditions said method is operated in said vacuum chamber. 11: The method of claim 1, the inner space of said confinement being selected to be substantially U-shaped at least in one cross-sectional plane and providing said anode electrode spaced from and along the bottom of said U-shaped inner space considered in said cross-sectional plane, said anode having in said plane an extent wAN, the legs of said U-shaped inner space of said confinement having an extent L and wherein there is valid:
0.5 wAN≦L≦1.5 wAN. 12: The method of claim 1 comprising exposing said surface of said substrate to be cleaned distant from a plane defined by said opening by d and selecting
2 cm≦d≦10 cm. 13: The method of claim 1, further comprising electrically feeding said anode electrode with respect to said electron source cathode to result in a current density per unit of anode electrode surface of at least 0.5 A/cm2. 14: The method of claim 1, further comprising establishing an anode fall of potential of 50V to 100 V (both limits enclosed). 15: The method of claim 1 comprising establishing a potential difference between anode electrode and wall of the vacuum chamber of 10 V to 85 V (both limits enclosed). 16: The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one electron source cathode is substantially exclusively emitting electrons. 17: The method of claim 1, wherein said electron source cathode is selected to be a cathode emitting electrons and source material, and wherein coating said substrate by source material is prevented by means of a shutter. 18: The method of claim 1, wherein said substrate is operated on a DC, an DC+AC or an AC bias potential, thereby preferably on a DC potential with superimposed pulses. 19: The method of claim 1, wherein said substrate is additionally treated by at least one of the following processing steps:
Metal ion etch-cleaning: by selecting said electron source cathode to emit electrons and source metal and only partially preventing source metal particles to flow from said cathode towards said anode electrode, Heating: by disabling said anode electrode and operating said substrate as anode electrode with respect to said electron source cathode; Coating 20: The method of claim 1, further comprising providing an auxiliary anode electrode in said vacuum chamber and preventing arcing to occur or preventing development of arcing by disabling operation of an anode electrode which is active during substrate processing during a first time span and enabling operation of said auxiliary anode electrode in said first time span, said first time span being shorter than second time spans just before and just after said first time span. 21: The method of claim 20, wherein said anode electrode which is active during substrate processing is selected to be the anode electrode of said anode arrangement and said auxiliary anode electrode is located substantially closer to said electron source cathode than to said anode arrangement. 22: The method of claim 20, wherein said replacing operating of said anode electrode active during said processing by operating said auxiliary anode electrode is controlled in at least one of the following modes:
Prevention Mode: repetitively in time, timer controlled, Limiting Mode: Arc detection-controlled. 23: A method for preventing processing-damage to occur by undesired arcing when vacuum plasma discharge processing at least one substrate, whereby a plasma is generated between at least two electrodes, comprising disabling operation of one of said at least two electrodes and, instead, enabling operation of an auxiliary electrode, both during a first time span which is significantly shorter than a second time span just before or just after said first time span. 24: A vacuum treatment apparatus comprising
a vacuum chamber with a reaction space and in said chamber: A plasma discharge arrangement comprising an electron source cathode, an anode arrangement and a substrate carrier, said electron source cathode and an anode electrode of said anode arrangement being operationally inter-connected via an electric supply source; said anode arrangement comprising a confinement with an inner space towards said reaction space and containing said anode electrode; said confinement being mounted electrically isolated from said anode electrode; said substrate carrier being mounted within said vacuum chamber so as to position a surface area of a substrate on said carrier adjacent said opening and substantially closer to said opening than to said electron source cathode and further being conceived so as to operationally connect said substrate to an electric biasing source. 25: The apparatus of claim 24, wherein said anode electrode, said electron source cathode and a circuit containing said supply source and operationally interconnecting said anode electrode and said electron source cathode are operated in an electrically floating manner. 26: The apparatus of claim 24, wherein said confinement is one of connected to a confinement biasing source and of being mounted electrically floating. 27: The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the inner space of said confinement is substantially U-shaped at least in one cross-sectional plane and wherein said anode electrode is mounted spaced from and along the bottom of said U-shaped inner space considered in said cross-sectional plane. 28: The apparatus of claim 27, wherein said inner space forms a channel transverse to said cross-sectional plane. 29: The apparatus of claim 24, wherein said supply source is a source generating DC output with superimposed pulses. 30: The apparatus of claim 24, the inner space of said confinement being substantially U-shaped at least in one cross-sectional plane, said anode electrode being spaced from and positioned along the bottom of said U-shaped inner space considered in said cross-sectional plane, said anode electrode having in said plane an extent wAN, said bottom of said inner space of said confinement being selected with an extent wCO, wherein there is valid:
wAN<wCO≦wAN+2DSD
wherein DSD is the dark space distance at the conditions the apparatus is intended to be operated. 31: The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the inner space of said confinement is substantially U-shaped at least in one cross-sectional plane and said anode electrode is mounted spaced from and along the bottom of said U-shaped inner space considered in said cross-sectional plane and said anode electrode has in said plane an extent wAN, the legs of said U-shaped inner space of said confinement having an extent L for which there is valid:
0.5wAN≦L≦1.5wAN 32: The apparatus of claim 24, wherein said substrate carrier is mounted within said vacuum chamber so as to position said surface area at a distance d from a plane defined by said opening and wherein there is valid:
2 cm≦d≦10 cm. 33: The apparatus of claim 24, wherein said at least one electron source cathode emits substantially exclusively electrons. 34: The apparatus of claim 33, wherein said electron source cathode is one of a hot filament cathode and of a hollow cathode. 35: The apparatus of claim 24, wherein said electron source cathode emits electrons and source material towards said reaction space and further comprising a movable shutter between said electron source cathode and said workpiece carrier, said shutter being drivingly movable from a closed position covering the emitting surface of said cathode to an open position remote from said surface of said cathode. 36: The apparatus of claim 35, wherein said electron source cathode is a sputtering or an arc evaporation target. 37: The apparatus of claim 24 being an etch cleaning apparatus and wherein said etch cleaning apparatus is operatable additionally in the following operating modes:
metal ion etch cleaning mode, wherein said electron source cathode emits electrons and source metal and is only partially covered by a shutter between the emitting surface of said cathode and said substrate carrier; a heating mode, wherein said anode electrode is disconnected from said supply source and said substrate carrier is operationally connected as an anode via said power supply source to said electron source cathode; a coating mode. 38: The apparatus of claim 24, further comprising an auxiliary anode electrode in said vacuum chamber and a controlled switching unit enabling operation of said auxiliary anode instead of said anode electrode during a first time span which is considerably shorter than time spans just before and just after said first time span. 39: The apparatus of claim 38, wherein said auxiliary anode is located considerably nearer to said electron source cathode than to said anode arrangement. 40: The apparatus of claim 38, wherein said switching arrangement has a control input which is operationally connected to at least one of the output of a timer and of the output of an arc detector unit. | Plasma etch-cleaning of substrates is performed by means of a plasma discharge arrangement comprising an electron source cathode ( 5 ) and an anode arrangement ( 7 ). The anode arrangement ( 7 ) comprises on one hand an anode electrode ( 9 ) and on the other hand and electrically isolated therefrom a confinement ( 11 ). The confinement ( 11 ) has an opening ( 13 ) directed towards an area (S) of a substrate ( 21 ) to be cleaned. The electron source cathode ( 5 ) and the anode electrode ( 9 ) are electrically supplied by a supply circuit with a supply source ( 19 ). The circuit is operated electrically floating.1: A method for manufacturing at least one cleaned substrate or a substrate resulting from cleaning and additional processing before and/or after such cleaning, comprising:
establishing in a vacuum chamber having a reaction space and containing a gas to be ionised, at least one plasma discharge between at least one electron source cathode and at least one anode arrangement having at least one anode electrode, increasing electron density and thereby ion density adjacent said at least one anode arrangement by means of a confinement having an opening, open towards said reaction space and comprising said at least one anode electrode; providing said anode electrode within said confinement and operating said confinement on a electric potential different from an electric potential of said anode electrode, thereby concentrating increased ion density in said confinement and adjacent said opening; positioning said substrate on a negative electric potential, at least averaged over time, with respect to said electric potential of said anode electrode; positioning at least a surface to be cleaned of said substrate exposed to said area of increased ion density and adjacent said opening thereby substantially closer to said opening than to said electron source cathode for a predetermined cleaning time. 2: The method of claim 1, thereby selecting said plasma discharge to be a low voltage discharge with a anode electrode to electron source cathode voltage UAC for which there is valid:
20 V≦UAC≦100 V, preferably 35 V≦UAC≦70 V. 3: The method of claim 1, thereby mutually electrically feeding said anode electrode and said electron source cathode by an electric supply circuit being operated on floating electric potentials. 4: The method of claim 1 comprising operating said confinement on a floating electric potential 5: The method of claim 1, the inner space of said confinement being selected to be substantially U-shaped at least in one cross-sectional plane and providing said anode electrode spaced from and along the bottom of said U-shaped inner space considered in said cross-sectional plane. 6: The method of claim 5, thereby selecting said inner space to form a channel transverse to said cross-sectional plane. 7: The method of claim 1 comprising electrically feeding said anode electrode with respect to said electron source cathode with DC and superimposed pulses. 8: The method of claim 7, at least one of DC value, amplitude of said pulses with respect to said DC value, pulse repetition frequency, pulse width or duty cycle, pulse shape, being adjustable. 9: The method of claim 7, the pulse repetition frequency f of said pulses being selected to be
0.2 Hz<f≦200 kHz. 10: The method of claim 1 the inner space of said confinement being selected to be substantially U-shaped at least in one cross-sectional plane and providing said anode electrode spaced from and along the bottom of said U-shaped inner space considered in said cross-sectional plane, said anode having in said plane an extent wAN, said bottom of said inner space of said confinement being selected with an extent wCO and wherein there is valid:
wAN≦wCO≦wAN+2DSD
wherein DSD is the dark space distance at the conditions said method is operated in said vacuum chamber. 11: The method of claim 1, the inner space of said confinement being selected to be substantially U-shaped at least in one cross-sectional plane and providing said anode electrode spaced from and along the bottom of said U-shaped inner space considered in said cross-sectional plane, said anode having in said plane an extent wAN, the legs of said U-shaped inner space of said confinement having an extent L and wherein there is valid:
0.5 wAN≦L≦1.5 wAN. 12: The method of claim 1 comprising exposing said surface of said substrate to be cleaned distant from a plane defined by said opening by d and selecting
2 cm≦d≦10 cm. 13: The method of claim 1, further comprising electrically feeding said anode electrode with respect to said electron source cathode to result in a current density per unit of anode electrode surface of at least 0.5 A/cm2. 14: The method of claim 1, further comprising establishing an anode fall of potential of 50V to 100 V (both limits enclosed). 15: The method of claim 1 comprising establishing a potential difference between anode electrode and wall of the vacuum chamber of 10 V to 85 V (both limits enclosed). 16: The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one electron source cathode is substantially exclusively emitting electrons. 17: The method of claim 1, wherein said electron source cathode is selected to be a cathode emitting electrons and source material, and wherein coating said substrate by source material is prevented by means of a shutter. 18: The method of claim 1, wherein said substrate is operated on a DC, an DC+AC or an AC bias potential, thereby preferably on a DC potential with superimposed pulses. 19: The method of claim 1, wherein said substrate is additionally treated by at least one of the following processing steps:
Metal ion etch-cleaning: by selecting said electron source cathode to emit electrons and source metal and only partially preventing source metal particles to flow from said cathode towards said anode electrode, Heating: by disabling said anode electrode and operating said substrate as anode electrode with respect to said electron source cathode; Coating 20: The method of claim 1, further comprising providing an auxiliary anode electrode in said vacuum chamber and preventing arcing to occur or preventing development of arcing by disabling operation of an anode electrode which is active during substrate processing during a first time span and enabling operation of said auxiliary anode electrode in said first time span, said first time span being shorter than second time spans just before and just after said first time span. 21: The method of claim 20, wherein said anode electrode which is active during substrate processing is selected to be the anode electrode of said anode arrangement and said auxiliary anode electrode is located substantially closer to said electron source cathode than to said anode arrangement. 22: The method of claim 20, wherein said replacing operating of said anode electrode active during said processing by operating said auxiliary anode electrode is controlled in at least one of the following modes:
Prevention Mode: repetitively in time, timer controlled, Limiting Mode: Arc detection-controlled. 23: A method for preventing processing-damage to occur by undesired arcing when vacuum plasma discharge processing at least one substrate, whereby a plasma is generated between at least two electrodes, comprising disabling operation of one of said at least two electrodes and, instead, enabling operation of an auxiliary electrode, both during a first time span which is significantly shorter than a second time span just before or just after said first time span. 24: A vacuum treatment apparatus comprising
a vacuum chamber with a reaction space and in said chamber: A plasma discharge arrangement comprising an electron source cathode, an anode arrangement and a substrate carrier, said electron source cathode and an anode electrode of said anode arrangement being operationally inter-connected via an electric supply source; said anode arrangement comprising a confinement with an inner space towards said reaction space and containing said anode electrode; said confinement being mounted electrically isolated from said anode electrode; said substrate carrier being mounted within said vacuum chamber so as to position a surface area of a substrate on said carrier adjacent said opening and substantially closer to said opening than to said electron source cathode and further being conceived so as to operationally connect said substrate to an electric biasing source. 25: The apparatus of claim 24, wherein said anode electrode, said electron source cathode and a circuit containing said supply source and operationally interconnecting said anode electrode and said electron source cathode are operated in an electrically floating manner. 26: The apparatus of claim 24, wherein said confinement is one of connected to a confinement biasing source and of being mounted electrically floating. 27: The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the inner space of said confinement is substantially U-shaped at least in one cross-sectional plane and wherein said anode electrode is mounted spaced from and along the bottom of said U-shaped inner space considered in said cross-sectional plane. 28: The apparatus of claim 27, wherein said inner space forms a channel transverse to said cross-sectional plane. 29: The apparatus of claim 24, wherein said supply source is a source generating DC output with superimposed pulses. 30: The apparatus of claim 24, the inner space of said confinement being substantially U-shaped at least in one cross-sectional plane, said anode electrode being spaced from and positioned along the bottom of said U-shaped inner space considered in said cross-sectional plane, said anode electrode having in said plane an extent wAN, said bottom of said inner space of said confinement being selected with an extent wCO, wherein there is valid:
wAN<wCO≦wAN+2DSD
wherein DSD is the dark space distance at the conditions the apparatus is intended to be operated. 31: The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the inner space of said confinement is substantially U-shaped at least in one cross-sectional plane and said anode electrode is mounted spaced from and along the bottom of said U-shaped inner space considered in said cross-sectional plane and said anode electrode has in said plane an extent wAN, the legs of said U-shaped inner space of said confinement having an extent L for which there is valid:
0.5wAN≦L≦1.5wAN 32: The apparatus of claim 24, wherein said substrate carrier is mounted within said vacuum chamber so as to position said surface area at a distance d from a plane defined by said opening and wherein there is valid:
2 cm≦d≦10 cm. 33: The apparatus of claim 24, wherein said at least one electron source cathode emits substantially exclusively electrons. 34: The apparatus of claim 33, wherein said electron source cathode is one of a hot filament cathode and of a hollow cathode. 35: The apparatus of claim 24, wherein said electron source cathode emits electrons and source material towards said reaction space and further comprising a movable shutter between said electron source cathode and said workpiece carrier, said shutter being drivingly movable from a closed position covering the emitting surface of said cathode to an open position remote from said surface of said cathode. 36: The apparatus of claim 35, wherein said electron source cathode is a sputtering or an arc evaporation target. 37: The apparatus of claim 24 being an etch cleaning apparatus and wherein said etch cleaning apparatus is operatable additionally in the following operating modes:
metal ion etch cleaning mode, wherein said electron source cathode emits electrons and source metal and is only partially covered by a shutter between the emitting surface of said cathode and said substrate carrier; a heating mode, wherein said anode electrode is disconnected from said supply source and said substrate carrier is operationally connected as an anode via said power supply source to said electron source cathode; a coating mode. 38: The apparatus of claim 24, further comprising an auxiliary anode electrode in said vacuum chamber and a controlled switching unit enabling operation of said auxiliary anode instead of said anode electrode during a first time span which is considerably shorter than time spans just before and just after said first time span. 39: The apparatus of claim 38, wherein said auxiliary anode is located considerably nearer to said electron source cathode than to said anode arrangement. 40: The apparatus of claim 38, wherein said switching arrangement has a control input which is operationally connected to at least one of the output of a timer and of the output of an arc detector unit. | 1,700 |
1,725 | 15,006,233 | 1,724 | An exemplary battery assembly includes an endplate of a battery array, and an enclosure wall secured directly to the endplate from outside an open area of a battery pack enclosure. An exemplary method of securing a battery array includes positioning a battery array within an open area of an enclosure and, from a position outside the open area, securing an endplate of a battery array directly to a wall of a battery pack enclosure. | 1. A battery assembly, comprising:
a first endplate of a first battery array; a second endplate of a second battery array; and an enclosure wall secured directly to the first and second endplates from outside an open area of a battery pack enclosure or from outside some other battery pack enclosure. 2. The battery assembly of claim 1, further comprising a mechanical fastener that secures the enclosure wall to the first endplate. 3. (canceled) 4. The battery assembly of claim 2, further comprising a bracket between the first endplate and a surface of the enclosure wall that faces the open area, the mechanical fastener extending through a first aperture in the enclosure wall, and a second aperture in the bracket to engage a bore within the first endplate. 5. The battery assembly of claim 4, wherein the bracket extends from the first endplate to the second endplate. 6. The battery assembly of claim 2, the mechanical fastener extends to the first endplate through a rib of the enclosure wall, the rib raised relative to other areas of the enclosure wall. 7. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the enclosure wall spans from a first wall of the battery pack enclosure to an opposing, second wall of the enclosure when the enclosure wall is secured to the first endplate. 8. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the enclosure wall is a tray that directly supports the first and second battery array. 9. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the first endplate is at a first end of the first battery array, and the first battery array includes a third endplate at an opposing, second end of the first battery array, the enclosure wall secured directly to both the first endplate and the third endplate. 10. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the enclosure wall is a lid, and the first endplate extends from the lid to a tray, the first endplate secured to the lid from outside the open area of the battery pack enclosure, the first endplate further secured to the tray from outside the open area of the battery pack enclosure. 11. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the first endplate is spaced from an endwall of the battery pack enclosure, the endwall extending transversely from the enclosure wall. 12. (canceled) 13. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the enclosure wall faces a first side of the first battery array, and a second side of the first battery array includes battery cell terminals, the first side opposite the second side. 14. A method of securing a battery array, comprising:
positioning a first and a second battery array within an open area of an enclosure; and from a position outside the open area of the enclosure or from outside some other enclosure, securing a first endplate of the first battery array and a second endplate of the second battery array directly to a wall of the enclosure. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the first and second battery arrays are positioned between a first sidewall and an opposing, second sidewall of the enclosure after the securing, the first and second sidewalls extending transversely from opposing sides of the wall, the first and second sidewalls spaced a distance from the first and second battery arrays. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the wall is a first wall, and further comprising securing the first and second endplates to another wall of the battery pack enclosure from a position outside the open area of the enclosure or any other enclosure prior to securing the first and second endplates to the first wall from the position outside the open area. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the securing comprises securing a mechanical fastener to a threaded bore within the first endplate. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the mechanical fastener extends to the first endplate through an aperture in the wall and an aperture in a bracket, the bracket positioned between a surface of the wall facing the open area and a surface of the first endplate. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the mechanical fastener extends to the first endplate through a rib of the wall, the rib raised relative to other areas of the wall. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the wall encloses the open area. 21. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the battery pack enclosure includes a top, a tray, and sidewalls extending therebetween, the first and second endplates of the first and second battery arrays spaced a distance from each of the sidewalls. 22. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the enclosure wall encloses the open area of the battery pack enclosure. | An exemplary battery assembly includes an endplate of a battery array, and an enclosure wall secured directly to the endplate from outside an open area of a battery pack enclosure. An exemplary method of securing a battery array includes positioning a battery array within an open area of an enclosure and, from a position outside the open area, securing an endplate of a battery array directly to a wall of a battery pack enclosure.1. A battery assembly, comprising:
a first endplate of a first battery array; a second endplate of a second battery array; and an enclosure wall secured directly to the first and second endplates from outside an open area of a battery pack enclosure or from outside some other battery pack enclosure. 2. The battery assembly of claim 1, further comprising a mechanical fastener that secures the enclosure wall to the first endplate. 3. (canceled) 4. The battery assembly of claim 2, further comprising a bracket between the first endplate and a surface of the enclosure wall that faces the open area, the mechanical fastener extending through a first aperture in the enclosure wall, and a second aperture in the bracket to engage a bore within the first endplate. 5. The battery assembly of claim 4, wherein the bracket extends from the first endplate to the second endplate. 6. The battery assembly of claim 2, the mechanical fastener extends to the first endplate through a rib of the enclosure wall, the rib raised relative to other areas of the enclosure wall. 7. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the enclosure wall spans from a first wall of the battery pack enclosure to an opposing, second wall of the enclosure when the enclosure wall is secured to the first endplate. 8. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the enclosure wall is a tray that directly supports the first and second battery array. 9. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the first endplate is at a first end of the first battery array, and the first battery array includes a third endplate at an opposing, second end of the first battery array, the enclosure wall secured directly to both the first endplate and the third endplate. 10. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the enclosure wall is a lid, and the first endplate extends from the lid to a tray, the first endplate secured to the lid from outside the open area of the battery pack enclosure, the first endplate further secured to the tray from outside the open area of the battery pack enclosure. 11. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the first endplate is spaced from an endwall of the battery pack enclosure, the endwall extending transversely from the enclosure wall. 12. (canceled) 13. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the enclosure wall faces a first side of the first battery array, and a second side of the first battery array includes battery cell terminals, the first side opposite the second side. 14. A method of securing a battery array, comprising:
positioning a first and a second battery array within an open area of an enclosure; and from a position outside the open area of the enclosure or from outside some other enclosure, securing a first endplate of the first battery array and a second endplate of the second battery array directly to a wall of the enclosure. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the first and second battery arrays are positioned between a first sidewall and an opposing, second sidewall of the enclosure after the securing, the first and second sidewalls extending transversely from opposing sides of the wall, the first and second sidewalls spaced a distance from the first and second battery arrays. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the wall is a first wall, and further comprising securing the first and second endplates to another wall of the battery pack enclosure from a position outside the open area of the enclosure or any other enclosure prior to securing the first and second endplates to the first wall from the position outside the open area. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the securing comprises securing a mechanical fastener to a threaded bore within the first endplate. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the mechanical fastener extends to the first endplate through an aperture in the wall and an aperture in a bracket, the bracket positioned between a surface of the wall facing the open area and a surface of the first endplate. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the mechanical fastener extends to the first endplate through a rib of the wall, the rib raised relative to other areas of the wall. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the wall encloses the open area. 21. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the battery pack enclosure includes a top, a tray, and sidewalls extending therebetween, the first and second endplates of the first and second battery arrays spaced a distance from each of the sidewalls. 22. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the enclosure wall encloses the open area of the battery pack enclosure. | 1,700 |
1,726 | 13,419,770 | 1,718 | The invention relates to a component manipulator for the dynamic positioning of a substrate to be treated in a thermal treatment process, wherein the component manipulator includes a main drive axle rotatable about a main rotary axis, a connection element and a substrate holder connectable to the connection element. In accordance with the invention the connection element is a ceramic connection element and a connection segment of the substrate holder is connectable to the connection element in a pull resistant and rotationally fixed manner by means of a plug and rotate connection with regard to a connection axis (V) of the plug and rotate connection and the substrate holder ( 5 ) is arranged rotatable about the connection axis (V). The invention further relates to a coating method, to a coating apparatus, as well as to the use of a component manipulator. | 1. A component manipulator for the dynamic positioning of a substrate to be treated in a thermal treatment process, wherein the component manipulator includes a main drive axle rotatable about a main rotary axis, a connection element and a substrate holder connectable to the connection element, characterized in that the connection element is a ceramic connection element and a connection segment of the substrate holder is connectable to the connection element in a pull resistant and rotationally fixed manner by means of a plug and rotate connection with regard to a connection axis (V) of the plug and rotate connection and the substrate holder is arranged rotatable about the connection axis (V). 2. A component manipulator in accordance with claim 1, wherein a base plate is provided which is rotationally fixedly connected to the main drive axle for receiving the connection element with the substrate holder. 3. A component manipulator in accordance with claim 2, wherein the base plate is rotationally fixedly connected to the main drive axle via a connection element for the supply of a cooling fluid. 4. A component manipulator in accordance with claim 1, wherein a plurality of connection elements are eccentrically provided at the base plate with regard to the main rotary axis for receiving a plurality of substrate holders. 5. A component manipulator in accordance with claim 1, wherein the connection element is in operative connection with a contact element via a drive unit for the rotation of the substrate holder. 6. A component manipulator in accordance with claim 5, wherein the main drive axle is rotatably arranged with regard to the contact element. 7. A component manipulator in accordance with claim 5, wherein the contact element is a toothed wheel arranged at a shaft jacket stationary with regard to the main drive axle and which is toothed for the drive of the connection element by means of the drive unit. 8. A component manipulator in accordance with claim 1, wherein the connection axis (V) of the plug and rotate connection is tilted at a predefinable angle of tilt (α) with regard to the main rotary axis. 9. A component manipulator in accordance with claim 3, wherein the cooling fluid is suppliable to the connection element and to the connection segment of the substrate holder via a cooling distributor arranged on the base plate and a cooling line. 10. A component manipulator in accordance with claim 1, wherein the connection element is supported in a bearing housing by a bearing element, wherein three bearing elements are preferably provided in the bearing housing which form a three point bearing and wherein the bearing element can be cooled by means of an indirect contact with the cooling fluid. 11. A component manipulator in accordance with claim 1, wherein the connection element is secured against a twist with regard to the connection element by means of a security against rotation, wherein the security against rotation is a locking pin, which is secured by means of a safety tape provided at the connection element. 12. A coating method for use of a component manipulator in accordance with claim 1. 13. A coating method in accordance with claim 12 for the manufacture of a functional structured layer on a substrate, in which a coating material is sprayed onto a surface of a substrate in the form of a coating beam in a process chamber at a predefined low process pressure by means of a plasma spray method, wherein the coating material is injected into a plasma defocusing the coating beam at a low process pressure, which is less than 200 mbar, and a plasma with sufficiently high specific enthalpy is generated, so that a substantial part of the coating material, a part of at least 5 percent by weight of the amount of the coating material, is transferred into the vapor phase and the structured layer is formed on the substrate, wherein the substrate to be coated is arranged with the substrate holder rotatable about a main rotary axis such that a first surface of the substrate and a second surface of the substrate are aligned with regard to one another so that at least a part of the coating material transferred into the vapor phase is deflected from the first surface of the substrate onto the second surface of the substrate on plasma spraying. 14. A coating apparatus for carrying out a method in accordance with claim 12 for the manufacture of a functional structured layer on a substrate, which coating apparatus includes a process chamber in which a coating material is sprayable onto the surface of a substrate in the form of a coating beam at a predefinable low process pressure by means of a plasma spray method, wherein the coating material is injectable into a plasma defocusing the coating beam at a low process pressure, which is less than 200 mbar, and is partially or completely meltable there, and wherein a plasma source (Q) and/or a spray pistol including a plasma source (Q) is/are provided by means of which a plasma with a sufficiently high enthalpy is generatable, so that a substantial part of the coating material, a part of at least 5 percent by weight of the amount of the coating material, is transferable into the vapor phase and the structured layer is formable on the substrate. 15. A use of a component manipulator (1) in accordance with claim 1, wherein the substrate is in particular a turbine vane for an airplane turbine, for a gas turbine, for a vapor turbine or for a water turbine. 16. A component manipulator in accordance with claim 1, wherein the connection element is secured against a twist with regard to the connection element by means of a security against rotation, wherein the security against rotation is a metallic or a ceramic locking pin, which is secured by means of a safety tape provided at the connection element. | The invention relates to a component manipulator for the dynamic positioning of a substrate to be treated in a thermal treatment process, wherein the component manipulator includes a main drive axle rotatable about a main rotary axis, a connection element and a substrate holder connectable to the connection element. In accordance with the invention the connection element is a ceramic connection element and a connection segment of the substrate holder is connectable to the connection element in a pull resistant and rotationally fixed manner by means of a plug and rotate connection with regard to a connection axis (V) of the plug and rotate connection and the substrate holder ( 5 ) is arranged rotatable about the connection axis (V). The invention further relates to a coating method, to a coating apparatus, as well as to the use of a component manipulator.1. A component manipulator for the dynamic positioning of a substrate to be treated in a thermal treatment process, wherein the component manipulator includes a main drive axle rotatable about a main rotary axis, a connection element and a substrate holder connectable to the connection element, characterized in that the connection element is a ceramic connection element and a connection segment of the substrate holder is connectable to the connection element in a pull resistant and rotationally fixed manner by means of a plug and rotate connection with regard to a connection axis (V) of the plug and rotate connection and the substrate holder is arranged rotatable about the connection axis (V). 2. A component manipulator in accordance with claim 1, wherein a base plate is provided which is rotationally fixedly connected to the main drive axle for receiving the connection element with the substrate holder. 3. A component manipulator in accordance with claim 2, wherein the base plate is rotationally fixedly connected to the main drive axle via a connection element for the supply of a cooling fluid. 4. A component manipulator in accordance with claim 1, wherein a plurality of connection elements are eccentrically provided at the base plate with regard to the main rotary axis for receiving a plurality of substrate holders. 5. A component manipulator in accordance with claim 1, wherein the connection element is in operative connection with a contact element via a drive unit for the rotation of the substrate holder. 6. A component manipulator in accordance with claim 5, wherein the main drive axle is rotatably arranged with regard to the contact element. 7. A component manipulator in accordance with claim 5, wherein the contact element is a toothed wheel arranged at a shaft jacket stationary with regard to the main drive axle and which is toothed for the drive of the connection element by means of the drive unit. 8. A component manipulator in accordance with claim 1, wherein the connection axis (V) of the plug and rotate connection is tilted at a predefinable angle of tilt (α) with regard to the main rotary axis. 9. A component manipulator in accordance with claim 3, wherein the cooling fluid is suppliable to the connection element and to the connection segment of the substrate holder via a cooling distributor arranged on the base plate and a cooling line. 10. A component manipulator in accordance with claim 1, wherein the connection element is supported in a bearing housing by a bearing element, wherein three bearing elements are preferably provided in the bearing housing which form a three point bearing and wherein the bearing element can be cooled by means of an indirect contact with the cooling fluid. 11. A component manipulator in accordance with claim 1, wherein the connection element is secured against a twist with regard to the connection element by means of a security against rotation, wherein the security against rotation is a locking pin, which is secured by means of a safety tape provided at the connection element. 12. A coating method for use of a component manipulator in accordance with claim 1. 13. A coating method in accordance with claim 12 for the manufacture of a functional structured layer on a substrate, in which a coating material is sprayed onto a surface of a substrate in the form of a coating beam in a process chamber at a predefined low process pressure by means of a plasma spray method, wherein the coating material is injected into a plasma defocusing the coating beam at a low process pressure, which is less than 200 mbar, and a plasma with sufficiently high specific enthalpy is generated, so that a substantial part of the coating material, a part of at least 5 percent by weight of the amount of the coating material, is transferred into the vapor phase and the structured layer is formed on the substrate, wherein the substrate to be coated is arranged with the substrate holder rotatable about a main rotary axis such that a first surface of the substrate and a second surface of the substrate are aligned with regard to one another so that at least a part of the coating material transferred into the vapor phase is deflected from the first surface of the substrate onto the second surface of the substrate on plasma spraying. 14. A coating apparatus for carrying out a method in accordance with claim 12 for the manufacture of a functional structured layer on a substrate, which coating apparatus includes a process chamber in which a coating material is sprayable onto the surface of a substrate in the form of a coating beam at a predefinable low process pressure by means of a plasma spray method, wherein the coating material is injectable into a plasma defocusing the coating beam at a low process pressure, which is less than 200 mbar, and is partially or completely meltable there, and wherein a plasma source (Q) and/or a spray pistol including a plasma source (Q) is/are provided by means of which a plasma with a sufficiently high enthalpy is generatable, so that a substantial part of the coating material, a part of at least 5 percent by weight of the amount of the coating material, is transferable into the vapor phase and the structured layer is formable on the substrate. 15. A use of a component manipulator (1) in accordance with claim 1, wherein the substrate is in particular a turbine vane for an airplane turbine, for a gas turbine, for a vapor turbine or for a water turbine. 16. A component manipulator in accordance with claim 1, wherein the connection element is secured against a twist with regard to the connection element by means of a security against rotation, wherein the security against rotation is a metallic or a ceramic locking pin, which is secured by means of a safety tape provided at the connection element. | 1,700 |
1,727 | 14,619,717 | 1,723 | A fuel cell assembly includes a fuel cell arrangement having first and second plates sandwiching a membrane electrode assembly. The arrangement defines first and second header regions that each include supply and return headers. The first plate defines coolant channels that extend between the header regions and connect to the return header in the first region. The second plate defines coolant channels that extend between the header regions and connect to the supply header in the first region. | 1. A fuel cell assembly comprising:
a fuel cell arrangement including first and second plates sandwiching a membrane electrode assembly, the arrangement defining first and second header regions each including supply and return headers, the first plate defining coolant channels extending between the header regions and connected to the return header in the first region, and the second plate defining coolant channels extending between the header regions and connected to the supply header in the first region. 2. The fuel cell assembly of claim 1 wherein the coolant channels of the first plate are connected to the supply header in the second region, and the coolant channels of the second plate are connected to the return header in the second region. 3. The fuel cell assembly of claim 1 wherein each of the supply headers is configured to circulate coolant in a same direction and each of the return headers is configured to circulate coolant in a same direction. 4. The fuel cell assembly of claim 1 wherein the supply headers are configured to circulate coolant in a first direction and the return headers are configured to circulate coolant in a second direction opposite the first. 5. The fuel cell assembly of claim 1 wherein each of the plates defines a pair of first and second ports in each of the first and second header regions, and the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) defines a pair of first and second ports in each of the first and second header regions, wherein the first ports of the first plate, the second plate and the MEA cooperate to collectively define the return headers, and wherein the second ports of the first plate, the second plate and the MEA cooperate to collectively define the supply headers. 6. The fuel cell assembly of claim 5 wherein the first port in the first header region of the first plate includes a wall defining an opening into the coolant channels of the first plate and the second port in the first header region of the second plate includes a wall defining an opening into the coolant channels of the second plate. 7. A fuel cell assembly comprising:
a membrane electrode assembly sandwiched between first and second plates that each include opposing first and second regions that each define a first coolant header and a second coolant header, and in response to a cold-start mode, the first plate being configured to circulate coolant from the first region to the second region and the second plate being configured to circulate coolant from the second region to the first region. 8. The fuel cell assembly of claim 7 wherein, in the cold-start mode, the first coolant headers act as supply headers and the second coolant headers act as return headers. 9. The fuel cell assembly of claim 8 wherein each of the supply headers is configured to circulate coolant in a same direction and each of the return headers is configured to circulate coolant in a same direction. 10. The fuel cell assembly of claim 9 where the supply headers are configured to circulate coolant in a first direction and the return headers are configured to circulate coolant in a second direction that is opposite the first. 11. The fuel cell assembly of claim 7 further comprising at least one manifold attached to one of the first and second plates and in fluid communication with each of the headers, wherein the manifold includes valves having at least a first position in the cold-start mode and a second position in a mode other than the cold-start mode. 12. The fuel cell assembly of claim 11 wherein the first coolant header of the first header region circulates coolant in a first direction when the valves are in the first position and circulates coolant in a second direction that is opposite the first when the valves are in the second position. 13. The fuel cell assembly of claim 11 wherein the manifold further includes an inlet port connected to a high pressure line and an outlet port connected to a low pressure line. 14. The fuel cell assembly of claim 7 wherein each of the plates defines a pair of first and second ports in each of the first and second regions, and the MEA defines a pair of first and second ports in each of the first and second regions, wherein the first ports of the first region of the first plate, the second plate and the MEA cooperate to collectively define the first coolant headers, and wherein the second ports of the first region of the first plate, the second plate and the MEA cooperate to collectively define the second coolant headers. 15. A vehicle comprising:
a reservoir including coolant and a coolant temperature sensor; a fuel cell stack including first and second header regions that each define a pair of headers configured to circulate the coolant across a length of the stack; a manifold disposed on an end of the stack and connected to each of the headers and including valves for controlling a flow direction of the coolant in each of the headers; and at least one controller in electronic communication with the valves and the temperature sensor, and programmed to, in response to the coolant having a temperature below a threshold value, command actuation of the valves such that the pair of headers in the first header region circulate the coolant in opposite directions. 16. The vehicle of claim 15 wherein the at least one controller is further programmed to receive a signal from the temperature sensor indicating temperature of the coolant. 17. The vehicle of claim 15 wherein the at least one controller is further programmed to command actuation of the valves such that the pair of headers in the first header region circulate the coolant in a same direction. 18. The vehicle of claim 17 wherein the controller commands actuation of the valves such that the pair of headers in the first header region circulate the coolant in a same direction in response to the coolant having a temperature above the threshold value. | A fuel cell assembly includes a fuel cell arrangement having first and second plates sandwiching a membrane electrode assembly. The arrangement defines first and second header regions that each include supply and return headers. The first plate defines coolant channels that extend between the header regions and connect to the return header in the first region. The second plate defines coolant channels that extend between the header regions and connect to the supply header in the first region.1. A fuel cell assembly comprising:
a fuel cell arrangement including first and second plates sandwiching a membrane electrode assembly, the arrangement defining first and second header regions each including supply and return headers, the first plate defining coolant channels extending between the header regions and connected to the return header in the first region, and the second plate defining coolant channels extending between the header regions and connected to the supply header in the first region. 2. The fuel cell assembly of claim 1 wherein the coolant channels of the first plate are connected to the supply header in the second region, and the coolant channels of the second plate are connected to the return header in the second region. 3. The fuel cell assembly of claim 1 wherein each of the supply headers is configured to circulate coolant in a same direction and each of the return headers is configured to circulate coolant in a same direction. 4. The fuel cell assembly of claim 1 wherein the supply headers are configured to circulate coolant in a first direction and the return headers are configured to circulate coolant in a second direction opposite the first. 5. The fuel cell assembly of claim 1 wherein each of the plates defines a pair of first and second ports in each of the first and second header regions, and the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) defines a pair of first and second ports in each of the first and second header regions, wherein the first ports of the first plate, the second plate and the MEA cooperate to collectively define the return headers, and wherein the second ports of the first plate, the second plate and the MEA cooperate to collectively define the supply headers. 6. The fuel cell assembly of claim 5 wherein the first port in the first header region of the first plate includes a wall defining an opening into the coolant channels of the first plate and the second port in the first header region of the second plate includes a wall defining an opening into the coolant channels of the second plate. 7. A fuel cell assembly comprising:
a membrane electrode assembly sandwiched between first and second plates that each include opposing first and second regions that each define a first coolant header and a second coolant header, and in response to a cold-start mode, the first plate being configured to circulate coolant from the first region to the second region and the second plate being configured to circulate coolant from the second region to the first region. 8. The fuel cell assembly of claim 7 wherein, in the cold-start mode, the first coolant headers act as supply headers and the second coolant headers act as return headers. 9. The fuel cell assembly of claim 8 wherein each of the supply headers is configured to circulate coolant in a same direction and each of the return headers is configured to circulate coolant in a same direction. 10. The fuel cell assembly of claim 9 where the supply headers are configured to circulate coolant in a first direction and the return headers are configured to circulate coolant in a second direction that is opposite the first. 11. The fuel cell assembly of claim 7 further comprising at least one manifold attached to one of the first and second plates and in fluid communication with each of the headers, wherein the manifold includes valves having at least a first position in the cold-start mode and a second position in a mode other than the cold-start mode. 12. The fuel cell assembly of claim 11 wherein the first coolant header of the first header region circulates coolant in a first direction when the valves are in the first position and circulates coolant in a second direction that is opposite the first when the valves are in the second position. 13. The fuel cell assembly of claim 11 wherein the manifold further includes an inlet port connected to a high pressure line and an outlet port connected to a low pressure line. 14. The fuel cell assembly of claim 7 wherein each of the plates defines a pair of first and second ports in each of the first and second regions, and the MEA defines a pair of first and second ports in each of the first and second regions, wherein the first ports of the first region of the first plate, the second plate and the MEA cooperate to collectively define the first coolant headers, and wherein the second ports of the first region of the first plate, the second plate and the MEA cooperate to collectively define the second coolant headers. 15. A vehicle comprising:
a reservoir including coolant and a coolant temperature sensor; a fuel cell stack including first and second header regions that each define a pair of headers configured to circulate the coolant across a length of the stack; a manifold disposed on an end of the stack and connected to each of the headers and including valves for controlling a flow direction of the coolant in each of the headers; and at least one controller in electronic communication with the valves and the temperature sensor, and programmed to, in response to the coolant having a temperature below a threshold value, command actuation of the valves such that the pair of headers in the first header region circulate the coolant in opposite directions. 16. The vehicle of claim 15 wherein the at least one controller is further programmed to receive a signal from the temperature sensor indicating temperature of the coolant. 17. The vehicle of claim 15 wherein the at least one controller is further programmed to command actuation of the valves such that the pair of headers in the first header region circulate the coolant in a same direction. 18. The vehicle of claim 17 wherein the controller commands actuation of the valves such that the pair of headers in the first header region circulate the coolant in a same direction in response to the coolant having a temperature above the threshold value. | 1,700 |
1,728 | 13,390,948 | 1,714 | A dishwasher includes a reservoir for storing washing fluid, and a control device configured for calling up at least one dishwashing program for controlling a washing cycle for washing items to be washed in a washing chamber and at least one preheating program for controlling a preheating cycle for preheating washing fluid for a washing cycle separately from each other. The preheating cycle includes a heating phase during which washing fluid is circulated and the circulated washing fluid is heated. The preheating cycle has downstream of the heating phase a pumping phase during which previously circulated and heated washing fluid is pumped into the reservoir. | 1-16. (canceled) 17. A dishwasher, comprising:
a reservoir for storing washing fluid; and a control device configured for calling up at least one dishwashing program for controlling a washing cycle for washing items to be washed in a washing chamber and at least one preheating program for controlling a preheating cycle for preheating washing fluid for a washing cycle separately from each other, with the preheating cycle comprising a heating phase during which washing fluid is circulated and the circulated washing fluid is heated, said preheating cycle including downstream of the heating phase a pumping phase during which previously circulated and heated washing fluid is pumped into the reservoir. 18. The dishwasher of claim 17, constructed in the form of a domestic dishwasher. 19. The dishwasher of claim 17, further comprising a heating device embodied as a continuous-flow heater for heating washing fluid during the heating phase of the preheating cycle. 20. The dishwasher of claim 17, further comprising a circulating pump for circulating washing fluid during the heating phase of the preheating cycle, said circulating pump having an input side connected to a collecting pot of the washing chamber. 21. The dishwasher of claim 20, further comprising at least one spraying device located in the washing chamber for feeding back washing fluid into the collecting pot of the washing chamber during the heating phase of the preheating cycle, said at least one spraying device being connectable to an output side of the circulating pump and provided for spraying items to be washed with washing fluid during a washing cycle. 22. The dishwasher of claim 20, further comprising a spraying device having a spraying element located in a lower region of the washing chamber for substantially feeding back washing fluid into the collecting pot of the washing chamber during the heating phase of the preheating cycle. 23. The dishwasher of claim 21, wherein the spraying device has a plurality of spraying elements which are individually connectable to the circulating pump via a water divider, said water divider being controlled such that washing fluid is fed back into the collecting pot of the washing chamber during the heating phase of the preheating cycle substantially via one of the spraying elements, said one spraying element being located in a lower region of the washing chamber. 24. The dishwasher of claim 20, wherein the circulating pump operates at a speed which is controlled to be slower during the heating phase of the preheating cycle than a nominal speed of the circulating pump. 25. The dishwasher of claim 20, further comprising a spraying device having a spraying element located underneath a crockery basket, wherein the circulating pump operates at a speed which is controlled such that washing fluid exiting the spraying element during the heating phase of the preheating cycle is substantially prevented from reaching the crockery basket or the items in the crockery basket. 26. The dishwasher of claim 20, wherein the circulating pump includes a brushless electric motor. 27. The dishwasher of claim 26, wherein the brushless electric motor is a brushless direct-current motor. 28. The dishwasher of claim 20, wherein the circulating pump is in fluid communication with the reservoir for pumping washing fluid into the reservoir via a water divider or via a valve during the pumping phase of the preheating cycle. 29. The dishwasher of claim 17, further comprising an operator interface constructed to output a message signaling an end of the preheating cycle to a user after the pumping phase of the preheating cycle is terminated. 30. The dishwasher of claim 29, wherein the operator interface includes an acoustic and/or visual output. 31. The dishwasher of claim 20, wherein the circulating pump operates at a speed which is increased during the pumping phase of the preheating cycle compared with the heating phase. 32. The dishwasher of claim 28, further comprising an insulation to counteract an outward transfer of heat from inside the reservoir. 33. The dishwasher of claim 18, wherein the reservoir has a controllable outlet through which washing fluid in the reservoir is able to enter the washing chamber by the force of its weight. 34. A method for operating a dishwasher, comprising:
running a washing cycle for washing items to be washed in a washing chamber; running a preheating cycle for preheating washing fluid for the washing cycle, circulating and heating washing fluid in a heating phase of the preheating cycle; and pumping previously circulated and heated washing fluid into a reservoir for storing washing fluid in a pumping phase of the preheating cycle downstream of the heating phase. | A dishwasher includes a reservoir for storing washing fluid, and a control device configured for calling up at least one dishwashing program for controlling a washing cycle for washing items to be washed in a washing chamber and at least one preheating program for controlling a preheating cycle for preheating washing fluid for a washing cycle separately from each other. The preheating cycle includes a heating phase during which washing fluid is circulated and the circulated washing fluid is heated. The preheating cycle has downstream of the heating phase a pumping phase during which previously circulated and heated washing fluid is pumped into the reservoir.1-16. (canceled) 17. A dishwasher, comprising:
a reservoir for storing washing fluid; and a control device configured for calling up at least one dishwashing program for controlling a washing cycle for washing items to be washed in a washing chamber and at least one preheating program for controlling a preheating cycle for preheating washing fluid for a washing cycle separately from each other, with the preheating cycle comprising a heating phase during which washing fluid is circulated and the circulated washing fluid is heated, said preheating cycle including downstream of the heating phase a pumping phase during which previously circulated and heated washing fluid is pumped into the reservoir. 18. The dishwasher of claim 17, constructed in the form of a domestic dishwasher. 19. The dishwasher of claim 17, further comprising a heating device embodied as a continuous-flow heater for heating washing fluid during the heating phase of the preheating cycle. 20. The dishwasher of claim 17, further comprising a circulating pump for circulating washing fluid during the heating phase of the preheating cycle, said circulating pump having an input side connected to a collecting pot of the washing chamber. 21. The dishwasher of claim 20, further comprising at least one spraying device located in the washing chamber for feeding back washing fluid into the collecting pot of the washing chamber during the heating phase of the preheating cycle, said at least one spraying device being connectable to an output side of the circulating pump and provided for spraying items to be washed with washing fluid during a washing cycle. 22. The dishwasher of claim 20, further comprising a spraying device having a spraying element located in a lower region of the washing chamber for substantially feeding back washing fluid into the collecting pot of the washing chamber during the heating phase of the preheating cycle. 23. The dishwasher of claim 21, wherein the spraying device has a plurality of spraying elements which are individually connectable to the circulating pump via a water divider, said water divider being controlled such that washing fluid is fed back into the collecting pot of the washing chamber during the heating phase of the preheating cycle substantially via one of the spraying elements, said one spraying element being located in a lower region of the washing chamber. 24. The dishwasher of claim 20, wherein the circulating pump operates at a speed which is controlled to be slower during the heating phase of the preheating cycle than a nominal speed of the circulating pump. 25. The dishwasher of claim 20, further comprising a spraying device having a spraying element located underneath a crockery basket, wherein the circulating pump operates at a speed which is controlled such that washing fluid exiting the spraying element during the heating phase of the preheating cycle is substantially prevented from reaching the crockery basket or the items in the crockery basket. 26. The dishwasher of claim 20, wherein the circulating pump includes a brushless electric motor. 27. The dishwasher of claim 26, wherein the brushless electric motor is a brushless direct-current motor. 28. The dishwasher of claim 20, wherein the circulating pump is in fluid communication with the reservoir for pumping washing fluid into the reservoir via a water divider or via a valve during the pumping phase of the preheating cycle. 29. The dishwasher of claim 17, further comprising an operator interface constructed to output a message signaling an end of the preheating cycle to a user after the pumping phase of the preheating cycle is terminated. 30. The dishwasher of claim 29, wherein the operator interface includes an acoustic and/or visual output. 31. The dishwasher of claim 20, wherein the circulating pump operates at a speed which is increased during the pumping phase of the preheating cycle compared with the heating phase. 32. The dishwasher of claim 28, further comprising an insulation to counteract an outward transfer of heat from inside the reservoir. 33. The dishwasher of claim 18, wherein the reservoir has a controllable outlet through which washing fluid in the reservoir is able to enter the washing chamber by the force of its weight. 34. A method for operating a dishwasher, comprising:
running a washing cycle for washing items to be washed in a washing chamber; running a preheating cycle for preheating washing fluid for the washing cycle, circulating and heating washing fluid in a heating phase of the preheating cycle; and pumping previously circulated and heated washing fluid into a reservoir for storing washing fluid in a pumping phase of the preheating cycle downstream of the heating phase. | 1,700 |
1,729 | 12,682,832 | 1,787 | Disclosed is a process for producing a polyamide resin film, wherein in a simultaneous biaxial tenter stretching method for simultaneously biaxially, longitudinally and transversely, stretching an unstretched film by gripping the widthwise edges of the unstretched film with clips, from the start of the transverse stretching until the maximum stretching magnification factor of the transverse stretching is reached, the longitudinal stretching magnification factor represented by the linear distance between the adjacent clips is prevented from being decreased by 5% or more of the maximum stretching magnification factor of the longitudinal stretching. | 1. A process for producing a polyamide resin film, wherein in a simultaneous biaxial tenter stretching method for simultaneously biaxially, longitudinally and transversely, stretching an unstretched film by gripping widthwise edges of the unstretched film with clips, from a start of a transverse stretching until a maximum stretching magnification factor of the transverse stretching is reached, a longitudinal stretching magnification factor represented by a linear distance between adjacent clips is prevented from being decreased by 5% or more of a maximum stretching magnification factor of a longitudinal stretching. 2. The process for producing a polyamide resin film according to claim 1, wherein from the start of the transverse stretching until the maximum stretching magnification factor of the transverse stretching is reached, the longitudinal stretching magnification factor represented by the linear distance between the adjacent clips is prevented from being decreased by more than 3% of the maximum stretching magnification factor of the longitudinal stretching. 3. The process for producing a polyamide resin film according to claim 1, wherein at any given point in time during stretching, the magnification factor of the longitudinal stretching at the given point in time relative to the maximum stretching magnification factor of the longitudinal stretching is made higher than the magnification factor of the transverse stretching at the given point in time relative to the maximum stretching magnification factor of the transverse stretching. 4. The process for producing a polyamide resin film according claim 1, wherein the longitudinal stretching magnification factor of the simultaneous biaxial stretching is 2.5 or more and 4.5 or less and a ratio between the longitudinal stretching magnification factor and the transverse stretching magnification factor is 1:0.5 to 1.5. 5. The process for producing a polyamide resin film according claim 1, wherein a simultaneous biaxial tenter stretching machine is driven by a linear motor system. 6. The process for producing a polyamide resin film according claim 1, wherein a laminated portion is formed by a coating method on at least one side of an unstretched film obtained by pressing against a cast roll a polyamide resin sheet melt-extruded from a die, and a laminate thus obtained is stretched simultaneously biaxially, longitudinally and transversely, by gripping with the clips the both widthwise edges of the laminate thus obtained. 7. A polyamide resin film, wherein a thickness unevenness augmentation factor of the film is 3.5 or less and a variation rate of a refractive index in a thickness direction of the film over a whole surface of the film is 0.5% or less. 8. The polyamide resin film according to claim 7, wherein the thickness unevenness augmentation factor of the film is 2.5 or less and the variation rate of the refractive index in the thickness direction of the film over the whole surface of the film is 0.25% or less. 9. The polyamide resin film according to claim 7, wherein a variation rate of an adhesion strength of the film surface layer over the whole surface of the film is 10% or less. 10. The polyamide resin film according to claim 7, wherein the thickness unevenness augmentation factor of the film is 2.5 or less, the variation rate of the refractive index in the thickness direction of the film over the whole surface of the film is 0.25% or less and the coefficient of variation of the adhesion strength of the film surface layer over the whole surface of the film is 8.0% or less. 11. The polyamide resin film according to claim 9, wherein the film has a structure in which a laminated portion is laminated on a polyamide resin film as a substrate member, and the laminated portion is formed of a product of any one or more of a polyvinylidene chloride copolymer resin, a polyester resin, a polyurethane resin, a polyacrylic resin, a polyvinyl alcohol resin, a polycarboxylic acid resin, an olefin-polycarboxylic acid copolymer resin and an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin. 12. The polyamide resin film according to claim 7, wherein the film is a laminated film having a structure in which on at least one side of a first resin layer (X) a second resin layer (Z) is laminated, the first resin layer (X) is formed of any one of a polyamide resin (A) formed of a xylylenediamine component and an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid component having 4 to 12 carbon atoms and a saponified product of an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, and the second resin layer (Z) is formed of a polyamide resin (B). | Disclosed is a process for producing a polyamide resin film, wherein in a simultaneous biaxial tenter stretching method for simultaneously biaxially, longitudinally and transversely, stretching an unstretched film by gripping the widthwise edges of the unstretched film with clips, from the start of the transverse stretching until the maximum stretching magnification factor of the transverse stretching is reached, the longitudinal stretching magnification factor represented by the linear distance between the adjacent clips is prevented from being decreased by 5% or more of the maximum stretching magnification factor of the longitudinal stretching.1. A process for producing a polyamide resin film, wherein in a simultaneous biaxial tenter stretching method for simultaneously biaxially, longitudinally and transversely, stretching an unstretched film by gripping widthwise edges of the unstretched film with clips, from a start of a transverse stretching until a maximum stretching magnification factor of the transverse stretching is reached, a longitudinal stretching magnification factor represented by a linear distance between adjacent clips is prevented from being decreased by 5% or more of a maximum stretching magnification factor of a longitudinal stretching. 2. The process for producing a polyamide resin film according to claim 1, wherein from the start of the transverse stretching until the maximum stretching magnification factor of the transverse stretching is reached, the longitudinal stretching magnification factor represented by the linear distance between the adjacent clips is prevented from being decreased by more than 3% of the maximum stretching magnification factor of the longitudinal stretching. 3. The process for producing a polyamide resin film according to claim 1, wherein at any given point in time during stretching, the magnification factor of the longitudinal stretching at the given point in time relative to the maximum stretching magnification factor of the longitudinal stretching is made higher than the magnification factor of the transverse stretching at the given point in time relative to the maximum stretching magnification factor of the transverse stretching. 4. The process for producing a polyamide resin film according claim 1, wherein the longitudinal stretching magnification factor of the simultaneous biaxial stretching is 2.5 or more and 4.5 or less and a ratio between the longitudinal stretching magnification factor and the transverse stretching magnification factor is 1:0.5 to 1.5. 5. The process for producing a polyamide resin film according claim 1, wherein a simultaneous biaxial tenter stretching machine is driven by a linear motor system. 6. The process for producing a polyamide resin film according claim 1, wherein a laminated portion is formed by a coating method on at least one side of an unstretched film obtained by pressing against a cast roll a polyamide resin sheet melt-extruded from a die, and a laminate thus obtained is stretched simultaneously biaxially, longitudinally and transversely, by gripping with the clips the both widthwise edges of the laminate thus obtained. 7. A polyamide resin film, wherein a thickness unevenness augmentation factor of the film is 3.5 or less and a variation rate of a refractive index in a thickness direction of the film over a whole surface of the film is 0.5% or less. 8. The polyamide resin film according to claim 7, wherein the thickness unevenness augmentation factor of the film is 2.5 or less and the variation rate of the refractive index in the thickness direction of the film over the whole surface of the film is 0.25% or less. 9. The polyamide resin film according to claim 7, wherein a variation rate of an adhesion strength of the film surface layer over the whole surface of the film is 10% or less. 10. The polyamide resin film according to claim 7, wherein the thickness unevenness augmentation factor of the film is 2.5 or less, the variation rate of the refractive index in the thickness direction of the film over the whole surface of the film is 0.25% or less and the coefficient of variation of the adhesion strength of the film surface layer over the whole surface of the film is 8.0% or less. 11. The polyamide resin film according to claim 9, wherein the film has a structure in which a laminated portion is laminated on a polyamide resin film as a substrate member, and the laminated portion is formed of a product of any one or more of a polyvinylidene chloride copolymer resin, a polyester resin, a polyurethane resin, a polyacrylic resin, a polyvinyl alcohol resin, a polycarboxylic acid resin, an olefin-polycarboxylic acid copolymer resin and an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin. 12. The polyamide resin film according to claim 7, wherein the film is a laminated film having a structure in which on at least one side of a first resin layer (X) a second resin layer (Z) is laminated, the first resin layer (X) is formed of any one of a polyamide resin (A) formed of a xylylenediamine component and an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid component having 4 to 12 carbon atoms and a saponified product of an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, and the second resin layer (Z) is formed of a polyamide resin (B). | 1,700 |
1,730 | 14,352,903 | 1,712 | The subject of the invention is a process for obtaining a material comprising a substrate coated on at least one portion of at least one of its faces with a stack of thin layers comprising at least one silver layer, said process comprising a step of depositing said stack then a heat treatment step, said heat treatment being carried out by irradiating at least one portion of the surface of said stack using at least one incoherent light source for an irradiation time ranging from 0.1 millisecond to 100 seconds, so that the sheet resistance and/or the emissivity of said stack is reduced by at least 5% in relative terms, the or each silver layer remaining continuous at the end of the treatment. | 1. A process comprising:
depositing a stack of thin layers, comprising a silver layer, on at least a portion of a face of a substrate, then heat treating the stack by irradiating at least one portion of a surface of the stack with an incoherent light source for an irradiation time of from 0.1 millisecond to 100 seconds, thereby reducing a sheet resistance and/or an emissivity of the stack by at least 5% in relative terms, wherein the silver layer remains continuous at the end of the treatment. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the heat treating comprises simultaneously irradiating a portion of the surface of the stack, the smallest side of which has a length of at least 1 cm. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the heat treating comprises simultaneously irradiating the entire surface of the stack. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises glass or a polymeric organic material. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the light source comprises a flash lamp, and wherein the irradiation time is from 0.1 to 20 milliseconds. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the light source comprises a halogen incandescent lamp, and wherein the irradiation time is from 0.1 to 100 seconds. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the depositing the stack on the substrate comprises sputtering. 8. The process as of claim 1, wherein the stack of thin layers comprises, starting from the substrate:
a first coating comprising a first dielectric layer, a silver layer, and optionally an overblocker layer, and a second coating comprising a second layer. 9. A material obtained by a process comprising the process of claim 1. 10. A glazing unit or OLED device comprising the material of claim 9. 11. The process of claim 2, wherein the heat treating comprises simultaneously irradiating a portion of the surface of the stack, the smallest side of which has a length of at least 5 cm. 12. The process of claim 5, wherein the irradiation time is from 0.5 to 5 milliseconds. 13. The process of claim 6, wherein the irradiation time is from 1 to 30 seconds. | The subject of the invention is a process for obtaining a material comprising a substrate coated on at least one portion of at least one of its faces with a stack of thin layers comprising at least one silver layer, said process comprising a step of depositing said stack then a heat treatment step, said heat treatment being carried out by irradiating at least one portion of the surface of said stack using at least one incoherent light source for an irradiation time ranging from 0.1 millisecond to 100 seconds, so that the sheet resistance and/or the emissivity of said stack is reduced by at least 5% in relative terms, the or each silver layer remaining continuous at the end of the treatment.1. A process comprising:
depositing a stack of thin layers, comprising a silver layer, on at least a portion of a face of a substrate, then heat treating the stack by irradiating at least one portion of a surface of the stack with an incoherent light source for an irradiation time of from 0.1 millisecond to 100 seconds, thereby reducing a sheet resistance and/or an emissivity of the stack by at least 5% in relative terms, wherein the silver layer remains continuous at the end of the treatment. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the heat treating comprises simultaneously irradiating a portion of the surface of the stack, the smallest side of which has a length of at least 1 cm. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the heat treating comprises simultaneously irradiating the entire surface of the stack. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises glass or a polymeric organic material. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the light source comprises a flash lamp, and wherein the irradiation time is from 0.1 to 20 milliseconds. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the light source comprises a halogen incandescent lamp, and wherein the irradiation time is from 0.1 to 100 seconds. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the depositing the stack on the substrate comprises sputtering. 8. The process as of claim 1, wherein the stack of thin layers comprises, starting from the substrate:
a first coating comprising a first dielectric layer, a silver layer, and optionally an overblocker layer, and a second coating comprising a second layer. 9. A material obtained by a process comprising the process of claim 1. 10. A glazing unit or OLED device comprising the material of claim 9. 11. The process of claim 2, wherein the heat treating comprises simultaneously irradiating a portion of the surface of the stack, the smallest side of which has a length of at least 5 cm. 12. The process of claim 5, wherein the irradiation time is from 0.5 to 5 milliseconds. 13. The process of claim 6, wherein the irradiation time is from 1 to 30 seconds. | 1,700 |
1,731 | 13,414,184 | 1,791 | A method for preparing a low viscosity whole grain flour slurry including hydrating whole grain flour in water heated at a temperature of 87 to 99° C., cooling the mixture, adding an enzyme to reduce the viscosity, and acidifying the flour-water mixture to reduce the pH to obtain a reduced viscosity whole grain flour slurry. | 1. A method for preparing a low viscosity whole grain flour slurry comprising:
a) dispersing whole grain flour in water at a ratio of 1:1 to 1:50 at a temperature of 87 to 99° C. to obtain a flour-water mixture; b) reducing the temperature of the flour-water mixture to 49-71° C.; c) adding an enzyme to reduce the viscosity of the flour-water mixture to 40 to 60 cp at about 54° C.; and d) acidifying the flour-water mixture to reduce the pH of the flour-water mixture to less than 5 and to obtain a low viscosity whole grain flour slurry. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the pH of the flour-water mixture is reduced to 2 to 4.5. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the pH of the flour-water mixture is reduced to 2.5 to 4. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the flour-water mixture is dispersed using a high shear mixer. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the flour-water mixture is acidified using at least one food-grade acidulant, at least one fruit juice, or mixtures thereof. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the flour-water mixture is acidified using at least one food-grade acidulant selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and mixtures thereof. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step
e) adding at least one food-grade ingredient to the low viscosity whole grain flour slurry, the at least one food-grade ingredient selected from the group consisting of sweeteners, stabilizers, preservatives, sugars, proteins, colors, flavors and mixtures thereof. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the whole grain flour is fully dispersed in water at a ratio of 1:8 to 1:20. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the whole grain flour is fully dispersed in water at a ratio of 1:12. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the whole grain flour is a mixture of whole grain flours. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the mixture of whole grain flours is selected from the group consisting of oat, wheat, barley, corn and quinoa. 12. A method for preparing a beverage containing comprising adding to the beverage a low viscosity whole grain flour slurry prepared by:
a) dispersing whole grain flour in water at a ratio of 1:1 to 1:50 at a temperature of 187 to 99° C. to obtain a flour-water mixture; b) reducing the temperature of the flour-water mixture to 49-71° C.; c) adding an enzyme to reduce the viscosity of the flour-water mixture to 40 to 60 cp at 70° C.; and d) acidifying the flour-water mixture to reduce the pH of the flour-water mixture to less than 5 and to obtain a low viscosity whole grain flour slurry. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the pH of the flour-water mixture is reduced to 2 to 4.5. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein the pH of the flour-water mixture is reduced to 2.5 to 4. 15. The method of claim 12 wherein the flour-water mixture is agitated using a high shear mixer. 16. The method of claim 12 wherein the flour-water mixture is acidified using at least one food-grade acidulant, at least one fruit juice, or mixtures thereof. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the flour-water mixture is acidified using at least one food-grade acidulant is selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and mixtures thereof. 18. The method of claim 12 further comprising the step
e) adding at least one food-grade ingredient to the low viscosity whole grain flour slurry, at least one food-grade ingredient selected from the group consisting of sweeteners, stabilizers, preservatives, sugars, proteins, colors, flavors and mixtures thereof. 19. The method of claim 12 wherein the beverage is selected from the group consisting of fruit juices, dairy beverages, and carbonated soft drinks. 20. The method of claim 12 wherein the whole grain flour is fully dispersed in water at a ratio of 1:8 to 1:20. 21. The method of claim 12 wherein the whole grain flour is fully dispersed in water at a ratio of 1:12. 22. The method of claim 12 wherein the whole grain flour is a mixture of whole grain flours. 23. The method of claim 22 wherein the mixture of whole grain flours is selected from the group consisting of oat, wheat, barley, corn and quinoa. | A method for preparing a low viscosity whole grain flour slurry including hydrating whole grain flour in water heated at a temperature of 87 to 99° C., cooling the mixture, adding an enzyme to reduce the viscosity, and acidifying the flour-water mixture to reduce the pH to obtain a reduced viscosity whole grain flour slurry.1. A method for preparing a low viscosity whole grain flour slurry comprising:
a) dispersing whole grain flour in water at a ratio of 1:1 to 1:50 at a temperature of 87 to 99° C. to obtain a flour-water mixture; b) reducing the temperature of the flour-water mixture to 49-71° C.; c) adding an enzyme to reduce the viscosity of the flour-water mixture to 40 to 60 cp at about 54° C.; and d) acidifying the flour-water mixture to reduce the pH of the flour-water mixture to less than 5 and to obtain a low viscosity whole grain flour slurry. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the pH of the flour-water mixture is reduced to 2 to 4.5. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the pH of the flour-water mixture is reduced to 2.5 to 4. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the flour-water mixture is dispersed using a high shear mixer. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the flour-water mixture is acidified using at least one food-grade acidulant, at least one fruit juice, or mixtures thereof. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the flour-water mixture is acidified using at least one food-grade acidulant selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and mixtures thereof. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step
e) adding at least one food-grade ingredient to the low viscosity whole grain flour slurry, the at least one food-grade ingredient selected from the group consisting of sweeteners, stabilizers, preservatives, sugars, proteins, colors, flavors and mixtures thereof. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the whole grain flour is fully dispersed in water at a ratio of 1:8 to 1:20. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the whole grain flour is fully dispersed in water at a ratio of 1:12. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the whole grain flour is a mixture of whole grain flours. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the mixture of whole grain flours is selected from the group consisting of oat, wheat, barley, corn and quinoa. 12. A method for preparing a beverage containing comprising adding to the beverage a low viscosity whole grain flour slurry prepared by:
a) dispersing whole grain flour in water at a ratio of 1:1 to 1:50 at a temperature of 187 to 99° C. to obtain a flour-water mixture; b) reducing the temperature of the flour-water mixture to 49-71° C.; c) adding an enzyme to reduce the viscosity of the flour-water mixture to 40 to 60 cp at 70° C.; and d) acidifying the flour-water mixture to reduce the pH of the flour-water mixture to less than 5 and to obtain a low viscosity whole grain flour slurry. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the pH of the flour-water mixture is reduced to 2 to 4.5. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein the pH of the flour-water mixture is reduced to 2.5 to 4. 15. The method of claim 12 wherein the flour-water mixture is agitated using a high shear mixer. 16. The method of claim 12 wherein the flour-water mixture is acidified using at least one food-grade acidulant, at least one fruit juice, or mixtures thereof. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the flour-water mixture is acidified using at least one food-grade acidulant is selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and mixtures thereof. 18. The method of claim 12 further comprising the step
e) adding at least one food-grade ingredient to the low viscosity whole grain flour slurry, at least one food-grade ingredient selected from the group consisting of sweeteners, stabilizers, preservatives, sugars, proteins, colors, flavors and mixtures thereof. 19. The method of claim 12 wherein the beverage is selected from the group consisting of fruit juices, dairy beverages, and carbonated soft drinks. 20. The method of claim 12 wherein the whole grain flour is fully dispersed in water at a ratio of 1:8 to 1:20. 21. The method of claim 12 wherein the whole grain flour is fully dispersed in water at a ratio of 1:12. 22. The method of claim 12 wherein the whole grain flour is a mixture of whole grain flours. 23. The method of claim 22 wherein the mixture of whole grain flours is selected from the group consisting of oat, wheat, barley, corn and quinoa. | 1,700 |
1,732 | 14,060,268 | 1,777 | A method for preparing a crude oil solution for analysis, including adding water to a porous adsorbent to obtain a supported water substrate, having a plurality of water monolayers disposed on the porous adsorbent. The method further includes exposing the crude oil solution to the supported water substrate for a period of time; separating the supported water substrate from the crude oil solution; washing the supported water substrate with a water immiscible solvent to remove at least one hydrocarbon; displacing water from the plurality of water monolayers and the at least one interfacially active compound from the porous adsorbent with an alcohol and a co-solvent to obtain a displaced phase. The displaced phase can include the water, the at least one interfacially active compound, the alcohol, and the co-solvent. Finally, the method can include drying the displaced phase to isolate the at least one interfacially active compound. | 1. A method for preparing a crude oil solution for analysis, the method comprising:
adding water to a porous adsorbent to obtain a supported water substrate, wherein the supported water substrate comprises a plurality of water monolayers disposed on the porous adsorbent; exposing the crude oil solution to the supported water substrate for a period of time; separating the supported water substrate from the crude oil solution; washing the supported water substrate with a water immiscible solvent to remove at least one hydrocarbon; displacing water from the plurality of water monolayers and the at least one interfacially active compound from the porous adsorbent with an alcohol and a polar solvent to obtain a displaced phase, wherein the displaced phase comprises the water, the at least one interfacially active compound, the alcohol, and the polar solvent; and drying the displaced phase to isolate the at least one interfacially active compound. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the porous adsorbent is silica-gel. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the porous adsorbent has a surface area of about 800 m2/g. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the period of time is greater than 2 hours. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the water immiscible solvent comprises about 50% by weight of heptane and about 50% by weight of toluene. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the supported water substrate comprises from 10 to 20 monolayers of water. 7. A column comprising silica gel and water, wherein the water is present in an amount of from 50 to 66% by weight based on the weight of the silica gel, and wherein the water is disposed on the silica gel in a plurality of monolayers. 8. The column according to claim 7, wherein from 10 to 20 monolayers are present on the silica gel. | A method for preparing a crude oil solution for analysis, including adding water to a porous adsorbent to obtain a supported water substrate, having a plurality of water monolayers disposed on the porous adsorbent. The method further includes exposing the crude oil solution to the supported water substrate for a period of time; separating the supported water substrate from the crude oil solution; washing the supported water substrate with a water immiscible solvent to remove at least one hydrocarbon; displacing water from the plurality of water monolayers and the at least one interfacially active compound from the porous adsorbent with an alcohol and a co-solvent to obtain a displaced phase. The displaced phase can include the water, the at least one interfacially active compound, the alcohol, and the co-solvent. Finally, the method can include drying the displaced phase to isolate the at least one interfacially active compound.1. A method for preparing a crude oil solution for analysis, the method comprising:
adding water to a porous adsorbent to obtain a supported water substrate, wherein the supported water substrate comprises a plurality of water monolayers disposed on the porous adsorbent; exposing the crude oil solution to the supported water substrate for a period of time; separating the supported water substrate from the crude oil solution; washing the supported water substrate with a water immiscible solvent to remove at least one hydrocarbon; displacing water from the plurality of water monolayers and the at least one interfacially active compound from the porous adsorbent with an alcohol and a polar solvent to obtain a displaced phase, wherein the displaced phase comprises the water, the at least one interfacially active compound, the alcohol, and the polar solvent; and drying the displaced phase to isolate the at least one interfacially active compound. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the porous adsorbent is silica-gel. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the porous adsorbent has a surface area of about 800 m2/g. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the period of time is greater than 2 hours. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the water immiscible solvent comprises about 50% by weight of heptane and about 50% by weight of toluene. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the supported water substrate comprises from 10 to 20 monolayers of water. 7. A column comprising silica gel and water, wherein the water is present in an amount of from 50 to 66% by weight based on the weight of the silica gel, and wherein the water is disposed on the silica gel in a plurality of monolayers. 8. The column according to claim 7, wherein from 10 to 20 monolayers are present on the silica gel. | 1,700 |
1,733 | 15,436,116 | 1,765 | A lost circulation material (LCM) having date fruit caps is provided. The date fruit cap LCM includes date fruit caps from a date tree. The date fruit caps have multiple flakes (for example, three flakes) attached at one end to an end cap and free at the other end. The date fruit caps may be obtained from the waste product of date tree and date fruit processing. The date fruit cap LCM may be added to a drilling fluid (for example, a drilling mud) to mitigate or prevent such lost circulation in a well. Methods of lost circulation control with the date fruit cap LCM are also provided. | 1. A method to control lost circulation in a lost circulation zone in a wellbore, comprising:
introducing an altered drilling fluid into the wellbore such that the altered drilling fluid contacts the lost circulation zone and reduces a rate of lost circulation into the lost circulation zone, wherein the altered drilling fluid comprises a drilling fluid and a lost circulation material (LCM), wherein the LCM comprises a plurality of date fruit caps. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the altered drilling fluid consists of the drilling fluid and the LCM. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the LCM consists of the plurality of date fruit caps. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the date fruit caps comprise a concentration of at least 10 pounds-per-barrel in the altered drilling fluid. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the date fruit caps comprise untreated date fruit caps. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the reduced rate of lost circulation of a mud portion of the altered drilling fluid is at least 80% less by volume than before introduction of the altered drilling fluid. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the reduced rate of lost circulation of a fluid portion of the altered drilling fluid is at least 80% less by volume than before introduction of the altered drilling fluid. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps has a diameter in the range of 7 millimeters (mm) to 8 mm. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps comprises three flakes. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps has a surface area in the range of 38 mm2 to 50 mm2 when the flakes are spread. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the LCM has a plugging efficiency greater than a flaked calcium carbonate LCM. 12. An altered drilling fluid, comprising:
a drilling fluid; and a lost circulation material (LCM), wherein the LCM comprises a plurality of date fruit caps. 13. The altered drilling fluid of claim 12, wherein the LCM consists of the plurality of date fruit caps. 14. The altered drilling fluid of claim 12, wherein the date fruit caps comprise a concentration of at least 10 pounds-per-barrel. 15. The altered drilling fluid of claim 12, wherein the plurality of date fruit caps comprise a plurality of untreated date fruit caps, wherein the untreated date fruit caps are not introduced to an alkali, an acid, a bleaching or an oxidation agent before forming the LCM. 16. The altered drilling fluid of claim 12, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps has a diameter in the range of 7 millimeters (mm) to 8 mm. 17. The altered drilling fluid of claim 12, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps comprises three flakes. 18. The altered drilling fluid of claim 17, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps has a surface area in the range of 38 mm2 to 50 mm2 when the flakes are spread. 19. A method of forming an altered drilling fluid, comprising:
separating a plurality of date fruit caps from date fruits; isolating each of plurality of the date fruit caps from spikelets coupled to each date fruit cap to form a lost circulation material (LCM) comprising the plurality of date fruit caps; and adding the LCM to a drilling fluid to create an altered drilling fluid. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the drilling fluid is a water-based drilling fluid. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the LCM consists of the plurality of date fruit caps. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the plurality of date fruit caps comprise a plurality of untreated date fruit caps, wherein the plurality of untreated date fruit caps are not introduced to an alkali, an acid, a bleaching or an oxidation agent before forming the LCM. 23. The method of claim 19, wherein the date fruit caps comprise a concentration of at least 10 pounds-per-barrel in the altered drilling fluid. 24. The method of claim 19, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps has a diameter in the range of 7 millimeters (mm) to 8 mm. 25. The method of claim 19, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps comprises three flakes. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps has a surface area in the range of 38 mm2 to 50 mm2 when the flakes are spread. 27. A lost circulation material (LCM) composition, the composition comprising:
a plurality of date fruit caps produced from date fruits, wherein each of plurality of the date fruit caps are isolated from spikelets coupled to each date fruit cap and a respective date fruit to form the LCM composition. 28. The LCM composition of claim 27, wherein the date fruit caps comprise untreated date fruit caps, wherein the untreated date fruit caps are not introduced to an alkali, an acid, a bleaching or an oxidation agent before forming the LCM. 29. The LCM composition of claim 27, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps has a diameter in the range of 7 millimeters (mm) to 8 mm. 30. The LCM composition of claim 27, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps comprises three flakes. 31. The LCM composition of claim 30, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps has a surface area in the range of 38 mm2 to 50 mm2 when the flakes are spread. | A lost circulation material (LCM) having date fruit caps is provided. The date fruit cap LCM includes date fruit caps from a date tree. The date fruit caps have multiple flakes (for example, three flakes) attached at one end to an end cap and free at the other end. The date fruit caps may be obtained from the waste product of date tree and date fruit processing. The date fruit cap LCM may be added to a drilling fluid (for example, a drilling mud) to mitigate or prevent such lost circulation in a well. Methods of lost circulation control with the date fruit cap LCM are also provided.1. A method to control lost circulation in a lost circulation zone in a wellbore, comprising:
introducing an altered drilling fluid into the wellbore such that the altered drilling fluid contacts the lost circulation zone and reduces a rate of lost circulation into the lost circulation zone, wherein the altered drilling fluid comprises a drilling fluid and a lost circulation material (LCM), wherein the LCM comprises a plurality of date fruit caps. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the altered drilling fluid consists of the drilling fluid and the LCM. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the LCM consists of the plurality of date fruit caps. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the date fruit caps comprise a concentration of at least 10 pounds-per-barrel in the altered drilling fluid. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the date fruit caps comprise untreated date fruit caps. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the reduced rate of lost circulation of a mud portion of the altered drilling fluid is at least 80% less by volume than before introduction of the altered drilling fluid. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the reduced rate of lost circulation of a fluid portion of the altered drilling fluid is at least 80% less by volume than before introduction of the altered drilling fluid. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps has a diameter in the range of 7 millimeters (mm) to 8 mm. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps comprises three flakes. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps has a surface area in the range of 38 mm2 to 50 mm2 when the flakes are spread. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the LCM has a plugging efficiency greater than a flaked calcium carbonate LCM. 12. An altered drilling fluid, comprising:
a drilling fluid; and a lost circulation material (LCM), wherein the LCM comprises a plurality of date fruit caps. 13. The altered drilling fluid of claim 12, wherein the LCM consists of the plurality of date fruit caps. 14. The altered drilling fluid of claim 12, wherein the date fruit caps comprise a concentration of at least 10 pounds-per-barrel. 15. The altered drilling fluid of claim 12, wherein the plurality of date fruit caps comprise a plurality of untreated date fruit caps, wherein the untreated date fruit caps are not introduced to an alkali, an acid, a bleaching or an oxidation agent before forming the LCM. 16. The altered drilling fluid of claim 12, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps has a diameter in the range of 7 millimeters (mm) to 8 mm. 17. The altered drilling fluid of claim 12, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps comprises three flakes. 18. The altered drilling fluid of claim 17, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps has a surface area in the range of 38 mm2 to 50 mm2 when the flakes are spread. 19. A method of forming an altered drilling fluid, comprising:
separating a plurality of date fruit caps from date fruits; isolating each of plurality of the date fruit caps from spikelets coupled to each date fruit cap to form a lost circulation material (LCM) comprising the plurality of date fruit caps; and adding the LCM to a drilling fluid to create an altered drilling fluid. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the drilling fluid is a water-based drilling fluid. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the LCM consists of the plurality of date fruit caps. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the plurality of date fruit caps comprise a plurality of untreated date fruit caps, wherein the plurality of untreated date fruit caps are not introduced to an alkali, an acid, a bleaching or an oxidation agent before forming the LCM. 23. The method of claim 19, wherein the date fruit caps comprise a concentration of at least 10 pounds-per-barrel in the altered drilling fluid. 24. The method of claim 19, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps has a diameter in the range of 7 millimeters (mm) to 8 mm. 25. The method of claim 19, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps comprises three flakes. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps has a surface area in the range of 38 mm2 to 50 mm2 when the flakes are spread. 27. A lost circulation material (LCM) composition, the composition comprising:
a plurality of date fruit caps produced from date fruits, wherein each of plurality of the date fruit caps are isolated from spikelets coupled to each date fruit cap and a respective date fruit to form the LCM composition. 28. The LCM composition of claim 27, wherein the date fruit caps comprise untreated date fruit caps, wherein the untreated date fruit caps are not introduced to an alkali, an acid, a bleaching or an oxidation agent before forming the LCM. 29. The LCM composition of claim 27, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps has a diameter in the range of 7 millimeters (mm) to 8 mm. 30. The LCM composition of claim 27, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps comprises three flakes. 31. The LCM composition of claim 30, wherein each of the plurality of date fruit caps has a surface area in the range of 38 mm2 to 50 mm2 when the flakes are spread. | 1,700 |
1,734 | 14,465,803 | 1,734 | An interlayer comprised of a thermoplastic resin, at least one luminescent pigment and a carboxylic acid additive. The use of a thermoplastic resin, at least one luminescent pigment and a carboxylic acid additive reduces or minimizes the optical defects (such as high color or yellowness and increased haze) caused by discoloration of the pigment without sacrificing other characteristics of the interlayer. | 1. A polymer interlayer for glazing, comprising:
poly(vinyl butyral), a plasticizer, a luminescent pigment, and a carboxylic acid additive having a pKa of less than about 10,
wherein the polymer interlayer has a YI of less than 12, and
wherein the polymer interlayer fluoresces at a wavelength of about 400 to 700 nm. 2. The polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the carboxylic acid additive has a structural formula: R—CO2H, where R is hydrogen, an alkyl group or an aryl group. 3. The polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the luminescent pigment is a pigment having the structural formula: R—OOC—Ar(OH)x—COO—R, wherein each R is independently a substituent group having at least 1 carbon atom and may be the same or different, Ar is an aryl group, and x is from about 1 to 4. 4. The polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the luminescent pigment has a structural formula:
wherein each R is an ethyl group. 5. The polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the luminescent pigment comprises diethyl 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate (“DDTP”) having a structural formula: 6. The polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the carboxylic acid additive has a pKa of from about 3 to about 8. 7. The polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the carboxylic acid additive is 2-ethylhexanoic acid. 8. The polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the polymer interlayer has a YI that is less than a polymer interlayer having the same composition without the carboxylic acid additive having a pKa of less than about 10. 9. The polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the plasticizer comprises at least one high refractive index plasticizer having a refractive index of at least about 1.460. 10. A polymer interlayer for glazing, comprising:
poly(vinyl butyral), a plasticizer, from about 0.1 to about 1 phr of a luminescent pigment, and a carboxylic acid additive having a pKa of less than about 10,
wherein the polymer interlayer has a YI of less than 12, and
wherein the polymer interlayer fluoresces at a wavelength of about 400 to 700 nm. 11. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the carboxylic acid additive is present in an amount of at least about 5 wt. % of the luminescent pigment. 12. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the polymer interlayer has a YI that is less than a polymer interlayer having the same composition without the carboxylic acid additive having a pKa of less than about 10. 13. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the carboxylic acid additive has a structural formula: R—CO2H, where R is hydrogen, an alkyl group or an aryl group. 14. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the luminescent pigment has a structural formula:
wherein each R is an ethyl group. 15. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the luminescent pigment comprises diethyl 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate (“DDTP”) having a structural formula: 16. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the carboxylic acid additive has a pKa of from about 3 to about 8. 17. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the plasticizer comprises at least one high refractive index plasticizer having a refractive index of at least about 1.460. 18. A polymer interlayer for glazing, comprising:
poly(vinyl butyral), a plasticizer, from about 0.1 to about 1 phr of a luminescent pigment, wherein the luminescent pigment is a pigment having the structural formula: R—OOC—Ar(OH)x—COO—R, wherein each R is independently a substituent group having at least 1 carbon atom and may be the same or different, Ar is an aryl group, and x is from about 1 to 4, and a carboxylic acid additive having a pKa of less than about 10,
wherein the polymer interlayer has a YI of less than 12, and
wherein the polymer interlayer fluoresces at a wavelength of about 400 to 700 nm. 19. The polymer interlayer of claim 18, wherein the polymer interlayer is laminated between two rigid substrates to form a window or windshield. 20. The polymer interlayer of claim 18, wherein the polymer interlayer has a YI that is less than a polymer interlayer having the same composition without the carboxylic acid additive having a pKa of less than about 10. | An interlayer comprised of a thermoplastic resin, at least one luminescent pigment and a carboxylic acid additive. The use of a thermoplastic resin, at least one luminescent pigment and a carboxylic acid additive reduces or minimizes the optical defects (such as high color or yellowness and increased haze) caused by discoloration of the pigment without sacrificing other characteristics of the interlayer.1. A polymer interlayer for glazing, comprising:
poly(vinyl butyral), a plasticizer, a luminescent pigment, and a carboxylic acid additive having a pKa of less than about 10,
wherein the polymer interlayer has a YI of less than 12, and
wherein the polymer interlayer fluoresces at a wavelength of about 400 to 700 nm. 2. The polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the carboxylic acid additive has a structural formula: R—CO2H, where R is hydrogen, an alkyl group or an aryl group. 3. The polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the luminescent pigment is a pigment having the structural formula: R—OOC—Ar(OH)x—COO—R, wherein each R is independently a substituent group having at least 1 carbon atom and may be the same or different, Ar is an aryl group, and x is from about 1 to 4. 4. The polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the luminescent pigment has a structural formula:
wherein each R is an ethyl group. 5. The polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the luminescent pigment comprises diethyl 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate (“DDTP”) having a structural formula: 6. The polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the carboxylic acid additive has a pKa of from about 3 to about 8. 7. The polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the carboxylic acid additive is 2-ethylhexanoic acid. 8. The polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the polymer interlayer has a YI that is less than a polymer interlayer having the same composition without the carboxylic acid additive having a pKa of less than about 10. 9. The polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the plasticizer comprises at least one high refractive index plasticizer having a refractive index of at least about 1.460. 10. A polymer interlayer for glazing, comprising:
poly(vinyl butyral), a plasticizer, from about 0.1 to about 1 phr of a luminescent pigment, and a carboxylic acid additive having a pKa of less than about 10,
wherein the polymer interlayer has a YI of less than 12, and
wherein the polymer interlayer fluoresces at a wavelength of about 400 to 700 nm. 11. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the carboxylic acid additive is present in an amount of at least about 5 wt. % of the luminescent pigment. 12. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the polymer interlayer has a YI that is less than a polymer interlayer having the same composition without the carboxylic acid additive having a pKa of less than about 10. 13. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the carboxylic acid additive has a structural formula: R—CO2H, where R is hydrogen, an alkyl group or an aryl group. 14. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the luminescent pigment has a structural formula:
wherein each R is an ethyl group. 15. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the luminescent pigment comprises diethyl 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate (“DDTP”) having a structural formula: 16. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the carboxylic acid additive has a pKa of from about 3 to about 8. 17. The polymer interlayer of claim 9, wherein the plasticizer comprises at least one high refractive index plasticizer having a refractive index of at least about 1.460. 18. A polymer interlayer for glazing, comprising:
poly(vinyl butyral), a plasticizer, from about 0.1 to about 1 phr of a luminescent pigment, wherein the luminescent pigment is a pigment having the structural formula: R—OOC—Ar(OH)x—COO—R, wherein each R is independently a substituent group having at least 1 carbon atom and may be the same or different, Ar is an aryl group, and x is from about 1 to 4, and a carboxylic acid additive having a pKa of less than about 10,
wherein the polymer interlayer has a YI of less than 12, and
wherein the polymer interlayer fluoresces at a wavelength of about 400 to 700 nm. 19. The polymer interlayer of claim 18, wherein the polymer interlayer is laminated between two rigid substrates to form a window or windshield. 20. The polymer interlayer of claim 18, wherein the polymer interlayer has a YI that is less than a polymer interlayer having the same composition without the carboxylic acid additive having a pKa of less than about 10. | 1,700 |
1,735 | 13,754,655 | 1,777 | An arrangement for preparing samples and analyzing pesticides in samples contains an HILIC chromatography column with a first pump for a predominately low-water and/or non-polar solvent; and SPE enrichment arrangement; a second chromatography column with a second pump for a predominantly water-rich and/or polar solvent; a detector; and a valve arrangement for controlling the stream of sample and matrix, which valve arrangement is designed in such a way that the sample stream, in a first switching state of the valve arrangement, can be conducted from the HILIC chromatography column to the SPE enrichment arrangement and, in a second switching state, the sample enriched in the SPE enrichment arrangement can be conducted in the opposite direction from the SPE enrichment arrangement through the second chromatography column to the detector. | 1. A method for sample preparation and the analysis of pesticides in samples, comprising the steps of:
application of a sample resolved in a solvent which is essentially non-polar and/or has a low water content to a HILIC chromatography column with a solvent which is essentially non-polar and/or has a low water content; accumulating at least a major portion of pesticides comprised in said sample in an SPE accumulation assembly; flowing said major portion of pesticides accumulated in said SPE accumulation assembly in the opposite direction from said SPE accumulation assembly through a second chromatography column with a solvent which is essentially polar and/or has a high water content by switching a valve assembly after a selected accumulation period from a first switching position to a second switching position; and detecting sample portions separated in said second chromatography column. 2. A method according to claim 1, and wherein a portion of the sample flow flowing through the SPE accumulation assembly during a selected accumulation period is directly detected. 3. A method according to claim 1, and wherein a pump regenerates and/or cleans the HILIC chromatography column after switching said valve assembly to said second switching position. 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the HILIC chromatography column is regenerated during a portion of the analysis period in the second switching position with the pump of a mass spectrometer and a pesticide sample portion for gas chromatography is generated with the column during the remaining analysis period. 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the solvent having a low water content and/or being non-polar of the pump comprises at least 90 Vol.-% Acetonitril (ACN) in the beginning. 6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the solvent having a low water content and/or being non-polar of the pump comprises 0 to 10 Vol.-%, preferably 5 Vol.-% Water in the beginning. 7. A method according to claim 1, wherein the solvent having a high water content and/or being polar of the pump comprises at least 90 Vol.-% water. 8. A method according to claim 1, wherein the solvent having a high water content and/or being polar of the pump comprises 3 to 10 Vol.-%, preferably 5 Vol.-% Acetonitril and/or MeOH. 9. An assembly for carrying out a method according to claim 1 for sample preparation and the analysis of pesticides in samples, comprising
a HILIC chromatography column with a first pump for a solvent which is essentially non-polar and/or has a low water content;
a SPE accumulation assembly;
a second chromatography column with a second pump for a solvent which is essentially polar and/or has a high water content;
a detector; and
a valve assembly for controlling the sample and matrix flow formed in such a way that the sample flow is lead in a first switching position of the valve assembly from the HILIC chromatography column to the SPE accumulation assembly and wherein in a second switching position the sample accumulated in the SPE accumulation assembly is lead in the opposite direction from the SPE accumulation assembly through the second chromatography column to the detector. 10. An assembly according to claim 9, wherein the second chromatography column is a HPLC column or a GC column. 11. An assembly according to claim 9, wherein a portion of the sample flow which flows in the first switching position through the SPE accumulation assembly during a selected accumulation time is directly lead to the detector. 12. An assembly according to claim 9, wherein the detector is a mass spectrometer. | An arrangement for preparing samples and analyzing pesticides in samples contains an HILIC chromatography column with a first pump for a predominately low-water and/or non-polar solvent; and SPE enrichment arrangement; a second chromatography column with a second pump for a predominantly water-rich and/or polar solvent; a detector; and a valve arrangement for controlling the stream of sample and matrix, which valve arrangement is designed in such a way that the sample stream, in a first switching state of the valve arrangement, can be conducted from the HILIC chromatography column to the SPE enrichment arrangement and, in a second switching state, the sample enriched in the SPE enrichment arrangement can be conducted in the opposite direction from the SPE enrichment arrangement through the second chromatography column to the detector.1. A method for sample preparation and the analysis of pesticides in samples, comprising the steps of:
application of a sample resolved in a solvent which is essentially non-polar and/or has a low water content to a HILIC chromatography column with a solvent which is essentially non-polar and/or has a low water content; accumulating at least a major portion of pesticides comprised in said sample in an SPE accumulation assembly; flowing said major portion of pesticides accumulated in said SPE accumulation assembly in the opposite direction from said SPE accumulation assembly through a second chromatography column with a solvent which is essentially polar and/or has a high water content by switching a valve assembly after a selected accumulation period from a first switching position to a second switching position; and detecting sample portions separated in said second chromatography column. 2. A method according to claim 1, and wherein a portion of the sample flow flowing through the SPE accumulation assembly during a selected accumulation period is directly detected. 3. A method according to claim 1, and wherein a pump regenerates and/or cleans the HILIC chromatography column after switching said valve assembly to said second switching position. 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the HILIC chromatography column is regenerated during a portion of the analysis period in the second switching position with the pump of a mass spectrometer and a pesticide sample portion for gas chromatography is generated with the column during the remaining analysis period. 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the solvent having a low water content and/or being non-polar of the pump comprises at least 90 Vol.-% Acetonitril (ACN) in the beginning. 6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the solvent having a low water content and/or being non-polar of the pump comprises 0 to 10 Vol.-%, preferably 5 Vol.-% Water in the beginning. 7. A method according to claim 1, wherein the solvent having a high water content and/or being polar of the pump comprises at least 90 Vol.-% water. 8. A method according to claim 1, wherein the solvent having a high water content and/or being polar of the pump comprises 3 to 10 Vol.-%, preferably 5 Vol.-% Acetonitril and/or MeOH. 9. An assembly for carrying out a method according to claim 1 for sample preparation and the analysis of pesticides in samples, comprising
a HILIC chromatography column with a first pump for a solvent which is essentially non-polar and/or has a low water content;
a SPE accumulation assembly;
a second chromatography column with a second pump for a solvent which is essentially polar and/or has a high water content;
a detector; and
a valve assembly for controlling the sample and matrix flow formed in such a way that the sample flow is lead in a first switching position of the valve assembly from the HILIC chromatography column to the SPE accumulation assembly and wherein in a second switching position the sample accumulated in the SPE accumulation assembly is lead in the opposite direction from the SPE accumulation assembly through the second chromatography column to the detector. 10. An assembly according to claim 9, wherein the second chromatography column is a HPLC column or a GC column. 11. An assembly according to claim 9, wherein a portion of the sample flow which flows in the first switching position through the SPE accumulation assembly during a selected accumulation time is directly lead to the detector. 12. An assembly according to claim 9, wherein the detector is a mass spectrometer. | 1,700 |
1,736 | 13,762,612 | 1,786 | A compound according to Formula I and devices incorporating the same are described. The compound according to Formula I can have the structure
wherein R 2 represents mono, di, tri, tetra, penta substitutions or no substitution; wherein R 3 , R 4 and R 5 each represent mono, di, tri, tetra substitutions or no substitution; wherein R 9 represents mono, di, tri substitutions or no substitution; wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and R 2 , R 3 , R 4 R 5 and R 9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of all options for R1, hydrogen, deuterium, halide, amino, silyl, and combinations thereof; and wherein n is 1 or 2. The device can include the compound according to Formula I in an organic layer. | 1. A compound having the formula:
formula I;
wherein R2 represents mono, di, tri, tetra, penta substitutions or no substitution;
wherein R3, R4 and R5 each represent mono, di, tri, tetra substitutions or no substitution;
wherein R9 represents mono, di, tri substitutions or no substitution;
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and
wherein R2, R3, R4, R5 and R9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and
wherein n is 1 or 2. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein n is 1. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, substituted aryl, and substituted heteroaryl. 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is
wherein R1′ and R2′ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof;
wherein at least one of R1′ and R2′ is not hydrogen or deuterium; and
wherein A is 5-membered or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic ring that is optionally further substituted. 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has the formula:
wherein R8 represent mono, di, tri substitutions or no substitution; and
wherein R6, R7 and R8 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof. 6. The compound of claim 5, wherein at least one of R6 and R7 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and combinations thereof. 7. The compound of claim 5, wherein R6 and R7 are selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and combinations thereof. 8. The compound of claim 5, wherein R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8 and R9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, methyl, ethyl, propyl, 1-methylethyl, butyl, 1-methylpropyl, 2-methylpropyl, pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 2-isopropylphenyl, 2,6-diisopropylphenyl, 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl, 2-phenylphenyl, 2,6-diphenylphenyl, 2,4,6-triphenylphenyl, and combinations thereof. 9. The compound of claim 5, wherein R8 is at least monosubstituted and at least one R8 is selected from the group consisting of deuterium, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and combinations thereof. 10. The compound of claim 5, wherein (a) at least one of R5 and R8 is mono, di, tri, or tetra substituted, (b) R2 represents mono, di, tri, tetra, penta substitutions, or (c) both. 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein (a) R2 is mono, di, tri, tetra, or penta substituted, (b) R5 is mono, di, tri or tetra substituted, or (c) both. 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein R5 is mono, di, tri or tetra substituted. 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein R5 is at least monosubstituted and at least one R5 is selected from the group consisting of deuterium, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and combinations thereof. 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein R2 is mono, di, tri, tetra or penta substituted. 15. The compound of claim 1, wherein R2 is at least monosubstituted and at least one R2 is selected from the group consisting of deuterium, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and combinations thereof. 16. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: 17. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
wherein R8 represent mono, di, tri substitutions or no substitution; and
wherein R6, R7 and R8 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof. 18. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula I is selected from the group consisting of: 19. A first device comprising a first organic light emitting device, further comprising:
an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, comprising a compound having the formula:
formula I;
wherein R2 represents mono, di, tri, tetra, penta substitutions or no substitution;
wherein R3, R4 and R5 each represent mono, di, tri, tetra substitutions or no substitution;
wherein R9 represents mono, di, tri substitutions or no substitution;
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and
wherein R2, R3, R4 R5 and R9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and
wherein n is 1 or 2. 20. The first device of claim 19, wherein the first device is a consumer product. 21. The first device of claim 19, wherein the first device is an organic light-emitting device. 22. The first device of claim 19, wherein the first device comprises a lighting panel. 23. The first device of claim 19, wherein the organic layer is an emissive layer and the compound is an emissive dopant. 24. The first device of claim 19, wherein the organic layer is an emissive layer and the compound is a non-emissive dopant. 25. The first device of claim 19, wherein the organic layer further comprises a host. 26. The first device of claim 25, wherein the host comprises a triphenylene containing benzo-fused thiophene or benzo-fused furan;
wherein any substituent in the host is an unfused substituent independently selected from the group consisting of CnH2n+1, OCnH2n+1, OAr1, N(CnH2n+1)2, N(Ar1)(Ar2), CH═CH—CnH2n+1, C≡CHCnH2n+1, Ar1, Ar1—Ar2, CnH2n—Ar1, or no substitution; wherein n is from 1 to 10; and wherein Ar1 and Ar2 are independently selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, triphenylene, carbazole, and heteroaromatic analogs thereof. 27. The first device of claim 25, wherein the host comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of: carbazole, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, azacarbazole, aza-dibenzothiophene, aza-dibenzofuran, and aza-dibenzoselenophene. 28. The first device of claim 25, wherein the host is selected from the group consisting of:
and combinations thereof. 29. The first device of claim 25, wherein the host comprises a metal complex. | A compound according to Formula I and devices incorporating the same are described. The compound according to Formula I can have the structure
wherein R 2 represents mono, di, tri, tetra, penta substitutions or no substitution; wherein R 3 , R 4 and R 5 each represent mono, di, tri, tetra substitutions or no substitution; wherein R 9 represents mono, di, tri substitutions or no substitution; wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and R 2 , R 3 , R 4 R 5 and R 9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of all options for R1, hydrogen, deuterium, halide, amino, silyl, and combinations thereof; and wherein n is 1 or 2. The device can include the compound according to Formula I in an organic layer.1. A compound having the formula:
formula I;
wherein R2 represents mono, di, tri, tetra, penta substitutions or no substitution;
wherein R3, R4 and R5 each represent mono, di, tri, tetra substitutions or no substitution;
wherein R9 represents mono, di, tri substitutions or no substitution;
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and
wherein R2, R3, R4, R5 and R9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and
wherein n is 1 or 2. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein n is 1. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, substituted aryl, and substituted heteroaryl. 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is
wherein R1′ and R2′ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof;
wherein at least one of R1′ and R2′ is not hydrogen or deuterium; and
wherein A is 5-membered or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic ring that is optionally further substituted. 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has the formula:
wherein R8 represent mono, di, tri substitutions or no substitution; and
wherein R6, R7 and R8 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof. 6. The compound of claim 5, wherein at least one of R6 and R7 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and combinations thereof. 7. The compound of claim 5, wherein R6 and R7 are selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and combinations thereof. 8. The compound of claim 5, wherein R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8 and R9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, methyl, ethyl, propyl, 1-methylethyl, butyl, 1-methylpropyl, 2-methylpropyl, pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 2-isopropylphenyl, 2,6-diisopropylphenyl, 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl, 2-phenylphenyl, 2,6-diphenylphenyl, 2,4,6-triphenylphenyl, and combinations thereof. 9. The compound of claim 5, wherein R8 is at least monosubstituted and at least one R8 is selected from the group consisting of deuterium, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and combinations thereof. 10. The compound of claim 5, wherein (a) at least one of R5 and R8 is mono, di, tri, or tetra substituted, (b) R2 represents mono, di, tri, tetra, penta substitutions, or (c) both. 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein (a) R2 is mono, di, tri, tetra, or penta substituted, (b) R5 is mono, di, tri or tetra substituted, or (c) both. 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein R5 is mono, di, tri or tetra substituted. 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein R5 is at least monosubstituted and at least one R5 is selected from the group consisting of deuterium, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and combinations thereof. 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein R2 is mono, di, tri, tetra or penta substituted. 15. The compound of claim 1, wherein R2 is at least monosubstituted and at least one R2 is selected from the group consisting of deuterium, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and combinations thereof. 16. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: 17. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
wherein R8 represent mono, di, tri substitutions or no substitution; and
wherein R6, R7 and R8 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof. 18. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula I is selected from the group consisting of: 19. A first device comprising a first organic light emitting device, further comprising:
an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, comprising a compound having the formula:
formula I;
wherein R2 represents mono, di, tri, tetra, penta substitutions or no substitution;
wherein R3, R4 and R5 each represent mono, di, tri, tetra substitutions or no substitution;
wherein R9 represents mono, di, tri substitutions or no substitution;
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and
wherein R2, R3, R4 R5 and R9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and
wherein n is 1 or 2. 20. The first device of claim 19, wherein the first device is a consumer product. 21. The first device of claim 19, wherein the first device is an organic light-emitting device. 22. The first device of claim 19, wherein the first device comprises a lighting panel. 23. The first device of claim 19, wherein the organic layer is an emissive layer and the compound is an emissive dopant. 24. The first device of claim 19, wherein the organic layer is an emissive layer and the compound is a non-emissive dopant. 25. The first device of claim 19, wherein the organic layer further comprises a host. 26. The first device of claim 25, wherein the host comprises a triphenylene containing benzo-fused thiophene or benzo-fused furan;
wherein any substituent in the host is an unfused substituent independently selected from the group consisting of CnH2n+1, OCnH2n+1, OAr1, N(CnH2n+1)2, N(Ar1)(Ar2), CH═CH—CnH2n+1, C≡CHCnH2n+1, Ar1, Ar1—Ar2, CnH2n—Ar1, or no substitution; wherein n is from 1 to 10; and wherein Ar1 and Ar2 are independently selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, triphenylene, carbazole, and heteroaromatic analogs thereof. 27. The first device of claim 25, wherein the host comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of: carbazole, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, azacarbazole, aza-dibenzothiophene, aza-dibenzofuran, and aza-dibenzoselenophene. 28. The first device of claim 25, wherein the host is selected from the group consisting of:
and combinations thereof. 29. The first device of claim 25, wherein the host comprises a metal complex. | 1,700 |
1,737 | 13,996,077 | 1,714 | Provided is an inexpensive seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of silicon carbide. A seed material 12 for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide includes a surface layer containing a polycrystalline silicon carbide with a 3C crystal polymorph. Upon X-ray diffraction of the surface layer thereof, a first-order diffraction peak corresponding to a (111) crystal plane is observed as a diffraction peak corresponding to the polycrystalline silicon carbide with a 3C crystal polymorph but no other first-order diffraction peak having a diffraction intensity of 10% or more of the diffraction intensity of the first-order diffraction peak corresponding to the (111) crystal plane is observed. | 1. A seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide, the seed material being used in a method for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide and including a surface layer containing a polycrystalline silicon carbide with a 3C crystal polymorph,
wherein upon X-ray diffraction of the surface layer, a first-order diffraction peak corresponding to a (111) crystal plane is observed as a diffraction peak corresponding to the polycrystalline silicon carbide with a 3C crystal polymorph but no other first-order diffraction peak having a diffraction intensity of 10% or more of the diffraction intensity of the first-order diffraction peak corresponding to the (111) crystal plane is observed. 2. The seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide according to claim 1, wherein
upon X-ray diffraction of the surface layer at least one first-order diffraction peak is observed, each first-order diffraction peak corresponding to one of a (111) crystal plane, a (200) crystal plane, a (220) crystal plane, and a (311) crystal plane, and the average crystallite diameter calculated from the at least one first-order diffraction peak is more than 700 A. 3. The seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide according to claim 1, wherein the proportion of (111) crystal planes having an orientation angle of 67.5° or more in the (111) crystal planes observed by X-ray diffraction of the surface layer is 80% or more. 4. The seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide according to claim 1, wherein an LO peak derived from a polycrystalline silicon carbide with a 3C crystal polymorph is observed upon Raman spectroscopic analysis of the surface layer with an excitation wavelength of 532 nm and the absolute amount of shift of the LO peak from 972 cm−1 is 4 cm−1 or more. 5. The seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide according to claim 4, wherein the amount of shift of the LO peak from 972 cm−1 is 4 cm−1 or more. 6. The seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide according to claim 4, wherein the full width at half-maximum of the LO peak is 15 cm−1 or less. 7. The seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide according to claim 1, wherein the surface layer contains a polycrystalline silicon carbide with a 3C crystal polymorph as a major ingredient. 8. The seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide according to claim 7, wherein the surface layer is substantially made of the polycrystalline silicon carbide with a 3C crystal polymorph. 9. The seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide according to claim 1, the seed material including: a support member; and a polycrystalline silicon carbide film formed on the support member and forming the surface layer. 10. The seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide according to claim 9, wherein the polycrystalline silicon carbide film has a thickness within a range of 30 μm to 800 μm. 11. The seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide according to claim 1, the seed material being formed of a polycrystalline silicon carbide material containing a polycrystalline silicon carbide with a 3C crystal polymorph. 12. A method for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide, wherein the seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide according to claim 1 and a feed material including a surface layer made of silicon carbide are heated with the surface layers of the seed material and the feed material facing each other through a silicon melt layer to epitaxially grow a monocrystalline silicon carbide on the surface layer of the seed material. | Provided is an inexpensive seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of silicon carbide. A seed material 12 for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide includes a surface layer containing a polycrystalline silicon carbide with a 3C crystal polymorph. Upon X-ray diffraction of the surface layer thereof, a first-order diffraction peak corresponding to a (111) crystal plane is observed as a diffraction peak corresponding to the polycrystalline silicon carbide with a 3C crystal polymorph but no other first-order diffraction peak having a diffraction intensity of 10% or more of the diffraction intensity of the first-order diffraction peak corresponding to the (111) crystal plane is observed.1. A seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide, the seed material being used in a method for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide and including a surface layer containing a polycrystalline silicon carbide with a 3C crystal polymorph,
wherein upon X-ray diffraction of the surface layer, a first-order diffraction peak corresponding to a (111) crystal plane is observed as a diffraction peak corresponding to the polycrystalline silicon carbide with a 3C crystal polymorph but no other first-order diffraction peak having a diffraction intensity of 10% or more of the diffraction intensity of the first-order diffraction peak corresponding to the (111) crystal plane is observed. 2. The seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide according to claim 1, wherein
upon X-ray diffraction of the surface layer at least one first-order diffraction peak is observed, each first-order diffraction peak corresponding to one of a (111) crystal plane, a (200) crystal plane, a (220) crystal plane, and a (311) crystal plane, and the average crystallite diameter calculated from the at least one first-order diffraction peak is more than 700 A. 3. The seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide according to claim 1, wherein the proportion of (111) crystal planes having an orientation angle of 67.5° or more in the (111) crystal planes observed by X-ray diffraction of the surface layer is 80% or more. 4. The seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide according to claim 1, wherein an LO peak derived from a polycrystalline silicon carbide with a 3C crystal polymorph is observed upon Raman spectroscopic analysis of the surface layer with an excitation wavelength of 532 nm and the absolute amount of shift of the LO peak from 972 cm−1 is 4 cm−1 or more. 5. The seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide according to claim 4, wherein the amount of shift of the LO peak from 972 cm−1 is 4 cm−1 or more. 6. The seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide according to claim 4, wherein the full width at half-maximum of the LO peak is 15 cm−1 or less. 7. The seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide according to claim 1, wherein the surface layer contains a polycrystalline silicon carbide with a 3C crystal polymorph as a major ingredient. 8. The seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide according to claim 7, wherein the surface layer is substantially made of the polycrystalline silicon carbide with a 3C crystal polymorph. 9. The seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide according to claim 1, the seed material including: a support member; and a polycrystalline silicon carbide film formed on the support member and forming the surface layer. 10. The seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide according to claim 9, wherein the polycrystalline silicon carbide film has a thickness within a range of 30 μm to 800 μm. 11. The seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide according to claim 1, the seed material being formed of a polycrystalline silicon carbide material containing a polycrystalline silicon carbide with a 3C crystal polymorph. 12. A method for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide, wherein the seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide according to claim 1 and a feed material including a surface layer made of silicon carbide are heated with the surface layers of the seed material and the feed material facing each other through a silicon melt layer to epitaxially grow a monocrystalline silicon carbide on the surface layer of the seed material. | 1,700 |
1,738 | 13,423,819 | 1,789 | Multicomponent fibers and fabrics made therefrom are provided. The fibers include a multilobal sheath fiber component surrounding a core fiber component, wherein the fibers can be fibrillated to provide a plurality of intertwined microdenier fiber components. Methods of providing such fabrics are also disclosed. | 1. A multicomponent fiber comprising: a contiguous core fiber component completely enwrapped by a multilobal sheath fiber component such that the sheath fiber component forms the entire outer surface of the multicomponent fiber, wherein the core fiber component and the lobes of the multilobal sheath fiber component are each microdenier sized, and wherein the multicomponent fiber is configured to fibrillate into a plurality of intertwined microdenier fiber components when mechanical energy is introduced to the multicomponent fiber. 2. The multicomponent fiber of claim 1, wherein the multilobal sheath has from 3 to about 18 lobes. 3. The multicomponent fiber of claim 1, wherein the core is solid. 4. The multicomponent fiber of claim 1, wherein the core has a cross-sectional shape selected from the group consisting of circular, rectangular, square, oval, triangular, and multilobal. 5. The multicomponent fiber of claim 1, where at least one of the core fiber component and the sheath fiber component comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of: polyesters; polyamides; copolyetherester elastomers; polyolefins; polyurethanes; polyvinylidene fluoride; polyacrylates; cellulose esters; liquid crystalline polymers; and mixtures thereof. 6. The multicomponent fiber of claim 1, wherein at least one of the core fiber component and the sheath fiber component comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of nylon 6; nylon 6/6; nylon 6,6/6; nylon 6/10, nylon 6/11; nylon 6/12; and mixtures thereof. 7. The multicomponent fiber of claim 1, wherein the core component comprises an elastomer. 8. The multicomponent fiber of claim 7, wherein the elastomer is selected from the group consisting of styrene-butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, polyisoprene, polyisoprene-polystyrene copolymer, polychloroprene, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, hydrogenated nitrile rubber, butyl rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, silicone rubber, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, polyacrylate rubber, fluorocarbon rubber, chlorinated polyethylene rubber, epichlorhydrin rubber, ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer, and urethane rubber. 9. The multicomponent fiber of claim 1, wherein the core fiber component comprises from about 10% to about 90% by volume of the multicomponent fiber. 10. The multicomponent fiber of claim 1, wherein the core fiber component comprises from about 20% to about 80% by volume of the multicomponent fiber. 11. The multicomponent fiber of claim 1, wherein the volume ratio of core fiber component to multilobal sheath fiber component is about 25:75, about 50:50, or about 75:25. 12. The multicomponent fiber of claim 1, wherein the multilobal sheath fiber component has a lower viscosity than the core fiber component. 13. The multicomponent fiber of claim 1, wherein the sheath fiber component comprises a non-elastomeric thermoplastic polymer. 14. The multicomponent fiber of claim 13, wherein the non-elastomeric thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyesters, polyamides, polyolefins, polyurethanes, polyacrylates, cellulose esters, liquid crystalline polymers, and mixtures thereof. 15. A nonwoven fabric comprising a plurality of intertwined microdenier fiber components, the intertwined microdenier fiber components being in the form of fibrillated multicomponent fibers that included a contiguous core fiber component completely enwrapped by a multilobal sheath fiber component such that the sheath fiber component forms the entire outer surface of the multicomponent fiber prior to fibrillation, wherein the core fiber component and the lobes of the multilobal sheath fiber component are each microdenier sized. 16. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, where at least one of the core fiber component and the multilobal sheath fiber component comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of: polyesters; polyamides; copolyetherester elastomers; polyolefins; polyurethanes; polyvinylidene fluoride; polyacrylates; cellulose esters; liquid crystalline polymers; and mixtures thereof. 17. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein at least one of the core fiber component and the multilobal sheath fiber component comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of nylon 6; nylon 6/6; nylon 6,6/6; nylon 6/10, nylon 6/11; nylon 6/12; and mixtures thereof. 18. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the core fiber component is an elastomer. 19. The nonwoven fabric of claim 18, wherein the elastomer is selected from the group consisting of styrene-butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, polyisoprene, polyisoprene-polystyrene copolymer, polychloroprene, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, hydrogenated nitrile rubber, butyl rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, silicone rubber, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, polyacrylate rubber, fluorocarbon rubber, chlorinated polyethylene rubber, epichlorhydrin rubber, ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer, and urethane rubber. 20. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the multilobal sheath has 3 to about 18 lobes. 21. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the fabric exhibits a moisture vapor permeability of at least about 18,000 g/sq. m/day. 22. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the fabric exhibits a tongue tear strength of at least about 5 lbs for a fabric with a basis weight of 135 gsm. 23. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the fabric exhibits a grab tensile strength in the machine direction of at least about 120 lbs for a fabric with a basis weight of 135 gsm. 24. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the fabric exhibits a grab tensile strength in the cross-machine direction of at least about 60 lbs for a fabric with a basis weight of 135 gsm. 25. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the fabric has a machine direction or cross-machine direction stretch and recovery characterized by a minimum stretch of at least about 5%. 26. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the fabric has a stretch of greater than about 30%. 27. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 100 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 30% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 10 seconds after the dead weight is removed. 28. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 150 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 30% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 10 seconds after the dead weight is removed. 29. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 100 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 80% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 1 hour after the dead weight is removed. 30. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 150 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 80% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 1 hour after the dead weight is removed. 31. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 100 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 80% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 24 hours after the dead weight is removed. 32. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 150 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 80% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 24 hours after the dead weight is removed. 33. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the fabric is prepared from multicomponent, multilobal fibers comprising a polyester sheath fiber component and wherein the fabric has a burst strength from about 20 to about 60 PSI. 34. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the fabric is prepared from multicomponent, multilobal fibers comprising a nylon-6 sheath fiber component and wherein the fabric has a burst strength from about 60 to about 120 PSI. 35. A method of producing a nonwoven fabric in the form of a web suitable for use in forming a nonwoven article, comprising:
spinning a set of multicomponent fibers comprising a contiguous core fiber component completely enwrapped by a multilobal sheath fiber component such that the sheath fiber component forms the entire outer surface of the multicomponent fiber, wherein the core fiber component and the lobes of the multilobal sheath fiber component are each microdenier sized; positioning said set of multicomponent fibers onto a web; fibrillating the multicomponent fibers positioned on the web by introduction of mechanical energy to the set of multicomponent fibers, the fibrillating step causing the lobes of the multilobal sheath fiber component to separate from and expose the core fiber component and intertwine with the core fiber component to form a web of entangled fiber components. 36. The method of claim 35, where at least one of the core fiber component and the multilobal sheath fiber component comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of: polyesters; polyamides; copolyetherester elastomers; polyolefins; polyurethanes; polyvinylidene fluoride; polyacrylates; cellulose esters; liquid crystalline polymers; and mixtures thereof. 37. The method of claim 35, wherein at least one of the core fiber component and the multilobal sheath fiber component comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of nylon 6; nylon 6/6; nylon 6,6/6; nylon 6/10, nylon 6/11; nylon 6/12; and mixtures thereof. 38. The method of claim 35, wherein the core fiber component is an elastomer. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the elastomer is selected from the group consisting of styrene-butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, polyisoprene, polyisoprene-polystyrene copolymer, polychloroprene, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, hydrogenated nitrile rubber, butyl rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, silicone rubber, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, polyacrylate rubber, fluorocarbon rubber, chlorinated polyethylene rubber, epichlorhydrin rubber, ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer, and urethane rubber. 40. The method of claim 35, wherein the multilobal sheath has 3 to about 18 lobes. 41. The method of claim 35, further comprising generating a fabric from the web of entangled fiber components. 42. The method of claim 41, where the fabric exhibits a moisture vapor permeability of at least about 18,000 g/sq. m/day. 43. The method of claim 41, wherein the fabric exhibits a tongue tear strength of at least about 5 lbs for a fabric with a basis weight of 135 gsm. 44. The method of claim 41, wherein the fabric exhibits a grab tensile strength in the machine direction of at least about 120 lbs for a fabric with a basis weight of 135 gsm. 45. The method of claim 41, wherein the fabric exhibits a grab tensile strength in the cross-machine direction of at least about 60 lbs for a fabric with a basis weight of 135 gsm. 46. The method of claim 41, wherein the fabric has a machine direction or cross-machine direction stretch and recovery characterized by a minimum stretch of at least about 5%. 47. The method of claim 41, wherein the fabric has a stretch of greater than about 30%. 48. The method of claim 41, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 100 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 30% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 10 seconds after the dead weight is removed. 49. The method of claim 41, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 150 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 30% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 10 seconds after the dead weight is removed. 50. The method of claim 41, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 100 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 80% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 1 hour after the dead weight is removed. 51. The method of claim 41, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 150 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 80% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 1 hour after the dead weight is removed. 52. The method of claim 41, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 100 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 80% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 24 hours after the dead weight is removed. 53. The method of claim 41, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 150 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 80% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 24 hours after the dead weight is removed. 54. The method of claim 41, wherein the fabric is prepared from multicomponent, multilobal fibers comprising a polyester sheath fiber component and wherein the fabric has a burst strength from about 20 to about 60 PSI. 55. The method of claim 41, wherein the fabric is prepared from multicomponent, multilobal fibers comprising a nylon-6 sheath fiber component and wherein the fabric has a burst strength from about 60 to about 120 PSI. | Multicomponent fibers and fabrics made therefrom are provided. The fibers include a multilobal sheath fiber component surrounding a core fiber component, wherein the fibers can be fibrillated to provide a plurality of intertwined microdenier fiber components. Methods of providing such fabrics are also disclosed.1. A multicomponent fiber comprising: a contiguous core fiber component completely enwrapped by a multilobal sheath fiber component such that the sheath fiber component forms the entire outer surface of the multicomponent fiber, wherein the core fiber component and the lobes of the multilobal sheath fiber component are each microdenier sized, and wherein the multicomponent fiber is configured to fibrillate into a plurality of intertwined microdenier fiber components when mechanical energy is introduced to the multicomponent fiber. 2. The multicomponent fiber of claim 1, wherein the multilobal sheath has from 3 to about 18 lobes. 3. The multicomponent fiber of claim 1, wherein the core is solid. 4. The multicomponent fiber of claim 1, wherein the core has a cross-sectional shape selected from the group consisting of circular, rectangular, square, oval, triangular, and multilobal. 5. The multicomponent fiber of claim 1, where at least one of the core fiber component and the sheath fiber component comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of: polyesters; polyamides; copolyetherester elastomers; polyolefins; polyurethanes; polyvinylidene fluoride; polyacrylates; cellulose esters; liquid crystalline polymers; and mixtures thereof. 6. The multicomponent fiber of claim 1, wherein at least one of the core fiber component and the sheath fiber component comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of nylon 6; nylon 6/6; nylon 6,6/6; nylon 6/10, nylon 6/11; nylon 6/12; and mixtures thereof. 7. The multicomponent fiber of claim 1, wherein the core component comprises an elastomer. 8. The multicomponent fiber of claim 7, wherein the elastomer is selected from the group consisting of styrene-butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, polyisoprene, polyisoprene-polystyrene copolymer, polychloroprene, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, hydrogenated nitrile rubber, butyl rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, silicone rubber, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, polyacrylate rubber, fluorocarbon rubber, chlorinated polyethylene rubber, epichlorhydrin rubber, ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer, and urethane rubber. 9. The multicomponent fiber of claim 1, wherein the core fiber component comprises from about 10% to about 90% by volume of the multicomponent fiber. 10. The multicomponent fiber of claim 1, wherein the core fiber component comprises from about 20% to about 80% by volume of the multicomponent fiber. 11. The multicomponent fiber of claim 1, wherein the volume ratio of core fiber component to multilobal sheath fiber component is about 25:75, about 50:50, or about 75:25. 12. The multicomponent fiber of claim 1, wherein the multilobal sheath fiber component has a lower viscosity than the core fiber component. 13. The multicomponent fiber of claim 1, wherein the sheath fiber component comprises a non-elastomeric thermoplastic polymer. 14. The multicomponent fiber of claim 13, wherein the non-elastomeric thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyesters, polyamides, polyolefins, polyurethanes, polyacrylates, cellulose esters, liquid crystalline polymers, and mixtures thereof. 15. A nonwoven fabric comprising a plurality of intertwined microdenier fiber components, the intertwined microdenier fiber components being in the form of fibrillated multicomponent fibers that included a contiguous core fiber component completely enwrapped by a multilobal sheath fiber component such that the sheath fiber component forms the entire outer surface of the multicomponent fiber prior to fibrillation, wherein the core fiber component and the lobes of the multilobal sheath fiber component are each microdenier sized. 16. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, where at least one of the core fiber component and the multilobal sheath fiber component comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of: polyesters; polyamides; copolyetherester elastomers; polyolefins; polyurethanes; polyvinylidene fluoride; polyacrylates; cellulose esters; liquid crystalline polymers; and mixtures thereof. 17. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein at least one of the core fiber component and the multilobal sheath fiber component comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of nylon 6; nylon 6/6; nylon 6,6/6; nylon 6/10, nylon 6/11; nylon 6/12; and mixtures thereof. 18. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the core fiber component is an elastomer. 19. The nonwoven fabric of claim 18, wherein the elastomer is selected from the group consisting of styrene-butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, polyisoprene, polyisoprene-polystyrene copolymer, polychloroprene, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, hydrogenated nitrile rubber, butyl rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, silicone rubber, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, polyacrylate rubber, fluorocarbon rubber, chlorinated polyethylene rubber, epichlorhydrin rubber, ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer, and urethane rubber. 20. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the multilobal sheath has 3 to about 18 lobes. 21. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the fabric exhibits a moisture vapor permeability of at least about 18,000 g/sq. m/day. 22. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the fabric exhibits a tongue tear strength of at least about 5 lbs for a fabric with a basis weight of 135 gsm. 23. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the fabric exhibits a grab tensile strength in the machine direction of at least about 120 lbs for a fabric with a basis weight of 135 gsm. 24. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the fabric exhibits a grab tensile strength in the cross-machine direction of at least about 60 lbs for a fabric with a basis weight of 135 gsm. 25. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the fabric has a machine direction or cross-machine direction stretch and recovery characterized by a minimum stretch of at least about 5%. 26. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the fabric has a stretch of greater than about 30%. 27. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 100 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 30% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 10 seconds after the dead weight is removed. 28. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 150 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 30% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 10 seconds after the dead weight is removed. 29. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 100 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 80% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 1 hour after the dead weight is removed. 30. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 150 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 80% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 1 hour after the dead weight is removed. 31. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 100 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 80% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 24 hours after the dead weight is removed. 32. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 150 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 80% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 24 hours after the dead weight is removed. 33. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the fabric is prepared from multicomponent, multilobal fibers comprising a polyester sheath fiber component and wherein the fabric has a burst strength from about 20 to about 60 PSI. 34. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the fabric is prepared from multicomponent, multilobal fibers comprising a nylon-6 sheath fiber component and wherein the fabric has a burst strength from about 60 to about 120 PSI. 35. A method of producing a nonwoven fabric in the form of a web suitable for use in forming a nonwoven article, comprising:
spinning a set of multicomponent fibers comprising a contiguous core fiber component completely enwrapped by a multilobal sheath fiber component such that the sheath fiber component forms the entire outer surface of the multicomponent fiber, wherein the core fiber component and the lobes of the multilobal sheath fiber component are each microdenier sized; positioning said set of multicomponent fibers onto a web; fibrillating the multicomponent fibers positioned on the web by introduction of mechanical energy to the set of multicomponent fibers, the fibrillating step causing the lobes of the multilobal sheath fiber component to separate from and expose the core fiber component and intertwine with the core fiber component to form a web of entangled fiber components. 36. The method of claim 35, where at least one of the core fiber component and the multilobal sheath fiber component comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of: polyesters; polyamides; copolyetherester elastomers; polyolefins; polyurethanes; polyvinylidene fluoride; polyacrylates; cellulose esters; liquid crystalline polymers; and mixtures thereof. 37. The method of claim 35, wherein at least one of the core fiber component and the multilobal sheath fiber component comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of nylon 6; nylon 6/6; nylon 6,6/6; nylon 6/10, nylon 6/11; nylon 6/12; and mixtures thereof. 38. The method of claim 35, wherein the core fiber component is an elastomer. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the elastomer is selected from the group consisting of styrene-butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, polyisoprene, polyisoprene-polystyrene copolymer, polychloroprene, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, hydrogenated nitrile rubber, butyl rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, silicone rubber, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, polyacrylate rubber, fluorocarbon rubber, chlorinated polyethylene rubber, epichlorhydrin rubber, ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer, and urethane rubber. 40. The method of claim 35, wherein the multilobal sheath has 3 to about 18 lobes. 41. The method of claim 35, further comprising generating a fabric from the web of entangled fiber components. 42. The method of claim 41, where the fabric exhibits a moisture vapor permeability of at least about 18,000 g/sq. m/day. 43. The method of claim 41, wherein the fabric exhibits a tongue tear strength of at least about 5 lbs for a fabric with a basis weight of 135 gsm. 44. The method of claim 41, wherein the fabric exhibits a grab tensile strength in the machine direction of at least about 120 lbs for a fabric with a basis weight of 135 gsm. 45. The method of claim 41, wherein the fabric exhibits a grab tensile strength in the cross-machine direction of at least about 60 lbs for a fabric with a basis weight of 135 gsm. 46. The method of claim 41, wherein the fabric has a machine direction or cross-machine direction stretch and recovery characterized by a minimum stretch of at least about 5%. 47. The method of claim 41, wherein the fabric has a stretch of greater than about 30%. 48. The method of claim 41, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 100 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 30% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 10 seconds after the dead weight is removed. 49. The method of claim 41, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 150 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 30% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 10 seconds after the dead weight is removed. 50. The method of claim 41, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 100 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 80% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 1 hour after the dead weight is removed. 51. The method of claim 41, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 150 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 80% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 1 hour after the dead weight is removed. 52. The method of claim 41, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 100 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 80% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 24 hours after the dead weight is removed. 53. The method of claim 41, wherein a 1″×6″ piece of the fabric with a basis weight of 150 g/m2 has a recovery of at least about 80% when the fabric length is measured before a dead weight of 3 pounds is hung from the piece of fabric and 24 hours after the dead weight is removed. 54. The method of claim 41, wherein the fabric is prepared from multicomponent, multilobal fibers comprising a polyester sheath fiber component and wherein the fabric has a burst strength from about 20 to about 60 PSI. 55. The method of claim 41, wherein the fabric is prepared from multicomponent, multilobal fibers comprising a nylon-6 sheath fiber component and wherein the fabric has a burst strength from about 60 to about 120 PSI. | 1,700 |
1,739 | 14,306,048 | 1,729 | Provided is an energy storage device provided with a negative electrode including a negative substrate having a surface, and a negative composite layer formed on the surface of the negative substrate and including a negative active material; a positive electrode including a positive substrate, and a positive composite layer formed on the positive substrate and including a positive active material; and a separator placed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. 10% cumulative diameter D10 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 1.3 μm or more, and 90% cumulative diameter D90 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 8.9 μm or less. The surface of the negative substrate has a center line roughness Ra of 0.205 μm or more and 0.781 μm or less, and has a center line roughness Ra to a ten-point mean height Rz of 0.072 or more and 0.100 or less. | 1. An energy storage device comprising:
a negative electrode including a negative substrate having a surface, and a negative composite layer formed on the surface of the negative substrate and including a negative active material; a positive electrode including a positive substrate, and a positive composite layer formed on the positive substrate and including a positive active material; and a separator placed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein 10% cumulative diameter D10 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 1.3 μm or more, and 90% cumulative diameter D90 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 8.9 μm or less, and the surface of the negative substrate has a center line roughness Ra of 0.205 μm or more and 0.781 μm or less, and has a center line roughness Ra to a ten-point mean height Rz of 0.072 or more and 0.100 or less. 2. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein the center line roughness Ra is 0.291 μm or more and 0.594 μm or less. 3. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein the center line roughness Ra is 0.323 μm or more and 0.514 μm or less. 4. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein the center line roughness Ra to the ten-point mean height Rz (Ra/Rz) is 0.081 or more and 0.089 or less. 5. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein the center line roughness Ra to the ten-point mean height Rz (Ra/Rz) is 0.083 or more and 0.086 or less. 6. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein the 10% cumulative diameter D10 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 1.3 μm or more, and the 90% cumulative diameter D90 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 4.5 μm or less. 7. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein the 10% cumulative diameter D10 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 1.6 μm or more, and the 90% cumulative diameter D90 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 3.6 μm or less. 8. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein the negative active material contains hard carbon. 9. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein the 10% cumulative diameter D10 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 8.9 μm or less. 10. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein the 10% cumulative diameter D10 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 4.3 μm or less. 11. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein the 90% cumulative diameter D90 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 1.3 μm or more. 12. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein the 90% cumulative diameter D90 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 3.6 μm or more. 13. An energy storage module comprising the energy storage device according to claim 1. | Provided is an energy storage device provided with a negative electrode including a negative substrate having a surface, and a negative composite layer formed on the surface of the negative substrate and including a negative active material; a positive electrode including a positive substrate, and a positive composite layer formed on the positive substrate and including a positive active material; and a separator placed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. 10% cumulative diameter D10 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 1.3 μm or more, and 90% cumulative diameter D90 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 8.9 μm or less. The surface of the negative substrate has a center line roughness Ra of 0.205 μm or more and 0.781 μm or less, and has a center line roughness Ra to a ten-point mean height Rz of 0.072 or more and 0.100 or less.1. An energy storage device comprising:
a negative electrode including a negative substrate having a surface, and a negative composite layer formed on the surface of the negative substrate and including a negative active material; a positive electrode including a positive substrate, and a positive composite layer formed on the positive substrate and including a positive active material; and a separator placed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein 10% cumulative diameter D10 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 1.3 μm or more, and 90% cumulative diameter D90 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 8.9 μm or less, and the surface of the negative substrate has a center line roughness Ra of 0.205 μm or more and 0.781 μm or less, and has a center line roughness Ra to a ten-point mean height Rz of 0.072 or more and 0.100 or less. 2. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein the center line roughness Ra is 0.291 μm or more and 0.594 μm or less. 3. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein the center line roughness Ra is 0.323 μm or more and 0.514 μm or less. 4. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein the center line roughness Ra to the ten-point mean height Rz (Ra/Rz) is 0.081 or more and 0.089 or less. 5. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein the center line roughness Ra to the ten-point mean height Rz (Ra/Rz) is 0.083 or more and 0.086 or less. 6. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein the 10% cumulative diameter D10 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 1.3 μm or more, and the 90% cumulative diameter D90 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 4.5 μm or less. 7. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein the 10% cumulative diameter D10 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 1.6 μm or more, and the 90% cumulative diameter D90 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 3.6 μm or less. 8. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein the negative active material contains hard carbon. 9. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein the 10% cumulative diameter D10 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 8.9 μm or less. 10. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein the 10% cumulative diameter D10 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 4.3 μm or less. 11. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein the 90% cumulative diameter D90 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 1.3 μm or more. 12. The energy storage device according to claim 1, wherein the 90% cumulative diameter D90 in the particle size distribution of the negative active material on a volume basis is 3.6 μm or more. 13. An energy storage module comprising the energy storage device according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
1,740 | 14,130,508 | 1,725 | Provided is a fuel cell, the output voltage of which is improved by making a membrane moist state uniform. An anode-side gas diffusion layer and a cathode-side gas diffusion layer are joined to a membrane electrode assembly, and a separator is joined to the anode-side gas diffusion layer. The separator has a recess portion and a protrusion portion formed to constitute a gas flow path and a refrigerant flow path, respectively. The cross-sectional area of the recess portion is made relatively small at the downstream side in comparison with that at the upstream side, and the cross-sectional area of the protrusion portion is made relatively large at the downstream side in comparison with that at the upstream side, thereby improving the moist state. | 1. A fuel cell comprising:
a membrane electrode assembly; and a separator located on one side of the membrane electrode assembly, the separator having concave and convex shapes formed on a front side and a back side of the separator, the separator having a gas flow passage formed as a concave portion on the membrane electrode assembly side and a coolant flow passage formed as a concave portion on the side opposite to membrane electrode assembly, wherein a cross-sectional area of the concave portion constituting the gas flow passage of the separator is set such that it becomes relatively smaller on a gas downstream side than on a gas upstream side, and a cross-sectional area of the concave portion constituting the coolant flow passage of the separator is set such that it becomes relatively larger on a coolant downstream side than on a coolant upstream side. 2. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein
the gas flow passage is a straight flow passage with a gas inlet and a gas outlet that are disposed on a straight line. 3. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein
the gas flow passage is a serpentine flow passage. 4. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein
the gas flow passage is a serpentine flow passage, and the coolant flow passage is a straight flow passage. 5. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein
the separator is installed on the anode side, and a porous body flow passage is formed on the cathode side. 6. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein
the separator is installed on the anode side, and a flow direction of the gas flow passage on the anode side is opposite to a flow direction of the gas flow passage on the cathode side. | Provided is a fuel cell, the output voltage of which is improved by making a membrane moist state uniform. An anode-side gas diffusion layer and a cathode-side gas diffusion layer are joined to a membrane electrode assembly, and a separator is joined to the anode-side gas diffusion layer. The separator has a recess portion and a protrusion portion formed to constitute a gas flow path and a refrigerant flow path, respectively. The cross-sectional area of the recess portion is made relatively small at the downstream side in comparison with that at the upstream side, and the cross-sectional area of the protrusion portion is made relatively large at the downstream side in comparison with that at the upstream side, thereby improving the moist state.1. A fuel cell comprising:
a membrane electrode assembly; and a separator located on one side of the membrane electrode assembly, the separator having concave and convex shapes formed on a front side and a back side of the separator, the separator having a gas flow passage formed as a concave portion on the membrane electrode assembly side and a coolant flow passage formed as a concave portion on the side opposite to membrane electrode assembly, wherein a cross-sectional area of the concave portion constituting the gas flow passage of the separator is set such that it becomes relatively smaller on a gas downstream side than on a gas upstream side, and a cross-sectional area of the concave portion constituting the coolant flow passage of the separator is set such that it becomes relatively larger on a coolant downstream side than on a coolant upstream side. 2. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein
the gas flow passage is a straight flow passage with a gas inlet and a gas outlet that are disposed on a straight line. 3. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein
the gas flow passage is a serpentine flow passage. 4. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein
the gas flow passage is a serpentine flow passage, and the coolant flow passage is a straight flow passage. 5. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein
the separator is installed on the anode side, and a porous body flow passage is formed on the cathode side. 6. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein
the separator is installed on the anode side, and a flow direction of the gas flow passage on the anode side is opposite to a flow direction of the gas flow passage on the cathode side. | 1,700 |
1,741 | 14,476,168 | 1,723 | An exemplary battery assembly includes a first terminal holder, and a terminal at least partially surrounded by the first terminal holder. The first terminal holder includes a locating feature to position the first terminal holder relative to a second terminal holder. | 1. A battery assembly, comprising:
a first terminal holder; and a terminal at least partially surrounded by the first terminal holder, wherein the first terminal holder includes a locating feature to position the first terminal holder relative to a second terminal holder. 2. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein positioning the first terminal holder relative to the second terminal holder positions the terminal in welding position. 3. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the locating feature comprises an extension. 4. The battery assembly of claim 3, wherein the second terminal holder includes an aperture to receive the extension. 5. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the locating feature comprises a extension extending from a first side of the first terminal holder, wherein the first terminal holder further includes an aperture in a second side to receive an extension of third terminal holder, the first side facing away from the second side. 6. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the locating feature positions the first terminal holder relative to the second terminal holder to position the terminal vertically and horizontally. 7. The battery assembly of claim 1, including a flange of the first terminal holder that electrically isolates the terminal from a sidewall of a battery pack. 8. The battery assembly of claim 1, including a bus bar welded to both the terminal at least partially surrounded by the first terminal holder and a terminal at least partially surrounded by the second terminal holder. 9. A battery assembly, comprising:
a first terminal holder at least partially surrounding a first terminal; a second terminal holder at least partially surrounding a second terminal; and a bus bar module attached to both the first terminal and second terminal, wherein the first terminal holder engages the second terminal holder through a locator that positions the first terminal relative to the second terminal. 10. The battery assembly of claim 9, wherein the locator comprises an extension receivable within an aperture. 11. The battery assembly of claim 10, wherein the first terminal holder includes the extension and the second terminal holder provides the aperture, the first terminal holder further including an aperture to receive an extension of a third terminal holder. 12. The battery assembly of claim 9, wherein the bus bar module is welded to the first terminal and the second terminal. 13. The battery assembly of claim 9, wherein the bus bar module is laser welded to the first terminal and the second terminal. 14. The battery assembly of claim 9, wherein the first terminal holder engages the second terminal holder through a locator to vertically and horizontally position the first terminal relative to the second terminal. 15. The battery assembly of claim 9, including a flange of the first terminal holder that electrically isolates the terminal from a side rail of a battery pack. 16. A method, comprising:
engaging a first terminal holder with a second terminal holder to locate a terminal of a battery assembly; and welding a bus bar module to the terminal after the engaging. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the engaging comprises inserting an extension of one of the first terminal holder or the second terminal holder into an aperture in the other of the first terminal holder or the second terminal holder. 18. The method of claim 16, further including compressing battery cells axially during the engaging, the first terminal holder mounted to an upwardly facing surface of a first battery cell, the second terminal holder mounted to an upwardly facing surface of a second battery cell. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the welding comprises laser welding. | An exemplary battery assembly includes a first terminal holder, and a terminal at least partially surrounded by the first terminal holder. The first terminal holder includes a locating feature to position the first terminal holder relative to a second terminal holder.1. A battery assembly, comprising:
a first terminal holder; and a terminal at least partially surrounded by the first terminal holder, wherein the first terminal holder includes a locating feature to position the first terminal holder relative to a second terminal holder. 2. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein positioning the first terminal holder relative to the second terminal holder positions the terminal in welding position. 3. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the locating feature comprises an extension. 4. The battery assembly of claim 3, wherein the second terminal holder includes an aperture to receive the extension. 5. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the locating feature comprises a extension extending from a first side of the first terminal holder, wherein the first terminal holder further includes an aperture in a second side to receive an extension of third terminal holder, the first side facing away from the second side. 6. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the locating feature positions the first terminal holder relative to the second terminal holder to position the terminal vertically and horizontally. 7. The battery assembly of claim 1, including a flange of the first terminal holder that electrically isolates the terminal from a sidewall of a battery pack. 8. The battery assembly of claim 1, including a bus bar welded to both the terminal at least partially surrounded by the first terminal holder and a terminal at least partially surrounded by the second terminal holder. 9. A battery assembly, comprising:
a first terminal holder at least partially surrounding a first terminal; a second terminal holder at least partially surrounding a second terminal; and a bus bar module attached to both the first terminal and second terminal, wherein the first terminal holder engages the second terminal holder through a locator that positions the first terminal relative to the second terminal. 10. The battery assembly of claim 9, wherein the locator comprises an extension receivable within an aperture. 11. The battery assembly of claim 10, wherein the first terminal holder includes the extension and the second terminal holder provides the aperture, the first terminal holder further including an aperture to receive an extension of a third terminal holder. 12. The battery assembly of claim 9, wherein the bus bar module is welded to the first terminal and the second terminal. 13. The battery assembly of claim 9, wherein the bus bar module is laser welded to the first terminal and the second terminal. 14. The battery assembly of claim 9, wherein the first terminal holder engages the second terminal holder through a locator to vertically and horizontally position the first terminal relative to the second terminal. 15. The battery assembly of claim 9, including a flange of the first terminal holder that electrically isolates the terminal from a side rail of a battery pack. 16. A method, comprising:
engaging a first terminal holder with a second terminal holder to locate a terminal of a battery assembly; and welding a bus bar module to the terminal after the engaging. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the engaging comprises inserting an extension of one of the first terminal holder or the second terminal holder into an aperture in the other of the first terminal holder or the second terminal holder. 18. The method of claim 16, further including compressing battery cells axially during the engaging, the first terminal holder mounted to an upwardly facing surface of a first battery cell, the second terminal holder mounted to an upwardly facing surface of a second battery cell. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the welding comprises laser welding. | 1,700 |
1,742 | 14,832,350 | 1,762 | A process including vis-breaking of polypropylene in the presence of 3,6,9-triethyl-3,6,9-trimethyl-1,4,7-triperoxonane to obtain vis-broken polypropylene is provided. The vis-broken polypropylene may be pelletized to obtain pellets. A ratio of a melt flow rate (MI 2 ) of the pellets to a melt flow rate (MI 2 ) of the polypropylene prior to the vis-breaking may be greater than 1:1 and at most 4:1. The pellets may be used to form articles. | 1. A process for producing pellets comprising:
vis-breaking polypropylene in the presence of 3,6,9-triethyl-3,6,9-trimethyl-1,4,7-triperoxonane to obtain vis-broken polypropylene; and pelletizing the vis-broken polypropylene to obtain pellets wherein a ratio of a melt flow rate (MI2) of the pellets to a melt flow rate (MI2) of the polypropylene prior to the vis-breaking is greater than 1:1 and at most 2:1, and wherein the melt flow rates (MI2) are determined in accordance with ASTM D-1238 at 190° C. and a load of 2.16 kg. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the vis-breaking of the polypropylene comprises melt-compounding the polypropylene with the 3,6,9-triethyl-3,6,9-trimethyl-1,4,7-triperoxonane. 5. The process of claim 4, wherein the polypropylene is melt-compounded with the 3,6,9-triethyl-3,6,9-trimethyl-1,4,7-triperoxonane in an extruder. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the polypropylene is an impact copolymer of polypropylene. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein, prior to vis-breaking, the polypropylene is a reactor grade polypropylene in the form of a powder, granules, or fluff. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the 3,6,9-triethyl-3,6,9-trimethyl-1,4,7-triperoxonane is in solution in an isoparaffinic hydrocarbon when contacted with the polypropylene for vis-breaking the polypropylene. 9. (canceled) 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the free radical generator other than 3,6,9-triethyl-3,6,9-trimethyl-1,4,7-triperoxonane is 2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein at least 99% of the pellets are generally spherical and of a generally uniform size. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein more than 90% of the pellets are generally spherical and of a generally uniform size. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein 3,6,9-triethyl-3,6,9-trimethyl-1,4,7-triperoxonane is present in the vis-broken polypropylene in an amount ranging from greater than 0 ppm to at most 400 ppm. 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. A process for producing pellets comprising:
adding 3,6,9-triethyl-3,6,9-trimethyl-1,4,7-triperoxonane to a polypropylene to obtain a vis-broken polypropylene, wherein a ratio of a melt flow rate (MI2) of the vis-broken polypropylene to a melt flow rate (MI2) of the polypropylene prior to the vis-breaking is greater than 1:1 and at most 4:1, and wherein the melt flow rates (MI2) are determined in accordance with ASTM D-1238 at 190° C. and a load of 2.16 kg; and pelletizing the vis-broken polypropylene, wherein more than 90% of the pellets are of generally spherical and of a generally uniform size. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein 100% of the pellets are generally spherical and of a generally uniform size. 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) | A process including vis-breaking of polypropylene in the presence of 3,6,9-triethyl-3,6,9-trimethyl-1,4,7-triperoxonane to obtain vis-broken polypropylene is provided. The vis-broken polypropylene may be pelletized to obtain pellets. A ratio of a melt flow rate (MI 2 ) of the pellets to a melt flow rate (MI 2 ) of the polypropylene prior to the vis-breaking may be greater than 1:1 and at most 4:1. The pellets may be used to form articles.1. A process for producing pellets comprising:
vis-breaking polypropylene in the presence of 3,6,9-triethyl-3,6,9-trimethyl-1,4,7-triperoxonane to obtain vis-broken polypropylene; and pelletizing the vis-broken polypropylene to obtain pellets wherein a ratio of a melt flow rate (MI2) of the pellets to a melt flow rate (MI2) of the polypropylene prior to the vis-breaking is greater than 1:1 and at most 2:1, and wherein the melt flow rates (MI2) are determined in accordance with ASTM D-1238 at 190° C. and a load of 2.16 kg. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the vis-breaking of the polypropylene comprises melt-compounding the polypropylene with the 3,6,9-triethyl-3,6,9-trimethyl-1,4,7-triperoxonane. 5. The process of claim 4, wherein the polypropylene is melt-compounded with the 3,6,9-triethyl-3,6,9-trimethyl-1,4,7-triperoxonane in an extruder. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the polypropylene is an impact copolymer of polypropylene. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein, prior to vis-breaking, the polypropylene is a reactor grade polypropylene in the form of a powder, granules, or fluff. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the 3,6,9-triethyl-3,6,9-trimethyl-1,4,7-triperoxonane is in solution in an isoparaffinic hydrocarbon when contacted with the polypropylene for vis-breaking the polypropylene. 9. (canceled) 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the free radical generator other than 3,6,9-triethyl-3,6,9-trimethyl-1,4,7-triperoxonane is 2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein at least 99% of the pellets are generally spherical and of a generally uniform size. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein more than 90% of the pellets are generally spherical and of a generally uniform size. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein 3,6,9-triethyl-3,6,9-trimethyl-1,4,7-triperoxonane is present in the vis-broken polypropylene in an amount ranging from greater than 0 ppm to at most 400 ppm. 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. A process for producing pellets comprising:
adding 3,6,9-triethyl-3,6,9-trimethyl-1,4,7-triperoxonane to a polypropylene to obtain a vis-broken polypropylene, wherein a ratio of a melt flow rate (MI2) of the vis-broken polypropylene to a melt flow rate (MI2) of the polypropylene prior to the vis-breaking is greater than 1:1 and at most 4:1, and wherein the melt flow rates (MI2) are determined in accordance with ASTM D-1238 at 190° C. and a load of 2.16 kg; and pelletizing the vis-broken polypropylene, wherein more than 90% of the pellets are of generally spherical and of a generally uniform size. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein 100% of the pellets are generally spherical and of a generally uniform size. 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) | 1,700 |
1,743 | 13,644,486 | 1,795 | The gas sensor element includes an inner space into which a measurement gas is introduce through a diffusion resistor, a first oxygen pump cell, a second oxygen pump cell and a sensor cell. One of the electrodes formed on the opposite surfaces of the solid electrolyte body of the first oxygen pump cell and one of the electrodes formed on the opposite surfaces of the second oxygen pump cell are disposed opposite to each other across from the inner space. The other electrode of the first oxygen pump cell and the other electrode of the second oxygen pump cell are exposed to a common reference oxygen concentration gas. | 1. A gas sensor element comprising:
an inner space into which a measurement gas is introduced through a diffusion resistor; a first oxygen pump cell including a first solid electrolyte body having oxygen ion conductivity, and first and second electrodes formed on both opposite surfaces of the first solid electrolyte body, the first electrode facing the inner surface so that oxygen can be introduced into or discharged from the inner space to adjust oxygen concentration in the inner space by applying a voltage between the first and second electrodes; a second oxygen pump cell including a second solid electrolyte body having oxygen ion conductivity, and third and fourth electrodes formed on both opposite surfaces of the second solid electrolyte body, the third electrode facing the inner surface so that oxygen can be introduced into or discharged from the inner space to adjust the oxygen concentration in the inner space by applying a voltage between the third and fourth electrodes; and a sensor cell including a third solid electrolyte body having oxygen ion conductivity, and fifth and sixth electrodes formed on both opposite surfaces of the third solid electrolyte body, the fifth electrode facing the inner surface, a current flowing between the fifth and sixth electrode being an output of the gas sensor element indicative of concentration of a specific gas component contained in the measurement gas; wherein the first electrode and the third electrode are disposed opposite to each other across from the inner space, and the second electrode and fourth electrode are exposed to a common reference oxygen concentration gas. 2. The gas sensor element according to claim 1, wherein
the first solid electrolyte body and the second solid electrolyte body are stacked so as to sandwich the inner space, the second electrode is formed on the first solid electrolyte body so as to face a first reference gas space opposite to the inner space, and the fourth electrode is formed on the second electrolyte body so as to face the second reference gas space opposite to the inner space, the common reference oxygen concentration gas being introduced into the first and second reference gas spaces from a common reference-oxygen-concentration gas existing space. 3. The gas sensor element according to claim 1, wherein the common reference oxygen concentration gas is an atmosphere. 4. The gas sensor element according to claim 1, wherein the specific gas component contained in the measurement gas is nitrogen oxide. 5. The gas sensor element according to claim 1, wherein the height of the inner space is larger than 0.1 mm. 6. The gas sensor element according to claim 1, wherein the sensor cell is disposed downstream from the first and second oxygen pump cells with respect to flow of the measurement gas. 7. A gas sensor for an internal combustion engine including the gas sensor element as recited in claim 1 in which the measurement gas is exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine. | The gas sensor element includes an inner space into which a measurement gas is introduce through a diffusion resistor, a first oxygen pump cell, a second oxygen pump cell and a sensor cell. One of the electrodes formed on the opposite surfaces of the solid electrolyte body of the first oxygen pump cell and one of the electrodes formed on the opposite surfaces of the second oxygen pump cell are disposed opposite to each other across from the inner space. The other electrode of the first oxygen pump cell and the other electrode of the second oxygen pump cell are exposed to a common reference oxygen concentration gas.1. A gas sensor element comprising:
an inner space into which a measurement gas is introduced through a diffusion resistor; a first oxygen pump cell including a first solid electrolyte body having oxygen ion conductivity, and first and second electrodes formed on both opposite surfaces of the first solid electrolyte body, the first electrode facing the inner surface so that oxygen can be introduced into or discharged from the inner space to adjust oxygen concentration in the inner space by applying a voltage between the first and second electrodes; a second oxygen pump cell including a second solid electrolyte body having oxygen ion conductivity, and third and fourth electrodes formed on both opposite surfaces of the second solid electrolyte body, the third electrode facing the inner surface so that oxygen can be introduced into or discharged from the inner space to adjust the oxygen concentration in the inner space by applying a voltage between the third and fourth electrodes; and a sensor cell including a third solid electrolyte body having oxygen ion conductivity, and fifth and sixth electrodes formed on both opposite surfaces of the third solid electrolyte body, the fifth electrode facing the inner surface, a current flowing between the fifth and sixth electrode being an output of the gas sensor element indicative of concentration of a specific gas component contained in the measurement gas; wherein the first electrode and the third electrode are disposed opposite to each other across from the inner space, and the second electrode and fourth electrode are exposed to a common reference oxygen concentration gas. 2. The gas sensor element according to claim 1, wherein
the first solid electrolyte body and the second solid electrolyte body are stacked so as to sandwich the inner space, the second electrode is formed on the first solid electrolyte body so as to face a first reference gas space opposite to the inner space, and the fourth electrode is formed on the second electrolyte body so as to face the second reference gas space opposite to the inner space, the common reference oxygen concentration gas being introduced into the first and second reference gas spaces from a common reference-oxygen-concentration gas existing space. 3. The gas sensor element according to claim 1, wherein the common reference oxygen concentration gas is an atmosphere. 4. The gas sensor element according to claim 1, wherein the specific gas component contained in the measurement gas is nitrogen oxide. 5. The gas sensor element according to claim 1, wherein the height of the inner space is larger than 0.1 mm. 6. The gas sensor element according to claim 1, wherein the sensor cell is disposed downstream from the first and second oxygen pump cells with respect to flow of the measurement gas. 7. A gas sensor for an internal combustion engine including the gas sensor element as recited in claim 1 in which the measurement gas is exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine. | 1,700 |
1,744 | 14,861,256 | 1,727 | A fuel cell includes a catalyst layer containing a polymer electrolyte and catalyst-carrying carbon. A value of an initial weight ratio of the polymer electrolyte to the catalyst-carrying carbon in the catalyst layer is set to a value that is smaller by 0.1 to 0.2 than a value of a weight ratio of the polymer electrolyte to the catalyst-carrying carbon in the catalyst layer which maximizes a maximum output of the fuel cell in a state where the polymer electrolyte is not swollen. | 1. A fuel cell comprising
a catalyst layer containing a polymer electrolyte and catalyst-carrying carbon, wherein a value of an initial weight ratio of the polymer electrolyte to the catalyst-carrying carbon in the catalyst layer is a value that is smaller by 0.1 to 0.2 than a value of a weight ratio of the polymer electrolyte to the catalyst-carrying carbon in the catalyst layer which maximizes a maximum output of the fuel cell in a state where the polymer electrolyte is not swollen. 2. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the polymer electrolyte is at least one of a perfluorocarbonsulfonic acid polymer and a polyarylene ether sulfonic acid copolymer. 3. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst-carrying carbon is a carbon black. 4. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst-carrying carbon carries at least one metal catalyst selected from Pt, Pt—Fe, Pt—Cr, Pt—Ni, and Pt—Ru. 5. A moving body comprising the fuel cell according to claim 1. | A fuel cell includes a catalyst layer containing a polymer electrolyte and catalyst-carrying carbon. A value of an initial weight ratio of the polymer electrolyte to the catalyst-carrying carbon in the catalyst layer is set to a value that is smaller by 0.1 to 0.2 than a value of a weight ratio of the polymer electrolyte to the catalyst-carrying carbon in the catalyst layer which maximizes a maximum output of the fuel cell in a state where the polymer electrolyte is not swollen.1. A fuel cell comprising
a catalyst layer containing a polymer electrolyte and catalyst-carrying carbon, wherein a value of an initial weight ratio of the polymer electrolyte to the catalyst-carrying carbon in the catalyst layer is a value that is smaller by 0.1 to 0.2 than a value of a weight ratio of the polymer electrolyte to the catalyst-carrying carbon in the catalyst layer which maximizes a maximum output of the fuel cell in a state where the polymer electrolyte is not swollen. 2. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the polymer electrolyte is at least one of a perfluorocarbonsulfonic acid polymer and a polyarylene ether sulfonic acid copolymer. 3. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst-carrying carbon is a carbon black. 4. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst-carrying carbon carries at least one metal catalyst selected from Pt, Pt—Fe, Pt—Cr, Pt—Ni, and Pt—Ru. 5. A moving body comprising the fuel cell according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
1,745 | 14,900,628 | 1,771 | A lubricating oil additive comprising an organic molybdenum compound represented by general formula (1) below: wherein in formula (1), R1 denotes a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group represented by the general formula C n H 2n+1 (n is a positive integer) or a cyclohexyl group, R2 denotes a methyl group or an ethyl group, and R1 and R2 are different. The lubricating oil additive is suitable for use as a friction modifier in a lubricating composition and is able to adjust frictional properties to a suitable level. | 1. A lubricating oil additive comprising an organic molybdenum compound represented by general formula (1) below:
wherein in formula (1), R1 denotes a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group represented by the general formula CnH2n+1 (n is a positive integer) or a cyclohexyl group, R2 denotes a methyl group or an ethyl group, and R1 and R2 are different. 2. A lubricating oil additive according to claim 1, wherein in the alkyl group represented by the general formula CnH2n+1 in R1, the number of carbon atoms (n) is an integer from 2 to 20. 3. A lubricating oil additive according to claim 1, wherein in the alkyl group represented by the general formula CnH2n+1 in R1, the number of carbon atoms (n) is an integer from 3 to 18. 4. A lubricating oil additive according to claim 1, wherein in the alkyl group represented by the general formula CnH2n+1 in R1, the number of carbon atoms (n) is an integer from 4 to 12. 5. A lubricating oil additive according to claim 1, wherein R1 is a cyclohexyl group and R2 is a methyl group. 6. A lubricating oil additive according to claim 1, wherein R1 is a cyclohexyl group and R2 is an ethyl group. 7. A lubricating oil additive according to claim 1, wherein R1 is an i-butyl group and R2 is a methyl group. 8. A lubricating oil additive according to claim 1, wherein R1 is an n-butyl group and R2 is a methyl group. 9. (canceled) 10. A lubricating oil composition comprising a base oil and a lubricating oil additive comprising an organic molybdenum compound represented by general formula (1) below:
wherein in formula (1), R1 denotes a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group represented by the general formula CnH2n+1 (n is a positive integer) or a cyclohexyl group, R2 denotes a methyl group or an ethyl group, and R1 and R2 are different. 11. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 10, wherein in the alkyl group represented by the general formula CnH2n+1 in R1, the number of carbon atoms (n) is an integer from 2 to 20. 12. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 10, wherein in the alkyl group represented by the general formula CnH2n+1 in R1, the number of carbon atoms (n) is an integer from 3 to 18. 13. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 10, wherein in the alkyl group represented by the general formula CnH2n+1 in R1, the number of carbon atoms (n) is an integer from 4 to 12. 14. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 10, wherein R1 is a cyclohexyl group and R2 is a methyl group. 15. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 10, wherein R1 is a cyclohexyl group and R2 is an ethyl group. 16. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 10, wherein R1 is an i-butyl group and R2 is a methyl group. 17. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 10, wherein R1 is an n-butyl group and R2 is a methyl group. 18. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 10, wherein the lubricating oil additive is present in the lubricating oil composition in an amount of from 50 to 2000 ppm. | A lubricating oil additive comprising an organic molybdenum compound represented by general formula (1) below: wherein in formula (1), R1 denotes a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group represented by the general formula C n H 2n+1 (n is a positive integer) or a cyclohexyl group, R2 denotes a methyl group or an ethyl group, and R1 and R2 are different. The lubricating oil additive is suitable for use as a friction modifier in a lubricating composition and is able to adjust frictional properties to a suitable level.1. A lubricating oil additive comprising an organic molybdenum compound represented by general formula (1) below:
wherein in formula (1), R1 denotes a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group represented by the general formula CnH2n+1 (n is a positive integer) or a cyclohexyl group, R2 denotes a methyl group or an ethyl group, and R1 and R2 are different. 2. A lubricating oil additive according to claim 1, wherein in the alkyl group represented by the general formula CnH2n+1 in R1, the number of carbon atoms (n) is an integer from 2 to 20. 3. A lubricating oil additive according to claim 1, wherein in the alkyl group represented by the general formula CnH2n+1 in R1, the number of carbon atoms (n) is an integer from 3 to 18. 4. A lubricating oil additive according to claim 1, wherein in the alkyl group represented by the general formula CnH2n+1 in R1, the number of carbon atoms (n) is an integer from 4 to 12. 5. A lubricating oil additive according to claim 1, wherein R1 is a cyclohexyl group and R2 is a methyl group. 6. A lubricating oil additive according to claim 1, wherein R1 is a cyclohexyl group and R2 is an ethyl group. 7. A lubricating oil additive according to claim 1, wherein R1 is an i-butyl group and R2 is a methyl group. 8. A lubricating oil additive according to claim 1, wherein R1 is an n-butyl group and R2 is a methyl group. 9. (canceled) 10. A lubricating oil composition comprising a base oil and a lubricating oil additive comprising an organic molybdenum compound represented by general formula (1) below:
wherein in formula (1), R1 denotes a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group represented by the general formula CnH2n+1 (n is a positive integer) or a cyclohexyl group, R2 denotes a methyl group or an ethyl group, and R1 and R2 are different. 11. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 10, wherein in the alkyl group represented by the general formula CnH2n+1 in R1, the number of carbon atoms (n) is an integer from 2 to 20. 12. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 10, wherein in the alkyl group represented by the general formula CnH2n+1 in R1, the number of carbon atoms (n) is an integer from 3 to 18. 13. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 10, wherein in the alkyl group represented by the general formula CnH2n+1 in R1, the number of carbon atoms (n) is an integer from 4 to 12. 14. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 10, wherein R1 is a cyclohexyl group and R2 is a methyl group. 15. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 10, wherein R1 is a cyclohexyl group and R2 is an ethyl group. 16. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 10, wherein R1 is an i-butyl group and R2 is a methyl group. 17. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 10, wherein R1 is an n-butyl group and R2 is a methyl group. 18. A lubricating oil composition according to claim 10, wherein the lubricating oil additive is present in the lubricating oil composition in an amount of from 50 to 2000 ppm. | 1,700 |
1,746 | 14,400,165 | 1,721 | The invention relates to the salts of bicyclic imidazole compounds (IV) having general structural formulae in which A represents a monovalent cation, X represents independently a carbon atom, an oxygen atom, a sulphur atom or a nitrogen atom. The invention also relates to the associated production method and to the use thereof, in particular as an electrolyte component for batteries. | 1. A salt of the bicyclic imidazole compound (IV) represented by the expanded general formulae below:
in which A represents a monovalent cation and X independently represents a carbon atom, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a phosphorus atom or a nitrogen atom. 2. The salt as claimed in claim 1, wherein the monovalent cation A is an alkali metal. 3. The salt as claimed in claim 1, wherein X represents a carbon, phosphorus or nitrogen atom. 4. The salt as claimed in claim 3, wherein the carbon or the nitrogen or the phosphorus is substituted by electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups having a Hammett parameter of between 0.7 and 1. 5. The salt as claimed in claim 4, wherein the electron-withdrawing or electron-donating group is chosen from hydrogen, fluorine, the cyano (CN) group, the trifluoromethyl (CF3) group, the trifluoromethoxy (OCF3) group or the methoxy (OCH3) group. 6. A process for the preparation of a salt as claimed in claim 1, wherein an imidazole compound (III):
is reacted with a base AZ, with A having the same meaning as above and Z representing a hydride, hydroxide or carbonate anion. 7. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the base AZ is chosen from lithium hydride, lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, sodium hydride, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and the combinations of these. 8. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the imidazole compound (III) is obtained by reacting diaminomaleonitrile with an aromatic cyclic acid derivative of formula (II): 9. The process as claimed in claim 8, comprising (i) a stage of reaction of diaminomaleonitrile with an aromatic cyclic acid derivative of formula (II) at a temperature T1 of between 0 and 80° C., optionally in the presence of a solvent, to give a compound of formula (V), followed (ii) by a stage during which the compound of formula (V) is subjected to a heat treatment at a temperature T2 with T2>T1. 10. The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein the temperature T2 is greater than T1 by at least 10° C. 11. The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein stage (ii) is carried out immediately following the first stage without intermediate purification. 12. The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein stage (i) is carried out in the presence of a solvent. 13. The process as claimed in claim 12, wherein the solvent is chosen from dioxane, toluene, acetonitrile or dimethylformamide. 14. The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein stage (ii) is carried out in the presence of an acid catalyst. 15. The process as claimed in claim 14, wherein the acid catalyst is chosen from trifluoroacetic acid, acetic acid or benzoic acid. 16. The process as claimed in claim 12, wherein the temperature T2 corresponds to the boiling point of the solvent. 17. A battery comprising the salt as claimed in claim 1 as electrolyte component. 18. An electrolyte composition comprising, in addition to the salt as claimed in claim 1, at least one salt chosen from LiPF6, LiBF4, CF3COOLi, CF3SO2Li, LiTFSI (lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide), LiFSI (lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide), LiTDI (lithium 4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)imidazolide) and LiPDI (lithium 4,5-dicyano-2-(pentafluoroethyl)imidazolide). 19. The use as claimed in claim 17, wherein the salt is dissolved in a solvent. | The invention relates to the salts of bicyclic imidazole compounds (IV) having general structural formulae in which A represents a monovalent cation, X represents independently a carbon atom, an oxygen atom, a sulphur atom or a nitrogen atom. The invention also relates to the associated production method and to the use thereof, in particular as an electrolyte component for batteries.1. A salt of the bicyclic imidazole compound (IV) represented by the expanded general formulae below:
in which A represents a monovalent cation and X independently represents a carbon atom, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a phosphorus atom or a nitrogen atom. 2. The salt as claimed in claim 1, wherein the monovalent cation A is an alkali metal. 3. The salt as claimed in claim 1, wherein X represents a carbon, phosphorus or nitrogen atom. 4. The salt as claimed in claim 3, wherein the carbon or the nitrogen or the phosphorus is substituted by electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups having a Hammett parameter of between 0.7 and 1. 5. The salt as claimed in claim 4, wherein the electron-withdrawing or electron-donating group is chosen from hydrogen, fluorine, the cyano (CN) group, the trifluoromethyl (CF3) group, the trifluoromethoxy (OCF3) group or the methoxy (OCH3) group. 6. A process for the preparation of a salt as claimed in claim 1, wherein an imidazole compound (III):
is reacted with a base AZ, with A having the same meaning as above and Z representing a hydride, hydroxide or carbonate anion. 7. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the base AZ is chosen from lithium hydride, lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, sodium hydride, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and the combinations of these. 8. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the imidazole compound (III) is obtained by reacting diaminomaleonitrile with an aromatic cyclic acid derivative of formula (II): 9. The process as claimed in claim 8, comprising (i) a stage of reaction of diaminomaleonitrile with an aromatic cyclic acid derivative of formula (II) at a temperature T1 of between 0 and 80° C., optionally in the presence of a solvent, to give a compound of formula (V), followed (ii) by a stage during which the compound of formula (V) is subjected to a heat treatment at a temperature T2 with T2>T1. 10. The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein the temperature T2 is greater than T1 by at least 10° C. 11. The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein stage (ii) is carried out immediately following the first stage without intermediate purification. 12. The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein stage (i) is carried out in the presence of a solvent. 13. The process as claimed in claim 12, wherein the solvent is chosen from dioxane, toluene, acetonitrile or dimethylformamide. 14. The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein stage (ii) is carried out in the presence of an acid catalyst. 15. The process as claimed in claim 14, wherein the acid catalyst is chosen from trifluoroacetic acid, acetic acid or benzoic acid. 16. The process as claimed in claim 12, wherein the temperature T2 corresponds to the boiling point of the solvent. 17. A battery comprising the salt as claimed in claim 1 as electrolyte component. 18. An electrolyte composition comprising, in addition to the salt as claimed in claim 1, at least one salt chosen from LiPF6, LiBF4, CF3COOLi, CF3SO2Li, LiTFSI (lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide), LiFSI (lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide), LiTDI (lithium 4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)imidazolide) and LiPDI (lithium 4,5-dicyano-2-(pentafluoroethyl)imidazolide). 19. The use as claimed in claim 17, wherein the salt is dissolved in a solvent. | 1,700 |
1,747 | 14,622,964 | 1,765 | A polymeric composition may include a polyolefin or styrenic polymer, a metallic acrylate salt, and an acid neutralizer. | 1. A polymeric composition comprising:
a polypropylene or styrenic polymer; a metallic acrylate salt; and one or more acid neutralizers, wherein the one or more acid neutralizers are present in an amount greater than or equal to a weight percentage of the metallic acrylate salt and in an amount sufficient to reduce an amount of acrylic acid by at least 75% as compared to the polymeric composition without the one or more acid neutralizers. 2. (canceled) 3. The polymeric composition of claim 1, wherein the metallic acrylate salt is present in the polymeric composition in an amount of between 0.01 and 6 wt %. 4. The polymeric composition of claim 3, wherein the metallic acrylate salt is present in the polymeric composition in an amount of less than 5 wt %. 5. The polymeric composition of claim 3, wherein the metallic acrylate salt is metallic diacrylate. 6. The polymeric composition of claim 3, wherein the metallic acrylate salt is zinc diacrylate, zinc dimethylacrylate, copper diacrylate, copper dimethylacrylate. zinc di-vinylacetate, zinc di-ethylfumarate, copper di-vinylacetate, copper diethylefumarate, aluminum triacrylate, aluminum trimethylacrylate, aluminum tri-vinylacetate, aluminum tri-ethylfumarate, zirconium tetraacrylate, zirconium tetramethylacrylate, zirconium tetra-vinylacetate, zirconium tetra-ethyl fumarate, sodium acrylate, sodium methacrylate, silver methacrylate, or combinations thereof. 7. The polymeric composition of claim 1, wherein the acid neutralizer is a metal oxide, metal carbonate, hydroxide, metal stearate, natural hydrotalcite, synthetic hydrotalcite, or a combination thereof. 8. The polymeric composition of claim 7, wherein the acid neutralizer is zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium dioxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, zinc stearate, calcium stearate, a magnesium hydrotalcite, a zinc hydrotalcite, or a combination thereof. 9. The polymeric composition of claim 8, wherein the acid neutralizer is a combination of zinc oxide and sodium carbonate. 10. The polymeric composition of claim 1, wherein the polymeric composition comprises a 3:2 weight percentage ratio of each neutralizer to the metallic acrylate salt. 11. The polymeric composition of claim 10, wherein the polymeric composition comprises 3 weight % acid neutralizer. 12. A foam comprising
more than 50 weight % of a polypropylene or styrenic polymer; at least 1% metallic acrylate salt; and at least 1% one or more acid neutralizers, wherein the one or more acid neutralizers are present in an amount greater than or equal to a weight percentage of the metallic acrylate salt and in an amount sufficient to reduce an amount of acrylic acid by at least 75% as compound to the polymeric composition without the one or more acid neutralizers. 13. (canceled) 14. The foam of claim 12, wherein the one or more acid neutralizers are present in an amount sufficient to reduce an amount of acrylic acid by at least 95% as compared to the polymeric composition without the one or more acid neutralizer. 15. A process comprising:
supplying a polymeric composition comprising a metallic acrylate salt, one or more acid neutralizers, and more than 50 weight % of a polypropylene or styrenic polymer resin, wherein the one or more acid neutralizers are present in an amount greater than or equal to a weight percentage of the metallic acrylate salt and in an amount sufficient to reduce an amount of acrylic acid by at least 75% as compared to the polymeric composition without the one or more acid neutralizers; and mixing the polymeric composition and a foaming agent to form a polymer foam. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein the foaming agent is pentane, isopentane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapor, propane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, 2,3-dimethylpropane, 1-pentene, cyclopentene, n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, 1-hexene, cyclohexane, n-heptane, 2-methylhexane, 2,2-dimethylpentane, 2,3-dimethylpentane, or combinations thereof. 17. The process of claim 15, wherein the metallic acrylate salt is zinc diacrylate, zinc dimethylacrylate, copper diacrylate, copper dimethylacrylate. zinc di-vinylacetate, zinc di-ethylfumarate, copper di-vinylacetate, copper diethylefumarate, aluminum triacrylate, aluminum trimethylacrylate, aluminum tri-vinylacetate, aluminum tri-ethylfumarate, zirconium tetraacrylate, zirconium tetramethylacrylate, zirconium tetra-vinylacetate, zirconium tetra-ethyl fumarate, sodium acrylate, sodium methacrylate, silver methacrylate, or combinations thereof. 18. The process of claim 15, wherein the acid neutralizer is a metal oxide, metal carbonate, hydroxide, metal stearate, natural hydrotalcite, synthetic hydrotalcite, or a combination thereof. 19. The process of claim 18, wherein the acid neutralizer is zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium dioxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, zinc stearate, calcium stearate, a magnesium hydrotalcite, a zinc hydrotalcite, or a combination thereof. 20. The process of claim 15, wherein the one or more acid neutralizers are present in an amount sufficient to reduce an amount of acrylic acid by at least 95% as compared to the polymeric composition without the one or more acid neutralizer. | A polymeric composition may include a polyolefin or styrenic polymer, a metallic acrylate salt, and an acid neutralizer.1. A polymeric composition comprising:
a polypropylene or styrenic polymer; a metallic acrylate salt; and one or more acid neutralizers, wherein the one or more acid neutralizers are present in an amount greater than or equal to a weight percentage of the metallic acrylate salt and in an amount sufficient to reduce an amount of acrylic acid by at least 75% as compared to the polymeric composition without the one or more acid neutralizers. 2. (canceled) 3. The polymeric composition of claim 1, wherein the metallic acrylate salt is present in the polymeric composition in an amount of between 0.01 and 6 wt %. 4. The polymeric composition of claim 3, wherein the metallic acrylate salt is present in the polymeric composition in an amount of less than 5 wt %. 5. The polymeric composition of claim 3, wherein the metallic acrylate salt is metallic diacrylate. 6. The polymeric composition of claim 3, wherein the metallic acrylate salt is zinc diacrylate, zinc dimethylacrylate, copper diacrylate, copper dimethylacrylate. zinc di-vinylacetate, zinc di-ethylfumarate, copper di-vinylacetate, copper diethylefumarate, aluminum triacrylate, aluminum trimethylacrylate, aluminum tri-vinylacetate, aluminum tri-ethylfumarate, zirconium tetraacrylate, zirconium tetramethylacrylate, zirconium tetra-vinylacetate, zirconium tetra-ethyl fumarate, sodium acrylate, sodium methacrylate, silver methacrylate, or combinations thereof. 7. The polymeric composition of claim 1, wherein the acid neutralizer is a metal oxide, metal carbonate, hydroxide, metal stearate, natural hydrotalcite, synthetic hydrotalcite, or a combination thereof. 8. The polymeric composition of claim 7, wherein the acid neutralizer is zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium dioxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, zinc stearate, calcium stearate, a magnesium hydrotalcite, a zinc hydrotalcite, or a combination thereof. 9. The polymeric composition of claim 8, wherein the acid neutralizer is a combination of zinc oxide and sodium carbonate. 10. The polymeric composition of claim 1, wherein the polymeric composition comprises a 3:2 weight percentage ratio of each neutralizer to the metallic acrylate salt. 11. The polymeric composition of claim 10, wherein the polymeric composition comprises 3 weight % acid neutralizer. 12. A foam comprising
more than 50 weight % of a polypropylene or styrenic polymer; at least 1% metallic acrylate salt; and at least 1% one or more acid neutralizers, wherein the one or more acid neutralizers are present in an amount greater than or equal to a weight percentage of the metallic acrylate salt and in an amount sufficient to reduce an amount of acrylic acid by at least 75% as compound to the polymeric composition without the one or more acid neutralizers. 13. (canceled) 14. The foam of claim 12, wherein the one or more acid neutralizers are present in an amount sufficient to reduce an amount of acrylic acid by at least 95% as compared to the polymeric composition without the one or more acid neutralizer. 15. A process comprising:
supplying a polymeric composition comprising a metallic acrylate salt, one or more acid neutralizers, and more than 50 weight % of a polypropylene or styrenic polymer resin, wherein the one or more acid neutralizers are present in an amount greater than or equal to a weight percentage of the metallic acrylate salt and in an amount sufficient to reduce an amount of acrylic acid by at least 75% as compared to the polymeric composition without the one or more acid neutralizers; and mixing the polymeric composition and a foaming agent to form a polymer foam. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein the foaming agent is pentane, isopentane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapor, propane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, 2,3-dimethylpropane, 1-pentene, cyclopentene, n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, 1-hexene, cyclohexane, n-heptane, 2-methylhexane, 2,2-dimethylpentane, 2,3-dimethylpentane, or combinations thereof. 17. The process of claim 15, wherein the metallic acrylate salt is zinc diacrylate, zinc dimethylacrylate, copper diacrylate, copper dimethylacrylate. zinc di-vinylacetate, zinc di-ethylfumarate, copper di-vinylacetate, copper diethylefumarate, aluminum triacrylate, aluminum trimethylacrylate, aluminum tri-vinylacetate, aluminum tri-ethylfumarate, zirconium tetraacrylate, zirconium tetramethylacrylate, zirconium tetra-vinylacetate, zirconium tetra-ethyl fumarate, sodium acrylate, sodium methacrylate, silver methacrylate, or combinations thereof. 18. The process of claim 15, wherein the acid neutralizer is a metal oxide, metal carbonate, hydroxide, metal stearate, natural hydrotalcite, synthetic hydrotalcite, or a combination thereof. 19. The process of claim 18, wherein the acid neutralizer is zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium dioxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, zinc stearate, calcium stearate, a magnesium hydrotalcite, a zinc hydrotalcite, or a combination thereof. 20. The process of claim 15, wherein the one or more acid neutralizers are present in an amount sufficient to reduce an amount of acrylic acid by at least 95% as compared to the polymeric composition without the one or more acid neutralizer. | 1,700 |
1,748 | 12,157,896 | 1,782 | The present invention relates to the field of multilayer pipes used to convey liquid media for automotive applications. Disclosed pipes show a balance of properties, in terms of ageing in presence of coolant liquid, burst pressure resistance, permeation rate and coolant liquid absorption compared to conventional pipes. | 1. A multilayer pipe comprising at least two layers,
i) an inside layer comprising
a) from at or about 65 to at or about 90 wt-% of at least two polymers, one of which is a polyethylene, polypropylene, or a combination thereof, and the other is an ethylene alpha-olefin copolymer, an ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM), or a combination thereof; and
b) from at or about 10 to at or about 35 wt-% of at least one functionalized polyolefin,
the weight percentages being based of the total weight of the inside layer, and
ii) an outside layer comprising:
a) from at or about 50 to at or about 80 wt-% of at least one aliphatic polyamide derived from monomers comprising at least one diamine having 6 to 14 carbon atoms and at least one aliphatic dicarboxylic acid having 9 to 18 carbon atoms;
b) from at or about 10 to at or about 30 wt-% of one or more functionalized polyolefins or maleic anhydride grafted ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer or maleic anhydride grafted ethylene-propylene diene rubber or a combination thereof; and
c) from at or about 0 to at or about 30 wt-% of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE),
wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the outside layer; and
wherein the inside layer contacts the outside layer. 2. The multilayer pipe according to claim 1 comprising at least two layers, wherein
i) the inside layer comprises:
a) from at or about 65 to at or about 90 wt-% of at least two polymers, one of which is a polyethylene, polypropylene, or a combination thereof, and the other is an ethylene alpha-olefin copolymer, an ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM), or a combination thereof; and
b) from at or about 10 to at or about 35 wt-% of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAH-g-PE) or maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAH-g-PP),
the weight percentages being based of the total weight of the inside layer, and
ii) the outside layer comprises:
a) from at or about 50 to at or about 80 wt-% of polyamide 610, polyamide 612; polyamide 1012; polyamide 1212; and/or polyamide 1010;
b) from at or about 10 to at or about 30 wt-% of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAH-g-PE), or maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAH-g-PP) or maleic anhydride grafted ethylene alpha-olefin copolymer or maleic anhydride grafted ethylene-propylene diene rubber or a combination thereof; and
c) from at or about 0 to at or about 30 wt-% of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE),
the weight percentages being based on the total weight of the outside layer. 3. The multilayer pipe according to claim 1 or 2 comprising at least two layers, wherein
i) the inside layer comprises:
a) from at or about 65 to at or about 90 wt-% of at least two polymers, one of which is a polyethylene, polypropylene, or a combination thereof, and the other is an ethylene alpha-olefin copolymer, an ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM), or a combination thereof; and
b) from at or about 10 to at or about 35 wt-% of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAH-g-PE) or maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAH-g-PP),
the weight percentages being based of the total weight of the inside layer, and
ii) the outside layer comprises:
a) from at or about 50 to at or about 75 wt-% of polyamide 612;
b) from at or about 10 to at or about 30 wt-% of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAH-g-PE), or maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAH-g-PP) or maleic anhydride grafted ethylene alpha-olefin copolymer or maleic anhydride grafted ethylene-propylene diene rubber or a combination thereof;
c) from at or about 0 to at or about 30 wt-% of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE),
the weight percentages being based on the total weight of the outside layer. 4. The multilayer pipe according to any preceding claim, wherein the wall thickness of the outside layer is from at or about 50 to at or about 95% of the total wall thickness of the multilayer pipe and the wall thickness of the inside layer is from at or about 5 to at or about 50% of the total wall thickness of the multilayer pipe. 5. The multilayer pipe according to claim 1, wherein the at least one aliphatic polyamide is selected from one or more of the group consisting of polyamide 610, polyamide 612; polyamide 1012; polyamide 1212; and polyamide 1010. 6. The multilayer pipe according to any preceding claim, wherein the internal diameter of the multilayer pipe is at least about 3 mm. 7. The multilayer pipe according to any preceding claim, wherein the thickness of the outside layer is at least about 0.3 mm. 8. The multilayer pipe according to any preceding claim further comprising one or more additional layers, which additional layers are situated over the outside layer or inside the inside layer of the multilayer pipe defined in claims 1 to 7. 9. The multilayer pipe according to any preceding claim, which comprises corrugated regions that are interrupted by smooth regions. 10. The multilayer pipe according to claims 1 to 8, which is a corrugated multilayer pipe. 11. A pipe assembly comprising one or more of the multilayer pipes as defined in any claims 1 to 10 and one or more pipe fittings. 12. The pipe assembly according to claim 11, wherein the one or more pipe fitting are made of at least one thermoplastic polymer chosen among aliphatic and semi-aromatic polyamides, copolyamides, polyesters, copolyetheresters, copolyesteresters, polyurethanes, polyphenylene sulphides and polypropylenes. 13. The pipe assembly according to claim 11, wherein the one or more pipe fitting are made of glass and/or at least one mineral reinforced polymer chosen among aliphatic and semi-aromatic polyamides, copolyamides, polyesters, copolyetheresters, copolyesteresters, polyurethanes, polyphenylene sulphides and polypropylenes. 14. A method for bonding one or more multilayer pipes as defined in claims 1 to 10 to one or more pipe fittings, comprising the steps of:
a) connecting the pipe fitting to the multilayer pipe end to form a joint; b) bonding the multilayer pipe and the pipe fitting by heating the pipe and/or the fitting so as to melt the polymeric composition comprised in the inside layer of the multilayer pipe in the area of the joint; and c) allowing the multilayer pipe and the fitting to cool until the inside layer solidifies, so as to form a fluid-tight seal. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the step of connecting the pipe fitting to the multilayer pipe end is done by inserting the pipe fitting into the multilayer pipe end to form a joint. 16. The method according to claim 14 or 15, wherein the step of bonding the multilayer pipe and the pipe fitting is done by conductively heating, convectively heating or by radiation. 17. The method according to any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein the one or more pipe fittings are made of a thermoplastic polymer chosen among aliphatic and semi-aromatic polyamides, copolyamides, polyesters, copolyetheresters, copolyesteresters, polyurethanes, polyphenylene sulphides and polypropylenes. | The present invention relates to the field of multilayer pipes used to convey liquid media for automotive applications. Disclosed pipes show a balance of properties, in terms of ageing in presence of coolant liquid, burst pressure resistance, permeation rate and coolant liquid absorption compared to conventional pipes.1. A multilayer pipe comprising at least two layers,
i) an inside layer comprising
a) from at or about 65 to at or about 90 wt-% of at least two polymers, one of which is a polyethylene, polypropylene, or a combination thereof, and the other is an ethylene alpha-olefin copolymer, an ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM), or a combination thereof; and
b) from at or about 10 to at or about 35 wt-% of at least one functionalized polyolefin,
the weight percentages being based of the total weight of the inside layer, and
ii) an outside layer comprising:
a) from at or about 50 to at or about 80 wt-% of at least one aliphatic polyamide derived from monomers comprising at least one diamine having 6 to 14 carbon atoms and at least one aliphatic dicarboxylic acid having 9 to 18 carbon atoms;
b) from at or about 10 to at or about 30 wt-% of one or more functionalized polyolefins or maleic anhydride grafted ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer or maleic anhydride grafted ethylene-propylene diene rubber or a combination thereof; and
c) from at or about 0 to at or about 30 wt-% of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE),
wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the outside layer; and
wherein the inside layer contacts the outside layer. 2. The multilayer pipe according to claim 1 comprising at least two layers, wherein
i) the inside layer comprises:
a) from at or about 65 to at or about 90 wt-% of at least two polymers, one of which is a polyethylene, polypropylene, or a combination thereof, and the other is an ethylene alpha-olefin copolymer, an ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM), or a combination thereof; and
b) from at or about 10 to at or about 35 wt-% of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAH-g-PE) or maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAH-g-PP),
the weight percentages being based of the total weight of the inside layer, and
ii) the outside layer comprises:
a) from at or about 50 to at or about 80 wt-% of polyamide 610, polyamide 612; polyamide 1012; polyamide 1212; and/or polyamide 1010;
b) from at or about 10 to at or about 30 wt-% of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAH-g-PE), or maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAH-g-PP) or maleic anhydride grafted ethylene alpha-olefin copolymer or maleic anhydride grafted ethylene-propylene diene rubber or a combination thereof; and
c) from at or about 0 to at or about 30 wt-% of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE),
the weight percentages being based on the total weight of the outside layer. 3. The multilayer pipe according to claim 1 or 2 comprising at least two layers, wherein
i) the inside layer comprises:
a) from at or about 65 to at or about 90 wt-% of at least two polymers, one of which is a polyethylene, polypropylene, or a combination thereof, and the other is an ethylene alpha-olefin copolymer, an ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM), or a combination thereof; and
b) from at or about 10 to at or about 35 wt-% of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAH-g-PE) or maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAH-g-PP),
the weight percentages being based of the total weight of the inside layer, and
ii) the outside layer comprises:
a) from at or about 50 to at or about 75 wt-% of polyamide 612;
b) from at or about 10 to at or about 30 wt-% of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAH-g-PE), or maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAH-g-PP) or maleic anhydride grafted ethylene alpha-olefin copolymer or maleic anhydride grafted ethylene-propylene diene rubber or a combination thereof;
c) from at or about 0 to at or about 30 wt-% of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE),
the weight percentages being based on the total weight of the outside layer. 4. The multilayer pipe according to any preceding claim, wherein the wall thickness of the outside layer is from at or about 50 to at or about 95% of the total wall thickness of the multilayer pipe and the wall thickness of the inside layer is from at or about 5 to at or about 50% of the total wall thickness of the multilayer pipe. 5. The multilayer pipe according to claim 1, wherein the at least one aliphatic polyamide is selected from one or more of the group consisting of polyamide 610, polyamide 612; polyamide 1012; polyamide 1212; and polyamide 1010. 6. The multilayer pipe according to any preceding claim, wherein the internal diameter of the multilayer pipe is at least about 3 mm. 7. The multilayer pipe according to any preceding claim, wherein the thickness of the outside layer is at least about 0.3 mm. 8. The multilayer pipe according to any preceding claim further comprising one or more additional layers, which additional layers are situated over the outside layer or inside the inside layer of the multilayer pipe defined in claims 1 to 7. 9. The multilayer pipe according to any preceding claim, which comprises corrugated regions that are interrupted by smooth regions. 10. The multilayer pipe according to claims 1 to 8, which is a corrugated multilayer pipe. 11. A pipe assembly comprising one or more of the multilayer pipes as defined in any claims 1 to 10 and one or more pipe fittings. 12. The pipe assembly according to claim 11, wherein the one or more pipe fitting are made of at least one thermoplastic polymer chosen among aliphatic and semi-aromatic polyamides, copolyamides, polyesters, copolyetheresters, copolyesteresters, polyurethanes, polyphenylene sulphides and polypropylenes. 13. The pipe assembly according to claim 11, wherein the one or more pipe fitting are made of glass and/or at least one mineral reinforced polymer chosen among aliphatic and semi-aromatic polyamides, copolyamides, polyesters, copolyetheresters, copolyesteresters, polyurethanes, polyphenylene sulphides and polypropylenes. 14. A method for bonding one or more multilayer pipes as defined in claims 1 to 10 to one or more pipe fittings, comprising the steps of:
a) connecting the pipe fitting to the multilayer pipe end to form a joint; b) bonding the multilayer pipe and the pipe fitting by heating the pipe and/or the fitting so as to melt the polymeric composition comprised in the inside layer of the multilayer pipe in the area of the joint; and c) allowing the multilayer pipe and the fitting to cool until the inside layer solidifies, so as to form a fluid-tight seal. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the step of connecting the pipe fitting to the multilayer pipe end is done by inserting the pipe fitting into the multilayer pipe end to form a joint. 16. The method according to claim 14 or 15, wherein the step of bonding the multilayer pipe and the pipe fitting is done by conductively heating, convectively heating or by radiation. 17. The method according to any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein the one or more pipe fittings are made of a thermoplastic polymer chosen among aliphatic and semi-aromatic polyamides, copolyamides, polyesters, copolyetheresters, copolyesteresters, polyurethanes, polyphenylene sulphides and polypropylenes. | 1,700 |
1,749 | 13,696,784 | 1,791 | An alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage having an alcohol content of not more than 0.7 vol. %, characterized by a relationship y≧Ax b , wherein A=0.25 and b=1.5. The x is the ratio between unfermentable over real extracts, wherein the unfermentable extract is the value of the real extract less the total content of real sugars, which are fructose, maltose, glucose, maltotriose, and saccharose. The y is the ratio between the combined content of maltopentaose, maltohexaose, and maltoheptaose over the total amount of main sugars, wherein the main sugars are fructose, maltose, glucose, saccharose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose, and maltoheptaose. Also, a method for producing an alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage including preparing a wort of fermentability not higher than 29%; and fermenting the prepared wort in a fermentation tank by a cold contact process. | 1. An alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage having an alcohol content of not more than 0.7 vol. %, characterized by a relationship
y≧Ax b
wherein A=0.25 and b=1.5, and wherein
x is the ratio between unfermentable over real extracts, wherein the unfermentable extract is the value of the real extract less the total content of real sugars, which consist of fructose, maltose, glucose, maltotriose, and saccharose, and
y is the ratio between the combined content of maltopentaose, maltohexaose, and maltoheptaose over the total amount of main sugars, wherein the main sugars consist of fructose, maltose, glucose, saccharose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose, and maltoheptaose. 2. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 1, wherein b=1, and/or wherein preferably A=0.3, more preferably 0.35. 3. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 1, wherein
the ratio x between unfermentable over real extracts is of at least 25%, and/or the sugars ratio y is of at least 25%, preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 35%. 4. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 1, wherein
the alcohol content is not more than 0.5 vol. %, preferably not more than 0.3 vol. %, more preferably not more than 0.1 vol. %, most preferably, not more than 0.05 vol. %. 5. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 1, wherein
the unfermentable extract is at least 4.0 g/100 ml, preferably at least 5.5 g/100 ml, more preferably 6.0 g/100 ml, most preferably at least 6.5 g/100 ml. 6. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 1, wherein
the real extract is at least 5.0 g/100 ml, preferably at least 6.0 g/100 ml, more preferably at least 7 g/100 ml. 7. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 1, wherein
the total content of sweet sugars is not more than 3 g/100 ml, preferably not more than 2 g/100 ml, more preferably not more than 1.5 g/100 ml. 8. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 1, wherein the beverage is a beer. 9. A method for producing an alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage comprising the following steps:
(a) mashing grain grits by inactivating β-amylase and reacting α-amylase with starch within the grits to produce a wort of fermentability of not more than 29%, preferably not more than 25%, more preferably not more than 20%; and (b) fermenting the thus produced wort by a cold contact process to produce a beer having an alcohol content of not more than 0.7 vol. %, preferably not more than 0.5 vol. %, more preferably not more than 0.3 vol. %, most preferably not more than 0.03 vol. %. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the grain grits comprises malt, preferably admixed with corn grits and/or rice grits. 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein β-amylase is inactivated by bringing the temperature of the grits mash over 75° C., preferably over 85° C. and wherein thermostable α-amylase is added. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the grits comprises 30 to 100 wt % malt and 70 to 0 wt % corn grits, and wherein the mashing comprises the following steps:
(a) if any, adding to a corn grits mash an appropriate amount of thermostable α-amylase and heating the corn mash to a temperature of 85 to 100° C.; (b) mashing in malt at a temperature of 70 to 100° C., preferably 78 to 85° C., and combining it with the corn mash, if any, and bringing the temperature of the thus obtained mash to higher than 75° C., preferably higher than 85° C. and adding thereto thermostable α-amylase; and (c) raising the temperature to a value of 90 to 98° C. and transferring the mash to lautering. 13. The method according to claim 9, wherein the wort is boiled and has then a gravity comprised between 6 and 20° P, preferably between 8 and 12° P, more preferably between 9 and 11° P. 14. The method according to claim 9, wherein the wort is then cooled to a temperature of 2 to 8° C., preferably of 2 to 5° C., and then cooled to 2 to 0° C. for the cold contact fermentation stage. 15. (canceled) 16. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 2, wherein
the ratio x between unfermentable over real extracts is of at least 25%, and/or the sugars ratio y is of at least 25%, preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 35%. 17. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 16 wherein
the alcohol content is not more than 0.5 vol. %, preferably not more than 0.3 vol. %, more preferably not more than 0.1 vol. %, most preferably, not more than 0 05 vol. %. 18. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 17 wherein
the unfermentable extract is at least 4.0 g/100 ml, preferably at least 5.5 g/100 ml, more preferably 6.0 g/100 ml, most preferably at least 6.5 g/100 ml. 19. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 18 wherein
the real extract is at least 5.0 g/100 ml, preferably at least 6.0 g/100 ml, more preferably at least 7 g/100 ml. 20. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 19 wherein
the total content of sweet sugars is not more than 3 g/100 ml, preferably not more than 2 g/100 ml, more preferably not more than 1.5 g/100 ml. 21. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 20 wherein the beverage is a beer. | An alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage having an alcohol content of not more than 0.7 vol. %, characterized by a relationship y≧Ax b , wherein A=0.25 and b=1.5. The x is the ratio between unfermentable over real extracts, wherein the unfermentable extract is the value of the real extract less the total content of real sugars, which are fructose, maltose, glucose, maltotriose, and saccharose. The y is the ratio between the combined content of maltopentaose, maltohexaose, and maltoheptaose over the total amount of main sugars, wherein the main sugars are fructose, maltose, glucose, saccharose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose, and maltoheptaose. Also, a method for producing an alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage including preparing a wort of fermentability not higher than 29%; and fermenting the prepared wort in a fermentation tank by a cold contact process.1. An alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage having an alcohol content of not more than 0.7 vol. %, characterized by a relationship
y≧Ax b
wherein A=0.25 and b=1.5, and wherein
x is the ratio between unfermentable over real extracts, wherein the unfermentable extract is the value of the real extract less the total content of real sugars, which consist of fructose, maltose, glucose, maltotriose, and saccharose, and
y is the ratio between the combined content of maltopentaose, maltohexaose, and maltoheptaose over the total amount of main sugars, wherein the main sugars consist of fructose, maltose, glucose, saccharose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose, and maltoheptaose. 2. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 1, wherein b=1, and/or wherein preferably A=0.3, more preferably 0.35. 3. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 1, wherein
the ratio x between unfermentable over real extracts is of at least 25%, and/or the sugars ratio y is of at least 25%, preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 35%. 4. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 1, wherein
the alcohol content is not more than 0.5 vol. %, preferably not more than 0.3 vol. %, more preferably not more than 0.1 vol. %, most preferably, not more than 0.05 vol. %. 5. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 1, wherein
the unfermentable extract is at least 4.0 g/100 ml, preferably at least 5.5 g/100 ml, more preferably 6.0 g/100 ml, most preferably at least 6.5 g/100 ml. 6. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 1, wherein
the real extract is at least 5.0 g/100 ml, preferably at least 6.0 g/100 ml, more preferably at least 7 g/100 ml. 7. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 1, wherein
the total content of sweet sugars is not more than 3 g/100 ml, preferably not more than 2 g/100 ml, more preferably not more than 1.5 g/100 ml. 8. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 1, wherein the beverage is a beer. 9. A method for producing an alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage comprising the following steps:
(a) mashing grain grits by inactivating β-amylase and reacting α-amylase with starch within the grits to produce a wort of fermentability of not more than 29%, preferably not more than 25%, more preferably not more than 20%; and (b) fermenting the thus produced wort by a cold contact process to produce a beer having an alcohol content of not more than 0.7 vol. %, preferably not more than 0.5 vol. %, more preferably not more than 0.3 vol. %, most preferably not more than 0.03 vol. %. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the grain grits comprises malt, preferably admixed with corn grits and/or rice grits. 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein β-amylase is inactivated by bringing the temperature of the grits mash over 75° C., preferably over 85° C. and wherein thermostable α-amylase is added. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the grits comprises 30 to 100 wt % malt and 70 to 0 wt % corn grits, and wherein the mashing comprises the following steps:
(a) if any, adding to a corn grits mash an appropriate amount of thermostable α-amylase and heating the corn mash to a temperature of 85 to 100° C.; (b) mashing in malt at a temperature of 70 to 100° C., preferably 78 to 85° C., and combining it with the corn mash, if any, and bringing the temperature of the thus obtained mash to higher than 75° C., preferably higher than 85° C. and adding thereto thermostable α-amylase; and (c) raising the temperature to a value of 90 to 98° C. and transferring the mash to lautering. 13. The method according to claim 9, wherein the wort is boiled and has then a gravity comprised between 6 and 20° P, preferably between 8 and 12° P, more preferably between 9 and 11° P. 14. The method according to claim 9, wherein the wort is then cooled to a temperature of 2 to 8° C., preferably of 2 to 5° C., and then cooled to 2 to 0° C. for the cold contact fermentation stage. 15. (canceled) 16. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 2, wherein
the ratio x between unfermentable over real extracts is of at least 25%, and/or the sugars ratio y is of at least 25%, preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 35%. 17. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 16 wherein
the alcohol content is not more than 0.5 vol. %, preferably not more than 0.3 vol. %, more preferably not more than 0.1 vol. %, most preferably, not more than 0 05 vol. %. 18. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 17 wherein
the unfermentable extract is at least 4.0 g/100 ml, preferably at least 5.5 g/100 ml, more preferably 6.0 g/100 ml, most preferably at least 6.5 g/100 ml. 19. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 18 wherein
the real extract is at least 5.0 g/100 ml, preferably at least 6.0 g/100 ml, more preferably at least 7 g/100 ml. 20. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 19 wherein
the total content of sweet sugars is not more than 3 g/100 ml, preferably not more than 2 g/100 ml, more preferably not more than 1.5 g/100 ml. 21. The alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage according to claim 20 wherein the beverage is a beer. | 1,700 |
1,750 | 14,401,035 | 1,791 | This relates to a food product comprising a biscuit part and a filling part, the filling part including a water-based filling and an anhydrous filling with live lactic cultures. The water-based filling and the anhydrous filling are distinct. The anhydrous filling has a lactic ferment cell count per gram of the anhydrous filling of at least 10 5 cfu/g, preferably 10 6 cfu/g, more preferably 10 7 cfu/g, the food product presenting a decay rate of the lactic cultures of at most 0.25 log 10 per month. | 1. A food product comprising a biscuit part and a filling part, the filling part including a water-based filling and an anhydrous filling with live lactic cultures, wherein the water-based filling and the anhydrous filling are distinct, and wherein the anhydrous filling has a lactic culture cell count per gram of the anhydrous filling of at least 105 cfu/g, preferably 106 cfu/g, more preferably 107 cfu/g, the food product presenting a decay rate of the lactic cultures of at most 0.25 log10 cfu/g of anhydrous filling per month. 2. The food product of claim 1, wherein the water-based filling contacts the anhydrous filling. 3. The food product of claim 1, wherein the food product has an overall water activity of less than 0.22, preferably less than 0.20, more preferably less than 0.18. 4. The food product according to claim 1, wherein the anhydrous filling comprises yoghurt. 5. The food product according to claim 1, wherein the water-based filling comprises fruit. 6. The food product of claim 5, wherein the water-based filling is a jam or contains fresh and/or preserved fruit. 7. The food product according to claim 1, wherein the water-based filling has a water activity value lower than 0.45, preferably lower than 0.40, more preferably lower than 0.37. 8. The food product according to claim 1, wherein the biscuit part has a water activity value lower than 0.15, preferably lower than 0.10, more preferably lower than 0.07. 9. The food product according to claim 1, wherein the slowly-digestible-starch-over-total-available-starch ratio of the food product is at least 31 wt. %. 10. The food product according to claim 1, wherein the food product is a layered biscuit, preferably a sandwich biscuit or a single biscuit with filling lying on one surface thereof. 11. A method for producing the food product according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
(a) providing a first biscuit forming at least a portion of the biscuit part, presenting a water activity value lower than 0.15, preferably lower than 0.10, more preferably lower than 0.07; (b) depositing a water-based filling onto the first biscuit presenting a water activity value lower than 0.45, preferably lower than 0.40, more preferably lower than 0.37; (d) depositing an anhydrous filling with live culture onto the first biscuit or onto the first filling; wherein the water-based filling and the anhydrous filling are separately deposited on the biscuit part and at different temperatures, the deposition temperature of the water-based filling being higher, and wherein the method further comprises a cooling step (c) between steps (b) and (d) until the first filling cools down to 47° C. or lower, preferably higher than 20° C., before the anhydrous filling is deposited. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein step (a) comprises forming the first biscuit out of a dough, baking the first biscuit and cooling the first biscuit down to 35° C. or lower, preferably higher than 20° C., before the water-based filling is deposited. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the water-based filling is heated to at least 45° C. before depositing, preferably 50° C., more preferably about 55° C. 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein the anhydrous filling is deposited at a temperature of 42° C. or lower, preferably higher than 37° C., more preferably 37±2° C. 15. The method according to claim 11, further comprising depositing a second biscuit forming another portion of the biscuit part on top of the filling part. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the second biscuit is deposited at a temperature of 32° C. or lower, preferably higher than 20° C. 17. The method according to claim 11, further comprising a step for cooling the food product down to 23° C. or lower, preferably higher than 10° C., before packaging. | This relates to a food product comprising a biscuit part and a filling part, the filling part including a water-based filling and an anhydrous filling with live lactic cultures. The water-based filling and the anhydrous filling are distinct. The anhydrous filling has a lactic ferment cell count per gram of the anhydrous filling of at least 10 5 cfu/g, preferably 10 6 cfu/g, more preferably 10 7 cfu/g, the food product presenting a decay rate of the lactic cultures of at most 0.25 log 10 per month.1. A food product comprising a biscuit part and a filling part, the filling part including a water-based filling and an anhydrous filling with live lactic cultures, wherein the water-based filling and the anhydrous filling are distinct, and wherein the anhydrous filling has a lactic culture cell count per gram of the anhydrous filling of at least 105 cfu/g, preferably 106 cfu/g, more preferably 107 cfu/g, the food product presenting a decay rate of the lactic cultures of at most 0.25 log10 cfu/g of anhydrous filling per month. 2. The food product of claim 1, wherein the water-based filling contacts the anhydrous filling. 3. The food product of claim 1, wherein the food product has an overall water activity of less than 0.22, preferably less than 0.20, more preferably less than 0.18. 4. The food product according to claim 1, wherein the anhydrous filling comprises yoghurt. 5. The food product according to claim 1, wherein the water-based filling comprises fruit. 6. The food product of claim 5, wherein the water-based filling is a jam or contains fresh and/or preserved fruit. 7. The food product according to claim 1, wherein the water-based filling has a water activity value lower than 0.45, preferably lower than 0.40, more preferably lower than 0.37. 8. The food product according to claim 1, wherein the biscuit part has a water activity value lower than 0.15, preferably lower than 0.10, more preferably lower than 0.07. 9. The food product according to claim 1, wherein the slowly-digestible-starch-over-total-available-starch ratio of the food product is at least 31 wt. %. 10. The food product according to claim 1, wherein the food product is a layered biscuit, preferably a sandwich biscuit or a single biscuit with filling lying on one surface thereof. 11. A method for producing the food product according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
(a) providing a first biscuit forming at least a portion of the biscuit part, presenting a water activity value lower than 0.15, preferably lower than 0.10, more preferably lower than 0.07; (b) depositing a water-based filling onto the first biscuit presenting a water activity value lower than 0.45, preferably lower than 0.40, more preferably lower than 0.37; (d) depositing an anhydrous filling with live culture onto the first biscuit or onto the first filling; wherein the water-based filling and the anhydrous filling are separately deposited on the biscuit part and at different temperatures, the deposition temperature of the water-based filling being higher, and wherein the method further comprises a cooling step (c) between steps (b) and (d) until the first filling cools down to 47° C. or lower, preferably higher than 20° C., before the anhydrous filling is deposited. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein step (a) comprises forming the first biscuit out of a dough, baking the first biscuit and cooling the first biscuit down to 35° C. or lower, preferably higher than 20° C., before the water-based filling is deposited. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the water-based filling is heated to at least 45° C. before depositing, preferably 50° C., more preferably about 55° C. 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein the anhydrous filling is deposited at a temperature of 42° C. or lower, preferably higher than 37° C., more preferably 37±2° C. 15. The method according to claim 11, further comprising depositing a second biscuit forming another portion of the biscuit part on top of the filling part. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the second biscuit is deposited at a temperature of 32° C. or lower, preferably higher than 20° C. 17. The method according to claim 11, further comprising a step for cooling the food product down to 23° C. or lower, preferably higher than 10° C., before packaging. | 1,700 |
1,751 | 15,023,536 | 1,792 | Embodiments of the present invention relate to identifying initial roasting degree of coffee beans. A method for identifying an initial roasting degree of coffee beans disclosed. The method comprises steps of measuring information indicating temperature change of the coffee beans while the coffee beans are roasted; and identifying the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans at least partially based on the measured information. Corresponding apparatus and computer program product are disclosed as well. | 1. A method for identifying an initial roasting degree of coffee beans, the method comprising steps of:
measuring information indicating temperature change of the coffee beans while the coffee beans are roasted; and identifying the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans at least partially based on the measured information. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the measured information includes amount of the temperature change of the coffee beans over a time period, and wherein the step of identifying the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans comprises steps of:
estimating quantity of heat applied to the coffee beans within the time period; obtaining weight of the coffee beans; and calculating heat capacity of the coffee beans based on the amount of the temperature change, the quantity of heat and the weight of the coffee beans. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of identifying the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans comprises a step of:
identifying the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans at least partially based on the measured information, according to predetermined associations between different initial roasting degree of reference coffee beans and respective reference information, the reference information indicating temperature changes of the associated reference coffee beans while the associated reference coffee beans are roasted. 4. The method according to claim 3,
wherein the measured information includes a measured temperature of the coffee beans after the coffee beans are roasted from an initial temperature for a predefined time period, wherein the reference information includes reference temperatures of the associated reference coffee beans after the associated reference coffee beans are roasted from the initial temperature for the predefined time period, and wherein the step of identifying the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans comprises a
step of identifying the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans by comparing the measured temperature and the reference temperatures. 5. The method according to claim 3,
wherein the measured information includes a measured time period during which the coffee beans are roasted from an initial temperature to a predefined temperature, wherein the reference information includes reference time periods during which the associated reference coffee beans are roasted from the initial temperature to the predefined temperature, and wherein the step of identifying the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans comprises a step of identifying the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans by comparing the measured time period and the reference time periods. 6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising:
heating a roasting chamber to be used for roasting the coffee beans for measuring the information indicating the temperature change of the coffee beans. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the initial roasting degree of the beans at least indicates an initial roasting degree of the coffee beans. 8. A method for controlling roasting of coffee beans, comprising a step of:
controlling a roasting profile for the roasting at least partially based on an initial roasting degree of the coffee beans, the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans identified by the method according to claim 1. 9. An apparatus for identifying an initial roasting degree of coffee beans, the apparatus comprising:
a measuring unit configured to measure information indicating temperature change of the coffee beans while the coffee beans are roasted; and an identifying unit configured to identify the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans at least partially based on the measured information. 10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the measured information includes amount of the temperature change of the coffee beans over a time period, and wherein the apparatus further comprises:
a heat quantity estimating unit configured to estimate quantity of heat applied to the coffee beans within the time period; a weight obtaining unit configured to obtain weight of the coffee beans; and a heat capacity calculating unit configured to calculate heat capacity of the coffee beans based on the amount of the temperature change, the quantity of heat and the weight of the coffee beans. 11. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the identifying unit is configured to identify the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans at least partially based on the measured information, according to predetermined associations between different initial roasting degree of reference coffee beans and respective reference information, the reference information indicating temperature changes of the associated reference coffee beans while the associated reference coffee beans are roasted. 12. The apparatus according to claim 11,
wherein the measured information includes a measured temperature of the coffee beans after the coffee beans are roasted from an initial temperature for a predefined time period, wherein the reference information includes reference temperatures of the associated reference coffee beans after the associated reference coffee beans are roasted from the initial temperature for the predefined time period, and wherein the identifying unit is configured to identify the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans by comparing the measured temperature and the reference temperatures. 13. The apparatus according to claim 11,
wherein the measured information includes a measured time period during which the coffee beans are roasted from an initial temperature to a predefined temperature, wherein the reference information includes reference time periods during which the associated reference coffee beans are roasted from the initial temperature to the predefined temperature, and wherein the identifying unit is configured to identify the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans by comparing the measured time period and the reference time periods. 14. The apparatus according to claim 9, further comprising:
a chamber heating unit configured to heat a roasting chamber to be used for roasting the coffee beans for measuring the information indicating the temperature change of the coffee beans. 15. A computer program product for identifying an initial roasting degree of coffee beans, the computer program product being tangibly stored on a non-transient computer-readable medium and comprising machine executable instructions which, when executed, cause the machine to perform steps of the method according to claim 1. | Embodiments of the present invention relate to identifying initial roasting degree of coffee beans. A method for identifying an initial roasting degree of coffee beans disclosed. The method comprises steps of measuring information indicating temperature change of the coffee beans while the coffee beans are roasted; and identifying the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans at least partially based on the measured information. Corresponding apparatus and computer program product are disclosed as well.1. A method for identifying an initial roasting degree of coffee beans, the method comprising steps of:
measuring information indicating temperature change of the coffee beans while the coffee beans are roasted; and identifying the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans at least partially based on the measured information. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the measured information includes amount of the temperature change of the coffee beans over a time period, and wherein the step of identifying the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans comprises steps of:
estimating quantity of heat applied to the coffee beans within the time period; obtaining weight of the coffee beans; and calculating heat capacity of the coffee beans based on the amount of the temperature change, the quantity of heat and the weight of the coffee beans. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of identifying the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans comprises a step of:
identifying the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans at least partially based on the measured information, according to predetermined associations between different initial roasting degree of reference coffee beans and respective reference information, the reference information indicating temperature changes of the associated reference coffee beans while the associated reference coffee beans are roasted. 4. The method according to claim 3,
wherein the measured information includes a measured temperature of the coffee beans after the coffee beans are roasted from an initial temperature for a predefined time period, wherein the reference information includes reference temperatures of the associated reference coffee beans after the associated reference coffee beans are roasted from the initial temperature for the predefined time period, and wherein the step of identifying the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans comprises a
step of identifying the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans by comparing the measured temperature and the reference temperatures. 5. The method according to claim 3,
wherein the measured information includes a measured time period during which the coffee beans are roasted from an initial temperature to a predefined temperature, wherein the reference information includes reference time periods during which the associated reference coffee beans are roasted from the initial temperature to the predefined temperature, and wherein the step of identifying the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans comprises a step of identifying the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans by comparing the measured time period and the reference time periods. 6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising:
heating a roasting chamber to be used for roasting the coffee beans for measuring the information indicating the temperature change of the coffee beans. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the initial roasting degree of the beans at least indicates an initial roasting degree of the coffee beans. 8. A method for controlling roasting of coffee beans, comprising a step of:
controlling a roasting profile for the roasting at least partially based on an initial roasting degree of the coffee beans, the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans identified by the method according to claim 1. 9. An apparatus for identifying an initial roasting degree of coffee beans, the apparatus comprising:
a measuring unit configured to measure information indicating temperature change of the coffee beans while the coffee beans are roasted; and an identifying unit configured to identify the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans at least partially based on the measured information. 10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the measured information includes amount of the temperature change of the coffee beans over a time period, and wherein the apparatus further comprises:
a heat quantity estimating unit configured to estimate quantity of heat applied to the coffee beans within the time period; a weight obtaining unit configured to obtain weight of the coffee beans; and a heat capacity calculating unit configured to calculate heat capacity of the coffee beans based on the amount of the temperature change, the quantity of heat and the weight of the coffee beans. 11. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the identifying unit is configured to identify the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans at least partially based on the measured information, according to predetermined associations between different initial roasting degree of reference coffee beans and respective reference information, the reference information indicating temperature changes of the associated reference coffee beans while the associated reference coffee beans are roasted. 12. The apparatus according to claim 11,
wherein the measured information includes a measured temperature of the coffee beans after the coffee beans are roasted from an initial temperature for a predefined time period, wherein the reference information includes reference temperatures of the associated reference coffee beans after the associated reference coffee beans are roasted from the initial temperature for the predefined time period, and wherein the identifying unit is configured to identify the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans by comparing the measured temperature and the reference temperatures. 13. The apparatus according to claim 11,
wherein the measured information includes a measured time period during which the coffee beans are roasted from an initial temperature to a predefined temperature, wherein the reference information includes reference time periods during which the associated reference coffee beans are roasted from the initial temperature to the predefined temperature, and wherein the identifying unit is configured to identify the initial roasting degree of the coffee beans by comparing the measured time period and the reference time periods. 14. The apparatus according to claim 9, further comprising:
a chamber heating unit configured to heat a roasting chamber to be used for roasting the coffee beans for measuring the information indicating the temperature change of the coffee beans. 15. A computer program product for identifying an initial roasting degree of coffee beans, the computer program product being tangibly stored on a non-transient computer-readable medium and comprising machine executable instructions which, when executed, cause the machine to perform steps of the method according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
1,752 | 14,270,796 | 1,731 | Described herein are alkali-free, boroalumino silicate glasses exhibiting desirable physical and chemical properties for use as substrates in flat panel display devices, such as, active matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCDs). In accordance with certain of its aspects, the glasses possess good dimensional stability as a function of temperature. | 1. An alkali metal-free glass comprising in mole percent on an oxide basis:
SiO2
64.0-72.0
Al2O3
9.0-16.0
B2O3
>0.0-5.0
MgO
2.0-7.5
CaO
2.0-7.5
BaO
1.0-6.0
wherein:
(i) the glass satisfies the relationship:
1.15≦Σ(MgO+CaO+SrO+BaO)/(Al2O3)≦1.50,
where Al2O3, MgO, CaO, SrO, and BaO represent the mole percents of the respective oxide components,
(ii) when the glass comprises the optional component SrO, the glass satisfies the relationship:
BaO/SrO≧2.0,
where BaO and SrO represent the mole percents of the respective oxide components,
(iii) the amount of any oxide in the glass other than SiO2, Al2O3, B2O3, MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO, and La2O3 is less than or equal to 2.0 mole percent,
(iv) the glass has a strain point greater than or equal to 700° C.,
(v) the glass exhibits a dimensional change of less than 30 ppm for a 5 minute heat treatment at 600° C., and
(vi) the glass has a Young's modulus to density ratio greater than or equal to 28.0 GPa·cm3/g. 2. The glass of claim 1 wherein the glass has a Young's modulus to density ratio greater than 30.0 GPa·cm3/g. 3. The glass of claim 1 wherein the glass has a Young's modulus to density ratio greater than 32.2 GPa·cm3/g. 4. The glass of claim 1 wherein the As2O3 and Sb2O3 concentrations in the glass are each less than or equal to 0.005 mole percent. 5. The glass of claim 1 wherein the glass has a liquidus viscosity greater than or equal to 150,000 poise. 6. A liquid crystal display substrate comprising the glass of claim 1. 7. A method for producing alkali metal-free glass sheets by a downdraw process comprising selecting, melting, and fining batch materials so that the glass making up the sheets has the composition of claim 1, wherein:
(a) the fining is performed without the use of substantial amounts of arsenic; and (b) a population of 50 sequential glass sheets produced by the downdraw process from the melted and fined batch materials has an average gaseous inclusion level of less than 0.10 gaseous inclusions/cubic centimeter, where each sheet in the population has a volume of at least 500 cubic centimeters. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the downdraw process comprises a fusion draw process. 9. The method of claim 7 wherein the glass making up the sheets has a liquidus viscosity greater than or equal to 150,000 poise. 10. The method of claim 7 further comprising using the glass sheets as substrates for liquid crystal displays. | Described herein are alkali-free, boroalumino silicate glasses exhibiting desirable physical and chemical properties for use as substrates in flat panel display devices, such as, active matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCDs). In accordance with certain of its aspects, the glasses possess good dimensional stability as a function of temperature.1. An alkali metal-free glass comprising in mole percent on an oxide basis:
SiO2
64.0-72.0
Al2O3
9.0-16.0
B2O3
>0.0-5.0
MgO
2.0-7.5
CaO
2.0-7.5
BaO
1.0-6.0
wherein:
(i) the glass satisfies the relationship:
1.15≦Σ(MgO+CaO+SrO+BaO)/(Al2O3)≦1.50,
where Al2O3, MgO, CaO, SrO, and BaO represent the mole percents of the respective oxide components,
(ii) when the glass comprises the optional component SrO, the glass satisfies the relationship:
BaO/SrO≧2.0,
where BaO and SrO represent the mole percents of the respective oxide components,
(iii) the amount of any oxide in the glass other than SiO2, Al2O3, B2O3, MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO, and La2O3 is less than or equal to 2.0 mole percent,
(iv) the glass has a strain point greater than or equal to 700° C.,
(v) the glass exhibits a dimensional change of less than 30 ppm for a 5 minute heat treatment at 600° C., and
(vi) the glass has a Young's modulus to density ratio greater than or equal to 28.0 GPa·cm3/g. 2. The glass of claim 1 wherein the glass has a Young's modulus to density ratio greater than 30.0 GPa·cm3/g. 3. The glass of claim 1 wherein the glass has a Young's modulus to density ratio greater than 32.2 GPa·cm3/g. 4. The glass of claim 1 wherein the As2O3 and Sb2O3 concentrations in the glass are each less than or equal to 0.005 mole percent. 5. The glass of claim 1 wherein the glass has a liquidus viscosity greater than or equal to 150,000 poise. 6. A liquid crystal display substrate comprising the glass of claim 1. 7. A method for producing alkali metal-free glass sheets by a downdraw process comprising selecting, melting, and fining batch materials so that the glass making up the sheets has the composition of claim 1, wherein:
(a) the fining is performed without the use of substantial amounts of arsenic; and (b) a population of 50 sequential glass sheets produced by the downdraw process from the melted and fined batch materials has an average gaseous inclusion level of less than 0.10 gaseous inclusions/cubic centimeter, where each sheet in the population has a volume of at least 500 cubic centimeters. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the downdraw process comprises a fusion draw process. 9. The method of claim 7 wherein the glass making up the sheets has a liquidus viscosity greater than or equal to 150,000 poise. 10. The method of claim 7 further comprising using the glass sheets as substrates for liquid crystal displays. | 1,700 |
1,753 | 14,844,229 | 1,733 | Dental archwires of single-crystal shape memory alloys, methods of fabrication and apparatus for fabrication. A dental archwire is provided of a hyperelastic, single-crystal shape memory CuAlX alloy, where X is Ni, Mn, Nb, or Be. The dental archwire has a shape-set curved length and either a round diameter of between about 0.013 to about 0.026 inches or a rectangular cross-section with dimensions of between about 0.016 by 0.016 inches and about 0.020 by 0.030 inches. | 1. A dental archwire comprising a hyperelastic, single-crystal shape memory CuAlX alloy, where X is Ni, Mn, Nb, or Be, the dental archwire having a shape-set curved length and either a round diameter of between about 0.013 to about 0.026 inches or a rectangular cross-section with dimensions of between about 0.016 by 0.016 inches and about 0.020 by 0.030 inches. 2. The dental archwire of claim 1, formed by the method of:
heating a wire of single-crystal shape memory CuAlX alloy to a first temperature sufficient for annealing the alloy; forcing the wire into a dental arch shape while the wire is held at the first temperature, wherein the heating and forcing steps are performed in less than 10 seconds; and rapidly cooling the alloy to room temperature sufficiently quickly to cause the alloy to remain a single-crystal in the dental arch shape. 3. The dental archwire of claim 1, formed by the method of:
heating a wire of single-crystal shape memory CuAlX alloy to an annealing temperature sufficient for annealing the alloy; forcing the heated wire into a dental arch shape by forcing the wire against a mandrel, wherein the steps of heating and forcing the wire against the mandrel are performed in less than 10 seconds; and rapidly cooling the wire by quenching to a cooling temperature sufficiently quickly to cause the alloy to remain a single-crystal in the dental arch shape. 4. The dental archwire of claim 1, wherein the shape-set curved length traverses an arc extending approximately 180 degrees in an unstressed state. 5. The dental archwire of claim 1, wherein the single-crystal shape memory CuAlX alloy is CuAlNi. 6. The dental archwire of claim 5, formed by the method of:
heating a wire of CuAlNi alloy to a first temperature sufficient to place the Cu, Al and Ni in solution; rapidly quenching the alloy to a second temperature to prevent precipitation of the Cu, Al and Ni so that the alloy remains as a single-crystal of CuAlNi; constraining the alloy into a dental arch shape; heating the alloy to a third temperature for a first time period, wherein the third temperature and first time period are sufficient to cause the alloy to lose its strength; and cooling the alloy to a fourth temperature for a second time period, wherein the fourth temperature and second time period are sufficient to cause the alloy to remain a single-crystal in the dental arch shape. 7. The dental archwire of claim 1, wherein the ends of the dental archwire are in the martensitic phase at body temperature. | Dental archwires of single-crystal shape memory alloys, methods of fabrication and apparatus for fabrication. A dental archwire is provided of a hyperelastic, single-crystal shape memory CuAlX alloy, where X is Ni, Mn, Nb, or Be. The dental archwire has a shape-set curved length and either a round diameter of between about 0.013 to about 0.026 inches or a rectangular cross-section with dimensions of between about 0.016 by 0.016 inches and about 0.020 by 0.030 inches.1. A dental archwire comprising a hyperelastic, single-crystal shape memory CuAlX alloy, where X is Ni, Mn, Nb, or Be, the dental archwire having a shape-set curved length and either a round diameter of between about 0.013 to about 0.026 inches or a rectangular cross-section with dimensions of between about 0.016 by 0.016 inches and about 0.020 by 0.030 inches. 2. The dental archwire of claim 1, formed by the method of:
heating a wire of single-crystal shape memory CuAlX alloy to a first temperature sufficient for annealing the alloy; forcing the wire into a dental arch shape while the wire is held at the first temperature, wherein the heating and forcing steps are performed in less than 10 seconds; and rapidly cooling the alloy to room temperature sufficiently quickly to cause the alloy to remain a single-crystal in the dental arch shape. 3. The dental archwire of claim 1, formed by the method of:
heating a wire of single-crystal shape memory CuAlX alloy to an annealing temperature sufficient for annealing the alloy; forcing the heated wire into a dental arch shape by forcing the wire against a mandrel, wherein the steps of heating and forcing the wire against the mandrel are performed in less than 10 seconds; and rapidly cooling the wire by quenching to a cooling temperature sufficiently quickly to cause the alloy to remain a single-crystal in the dental arch shape. 4. The dental archwire of claim 1, wherein the shape-set curved length traverses an arc extending approximately 180 degrees in an unstressed state. 5. The dental archwire of claim 1, wherein the single-crystal shape memory CuAlX alloy is CuAlNi. 6. The dental archwire of claim 5, formed by the method of:
heating a wire of CuAlNi alloy to a first temperature sufficient to place the Cu, Al and Ni in solution; rapidly quenching the alloy to a second temperature to prevent precipitation of the Cu, Al and Ni so that the alloy remains as a single-crystal of CuAlNi; constraining the alloy into a dental arch shape; heating the alloy to a third temperature for a first time period, wherein the third temperature and first time period are sufficient to cause the alloy to lose its strength; and cooling the alloy to a fourth temperature for a second time period, wherein the fourth temperature and second time period are sufficient to cause the alloy to remain a single-crystal in the dental arch shape. 7. The dental archwire of claim 1, wherein the ends of the dental archwire are in the martensitic phase at body temperature. | 1,700 |
1,754 | 13,128,068 | 1,717 | A coating machine component, e.g., a bell plate for a rotary atomizer, and corresponding production methods are disclosed. An exemplary coating machine component includes a molded base body and a functional element for providing at least one of mechanical stiffening, chemical and/or electrical functionalizing of the coating machine component. The functional element may be made from a material having a greater mass density than the base body. An exemplary functional element may be a coating that is at least partially applied to the base body. | 1. Coating machine component comprising:
a form shaping base body and b) a functional element configured to provide at least one of: mechanical stiffening of the coating machine component, chemical functionalization of the coating machine component, electrical functionalization of the coating machine component, tribological functionalization of the coating machine component, wherein the functional element being made out of a material with a greater mass density than the base body, and wherein the functional element is a coating which is at least partially applied to the base body. 2.-17. (canceled) 18. Coating machine component according to claim 1, wherein the coating machine component is a bell cup for a rotary atomizer. 19. The coating machine component according to claim 1, wherein the functional element is a stiffening element that includes a material that has a higher mass density and a higher strength compared to the material the base body is made of. 20. The coating machine component according to claim 1, wherein the material of the coating has different electrical properties than the material the base body is made of. 21. The coating machine according to claim 1, wherein the material of the coating has different chemical properties than the material the base body is made of. 22. The coating machine according to claim 1, wherein the material of the coating has different tribological properties than the material the base body is made of. 23. The coating machine component according to claim 1, wherein the coating is selected from a group consisting of:
a) a metal coating, b) a ceramic coating, c) a diamond ceramic coating, d) a carbon-containing coating, and e) a nanocrystalline coating. 24. The coating machine component according to claim 1, wherein the coating has a layer thickness,
a) which is greater than 1 nm, and b) which is less than 5 mm. 25. The coating machine component according to claim 1, wherein
a) the coating has a plurality of layers lying one above the other with differing properties, and b) the coating has a material gradient so that a material property changes along the material gradient. 26. The coating machine component according to claim 25, wherein the material gradient occurs in at least one of the layers so that the material properties change within the layer. 27. The coating machine component according to claim 25, wherein the material gradient occurs in the coating over a plurality of layers so that the material properties change in the coating over a plurality of layers. 28. The coating machine component according to claim 25, wherein the coating and the individual layers of the coating become increasingly harder from inside to outside. 29. The coating machine component according to claim 25, wherein the coating has at least one of the following layers:
a) a wear-reducing layer, b) a rigidity-increasing layer, c) an anti-stick layer, d) a chemical resistant layer, e) an adhesion-reducing layer. 30. The coating machine component according to claim 1, wherein the coating is at least partially applied to an inner wall of a cavity in the coating machine component. 31. The coating machine component according to claim 1, wherein the coating is doped with a dopant. 32. The coating machine component according to claim 1, wherein
a) the coating machine component is a rotating application element configured to apply a coating agent to one of the components to be coated, and b) the base body without the coating does not have an adequate rotational speed strength, but only in the finished condition with the coating. 33. The coating machine component according to claim 1, wherein the coating machine component together with the base body and the functional element has an average mass density, which is
a) greater than 0.5 g/cm3 and b) smaller than or 10 g/cm3. 34. The coating machine component according to claim 1, wherein:
a predetermined strength ratio exists between the strength of the material of the functional element and the strength of the material of the base body, the strength ratio being greater than 1 and less than 20, and a predetermined mass density ratio exists between the mass density of the material of the functional element and the mass density of the material of the base body, the mass density ratio being greater than 1 and less than 50, and a predetermined thickness ratio exists between the material thickness of the base body and the layer thickness of the coating, the thickness ratio being greater than 1 and less than 100,000. 35. A rotary atomizer with a bell cup according to claim 18. 36. A painting device with a rotary atomizer according to claim 35. 37. A method for manufacturing a coating machine component, comprising:
Providing a form shaping base body, and Providing a functional element having at least one of the following functionalizations: mechanical stiffening of the coating machine component, chemical functionalization of the coating machine component, electrical functionalization of the coating machine component, and electrical functionalization of the coating machine component, wherein the functional element is formed of a material having a greater mass density than the base body, and wherein the functional element is a coating which is at least partially applied to the base body. 38. The method according to claim 37, wherein the coating is applied to the base body using one of the following methods:
a) Painting b) Dipping c) Plasma coating d) Chemical Vapor Deposition e) Physical Vapor Deposition f) Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition g) Currentless metal deposition h) Galvanization. 39. The method according to claim 37, wherein the base body is manufactured using a generative manufacturing method. 40. The method according to claim 37, wherein the base body is manufactured by means of a plastic forming method. | A coating machine component, e.g., a bell plate for a rotary atomizer, and corresponding production methods are disclosed. An exemplary coating machine component includes a molded base body and a functional element for providing at least one of mechanical stiffening, chemical and/or electrical functionalizing of the coating machine component. The functional element may be made from a material having a greater mass density than the base body. An exemplary functional element may be a coating that is at least partially applied to the base body.1. Coating machine component comprising:
a form shaping base body and b) a functional element configured to provide at least one of: mechanical stiffening of the coating machine component, chemical functionalization of the coating machine component, electrical functionalization of the coating machine component, tribological functionalization of the coating machine component, wherein the functional element being made out of a material with a greater mass density than the base body, and wherein the functional element is a coating which is at least partially applied to the base body. 2.-17. (canceled) 18. Coating machine component according to claim 1, wherein the coating machine component is a bell cup for a rotary atomizer. 19. The coating machine component according to claim 1, wherein the functional element is a stiffening element that includes a material that has a higher mass density and a higher strength compared to the material the base body is made of. 20. The coating machine component according to claim 1, wherein the material of the coating has different electrical properties than the material the base body is made of. 21. The coating machine according to claim 1, wherein the material of the coating has different chemical properties than the material the base body is made of. 22. The coating machine according to claim 1, wherein the material of the coating has different tribological properties than the material the base body is made of. 23. The coating machine component according to claim 1, wherein the coating is selected from a group consisting of:
a) a metal coating, b) a ceramic coating, c) a diamond ceramic coating, d) a carbon-containing coating, and e) a nanocrystalline coating. 24. The coating machine component according to claim 1, wherein the coating has a layer thickness,
a) which is greater than 1 nm, and b) which is less than 5 mm. 25. The coating machine component according to claim 1, wherein
a) the coating has a plurality of layers lying one above the other with differing properties, and b) the coating has a material gradient so that a material property changes along the material gradient. 26. The coating machine component according to claim 25, wherein the material gradient occurs in at least one of the layers so that the material properties change within the layer. 27. The coating machine component according to claim 25, wherein the material gradient occurs in the coating over a plurality of layers so that the material properties change in the coating over a plurality of layers. 28. The coating machine component according to claim 25, wherein the coating and the individual layers of the coating become increasingly harder from inside to outside. 29. The coating machine component according to claim 25, wherein the coating has at least one of the following layers:
a) a wear-reducing layer, b) a rigidity-increasing layer, c) an anti-stick layer, d) a chemical resistant layer, e) an adhesion-reducing layer. 30. The coating machine component according to claim 1, wherein the coating is at least partially applied to an inner wall of a cavity in the coating machine component. 31. The coating machine component according to claim 1, wherein the coating is doped with a dopant. 32. The coating machine component according to claim 1, wherein
a) the coating machine component is a rotating application element configured to apply a coating agent to one of the components to be coated, and b) the base body without the coating does not have an adequate rotational speed strength, but only in the finished condition with the coating. 33. The coating machine component according to claim 1, wherein the coating machine component together with the base body and the functional element has an average mass density, which is
a) greater than 0.5 g/cm3 and b) smaller than or 10 g/cm3. 34. The coating machine component according to claim 1, wherein:
a predetermined strength ratio exists between the strength of the material of the functional element and the strength of the material of the base body, the strength ratio being greater than 1 and less than 20, and a predetermined mass density ratio exists between the mass density of the material of the functional element and the mass density of the material of the base body, the mass density ratio being greater than 1 and less than 50, and a predetermined thickness ratio exists between the material thickness of the base body and the layer thickness of the coating, the thickness ratio being greater than 1 and less than 100,000. 35. A rotary atomizer with a bell cup according to claim 18. 36. A painting device with a rotary atomizer according to claim 35. 37. A method for manufacturing a coating machine component, comprising:
Providing a form shaping base body, and Providing a functional element having at least one of the following functionalizations: mechanical stiffening of the coating machine component, chemical functionalization of the coating machine component, electrical functionalization of the coating machine component, and electrical functionalization of the coating machine component, wherein the functional element is formed of a material having a greater mass density than the base body, and wherein the functional element is a coating which is at least partially applied to the base body. 38. The method according to claim 37, wherein the coating is applied to the base body using one of the following methods:
a) Painting b) Dipping c) Plasma coating d) Chemical Vapor Deposition e) Physical Vapor Deposition f) Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition g) Currentless metal deposition h) Galvanization. 39. The method according to claim 37, wherein the base body is manufactured using a generative manufacturing method. 40. The method according to claim 37, wherein the base body is manufactured by means of a plastic forming method. | 1,700 |
1,755 | 13,862,874 | 1,783 | A composite material that includes a layer of reinforcing fibres impregnated with a curable resin matrix and a plurality of electrically conductive composite particles positioned adjacent or in proximity to the reinforcing fibres. Each of the electrically conductive composite particles is composed of a conductive component and a polymeric component, wherein the polymeric component includes one or more polymers that are initially in a solid phase and are substantially insoluble in the curable resin, but is able to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase during a curing cycle of the composite material. | 1. A curable composite material comprising:
i) at least one structural layer of reinforcing fibres impregnated with a curable resin matrix; and ii) at least one electrically conductive composite particle adjacent or in proximity to said reinforcing fibres, said conductive composite particle comprising a conductive component and a polymeric component, wherein the polymeric component of the conductive composite particle comprises one or more polymers that are initially in a solid phase and substantially insoluble in the curable resin matrix prior to curing of the composite material, but is able to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase by dissolving in the resin matrix during a curing cycle of the composite material. 2. The composite material of claim 1, wherein said curable resin matrix is a thermoset composition in which at least 50% of the polymeric component of the conductive composite particle is soluble in the resin matrix during curing of the composite material, and wherein the phase transition to the fluid phase occurs by dissolution of the polymeric component in the resin matrix. 3. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the conductive component of each electrically conductive composite particle comprises one or more conductive materials having an electrical conductivity greater than 1×103 S/M. 4. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the conductive component of each electrically conductive composite particle comprises one or more conductive materials selected from metallic materials, non-metallic conductive materials, and combinations thereof. 5. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the conductive component of the electrically conductive composite particle comprises one or more metallic materials selected from silver, gold, platinum, palladium, nickel, copper, lead, tin, aluminum, titanium, alloys and mixtures thereof. 6. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the conductive component of the electrically conductive composite particle comprises one or more non-metallic conductive materials selected from carbon, graphene, graphite, and combination thereof. 7. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the polymeric component comprises a polyethersulphone. 8. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the polymeric component of the conductive composite particle comprises at least one thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of: polyurethane, polyketone, polyamide, polyphthalamide, polystyrene, polybutadiene, polyacrylate, polyacrylic, polymethacrylate, polyethersulphone (PES), polyetherethersulphone (PEES), polyphenyl sulphone, polysulphone, polyester, liquid crystal polymers, polyimide, polyetherimide (PEI), polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyurethane, polyarylether, polyarylsulphide, polyphenylene, polyphenylene oxide (PPO), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polypropylene oxide, copolymers and combinations thereof. 9. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the polymeric component of the conductive composite particle further comprises at least one thermoset resin. 10. The composite material of claim 9, wherein the polymeric component of the conductive composite particle further comprises a curing agent or a catalyst. 11. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the weight content of the conductive component of the conductive composite particle relative to the total weight of the conductive composite particle is from 1% to 90%. 12. The composite material of claim 1, wherein a plurality of electrically conductive composite particles are present at a content of 0.1% to 25% by volume based on the volume of the total resin content in the composite material. 13. The composite material of claim 1, wherein a plurality of electrically conductive composite particles are present, and the particles have a mean particle size of less than 150 μm. 14. The composite material of claim 1, wherein a plurality of electrically conductive composite particles are present, and the particles have a mean particle size within the range of 10 μm to 60 μm. 15. The composite material of claim 1 further comprising non-conductive particles, wherein the conductive composite particles combined with non-conductive particles are present at a content of up to 25% by volume based on the volume of the total resin content in the composite material. 16. The composite material of claim 1, wherein said curable resin matrix comprises one or more thermoset resins selected from the group consisting of: epoxy resins, bismaleimide, vinyl ester resins, cyanate ester resins, isocyanate-modified epoxy resins, phenolic resins, benzoxazine, formaldehyde condensate resins, polyesters, acrylics, and combinations thereof. 17. The composite material of claim 1, further comprises a second structural layer of reinforcing fibres impregnated with a curable resin matrix, wherein said at least one conductive composite particle is located between the layers of reinforcing fibres of the first and second structural layers. 18. A curable composite laminate comprising:
a structural layer of reinforcing fibres impregnated with a first curable resin matrix; and a layer of a second curable resin matrix in contact with one of two opposing surfaces of the structural layer, wherein said second curable resin matrix comprises a plurality of conductive composite particles and said first curable resin matrix is void of any composite conductive particle, and wherein each conductive composite particle comprises a conductive component and a polymeric component, the polymeric component comprises one or more polymers that are initially in a solid phase and substantially insoluble in the curable resin matrix prior to curing of the composite laminate, but is able to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase by dissolving in the second resin matrix during a curing cycle of the composite laminate. 19. The curable composite laminate of claim 18 further comprising:
an additional layer of said second curable resin matrix in contact with the other of two opposing surfaces of the structural layer. 20. A method of fabricating a composite structure comprising:
(a) dispersing at least one conductive material in a polymeric material to form a composite blend; (b) optionally heat treating said blend; (c) forming micron-sized conductive composite particles from the composite blend, said particles having a mean particle size of less than 150 μm; (d) optionally heat treating the micron-sized conductive composite particles; and (e) forming a composite material comprising at least one layer of reinforcing fibres impregnated with a curable resin matrix, and a plurality of micron-sized conductive composite particles adjacent to the reinforcing fibres, wherein the polymeric material in each conductive composite particle comprises one or more polymers that are initially in a solid phase and substantially insoluble in the curable resin matrix prior to curing of the resin matrix, but is able to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase by dissolving in the resin matrix during a cure cycle of the composite materials. 21. The method of claim 20 further comprising:
(f) curing the composite material, wherein the polymeric material in the conductive composite particles undergoes at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase by dissolving in the resin matrix during curing, and
after curing, the conductive component of the conductive composite particles function as conductive bridges between adjacent layers of reinforcing fibres. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the conductive material to be dispersed in step (a) is in a form selected from the group consisting of flakes, powders, dendrites, fibres, spheres, metal-coated products, and combinations thereof. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the conductive component of the electrically conductive composite particle comprises one or more metallic materials selected from silver, gold, platinum, palladium, nickel, copper, lead, tin, aluminum, titanium, alloys and mixtures thereof. 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the conductive material is selected from a group consisting of: chopped carbon fibres, graphite flakes, graphite nano-platelets, carbon black, single-walled carbon nano-tubes (SWCNT), double-walled carbon nano-tubes (DWCNT), multi-walled carbon nano-tubes (MWCNT), carbon nano-fibres, carbon nano-spheres, carbon nano-rods, fullarenes, carbon nano-ropes, carbon nano-ribbons, carbon nano-fibrils, carbon nano-needles, carbon nano-sheets, graphenes, carbon nano-cones, carbon nano-scrolls with scroll-like shapes, boron nitride-based products with or without a conductive coating. 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the composite material is formed by impregnating the layer of reinforcing fibres with the curable resin matrix, and the conductive composite particles are incorporated into the curable resin matrix prior to resin impregnation, and wherein the conductive composite particles remain on the outer surfaces of the layer of reinforcing fibres after impregnation. 26. The method of claim 20, wherein the composite material is formed by:
bringing a layer of curable resin matrix without conductive composite particles into contact with a surface of a layer of reinforcing fibres, followed by application of heat and pressure to cause the resin matrix to impregnate the reinforcing fibres; and subsequently, bringing a second layer of resin matrix containing the conductive composite particles into contact with a surface of the impregnated layer of reinforcing fibres. 27. The method of claim 20, wherein the composite material is formed by:
bringing two layers of curable resin matrix without conductive composite particles into contact with opposing surfaces of a layer of reinforcing fibres, followed by application of heat and pressure to cause the resin matrix to impregnate the reinforcing fibres; and subsequently, bringing a layer of resin matrix containing the conductive composite particles into contact with a surface of the resin-impregnated reinforcing fibres. 28. A curable composite material comprising:
at least one structural layer of reinforcing fibres impregnated with a curable resin matrix; and a nonwoven veil adjacent to said structural layer, said veil comprising conductive polymeric fibres arranged randomly, each of said conductive polymeric fibre comprising a conductive component and a polymeric component, wherein the polymeric component of each conductive polymeric fibre comprises one or more polymers that are initially in a solid phase and substantially insoluble in the curable resin matrix prior to curing of the curable resin matrix, but is able to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase upon curing of the resin matrix. 29. A structural preform adapted for resin infusion, said structural preform comprising:
one or more layers of reinforcing fibres without resin; and at least one nonwoven veil comprised of conductive polymeric fibres arranged randomly, each of said conductive polymeric fibre comprising a conductive component and a polymeric component, wherein the polymeric component of each conductive polymeric fibre comprises one or more polymers that are initially in a solid phase and are substantially insoluble in a curable resin composition to be introduced into the preform by resin infusion, but is able to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase during a cure cycle of the resin-infused preform. 30. A structural fibre preform adapted for resin infusion, said structural fibre preform comprising reinforcing fibres in physical association with conductive polymeric fibres,
wherein each of said conductive polymeric fibres comprising a conductive component and a polymeric component, and the polymeric component of each conductive polymeric fibre comprises one or more polymers that are initially in a solid phase and substantially insoluble in a curable resin composition to be introduced into the preform during resin infusion, but is able to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase during a curing cycle of the resin-infused preform. 31. The structural preform of claim 30, wherein the physical association of the fibres is selected from: co-mingling, aligning in the same layer of fibres, positioning in different but adjacent layers of fibers. | A composite material that includes a layer of reinforcing fibres impregnated with a curable resin matrix and a plurality of electrically conductive composite particles positioned adjacent or in proximity to the reinforcing fibres. Each of the electrically conductive composite particles is composed of a conductive component and a polymeric component, wherein the polymeric component includes one or more polymers that are initially in a solid phase and are substantially insoluble in the curable resin, but is able to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase during a curing cycle of the composite material.1. A curable composite material comprising:
i) at least one structural layer of reinforcing fibres impregnated with a curable resin matrix; and ii) at least one electrically conductive composite particle adjacent or in proximity to said reinforcing fibres, said conductive composite particle comprising a conductive component and a polymeric component, wherein the polymeric component of the conductive composite particle comprises one or more polymers that are initially in a solid phase and substantially insoluble in the curable resin matrix prior to curing of the composite material, but is able to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase by dissolving in the resin matrix during a curing cycle of the composite material. 2. The composite material of claim 1, wherein said curable resin matrix is a thermoset composition in which at least 50% of the polymeric component of the conductive composite particle is soluble in the resin matrix during curing of the composite material, and wherein the phase transition to the fluid phase occurs by dissolution of the polymeric component in the resin matrix. 3. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the conductive component of each electrically conductive composite particle comprises one or more conductive materials having an electrical conductivity greater than 1×103 S/M. 4. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the conductive component of each electrically conductive composite particle comprises one or more conductive materials selected from metallic materials, non-metallic conductive materials, and combinations thereof. 5. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the conductive component of the electrically conductive composite particle comprises one or more metallic materials selected from silver, gold, platinum, palladium, nickel, copper, lead, tin, aluminum, titanium, alloys and mixtures thereof. 6. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the conductive component of the electrically conductive composite particle comprises one or more non-metallic conductive materials selected from carbon, graphene, graphite, and combination thereof. 7. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the polymeric component comprises a polyethersulphone. 8. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the polymeric component of the conductive composite particle comprises at least one thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of: polyurethane, polyketone, polyamide, polyphthalamide, polystyrene, polybutadiene, polyacrylate, polyacrylic, polymethacrylate, polyethersulphone (PES), polyetherethersulphone (PEES), polyphenyl sulphone, polysulphone, polyester, liquid crystal polymers, polyimide, polyetherimide (PEI), polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyurethane, polyarylether, polyarylsulphide, polyphenylene, polyphenylene oxide (PPO), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polypropylene oxide, copolymers and combinations thereof. 9. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the polymeric component of the conductive composite particle further comprises at least one thermoset resin. 10. The composite material of claim 9, wherein the polymeric component of the conductive composite particle further comprises a curing agent or a catalyst. 11. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the weight content of the conductive component of the conductive composite particle relative to the total weight of the conductive composite particle is from 1% to 90%. 12. The composite material of claim 1, wherein a plurality of electrically conductive composite particles are present at a content of 0.1% to 25% by volume based on the volume of the total resin content in the composite material. 13. The composite material of claim 1, wherein a plurality of electrically conductive composite particles are present, and the particles have a mean particle size of less than 150 μm. 14. The composite material of claim 1, wherein a plurality of electrically conductive composite particles are present, and the particles have a mean particle size within the range of 10 μm to 60 μm. 15. The composite material of claim 1 further comprising non-conductive particles, wherein the conductive composite particles combined with non-conductive particles are present at a content of up to 25% by volume based on the volume of the total resin content in the composite material. 16. The composite material of claim 1, wherein said curable resin matrix comprises one or more thermoset resins selected from the group consisting of: epoxy resins, bismaleimide, vinyl ester resins, cyanate ester resins, isocyanate-modified epoxy resins, phenolic resins, benzoxazine, formaldehyde condensate resins, polyesters, acrylics, and combinations thereof. 17. The composite material of claim 1, further comprises a second structural layer of reinforcing fibres impregnated with a curable resin matrix, wherein said at least one conductive composite particle is located between the layers of reinforcing fibres of the first and second structural layers. 18. A curable composite laminate comprising:
a structural layer of reinforcing fibres impregnated with a first curable resin matrix; and a layer of a second curable resin matrix in contact with one of two opposing surfaces of the structural layer, wherein said second curable resin matrix comprises a plurality of conductive composite particles and said first curable resin matrix is void of any composite conductive particle, and wherein each conductive composite particle comprises a conductive component and a polymeric component, the polymeric component comprises one or more polymers that are initially in a solid phase and substantially insoluble in the curable resin matrix prior to curing of the composite laminate, but is able to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase by dissolving in the second resin matrix during a curing cycle of the composite laminate. 19. The curable composite laminate of claim 18 further comprising:
an additional layer of said second curable resin matrix in contact with the other of two opposing surfaces of the structural layer. 20. A method of fabricating a composite structure comprising:
(a) dispersing at least one conductive material in a polymeric material to form a composite blend; (b) optionally heat treating said blend; (c) forming micron-sized conductive composite particles from the composite blend, said particles having a mean particle size of less than 150 μm; (d) optionally heat treating the micron-sized conductive composite particles; and (e) forming a composite material comprising at least one layer of reinforcing fibres impregnated with a curable resin matrix, and a plurality of micron-sized conductive composite particles adjacent to the reinforcing fibres, wherein the polymeric material in each conductive composite particle comprises one or more polymers that are initially in a solid phase and substantially insoluble in the curable resin matrix prior to curing of the resin matrix, but is able to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase by dissolving in the resin matrix during a cure cycle of the composite materials. 21. The method of claim 20 further comprising:
(f) curing the composite material, wherein the polymeric material in the conductive composite particles undergoes at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase by dissolving in the resin matrix during curing, and
after curing, the conductive component of the conductive composite particles function as conductive bridges between adjacent layers of reinforcing fibres. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the conductive material to be dispersed in step (a) is in a form selected from the group consisting of flakes, powders, dendrites, fibres, spheres, metal-coated products, and combinations thereof. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the conductive component of the electrically conductive composite particle comprises one or more metallic materials selected from silver, gold, platinum, palladium, nickel, copper, lead, tin, aluminum, titanium, alloys and mixtures thereof. 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the conductive material is selected from a group consisting of: chopped carbon fibres, graphite flakes, graphite nano-platelets, carbon black, single-walled carbon nano-tubes (SWCNT), double-walled carbon nano-tubes (DWCNT), multi-walled carbon nano-tubes (MWCNT), carbon nano-fibres, carbon nano-spheres, carbon nano-rods, fullarenes, carbon nano-ropes, carbon nano-ribbons, carbon nano-fibrils, carbon nano-needles, carbon nano-sheets, graphenes, carbon nano-cones, carbon nano-scrolls with scroll-like shapes, boron nitride-based products with or without a conductive coating. 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the composite material is formed by impregnating the layer of reinforcing fibres with the curable resin matrix, and the conductive composite particles are incorporated into the curable resin matrix prior to resin impregnation, and wherein the conductive composite particles remain on the outer surfaces of the layer of reinforcing fibres after impregnation. 26. The method of claim 20, wherein the composite material is formed by:
bringing a layer of curable resin matrix without conductive composite particles into contact with a surface of a layer of reinforcing fibres, followed by application of heat and pressure to cause the resin matrix to impregnate the reinforcing fibres; and subsequently, bringing a second layer of resin matrix containing the conductive composite particles into contact with a surface of the impregnated layer of reinforcing fibres. 27. The method of claim 20, wherein the composite material is formed by:
bringing two layers of curable resin matrix without conductive composite particles into contact with opposing surfaces of a layer of reinforcing fibres, followed by application of heat and pressure to cause the resin matrix to impregnate the reinforcing fibres; and subsequently, bringing a layer of resin matrix containing the conductive composite particles into contact with a surface of the resin-impregnated reinforcing fibres. 28. A curable composite material comprising:
at least one structural layer of reinforcing fibres impregnated with a curable resin matrix; and a nonwoven veil adjacent to said structural layer, said veil comprising conductive polymeric fibres arranged randomly, each of said conductive polymeric fibre comprising a conductive component and a polymeric component, wherein the polymeric component of each conductive polymeric fibre comprises one or more polymers that are initially in a solid phase and substantially insoluble in the curable resin matrix prior to curing of the curable resin matrix, but is able to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase upon curing of the resin matrix. 29. A structural preform adapted for resin infusion, said structural preform comprising:
one or more layers of reinforcing fibres without resin; and at least one nonwoven veil comprised of conductive polymeric fibres arranged randomly, each of said conductive polymeric fibre comprising a conductive component and a polymeric component, wherein the polymeric component of each conductive polymeric fibre comprises one or more polymers that are initially in a solid phase and are substantially insoluble in a curable resin composition to be introduced into the preform by resin infusion, but is able to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase during a cure cycle of the resin-infused preform. 30. A structural fibre preform adapted for resin infusion, said structural fibre preform comprising reinforcing fibres in physical association with conductive polymeric fibres,
wherein each of said conductive polymeric fibres comprising a conductive component and a polymeric component, and the polymeric component of each conductive polymeric fibre comprises one or more polymers that are initially in a solid phase and substantially insoluble in a curable resin composition to be introduced into the preform during resin infusion, but is able to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase during a curing cycle of the resin-infused preform. 31. The structural preform of claim 30, wherein the physical association of the fibres is selected from: co-mingling, aligning in the same layer of fibres, positioning in different but adjacent layers of fibers. | 1,700 |
1,756 | 14,101,705 | 1,741 | A method for activating an inner surface of a hollow glass substrate tube for manufacturing an optical fiber preform including depositing a plurality of activation glass layers on the inner surface of the hollow substrate tube by a PCVD process, wherein a total thickness of the deposited activation glass layers is between 10 microns and 250 microns, and etching the deposited activation glass layers to remove at least 30% of the deposited activation glass layers. | 1. A method for activating an inner surface of a hollow glass substrate tube for manufacturing an optical fiber preform, the method comprising the steps of:
i) depositing a plurality of activation glass layers on the inner surface of the hollow substrate tube by a PCVD process, wherein a total thickness of the deposited activation glass layers is between 10 microns and 250 microns; ii) etching the deposited activation glass layers to remove at least 30% of the deposited activation glass layers. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the etching in step ii) is performed by plasma etching and an etching gas. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the etching gas is a fluorine-containing etching gas comprising a hydrogen-free fluorinated compound and a carrier gas. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the carrier gas is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and argon. 5. The method according to claim 2, wherein the etching gas is selected from the group consisting of CCl2F2, CF4, C2F6, SF6, F2 and SO2F2, and combinations thereof. 6. The method according to claim 3, wherein the fluorine-containing etching gas is a mixture comprising O2 and one or more of C2F6 and SF6. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the activation glass layers are undoped and comprise O2 and SiCl4. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the total thickness of the deposited activation glass layers is at least 25 microns. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the total thickness of the deposited activation glass layers is at least 50 microns. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the total thickness of the deposited activation glass layers is at most 125 microns. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the total thickness of the deposited activation glass layers is at most 75 microns. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least 40% of the deposited activation glass layers are removed in step ii). 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least 50% of the deposited activation glass layers are removed in step ii). 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein 100% of the deposited activation glass layers are removed in step ii). 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein at most 90% of the deposited activation glass layers are removed in step ii). 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein at most 80% of the deposited activation glass layers are removed in step ii). 17. A method of manufacturing a preform for optical fibers by an inside vapor deposition process, comprising the steps of:
providing a hollow substrate tube; activating an inner surface of the hollow substrate tube by depositing a plurality of activation glass layers on the inner surface of the hollow substrate tube by a PCVD process, wherein a total thickness of the deposited activation glass layers is from 10-250 microns, and subsequently etching the deposited activation glass layers to remove at least 30% of the deposited activation glass layers; supplying one or more of doped and undoped glass-forming gases into the hollow substrate tube having the activated inner surface; depositing glass layers on the inside of the hollow substrate tube; and collapsing the substrate tube into an optical fibre preform. | A method for activating an inner surface of a hollow glass substrate tube for manufacturing an optical fiber preform including depositing a plurality of activation glass layers on the inner surface of the hollow substrate tube by a PCVD process, wherein a total thickness of the deposited activation glass layers is between 10 microns and 250 microns, and etching the deposited activation glass layers to remove at least 30% of the deposited activation glass layers.1. A method for activating an inner surface of a hollow glass substrate tube for manufacturing an optical fiber preform, the method comprising the steps of:
i) depositing a plurality of activation glass layers on the inner surface of the hollow substrate tube by a PCVD process, wherein a total thickness of the deposited activation glass layers is between 10 microns and 250 microns; ii) etching the deposited activation glass layers to remove at least 30% of the deposited activation glass layers. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the etching in step ii) is performed by plasma etching and an etching gas. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the etching gas is a fluorine-containing etching gas comprising a hydrogen-free fluorinated compound and a carrier gas. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the carrier gas is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and argon. 5. The method according to claim 2, wherein the etching gas is selected from the group consisting of CCl2F2, CF4, C2F6, SF6, F2 and SO2F2, and combinations thereof. 6. The method according to claim 3, wherein the fluorine-containing etching gas is a mixture comprising O2 and one or more of C2F6 and SF6. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the activation glass layers are undoped and comprise O2 and SiCl4. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the total thickness of the deposited activation glass layers is at least 25 microns. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the total thickness of the deposited activation glass layers is at least 50 microns. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the total thickness of the deposited activation glass layers is at most 125 microns. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the total thickness of the deposited activation glass layers is at most 75 microns. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least 40% of the deposited activation glass layers are removed in step ii). 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least 50% of the deposited activation glass layers are removed in step ii). 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein 100% of the deposited activation glass layers are removed in step ii). 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein at most 90% of the deposited activation glass layers are removed in step ii). 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein at most 80% of the deposited activation glass layers are removed in step ii). 17. A method of manufacturing a preform for optical fibers by an inside vapor deposition process, comprising the steps of:
providing a hollow substrate tube; activating an inner surface of the hollow substrate tube by depositing a plurality of activation glass layers on the inner surface of the hollow substrate tube by a PCVD process, wherein a total thickness of the deposited activation glass layers is from 10-250 microns, and subsequently etching the deposited activation glass layers to remove at least 30% of the deposited activation glass layers; supplying one or more of doped and undoped glass-forming gases into the hollow substrate tube having the activated inner surface; depositing glass layers on the inside of the hollow substrate tube; and collapsing the substrate tube into an optical fibre preform. | 1,700 |
1,757 | 14,152,138 | 1,788 | The invention relates to a method for producing glitter comprising particles having a thickness of ≧1 μm from a predetermined starting material, which particles are introduced into a mixed bed which is produced by means of a fluidised bed, the mixed bed being adjusted by means of a primary flow and a secondary flow, and the individual particles in the mixed bed being sealed at all sides with a layer of protective material so as to enclose cut and broken edges. | 1. A glitter product, comprising a plurality of particles each having a thickness of ≧1 μm and each comprising a carrier layer of plastic foil which is provided on either side with a coating of aluminium and thereon with a coating of polyurethane or epoxide, or a carrier layer of a plastics foil with a coating of polyurethane or epoxide on either side, or a carrier layer of a plastics foil with a coating of aluminium on either side, or a carrier layer of aluminium foil with a coating of polyurethane or epoxide on either side and each individual particle is provided on all sides with a homogeneous protective layer so as to enclose cut edges; the glitter product formed by introducing the particles into a mixed bed which is produced by means of a fluidised bed, the mixed bed being adjusted by means of a primary flow and a secondary flow. 2. The glitter product according to claim 1, wherein the carrier layer is provided on either side with a layer of aluminium or polyurethane or epoxide. 3. The glitter product according to claim 1, wherein the carrier layer thickness is ≧1 μm. 4. The glitter product according to claim 1, wherein the glitter has a hexagon shape. 5. The glitter according to claim 1, wherein each particle has a diagonal length of 50 micrometers. 6. The glitter product according to claim 1, each particle has a diagonal length of 61-500 micrometers. 7. The glitter product according to claim 1, wherein the protective layer is transparent. 8. The glitter product according to claim 1, wherein the protective layer includes a colour component. 9. The glitter product according to claim 8, wherein the colour component includes colouring pigments. | The invention relates to a method for producing glitter comprising particles having a thickness of ≧1 μm from a predetermined starting material, which particles are introduced into a mixed bed which is produced by means of a fluidised bed, the mixed bed being adjusted by means of a primary flow and a secondary flow, and the individual particles in the mixed bed being sealed at all sides with a layer of protective material so as to enclose cut and broken edges.1. A glitter product, comprising a plurality of particles each having a thickness of ≧1 μm and each comprising a carrier layer of plastic foil which is provided on either side with a coating of aluminium and thereon with a coating of polyurethane or epoxide, or a carrier layer of a plastics foil with a coating of polyurethane or epoxide on either side, or a carrier layer of a plastics foil with a coating of aluminium on either side, or a carrier layer of aluminium foil with a coating of polyurethane or epoxide on either side and each individual particle is provided on all sides with a homogeneous protective layer so as to enclose cut edges; the glitter product formed by introducing the particles into a mixed bed which is produced by means of a fluidised bed, the mixed bed being adjusted by means of a primary flow and a secondary flow. 2. The glitter product according to claim 1, wherein the carrier layer is provided on either side with a layer of aluminium or polyurethane or epoxide. 3. The glitter product according to claim 1, wherein the carrier layer thickness is ≧1 μm. 4. The glitter product according to claim 1, wherein the glitter has a hexagon shape. 5. The glitter according to claim 1, wherein each particle has a diagonal length of 50 micrometers. 6. The glitter product according to claim 1, each particle has a diagonal length of 61-500 micrometers. 7. The glitter product according to claim 1, wherein the protective layer is transparent. 8. The glitter product according to claim 1, wherein the protective layer includes a colour component. 9. The glitter product according to claim 8, wherein the colour component includes colouring pigments. | 1,700 |
1,758 | 14,356,645 | 1,783 | Light directing films have a surface comprising a plurality of microstructures with peaks extending along a length of the surface. Each microstructure includes a plurality of elevated portions and a plurality of non-elevated portions. A void diameter, D?c#191, of the largest circle that can be overlaid on the surface of the light directing film without including at least a portion of an elevated portion is less than about 0.5 mm. The light directing film cannot be divided into a plurality of same size and shape grid cells forming a continuous two-dimensional grid, where each of at least 90% of the grid cells comprise either a single leading edge of an elevated portion, or a portion of an elevated portion where the elevated portion has a length that is greater than the average length of the elevated portions. | 1. A light directing film comprising:
a surface comprising a plurality of microstructures with peaks extending along a length of the surface, each microstructure comprising a plurality of elevated portions and a plurality of non-elevated portions, wherein a diameter, Dc, of a largest circle that can be overlaid on the surface without including at least a portion of an elevated portion is less than about 0.5 mm, and wherein the light directing film cannot be divided into a plurality of same size and shape grid cells forming a continuous two-dimensional grid, where each of at least 90% of the grid cells comprise either a single leading edge of an elevated portion, or a portion of an elevated portion where the elevated portion has a length that is greater than the average length of the elevated portions. 2. The light directing film of claim 1, wherein a number density of the elevated portions in the arrangement, NDEP, is less than or equal to about 2500/cm2 and the average length, L, is less than about 0.3 mm. 3. The light directing film of claim 1, wherein a number density of the elevated portions in the arrangement, NDEP, is less than or equal to about 1223/cm2 and the average length, L, is less than about 0.6 mm. 4. The light directing film of claim 1, wherein a pitch of the microstructures is between about 5 microns to about 200 microns. 5. The light directing film of claim 1, wherein an average length, L, of the elevated portions is between about 0.15 and about 0.6 mm. 6. The light directing film of claim 1, wherein a lateral cross sectional area of a microstructure of the plurality of microstructures in a region of an elevated portion and a lateral cross sectional area of the microstructure in a region of a non-elevated portion have a same shape. 7. A light directing film, comprising:
a surface comprising a plurality of microstructures having peaks extending along a length of the surface, the surface comprising an arrangement of elevated portions disposed in an irregular pattern on the peaks, wherein a void diameter, Dc, of a largest circle that can be overlaid on the surface of the light directing film without including at least a portion of an elevated portion is less than about
0.6125
2447
N
DEP
-
0.7159
L
,
where NDEP is a number density of the elevated portions/cm2, and L is an average length of the elevated portions in millimeters, and wherein the light directing film cannot be divided into a plurality of same size and shape grid cells forming a continuous two-dimensional grid, where each of at least 90% of the grid cells comprise either a single leading edge of an elevated portion, or a portion of an elevated portion where the elevated portion has a length that is greater than the average length of the elevated portions. 8. A light directing film, comprising:
a surface having a plurality of microstructures with peaks extending along a length of the surface, the surface including an arrangement of elevated portions disposed on the peaks, wherein the arrangement of elevated portions is based on a quasi-random pattern. 9. The light directing film of claim 8, wherein the quasi-random pattern comprises one or more of:
a Sobel pattern; a Halton pattern; a reverse Halton pattern; and a Neiderreiter pattern. 10. A light directing film, comprising:
a surface comprising a plurality of microstructures having peaks extending along a length of the surface, the surface comprising an arrangement of elevated portions and non-elevated portions disposed in an irregular pattern on the peaks, wherein a void diameter, Dc, of a largest circle that can be overlaid on the surface of the light directing film without including at least a portion of an elevated portion is less than about
1.225
2447
N
DEP
-
0.7159
L
D
0
,
for D0 between about 0.250 and 0.336 mm, where NDEP is a number density of the elevated portions/cm2, and L is an average length of the elevated portions in millimeters. | Light directing films have a surface comprising a plurality of microstructures with peaks extending along a length of the surface. Each microstructure includes a plurality of elevated portions and a plurality of non-elevated portions. A void diameter, D?c#191, of the largest circle that can be overlaid on the surface of the light directing film without including at least a portion of an elevated portion is less than about 0.5 mm. The light directing film cannot be divided into a plurality of same size and shape grid cells forming a continuous two-dimensional grid, where each of at least 90% of the grid cells comprise either a single leading edge of an elevated portion, or a portion of an elevated portion where the elevated portion has a length that is greater than the average length of the elevated portions.1. A light directing film comprising:
a surface comprising a plurality of microstructures with peaks extending along a length of the surface, each microstructure comprising a plurality of elevated portions and a plurality of non-elevated portions, wherein a diameter, Dc, of a largest circle that can be overlaid on the surface without including at least a portion of an elevated portion is less than about 0.5 mm, and wherein the light directing film cannot be divided into a plurality of same size and shape grid cells forming a continuous two-dimensional grid, where each of at least 90% of the grid cells comprise either a single leading edge of an elevated portion, or a portion of an elevated portion where the elevated portion has a length that is greater than the average length of the elevated portions. 2. The light directing film of claim 1, wherein a number density of the elevated portions in the arrangement, NDEP, is less than or equal to about 2500/cm2 and the average length, L, is less than about 0.3 mm. 3. The light directing film of claim 1, wherein a number density of the elevated portions in the arrangement, NDEP, is less than or equal to about 1223/cm2 and the average length, L, is less than about 0.6 mm. 4. The light directing film of claim 1, wherein a pitch of the microstructures is between about 5 microns to about 200 microns. 5. The light directing film of claim 1, wherein an average length, L, of the elevated portions is between about 0.15 and about 0.6 mm. 6. The light directing film of claim 1, wherein a lateral cross sectional area of a microstructure of the plurality of microstructures in a region of an elevated portion and a lateral cross sectional area of the microstructure in a region of a non-elevated portion have a same shape. 7. A light directing film, comprising:
a surface comprising a plurality of microstructures having peaks extending along a length of the surface, the surface comprising an arrangement of elevated portions disposed in an irregular pattern on the peaks, wherein a void diameter, Dc, of a largest circle that can be overlaid on the surface of the light directing film without including at least a portion of an elevated portion is less than about
0.6125
2447
N
DEP
-
0.7159
L
,
where NDEP is a number density of the elevated portions/cm2, and L is an average length of the elevated portions in millimeters, and wherein the light directing film cannot be divided into a plurality of same size and shape grid cells forming a continuous two-dimensional grid, where each of at least 90% of the grid cells comprise either a single leading edge of an elevated portion, or a portion of an elevated portion where the elevated portion has a length that is greater than the average length of the elevated portions. 8. A light directing film, comprising:
a surface having a plurality of microstructures with peaks extending along a length of the surface, the surface including an arrangement of elevated portions disposed on the peaks, wherein the arrangement of elevated portions is based on a quasi-random pattern. 9. The light directing film of claim 8, wherein the quasi-random pattern comprises one or more of:
a Sobel pattern; a Halton pattern; a reverse Halton pattern; and a Neiderreiter pattern. 10. A light directing film, comprising:
a surface comprising a plurality of microstructures having peaks extending along a length of the surface, the surface comprising an arrangement of elevated portions and non-elevated portions disposed in an irregular pattern on the peaks, wherein a void diameter, Dc, of a largest circle that can be overlaid on the surface of the light directing film without including at least a portion of an elevated portion is less than about
1.225
2447
N
DEP
-
0.7159
L
D
0
,
for D0 between about 0.250 and 0.336 mm, where NDEP is a number density of the elevated portions/cm2, and L is an average length of the elevated portions in millimeters. | 1,700 |
1,759 | 14,025,550 | 1,747 | A reconstituted tobacco material is manufactured by extracting a natural tobacco material with an extracting solvent to obtain an extraction residue and a tobacco extracted liquid containing desired components and undesired components including tobacco-specific nitrosamines, subjecting the tobacco extracted liquid to a fractionating treatment by means of a reverse osmosis membrane to obtain a membrane impermeable fraction containing the desired components and depleted in the undesired components and a membrane permeable fraction depleted in the desired components and enriched in the undesired components, controlling the tobacco extracted liquid during the fractionating treatment to have a temperature suitable for the fractionating treatment, removing precipitates, which are precipitated in the tobacco extracted liquid during the fractionating treatment, from the tobacco extracted liquid, preparing a reconstituted tobacco web containing the extraction residue, and adding the membrane impermeable fraction to the reconstituted tobacco web. | 1. A method of manufacturing a reconstituted tobacco material, comprising:
(a) extracting a natural tobacco material with an extracting solvent to obtain an extraction residue and a tobacco extracted liquid containing desired components and undesired components including tobacco-specific nitrosamines; (b) subjecting the tobacco extracted liquid to a fractionating treatment by means of a reverse osmosis membrane to obtain a membrane impermeable fraction containing the desired components and depleted in the undesired components and a membrane permeable fraction depleted in the desired components and enriched in the undesired components; (c) controlling the tobacco extracted liquid during the fractionating treatment to have a temperature suitable for the fractionating treatment; (d) removing precipitates, which are precipitated in the tobacco extracted liquid during the fractionating treatment, from the tobacco extracted liquid; (e) preparing a reconstituted tobacco web containing the extraction residue; and (f) adding the membrane impermeable fraction to the reconstituted tobacco web. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein in tobacco extracted liquid is controlled to have a temperature within a range of 40 to 80° C. in the step (c). 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step (b) comprises:
repeatedly performing the fractionating treatment to obtain a concentrated membrane impermeable fraction, and repeating a cycle of consisting of addition of process water to the concentrated membrane impermeable fraction and the fractionating treatment of the membrane impermeable fraction supplied with the process water. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the cycle is repeated until a membrane impermeable fraction, from which the tobacco-specific nitrosamines contained in the tobacco extracted liquid obtained in the step (a) is removed by 60 wt % or more of its initial amount, is obtained. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step (c) is performed by using a filter having a pore size of 3 μm or less. 6. The method according to claim 3, wherein the process water is obtained by removing bicarbonate ions from hard water containing bicarbonate ions. 7. A fractionating apparatus for separating desired components from tobacco-specific nitrosamine-including undesired components in a tobacco extracted liquid, comprising:
a process vessel which contains the tobacco extracted liquid; a fractionating device comprising a reverse osmosis membrane by which the tobacco extracted liquid is fractionated into a membrane impermeable fraction containing the desired components and depleted in the undesired components and a membrane permeable fraction depleted in the desired components and enriched in the undesired components; a pump which feeds the tobacco extracted liquid to the fractionating device under pressure; a filter for removing precipitates such as protein which are precipitated in the tobacco extracted liquid during the fractionating treatment; and a temperature controlling device which controls the tobacco extracted liquid to have a temperature suitable for the fractionating treatment during the fractionating treatment. 8. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the temperature controlling device controls the tobacco extracted liquid to have a temperature within a range of 40 to 80° C. 9. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the temperature controlling device is constituted of a heat exchanger. 10. The apparatus according to claim 7, further comprising:
an ultrafiltration device which comprises ultrafiltration membrane for removing bicarbonate ions from hard water containing bicarbonate ions, and is configured to provide bicarbonate ion-removed water as process water. | A reconstituted tobacco material is manufactured by extracting a natural tobacco material with an extracting solvent to obtain an extraction residue and a tobacco extracted liquid containing desired components and undesired components including tobacco-specific nitrosamines, subjecting the tobacco extracted liquid to a fractionating treatment by means of a reverse osmosis membrane to obtain a membrane impermeable fraction containing the desired components and depleted in the undesired components and a membrane permeable fraction depleted in the desired components and enriched in the undesired components, controlling the tobacco extracted liquid during the fractionating treatment to have a temperature suitable for the fractionating treatment, removing precipitates, which are precipitated in the tobacco extracted liquid during the fractionating treatment, from the tobacco extracted liquid, preparing a reconstituted tobacco web containing the extraction residue, and adding the membrane impermeable fraction to the reconstituted tobacco web.1. A method of manufacturing a reconstituted tobacco material, comprising:
(a) extracting a natural tobacco material with an extracting solvent to obtain an extraction residue and a tobacco extracted liquid containing desired components and undesired components including tobacco-specific nitrosamines; (b) subjecting the tobacco extracted liquid to a fractionating treatment by means of a reverse osmosis membrane to obtain a membrane impermeable fraction containing the desired components and depleted in the undesired components and a membrane permeable fraction depleted in the desired components and enriched in the undesired components; (c) controlling the tobacco extracted liquid during the fractionating treatment to have a temperature suitable for the fractionating treatment; (d) removing precipitates, which are precipitated in the tobacco extracted liquid during the fractionating treatment, from the tobacco extracted liquid; (e) preparing a reconstituted tobacco web containing the extraction residue; and (f) adding the membrane impermeable fraction to the reconstituted tobacco web. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein in tobacco extracted liquid is controlled to have a temperature within a range of 40 to 80° C. in the step (c). 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step (b) comprises:
repeatedly performing the fractionating treatment to obtain a concentrated membrane impermeable fraction, and repeating a cycle of consisting of addition of process water to the concentrated membrane impermeable fraction and the fractionating treatment of the membrane impermeable fraction supplied with the process water. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the cycle is repeated until a membrane impermeable fraction, from which the tobacco-specific nitrosamines contained in the tobacco extracted liquid obtained in the step (a) is removed by 60 wt % or more of its initial amount, is obtained. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step (c) is performed by using a filter having a pore size of 3 μm or less. 6. The method according to claim 3, wherein the process water is obtained by removing bicarbonate ions from hard water containing bicarbonate ions. 7. A fractionating apparatus for separating desired components from tobacco-specific nitrosamine-including undesired components in a tobacco extracted liquid, comprising:
a process vessel which contains the tobacco extracted liquid; a fractionating device comprising a reverse osmosis membrane by which the tobacco extracted liquid is fractionated into a membrane impermeable fraction containing the desired components and depleted in the undesired components and a membrane permeable fraction depleted in the desired components and enriched in the undesired components; a pump which feeds the tobacco extracted liquid to the fractionating device under pressure; a filter for removing precipitates such as protein which are precipitated in the tobacco extracted liquid during the fractionating treatment; and a temperature controlling device which controls the tobacco extracted liquid to have a temperature suitable for the fractionating treatment during the fractionating treatment. 8. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the temperature controlling device controls the tobacco extracted liquid to have a temperature within a range of 40 to 80° C. 9. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the temperature controlling device is constituted of a heat exchanger. 10. The apparatus according to claim 7, further comprising:
an ultrafiltration device which comprises ultrafiltration membrane for removing bicarbonate ions from hard water containing bicarbonate ions, and is configured to provide bicarbonate ion-removed water as process water. | 1,700 |
1,760 | 12,667,458 | 1,741 | The invention relates to a method of controlling the level of corrosivity of an aqueous solution recovered during a process for producing a blanket of mineral fibers, comprising in particular the fiberizing and the coating of said fibers with a binder comprising a polyacid typically of the acrylic type, said aqueous solution being at least partly recycled into a zone in which said resin is prepared and/or a scrubbing zone of the production plant, said method being characterized in that the pH of the solution in the recycling circuit is maintained between minimum and maximum values by injecting into said circuit an agent for modifying said pH, such as a base, the quantity injected or the flow rate of the pH-modifying agent being adjusted directly according to the quantity or the flow rate of acid binder injected during the fiberizing process.
The invention also relates to the device for implementing the method. | 1. A method of controlling the level of corrosivity of an aqueous solution recovered during a process for producing a blanket of mineral fibers, in which the fiberizing and the coating of said fibers with a binder comprises a polyacid, said aqueous solution being at least partly recycled into a zone in which said binder is prepared and/or a scrubbing zone of the production plant, said method comprising maintaining the pH of the solution in the recycling circuit between minimum and maximum values by injecting into said circuit an agent for modifying said pH, the flow rate of the pH-modifying agent being adjusted directly according to the flow rate of acid binder injected during the fiberizing process. 2. The control method as claimed in claim 1, in which the flow rate of the pH-modifying agent in the recycling circuit is directly proportional to the flow rate of acid binder injected in the fiberizing process. 3. The control method as claimed in claim 2, in which the ratio R is adjusted at regular intervals by a spot measurement of the pH of the water recovered in the recycling circuit. 4. The control method as claimed in claim 1, in which the value of the pH is between about 6 and about 9. 5. The control method as claimed in claim 1, in which the fiberizing process water is at least partly recovered on the fiber-conveying belt after said fiberizing. 6. The control method as claimed in claim 1, in which the fiberizing process water is at least partly recovered in the mineral fiber crosslinking oven. 7. The control method as claimed in claim 1, in which the recovered water is at least partly used to scrub at least one of the constituent elements of the device for obtaining the fiber blanket. 8. The control method as claimed in claim 1, in which the pH-modifying agent is chosen from alkaline bases of the alkali or alkaline-earth metal hydroxide or carbonate type. 9. The control method as claimed in claim 1, in which the polyacid is chosen from polycarboxylic acids of the family of acrylic, methacrylic, crotonic, isocrotonic, maleic and cinnamic acids. 10. A plant for producing a fiber blanket, comprising a fiberizing unit incorporating means for spraying a solution of a binder comprising a polyacid, onto the newly-formed fibers, means for collecting the binder-impregnated fibers and for conveying them to a crosslinking enclosure and suction means for sucking up an aqueous solution comprising the excess binder and water from the fiber blanket collected on the conveying means, said suction means being in fluid communication with a recycle loop for recycling said aqueous solution into a station for preparing the binder solution supplying the spray means and/or into means for scrubbing the plant, said plant further including means for injecting and regulating a controlled amount of a pH-modifying agent and in that said regulating means are slaved to control means calibrated according to the amount of polyacid injected into the fiberizing unit. | The invention relates to a method of controlling the level of corrosivity of an aqueous solution recovered during a process for producing a blanket of mineral fibers, comprising in particular the fiberizing and the coating of said fibers with a binder comprising a polyacid typically of the acrylic type, said aqueous solution being at least partly recycled into a zone in which said resin is prepared and/or a scrubbing zone of the production plant, said method being characterized in that the pH of the solution in the recycling circuit is maintained between minimum and maximum values by injecting into said circuit an agent for modifying said pH, such as a base, the quantity injected or the flow rate of the pH-modifying agent being adjusted directly according to the quantity or the flow rate of acid binder injected during the fiberizing process.
The invention also relates to the device for implementing the method.1. A method of controlling the level of corrosivity of an aqueous solution recovered during a process for producing a blanket of mineral fibers, in which the fiberizing and the coating of said fibers with a binder comprises a polyacid, said aqueous solution being at least partly recycled into a zone in which said binder is prepared and/or a scrubbing zone of the production plant, said method comprising maintaining the pH of the solution in the recycling circuit between minimum and maximum values by injecting into said circuit an agent for modifying said pH, the flow rate of the pH-modifying agent being adjusted directly according to the flow rate of acid binder injected during the fiberizing process. 2. The control method as claimed in claim 1, in which the flow rate of the pH-modifying agent in the recycling circuit is directly proportional to the flow rate of acid binder injected in the fiberizing process. 3. The control method as claimed in claim 2, in which the ratio R is adjusted at regular intervals by a spot measurement of the pH of the water recovered in the recycling circuit. 4. The control method as claimed in claim 1, in which the value of the pH is between about 6 and about 9. 5. The control method as claimed in claim 1, in which the fiberizing process water is at least partly recovered on the fiber-conveying belt after said fiberizing. 6. The control method as claimed in claim 1, in which the fiberizing process water is at least partly recovered in the mineral fiber crosslinking oven. 7. The control method as claimed in claim 1, in which the recovered water is at least partly used to scrub at least one of the constituent elements of the device for obtaining the fiber blanket. 8. The control method as claimed in claim 1, in which the pH-modifying agent is chosen from alkaline bases of the alkali or alkaline-earth metal hydroxide or carbonate type. 9. The control method as claimed in claim 1, in which the polyacid is chosen from polycarboxylic acids of the family of acrylic, methacrylic, crotonic, isocrotonic, maleic and cinnamic acids. 10. A plant for producing a fiber blanket, comprising a fiberizing unit incorporating means for spraying a solution of a binder comprising a polyacid, onto the newly-formed fibers, means for collecting the binder-impregnated fibers and for conveying them to a crosslinking enclosure and suction means for sucking up an aqueous solution comprising the excess binder and water from the fiber blanket collected on the conveying means, said suction means being in fluid communication with a recycle loop for recycling said aqueous solution into a station for preparing the binder solution supplying the spray means and/or into means for scrubbing the plant, said plant further including means for injecting and regulating a controlled amount of a pH-modifying agent and in that said regulating means are slaved to control means calibrated according to the amount of polyacid injected into the fiberizing unit. | 1,700 |
1,761 | 14,335,284 | 1,783 | A solar heat responsive roofing material includes a continuous phase and dispersed discontinuous phase having a phase transition at a temperature between about 50 degrees Celsius and about 95 degrees Celsius. | 1. A solar heat responsive roofing material comprising:
a) a continuous phase; and b) a discontinuous phase dispersed in the continuous phase, the discontinuous phase having a phase transition at a temperature between about 50 degrees Celsius and about 95 degrees Celsius, the discontinuous phase comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer 2. Roofing material according to claim 1 wherein the phase transition temperature is between about 60 degrees Celsius and about 85 degrees Celsius. 3. Roofing material according to claim 1 wherein the discontinuous phase has a phase transition enthalpy of at least about 100 kilojoules per kg. 4. Roofing material according to claim 1 wherein the discontinuous phase constitutes at least ten percent by weight of the roofing material. 5. Roofing material according to claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl ethyl ether), poly(vinyl n-butyl ether) and polychloroprene. 6. Roofing material according to claim 1 wherein the roof includes a base sheet having a bituminous coating, the continuous phase comprising the bituminous coating. 7. Roofing material according to claim 1 wherein the discontinuous phase includes a plurality of fibers comprising phase change material. 8. A solar heat-responsive roofing material comprising:
a) a bituminous base sheet; and b) a plurality of roofing granules, the roofing granules including a latent-heat storage material having a phase transition at a temperature between about 50 degrees Celsius and about 95 degrees Celsius, the latent-heat storage material comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer. 9. A solar heat-responsive roofing material according to claim 15 wherein the phase transition temperature is between about 60 degrees Celsius and about 85 degrees Celsius. 10. A solar heat-responsive roofing material according to claim 8 wherein the heat storage material has a phase transition enthalpy of at least 100 kilojoules per kg. 11. A solar heat-responsive roofing material according to claim 8 wherein the heat storage material constitutes at least ten percent by weight of the roofing material. 12. A solar heat-responsive roofing material according to claim 8 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl ethyl ether), poly(vinyl n-butyl ether) and polychloroprene. 13. A solar heat-responsive roofing material according to claim 8 wherein the heat storage material includes a plurality of fibers comprising phase change material. 14. A solar heat-responsive roofing material comprising:
a) at least one solar-heat reflective material; and b) at least one latent-heat storage material, the at least one latent-heat storage material having a phase transition at a temperature between about 50 degrees Celsius and about 95 degrees Celsius, the at least one latent-heat storage material comprising a thermoplastic polymer, wherein the roofing material includes a continuous phase, and a discontinuous phase dispersed in the continuous phase, the discontinuous phase including the latent-heat storage material. 15. A solar heat-responsive roofing material according to claim 14 wherein the phase transition temperature is between about 60 degrees Celsius and about 85 degrees Celsius. 16. A solar heat-responsive roofing material according to claim 14 wherein the latent-heat storage material has a phase transition enthalpy of at least about 100 kilojoules per kg. 17. A solar heat-responsive roofing material according to claim 14 wherein the latent-heat storage material constitutes at least ten percent by weight of the roofing material. 18. A solar heat-responsive roofing material according to claim 14 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl ethyl ether), poly(vinyl n-butyl ether) and polychloroprene. 19. A solar heat-responsive roofing material according to claim 14 wherein the at least one solar heat reflective roofing material has greater than 40% total reflectance between 700 nm to 2500 nm of solar radiation. 20. A solar heat-responsive roofing material according to claim 14 further including a reflective coating, with solar-heat reflective material being dispersed in the reflective coating. | A solar heat responsive roofing material includes a continuous phase and dispersed discontinuous phase having a phase transition at a temperature between about 50 degrees Celsius and about 95 degrees Celsius.1. A solar heat responsive roofing material comprising:
a) a continuous phase; and b) a discontinuous phase dispersed in the continuous phase, the discontinuous phase having a phase transition at a temperature between about 50 degrees Celsius and about 95 degrees Celsius, the discontinuous phase comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer 2. Roofing material according to claim 1 wherein the phase transition temperature is between about 60 degrees Celsius and about 85 degrees Celsius. 3. Roofing material according to claim 1 wherein the discontinuous phase has a phase transition enthalpy of at least about 100 kilojoules per kg. 4. Roofing material according to claim 1 wherein the discontinuous phase constitutes at least ten percent by weight of the roofing material. 5. Roofing material according to claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl ethyl ether), poly(vinyl n-butyl ether) and polychloroprene. 6. Roofing material according to claim 1 wherein the roof includes a base sheet having a bituminous coating, the continuous phase comprising the bituminous coating. 7. Roofing material according to claim 1 wherein the discontinuous phase includes a plurality of fibers comprising phase change material. 8. A solar heat-responsive roofing material comprising:
a) a bituminous base sheet; and b) a plurality of roofing granules, the roofing granules including a latent-heat storage material having a phase transition at a temperature between about 50 degrees Celsius and about 95 degrees Celsius, the latent-heat storage material comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer. 9. A solar heat-responsive roofing material according to claim 15 wherein the phase transition temperature is between about 60 degrees Celsius and about 85 degrees Celsius. 10. A solar heat-responsive roofing material according to claim 8 wherein the heat storage material has a phase transition enthalpy of at least 100 kilojoules per kg. 11. A solar heat-responsive roofing material according to claim 8 wherein the heat storage material constitutes at least ten percent by weight of the roofing material. 12. A solar heat-responsive roofing material according to claim 8 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl ethyl ether), poly(vinyl n-butyl ether) and polychloroprene. 13. A solar heat-responsive roofing material according to claim 8 wherein the heat storage material includes a plurality of fibers comprising phase change material. 14. A solar heat-responsive roofing material comprising:
a) at least one solar-heat reflective material; and b) at least one latent-heat storage material, the at least one latent-heat storage material having a phase transition at a temperature between about 50 degrees Celsius and about 95 degrees Celsius, the at least one latent-heat storage material comprising a thermoplastic polymer, wherein the roofing material includes a continuous phase, and a discontinuous phase dispersed in the continuous phase, the discontinuous phase including the latent-heat storage material. 15. A solar heat-responsive roofing material according to claim 14 wherein the phase transition temperature is between about 60 degrees Celsius and about 85 degrees Celsius. 16. A solar heat-responsive roofing material according to claim 14 wherein the latent-heat storage material has a phase transition enthalpy of at least about 100 kilojoules per kg. 17. A solar heat-responsive roofing material according to claim 14 wherein the latent-heat storage material constitutes at least ten percent by weight of the roofing material. 18. A solar heat-responsive roofing material according to claim 14 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl ethyl ether), poly(vinyl n-butyl ether) and polychloroprene. 19. A solar heat-responsive roofing material according to claim 14 wherein the at least one solar heat reflective roofing material has greater than 40% total reflectance between 700 nm to 2500 nm of solar radiation. 20. A solar heat-responsive roofing material according to claim 14 further including a reflective coating, with solar-heat reflective material being dispersed in the reflective coating. | 1,700 |
1,762 | 14,004,700 | 1,774 | The present invention relates to a granulating and/or agglomerating tool for a granulating and/or agglomerating device with a fastening shaft and a substantially disk-shaped element with a diameter d which is fastened thereto and has an upper surface, a lower surface and a circumferential surface connecting the upper and the lower surface. In order to provide a granulating and/or agglomerating tool for a granulating and/or agglomerating device and a corresponding granulating and/or agglomerating device and a method for granulating or agglomerating with which the desired granulating or agglomerating result can be obtained very much faster and above all with a significantly finer granulated material with a significantly higher yield in the range of from 0.1 to 0.8 mm, it is proposed according to the invention that the circumferential surface exhibits a plurality of essentially V-shaped grooves running parallel to the axis of the shaft. | 1. Granulating and/or agglomerating tool for a granulating and/or agglomerating device with a fastening shaft and a substantially disk-shaped element with a diameter d which is fastened thereto and has an upper surface, a lower surface and a circumferential surface connecting the upper and the lower surface, the circumferential surface exhibiting a plurality of essentially V-shaped grooves running parallel to the axis of the shaft. 2. Tool according to claim 1, characterised in that the grooves exhibit a groove depth t, t being between 0.05 and 0.4 times the diameter d. 3. Tool according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that at least one groove wall at least in part is made of a harder material than the disk-shaped element. 4. Tool according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterised in that provided in the groove wall of the disk-shaped element there is a recess into which a wearing element is fitted, the wearing element preferably being made of a harder material than the disk-shaped element. 5. Tool according to claim 4, characterised in that the wearing element protrudes beyond the upper surface and/or the lower surface and/or the circumferential surface by a distance a, the distance a preferably being less than the thickness e of the disk-shaped element, the distance a by which the wearing element protrudes beyond the upper surface being equal or different to the distance a by which the wearing element protrudes beyond the lower surface and equal or different to the distance a by which the wearing element protrudes beyond the circumferential surface. 6. Tool according to claim 5, characterised in that at least one groove wall exhibits at least two recesses which are separated from one another and into which in each case a wearing element is fitted, the wearing material preferably protruding beyond the upper surface and/or the lower surface in both portions. 7. Tool according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterised in that the upper surface in a circular portion extending from the circumferential surface by at least the groove depth t in the direction of the shaft, exhibits no element extending axially beyond the groove walls or a wearing element fastened on or in the groove walls. 8. Tool according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterised in that the lower surface exhibits at least one and preferably at least two swirl elements which protrude beyond the lower surface in the axial direction, the swirl elements preferably having the same angular spacing in the circumferential direction. 9. Tool according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterised in that the grooves are arranged equidistant from one another in the circumferential direction, the ratio of the groove width to the distance between the grooves in the circumferential direction being preferably greater than 0.05, between 0.1 and 5. 10. Tool according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterised in that at least two disk-shaped elements are provided, spaced a distance from one another in the axial direction. 11. Granulating and/or agglomerating device with a container and a granulating and/or agglomerating tool according to one of claims 1 to 2 arranged in the container. 12. Device according to claim 11, characterised in that the axis of rotation of the container and the axis of the shaft are arranged parallel to one another, the axis of rotation of the container and the axis of the shaft being spaced a distance from one another. 13. Device according to claim 12, characterised in that the container is rotatable, the axis of the shaft of the granulating and/or agglomerating tool being fixed in one location. 14. Method for granulating or agglomerating, in which the ingredients to be granulated or to be agglomerated are introduced into a container and mixed with a tool, characterised in that a granulating and/or agglomerating device according claim 11 is used. 15. Tool according to claim 2, characterised in that the grooves exhibit a groove depth between 0.1 and 0.3 times the diameter d. 16. Tool according to claim 2, characterised in that the grooves exhibit a groove depth between 0.15 and 0.25 times the diameter d. 17. Tool accordingly to claim 1 wherein the ratio of the groove width to the distance between the grooves in the circumference direction is between 0.1 and 5 times the diameter d. 18. Tool accordingly to claim 1 wherein the ratio of the groove width to the distance between the grooves in the circumference direction is between 0.3 and 2. 19. Device according to claim 12, characterized in that the container is rotatable, with the axis of the shaft of the granulating and/or agglomerating tool being rotatable about its shaft axis. | The present invention relates to a granulating and/or agglomerating tool for a granulating and/or agglomerating device with a fastening shaft and a substantially disk-shaped element with a diameter d which is fastened thereto and has an upper surface, a lower surface and a circumferential surface connecting the upper and the lower surface. In order to provide a granulating and/or agglomerating tool for a granulating and/or agglomerating device and a corresponding granulating and/or agglomerating device and a method for granulating or agglomerating with which the desired granulating or agglomerating result can be obtained very much faster and above all with a significantly finer granulated material with a significantly higher yield in the range of from 0.1 to 0.8 mm, it is proposed according to the invention that the circumferential surface exhibits a plurality of essentially V-shaped grooves running parallel to the axis of the shaft.1. Granulating and/or agglomerating tool for a granulating and/or agglomerating device with a fastening shaft and a substantially disk-shaped element with a diameter d which is fastened thereto and has an upper surface, a lower surface and a circumferential surface connecting the upper and the lower surface, the circumferential surface exhibiting a plurality of essentially V-shaped grooves running parallel to the axis of the shaft. 2. Tool according to claim 1, characterised in that the grooves exhibit a groove depth t, t being between 0.05 and 0.4 times the diameter d. 3. Tool according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that at least one groove wall at least in part is made of a harder material than the disk-shaped element. 4. Tool according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterised in that provided in the groove wall of the disk-shaped element there is a recess into which a wearing element is fitted, the wearing element preferably being made of a harder material than the disk-shaped element. 5. Tool according to claim 4, characterised in that the wearing element protrudes beyond the upper surface and/or the lower surface and/or the circumferential surface by a distance a, the distance a preferably being less than the thickness e of the disk-shaped element, the distance a by which the wearing element protrudes beyond the upper surface being equal or different to the distance a by which the wearing element protrudes beyond the lower surface and equal or different to the distance a by which the wearing element protrudes beyond the circumferential surface. 6. Tool according to claim 5, characterised in that at least one groove wall exhibits at least two recesses which are separated from one another and into which in each case a wearing element is fitted, the wearing material preferably protruding beyond the upper surface and/or the lower surface in both portions. 7. Tool according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterised in that the upper surface in a circular portion extending from the circumferential surface by at least the groove depth t in the direction of the shaft, exhibits no element extending axially beyond the groove walls or a wearing element fastened on or in the groove walls. 8. Tool according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterised in that the lower surface exhibits at least one and preferably at least two swirl elements which protrude beyond the lower surface in the axial direction, the swirl elements preferably having the same angular spacing in the circumferential direction. 9. Tool according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterised in that the grooves are arranged equidistant from one another in the circumferential direction, the ratio of the groove width to the distance between the grooves in the circumferential direction being preferably greater than 0.05, between 0.1 and 5. 10. Tool according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterised in that at least two disk-shaped elements are provided, spaced a distance from one another in the axial direction. 11. Granulating and/or agglomerating device with a container and a granulating and/or agglomerating tool according to one of claims 1 to 2 arranged in the container. 12. Device according to claim 11, characterised in that the axis of rotation of the container and the axis of the shaft are arranged parallel to one another, the axis of rotation of the container and the axis of the shaft being spaced a distance from one another. 13. Device according to claim 12, characterised in that the container is rotatable, the axis of the shaft of the granulating and/or agglomerating tool being fixed in one location. 14. Method for granulating or agglomerating, in which the ingredients to be granulated or to be agglomerated are introduced into a container and mixed with a tool, characterised in that a granulating and/or agglomerating device according claim 11 is used. 15. Tool according to claim 2, characterised in that the grooves exhibit a groove depth between 0.1 and 0.3 times the diameter d. 16. Tool according to claim 2, characterised in that the grooves exhibit a groove depth between 0.15 and 0.25 times the diameter d. 17. Tool accordingly to claim 1 wherein the ratio of the groove width to the distance between the grooves in the circumference direction is between 0.1 and 5 times the diameter d. 18. Tool accordingly to claim 1 wherein the ratio of the groove width to the distance between the grooves in the circumference direction is between 0.3 and 2. 19. Device according to claim 12, characterized in that the container is rotatable, with the axis of the shaft of the granulating and/or agglomerating tool being rotatable about its shaft axis. | 1,700 |
1,763 | 14,364,088 | 1,729 | A housing for a battery cell includes a paint coating for electrical insulation. The paint coating contains adhesive-containing particles, the adhesive of which can be activated under defined conditions. For example, the adhesive can be activated by pressure when clamping battery cells comprising such a housing, such that the friction coefficient of the contact surfaces of the housing is increased. | 1. A housing for a battery cell, the housing comprising:
a varnish coating for electrical insulation, the varnish coating containing adhesive-containing particles, wherein the adhesive of the adhesive-containing particles is configured to be activated under defined conditions. 2. The housing as claimed in claim 1, wherein activation of the adhesive is configured to be one of initiated by pressure, initiated by temperature, initiated by radiation, and chemically motivated. 3. The housing as claimed in claim 1, wherein the adhesive-containing particles are one of hollow bodies filled with the adhesive and having a porous structure, inside which the adhesive is present. 4. The housing as claimed in claim 1, wherein the adhesive-containing particles are present in at least two different sizes. 5. The housing as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
the varnish coating is configured to exhibit a basic insulation arranged directly on the housing and at least one layer of varnish present on the basic insulation, and the at least one layer of varnish is provided with the adhesive-containing particles. 6. A battery cell, comprising:
a housing including a varnish coating for electrical insulation, the varnish coating containing adhesive-containing particles, wherein the adhesive of the adhesive-containing particles is configured to be activated under defined conditions. 7. The battery cell as claimed in claim 6, wherein the battery cell is a lithium-ion cell. 8. A battery, comprising:
at least two battery cells, at least one of the at least two battery cells including a housing, the housing including a varnish coating for electrical insulation, the varnish coating containing adhesive-containing particles, wherein the adhesive of the adhesive-containing particles is configured to be activated under defined conditions. 9. The battery as claimed in claim 8, wherein:
the battery is configured to be included in a motor vehicle having an electric drive motor configured to drive the motor vehicle, and the battery is configured to be connected to the electric drive motor. | A housing for a battery cell includes a paint coating for electrical insulation. The paint coating contains adhesive-containing particles, the adhesive of which can be activated under defined conditions. For example, the adhesive can be activated by pressure when clamping battery cells comprising such a housing, such that the friction coefficient of the contact surfaces of the housing is increased.1. A housing for a battery cell, the housing comprising:
a varnish coating for electrical insulation, the varnish coating containing adhesive-containing particles, wherein the adhesive of the adhesive-containing particles is configured to be activated under defined conditions. 2. The housing as claimed in claim 1, wherein activation of the adhesive is configured to be one of initiated by pressure, initiated by temperature, initiated by radiation, and chemically motivated. 3. The housing as claimed in claim 1, wherein the adhesive-containing particles are one of hollow bodies filled with the adhesive and having a porous structure, inside which the adhesive is present. 4. The housing as claimed in claim 1, wherein the adhesive-containing particles are present in at least two different sizes. 5. The housing as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
the varnish coating is configured to exhibit a basic insulation arranged directly on the housing and at least one layer of varnish present on the basic insulation, and the at least one layer of varnish is provided with the adhesive-containing particles. 6. A battery cell, comprising:
a housing including a varnish coating for electrical insulation, the varnish coating containing adhesive-containing particles, wherein the adhesive of the adhesive-containing particles is configured to be activated under defined conditions. 7. The battery cell as claimed in claim 6, wherein the battery cell is a lithium-ion cell. 8. A battery, comprising:
at least two battery cells, at least one of the at least two battery cells including a housing, the housing including a varnish coating for electrical insulation, the varnish coating containing adhesive-containing particles, wherein the adhesive of the adhesive-containing particles is configured to be activated under defined conditions. 9. The battery as claimed in claim 8, wherein:
the battery is configured to be included in a motor vehicle having an electric drive motor configured to drive the motor vehicle, and the battery is configured to be connected to the electric drive motor. | 1,700 |
1,764 | 14,127,348 | 1,727 | A battery cell module includes a plurality of battery cells, which each have a ventilation opening. The battery cell module also includes a gas accommodation chamber which is assigned to a plurality of battery cells to at least temporarily accommodate gas which has escaped from said battery cells. The volume of the gas accommodation chamber is connected directly to the ventilation openings. | 1. A battery cell module, comprising:
a plurality of battery cells each having a degassing orifice; and a gas receiving chamber allocated to several battery cells of the plurality of battery cells, the gas receiving chamber configured to at least temporarily receive gases escaping from the several battery cells, wherein a volume of the gas receiving chamber is directly connected to the degassing orifices of the several battery cells. 2. The battery cell module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gas receiving chamber is open in a direction towards the several battery cells and an opening region of the gas receiving chamber is configured to extend over the several battery cells. 3. The battery cell module as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
the gas receiving chamber includes several gas inlet orifices, and each gas inlet orifice is flow-connected to a respective degassing orifice of a respective battery cell. 4. The battery cell module as claimed in claim 3, further comprising at least one multi-limb seal arranged in a connecting region between a material that forms the respective degassing orifice and a material that forms a respective gas inlet orifice. 5. The battery cell module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gas receiving chamber includes an outlet orifice configured to discharge the gases received into said gas receiving chamber. 6. The battery cell module as claimed in claim 5, further comprising a non-return valve connected to the outlet orifice, wherein the non-return valve is a lip valve. 7. The battery cell module as claimed in claim 6, wherein:
the lip valve includes a predetermined breaking site configured such that a tear occurs in said lip valve if a predetermined gas pressure is exceeded in the gas receiving chamber, and the tear allows an opening to be produced through which gas can flow out of the gas receiving chamber. 8. A method for operating a battery cell module, comprising:
receiving gases that escape from battery cells in the battery cell module within a gas receiving chamber; producing an opening through which the gases can flow when a predetermined gas pressure in the gas receiving chamber is exceeded, the opening produced in a lip valve which is connected to an outlet orifice of the gas receiving chamber, and sealing the gas receiving chamber with the lip valve with respect to an environment when a subsequent shortfall of the predetermined gas pressure in the gas receiving chamber occurs. 9. A battery, comprising:
a collective housing; a degassing line connected to a gas outlet in the collective housing; and several battery cell modules, each battery cell module including:
a plurality of battery cells each having a degassing orifice; and
a gas receiving chamber allocated to several battery cells of the plurality of battery cells, the gas receiving chamber configured to at least temporarily receive gases escaping from the several battery cells,
wherein a volume of the gas receiving chamber is directly connected to the degassing orifices,
wherein the battery cell modules are arranged in the collective housing and the gas receiving chambers of the battery cell modules are flow-connected to the degassing line. 10. The battery as claimed in claim 9, wherein the battery is connected to a drive system of a motor vehicle. | A battery cell module includes a plurality of battery cells, which each have a ventilation opening. The battery cell module also includes a gas accommodation chamber which is assigned to a plurality of battery cells to at least temporarily accommodate gas which has escaped from said battery cells. The volume of the gas accommodation chamber is connected directly to the ventilation openings.1. A battery cell module, comprising:
a plurality of battery cells each having a degassing orifice; and a gas receiving chamber allocated to several battery cells of the plurality of battery cells, the gas receiving chamber configured to at least temporarily receive gases escaping from the several battery cells, wherein a volume of the gas receiving chamber is directly connected to the degassing orifices of the several battery cells. 2. The battery cell module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gas receiving chamber is open in a direction towards the several battery cells and an opening region of the gas receiving chamber is configured to extend over the several battery cells. 3. The battery cell module as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
the gas receiving chamber includes several gas inlet orifices, and each gas inlet orifice is flow-connected to a respective degassing orifice of a respective battery cell. 4. The battery cell module as claimed in claim 3, further comprising at least one multi-limb seal arranged in a connecting region between a material that forms the respective degassing orifice and a material that forms a respective gas inlet orifice. 5. The battery cell module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gas receiving chamber includes an outlet orifice configured to discharge the gases received into said gas receiving chamber. 6. The battery cell module as claimed in claim 5, further comprising a non-return valve connected to the outlet orifice, wherein the non-return valve is a lip valve. 7. The battery cell module as claimed in claim 6, wherein:
the lip valve includes a predetermined breaking site configured such that a tear occurs in said lip valve if a predetermined gas pressure is exceeded in the gas receiving chamber, and the tear allows an opening to be produced through which gas can flow out of the gas receiving chamber. 8. A method for operating a battery cell module, comprising:
receiving gases that escape from battery cells in the battery cell module within a gas receiving chamber; producing an opening through which the gases can flow when a predetermined gas pressure in the gas receiving chamber is exceeded, the opening produced in a lip valve which is connected to an outlet orifice of the gas receiving chamber, and sealing the gas receiving chamber with the lip valve with respect to an environment when a subsequent shortfall of the predetermined gas pressure in the gas receiving chamber occurs. 9. A battery, comprising:
a collective housing; a degassing line connected to a gas outlet in the collective housing; and several battery cell modules, each battery cell module including:
a plurality of battery cells each having a degassing orifice; and
a gas receiving chamber allocated to several battery cells of the plurality of battery cells, the gas receiving chamber configured to at least temporarily receive gases escaping from the several battery cells,
wherein a volume of the gas receiving chamber is directly connected to the degassing orifices,
wherein the battery cell modules are arranged in the collective housing and the gas receiving chambers of the battery cell modules are flow-connected to the degassing line. 10. The battery as claimed in claim 9, wherein the battery is connected to a drive system of a motor vehicle. | 1,700 |
1,765 | 10,554,274 | 1,732 | The invention relates to a soldering material comprising an alloy that in addition to Sn (tin) as the major constituent, comprises 10 wt. % or less Ag (silver), 10 wt. % or less Bi (bismuth), 10 wt. % or less Sb (antimony) and 3 wt. % or less Cu (copper). Furthermore, the invention relates to a soldering material comprising a plurality of soldering components with such alloy compositions and contents in the soldering material that on fusing the soldering components an alloy is formed that comprises Sn, Ag, Bi, Sb and Cu in the abovementioned alloy contents. | 1. Soldering material comprising an alloy that in addition to Sn (tin) as the major constituent, comprises 10 wt. % or less Ag (silver), 10 wt. % or less Bi (bismuth), 10 wt. % or less Sb (antimony) and 3 wt. % or less Cu (copper), wherein the alloy further comprises 1.0 wt. % or less Ni (nickel). 2. Soldering material comprising a plurality of soldering components with such alloy compositions and contents in the soldering material that on fusing the soldering components an alloy is formed that, in addition to Sn (tin) as the major constituent, comprises 10 wt. % or less Ag (silver), 10 wt. % or less Bi (bismuth), 10 wt. % or less Sb (antimony) and 3 wt. % or less Cu (copper), wherein at least one of the soldering components further comprises Ni (nickel) in such an amount that the alloy comprises 1.0 wt. % or less Ni. 3. Soldering material according to claim 1 wherein the alloy comprises 2 to 5 wt. % Ag, 1 to 3 wt. % Bi, 1 to 3 wt. % Sb, 0.5 to 1.5 wt. % Cu and 0.05 to 0.3 wt. % Ni. 4. Soldering material according to claim 2 wherein a soldering component M1 and a further soldering component M2 are provided in which the soldering component M1, in addition to Sn as the major constituent, comprises 2 to 5 wt. % Ag, 3 to 12 wt. % Bi, 0.5 to 1.5 wt. % Cu and 0.1 to 0.3 wt. % Ni and the further soldering component M2, in addition to Sn as the major constituent, comprises 2 to 5 wt. % Ag, 0.5 to 1.5 wt. % Cu, 1 to 5 wt. % Sb and 1.0 wt. % Ni. 5. Soldering material according to claim 2 wherein a soldering component M1 and a further soldering component M2 are provided in which the soldering component M1, in addition to Sn as the major constituent, comprises 2 to 5 wt. % Ag, 3 to 6 wt. % Bi, 1 to 3 wt. % Sb and 0.5 to 1.5 wt. % Cu and the further soldering component M2, in addition to Sn as the major constituent, comprises 2 to 5 wt. % Ag, 0.5 to 1.5 wt. % Cu and 1.0 wt. % Ni. 6. Soldering material according to claim 4 wherein the soldering component M1 and the further soldering component M2 are combined in the ratio M1:M2=1:1.5 to 9, based on the weight of M1 and M2. 7. Soldering material according to claim 1 wherein in the alloy there exists a ratio Sb:Bi of 1:1.5 to 3, particularly a ratio of 1:2, based on the weight of Sb and Bi. 8. Soldering material according to claim 7 wherein the alloy exhibits a Ni-content of 0.05 to 0.2 wt. %. 9. Soldering material according to claim 1 wherein the composition is SnAg3.3-4.7Cu0.3-1.7Bi2Sb1Ni0.2. 10. Soldering material according to claim 2 wherein a soldering component M1 with the alloy composition SnAg3.8Cu0.7Bi10Ni0.15 and a further soldering component M2 with the alloy composition SnAg3.8Cu0.7Sb2.0Ni0.15 are provided. 11. Soldering material according to claim 10 wherein the contents of the soldering component M1 and the further soldering component M2 in the soldering material form the ratio M1: M2=30 wt. % :70 wt. %. 12. Soldering material according to claim 2 wherein the alloy comprises 2 to 5 wt. % Ag, 1 to 3 wt. % Bi, 1 to 3 wt. % Sb, 0.5 to 1.5 wt. % Cu and 0.05 to 0.3 wt. % Ni. 13. Soldering material according to claim 5 wherein the soldering component M1 and the further soldering component M2 are combined in the ratio M1: M2=1:1.5 to 9, based on the weight of M1 and M2. 14. Soldering material according to claim 2 wherein in the alloy there exists a ratio Sb:Bi of 1:1.5 to 3, particularly a ratio of 1:2, based on the weight of Sb and Bi. 15. Soldering material according to claim 3 wherein in the alloy there exists a ratio Sb:Bi of 1:1.5 to 3, particularly a ratio of 1:2, based on the weight of Sb and Bi. 16. Soldering material according to claim 4 wherein in the alloy there exists a ratio Sb:Bi of 1:1.5 to 3, particularly a ratio of 1:2, based on the weight of Sb and Bi. 17. Soldering material according to claim 5 wherein in the alloy there exists a ratio Sb:Bi of 1:1.5 to 3, particularly a ratio of 1:2, based on the weight of Sb and Bi. 18. Soldering material according to claim 6 wherein in the alloy there exists a ratio Sb:Bi of 1:1.5 to 3, particularly a ratio of 1:2, based on the weight of Sb and Bi. | The invention relates to a soldering material comprising an alloy that in addition to Sn (tin) as the major constituent, comprises 10 wt. % or less Ag (silver), 10 wt. % or less Bi (bismuth), 10 wt. % or less Sb (antimony) and 3 wt. % or less Cu (copper). Furthermore, the invention relates to a soldering material comprising a plurality of soldering components with such alloy compositions and contents in the soldering material that on fusing the soldering components an alloy is formed that comprises Sn, Ag, Bi, Sb and Cu in the abovementioned alloy contents.1. Soldering material comprising an alloy that in addition to Sn (tin) as the major constituent, comprises 10 wt. % or less Ag (silver), 10 wt. % or less Bi (bismuth), 10 wt. % or less Sb (antimony) and 3 wt. % or less Cu (copper), wherein the alloy further comprises 1.0 wt. % or less Ni (nickel). 2. Soldering material comprising a plurality of soldering components with such alloy compositions and contents in the soldering material that on fusing the soldering components an alloy is formed that, in addition to Sn (tin) as the major constituent, comprises 10 wt. % or less Ag (silver), 10 wt. % or less Bi (bismuth), 10 wt. % or less Sb (antimony) and 3 wt. % or less Cu (copper), wherein at least one of the soldering components further comprises Ni (nickel) in such an amount that the alloy comprises 1.0 wt. % or less Ni. 3. Soldering material according to claim 1 wherein the alloy comprises 2 to 5 wt. % Ag, 1 to 3 wt. % Bi, 1 to 3 wt. % Sb, 0.5 to 1.5 wt. % Cu and 0.05 to 0.3 wt. % Ni. 4. Soldering material according to claim 2 wherein a soldering component M1 and a further soldering component M2 are provided in which the soldering component M1, in addition to Sn as the major constituent, comprises 2 to 5 wt. % Ag, 3 to 12 wt. % Bi, 0.5 to 1.5 wt. % Cu and 0.1 to 0.3 wt. % Ni and the further soldering component M2, in addition to Sn as the major constituent, comprises 2 to 5 wt. % Ag, 0.5 to 1.5 wt. % Cu, 1 to 5 wt. % Sb and 1.0 wt. % Ni. 5. Soldering material according to claim 2 wherein a soldering component M1 and a further soldering component M2 are provided in which the soldering component M1, in addition to Sn as the major constituent, comprises 2 to 5 wt. % Ag, 3 to 6 wt. % Bi, 1 to 3 wt. % Sb and 0.5 to 1.5 wt. % Cu and the further soldering component M2, in addition to Sn as the major constituent, comprises 2 to 5 wt. % Ag, 0.5 to 1.5 wt. % Cu and 1.0 wt. % Ni. 6. Soldering material according to claim 4 wherein the soldering component M1 and the further soldering component M2 are combined in the ratio M1:M2=1:1.5 to 9, based on the weight of M1 and M2. 7. Soldering material according to claim 1 wherein in the alloy there exists a ratio Sb:Bi of 1:1.5 to 3, particularly a ratio of 1:2, based on the weight of Sb and Bi. 8. Soldering material according to claim 7 wherein the alloy exhibits a Ni-content of 0.05 to 0.2 wt. %. 9. Soldering material according to claim 1 wherein the composition is SnAg3.3-4.7Cu0.3-1.7Bi2Sb1Ni0.2. 10. Soldering material according to claim 2 wherein a soldering component M1 with the alloy composition SnAg3.8Cu0.7Bi10Ni0.15 and a further soldering component M2 with the alloy composition SnAg3.8Cu0.7Sb2.0Ni0.15 are provided. 11. Soldering material according to claim 10 wherein the contents of the soldering component M1 and the further soldering component M2 in the soldering material form the ratio M1: M2=30 wt. % :70 wt. %. 12. Soldering material according to claim 2 wherein the alloy comprises 2 to 5 wt. % Ag, 1 to 3 wt. % Bi, 1 to 3 wt. % Sb, 0.5 to 1.5 wt. % Cu and 0.05 to 0.3 wt. % Ni. 13. Soldering material according to claim 5 wherein the soldering component M1 and the further soldering component M2 are combined in the ratio M1: M2=1:1.5 to 9, based on the weight of M1 and M2. 14. Soldering material according to claim 2 wherein in the alloy there exists a ratio Sb:Bi of 1:1.5 to 3, particularly a ratio of 1:2, based on the weight of Sb and Bi. 15. Soldering material according to claim 3 wherein in the alloy there exists a ratio Sb:Bi of 1:1.5 to 3, particularly a ratio of 1:2, based on the weight of Sb and Bi. 16. Soldering material according to claim 4 wherein in the alloy there exists a ratio Sb:Bi of 1:1.5 to 3, particularly a ratio of 1:2, based on the weight of Sb and Bi. 17. Soldering material according to claim 5 wherein in the alloy there exists a ratio Sb:Bi of 1:1.5 to 3, particularly a ratio of 1:2, based on the weight of Sb and Bi. 18. Soldering material according to claim 6 wherein in the alloy there exists a ratio Sb:Bi of 1:1.5 to 3, particularly a ratio of 1:2, based on the weight of Sb and Bi. | 1,700 |
1,766 | 13,454,054 | 1,764 | The present invention relates to a water-soluble polymer complex that includes a water-soluble block copolymer and a magnetic nanoparticle, wherein the water-soluble polymer complex has a nonzero net magnetic moment in the absence of an applied magnetic field at ambient temperatures. The water-soluble block copolymer is preferably a diblock or triblock copolymer and the magnetic nanoparticle is preferably a ferrimagnetic or ferromagnetic nanoparticle. The water-soluble complexes may be derivatized with reactive groups and conjugated to biomolecules. Exemplary water-soluble polymer complexes covered under the scope of the invention include PEG 112 -b-PAA 40 modified CoFe 2 O 4 ; NH 2 -PEG 112 -b-PAA 40 modified CoFe 2 O 4 ; PNIPAM 68 -b-PAA 28 modified CoFe 2 O 4 ; and mPEG-b-PCL-b-PAA modified CoFe 2 O 4 . | 1. A composition comprising a polymer complex comprising:
(i) a magnetic nanoparticle; and (ii) a water-soluble block copolymer, wherein, in the absence of an applied magnetic field, the magnetic nanoparticle has a nonzero net magnetic moment at ambient temperatures. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the magnetic nanoparticle is a ferrimagnetic or a ferromagnetic nanoparticle (FMNP). 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the magnetic nanoparticle comprises a magnetic material comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of Co, Fe, Ni, Mn, Sm, Nd, Pt, and Gd. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the magnetic material is an intermetallic nanoparticle, a binary alloy, or a tertiary alloy. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the magnetic nanoparticle comprises an oxide of Fe and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ba, Co, Ni, Mn, Sm, Nd, Pt, and Gd. 6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the magnetic nanoparticle is selected from the group consisting of CoFe2O4, BaFeO, SrO.6Fe2O3, and SrFe12O19. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the water-soluble block copolymer is in direct contact with the magnetic nanoparticle. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the water-soluble block polymer comprises a polymer block selected from poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA). 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the water-soluble block copolymer further comprises a polymer block selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene glycol), poly(acrylates), poly(methacrylates), poly(esters), poly(acrylamides), poly(carbonates), poly(norbornenes), poly(acetals), poly(ketals), and derivatives thereof 10. The composition of claim 8, wherein the water-soluble block copolymer has a weight average molecular weight between 1000 and 500,000. 11. The composition of claim 10, wherein the water-soluble block copolymer has a weight average molecular weight between 7,000 and 30,000. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the water-soluble block copolymer is a diblock copolymer. 13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the diblock copolymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PEG-b-PAA); NH2-PEG-b-PAA; and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PNIPAM-b-PAA). 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the water-soluble block copolymer is a triblock copolymer. 15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the triblock copolymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(caprolactone)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PEG-b-PCL-b-PAA), poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lactide)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PEG-b-PLL-b-PAA), poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(D-lactide)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PEG-b-PDL-b-PAA), and poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(DL-lactide)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PEG-b-PDLL-b-PAA). 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer complex is selected from the group consisting of PEG112-b-PAA40 modified CoFe2O4; NH2-PEG112-b-PAA40 modified CoFe2O4; and PNIPAM68-b-PAA28 modified CoFe2O4. 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the water-soluble block copolymer is terminated at one end with a reactive functionality. 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein the reactive functionality is selected from the group consisting of alcohols, amines, thiols, acrylates, maleimides, alkenes, alkynes, iodides, bromides, and chlorides. 19. The composition of claim 17, wherein the polymer complex with the reactive functionality is conjugated with one or more fluorescent labels. 20. The composition of claim 17, wherein the polymer complex with the reactive functionality is conjugated with one or more biomolecules. 21. The composition of claim 20, wherein the biomolecules are selected from the group consisting of DNA, proteins, glycoproteins, peptides, antibodies, antigens, and carbohydrates. 22. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer complex is conjugated with one or more drugs. 23. The composition of claim 22, wherein the one or more drug is selected from anti-inflammatory agents and chemotherapy agents. 24. A method of making the composition of claim 1 comprising the steps of:
(a) preparing a macroinitiator comprising a water-soluble block polymer;
(b) reacting the macroinitiator of step (a) with a block polymer selected from poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) or poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) to produce a water-soluble block copolymer; and
(c) reacting the water-soluble diblock or triblock copolymer of step (b) with a magnetic nanoparticle to produce the polymer complex. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the water-soluble block polymer of step (a) comprises a polymer block selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene glycol), poly(acrylates), poly(methacrylates), poly(esters), poly(acrylamides), poly(carbonates), poly(norbornenes), poly(acetals), poly(ketals), and derivatives thereof 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the water-soluble block copolymer is a diblock or triblock copolymer. 27. The method of claim 24, wherein the magnetic nanoparticle is a ferrimagnetic or a ferromagnetic nanoparticle (FMNP). 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the magnetic nanoparticle comprises an oxide of Fe and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ba, Co, Ni, Mn, Sm, Nd, Pt, and Gd. 29. The method of claim 24, wherein the water-soluble block copolymer of step (b) is terminated at one end with a reactive functionality. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the polymer complex with the reactive functionality is conjugated with an agent selected from fluorescent labels, biomolecules, or a combination of both. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the biomolecules are selected from the group consisting of DNA, proteins, glycoproteins, peptides, antibodies, antigens, and carbohydrates. 32. The method of claim 24, wherein the polymer complex is conjugated with a drug selected from anti-inflammatory agents and chemotherapy agents. 33. A composition comprising a polymer complex comprising a ferrimagnetic inorganic core in direct contact with a thermally responsive water-soluble copolymer shell, wherein the composition has a tunable hydrodynamic diameter in solution. 34. The composition of claim 33, wherein the ferrimagnetic inorganic core is CoFe2O4. 35. The composition of claim 34, wherein the thermally responsive water-soluble copolymer shell is PNIPAM68-b-PAA28. | The present invention relates to a water-soluble polymer complex that includes a water-soluble block copolymer and a magnetic nanoparticle, wherein the water-soluble polymer complex has a nonzero net magnetic moment in the absence of an applied magnetic field at ambient temperatures. The water-soluble block copolymer is preferably a diblock or triblock copolymer and the magnetic nanoparticle is preferably a ferrimagnetic or ferromagnetic nanoparticle. The water-soluble complexes may be derivatized with reactive groups and conjugated to biomolecules. Exemplary water-soluble polymer complexes covered under the scope of the invention include PEG 112 -b-PAA 40 modified CoFe 2 O 4 ; NH 2 -PEG 112 -b-PAA 40 modified CoFe 2 O 4 ; PNIPAM 68 -b-PAA 28 modified CoFe 2 O 4 ; and mPEG-b-PCL-b-PAA modified CoFe 2 O 4 .1. A composition comprising a polymer complex comprising:
(i) a magnetic nanoparticle; and (ii) a water-soluble block copolymer, wherein, in the absence of an applied magnetic field, the magnetic nanoparticle has a nonzero net magnetic moment at ambient temperatures. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the magnetic nanoparticle is a ferrimagnetic or a ferromagnetic nanoparticle (FMNP). 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the magnetic nanoparticle comprises a magnetic material comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of Co, Fe, Ni, Mn, Sm, Nd, Pt, and Gd. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the magnetic material is an intermetallic nanoparticle, a binary alloy, or a tertiary alloy. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the magnetic nanoparticle comprises an oxide of Fe and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ba, Co, Ni, Mn, Sm, Nd, Pt, and Gd. 6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the magnetic nanoparticle is selected from the group consisting of CoFe2O4, BaFeO, SrO.6Fe2O3, and SrFe12O19. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the water-soluble block copolymer is in direct contact with the magnetic nanoparticle. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the water-soluble block polymer comprises a polymer block selected from poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA). 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the water-soluble block copolymer further comprises a polymer block selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene glycol), poly(acrylates), poly(methacrylates), poly(esters), poly(acrylamides), poly(carbonates), poly(norbornenes), poly(acetals), poly(ketals), and derivatives thereof 10. The composition of claim 8, wherein the water-soluble block copolymer has a weight average molecular weight between 1000 and 500,000. 11. The composition of claim 10, wherein the water-soluble block copolymer has a weight average molecular weight between 7,000 and 30,000. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the water-soluble block copolymer is a diblock copolymer. 13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the diblock copolymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PEG-b-PAA); NH2-PEG-b-PAA; and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PNIPAM-b-PAA). 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the water-soluble block copolymer is a triblock copolymer. 15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the triblock copolymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(caprolactone)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PEG-b-PCL-b-PAA), poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lactide)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PEG-b-PLL-b-PAA), poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(D-lactide)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PEG-b-PDL-b-PAA), and poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(DL-lactide)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PEG-b-PDLL-b-PAA). 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer complex is selected from the group consisting of PEG112-b-PAA40 modified CoFe2O4; NH2-PEG112-b-PAA40 modified CoFe2O4; and PNIPAM68-b-PAA28 modified CoFe2O4. 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the water-soluble block copolymer is terminated at one end with a reactive functionality. 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein the reactive functionality is selected from the group consisting of alcohols, amines, thiols, acrylates, maleimides, alkenes, alkynes, iodides, bromides, and chlorides. 19. The composition of claim 17, wherein the polymer complex with the reactive functionality is conjugated with one or more fluorescent labels. 20. The composition of claim 17, wherein the polymer complex with the reactive functionality is conjugated with one or more biomolecules. 21. The composition of claim 20, wherein the biomolecules are selected from the group consisting of DNA, proteins, glycoproteins, peptides, antibodies, antigens, and carbohydrates. 22. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer complex is conjugated with one or more drugs. 23. The composition of claim 22, wherein the one or more drug is selected from anti-inflammatory agents and chemotherapy agents. 24. A method of making the composition of claim 1 comprising the steps of:
(a) preparing a macroinitiator comprising a water-soluble block polymer;
(b) reacting the macroinitiator of step (a) with a block polymer selected from poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) or poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) to produce a water-soluble block copolymer; and
(c) reacting the water-soluble diblock or triblock copolymer of step (b) with a magnetic nanoparticle to produce the polymer complex. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the water-soluble block polymer of step (a) comprises a polymer block selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene glycol), poly(acrylates), poly(methacrylates), poly(esters), poly(acrylamides), poly(carbonates), poly(norbornenes), poly(acetals), poly(ketals), and derivatives thereof 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the water-soluble block copolymer is a diblock or triblock copolymer. 27. The method of claim 24, wherein the magnetic nanoparticle is a ferrimagnetic or a ferromagnetic nanoparticle (FMNP). 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the magnetic nanoparticle comprises an oxide of Fe and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ba, Co, Ni, Mn, Sm, Nd, Pt, and Gd. 29. The method of claim 24, wherein the water-soluble block copolymer of step (b) is terminated at one end with a reactive functionality. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the polymer complex with the reactive functionality is conjugated with an agent selected from fluorescent labels, biomolecules, or a combination of both. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the biomolecules are selected from the group consisting of DNA, proteins, glycoproteins, peptides, antibodies, antigens, and carbohydrates. 32. The method of claim 24, wherein the polymer complex is conjugated with a drug selected from anti-inflammatory agents and chemotherapy agents. 33. A composition comprising a polymer complex comprising a ferrimagnetic inorganic core in direct contact with a thermally responsive water-soluble copolymer shell, wherein the composition has a tunable hydrodynamic diameter in solution. 34. The composition of claim 33, wherein the ferrimagnetic inorganic core is CoFe2O4. 35. The composition of claim 34, wherein the thermally responsive water-soluble copolymer shell is PNIPAM68-b-PAA28. | 1,700 |
1,767 | 14,363,799 | 1,792 | The present disclosure provides dairy compositions comprising particulates and having good color, flavor, and texture after thermal processing. In a general embodiment, the compositions include particulates such as fruits and/or grains, and the compositions are thermally processed and shelf-stable. Methods for reducing or inhibiting browning of dairy-based compositions are also provided. The methods include, for example, thermally processing a dairy composition including particulates such as fruits and/or grains at a temperature that is less than about 240° F. The compositions and methods of the present disclosure provide several advantages including, for example, the reduction or avoidance of degradation/browning of the compositions during processing and storage. | 1. A method for reducing or inhibiting browning of a thermally processed, shelf-stable dairy-based composition, the method comprising:
providing a dairy-based composition comprising milk protein concentrate and a reduced amount of reducing sugars; and thermally processing the dairy-based composition at a temperature that is less than about 240° F. and for an amount of time from about 5 to about 40 minutes. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein thermally processed is aseptic processing. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein thermally processed is retort processing. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dairy-based composition is substantially free of reducing sugars. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dairy-based composition comprises only a naturally occurring amount of reducing sugars. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dairy-based composition comprises only a naturally occurring amount of lactose. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dairy-based composition includes particulates. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dairy-based composition includes particulates selected from the group consisting of fruit, fruit pieces, grains, nuts, and combinations thereof. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the grains are selected from the group consisting of amaranth, barley, buckwheat, corn, cornmeal, popcorn, millet, oats, oatmeal, quinoa, rice, rye, sorghum, teff, triticale, wheat, wild rice, and combinations thereof. 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the grains comprise oats and barley. 11. The method according to claim 8, wherein the fruit is selected from the group consisting of apples, bananas, coconut, pear, apricot, peach, nectarines, plum, cherry, blackberry, raspberry, mulberry, strawberry, cranberry, blueberry, grapes, grapefruit, kiwi, rhubarb, papaya, melon, watermelon, pomegranate, lemon, lime, mandarin, orange, tangerine, guava, mango, pineapple, tomato, and combinations thereof. 12. The method according to claim 7, wherein particle integrity in the thermally processed dairy-based composition is improved. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dairy-based composition comprises at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of a low fat yogurt, pectin, sugar, starch, and combinations thereof. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dairy-based composition comprises a pH at or below about 4.2. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the thermal processing occurs at a temperature from about 190° F. to about 240° F. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the thermal processing occurs at a temperature from about 190° F. to about 210° F. and for an amount of time from about 10 to about 40 minutes. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the thermal processing occurs at a temperature from about 200° F. to about 220° F. and for an amount of time from about 10 to about 25 minutes. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the thermal processing occurs at a temperature from about 210° F. to about 230° F. and for an amount of time from about 5 to about 20 minutes. 19. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dairy-based composition is a yogurt composition. 20. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dairy-based composition after thermal processing has good: color, flavor, texture, or combinations thereof. | The present disclosure provides dairy compositions comprising particulates and having good color, flavor, and texture after thermal processing. In a general embodiment, the compositions include particulates such as fruits and/or grains, and the compositions are thermally processed and shelf-stable. Methods for reducing or inhibiting browning of dairy-based compositions are also provided. The methods include, for example, thermally processing a dairy composition including particulates such as fruits and/or grains at a temperature that is less than about 240° F. The compositions and methods of the present disclosure provide several advantages including, for example, the reduction or avoidance of degradation/browning of the compositions during processing and storage.1. A method for reducing or inhibiting browning of a thermally processed, shelf-stable dairy-based composition, the method comprising:
providing a dairy-based composition comprising milk protein concentrate and a reduced amount of reducing sugars; and thermally processing the dairy-based composition at a temperature that is less than about 240° F. and for an amount of time from about 5 to about 40 minutes. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein thermally processed is aseptic processing. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein thermally processed is retort processing. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dairy-based composition is substantially free of reducing sugars. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dairy-based composition comprises only a naturally occurring amount of reducing sugars. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dairy-based composition comprises only a naturally occurring amount of lactose. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dairy-based composition includes particulates. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dairy-based composition includes particulates selected from the group consisting of fruit, fruit pieces, grains, nuts, and combinations thereof. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the grains are selected from the group consisting of amaranth, barley, buckwheat, corn, cornmeal, popcorn, millet, oats, oatmeal, quinoa, rice, rye, sorghum, teff, triticale, wheat, wild rice, and combinations thereof. 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the grains comprise oats and barley. 11. The method according to claim 8, wherein the fruit is selected from the group consisting of apples, bananas, coconut, pear, apricot, peach, nectarines, plum, cherry, blackberry, raspberry, mulberry, strawberry, cranberry, blueberry, grapes, grapefruit, kiwi, rhubarb, papaya, melon, watermelon, pomegranate, lemon, lime, mandarin, orange, tangerine, guava, mango, pineapple, tomato, and combinations thereof. 12. The method according to claim 7, wherein particle integrity in the thermally processed dairy-based composition is improved. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dairy-based composition comprises at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of a low fat yogurt, pectin, sugar, starch, and combinations thereof. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dairy-based composition comprises a pH at or below about 4.2. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the thermal processing occurs at a temperature from about 190° F. to about 240° F. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the thermal processing occurs at a temperature from about 190° F. to about 210° F. and for an amount of time from about 10 to about 40 minutes. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the thermal processing occurs at a temperature from about 200° F. to about 220° F. and for an amount of time from about 10 to about 25 minutes. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the thermal processing occurs at a temperature from about 210° F. to about 230° F. and for an amount of time from about 5 to about 20 minutes. 19. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dairy-based composition is a yogurt composition. 20. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dairy-based composition after thermal processing has good: color, flavor, texture, or combinations thereof. | 1,700 |
1,768 | 14,157,688 | 1,781 | Multilayered polymer films are configured so that successive constituent layer packets can be delaminated in continuous sheet form from the remaining film. The films are compatible with known coextrusion manufacturing techniques, and can be made without adhesive layers between layer packets that are tailored to be individually peelable from the film. Instead, combinations of polymer compositions are used to allow non-adhesive polymer layers to be combined such that irreversible delamination of the film is likely to occur at interfaces between layer packet pairs. Some polymer layers, including at least one embedded layer, may include an ultraviolet (UV) light stabilizer such as a UV absorber, antioxidant, or hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS), and these layers may be positioned at the front of each layer packet. After the UV-stabilized layer of one packet has been used, the packet can be peeled away to expose a new UV-stabilized layer of the next layer packet. | 1. A film comprising a stack of polymer layers, the polymer layers being organized into layer packets, each of the layer packets having at least two of the polymer layers;
wherein attachment between adjacent layer packets is weak enough to permit the layer packets to be separately irreversibly delaminated from a remainder of the stack, and the stack is configured to promote such irreversible delamination between such layer packets; wherein all of the polymer layers in the stack of polymer layers have respective polymer compositions that are coextrudable with each other; and wherein at least one of the polymer layers in a plurality of the layer packets comprises one or more ultraviolet (UV) light stabilizer. 2. The film of claim 1, wherein at least one of the polymer layers in each of the layer packets comprises the one or more UV light stabilizer. 3. The film of claim 2, wherein the one or more UV light stabilizer includes a first UV light stabilizer, and wherein the at least one polymer layer in each layer packet that comprises the one or more UV light stabilizer comprises the first UV light stabilizer. 4. The film of claim 2, wherein for each layer packet in the stack, the at least one polymer layer comprising the one or more UV light stabilizer is disposed at a front of such layer packet. 5. The film of claim 2, wherein each layer packet in the stack further includes at least one polymer layer that comprises substantially no UV light stabilizer. 6. The film of claim 2, wherein each layer packet has only one polymer layer that comprises the one or more UV light stabilizer. 7. The film of claim 1, wherein the one or more UV light stabilizer comprises a UV absorber. 8. The film of claim 1, wherein the one or more UV light stabilizer comprises an antioxidant. 9. The film of claim 1, wherein the one or more UV light stabilizer comprises a hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS). 10. The film of claim 1, wherein an attachment between any two adjacent layer packets is characterized by a peel force in a range from 2 to 100 grams per inch (0.8 to 38.6 N/m). 11. The film of claim 1, wherein the stack is configured with access tabs that provide access to interfaces between adjacent layer packets. 12. The film of claim 1, wherein the polymer layers are arranged in a repeating AB sequence. 13. The film of claim 1, wherein the polymer layers are arranged in a repeating ABC sequence. 14. The film of claim 1, wherein the stack is configured such that for every pair of adjacent layer packets in the stack, attachment between the layer packets is weaker than attachment between the polymer layers within the layer packets, such that irreversible delamination tends to occur between the layer packets rather than within the layer packets. 15. The film of claim 14, wherein an attachment between adjacent layer packets is characterized by a first peel force, and wherein a weakest attachment of polymer layers within each layer packet is characterized by a second peel force, and wherein the second peel force is at least two times the first peel force. 16. The film of claim 14, wherein the polymer layers are arranged in a repeating ABC sequence. 17. The film of claim 16, wherein attachment between polymer layers A and C is weaker than attachment between polymer layers A and B, and is also weaker than attachment between polymer layers B and C. 18. The film of claim 1, wherein all of the polymer layers in the stack of polymer layers have respective polymer compositions that are melt processable at a melt temperature of 204 degrees C. (400 degrees F.) or greater. 19. The film of claim 1, wherein at least some of the polymer layers in the stack are oriented and have a birefringence of at least 0.05. 20. The film of claim 1, wherein none of the polymer layers that are disposed at interfaces of adjacent layer packets are tacky at room temperature. 21. The film of claim 1, wherein each of the layer packets in the stack has a thickness of no more than 2 mils (50 microns). 22. The film of claim 1, wherein the polymer layers are organized into at least N layer packets, where N is at least 5. 23. The film of claim 22, wherein N is at least 10, and wherein the film has an overall thickness of no more than 15 mils (380 microns). 24. The film of claim 1, wherein the stack of polymer layers has an average transmission over visible wavelengths of at least 80% and an optical haze of less than 15%. 25. The film of claim 24, wherein the stack of polymer layers has an optical haze of less than 8%. 26. A method, comprising:
providing a film comprising a stack of polymer layers, the polymer layers being organized into layer packets with each layer packet having at least two of the polymer layers, the stack being configured to promote irreversible delamination between such layer packets, all of the polymer layers in the stack having respective polymer compositions that are coextrudable with each other; exposing the film to a sufficient amount of ultraviolet (UV) light such that the film exhibits optical degradation due to the UV light exposure, the optical degradation being primarily associated with a first one of the layer packets; and delaminating the first layer packet from a remainder of the stack. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein at least one of the polymer layers in a plurality of the layer packets comprises one or more UV light stabilizer. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the optical degradation comprises an increase in optical haze of 3% or more, and/or an increase in CIE b* color coordinate of 2 or more. | Multilayered polymer films are configured so that successive constituent layer packets can be delaminated in continuous sheet form from the remaining film. The films are compatible with known coextrusion manufacturing techniques, and can be made without adhesive layers between layer packets that are tailored to be individually peelable from the film. Instead, combinations of polymer compositions are used to allow non-adhesive polymer layers to be combined such that irreversible delamination of the film is likely to occur at interfaces between layer packet pairs. Some polymer layers, including at least one embedded layer, may include an ultraviolet (UV) light stabilizer such as a UV absorber, antioxidant, or hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS), and these layers may be positioned at the front of each layer packet. After the UV-stabilized layer of one packet has been used, the packet can be peeled away to expose a new UV-stabilized layer of the next layer packet.1. A film comprising a stack of polymer layers, the polymer layers being organized into layer packets, each of the layer packets having at least two of the polymer layers;
wherein attachment between adjacent layer packets is weak enough to permit the layer packets to be separately irreversibly delaminated from a remainder of the stack, and the stack is configured to promote such irreversible delamination between such layer packets; wherein all of the polymer layers in the stack of polymer layers have respective polymer compositions that are coextrudable with each other; and wherein at least one of the polymer layers in a plurality of the layer packets comprises one or more ultraviolet (UV) light stabilizer. 2. The film of claim 1, wherein at least one of the polymer layers in each of the layer packets comprises the one or more UV light stabilizer. 3. The film of claim 2, wherein the one or more UV light stabilizer includes a first UV light stabilizer, and wherein the at least one polymer layer in each layer packet that comprises the one or more UV light stabilizer comprises the first UV light stabilizer. 4. The film of claim 2, wherein for each layer packet in the stack, the at least one polymer layer comprising the one or more UV light stabilizer is disposed at a front of such layer packet. 5. The film of claim 2, wherein each layer packet in the stack further includes at least one polymer layer that comprises substantially no UV light stabilizer. 6. The film of claim 2, wherein each layer packet has only one polymer layer that comprises the one or more UV light stabilizer. 7. The film of claim 1, wherein the one or more UV light stabilizer comprises a UV absorber. 8. The film of claim 1, wherein the one or more UV light stabilizer comprises an antioxidant. 9. The film of claim 1, wherein the one or more UV light stabilizer comprises a hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS). 10. The film of claim 1, wherein an attachment between any two adjacent layer packets is characterized by a peel force in a range from 2 to 100 grams per inch (0.8 to 38.6 N/m). 11. The film of claim 1, wherein the stack is configured with access tabs that provide access to interfaces between adjacent layer packets. 12. The film of claim 1, wherein the polymer layers are arranged in a repeating AB sequence. 13. The film of claim 1, wherein the polymer layers are arranged in a repeating ABC sequence. 14. The film of claim 1, wherein the stack is configured such that for every pair of adjacent layer packets in the stack, attachment between the layer packets is weaker than attachment between the polymer layers within the layer packets, such that irreversible delamination tends to occur between the layer packets rather than within the layer packets. 15. The film of claim 14, wherein an attachment between adjacent layer packets is characterized by a first peel force, and wherein a weakest attachment of polymer layers within each layer packet is characterized by a second peel force, and wherein the second peel force is at least two times the first peel force. 16. The film of claim 14, wherein the polymer layers are arranged in a repeating ABC sequence. 17. The film of claim 16, wherein attachment between polymer layers A and C is weaker than attachment between polymer layers A and B, and is also weaker than attachment between polymer layers B and C. 18. The film of claim 1, wherein all of the polymer layers in the stack of polymer layers have respective polymer compositions that are melt processable at a melt temperature of 204 degrees C. (400 degrees F.) or greater. 19. The film of claim 1, wherein at least some of the polymer layers in the stack are oriented and have a birefringence of at least 0.05. 20. The film of claim 1, wherein none of the polymer layers that are disposed at interfaces of adjacent layer packets are tacky at room temperature. 21. The film of claim 1, wherein each of the layer packets in the stack has a thickness of no more than 2 mils (50 microns). 22. The film of claim 1, wherein the polymer layers are organized into at least N layer packets, where N is at least 5. 23. The film of claim 22, wherein N is at least 10, and wherein the film has an overall thickness of no more than 15 mils (380 microns). 24. The film of claim 1, wherein the stack of polymer layers has an average transmission over visible wavelengths of at least 80% and an optical haze of less than 15%. 25. The film of claim 24, wherein the stack of polymer layers has an optical haze of less than 8%. 26. A method, comprising:
providing a film comprising a stack of polymer layers, the polymer layers being organized into layer packets with each layer packet having at least two of the polymer layers, the stack being configured to promote irreversible delamination between such layer packets, all of the polymer layers in the stack having respective polymer compositions that are coextrudable with each other; exposing the film to a sufficient amount of ultraviolet (UV) light such that the film exhibits optical degradation due to the UV light exposure, the optical degradation being primarily associated with a first one of the layer packets; and delaminating the first layer packet from a remainder of the stack. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein at least one of the polymer layers in a plurality of the layer packets comprises one or more UV light stabilizer. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the optical degradation comprises an increase in optical haze of 3% or more, and/or an increase in CIE b* color coordinate of 2 or more. | 1,700 |
1,769 | 14,740,059 | 1,761 | Cosmetic, detergent, and surface cleansing compositions are provided. The provided compositions include a flavolipid according to formula (I),
in which R 1 and R 2 , independently of one another, are selected from linear or branched C 4 -C 20 alkyl radicals, linear or branched C 4 -C 20 alkenyl radicals, and linear or branched C 4 -C 20 hydroxyalkyl radicals; R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 , independently of one another, are selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl radicals, C 1 -C 4 alkenyl radicals, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy radicals, and C 1 -C 4 hydroxyalkyl radicals. | 1. A surfactant composition, comprising:
a number of flavolipids according to formula (I), or salts thereof,
in which:
R1 and R2, independently of one another, are selected from:
linear or branched C4-C20 alkyl radicals;
linear or branched C4-C20 alkenyl radicals; and
linear or branched C4-C20 hydroxyalkyl radicals; and
R3, R4, R5 and R6, independently of one another, are selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl radicals, C1-C4 alkenyl radicals, C1-C4 alkoxy radicals, and C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl radicals; and
a number of additional surfactants. 2. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the number of flavolipids of formula (I) are present in an amount ranging from 0.001% to 30% by weight, relative to the total weight of the composition. 3. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the number of additional surfactants are present in an amount ranging from 0.001% to 30% by weight, relative to the total weight of the composition. 4. The surfactant composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one of a conditioning agent, an emollient, a humectant, an exfoliant, a dye, a pigment, an oil, a wax, a silicone oil, a silicone wax, a vitamin, a vitamin derivative, a pH adjusting agent, an antibacterial agent, and a thickening agent, a chelating agent, an opacifier, a UV stabilizer, a corrosion inhibitor, a builder, a bleaching agent, a bleach activator, a pH adjusting agent, an optical brightener, a dye, an anti-caking agent, water, and an organic solvent. 5. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the number of additional surfactants comprises an anionic, nonionic or cationic surfactant. 6. The surfactant composition of claim 1, further comprising a carrier selected from a carrier fluid and a builder. 7. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the composition is a cosmetic composition for skin or hair. 8. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the composition is a detergent composition for textiles. 9. The surfactant composition of claim 8, further comprising an enzyme selected from a protease, an amylase, a cellulase and combinations thereof. 10. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the composition is a surface cleansing composition. 11. The surfactant composition of claim 10, further comprising an enzyme selected from a protease and an amylyase. 12. The surfactant composition of claim 10, in which the composition is a dishwashing detergent. 13. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which R3 and R4 are hydroxyl, and R5 and R6 are hydrogen. 14. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which R1 and R2 are independently selected from branched C4-C20 alkenyl radicals bearing a single carbon-carbon double bond. 15. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the number of additional surfactants comprises at least two surfactants, each selected, independently of one another, from anionic, nonionic, cationic, amphoteric and zwitterionic surfactants. 16. A cleansing composition for cleansing textiles or surfaces, comprising:
a number of flavolipids according to formula (I), or salts thereof,
in which:
R1 and R2, independently of one another, are selected from:
linear or branched C4-C20 alkyl radicals;
linear or branched C4-C20 alkenyl radicals; and
linear or branched C4-C20 hydroxyalkyl radicals; and
R3, R4, R5 and R6, independently of one another, are selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl radicals, C1-C4 alkenyl radicals, C1-C4 alkoxy radicals, and C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl radicals; and
a liquid carrier, comprising at least two miscible carrier fluids. 17. The cleansing composition of claim 16, in which R3 and R4 are hydroxyl and R5 and R6 are hydrogen, and R1 and R2 are, independently of one another, selected from C4-C20 alkenyl radicals bearing a single carbon-carbon double bond. 18. The cleansing composition of claim 16, further comprising a number of additional surfactants selected from anionic, cationic, nonionic, zwitterionic and amphoteric surfactants. 19. The cleansing composition of claim 16, in which the number of flavolipids are present in an amount ranging from 0.001% to 30% by weight, relative to the total weight of the cleansing composition. 20. A consumer product for use as a laundry detergent, comprising:
a number of flavolipids according to formula (I), or salts thereof,
in which:
R1 and R2, independently of one another, are selected from:
linear or branched C4-C20 alkyl radicals;
linear or branched C4-C20 alkenyl radicals; and
linear or branched C4-C20 hydroxyalkyl radicals; and
R3, R4, R5 and R6, independently of one another, are selected from hydrogen and hydroxyl;
a number of anionic surfactants;
a number of nonionic surfactants;
a number of enzymes selected from proteases, amylases and cellulases;
a number of builders; and
a liquid carrier. | Cosmetic, detergent, and surface cleansing compositions are provided. The provided compositions include a flavolipid according to formula (I),
in which R 1 and R 2 , independently of one another, are selected from linear or branched C 4 -C 20 alkyl radicals, linear or branched C 4 -C 20 alkenyl radicals, and linear or branched C 4 -C 20 hydroxyalkyl radicals; R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 , independently of one another, are selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl radicals, C 1 -C 4 alkenyl radicals, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy radicals, and C 1 -C 4 hydroxyalkyl radicals.1. A surfactant composition, comprising:
a number of flavolipids according to formula (I), or salts thereof,
in which:
R1 and R2, independently of one another, are selected from:
linear or branched C4-C20 alkyl radicals;
linear or branched C4-C20 alkenyl radicals; and
linear or branched C4-C20 hydroxyalkyl radicals; and
R3, R4, R5 and R6, independently of one another, are selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl radicals, C1-C4 alkenyl radicals, C1-C4 alkoxy radicals, and C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl radicals; and
a number of additional surfactants. 2. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the number of flavolipids of formula (I) are present in an amount ranging from 0.001% to 30% by weight, relative to the total weight of the composition. 3. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the number of additional surfactants are present in an amount ranging from 0.001% to 30% by weight, relative to the total weight of the composition. 4. The surfactant composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one of a conditioning agent, an emollient, a humectant, an exfoliant, a dye, a pigment, an oil, a wax, a silicone oil, a silicone wax, a vitamin, a vitamin derivative, a pH adjusting agent, an antibacterial agent, and a thickening agent, a chelating agent, an opacifier, a UV stabilizer, a corrosion inhibitor, a builder, a bleaching agent, a bleach activator, a pH adjusting agent, an optical brightener, a dye, an anti-caking agent, water, and an organic solvent. 5. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the number of additional surfactants comprises an anionic, nonionic or cationic surfactant. 6. The surfactant composition of claim 1, further comprising a carrier selected from a carrier fluid and a builder. 7. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the composition is a cosmetic composition for skin or hair. 8. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the composition is a detergent composition for textiles. 9. The surfactant composition of claim 8, further comprising an enzyme selected from a protease, an amylase, a cellulase and combinations thereof. 10. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the composition is a surface cleansing composition. 11. The surfactant composition of claim 10, further comprising an enzyme selected from a protease and an amylyase. 12. The surfactant composition of claim 10, in which the composition is a dishwashing detergent. 13. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which R3 and R4 are hydroxyl, and R5 and R6 are hydrogen. 14. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which R1 and R2 are independently selected from branched C4-C20 alkenyl radicals bearing a single carbon-carbon double bond. 15. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the number of additional surfactants comprises at least two surfactants, each selected, independently of one another, from anionic, nonionic, cationic, amphoteric and zwitterionic surfactants. 16. A cleansing composition for cleansing textiles or surfaces, comprising:
a number of flavolipids according to formula (I), or salts thereof,
in which:
R1 and R2, independently of one another, are selected from:
linear or branched C4-C20 alkyl radicals;
linear or branched C4-C20 alkenyl radicals; and
linear or branched C4-C20 hydroxyalkyl radicals; and
R3, R4, R5 and R6, independently of one another, are selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl radicals, C1-C4 alkenyl radicals, C1-C4 alkoxy radicals, and C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl radicals; and
a liquid carrier, comprising at least two miscible carrier fluids. 17. The cleansing composition of claim 16, in which R3 and R4 are hydroxyl and R5 and R6 are hydrogen, and R1 and R2 are, independently of one another, selected from C4-C20 alkenyl radicals bearing a single carbon-carbon double bond. 18. The cleansing composition of claim 16, further comprising a number of additional surfactants selected from anionic, cationic, nonionic, zwitterionic and amphoteric surfactants. 19. The cleansing composition of claim 16, in which the number of flavolipids are present in an amount ranging from 0.001% to 30% by weight, relative to the total weight of the cleansing composition. 20. A consumer product for use as a laundry detergent, comprising:
a number of flavolipids according to formula (I), or salts thereof,
in which:
R1 and R2, independently of one another, are selected from:
linear or branched C4-C20 alkyl radicals;
linear or branched C4-C20 alkenyl radicals; and
linear or branched C4-C20 hydroxyalkyl radicals; and
R3, R4, R5 and R6, independently of one another, are selected from hydrogen and hydroxyl;
a number of anionic surfactants;
a number of nonionic surfactants;
a number of enzymes selected from proteases, amylases and cellulases;
a number of builders; and
a liquid carrier. | 1,700 |
1,770 | 14,278,543 | 1,787 | Disclosed herein is a recyclable barrier film comprising a first layer comprising high density polyethylene; and a barrier layer comprising a polymer other than polyethylene; where the polymer is operative to reduce the oxygen transmission rate through the barrier film relative to the oxygen transmission rate through the first layer; where the barrier layer is present in the barrier film in an amount of less than 5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the barrier film. Disclosed herein too is a method of manufacturing the disclosed barrier film. | 1. A recyclable barrier film comprising:
a first layer comprising high density polyethylene; and a barrier layer comprising a polymer other than polyethylene; where the polymer is operative to reduce the oxygen transmission rate through the barrier film relative to the oxygen transmission rate through the first layer; where the barrier layer is present in the barrier film in an amount of less than 5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the barrier film. 2. The recyclable barrier film of claim 1, where the barrier layer comprises a polyamide, a polyethylene vinyl acetate, a hydrolyzed polyethylene vinyl acetate, a polyvinylidene chloride, a polyvinylidene chloride-polyvinyl chloride copolymer, a polyvinylidene chloride-polymethylacrylate copolymer a polyester, a polyalkylene carbonate, a polyacrylonitrile, a polyacrylate, a polymethacrylate, or a combination thereof. 3. The recyclable barrier film of claim 1, where the barrier layer comprises polyvinylidene chloride. 4. The recyclable barrier film of claim 1, where the barrier layer further comprises intercalated clay. 5. The recyclable barrier film of claim 1, further comprising a second layer that contacts the barrier layer; where the second layer contacts the barrier layer at a surface that is opposed to a surface that contacts the first layer. 6. The recyclable barrier film of claim 5, where the second layer is a sealant layer. 7. The recyclable barrier film of claim 5, where the second layer comprises linear low density polyethylene. 8. The recyclable barrier film of claim 5, where the second layer comprises a polyolefin elastomer. 9. The recyclable barrier film of claim 1, where the first layer comprises a plurality of layers; where at least one layer of the plurality of layers comprises high density polyethylene. 10. An article comprising the recyclable barrier film of claim 1. 11. A method of manufacturing a barrier film comprising:
extruding a first layer; where the first layer comprises high density polyethylene; and disposing on the first layer a barrier layer; where the barrier layer comprises a polymer other than polyethylene; where the polymer is operative to reduce the oxygen transmission rate through the barrier film relative to the oxygen transmission rate through the first layer; where the barrier layer is present in the barrier film in an amount of less than 5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the barrier film. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising disposing a second layer on the barrier film; where the second layer contacts the barrier layer; where the second layer contacts the barrier layer at a surface that is opposed to a surface that contacts the first layer. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising melting the barrier film in a polyethylene stream for recycling the film. | Disclosed herein is a recyclable barrier film comprising a first layer comprising high density polyethylene; and a barrier layer comprising a polymer other than polyethylene; where the polymer is operative to reduce the oxygen transmission rate through the barrier film relative to the oxygen transmission rate through the first layer; where the barrier layer is present in the barrier film in an amount of less than 5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the barrier film. Disclosed herein too is a method of manufacturing the disclosed barrier film.1. A recyclable barrier film comprising:
a first layer comprising high density polyethylene; and a barrier layer comprising a polymer other than polyethylene; where the polymer is operative to reduce the oxygen transmission rate through the barrier film relative to the oxygen transmission rate through the first layer; where the barrier layer is present in the barrier film in an amount of less than 5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the barrier film. 2. The recyclable barrier film of claim 1, where the barrier layer comprises a polyamide, a polyethylene vinyl acetate, a hydrolyzed polyethylene vinyl acetate, a polyvinylidene chloride, a polyvinylidene chloride-polyvinyl chloride copolymer, a polyvinylidene chloride-polymethylacrylate copolymer a polyester, a polyalkylene carbonate, a polyacrylonitrile, a polyacrylate, a polymethacrylate, or a combination thereof. 3. The recyclable barrier film of claim 1, where the barrier layer comprises polyvinylidene chloride. 4. The recyclable barrier film of claim 1, where the barrier layer further comprises intercalated clay. 5. The recyclable barrier film of claim 1, further comprising a second layer that contacts the barrier layer; where the second layer contacts the barrier layer at a surface that is opposed to a surface that contacts the first layer. 6. The recyclable barrier film of claim 5, where the second layer is a sealant layer. 7. The recyclable barrier film of claim 5, where the second layer comprises linear low density polyethylene. 8. The recyclable barrier film of claim 5, where the second layer comprises a polyolefin elastomer. 9. The recyclable barrier film of claim 1, where the first layer comprises a plurality of layers; where at least one layer of the plurality of layers comprises high density polyethylene. 10. An article comprising the recyclable barrier film of claim 1. 11. A method of manufacturing a barrier film comprising:
extruding a first layer; where the first layer comprises high density polyethylene; and disposing on the first layer a barrier layer; where the barrier layer comprises a polymer other than polyethylene; where the polymer is operative to reduce the oxygen transmission rate through the barrier film relative to the oxygen transmission rate through the first layer; where the barrier layer is present in the barrier film in an amount of less than 5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the barrier film. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising disposing a second layer on the barrier film; where the second layer contacts the barrier layer; where the second layer contacts the barrier layer at a surface that is opposed to a surface that contacts the first layer. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising melting the barrier film in a polyethylene stream for recycling the film. | 1,700 |
1,771 | 12,986,181 | 1,721 | Methods and apparatus are disclosed regarding photoelectrochemical solar cells formed using inkjet printing and nanocomposite organic-inorganic materials, such as for converting solar energy into electricity. An exemplary solid photoelectrochemical solar cell formation includes thin layers of nanocomposite organic-inorganic materials. A specific exemplary solid photoelectrochemical solar cell may include: a negative electrode comprising a transparent electroconductive glass plate; a thin transparent film of mesoporous nanocrystalline titanium dioxide of controlled thickness above the negative electrode, formed by dip-coating, spin-coating or inkjet printing, and having a photosensitizer dye comprising a ruthenium organometallic complex, a merocyanine dye, or a hemicyanine dye; a layer of a solid gel electrolyte formed above the titanium dioxide layer and including a nanocomposite organic-inorganic material and a redox couple; and a positive electrode comprising a second electroconductive glass plate having a thin layer of deposited electrocatalyst made of platinum, carbon, or both, in the form of nanostructures, including nanoparticles, nanotubes, conjugated conductive polymers, or their mixtures. | 1. A method of forming a photoelectrochemical solar cell, the method comprising:
forming a titanium dioxide layer by inkjet printing on a first electrode; adding a dye to the titanium dioxide layer; forming a solid gel above the titanium dioxide layer, the solid gel comprising an electrolyte layer; and disposing a second electrode above the solid gel. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first electrode is transparent, the second electrode is transparent, or the first and the second electrodes are transparent. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first electrode and/or the second electrode comprises a thin conductive film on a substrate. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the thin conductive film comprises SnO2:F or ITO, and the substrate comprises glass. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the second electrode further comprises a thin electrocatalyst layer on the thin conductive film. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the thin electrocatalyst layer comprises platinum, carbon, or both, comprising nanoparticles, nanotubes, conjugated conductive polymers, or a mixture thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the dye comprises a photosensitizer, and wherein the photosensitizer comprises a ruthenium organometallic complex dye, a merocyanine dye, or a hemicyanine dye. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein forming the titanium dioxide layer comprises:
mixing a solution of titanium isopropoxide, an organic acid and a surfactant to trigger solvolysis and polymerization of the titanium isopropoxide; forming a deposition of the solution on the first electrode; calcining the deposition; and adsorbing the photosensitizer after calcining the deposition. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the solid gel comprises a redox couple comprising iodine (I2), potassium iodide (KI), and 1-methyl-3-propylimidazole iodide. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the solid gel comprises 1-methylbenzimidazole, 2-amino-1-methylbenzimidazole, guanidine thiocyanate, or 4-tertiary butyl pyridine. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the solid gel comprises a nanocomposite organic-inorganic material and a redox couple. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the solid gel comprises a stable adhesion layer durably adhering the first electrode and the second electrode, and wherein forming the solid gel comprises compressing the electrolyte layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, and then gelatinizing the electrolyte layer. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the solar cell comprises a self-sealing layer stack, and wherein forming the solid gel comprises self-sealing the self-sealing layer stack. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the solid gel has a thickness of between about 50 and about 80 micrometers. 15. A solar cell comprising:
a first electrode; a titanium dioxide layer formed by inkjet printing on the first electrode and comprising a dye; a solid gel disposed above the titanium dioxide layer, the solid gel comprising an electrolyte layer; and a second electrode disposed above the solid gel. 16. The solar cell of claim 15, wherein the first electrode is transparent, the second electrode is transparent, or the first and the second electrodes are transparent. 17. The solar cell of claim 15, wherein the first electrode and/or the second electrode comprises a thin conductive film on a substrate. 18. The solar cell of claim 17, wherein the thin conductive film comprises SnO2:F or ITO, and the substrate comprises glass. 19. The solar cell of claim 17, wherein the second electrode further comprises a thin electrocatalyst layer on the thin conductive film. 20. The solar cell of claim 19, wherein the thin electrocatalyst layer comprises platinum, carbon, or both, comprising nanoparticles, nanotubes, conjugated conductive polymers, or a mixture thereof. 21. The solar cell of claim 15, wherein the dye comprises a photosensitizer, and wherein the photosensitizer comprises a ruthenium organometallic complex dye, a merocyanine dye, or a hemicyanine dye. 22. The solar cell of claim 21, wherein the titanium dioxide layer further comprises at least one calcined film of polymerized titanium isopropoxide, and wherein the photosensitizer has been adsorbed onto the at least one calcined film. 23. The solar cell of claim 15, wherein the solid gel comprises a redox couple comprising iodine (I2), potassium iodide (KI), and 1-methyl-3-propylimidazole iodide. 24. The solar cell of claim 15, wherein the solid gel comprises 1-methylbenzimidazole, 2-amino-1-methylbenzimidazole, guanidine thiocyanate, or 4-tertiary butyl pyridine. 25. The solar cell of claim 15, wherein the solid gel comprises a nanocomposite organic-inorganic material and a redox couple. 26. The solar cell of claim 15, wherein the solid gel comprises a stable adhesion layer durably adhering the first electrode and the second electrode. 27. The solar cell of claim 15, wherein the solar cell comprises a self-sealing layer stack. 28. The solar cell of claim 15, wherein the solid gel has a thickness of between about 50 and about 80 micrometers. 29. A transparent window comprising a transparent solar cell, wherein the transparent solar cell comprises:
a first electrode comprising a first transparent conductive glass plate; a transparent titanium dioxide layer formed by inkjet printing on the first electrode and comprising a dye; a transparent solid gel disposed above the transparent titanium dioxide layer, the transparent solid gel comprising an electrolyte layer; and a second electrode disposed above the solid gel, the second electrode comprising a second transparent conductive glass plate. 30. The transparent window of claim 29, wherein the solid gel comprises a redox couple comprising iodine (I2), potassium iodide (KI), and 1-methyl-3-propylimidazole iodide. 31. The transparent window of claim 29, wherein the solid gel comprises 1-methylbenzimidazole, 2-amino-1-methylbenzimidazole, guanidine thiocyanate, or 4-tertiary butyl pyridine. 32. The transparent window of claim 29, wherein the second electrode further comprises a thin electrocatalyst layer on the thin conductive film, and wherein the thin electrocatalyst layer comprises platinum, carbon, or both, comprising nanoparticles, nanotubes, conjugated conductive polymers, or a mixture thereof. 33. The transparent window of claim 29, wherein the dye comprises a photosensitizer, and wherein the photosensitizer comprises a ruthenium organometallic complex dye, a merocyanine dye, or a hemicyanine dye. 34. The transparent window of claim 29, wherein the solid gel comprises a stable adhesion layer durably adhering the first electrode and the second electrode. 35. The transparent window of claim 29, wherein the solar cell comprises a self-sealing layer stack. 36. The transparent window of claim 29, wherein the solid gel has a thickness of between about 50 and about 80 micrometers. | Methods and apparatus are disclosed regarding photoelectrochemical solar cells formed using inkjet printing and nanocomposite organic-inorganic materials, such as for converting solar energy into electricity. An exemplary solid photoelectrochemical solar cell formation includes thin layers of nanocomposite organic-inorganic materials. A specific exemplary solid photoelectrochemical solar cell may include: a negative electrode comprising a transparent electroconductive glass plate; a thin transparent film of mesoporous nanocrystalline titanium dioxide of controlled thickness above the negative electrode, formed by dip-coating, spin-coating or inkjet printing, and having a photosensitizer dye comprising a ruthenium organometallic complex, a merocyanine dye, or a hemicyanine dye; a layer of a solid gel electrolyte formed above the titanium dioxide layer and including a nanocomposite organic-inorganic material and a redox couple; and a positive electrode comprising a second electroconductive glass plate having a thin layer of deposited electrocatalyst made of platinum, carbon, or both, in the form of nanostructures, including nanoparticles, nanotubes, conjugated conductive polymers, or their mixtures.1. A method of forming a photoelectrochemical solar cell, the method comprising:
forming a titanium dioxide layer by inkjet printing on a first electrode; adding a dye to the titanium dioxide layer; forming a solid gel above the titanium dioxide layer, the solid gel comprising an electrolyte layer; and disposing a second electrode above the solid gel. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first electrode is transparent, the second electrode is transparent, or the first and the second electrodes are transparent. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first electrode and/or the second electrode comprises a thin conductive film on a substrate. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the thin conductive film comprises SnO2:F or ITO, and the substrate comprises glass. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the second electrode further comprises a thin electrocatalyst layer on the thin conductive film. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the thin electrocatalyst layer comprises platinum, carbon, or both, comprising nanoparticles, nanotubes, conjugated conductive polymers, or a mixture thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the dye comprises a photosensitizer, and wherein the photosensitizer comprises a ruthenium organometallic complex dye, a merocyanine dye, or a hemicyanine dye. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein forming the titanium dioxide layer comprises:
mixing a solution of titanium isopropoxide, an organic acid and a surfactant to trigger solvolysis and polymerization of the titanium isopropoxide; forming a deposition of the solution on the first electrode; calcining the deposition; and adsorbing the photosensitizer after calcining the deposition. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the solid gel comprises a redox couple comprising iodine (I2), potassium iodide (KI), and 1-methyl-3-propylimidazole iodide. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the solid gel comprises 1-methylbenzimidazole, 2-amino-1-methylbenzimidazole, guanidine thiocyanate, or 4-tertiary butyl pyridine. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the solid gel comprises a nanocomposite organic-inorganic material and a redox couple. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the solid gel comprises a stable adhesion layer durably adhering the first electrode and the second electrode, and wherein forming the solid gel comprises compressing the electrolyte layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, and then gelatinizing the electrolyte layer. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the solar cell comprises a self-sealing layer stack, and wherein forming the solid gel comprises self-sealing the self-sealing layer stack. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the solid gel has a thickness of between about 50 and about 80 micrometers. 15. A solar cell comprising:
a first electrode; a titanium dioxide layer formed by inkjet printing on the first electrode and comprising a dye; a solid gel disposed above the titanium dioxide layer, the solid gel comprising an electrolyte layer; and a second electrode disposed above the solid gel. 16. The solar cell of claim 15, wherein the first electrode is transparent, the second electrode is transparent, or the first and the second electrodes are transparent. 17. The solar cell of claim 15, wherein the first electrode and/or the second electrode comprises a thin conductive film on a substrate. 18. The solar cell of claim 17, wherein the thin conductive film comprises SnO2:F or ITO, and the substrate comprises glass. 19. The solar cell of claim 17, wherein the second electrode further comprises a thin electrocatalyst layer on the thin conductive film. 20. The solar cell of claim 19, wherein the thin electrocatalyst layer comprises platinum, carbon, or both, comprising nanoparticles, nanotubes, conjugated conductive polymers, or a mixture thereof. 21. The solar cell of claim 15, wherein the dye comprises a photosensitizer, and wherein the photosensitizer comprises a ruthenium organometallic complex dye, a merocyanine dye, or a hemicyanine dye. 22. The solar cell of claim 21, wherein the titanium dioxide layer further comprises at least one calcined film of polymerized titanium isopropoxide, and wherein the photosensitizer has been adsorbed onto the at least one calcined film. 23. The solar cell of claim 15, wherein the solid gel comprises a redox couple comprising iodine (I2), potassium iodide (KI), and 1-methyl-3-propylimidazole iodide. 24. The solar cell of claim 15, wherein the solid gel comprises 1-methylbenzimidazole, 2-amino-1-methylbenzimidazole, guanidine thiocyanate, or 4-tertiary butyl pyridine. 25. The solar cell of claim 15, wherein the solid gel comprises a nanocomposite organic-inorganic material and a redox couple. 26. The solar cell of claim 15, wherein the solid gel comprises a stable adhesion layer durably adhering the first electrode and the second electrode. 27. The solar cell of claim 15, wherein the solar cell comprises a self-sealing layer stack. 28. The solar cell of claim 15, wherein the solid gel has a thickness of between about 50 and about 80 micrometers. 29. A transparent window comprising a transparent solar cell, wherein the transparent solar cell comprises:
a first electrode comprising a first transparent conductive glass plate; a transparent titanium dioxide layer formed by inkjet printing on the first electrode and comprising a dye; a transparent solid gel disposed above the transparent titanium dioxide layer, the transparent solid gel comprising an electrolyte layer; and a second electrode disposed above the solid gel, the second electrode comprising a second transparent conductive glass plate. 30. The transparent window of claim 29, wherein the solid gel comprises a redox couple comprising iodine (I2), potassium iodide (KI), and 1-methyl-3-propylimidazole iodide. 31. The transparent window of claim 29, wherein the solid gel comprises 1-methylbenzimidazole, 2-amino-1-methylbenzimidazole, guanidine thiocyanate, or 4-tertiary butyl pyridine. 32. The transparent window of claim 29, wherein the second electrode further comprises a thin electrocatalyst layer on the thin conductive film, and wherein the thin electrocatalyst layer comprises platinum, carbon, or both, comprising nanoparticles, nanotubes, conjugated conductive polymers, or a mixture thereof. 33. The transparent window of claim 29, wherein the dye comprises a photosensitizer, and wherein the photosensitizer comprises a ruthenium organometallic complex dye, a merocyanine dye, or a hemicyanine dye. 34. The transparent window of claim 29, wherein the solid gel comprises a stable adhesion layer durably adhering the first electrode and the second electrode. 35. The transparent window of claim 29, wherein the solar cell comprises a self-sealing layer stack. 36. The transparent window of claim 29, wherein the solid gel has a thickness of between about 50 and about 80 micrometers. | 1,700 |
1,772 | 15,334,038 | 1,767 | A coating composition may include kaolin having a shape factor less than about 70 and calcium carbonate, wherein less than about 90% by weight and greater than about 60% by weight of particles of the calcium carbonate have an equivalent spherical diameter (esd) less than 2 microns. The coating composition may include a thickener present in an amount ranging from about 0.1% to about 0.9% by active dry weight of the composition. A coating composition may include kaolin having a shape factor less than about 70 and calcium carbonate having a mean particle size (d 50 ) of at least about 2.4 microns and a steepness factor of at least about 30. The coating composition may be a paper basecoat composition or a paperboard basecoat composition. A paper or paperboard product may include the coating composition on at least one surface of the paper product or paperboard product. | 1-17. (canceled) 18. A paperboard product comprising a coating composition on at least one surface of the paperboard product, the coating composition comprising:
a binder; kaolin having a shape factor less than about 70; and calcium carbonate, wherein less than 80% by weight and greater than about 60% by weight of particles of the calcium carbonate have an equivalent spherical diameter less than 2 microns. 19. A coating composition comprising:
kaolin having a shape factor less than about 70; and calcium carbonate having a d50 of at least about 2.4 microns and a steepness factor of at least about 30. 20. The composition of claim 19, further comprising a thickener. 21. The composition of claim 20, wherein the thickener is present in an amount ranging from about 0.1% to about 0.9% by active dry weight of the composition. 22. (canceled) 23. (canceled) 24. The composition of claim 20, wherein the thickener is selected from the group consisting of alkali-soluble emulsion polyacrylate thickeners, hydrophobically-modified alkali-soluble emulsion polyacrylate thickeners, and CMC (carboxymethyl celluloses) thickeners. 25. The composition of claim 19, wherein less than about 30% by weight of the kaolin has an esd less than about 0.25 micron. 26-28. (canceled) 29. (canceled) 30. (canceled) 31. The composition of claim 19, wherein the calcium carbonate has a d50 of at least about 2.6 microns. 32. (canceled) 33. (canceled) 34. The composition of claim 19, wherein the calcium carbonate has a steepness factor of at least about 32. 35-41. (canceled) 42. A paperboard product comprising the coating composition of claim 19 on at least one surface of the paperboard product. 43. A method of reducing the cracking and/or flaking of a coated paperboard product at a fold, the method comprising:
i) providing a coating composition on the paperboard product, wherein the coating composition comprises a mixture of
a binder,
kaolin having a shape factor greater than 50 and less than 70; and
calcium carbonate, wherein less than 80% by weight and greater than about 60% by weight of the particles of the calcium carbonate have an equivalent spherical diameter less than 2 microns; and
ii) folding the paperboard product to form the fold, wherein the paperboard product has a higher modulus and a higher stiffness as compared to a second modulus and a second stiffness of a paperboard product coated with a coating composition devoid of said kaolin and said calcium carbonate, resulting in substantially no cracking and/or flaking of the coating. 44. The method of claim 43, wherein the coating composition further comprises a thickener. 45. The method of claim 44, wherein the thickener is present in an amount ranging from about 0.1% to about 0.9% by active dry weight of the composition. 46. The method of claim 44, wherein the thickener is selected from the group consisting of alkali-soluble emulsion polyacrylate thickeners, hydrophobically-modified alkali-soluble emulsion polyacrylate thickeners, and carboxymethyl cellulose thickeners. 47. The method of claim 43, wherein less than about 30% by weight of the kaolin has an equivalent spherical diameter less than about 0.25 micron. 48. The method of claim 43, wherein less than about 80% by weight of the kaolin has an equivalent spherical diameter less than about 1 micron. 49. The method of claim 43, wherein less than about 70% by weight and greater than about 60% by weight of the particles of the calcium carbonate have an equivalent spherical diameter less than 2 microns. 50. The method of claim 43, wherein the binder comprises at least one of an adhesive binder, a starch binder, a synthetic binder, a polyvinyl acetate-based binder, or an acrylic binder. | A coating composition may include kaolin having a shape factor less than about 70 and calcium carbonate, wherein less than about 90% by weight and greater than about 60% by weight of particles of the calcium carbonate have an equivalent spherical diameter (esd) less than 2 microns. The coating composition may include a thickener present in an amount ranging from about 0.1% to about 0.9% by active dry weight of the composition. A coating composition may include kaolin having a shape factor less than about 70 and calcium carbonate having a mean particle size (d 50 ) of at least about 2.4 microns and a steepness factor of at least about 30. The coating composition may be a paper basecoat composition or a paperboard basecoat composition. A paper or paperboard product may include the coating composition on at least one surface of the paper product or paperboard product.1-17. (canceled) 18. A paperboard product comprising a coating composition on at least one surface of the paperboard product, the coating composition comprising:
a binder; kaolin having a shape factor less than about 70; and calcium carbonate, wherein less than 80% by weight and greater than about 60% by weight of particles of the calcium carbonate have an equivalent spherical diameter less than 2 microns. 19. A coating composition comprising:
kaolin having a shape factor less than about 70; and calcium carbonate having a d50 of at least about 2.4 microns and a steepness factor of at least about 30. 20. The composition of claim 19, further comprising a thickener. 21. The composition of claim 20, wherein the thickener is present in an amount ranging from about 0.1% to about 0.9% by active dry weight of the composition. 22. (canceled) 23. (canceled) 24. The composition of claim 20, wherein the thickener is selected from the group consisting of alkali-soluble emulsion polyacrylate thickeners, hydrophobically-modified alkali-soluble emulsion polyacrylate thickeners, and CMC (carboxymethyl celluloses) thickeners. 25. The composition of claim 19, wherein less than about 30% by weight of the kaolin has an esd less than about 0.25 micron. 26-28. (canceled) 29. (canceled) 30. (canceled) 31. The composition of claim 19, wherein the calcium carbonate has a d50 of at least about 2.6 microns. 32. (canceled) 33. (canceled) 34. The composition of claim 19, wherein the calcium carbonate has a steepness factor of at least about 32. 35-41. (canceled) 42. A paperboard product comprising the coating composition of claim 19 on at least one surface of the paperboard product. 43. A method of reducing the cracking and/or flaking of a coated paperboard product at a fold, the method comprising:
i) providing a coating composition on the paperboard product, wherein the coating composition comprises a mixture of
a binder,
kaolin having a shape factor greater than 50 and less than 70; and
calcium carbonate, wherein less than 80% by weight and greater than about 60% by weight of the particles of the calcium carbonate have an equivalent spherical diameter less than 2 microns; and
ii) folding the paperboard product to form the fold, wherein the paperboard product has a higher modulus and a higher stiffness as compared to a second modulus and a second stiffness of a paperboard product coated with a coating composition devoid of said kaolin and said calcium carbonate, resulting in substantially no cracking and/or flaking of the coating. 44. The method of claim 43, wherein the coating composition further comprises a thickener. 45. The method of claim 44, wherein the thickener is present in an amount ranging from about 0.1% to about 0.9% by active dry weight of the composition. 46. The method of claim 44, wherein the thickener is selected from the group consisting of alkali-soluble emulsion polyacrylate thickeners, hydrophobically-modified alkali-soluble emulsion polyacrylate thickeners, and carboxymethyl cellulose thickeners. 47. The method of claim 43, wherein less than about 30% by weight of the kaolin has an equivalent spherical diameter less than about 0.25 micron. 48. The method of claim 43, wherein less than about 80% by weight of the kaolin has an equivalent spherical diameter less than about 1 micron. 49. The method of claim 43, wherein less than about 70% by weight and greater than about 60% by weight of the particles of the calcium carbonate have an equivalent spherical diameter less than 2 microns. 50. The method of claim 43, wherein the binder comprises at least one of an adhesive binder, a starch binder, a synthetic binder, a polyvinyl acetate-based binder, or an acrylic binder. | 1,700 |
1,773 | 14,234,752 | 1,725 | An energy storage device for generating an n-phase supply voltage includes a plurality of energy supply branches that are connected in parallel, each of which is connected to an output connector of the energy storage device. Each of the energy supply branches includes a plurality of energy storage modules that are connected in series, each having at least one energy storage cell, and having a plurality of coupling modules connected to one of the plurality of energy storage modules, respectively, each configured to couple, or to bridge, the connected energy storage module with the energy supply branch. The energy storage device further includes a control system. | 1. An energy storage device for generating an n-phase supply voltage, comprising:
an output connector; a plurality of parallel connected energy supply strings that are connected in each case to the output connector, each energy supply string of the plurality of energy supply strings including
a plurality of energy storage modules, each energy storage module of the plurality of energy storage modules configured to be series connected, and each energy storage module of the plurality of energy storage modules including at least one energy storage cell, and
a plurality of coupling modules, each coupling module of the plurality of coupling modules is configured to be connected to one of the energy storage modules of the plurality of energy storage modules, and each coupling module of the plurality of coupling modules is configured so as to couple a respective connected energy storage module into an energy supply string of the plurality of parallel connected energy supply strings or to bridge the respective connected energy storage module; and
a control device connected to the plurality of coupling modules and configured to control the plurality of coupling modules in dependence upon a value of an aging function of each of the energy storage modules such that the respective connected energy storage module is coupled into one of the energy supply strings of the plurality of energy supply strings, wherein n≧1. 2. The energy storage device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the respective aging function of an energy storage module of the plurality of energy storage modules is dependent upon a progression with respect to time of an operating temperature, a progression with respect to time of a power output, a progression with respect to time of an energy output, a service life without energy consumption, and/or a cumulative operating time. 3. The energy storage device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the control device is configured to update a value of the aging functions of each energy storage module of the plurality of energy storage modules at predetermined time intervals in dependence upon the progression with respect to time of the operating temperature, the progression with respect to time of the power output, the progression with respect to time of the energy output, the service life without energy consumption, and/or the cumulative operating time of the respective energy storage module. 4. The energy storage device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the control device comprises:
a cell balancing device that is configured to select a predetermined number of the coupling modules in each one of the energy supply strings to couple the energy storage modules that are allocated in each case to the selected coupling modules into the energy supply strings in such a manner that a difference is minimal between the values of the aging functions of the energy storage modules of the energy supply string, which energy storage modules are allocated in each case to the selected coupling modules. 5. The energy storage device as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
each of the energy supply strings further includes a string coupling module that is coupled in each case between the coupling modules and the output connector, and the control device includes a string balancing device that is configured to select a predetermined number of string coupling modules to couple the energy storage modules of the energy supply strings that are allocated in each case to the selected string coupling modules to the output connector in such a manner that a difference is minimal between a total of the values of all aging functions of the energy storage modules of the energy supply strings that are allocated in each case to the selected coupling modules and a total of the values of all aging functions of the energy storage modules of the energy supply strings that are allocated in each case to non-selected string coupling modules. 6. A system, comprising:
a q-phase electric machine, wherein q≧1; an AC converter connected to the electric machine and that is configured to generate a q-phase AC voltage for operating the electric machine; and an energy storage device connected to the AC converter and configured to generate a q-phase supply voltage for the AC converter, the energy storage device including an output connector, a plurality of parallel connected energy supply strings that are connected in each case to the output connector, each energy supply string of the plurality of energy supply strings including (i) a plurality of energy storage modules, each energy storage module of the plurality of energy storage modules configured to be series connected, and each energy storage module of the plurality of energy storage modules including at least one energy storage cell, and (ii) a plurality of coupling modules, each coupling module of the plurality of coupling modules is configured to be connected to one of the energy storage modules of the plurality of energy storage modules, and each coupling module of the plurality of coupling modules is configured so as to couple a respective connected energy storage module into an energy supply string of the plurality of parallel connected energy supply strings or to bridge the respective connected energy storage module, and a control device connected to the plurality of coupling modules and configured to control the plurality of coupling modules in dependence upon a value of an aging function of each of the energy storage modules such that the respective connected energy storage module is coupled into one of the energy supply strings of the plurality of energy supply strings. 7. A method for operating an energy storage device for generating an n-phase supply voltage, the energy storage device including (i) an output connector, (ii) a plurality of parallel connected energy supply strings that are connected in each case to the output connector, each energy supply string of the plurality of energy supply strings including a plurality of energy storage modules, and a plurality of coupling modules, and (iii) a control device connected to the plurality of coupling modules comprising:
determining operating parameters of each of the energy storage modules; calculating values in each case of an aging function for each of the energy storage modules on a basis of the determined operating parameters; determining a prevailing load requirement of the electrical consumer; and in dependence upon the prevailing load requirement, selecting a group of energy storage modules that are used to generate the n-phase supply voltage on a basis of the calculated values of the aging functions of all energy storage modules, wherein each energy storage module of the plurality of energy storage modules is configured to be series connected, and each energy storage module of the plurality of energy storage modules including at least one energy storage cell, wherein each coupling module of the plurality of coupling modules is configured to be connected to one of the energy storage modules of the plurality of energy storage modules, and each coupling module of the plurality of coupling modules is configured so as to couple a respective connected energy storage module into an energy supply string of the plurality of parallel connected energy supply strings or to bridge the respective connected energy storage module, and wherein n≧1. 8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the operating parameters include a progression with respect to time of an operating temperature, a progression with respect to time of a power output, a progression with respect to time of an energy output, a cumulative service life without energy consumption, and/or a cumulative operating time of each of the energy storage modules. 9. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the process of calculating the values of the aging functions includes updating previous values of the aging functions on a basis of the determined operating parameters. 10. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the energy storage device is operated in a charging operation, in a discharging operation, or in a discharging/charging operation. | An energy storage device for generating an n-phase supply voltage includes a plurality of energy supply branches that are connected in parallel, each of which is connected to an output connector of the energy storage device. Each of the energy supply branches includes a plurality of energy storage modules that are connected in series, each having at least one energy storage cell, and having a plurality of coupling modules connected to one of the plurality of energy storage modules, respectively, each configured to couple, or to bridge, the connected energy storage module with the energy supply branch. The energy storage device further includes a control system.1. An energy storage device for generating an n-phase supply voltage, comprising:
an output connector; a plurality of parallel connected energy supply strings that are connected in each case to the output connector, each energy supply string of the plurality of energy supply strings including
a plurality of energy storage modules, each energy storage module of the plurality of energy storage modules configured to be series connected, and each energy storage module of the plurality of energy storage modules including at least one energy storage cell, and
a plurality of coupling modules, each coupling module of the plurality of coupling modules is configured to be connected to one of the energy storage modules of the plurality of energy storage modules, and each coupling module of the plurality of coupling modules is configured so as to couple a respective connected energy storage module into an energy supply string of the plurality of parallel connected energy supply strings or to bridge the respective connected energy storage module; and
a control device connected to the plurality of coupling modules and configured to control the plurality of coupling modules in dependence upon a value of an aging function of each of the energy storage modules such that the respective connected energy storage module is coupled into one of the energy supply strings of the plurality of energy supply strings, wherein n≧1. 2. The energy storage device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the respective aging function of an energy storage module of the plurality of energy storage modules is dependent upon a progression with respect to time of an operating temperature, a progression with respect to time of a power output, a progression with respect to time of an energy output, a service life without energy consumption, and/or a cumulative operating time. 3. The energy storage device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the control device is configured to update a value of the aging functions of each energy storage module of the plurality of energy storage modules at predetermined time intervals in dependence upon the progression with respect to time of the operating temperature, the progression with respect to time of the power output, the progression with respect to time of the energy output, the service life without energy consumption, and/or the cumulative operating time of the respective energy storage module. 4. The energy storage device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the control device comprises:
a cell balancing device that is configured to select a predetermined number of the coupling modules in each one of the energy supply strings to couple the energy storage modules that are allocated in each case to the selected coupling modules into the energy supply strings in such a manner that a difference is minimal between the values of the aging functions of the energy storage modules of the energy supply string, which energy storage modules are allocated in each case to the selected coupling modules. 5. The energy storage device as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
each of the energy supply strings further includes a string coupling module that is coupled in each case between the coupling modules and the output connector, and the control device includes a string balancing device that is configured to select a predetermined number of string coupling modules to couple the energy storage modules of the energy supply strings that are allocated in each case to the selected string coupling modules to the output connector in such a manner that a difference is minimal between a total of the values of all aging functions of the energy storage modules of the energy supply strings that are allocated in each case to the selected coupling modules and a total of the values of all aging functions of the energy storage modules of the energy supply strings that are allocated in each case to non-selected string coupling modules. 6. A system, comprising:
a q-phase electric machine, wherein q≧1; an AC converter connected to the electric machine and that is configured to generate a q-phase AC voltage for operating the electric machine; and an energy storage device connected to the AC converter and configured to generate a q-phase supply voltage for the AC converter, the energy storage device including an output connector, a plurality of parallel connected energy supply strings that are connected in each case to the output connector, each energy supply string of the plurality of energy supply strings including (i) a plurality of energy storage modules, each energy storage module of the plurality of energy storage modules configured to be series connected, and each energy storage module of the plurality of energy storage modules including at least one energy storage cell, and (ii) a plurality of coupling modules, each coupling module of the plurality of coupling modules is configured to be connected to one of the energy storage modules of the plurality of energy storage modules, and each coupling module of the plurality of coupling modules is configured so as to couple a respective connected energy storage module into an energy supply string of the plurality of parallel connected energy supply strings or to bridge the respective connected energy storage module, and a control device connected to the plurality of coupling modules and configured to control the plurality of coupling modules in dependence upon a value of an aging function of each of the energy storage modules such that the respective connected energy storage module is coupled into one of the energy supply strings of the plurality of energy supply strings. 7. A method for operating an energy storage device for generating an n-phase supply voltage, the energy storage device including (i) an output connector, (ii) a plurality of parallel connected energy supply strings that are connected in each case to the output connector, each energy supply string of the plurality of energy supply strings including a plurality of energy storage modules, and a plurality of coupling modules, and (iii) a control device connected to the plurality of coupling modules comprising:
determining operating parameters of each of the energy storage modules; calculating values in each case of an aging function for each of the energy storage modules on a basis of the determined operating parameters; determining a prevailing load requirement of the electrical consumer; and in dependence upon the prevailing load requirement, selecting a group of energy storage modules that are used to generate the n-phase supply voltage on a basis of the calculated values of the aging functions of all energy storage modules, wherein each energy storage module of the plurality of energy storage modules is configured to be series connected, and each energy storage module of the plurality of energy storage modules including at least one energy storage cell, wherein each coupling module of the plurality of coupling modules is configured to be connected to one of the energy storage modules of the plurality of energy storage modules, and each coupling module of the plurality of coupling modules is configured so as to couple a respective connected energy storage module into an energy supply string of the plurality of parallel connected energy supply strings or to bridge the respective connected energy storage module, and wherein n≧1. 8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the operating parameters include a progression with respect to time of an operating temperature, a progression with respect to time of a power output, a progression with respect to time of an energy output, a cumulative service life without energy consumption, and/or a cumulative operating time of each of the energy storage modules. 9. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the process of calculating the values of the aging functions includes updating previous values of the aging functions on a basis of the determined operating parameters. 10. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the energy storage device is operated in a charging operation, in a discharging operation, or in a discharging/charging operation. | 1,700 |
1,774 | 13,825,829 | 1,779 | Methods and systems for chromatography are disclosed that employ a flexible container configured to fit within a support structure and adapted to receive a filtration or absorptive medium, such as a chromatography resin. The flexible container can include at least one inlet, at least one outlet, and a separation barrier peripherally sealed within the container to separate the container into a resin containing portion and a drainage portion. The barrier can be configured to exclude the resin material from the drainage portion during use while allowing fluids to pass therethrough. The disposable chromatography system can further include one or more agitators disposed within the flexible container and adjustably configured to be raised or lowered in the flexible container. When the agitator is in the raised position, the resin packing material can operate in a settled, packed-bed configuration. Alternatively, the agitator in the lowered position permits the chromatography resin packing material to operate in a mixed, slurry configuration. | 1. A disposable chromatography system, comprising:
a flexible container configured to fit within a support structure and adapted to receive a filtration medium, the flexible container comprising: at least one inlet, at least one outlet, and a separation barrier peripherally sealed within the container to separate the container into a filtration portion and a drainage portion, the separation barrier configured to exclude the filtration medium from the drainage portion during use while allowing fluids to pass therethrough. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising at least one agitator disposed within the flexible container and adjustably configured to be raised or lowered in the flexible container. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the agitator in the raised position permits the filtration medium to operate in a settled, packed-bed configuration. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the agitator in the lowered position permits the chromatography resin packing material to operate in a mixed, slurry configuration. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising at least one probe comprising a sensor coupled to the flexible container and operably connectable to a system controller. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the separation barrier can be a manifold or a mesh or a frit element and the filtration medium can include particulate beds, particulate slurries, filter aids, fibrous materials, flocculents, gels or chromatography resins. 7. The system of claim 3, wherein the at least one probe can comprise a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, a UV sensor, a conductivity sensor, an optical density sensor, a pH sensor, and a turbidity sensor. 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising at least one sparger coupled to the flexible container and configured to deliver air to an interior of the flexible container. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the system further comprises a system controller operably coupled to at least one element of the flexible container, the controller configured to control at least one parameter of operation of the system. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the system is configured to be a batch process system, drain and fill intermittent system or a continuously operated perfusion system. 11. A chromatography system, comprising:
a rigid support structure; and a flexible container configured to fit within a support structure and adapted to receive chromatography resin packing material, the flexible container comprising: at least one inlet, at least one outlet, and a frit filter peripherally sealed within the container to separate the container into a resin containing portion and a drainage portion, the frit filter configured to exclude the resin material from the drainage portion during use while allowing fluids to pass therethrough. 12. The chromatography system of claim 10, wherein the rigid support structure further comprises a transparent outer support vessel configured to allow visualization of an interior of the outer support vessel; 13. The chromatography system of claim 10, wherein the rigid support structure further comprises an actuator for adjusting the height of an agitator disposed within the flexible container. 14. The chromatography system of claim 10, further comprising at least one agitator disposed within the flexible container and adjustably configured to be raised or lowered in the flexible container. 15. The chromatography system of claim 10, further comprising at least one upper agitator and at least one lower agitator. 16. The chromatography system of claim 10, further comprising at least one probe comprising a sensor coupled to the flexible container and operably connected to a system controller. 17. The chromatography system of claim 14, wherein the at least one probe can comprise a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, a UV sensor, a conductivity sensor, an optical density sensor, a pH sensor, and a turbidity sensor. 18. The chromatography system of claim 10, further comprising at least one sparger coupled to the flexible container and configured to deliver air to an interior of the flexible container. 19. A method of performing chromatography, comprising:
placing a flexible container within a support structure, the flexible container having an integral frit element for retaining a chromatography medium; loading the container with the resin packing material via at least one inlet in the flexible container; filtering a liquid through the chromatography medium by loading the liquid through at least one inlet and draining the liquid through at least one outlet in the flexible container; and releasing an eluate from the chromatography medium. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the flexible container further comprises an agitator, and the method further comprises lowering the agitator into the container during use to engage the chromatography medium and form a slurry thereof. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the flexible container further comprises an agitator, and the method further comprises raising the agitator within the container during use to operate the system in a packed-bed configuration. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the flexible container further at least one gas nozzle and the method further comprises delivering a gas to the frit element. 23. The method of claim 19, wherein method further comprises disposing of the flexible container after use. | Methods and systems for chromatography are disclosed that employ a flexible container configured to fit within a support structure and adapted to receive a filtration or absorptive medium, such as a chromatography resin. The flexible container can include at least one inlet, at least one outlet, and a separation barrier peripherally sealed within the container to separate the container into a resin containing portion and a drainage portion. The barrier can be configured to exclude the resin material from the drainage portion during use while allowing fluids to pass therethrough. The disposable chromatography system can further include one or more agitators disposed within the flexible container and adjustably configured to be raised or lowered in the flexible container. When the agitator is in the raised position, the resin packing material can operate in a settled, packed-bed configuration. Alternatively, the agitator in the lowered position permits the chromatography resin packing material to operate in a mixed, slurry configuration.1. A disposable chromatography system, comprising:
a flexible container configured to fit within a support structure and adapted to receive a filtration medium, the flexible container comprising: at least one inlet, at least one outlet, and a separation barrier peripherally sealed within the container to separate the container into a filtration portion and a drainage portion, the separation barrier configured to exclude the filtration medium from the drainage portion during use while allowing fluids to pass therethrough. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising at least one agitator disposed within the flexible container and adjustably configured to be raised or lowered in the flexible container. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the agitator in the raised position permits the filtration medium to operate in a settled, packed-bed configuration. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the agitator in the lowered position permits the chromatography resin packing material to operate in a mixed, slurry configuration. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising at least one probe comprising a sensor coupled to the flexible container and operably connectable to a system controller. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the separation barrier can be a manifold or a mesh or a frit element and the filtration medium can include particulate beds, particulate slurries, filter aids, fibrous materials, flocculents, gels or chromatography resins. 7. The system of claim 3, wherein the at least one probe can comprise a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, a UV sensor, a conductivity sensor, an optical density sensor, a pH sensor, and a turbidity sensor. 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising at least one sparger coupled to the flexible container and configured to deliver air to an interior of the flexible container. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the system further comprises a system controller operably coupled to at least one element of the flexible container, the controller configured to control at least one parameter of operation of the system. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the system is configured to be a batch process system, drain and fill intermittent system or a continuously operated perfusion system. 11. A chromatography system, comprising:
a rigid support structure; and a flexible container configured to fit within a support structure and adapted to receive chromatography resin packing material, the flexible container comprising: at least one inlet, at least one outlet, and a frit filter peripherally sealed within the container to separate the container into a resin containing portion and a drainage portion, the frit filter configured to exclude the resin material from the drainage portion during use while allowing fluids to pass therethrough. 12. The chromatography system of claim 10, wherein the rigid support structure further comprises a transparent outer support vessel configured to allow visualization of an interior of the outer support vessel; 13. The chromatography system of claim 10, wherein the rigid support structure further comprises an actuator for adjusting the height of an agitator disposed within the flexible container. 14. The chromatography system of claim 10, further comprising at least one agitator disposed within the flexible container and adjustably configured to be raised or lowered in the flexible container. 15. The chromatography system of claim 10, further comprising at least one upper agitator and at least one lower agitator. 16. The chromatography system of claim 10, further comprising at least one probe comprising a sensor coupled to the flexible container and operably connected to a system controller. 17. The chromatography system of claim 14, wherein the at least one probe can comprise a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, a UV sensor, a conductivity sensor, an optical density sensor, a pH sensor, and a turbidity sensor. 18. The chromatography system of claim 10, further comprising at least one sparger coupled to the flexible container and configured to deliver air to an interior of the flexible container. 19. A method of performing chromatography, comprising:
placing a flexible container within a support structure, the flexible container having an integral frit element for retaining a chromatography medium; loading the container with the resin packing material via at least one inlet in the flexible container; filtering a liquid through the chromatography medium by loading the liquid through at least one inlet and draining the liquid through at least one outlet in the flexible container; and releasing an eluate from the chromatography medium. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the flexible container further comprises an agitator, and the method further comprises lowering the agitator into the container during use to engage the chromatography medium and form a slurry thereof. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the flexible container further comprises an agitator, and the method further comprises raising the agitator within the container during use to operate the system in a packed-bed configuration. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the flexible container further at least one gas nozzle and the method further comprises delivering a gas to the frit element. 23. The method of claim 19, wherein method further comprises disposing of the flexible container after use. | 1,700 |
1,775 | 14,240,879 | 1,789 | Netting ( 1101 ) comprising an array of polymeric strands ( 1102,1104 ), wherein the polymeric strands are periodically joined together at bond regions throughout the array, and wherein at least a plurality (i.e., at least two) of the polymeric strands have a core ( 1114 ) of a first polymeric material and a sheath ( 1103 ) of a second, different polymeric material. Nettings described herein have a variety of uses, including wound care, tapes, filtration, absorbent articles, pest control articles, geotextile applications, water/vapor management in clothing, reinforcement for nonwoven articles, self bulking articles, floor coverings, grip supports, athletic articles, and pattern coated adhesives. | 1. A netting comprising an array of polymeric strands, wherein the polymeric strands are periodically joined together at bond regions throughout the array, and wherein at least a plurality of the polymeric strands have a core of a first polymeric material and a sheath of a second, different polymeric material, where in at least one of (a) the strands do not substantially cross over each other or (b) the netting has a thickness up to 750 micrometers. 2. The netting of claim 1 having a basis weight in a range from 5 g/m2 to 400 g/m2. 3. The netting of claim 1 having a basis weight in a range from 0.5 g/m2 to 40 g/m2. 4. A method of making the netting of claim 1, the method comprising:
providing an extrusion die comprising a plurality of shims positioned adjacent to one another, the shims together defining at least a first cavity and a second cavity, and a dispensing surface, wherein the dispensing surface has an array of dispensing orifices defined by an array of vestibules, wherein the plurality of shims comprises a plurality of a repeating sequence of shims, wherein the repeating sequence comprises: shims that provide a fluid passageway between the first cavity and one of the vestibules, shims that provide a second passageway extending from the second cavity to the same vestibule, and shims that provide a third passageway extending from the second cavity to the same vestibule, wherein each of the second and third passageways is on opposite sides of the first passageway, and each of the second and third passageways has a dimension larger than the first passageway at the point where the first passageway enters the vestibule; and dispensing first polymeric strands from the first dispensing orifices at a first strand speed while simultaneously dispensing second polymeric strands from the second dispensing orifices at a second strand speed, wherein the first strand speed is at least 2 times the second strand speed to provide the netting. 5. A method of making the netting of claim 1, the method comprising:
providing an extrusion die comprising a plurality of shims positioned adjacent to one another, the shims together defining at least a first cavity and a second cavity, and a dispensing surface, wherein the dispensing surface has an first array of first dispensing orifices defined by an array of vestibules, and a second array of second dispensing orifices, wherein the plurality of shims comprises a plurality of a repeating sequence of shims, wherein the repeating sequence comprises shims that provide a fluid passageway between the first cavity and one of the vestibules, shims that provide a second passageway extending from the second cavity to the same vestibule, and shims that provide a third passageway extending from the second cavity to the same vestibule, wherein each of the second and third passageways is on opposite sides of the first passageway, and each of the second and third passageways has a dimension larger than the first passageway at the point where the first passageway enters the vestibule, and wherein the repeating sequence further comprises shims that provide a passageway from a cavity to one of the second dispensing orifices; and dispensing first polymeric strands from first dispensing orifices of the array at a first strand speed while simultaneously dispensing second polymeric strands from second dispensing orifices of the array at a second strand speed, wherein the first strand speed is at least 2 times the second strand speed to provide the netting. 6. An extrusion die having at least first and second cavities, a first passageway extending from the first cavity into a vestibule defining a dispensing orifice, and second and third passageways extending from the second cavity to the vestibule, each on opposite sides of the first passageway, and each having a dimension larger than the first passageway at the point where the first passageway enters the vestibule. 7. A method of making a polymeric strand have a core of a first polymeric material and a sheath of a second, different polymeric material, the method comprising dispensing the polymeric strand from the dispensing orifice of the extrusion die of claim 6. 8. An extrusion die comprising a plurality of shims positioned adjacent to one another, the shims together defining at least a first cavity and a second cavity, and a dispensing surface, wherein the dispensing surface has an array of dispensing orifices defined by an array of vestibules, wherein the plurality of shims comprises a plurality of a repeating sequence of shims, wherein the repeating sequence comprises: shims that provide a fluid passageway between the first cavity and one of the vestibules, shims that provide a second passageway extending from the second cavity to the same vestibule, and shims that provide a third passageway extending from the second cavity to the same vestibule, wherein each of the second and third passageways is on opposite sides of the first passageway, and each of the second and third passageways has a dimension larger than the first passageway at the point where the first passageway enters the vestibule. 9. A method of making a polymeric strands having a core of a first polymeric material and a sheath of a second, different polymeric material, the method comprising using the extrusion die of claim 8 to dispense the polymeric strands from the array of dispensing orifices. 10. An extrusion die comprising a plurality of shims positioned adjacent to one another, the shims together defining at least a first cavity and a second cavity, and a dispensing surface, wherein the dispensing surface has an first array of first dispensing orifices defined by an array of vestibules, and a second array of second dispensing orifices, wherein the plurality of shims comprises a plurality of a repeating sequence of shims, wherein the repeating sequence comprises shims that provide a fluid passageway between the first cavity and one of the vestibules, shims that provide a second passageway extending from the second cavity to the same vestibule, and shims that provide a third passageway extending from the second cavity to the same vestibule, wherein each of the second and third passageways is on opposite sides of the first passageway, and each of the second and third passageways has a dimension larger than the first passageway at the point where the first passageway enters the vestibule, and wherein the repeating sequence further comprises shims that provide a passageway from a cavity to one of the second dispensing orifices. 11. A method of making a polymeric strands having a core of a first polymeric material and a sheath of a second, different polymeric material, the method comprising using the extrusion die of claim 10 to dispense the polymeric strands from the arrays of dispensing orifices. 12. An extrusion die comprising a plurality of shims positioned adjacent to one another, the shims together defining at least a first cavity and a second cavity and a dispensing surface, wherein the dispensing surface has at least one net-forming zone and at least one ribbon-forming zone, wherein the dispensing surface within the net-forming zone has a zone has an first array of first dispensing orifices defined by an array of vestibules, and a second array of second dispensing orifices, wherein the plurality of shims comprises a plurality of a repeating sequence of shims, wherein the repeating sequence comprises shims that provide a fluid passageway between the first cavity and one of the vestibules, shims that provide a second passageway extending from the second cavity to the same vestibule, and shims that provide a third passageway extending from the second cavity to the same vestibule, wherein each of the second and third passageways is on opposite sides of the first passageway, and each of the second and third passageways has a dimension larger than the first passageway at the point where the first passageway enters the vestibule and wherein the repeating sequence further comprises shims that provide a passageway from a cavity to the array of second dispensing orifices. | Netting ( 1101 ) comprising an array of polymeric strands ( 1102,1104 ), wherein the polymeric strands are periodically joined together at bond regions throughout the array, and wherein at least a plurality (i.e., at least two) of the polymeric strands have a core ( 1114 ) of a first polymeric material and a sheath ( 1103 ) of a second, different polymeric material. Nettings described herein have a variety of uses, including wound care, tapes, filtration, absorbent articles, pest control articles, geotextile applications, water/vapor management in clothing, reinforcement for nonwoven articles, self bulking articles, floor coverings, grip supports, athletic articles, and pattern coated adhesives.1. A netting comprising an array of polymeric strands, wherein the polymeric strands are periodically joined together at bond regions throughout the array, and wherein at least a plurality of the polymeric strands have a core of a first polymeric material and a sheath of a second, different polymeric material, where in at least one of (a) the strands do not substantially cross over each other or (b) the netting has a thickness up to 750 micrometers. 2. The netting of claim 1 having a basis weight in a range from 5 g/m2 to 400 g/m2. 3. The netting of claim 1 having a basis weight in a range from 0.5 g/m2 to 40 g/m2. 4. A method of making the netting of claim 1, the method comprising:
providing an extrusion die comprising a plurality of shims positioned adjacent to one another, the shims together defining at least a first cavity and a second cavity, and a dispensing surface, wherein the dispensing surface has an array of dispensing orifices defined by an array of vestibules, wherein the plurality of shims comprises a plurality of a repeating sequence of shims, wherein the repeating sequence comprises: shims that provide a fluid passageway between the first cavity and one of the vestibules, shims that provide a second passageway extending from the second cavity to the same vestibule, and shims that provide a third passageway extending from the second cavity to the same vestibule, wherein each of the second and third passageways is on opposite sides of the first passageway, and each of the second and third passageways has a dimension larger than the first passageway at the point where the first passageway enters the vestibule; and dispensing first polymeric strands from the first dispensing orifices at a first strand speed while simultaneously dispensing second polymeric strands from the second dispensing orifices at a second strand speed, wherein the first strand speed is at least 2 times the second strand speed to provide the netting. 5. A method of making the netting of claim 1, the method comprising:
providing an extrusion die comprising a plurality of shims positioned adjacent to one another, the shims together defining at least a first cavity and a second cavity, and a dispensing surface, wherein the dispensing surface has an first array of first dispensing orifices defined by an array of vestibules, and a second array of second dispensing orifices, wherein the plurality of shims comprises a plurality of a repeating sequence of shims, wherein the repeating sequence comprises shims that provide a fluid passageway between the first cavity and one of the vestibules, shims that provide a second passageway extending from the second cavity to the same vestibule, and shims that provide a third passageway extending from the second cavity to the same vestibule, wherein each of the second and third passageways is on opposite sides of the first passageway, and each of the second and third passageways has a dimension larger than the first passageway at the point where the first passageway enters the vestibule, and wherein the repeating sequence further comprises shims that provide a passageway from a cavity to one of the second dispensing orifices; and dispensing first polymeric strands from first dispensing orifices of the array at a first strand speed while simultaneously dispensing second polymeric strands from second dispensing orifices of the array at a second strand speed, wherein the first strand speed is at least 2 times the second strand speed to provide the netting. 6. An extrusion die having at least first and second cavities, a first passageway extending from the first cavity into a vestibule defining a dispensing orifice, and second and third passageways extending from the second cavity to the vestibule, each on opposite sides of the first passageway, and each having a dimension larger than the first passageway at the point where the first passageway enters the vestibule. 7. A method of making a polymeric strand have a core of a first polymeric material and a sheath of a second, different polymeric material, the method comprising dispensing the polymeric strand from the dispensing orifice of the extrusion die of claim 6. 8. An extrusion die comprising a plurality of shims positioned adjacent to one another, the shims together defining at least a first cavity and a second cavity, and a dispensing surface, wherein the dispensing surface has an array of dispensing orifices defined by an array of vestibules, wherein the plurality of shims comprises a plurality of a repeating sequence of shims, wherein the repeating sequence comprises: shims that provide a fluid passageway between the first cavity and one of the vestibules, shims that provide a second passageway extending from the second cavity to the same vestibule, and shims that provide a third passageway extending from the second cavity to the same vestibule, wherein each of the second and third passageways is on opposite sides of the first passageway, and each of the second and third passageways has a dimension larger than the first passageway at the point where the first passageway enters the vestibule. 9. A method of making a polymeric strands having a core of a first polymeric material and a sheath of a second, different polymeric material, the method comprising using the extrusion die of claim 8 to dispense the polymeric strands from the array of dispensing orifices. 10. An extrusion die comprising a plurality of shims positioned adjacent to one another, the shims together defining at least a first cavity and a second cavity, and a dispensing surface, wherein the dispensing surface has an first array of first dispensing orifices defined by an array of vestibules, and a second array of second dispensing orifices, wherein the plurality of shims comprises a plurality of a repeating sequence of shims, wherein the repeating sequence comprises shims that provide a fluid passageway between the first cavity and one of the vestibules, shims that provide a second passageway extending from the second cavity to the same vestibule, and shims that provide a third passageway extending from the second cavity to the same vestibule, wherein each of the second and third passageways is on opposite sides of the first passageway, and each of the second and third passageways has a dimension larger than the first passageway at the point where the first passageway enters the vestibule, and wherein the repeating sequence further comprises shims that provide a passageway from a cavity to one of the second dispensing orifices. 11. A method of making a polymeric strands having a core of a first polymeric material and a sheath of a second, different polymeric material, the method comprising using the extrusion die of claim 10 to dispense the polymeric strands from the arrays of dispensing orifices. 12. An extrusion die comprising a plurality of shims positioned adjacent to one another, the shims together defining at least a first cavity and a second cavity and a dispensing surface, wherein the dispensing surface has at least one net-forming zone and at least one ribbon-forming zone, wherein the dispensing surface within the net-forming zone has a zone has an first array of first dispensing orifices defined by an array of vestibules, and a second array of second dispensing orifices, wherein the plurality of shims comprises a plurality of a repeating sequence of shims, wherein the repeating sequence comprises shims that provide a fluid passageway between the first cavity and one of the vestibules, shims that provide a second passageway extending from the second cavity to the same vestibule, and shims that provide a third passageway extending from the second cavity to the same vestibule, wherein each of the second and third passageways is on opposite sides of the first passageway, and each of the second and third passageways has a dimension larger than the first passageway at the point where the first passageway enters the vestibule and wherein the repeating sequence further comprises shims that provide a passageway from a cavity to the array of second dispensing orifices. | 1,700 |
1,776 | 14,087,702 | 1,767 | A method of regioselectively preparing a pyridine-containing compound is provided. In particular embodiments, the method includes reacting halogen-functionalized pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole with organotin-functionalized cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene or organotin-functionalized indaceno[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene. Also provided is a method of preparing a polymer. The method includes regioselectively preparing a monomer that includes a pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole unit; and reacting the monomer to produce a polymer that includes a regioregular conjugated backbone section, wherein the section includes a repeat unit containing the pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole unit. A polymer that includes a regioregular conjugated backbone section, and electronic devices that include the polymer, are also provided. | 1. A method of preparing a regioregular polymer, comprising:
regioselectively preparing a monomer; and reacting the monomer to produce a polymer that comprises a regioregular conjugated main chain section. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein regioselectively preparing comprises reacting halogen-functionalized pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole with organotin-functionalized cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene or organotin-functionalized indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein regioselectively preparing comprises reacting halogen-functionalized pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole with cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene or indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene by direct arylation polycondensation. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the halogen-functionalized pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole has the following structure:
wherein X1 and X2 are each independently I, Br, Cl, or CF3SO3. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the organotin-functionalized cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene has the following structure (I) or the organotin-functionalized indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene has the following structure (II):
wherein each R is independently hydrogen or a substituted or non-substituted alkyl, aryl or alkoxy chain, each R2 is independently methyl or n-butyl, and X is C, Si, Ge, N or P. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the monomer has the following structure:
wherein each R is independently hydrogen or a substituted or non-substituted alkyl, aryl or alkoxy chain, each R2 is independently methyl or n-butyl, X is C, Si, Ge, N or P, and X2 is I, Br, Cl, or CF3SO3. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein X is C or Si, and X2 is Br. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the regioselectivity of preparing the monomer is 95% or greater. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the regioselectively preparing comprises reacting halogen-functionalized pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole at a temperature in the range of about 50° C. to about 150° C. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein when the monomer is a CDT-PT monomer, the reacting the monomer comprises reacting the monomer to itself, or reacting the monomer to another monomer containing a cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene unit. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein when the monomer is a PT-IDT-PT monomer, the reacting the monomer comprises reacting the monomer to another monomer containing an IDT-PT unit. | A method of regioselectively preparing a pyridine-containing compound is provided. In particular embodiments, the method includes reacting halogen-functionalized pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole with organotin-functionalized cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene or organotin-functionalized indaceno[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene. Also provided is a method of preparing a polymer. The method includes regioselectively preparing a monomer that includes a pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole unit; and reacting the monomer to produce a polymer that includes a regioregular conjugated backbone section, wherein the section includes a repeat unit containing the pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole unit. A polymer that includes a regioregular conjugated backbone section, and electronic devices that include the polymer, are also provided.1. A method of preparing a regioregular polymer, comprising:
regioselectively preparing a monomer; and reacting the monomer to produce a polymer that comprises a regioregular conjugated main chain section. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein regioselectively preparing comprises reacting halogen-functionalized pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole with organotin-functionalized cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene or organotin-functionalized indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein regioselectively preparing comprises reacting halogen-functionalized pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole with cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene or indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene by direct arylation polycondensation. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the halogen-functionalized pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole has the following structure:
wherein X1 and X2 are each independently I, Br, Cl, or CF3SO3. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the organotin-functionalized cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene has the following structure (I) or the organotin-functionalized indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene has the following structure (II):
wherein each R is independently hydrogen or a substituted or non-substituted alkyl, aryl or alkoxy chain, each R2 is independently methyl or n-butyl, and X is C, Si, Ge, N or P. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the monomer has the following structure:
wherein each R is independently hydrogen or a substituted or non-substituted alkyl, aryl or alkoxy chain, each R2 is independently methyl or n-butyl, X is C, Si, Ge, N or P, and X2 is I, Br, Cl, or CF3SO3. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein X is C or Si, and X2 is Br. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the regioselectivity of preparing the monomer is 95% or greater. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the regioselectively preparing comprises reacting halogen-functionalized pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole at a temperature in the range of about 50° C. to about 150° C. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein when the monomer is a CDT-PT monomer, the reacting the monomer comprises reacting the monomer to itself, or reacting the monomer to another monomer containing a cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene unit. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein when the monomer is a PT-IDT-PT monomer, the reacting the monomer comprises reacting the monomer to another monomer containing an IDT-PT unit. | 1,700 |
1,777 | 12,612,142 | 1,732 | Disclosed are zeolite catalysts having the CHA crystal structure with a low silica to alumina ratio, as well as articles and systems incorporating the catalysts and methods for their preparation and use. The catalysts can be used to reduce NOx from exhaust gas streams, particularly those emanating from gasoline or diesel engines. | 1. A catalytic article comprising a zeolite having a CHA crystal structure disposed on a substrate operative to reduce NOx, wherein the zeolite has a mole ratio of silica to alumina of less than about 15 and having an alkali content of less than about 3 weight percent. 2. The catalytic article of claim 1, wherein the alkali content of the zeolite is less than about 1 weight percent. 3. The catalytic article of claim 1, wherein the alkali content of the zeolite is less than about 0.5 weight percent. 4. The catalytic article of claim 1, wherein the zeolite comprises a non-synthetic, naturally occurring zeolite. 5. The catalytic article of claim 1, wherein the zeolite has a mole ratio of silica to alumina of less than about 10. 6. The catalytic article of claim 1, wherein the zeolite is modified with one or more metal cations. 7. The catalytic article of claim 6, wherein the metal cations are selected from the group consisting of copper, iron, cobalt, and combinations thereof. 8. The catalytic article of claim 7, wherein the metal cation is copper. 9. The catalytic article of claim 1, further comprising a platinum metal group component. 10. The catalytic article of claim 8, wherein the catalytic article exhibits NOx conversion performance at between about 200° C. and 450° C. following hydrothermal aging at 700° C. in 10% steam in air for 25-50 hours that is at least about 80% of NOx conversion performance of the catalytic article at between about 200° C. and 450° C. prior to aging and
N2O make that is less than about 15 ppm at 450° C. following aging at 700° C. in 10% steam in air for 25 hours. 11. The catalytic article of claim 7, wherein the substrate is a soot filter. 12. The catalytic article of claim 11, wherein the soot filter comprises a wall flow substrate. 13. The catalytic article of claim 7, wherein the substrate comprises a honeycomb flow through substrate. 14. The catalytic article of claim 1, further comprising a second zeolite having the CHA crystal structure and a mole ratio of silica to alumina from about 15 to about 256 and the atomic ratio of copper to aluminum is from about 0.25 to about 0.50, the zeolite and the second zeolite in a mixture. 15. The catalytic article of claim 1, wherein the zeolite is prepared by a process comprising mixing an alumina source, a silica source and sources of one or more of sodium, potassium, and tetramethylammonium to form an aqueous gel, and crystallizing the gel by heating to form the zeolite. 16. The catalytic article of claim 15, comprising one or more of KOH, NaOH and tetramethylammonium hydroxide. 17. An exhaust gas treatment system comprising the catalytic article of claim 12. 18. An exhaust gas treatment system comprising the catalytic article of claim 13. 19. The exhaust gas treatment system of claim 17, further comprising an oxidation catalyst upstream of and in fluid communication with the catalytic article. 20. The exhaust gas treatment system of claim 18, further comprising an ammonia oxidation catalyst downstream of and in fluid communication with the catalytic article. 21. The exhaust gas treatment system of claim 20, wherein both the catalytic article and the ammonia oxidation catalyst comprise a zeolite having a CHA crystal structure having a mole ratio of silica to alumina of less than about 15. 22. The exhaust gas treatment system of claim 17, further comprising an oxidation catalyst upstream of the zeolite and a catalyzed soot filter upstream of the zeolite. 23. A process for reducing NOx in a gas stream comprising contacting the gas stream with the catalytic article of claim 7. 24. A method of making the catalytic article of claim 1 comprising:
ion exchanging an alkali form of a zeolite having the CHA crystal structure containing an initial alkali content with a solution to reduce the alkali content;
calcining the ion exchanged zeolite with the reduced alkali content to provide a calcined zeolite;
subsequently ion exchanging the calcined zeolite with a solution to further reduce the alkali content to provide the zeolite having a mole ratio of silica to alumina of less than about 15 and an alkali content of less than about 3 weight percent. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the solution is an ammonium salt solution. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the calcining occurs at a temperature of at least about 350° C. for at least about one hour. 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising conducting a metal ion exchange with an iron or copper solution to provide a metal promoted zeolite. | Disclosed are zeolite catalysts having the CHA crystal structure with a low silica to alumina ratio, as well as articles and systems incorporating the catalysts and methods for their preparation and use. The catalysts can be used to reduce NOx from exhaust gas streams, particularly those emanating from gasoline or diesel engines.1. A catalytic article comprising a zeolite having a CHA crystal structure disposed on a substrate operative to reduce NOx, wherein the zeolite has a mole ratio of silica to alumina of less than about 15 and having an alkali content of less than about 3 weight percent. 2. The catalytic article of claim 1, wherein the alkali content of the zeolite is less than about 1 weight percent. 3. The catalytic article of claim 1, wherein the alkali content of the zeolite is less than about 0.5 weight percent. 4. The catalytic article of claim 1, wherein the zeolite comprises a non-synthetic, naturally occurring zeolite. 5. The catalytic article of claim 1, wherein the zeolite has a mole ratio of silica to alumina of less than about 10. 6. The catalytic article of claim 1, wherein the zeolite is modified with one or more metal cations. 7. The catalytic article of claim 6, wherein the metal cations are selected from the group consisting of copper, iron, cobalt, and combinations thereof. 8. The catalytic article of claim 7, wherein the metal cation is copper. 9. The catalytic article of claim 1, further comprising a platinum metal group component. 10. The catalytic article of claim 8, wherein the catalytic article exhibits NOx conversion performance at between about 200° C. and 450° C. following hydrothermal aging at 700° C. in 10% steam in air for 25-50 hours that is at least about 80% of NOx conversion performance of the catalytic article at between about 200° C. and 450° C. prior to aging and
N2O make that is less than about 15 ppm at 450° C. following aging at 700° C. in 10% steam in air for 25 hours. 11. The catalytic article of claim 7, wherein the substrate is a soot filter. 12. The catalytic article of claim 11, wherein the soot filter comprises a wall flow substrate. 13. The catalytic article of claim 7, wherein the substrate comprises a honeycomb flow through substrate. 14. The catalytic article of claim 1, further comprising a second zeolite having the CHA crystal structure and a mole ratio of silica to alumina from about 15 to about 256 and the atomic ratio of copper to aluminum is from about 0.25 to about 0.50, the zeolite and the second zeolite in a mixture. 15. The catalytic article of claim 1, wherein the zeolite is prepared by a process comprising mixing an alumina source, a silica source and sources of one or more of sodium, potassium, and tetramethylammonium to form an aqueous gel, and crystallizing the gel by heating to form the zeolite. 16. The catalytic article of claim 15, comprising one or more of KOH, NaOH and tetramethylammonium hydroxide. 17. An exhaust gas treatment system comprising the catalytic article of claim 12. 18. An exhaust gas treatment system comprising the catalytic article of claim 13. 19. The exhaust gas treatment system of claim 17, further comprising an oxidation catalyst upstream of and in fluid communication with the catalytic article. 20. The exhaust gas treatment system of claim 18, further comprising an ammonia oxidation catalyst downstream of and in fluid communication with the catalytic article. 21. The exhaust gas treatment system of claim 20, wherein both the catalytic article and the ammonia oxidation catalyst comprise a zeolite having a CHA crystal structure having a mole ratio of silica to alumina of less than about 15. 22. The exhaust gas treatment system of claim 17, further comprising an oxidation catalyst upstream of the zeolite and a catalyzed soot filter upstream of the zeolite. 23. A process for reducing NOx in a gas stream comprising contacting the gas stream with the catalytic article of claim 7. 24. A method of making the catalytic article of claim 1 comprising:
ion exchanging an alkali form of a zeolite having the CHA crystal structure containing an initial alkali content with a solution to reduce the alkali content;
calcining the ion exchanged zeolite with the reduced alkali content to provide a calcined zeolite;
subsequently ion exchanging the calcined zeolite with a solution to further reduce the alkali content to provide the zeolite having a mole ratio of silica to alumina of less than about 15 and an alkali content of less than about 3 weight percent. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the solution is an ammonium salt solution. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the calcining occurs at a temperature of at least about 350° C. for at least about one hour. 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising conducting a metal ion exchange with an iron or copper solution to provide a metal promoted zeolite. | 1,700 |
1,778 | 13,190,648 | 1,766 | Amine-initiated polyether polyols are made by reacting an amine adduct with a triglyceride in the presence of an alkylene oxide to obtain a polyol having a total renewables content of at least 20%. The polyols produced in this manner are particularly useful for the production of polyurethane and a polyisocyanurate foams | 1. A process for the production of an amine-based polyol comprising reacting:
a) an amine adduct comprising the reaction product of
(i) an amine and
(ii) an alkylene oxide
in amounts such that from 1 to 2 moles of alkylene oxide are present for each amine group,
and b) a triglyceride, and optionally, c) a compound containing at least one saccharose group and/or a glycerol,
in the presence of
d) an alkylene oxide,
and
e) a catalyst
to form an amine-based polyol characterized by a functionality of from about 1.5 to about 3.5, an equivalent weight of from about 100 to about 600, and an overall renewable content of from 20 to 85% by weight. 2. The process of claim 1 in which sucrose is used as c). 3. The process of claim 1 in which e) is potassium hydroxide (KOH) or a potassium alkoxide (KOR). 4. The process of claim 3 in which the KOH is used in an amount such that the final concentration of KOH is from 0.05 to 0.5% by weight, based on total weight of reaction mixture. 5. The process of claim 4 in which the KOH is neutralized after the amine-based polyol forming reaction has been completed. 6. The process of claim 1 in which the amine is toluene diamine. 7. The process of claim 1 in which the amine comprises 2,3-diamino toluene, 3,4-diamino toluene or a mixture thereof. 8. The process of claim 1 in which the triglyceride is selected from the group consisting of soybean oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, castor oil, canola oil, high erucic acid content rapeseed oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, jatropha oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, lard, tallow, bodied soybean oil, epoxidized soybean oil, camelina oil, lipids derived from algae, lesquerella oil, limnanthes oil, and mixtures thereof. 9. The process of claim 1 in which the alkylene oxide is selected from ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide and mixtures thereof. 10. The process of claim 1 in which ortho-toluene diamine adduct, the triglyceride and ethylene oxide are reacted to form the amine-based polyol. 11. The process of claim 10 in which the amine-based polyol is subsequently reacted with propylene oxide. 12. An amine-based polyol produced by the process of claim 1. 13. An amine/triglyceride-initiated polyether polyol characterized by a biorenewable content in the range of 50 to 85% by weight and an equivalent weight of from about 100 to about 600. 14. An o-TDA/soybean oil-initiated polyether polyol characterized by a biorenewable content in the range of from 50 to 85% by weight and an equivalent weight of from about 100 to about 600. 15. A process for the production of a rigid polyurethane foam comprising reacting:
a) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising an amine-based polyol produced by the process of claim 1, b) an organic polyisocyanate, and c) a blowing agent. 16. The process of claim 15 in which the blowing agent comprises water and a pentane. 17. A rigid polyurethane foam having a k-factor at 75° F. of from about 0.140 to about 0.160 BTU-in/h-ft.2° F. comprising the reaction product of
a) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising the amine-based polyol of claim 12,
b) an organic polyisocyanate, and
c) a blowing agent. 18. A rigid polyurethane foam having a k-factor at 75° F. of from about 0.140 to about 0.160 BTU-in/h-ft.2° F. comprising the reaction product of
a) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising the amine-based polyol of claim 13,
b) an organic polyisocyanate, and
c) a blowing agent. 19. A rigid polyurethane foam having a k-factor at 75° F. of from about 0.140 to about 0.160 BTU-in/h-ft.2° F. comprising the reaction product of
a) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising the amine-based polyol of claim 14,
b) an organic polyisocyanate, and
c) a blowing agent. 20. A rigid polyurethane foam having a k-factor at 75° F. of about 0.150 BTU-in/h-ft.2° F. comprising the reaction product of
a) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising the amine-based polyol of claim 12,
b) an organic polyisocyanate, and
c) a blowing agent. 21. A rigid polyurethane foam having a k-factor at 75° F. of about 0.150 BTU-in/h-ft.2° F. comprising the reaction product of
a) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising the amine-based polyol of claim 13,
b) an organic polyisocyanate, and
c) a blowing agent. 22. A rigid polyurethane foam having a k-factor at 75° F. of about 0.150 BTU-in/h-ft.2° F. comprising the reaction product of
a) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising the amine-based polyol of claim 14,
b) an organic polyisocyanate, and
c) a blowing agent. | Amine-initiated polyether polyols are made by reacting an amine adduct with a triglyceride in the presence of an alkylene oxide to obtain a polyol having a total renewables content of at least 20%. The polyols produced in this manner are particularly useful for the production of polyurethane and a polyisocyanurate foams1. A process for the production of an amine-based polyol comprising reacting:
a) an amine adduct comprising the reaction product of
(i) an amine and
(ii) an alkylene oxide
in amounts such that from 1 to 2 moles of alkylene oxide are present for each amine group,
and b) a triglyceride, and optionally, c) a compound containing at least one saccharose group and/or a glycerol,
in the presence of
d) an alkylene oxide,
and
e) a catalyst
to form an amine-based polyol characterized by a functionality of from about 1.5 to about 3.5, an equivalent weight of from about 100 to about 600, and an overall renewable content of from 20 to 85% by weight. 2. The process of claim 1 in which sucrose is used as c). 3. The process of claim 1 in which e) is potassium hydroxide (KOH) or a potassium alkoxide (KOR). 4. The process of claim 3 in which the KOH is used in an amount such that the final concentration of KOH is from 0.05 to 0.5% by weight, based on total weight of reaction mixture. 5. The process of claim 4 in which the KOH is neutralized after the amine-based polyol forming reaction has been completed. 6. The process of claim 1 in which the amine is toluene diamine. 7. The process of claim 1 in which the amine comprises 2,3-diamino toluene, 3,4-diamino toluene or a mixture thereof. 8. The process of claim 1 in which the triglyceride is selected from the group consisting of soybean oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, castor oil, canola oil, high erucic acid content rapeseed oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, jatropha oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, lard, tallow, bodied soybean oil, epoxidized soybean oil, camelina oil, lipids derived from algae, lesquerella oil, limnanthes oil, and mixtures thereof. 9. The process of claim 1 in which the alkylene oxide is selected from ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide and mixtures thereof. 10. The process of claim 1 in which ortho-toluene diamine adduct, the triglyceride and ethylene oxide are reacted to form the amine-based polyol. 11. The process of claim 10 in which the amine-based polyol is subsequently reacted with propylene oxide. 12. An amine-based polyol produced by the process of claim 1. 13. An amine/triglyceride-initiated polyether polyol characterized by a biorenewable content in the range of 50 to 85% by weight and an equivalent weight of from about 100 to about 600. 14. An o-TDA/soybean oil-initiated polyether polyol characterized by a biorenewable content in the range of from 50 to 85% by weight and an equivalent weight of from about 100 to about 600. 15. A process for the production of a rigid polyurethane foam comprising reacting:
a) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising an amine-based polyol produced by the process of claim 1, b) an organic polyisocyanate, and c) a blowing agent. 16. The process of claim 15 in which the blowing agent comprises water and a pentane. 17. A rigid polyurethane foam having a k-factor at 75° F. of from about 0.140 to about 0.160 BTU-in/h-ft.2° F. comprising the reaction product of
a) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising the amine-based polyol of claim 12,
b) an organic polyisocyanate, and
c) a blowing agent. 18. A rigid polyurethane foam having a k-factor at 75° F. of from about 0.140 to about 0.160 BTU-in/h-ft.2° F. comprising the reaction product of
a) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising the amine-based polyol of claim 13,
b) an organic polyisocyanate, and
c) a blowing agent. 19. A rigid polyurethane foam having a k-factor at 75° F. of from about 0.140 to about 0.160 BTU-in/h-ft.2° F. comprising the reaction product of
a) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising the amine-based polyol of claim 14,
b) an organic polyisocyanate, and
c) a blowing agent. 20. A rigid polyurethane foam having a k-factor at 75° F. of about 0.150 BTU-in/h-ft.2° F. comprising the reaction product of
a) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising the amine-based polyol of claim 12,
b) an organic polyisocyanate, and
c) a blowing agent. 21. A rigid polyurethane foam having a k-factor at 75° F. of about 0.150 BTU-in/h-ft.2° F. comprising the reaction product of
a) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising the amine-based polyol of claim 13,
b) an organic polyisocyanate, and
c) a blowing agent. 22. A rigid polyurethane foam having a k-factor at 75° F. of about 0.150 BTU-in/h-ft.2° F. comprising the reaction product of
a) an isocyanate-reactive component comprising the amine-based polyol of claim 14,
b) an organic polyisocyanate, and
c) a blowing agent. | 1,700 |
1,779 | 13,766,181 | 1,781 | Disclosed herein are gypsum products with at least one high efficiency heat sink additive. The gypsum products, e.g., gypsum panels, are less susceptible to the damaging effects of extreme heat as the temperature rises due to the presence of the at least one additive. | 1. A gypsum product comprising:
a set gypsum core at least partially covered by at least one cover sheet; at least one of the cover sheets comprising paper and aluminum trihydrate. 2. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the gypsum product is a gypsum panel, and the set gypsum core is disposed between two cover sheets. 3. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the aluminum trihydrate is present in an amount effective to increase the High Temperature Thermal Insulation Index of the gypsum product relative to the High Temperature Thermal Insulation Index of the gypsum product without the aluminum trihydrate. 4. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the paper is formed from at least paper pulp and the aluminum trihydrate. 5. The gypsum product of claim 4, wherein the aluminum trihydrate is present in an amount of from about 5% to about 40% by weight of the paper pulp when dry. 6. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the paper comprises at least a partial coating of aluminum trihydrate. 7. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the paper further comprises magnesium hydroxide. 8. The gypsum product of claim 2, wherein the set gypsum core comprises a gypsum crystal matrix, and the panel having a density of about 35 pcf (about 560 kg/m3) or less. 9. The gypsum product of claim 2, wherein the panel has a density of about 27 lb/ft3 (about 430 kg/m3) to about 37 lb/ft3 (about 590 kg/m3) and a High Temperature Thermal Insulation Index of greater than about 17 minutes, the High Temperature Thermal Insulation Index determined according to ASTM Publication WK25392. 10. The gypsum product of claim 2, wherein the panel has a density of about 27 lb/ft3 (about 430 kg/m3) to about 37 lb/ft3 (about 590 kg/m3), and the panel effective to inhibit the transmission of heat through an assembly of said panels prepared pursuant to UL U419 procedures wherein one surface is exposed to a heat source and an opposite unheated surface includes a plurality of sensors applied thereto such that the maximum single sensor temperature on the unheated surface is less than about 415° F. at about 30 minutes elapsed time when measured pursuant to UL U419, the heat source following a time-temperature curve in accordance with ASTM standard E119-09a, and the sensors arrayed in a pattern in accordance with UL U419 procedures. 11. The gypsum panel of claim 10, wherein the assembly comprises insulation between said panels. 12. A gypsum panel comprising a set gypsum core disposed between two cover sheets,
the set gypsum core formed from at least water, stucco, and aluminum trihydrate, the panel having a density of about 27 lb/ft3 (about 430 kg/m3) to about 37 lb/ft3 (about 590 kg/m3) and a High Temperature Thermal Insulation Index of greater than about 17 minutes, the High Temperature Thermal Insulation Index determined in accordance with ASTM Publication WK25392. 13. The gypsum panel of claim 12, wherein the aluminum trihydrate is present in an amount of from about 2% to about 10% by weight of the stucco. 14. The gypsum panel of claim 12, wherein at least one cover sheet is paper formed from at least paper pulp and aluminum trihydrate. 15. The gypsum panel of claim 12, wherein the cover sheet comprises at least a partial coating of aluminum trihydrate. 16. A gypsum panel comprising a set gypsum core disposed between two cover sheets,
the set gypsum core formed from at least water, stucco, and aluminum trihydrate, the panel having a density of about 27 lb/fit3(about 430 kg/m3) to about 37 lb/ft3 (about 590 kg/m3), and the panel effective to inhibit the transmission of heat through an assembly of said panels prepared pursuant to UL U419 procedures wherein one surface is exposed to a heat source and an opposite unheated surface includes a plurality of sensors applied thereto such that the maximum single sensor temperature on the unheated surface is less than about 415° F. at about 30 minutes elapsed time when measured pursuant to UL U419, the heat source following a time-temperature curve in accordance with ASTM standard E119-09a, and the sensors arrayed in a pattern in accordance with UL U419 procedures. 17. The gypsum panel of claim 16, wherein the aluminum trihydrate is present in an amount of from about 2% to about 10% by weight of the stucco. 18. The gypsum panel of claim 16, wherein at least one cover sheet is paper formed from at least paper pulp and aluminum trihydrate. 19. The gypsum panel of claim 16, wherein the cover sheet comprises at least a partial coating of aluminum trihydrate. 20. The gypsum panel of claim 16, wherein the assembly comprises insulation between said panels. | Disclosed herein are gypsum products with at least one high efficiency heat sink additive. The gypsum products, e.g., gypsum panels, are less susceptible to the damaging effects of extreme heat as the temperature rises due to the presence of the at least one additive.1. A gypsum product comprising:
a set gypsum core at least partially covered by at least one cover sheet; at least one of the cover sheets comprising paper and aluminum trihydrate. 2. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the gypsum product is a gypsum panel, and the set gypsum core is disposed between two cover sheets. 3. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the aluminum trihydrate is present in an amount effective to increase the High Temperature Thermal Insulation Index of the gypsum product relative to the High Temperature Thermal Insulation Index of the gypsum product without the aluminum trihydrate. 4. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the paper is formed from at least paper pulp and the aluminum trihydrate. 5. The gypsum product of claim 4, wherein the aluminum trihydrate is present in an amount of from about 5% to about 40% by weight of the paper pulp when dry. 6. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the paper comprises at least a partial coating of aluminum trihydrate. 7. The gypsum product of claim 1, wherein the paper further comprises magnesium hydroxide. 8. The gypsum product of claim 2, wherein the set gypsum core comprises a gypsum crystal matrix, and the panel having a density of about 35 pcf (about 560 kg/m3) or less. 9. The gypsum product of claim 2, wherein the panel has a density of about 27 lb/ft3 (about 430 kg/m3) to about 37 lb/ft3 (about 590 kg/m3) and a High Temperature Thermal Insulation Index of greater than about 17 minutes, the High Temperature Thermal Insulation Index determined according to ASTM Publication WK25392. 10. The gypsum product of claim 2, wherein the panel has a density of about 27 lb/ft3 (about 430 kg/m3) to about 37 lb/ft3 (about 590 kg/m3), and the panel effective to inhibit the transmission of heat through an assembly of said panels prepared pursuant to UL U419 procedures wherein one surface is exposed to a heat source and an opposite unheated surface includes a plurality of sensors applied thereto such that the maximum single sensor temperature on the unheated surface is less than about 415° F. at about 30 minutes elapsed time when measured pursuant to UL U419, the heat source following a time-temperature curve in accordance with ASTM standard E119-09a, and the sensors arrayed in a pattern in accordance with UL U419 procedures. 11. The gypsum panel of claim 10, wherein the assembly comprises insulation between said panels. 12. A gypsum panel comprising a set gypsum core disposed between two cover sheets,
the set gypsum core formed from at least water, stucco, and aluminum trihydrate, the panel having a density of about 27 lb/ft3 (about 430 kg/m3) to about 37 lb/ft3 (about 590 kg/m3) and a High Temperature Thermal Insulation Index of greater than about 17 minutes, the High Temperature Thermal Insulation Index determined in accordance with ASTM Publication WK25392. 13. The gypsum panel of claim 12, wherein the aluminum trihydrate is present in an amount of from about 2% to about 10% by weight of the stucco. 14. The gypsum panel of claim 12, wherein at least one cover sheet is paper formed from at least paper pulp and aluminum trihydrate. 15. The gypsum panel of claim 12, wherein the cover sheet comprises at least a partial coating of aluminum trihydrate. 16. A gypsum panel comprising a set gypsum core disposed between two cover sheets,
the set gypsum core formed from at least water, stucco, and aluminum trihydrate, the panel having a density of about 27 lb/fit3(about 430 kg/m3) to about 37 lb/ft3 (about 590 kg/m3), and the panel effective to inhibit the transmission of heat through an assembly of said panels prepared pursuant to UL U419 procedures wherein one surface is exposed to a heat source and an opposite unheated surface includes a plurality of sensors applied thereto such that the maximum single sensor temperature on the unheated surface is less than about 415° F. at about 30 minutes elapsed time when measured pursuant to UL U419, the heat source following a time-temperature curve in accordance with ASTM standard E119-09a, and the sensors arrayed in a pattern in accordance with UL U419 procedures. 17. The gypsum panel of claim 16, wherein the aluminum trihydrate is present in an amount of from about 2% to about 10% by weight of the stucco. 18. The gypsum panel of claim 16, wherein at least one cover sheet is paper formed from at least paper pulp and aluminum trihydrate. 19. The gypsum panel of claim 16, wherein the cover sheet comprises at least a partial coating of aluminum trihydrate. 20. The gypsum panel of claim 16, wherein the assembly comprises insulation between said panels. | 1,700 |
1,780 | 13,780,628 | 1,717 | A method for applying a multilayer coating comprising a basecoat and a clearcoat is disclosed. The basecoat is a curable aqueous composition comprising (1) polymeric particles containing carboxylic acid functionality and prepared from ethylenically unsaturated compounds including a multi-ethylenically unsaturated monomer, and (2) a polycarbodiimide. | 1. A method of applying a multilayer coating to a substrate comprising:
(a) applying, without application of an intermediate primer surfacer coating, a color-imparting, pigment-containing basecoat composition directly to a cured electrodeposited primer coating that is adhered to the substrate to form a curable color-imparting basecoat layer, and (b) applying a curable unpigmented coating composition to the basecoat layer to form a clear or transparent coating layer over the basecoat layer, wherein the basecoat layer is formed by depositing a curable aqueous composition comprising:
(i) a continuous phase comprising water, and
(ii) a dispersed phase comprising:
(A) polymeric particles containing carboxylic acid functionality prepared from the polymerization of a mixture of ethylenically unsaturated monomer compounds, including ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprising a multi-ethylenically unsaturated monomer; and
(B) a polycarbodiimide. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the basecoat layer is a composite coating in which an aqueous curable color-imparting coating composition containing one or more coloring pigments, not including a color effect pigment, is deposited directly on the cured electrodeposited layer to form a first curable basecoat layer and a curable color-imparting coating composition containing one or more coloring pigments, including a color effect pigment, is deposited directly on the first curable basecoat layer to form a second curable basecoat layer. 3. The method of claim 1 in which the first basecoat layer is dehydrated at a temperature within the range of ambient temperature to 90° C. to cure the first basecoat layer. 4. The method of claim 2 wherein the second basecoat layer is dehydrated at a temperature within the range of ambient temperature to 90° C. to cure the second basecoat layer. 5. The method of claim 2 wherein both the first and second basecoat layers are simultaneously dehydrated at a temperature range of ambient to 90° C. to cure the first and second basecoat layers. 6. The method of claim 1 in which the mixture of ethylenically unsaturated compounds includes an ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane. 7. The method of claim 6 in which the ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane is prepared from reacting an organic polyisocyanate with a polyol containing carboxylic acid functionality and a hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylate such that the ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane is free of NCO groups. 8. The method of claim 1 in which a film of polymeric particles has a Tg less than 25° C. 9. The method of claim 1 in which the multi-ethylenically unsaturated monomer is present in amounts of 2 to 30 percent by weight based on total weight of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers. 10. The method of claim 6 in which the ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane has an acid value of 20 to 60 based on resin solids of the ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane. 11. The method of claim 1 in which the ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprise from 4 to 30 percent by weight of an alkyl ester of (meth)acrylic acid having at least 6 carbon atoms in the alkyl group; the percentage by weight being based on total weight of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers. 12. The method of claim 6 in which the ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane comprises from 30 to 60 percent by weight of the mixture of ethylenically unsaturated compounds and the ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprise from 40 to 70 percent by weight of the mixture of ethylenically unsaturated compounds; the percentages by weight being based on total weight of the mixture of ethylenically unsaturated compounds. 13. The method of claim 1 in which the equivalent ratio of polycarbodiimide to carboxylic acid is from 0.5 to 1.5:1. 14. The method of claim 1 in which the curable unpigmented coating composition comprises an active hydrogen-containing polymer and a polyisocyanate curing agent. 15. The method of claim 1 in which the basecoat is cured at ambient to 90° C. 16. An aqueous thermosetting coating composition comprising:
(a) a continuous phase comprising water, and (b) a dispersed phase comprising:
(i) pigments;
(ii) polymeric particles containing carboxylic acid functionality prepared from the polymerization of a mixture of ethylenically unsaturated compounds including ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprising from:
(A) 2 to 30 percent by weight of a multi-ethylenically unsaturated monomer,
the percentage by weight being based on total weight of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers; and
(iii) a polycarbodiimide. 17. The composition of claim 16 in which the mixture of ethylenically unsaturated compounds includes an ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane having an acid value of 20 to 60 based on resin solids of the ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane. 18. The composition of claim 17 in which the ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane is prepared from reacting an organic polyisocyanate with a polyol containing carboxylic acid functionality and a hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylate such that the ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane is free of isocyanate groups. 19. The composition of claim 16 in which the ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprise from 4 to 30 percent by weight of an alkyl ester of (meth)acrylic acid having at least 6 carbon atoms in the alkyl group; the percentages by weight being based on total weight of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers. 20. The composition of claim 18 in which the ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane comprises from 30 to 60 percent by weight of the mixture of ethylenically unsaturated compounds and the ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprise from 40 to 70 percent by weight of the mixture of ethylenically unsaturated compounds; the percentages by weight being based on total weight of the ethylenically unsaturated compounds. 21. The composition of claim 16 in which a film of the polymeric particles has a Tg less than 25° C. 22. The composition of claim 17 in which the equivalent ratio of carbodiimide to carboxylic acid is from 0.5 to 1.5:1. | A method for applying a multilayer coating comprising a basecoat and a clearcoat is disclosed. The basecoat is a curable aqueous composition comprising (1) polymeric particles containing carboxylic acid functionality and prepared from ethylenically unsaturated compounds including a multi-ethylenically unsaturated monomer, and (2) a polycarbodiimide.1. A method of applying a multilayer coating to a substrate comprising:
(a) applying, without application of an intermediate primer surfacer coating, a color-imparting, pigment-containing basecoat composition directly to a cured electrodeposited primer coating that is adhered to the substrate to form a curable color-imparting basecoat layer, and (b) applying a curable unpigmented coating composition to the basecoat layer to form a clear or transparent coating layer over the basecoat layer, wherein the basecoat layer is formed by depositing a curable aqueous composition comprising:
(i) a continuous phase comprising water, and
(ii) a dispersed phase comprising:
(A) polymeric particles containing carboxylic acid functionality prepared from the polymerization of a mixture of ethylenically unsaturated monomer compounds, including ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprising a multi-ethylenically unsaturated monomer; and
(B) a polycarbodiimide. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the basecoat layer is a composite coating in which an aqueous curable color-imparting coating composition containing one or more coloring pigments, not including a color effect pigment, is deposited directly on the cured electrodeposited layer to form a first curable basecoat layer and a curable color-imparting coating composition containing one or more coloring pigments, including a color effect pigment, is deposited directly on the first curable basecoat layer to form a second curable basecoat layer. 3. The method of claim 1 in which the first basecoat layer is dehydrated at a temperature within the range of ambient temperature to 90° C. to cure the first basecoat layer. 4. The method of claim 2 wherein the second basecoat layer is dehydrated at a temperature within the range of ambient temperature to 90° C. to cure the second basecoat layer. 5. The method of claim 2 wherein both the first and second basecoat layers are simultaneously dehydrated at a temperature range of ambient to 90° C. to cure the first and second basecoat layers. 6. The method of claim 1 in which the mixture of ethylenically unsaturated compounds includes an ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane. 7. The method of claim 6 in which the ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane is prepared from reacting an organic polyisocyanate with a polyol containing carboxylic acid functionality and a hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylate such that the ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane is free of NCO groups. 8. The method of claim 1 in which a film of polymeric particles has a Tg less than 25° C. 9. The method of claim 1 in which the multi-ethylenically unsaturated monomer is present in amounts of 2 to 30 percent by weight based on total weight of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers. 10. The method of claim 6 in which the ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane has an acid value of 20 to 60 based on resin solids of the ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane. 11. The method of claim 1 in which the ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprise from 4 to 30 percent by weight of an alkyl ester of (meth)acrylic acid having at least 6 carbon atoms in the alkyl group; the percentage by weight being based on total weight of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers. 12. The method of claim 6 in which the ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane comprises from 30 to 60 percent by weight of the mixture of ethylenically unsaturated compounds and the ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprise from 40 to 70 percent by weight of the mixture of ethylenically unsaturated compounds; the percentages by weight being based on total weight of the mixture of ethylenically unsaturated compounds. 13. The method of claim 1 in which the equivalent ratio of polycarbodiimide to carboxylic acid is from 0.5 to 1.5:1. 14. The method of claim 1 in which the curable unpigmented coating composition comprises an active hydrogen-containing polymer and a polyisocyanate curing agent. 15. The method of claim 1 in which the basecoat is cured at ambient to 90° C. 16. An aqueous thermosetting coating composition comprising:
(a) a continuous phase comprising water, and (b) a dispersed phase comprising:
(i) pigments;
(ii) polymeric particles containing carboxylic acid functionality prepared from the polymerization of a mixture of ethylenically unsaturated compounds including ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprising from:
(A) 2 to 30 percent by weight of a multi-ethylenically unsaturated monomer,
the percentage by weight being based on total weight of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers; and
(iii) a polycarbodiimide. 17. The composition of claim 16 in which the mixture of ethylenically unsaturated compounds includes an ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane having an acid value of 20 to 60 based on resin solids of the ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane. 18. The composition of claim 17 in which the ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane is prepared from reacting an organic polyisocyanate with a polyol containing carboxylic acid functionality and a hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylate such that the ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane is free of isocyanate groups. 19. The composition of claim 16 in which the ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprise from 4 to 30 percent by weight of an alkyl ester of (meth)acrylic acid having at least 6 carbon atoms in the alkyl group; the percentages by weight being based on total weight of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers. 20. The composition of claim 18 in which the ethylenically unsaturated polyurethane comprises from 30 to 60 percent by weight of the mixture of ethylenically unsaturated compounds and the ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprise from 40 to 70 percent by weight of the mixture of ethylenically unsaturated compounds; the percentages by weight being based on total weight of the ethylenically unsaturated compounds. 21. The composition of claim 16 in which a film of the polymeric particles has a Tg less than 25° C. 22. The composition of claim 17 in which the equivalent ratio of carbodiimide to carboxylic acid is from 0.5 to 1.5:1. | 1,700 |
1,781 | 14,529,233 | 1,795 | An improved electrolytic cell, its method and system is disclosed. The electrolytic cell ( 12 ) is configured, at least in one design, to recycle the catholyte to increase chlorine capture and concentration in the output solution. The cell ( 12 ) includes at least an anode chamber ( 39 ) and a cathode chamber ( 35 ). And in one design, a chamber or reservoir ( 31 ) for that serves as a source of anions and cations for the anode and cathode chambers. The outlet ( 38 ) of the cathode chamber is preferably connected in fluid communication with the inlet ( 44 ) of a degassing chamber ( 14 ) and the outlet ( 46 ) of the degassing chamber is preferably connected in fluid communication with the inlet ( 40 ) of the anode chamber. | 1. An electrolytic cell configured to increase chlorine capture and concentration in the cell's output solution, comprising:
an anode chamber and a cathode chamber with inlets and outlets; an electrolyte feed adapted for providing electrolyte to an intermediate chamber, the intermediate chamber being between the anode chamber and the cathode chamber and having an intermediate chamber inlet and an intermediate chamber outlet which are separate from the anode chamber inlet and outlet and the cathode chamber inlet and outlet, the electrolyte providing a source of anions and cations to the anode and cathode chambers; a degassing chamber having an inlet and outlet, the inlet connected in fluid communication with the cathode chamber and the outlet connected in fluid communication with the anode chamber and wherein the inlet of the degassing chamber is elevated above the outlet of the anode chamber to move catholyte through the anode chamber by gravity; the outlet of the cathode chamber connected in fluid communication with the inlet of the anode chamber; wherein the degassing chamber includes a reservoir between the inlet and the outlet for maintaining a liquid level; and the inlet of the cathode chamber connected in fluid communication with a liquid source. 2. The electrolytic cell of claim 1 wherein the inlet from the cathode chamber communicates catholyte from the cathode chamber through the degassing chamber before recycling through the anode chamber. 3. The electrolytic cell of claim 2 wherein the inlet of the degassing chamber is elevated above the outlet of the degassing chamber. 4. (canceled) 5. The electrolytic cell of claim 2 wherein the degassing chamber includes an outlet vent elevated above the outlet of the anode chamber. 6. The electrolytic cell of claim 2 wherein the reservoir has a liquid level maintained generally at the level of the outlet of the anode chamber. 7. The electrolytic cell of claim 2 further comprising a manifold that incorporates the degassing chamber. 8. The electrolytic cell of claim 7 wherein the manifold includes:
a. a liquid inlet connected in fluid communication with the liquid source and the inlet of the cathode chamber; and
b. a solution outlet connected in fluid communication with the outlet of the anode chamber. 9. The electrolytic cell of claim 7 wherein the manifold further comprises:
a. a vent outlet connected in communication with the degassing chamber;
b. an anolyte drain outlet connected in fluid communication with the anode chamber and the degassing chamber; and
c. a catholyte drain outlet connected in fluid communication with the cathode chamber. 10. The electrolytic cell of claim 1 further comprising a chamber connected in fluid communication with the electrolyte feed. 11. A method for chlorine capture in an electrolytic cell, comprising:
providing an electrolytic cell having an anode chamber and a cathode chamber with inlets and outlets; feeding an electrolyte to the cell for providing a source of anions and cations to the anode and cathode chambers; recycling catholyte from the cathode chamber through the anode chamber; providing a degassing chamber, wherein the degassing chamber includes a reservoir between the inlet and the outlet for maintaining a liquid level; and dispensing an output solution from the anode chamber. 12. The method of claim 11 further comprising communicating catholyte from the cathode chamber through a degassing chamber before recycling through the anode chamber. 13. The method of claim 12 venting gas from the catholyte in the degassing chamber. 14. The method of claim 12 further comprising gravity feeding catholyte from the degassing chamber through the anode chamber. 15. The method of claim 12 wherein the electrolytic cell includes a manifold that incorporates the degassing chamber. 16. The method of claim 15 further comprising communicating liquid in and out of each chamber through the manifold. 17. The method of claim 11 further comprising communicating electrolytes from the electrolyte feed through the cell. 18. A system for increasing chlorine capture and concentration from an electrolytic cell, comprising:
an electrolytic cell having an anode chamber and a cathode chamber having inlets and outlets; a liquid source connected in fluid communication with the inlet of the cathode chamber; and an electrolyte feed source adapted for providing a source of anions and cations to the anode and cathode chambers; and a degassing chamber having an inlet connected in fluid communication with the outlet of the cathode chamber and an outlet connected in fluid communication with the inlet of the anode chamber, wherein the inlet of the degassing chamber is elevated above the outlet of the anode chamber to move a catholyte through the anode chamber by gravity, and wherein the degassing chamber includes a reservoir between the inlet and the outlet for maintaining a liquid level. 19. The system of claim 18 wherein the the reservoir has a liquid level maintained generally at the level of the outlet of the anode chamber. 20. The system of claim 18 wherein the inlet from the cathode chamber communicates catholyte from the cathode chamber through the degassing chamber before recycling through the anode chamber. 21. The system of claim 18 further comprising a manifold housing the degassing chamber. 22. The system of claim 21 wherein the manifold includes one or more of:
a. a liquid inlet connected in fluid communication with the liquid source and the inlet of the cathode chamber;
b. a solution outlet connected in fluid communication with the outlet of the anode chamber;
c. a vent outlet connected in communication with the degassing chamber;
d. an anolyte drain outlet connected in fluid communication with the anode chamber and the degassing chamber;
e. a catholyte drain outlet connected in fluid communication with the cathode chamber. | An improved electrolytic cell, its method and system is disclosed. The electrolytic cell ( 12 ) is configured, at least in one design, to recycle the catholyte to increase chlorine capture and concentration in the output solution. The cell ( 12 ) includes at least an anode chamber ( 39 ) and a cathode chamber ( 35 ). And in one design, a chamber or reservoir ( 31 ) for that serves as a source of anions and cations for the anode and cathode chambers. The outlet ( 38 ) of the cathode chamber is preferably connected in fluid communication with the inlet ( 44 ) of a degassing chamber ( 14 ) and the outlet ( 46 ) of the degassing chamber is preferably connected in fluid communication with the inlet ( 40 ) of the anode chamber.1. An electrolytic cell configured to increase chlorine capture and concentration in the cell's output solution, comprising:
an anode chamber and a cathode chamber with inlets and outlets; an electrolyte feed adapted for providing electrolyte to an intermediate chamber, the intermediate chamber being between the anode chamber and the cathode chamber and having an intermediate chamber inlet and an intermediate chamber outlet which are separate from the anode chamber inlet and outlet and the cathode chamber inlet and outlet, the electrolyte providing a source of anions and cations to the anode and cathode chambers; a degassing chamber having an inlet and outlet, the inlet connected in fluid communication with the cathode chamber and the outlet connected in fluid communication with the anode chamber and wherein the inlet of the degassing chamber is elevated above the outlet of the anode chamber to move catholyte through the anode chamber by gravity; the outlet of the cathode chamber connected in fluid communication with the inlet of the anode chamber; wherein the degassing chamber includes a reservoir between the inlet and the outlet for maintaining a liquid level; and the inlet of the cathode chamber connected in fluid communication with a liquid source. 2. The electrolytic cell of claim 1 wherein the inlet from the cathode chamber communicates catholyte from the cathode chamber through the degassing chamber before recycling through the anode chamber. 3. The electrolytic cell of claim 2 wherein the inlet of the degassing chamber is elevated above the outlet of the degassing chamber. 4. (canceled) 5. The electrolytic cell of claim 2 wherein the degassing chamber includes an outlet vent elevated above the outlet of the anode chamber. 6. The electrolytic cell of claim 2 wherein the reservoir has a liquid level maintained generally at the level of the outlet of the anode chamber. 7. The electrolytic cell of claim 2 further comprising a manifold that incorporates the degassing chamber. 8. The electrolytic cell of claim 7 wherein the manifold includes:
a. a liquid inlet connected in fluid communication with the liquid source and the inlet of the cathode chamber; and
b. a solution outlet connected in fluid communication with the outlet of the anode chamber. 9. The electrolytic cell of claim 7 wherein the manifold further comprises:
a. a vent outlet connected in communication with the degassing chamber;
b. an anolyte drain outlet connected in fluid communication with the anode chamber and the degassing chamber; and
c. a catholyte drain outlet connected in fluid communication with the cathode chamber. 10. The electrolytic cell of claim 1 further comprising a chamber connected in fluid communication with the electrolyte feed. 11. A method for chlorine capture in an electrolytic cell, comprising:
providing an electrolytic cell having an anode chamber and a cathode chamber with inlets and outlets; feeding an electrolyte to the cell for providing a source of anions and cations to the anode and cathode chambers; recycling catholyte from the cathode chamber through the anode chamber; providing a degassing chamber, wherein the degassing chamber includes a reservoir between the inlet and the outlet for maintaining a liquid level; and dispensing an output solution from the anode chamber. 12. The method of claim 11 further comprising communicating catholyte from the cathode chamber through a degassing chamber before recycling through the anode chamber. 13. The method of claim 12 venting gas from the catholyte in the degassing chamber. 14. The method of claim 12 further comprising gravity feeding catholyte from the degassing chamber through the anode chamber. 15. The method of claim 12 wherein the electrolytic cell includes a manifold that incorporates the degassing chamber. 16. The method of claim 15 further comprising communicating liquid in and out of each chamber through the manifold. 17. The method of claim 11 further comprising communicating electrolytes from the electrolyte feed through the cell. 18. A system for increasing chlorine capture and concentration from an electrolytic cell, comprising:
an electrolytic cell having an anode chamber and a cathode chamber having inlets and outlets; a liquid source connected in fluid communication with the inlet of the cathode chamber; and an electrolyte feed source adapted for providing a source of anions and cations to the anode and cathode chambers; and a degassing chamber having an inlet connected in fluid communication with the outlet of the cathode chamber and an outlet connected in fluid communication with the inlet of the anode chamber, wherein the inlet of the degassing chamber is elevated above the outlet of the anode chamber to move a catholyte through the anode chamber by gravity, and wherein the degassing chamber includes a reservoir between the inlet and the outlet for maintaining a liquid level. 19. The system of claim 18 wherein the the reservoir has a liquid level maintained generally at the level of the outlet of the anode chamber. 20. The system of claim 18 wherein the inlet from the cathode chamber communicates catholyte from the cathode chamber through the degassing chamber before recycling through the anode chamber. 21. The system of claim 18 further comprising a manifold housing the degassing chamber. 22. The system of claim 21 wherein the manifold includes one or more of:
a. a liquid inlet connected in fluid communication with the liquid source and the inlet of the cathode chamber;
b. a solution outlet connected in fluid communication with the outlet of the anode chamber;
c. a vent outlet connected in communication with the degassing chamber;
d. an anolyte drain outlet connected in fluid communication with the anode chamber and the degassing chamber;
e. a catholyte drain outlet connected in fluid communication with the cathode chamber. | 1,700 |
1,782 | 14,559,180 | 1,723 | The present invention refers to a method for manufacturing a separator, comprising preparing first inorganic particles having an average diameter of 1 to 10 μm and coated with a coupling agent, and second inorganic particles having an average diameter of 50 to 500 nm and coated with a coupling agent on the surface thereof; mixing the first inorganic particles and the second inorganic particles together with a binder polymer and adding the resulting mixture to a solvent to obtain a slurry; and coating the slurry on at least one surface of a porous substrate. | 1. A method for manufacturing a separator, comprising
preparing first inorganic particles having an average diameter of 1 to 10 μm and coated with a coupling agent, and second inorganic particles having an average diameter of 50 to 500 nm and coated with a coupling agent on the surface thereof; mixing the first inorganic particles and the second inorganic particles together with a binder polymer and adding the resulting mixture to a solvent to obtain a slurry; and coating the slurry on at least one surface of a porous substrate. 2. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein the slurry further comprises functional particles. 3. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the first inorganic particles:the second first inorganic particles ranges from 50:50 to 90:10. 4. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of a mixture of the first inorganic particles and the second first inorganic particles:the binder polymer ranges from 80:20 to 90:10. 5. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 2, wherein the functional particles are selected from a water scavenger, a Mn scavenger, an HF scavenger and a mixture thereof. | The present invention refers to a method for manufacturing a separator, comprising preparing first inorganic particles having an average diameter of 1 to 10 μm and coated with a coupling agent, and second inorganic particles having an average diameter of 50 to 500 nm and coated with a coupling agent on the surface thereof; mixing the first inorganic particles and the second inorganic particles together with a binder polymer and adding the resulting mixture to a solvent to obtain a slurry; and coating the slurry on at least one surface of a porous substrate.1. A method for manufacturing a separator, comprising
preparing first inorganic particles having an average diameter of 1 to 10 μm and coated with a coupling agent, and second inorganic particles having an average diameter of 50 to 500 nm and coated with a coupling agent on the surface thereof; mixing the first inorganic particles and the second inorganic particles together with a binder polymer and adding the resulting mixture to a solvent to obtain a slurry; and coating the slurry on at least one surface of a porous substrate. 2. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein the slurry further comprises functional particles. 3. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the first inorganic particles:the second first inorganic particles ranges from 50:50 to 90:10. 4. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of a mixture of the first inorganic particles and the second first inorganic particles:the binder polymer ranges from 80:20 to 90:10. 5. The method for manufacturing a separator according to claim 2, wherein the functional particles are selected from a water scavenger, a Mn scavenger, an HF scavenger and a mixture thereof. | 1,700 |
1,783 | 14,205,654 | 1,777 | A method of recovering oil from an oil-bearing formation including recovering an oil-water mixture from the oil-bearing formation and separating produced water from the oil-water mixture. The produced water includes phosphonate anti-scalant compounds. An oxidant is mixed with the produced water to deactivate the phosphonate anti-scalant compounds, thereby permitting dissolved solids in the produced water to precipitate. After deactivating the phosphonate anti-scalant compounds, the produced water is directed into a ceramic membrane which filters the produced water, producing a permeate stream and a retentate stream having suspended solids and precipitants therein. | 1. A method of recovering oil from an oil-bearing formation and treating produced water containing an anti-scalant compound, comprising:
recovering an oil-water mixture from the oil-bearing formation; separating oil from the oil-water mixture to produce an oil product and the produced water; deactivating the anti-scalant compound by mixing an oxidant and multivalent coagulant salt with the produced water, thereby precipitating compounds previously kept in solution due to the presence of the anti-scalant compounds; and after deactivating the anti-scalant compound, directing the produced water through a ceramic membrane to remove oil from the produced water and producing a permeate stream and a retentate stream. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein after deactivating the anti-scalant compound and prior to filtering the produced water in the ceramic membrane, directing the produced water to a solids separator and separating suspended solids and precipitants from the produced water. 3. The method of claim 2 including adding one or more reagents to the produced water in the solids separator to facilitate the precipitation and settling of solids. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the oxidant is sodium hypochlorite. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the produced water includes a phosphonate anti-scalant compound. 6. The method of claim 5 including deactivating the phosphonate anti-scalant compound by mixing sodium hypochlorite and a ferric salt with the produced water. 7. A method of recovering oil from an oil-bearing formation and treating produced water containing anti-scaling additives, comprising:
recovering an oil-water mixture from the oil-bearing formation; separating oil from the oil-water mixture to produce an oil product and the produced water; deactivating the anti-scaling additives by mixing an oxidant and multivalent coagulant salt with the produced water, thereby precipitating compounds previously kept in solution due to the presence of the anti-scaling additives; de-oiling the produced water; and after deactivating the anti-scaling additives, directing the produced water through a microfiltration or ultrafiltration membrane separation unit and producing a permeate stream and a reject stream having suspended solids and precipitants therein. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein after deactivating the anti-scalant compound and prior to filtering the produced water in the membrane separation unit, directing the produced water to a solids separator and separating suspended solids and precipitated scale formers from the produced water. 9. The method of claim 8 including adding one or more reagents to the produced water in the solids separator to facilitate the precipitation and settling of solids. 10. The method of claim 7 wherein the oxidant is sodium hypochlorite. 11. The method of claim 7 wherein the produced water includes a phosphonate anti-scalant compound. 12. The method of claim 11 including deactivating the phosphonate anti-scalant compound by mixing sodium hypochlorite or a ferric salt with the produced water. | A method of recovering oil from an oil-bearing formation including recovering an oil-water mixture from the oil-bearing formation and separating produced water from the oil-water mixture. The produced water includes phosphonate anti-scalant compounds. An oxidant is mixed with the produced water to deactivate the phosphonate anti-scalant compounds, thereby permitting dissolved solids in the produced water to precipitate. After deactivating the phosphonate anti-scalant compounds, the produced water is directed into a ceramic membrane which filters the produced water, producing a permeate stream and a retentate stream having suspended solids and precipitants therein.1. A method of recovering oil from an oil-bearing formation and treating produced water containing an anti-scalant compound, comprising:
recovering an oil-water mixture from the oil-bearing formation; separating oil from the oil-water mixture to produce an oil product and the produced water; deactivating the anti-scalant compound by mixing an oxidant and multivalent coagulant salt with the produced water, thereby precipitating compounds previously kept in solution due to the presence of the anti-scalant compounds; and after deactivating the anti-scalant compound, directing the produced water through a ceramic membrane to remove oil from the produced water and producing a permeate stream and a retentate stream. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein after deactivating the anti-scalant compound and prior to filtering the produced water in the ceramic membrane, directing the produced water to a solids separator and separating suspended solids and precipitants from the produced water. 3. The method of claim 2 including adding one or more reagents to the produced water in the solids separator to facilitate the precipitation and settling of solids. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the oxidant is sodium hypochlorite. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the produced water includes a phosphonate anti-scalant compound. 6. The method of claim 5 including deactivating the phosphonate anti-scalant compound by mixing sodium hypochlorite and a ferric salt with the produced water. 7. A method of recovering oil from an oil-bearing formation and treating produced water containing anti-scaling additives, comprising:
recovering an oil-water mixture from the oil-bearing formation; separating oil from the oil-water mixture to produce an oil product and the produced water; deactivating the anti-scaling additives by mixing an oxidant and multivalent coagulant salt with the produced water, thereby precipitating compounds previously kept in solution due to the presence of the anti-scaling additives; de-oiling the produced water; and after deactivating the anti-scaling additives, directing the produced water through a microfiltration or ultrafiltration membrane separation unit and producing a permeate stream and a reject stream having suspended solids and precipitants therein. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein after deactivating the anti-scalant compound and prior to filtering the produced water in the membrane separation unit, directing the produced water to a solids separator and separating suspended solids and precipitated scale formers from the produced water. 9. The method of claim 8 including adding one or more reagents to the produced water in the solids separator to facilitate the precipitation and settling of solids. 10. The method of claim 7 wherein the oxidant is sodium hypochlorite. 11. The method of claim 7 wherein the produced water includes a phosphonate anti-scalant compound. 12. The method of claim 11 including deactivating the phosphonate anti-scalant compound by mixing sodium hypochlorite or a ferric salt with the produced water. | 1,700 |
1,784 | 13,867,682 | 1,733 | The present invention is directed to an ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy, comprising 7.5 to 8.4 wt. % Zn, 1.6 to 2.3 wt. % Mg, 1.4 to 2.1 wt. % Cu, and 0.05 to 0.15 wt. % Zr. This alloy can be fabricated to produce 2-10 inch thick plate, extrusion or forging products, and is especially suitable for aerospace structural components, especially large commercial airplane wing structure applications. The aluminum product has a minimum yield strength of [75 ksi−0.8×(thickness in inch−3.94 inch)] in LT direction and [76 ksi−0.8×(thickness in inch−3.94 inch)] in L direction for more than 2 inch thick product in T7651 temper. Besides strength, product provides necessary damage tolerance performance as well as corrosion resistance performance suitable for aerospace application. | 1. An ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product comprising
7.5 to 8.4 wt. % Zn, 1.6 to 2.3 wt. % Mg, 1.4 to 2.1 wt. % Cu, and one or more elements selected from the group consisting of up to 0.2 wt. % Zr, up to 0.2 wt. % Sc, and up to 0.2 wt. % Hf, with the balance Al, incidental elements and impurities, wherein said aluminum alloy product is a 2-10 inches thick plate, extrusion, or forging product and has a minimum yield strength of [75 ksi−0.8×(thickness in inch−3.94 inch)] in LT direction and [76 ksi−0.8×(thickness in inch−3.94 inch)] in L direction. 2. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 comprising ≦0.12 wt. % Si. 3. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 2 comprising ≦0.05 wt. % Si. 4. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 comprising ≦0.15 wt. % Fe. 5. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 4 comprising ≦0.08 wt. % Fe. 6. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 comprising ≦0.04 wt. % Mn. 7. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 comprising ≦0.04 wt. % Cr. 8. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 comprising ≦0.06 wt. % Ti. 9. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 consisting essential of
7.5 to 8.4 wt. % Zn,
1.6 to 2.3 wt. % Mg,
1.4 to 2.1 wt. % Cu, and
one or more elements selected from the group consisting of up to 0.2 wt. % Zr, up to 0.2 wt. % Sc, and up to 0.2 wt. % Hf,
≦0.12 wt. % Si,
≦0.15 wt. % Fe,
≦0.04 wt. % Mn,
≦0.04 wt. % Cr,
and ≦0.06 wt. % Ti
with the balance Al, incidental elements and impurities. 10. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 consisting essentially of
7.65-7.95
wt. % Zn
2.00-2.20
wt. % Mg
1.55-1.75
wt. % Cu
0.08-0.11
wt. % Zr
≦0.05
wt. % Si
≦0.08
wt. % Fe
with the balance Al, incidental elements and impurities. 11. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 consisting essentially of
7.78-7.94
wt. % Zn
2.06-2.10 wt. % Mg
1.65-1.70 wt. % Cu
0.08-0.09
wt. % Zr
0.03-0.04 wt. % Si
0.06-0.07 wt/% Fe
about 0.03
wt. % Ti
with the balance Al, incidental elements and impurities. 12. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 wherein said aluminum alloy product is a 4-10 inches thick plate, extrusion, or forging product. 13. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 12 wherein said aluminum alloy product is a 4-8 inches thick plate, extrusion, or forging product. 14. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 wherein said aluminum alloy product is a 2-6 inches thick plate, extrusion, or forging product. 15. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 having a minimum short transverse (ST) stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of 25 ksi. 16. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 having a minimum short transverse (ST) stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of 30 ksi. 17. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 having a minimum short transverse elongation of 2%. 18. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 having a minimum short transverse elongation of 3%. 19. A method of manufacturing an ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of an AA7xxx-series alloy, the method comprising the steps of:
a. casting stock of an ingot of an AA7xxx-series aluminum alloy comprising the aluminum alloy product of claim 1 b. homogenizing the cast stock; c. hot working the stock by one or more methods selected from the group consisting of rolling, extrusion, and forging; d. solution heat treating (SHT) of the hot worked stock; e. cold water quenching said SHT stock; f. optionally stretching the SHT stock; and h. ageing of the SHT, cold water quenched and optionally stretched stock to a desired temper. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein said step of homogenizing includes homogenizing at temperatures from 454 to 491° C. (850 to 915° F.). 21. The method of claim 19, wherein said step of hot working includes hot rolling at a temperature of 399 to 443° C. (750 to 830° F.). 22. The method of claim 19, wherein said step of solution heat treating includes solution heat treated at temperature range from 454 to 491° C. (850 to 915° F.). 23. The method of claim 19, wherein said step of optionally stretching includes stretching at about 1.5 to 3%. 24. The method of claim 19, wherein said step of ageing includes a two-step T7651 ageing process wherein a first stage temperature ranges from 100 to 140° C. (212 to 284° F.) for 4 to 24 hours and a second stage temperature ranges from 150 to 200° C. (212 to 392° F.) for 5 to 20 hours. 25. The method of claim 19, wherein
b. said step of homogenizing includes homogenizing at temperatures from 454 to 491° C. (850 to 915° F.); c. said step of hot working includes hot rolling at a temperature of 399 to 443° C. (750 to 830° F.); d. said step of solution heat treating includes solution heat treated at temperature range from 454 to 491° C. (850 to 915° F.); e. said step of cold water quenching includes cold water quenching to room temperature; f. said step of optionally stretching includes stretching at about 1.5 to 3%; g. said step of ageing includes a two-step T7651 ageing process wherein a first stage temperature ranges from 100 to 140° C. (212 to 284° F.) for 4 to 24 hours and a second stage temperature ranges from 150 to 200° C. (212 to 392° F.) for 5 to 20 hours. | The present invention is directed to an ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy, comprising 7.5 to 8.4 wt. % Zn, 1.6 to 2.3 wt. % Mg, 1.4 to 2.1 wt. % Cu, and 0.05 to 0.15 wt. % Zr. This alloy can be fabricated to produce 2-10 inch thick plate, extrusion or forging products, and is especially suitable for aerospace structural components, especially large commercial airplane wing structure applications. The aluminum product has a minimum yield strength of [75 ksi−0.8×(thickness in inch−3.94 inch)] in LT direction and [76 ksi−0.8×(thickness in inch−3.94 inch)] in L direction for more than 2 inch thick product in T7651 temper. Besides strength, product provides necessary damage tolerance performance as well as corrosion resistance performance suitable for aerospace application.1. An ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product comprising
7.5 to 8.4 wt. % Zn, 1.6 to 2.3 wt. % Mg, 1.4 to 2.1 wt. % Cu, and one or more elements selected from the group consisting of up to 0.2 wt. % Zr, up to 0.2 wt. % Sc, and up to 0.2 wt. % Hf, with the balance Al, incidental elements and impurities, wherein said aluminum alloy product is a 2-10 inches thick plate, extrusion, or forging product and has a minimum yield strength of [75 ksi−0.8×(thickness in inch−3.94 inch)] in LT direction and [76 ksi−0.8×(thickness in inch−3.94 inch)] in L direction. 2. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 comprising ≦0.12 wt. % Si. 3. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 2 comprising ≦0.05 wt. % Si. 4. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 comprising ≦0.15 wt. % Fe. 5. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 4 comprising ≦0.08 wt. % Fe. 6. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 comprising ≦0.04 wt. % Mn. 7. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 comprising ≦0.04 wt. % Cr. 8. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 comprising ≦0.06 wt. % Ti. 9. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 consisting essential of
7.5 to 8.4 wt. % Zn,
1.6 to 2.3 wt. % Mg,
1.4 to 2.1 wt. % Cu, and
one or more elements selected from the group consisting of up to 0.2 wt. % Zr, up to 0.2 wt. % Sc, and up to 0.2 wt. % Hf,
≦0.12 wt. % Si,
≦0.15 wt. % Fe,
≦0.04 wt. % Mn,
≦0.04 wt. % Cr,
and ≦0.06 wt. % Ti
with the balance Al, incidental elements and impurities. 10. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 consisting essentially of
7.65-7.95
wt. % Zn
2.00-2.20
wt. % Mg
1.55-1.75
wt. % Cu
0.08-0.11
wt. % Zr
≦0.05
wt. % Si
≦0.08
wt. % Fe
with the balance Al, incidental elements and impurities. 11. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 consisting essentially of
7.78-7.94
wt. % Zn
2.06-2.10 wt. % Mg
1.65-1.70 wt. % Cu
0.08-0.09
wt. % Zr
0.03-0.04 wt. % Si
0.06-0.07 wt/% Fe
about 0.03
wt. % Ti
with the balance Al, incidental elements and impurities. 12. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 wherein said aluminum alloy product is a 4-10 inches thick plate, extrusion, or forging product. 13. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 12 wherein said aluminum alloy product is a 4-8 inches thick plate, extrusion, or forging product. 14. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 wherein said aluminum alloy product is a 2-6 inches thick plate, extrusion, or forging product. 15. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 having a minimum short transverse (ST) stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of 25 ksi. 16. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 having a minimum short transverse (ST) stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of 30 ksi. 17. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 having a minimum short transverse elongation of 2%. 18. The ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of claim 1 having a minimum short transverse elongation of 3%. 19. A method of manufacturing an ultra-thick high strength aluminum alloy product of an AA7xxx-series alloy, the method comprising the steps of:
a. casting stock of an ingot of an AA7xxx-series aluminum alloy comprising the aluminum alloy product of claim 1 b. homogenizing the cast stock; c. hot working the stock by one or more methods selected from the group consisting of rolling, extrusion, and forging; d. solution heat treating (SHT) of the hot worked stock; e. cold water quenching said SHT stock; f. optionally stretching the SHT stock; and h. ageing of the SHT, cold water quenched and optionally stretched stock to a desired temper. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein said step of homogenizing includes homogenizing at temperatures from 454 to 491° C. (850 to 915° F.). 21. The method of claim 19, wherein said step of hot working includes hot rolling at a temperature of 399 to 443° C. (750 to 830° F.). 22. The method of claim 19, wherein said step of solution heat treating includes solution heat treated at temperature range from 454 to 491° C. (850 to 915° F.). 23. The method of claim 19, wherein said step of optionally stretching includes stretching at about 1.5 to 3%. 24. The method of claim 19, wherein said step of ageing includes a two-step T7651 ageing process wherein a first stage temperature ranges from 100 to 140° C. (212 to 284° F.) for 4 to 24 hours and a second stage temperature ranges from 150 to 200° C. (212 to 392° F.) for 5 to 20 hours. 25. The method of claim 19, wherein
b. said step of homogenizing includes homogenizing at temperatures from 454 to 491° C. (850 to 915° F.); c. said step of hot working includes hot rolling at a temperature of 399 to 443° C. (750 to 830° F.); d. said step of solution heat treating includes solution heat treated at temperature range from 454 to 491° C. (850 to 915° F.); e. said step of cold water quenching includes cold water quenching to room temperature; f. said step of optionally stretching includes stretching at about 1.5 to 3%; g. said step of ageing includes a two-step T7651 ageing process wherein a first stage temperature ranges from 100 to 140° C. (212 to 284° F.) for 4 to 24 hours and a second stage temperature ranges from 150 to 200° C. (212 to 392° F.) for 5 to 20 hours. | 1,700 |
1,785 | 13,129,217 | 1,783 | In the surface structure of an article 7 according to the present invention, a plurality of convex portions 11 are so disposed on a surface 9 as to have intervals relative to each other and a plurality of fine convex portions 21 having a diameter d and a height h smaller than those of the concave portion 11 are formed on the surface of at least the edge portion 15 of the concave portion 11. By this, when a hand touches the surface 9 of the article 7, the proper number of convex portions 21 abut on a linear object 25 constituting a fingerprint 23 of a hand's finger, to thereby allow the human being to obtain a delicate-and-soft touch feeling. | 1.-6. (canceled) 7. A surface structure of an article, comprising:
a surface which is formed with a plurality of concave portions so disposed on the surface as to have intervals relative to each other, wherein a curvature radius of a cross section in an edge portion of the concave portion is set in a range of 1 mm to 2 mm, and a plurality of line convex portions are formed on a surface of at least the edge portion of the concave portion. 8. The surface structure of the article according to claim 7, wherein the surface is formed with a plurality of the line convex portions each having a diameter in a range of 15 μm to 40 μm. 9. The surface structure of the article according to claim 7, wherein the concave portion is formed to have a diameter in a range of 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm and a depth in a range of 60 μm to 350 μm. 10. The surface structure of the article according to claim 7, wherein the fine convex portion is formed to have a height in a range of 15 μm to 30 μm. 11. The surface structure of the article according to claim 7, wherein the concave portion is formed in a substantially hemispherical shape. 12. The surface structure of the article according to claim 7, wherein the article is a vehicular interior component. | In the surface structure of an article 7 according to the present invention, a plurality of convex portions 11 are so disposed on a surface 9 as to have intervals relative to each other and a plurality of fine convex portions 21 having a diameter d and a height h smaller than those of the concave portion 11 are formed on the surface of at least the edge portion 15 of the concave portion 11. By this, when a hand touches the surface 9 of the article 7, the proper number of convex portions 21 abut on a linear object 25 constituting a fingerprint 23 of a hand's finger, to thereby allow the human being to obtain a delicate-and-soft touch feeling.1.-6. (canceled) 7. A surface structure of an article, comprising:
a surface which is formed with a plurality of concave portions so disposed on the surface as to have intervals relative to each other, wherein a curvature radius of a cross section in an edge portion of the concave portion is set in a range of 1 mm to 2 mm, and a plurality of line convex portions are formed on a surface of at least the edge portion of the concave portion. 8. The surface structure of the article according to claim 7, wherein the surface is formed with a plurality of the line convex portions each having a diameter in a range of 15 μm to 40 μm. 9. The surface structure of the article according to claim 7, wherein the concave portion is formed to have a diameter in a range of 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm and a depth in a range of 60 μm to 350 μm. 10. The surface structure of the article according to claim 7, wherein the fine convex portion is formed to have a height in a range of 15 μm to 30 μm. 11. The surface structure of the article according to claim 7, wherein the concave portion is formed in a substantially hemispherical shape. 12. The surface structure of the article according to claim 7, wherein the article is a vehicular interior component. | 1,700 |
1,786 | 14,189,123 | 1,724 | A traction battery assembly for a vehicle is provided. The traction battery assembly may include a battery cell array having a plurality of battery cells. A thermal plate may be positioned beneath the battery cells and be configured for thermal communication therewith. The thermal plate may define a plurality of channel configurations within the thermal plate. Each of the channel configurations may correspond to one of the battery cells and include an inlet and outlet on a same side portion of the thermal plate. An inlet plenum may be in communication with the inlets and an outlet plenum may be in communication with the outlets. The channel configurations and plenums may be arranged such that fluid exiting the inlet plenum enters the channel configurations via the outlets and fluid exiting the outlets enters the outlet plenum and not into the inlet of another one of the channel configurations. | 1. A vehicle comprising:
a plurality of battery cells; an outlet plenum; and a thermal plate configured to support the battery cells, and defining an inlet plenum and a plurality of u-channel configurations, wherein each of the u-channel configurations corresponds to one of the cells and includes an inlet and outlet on a same side portion of the thermal plate and wherein fluid exiting the outlets empties into the outlet plenum. 2. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the inlet and outlet are proximate to a same end of the corresponding battery cell. 3. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein each of the u-channel configurations defines an entry channel, an exit channel, and a router therebetween, and wherein the channels and router are arranged such that fluid flow within the entry and exit channels is substantially parallel with an orientation of the corresponding battery cell. 4. The vehicle of claim 3, wherein each of the routers is at least partially disposed outside a region defined by a footprint of the corresponding battery cell. 5. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein each of the u-channel configurations defines an even number of channels. 6. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein at least some surfaces of the thermal plate defining the u-channel configurations include flow features configured to increase an effective area of the at least some of the surfaces. 7. The vehicle of claim 6, wherein the flow features include dimples, pedestals, or metal foam. 8. A vehicle comprising:
a plurality of battery cells; an inlet plenum; and a thermal plate positioned beneath the battery cells and configured for thermal communication therewith, and defining an outlet plenum and a plurality of u-channels within the plate, wherein each of the u-channels corresponds to one of the cells and includes an inlet and outlet on a same side portion of the thermal plate, and wherein fluid exiting the inlet plenum enters the u-channels via the inlets. 9. The vehicle of claim 8, wherein the inlet and outlet of each of the u-channels are proximate to a same end of the corresponding battery cell. 10. The vehicle of claim 8, wherein each of the u-channels defines an entry channel, an exit channel, and a router therebetween, and wherein the channels and router are arranged such that fluid flow within the entry and exit channels is substantially parallel with an orientation of the corresponding battery cell. 11. The vehicle of claim 10, wherein each of the routers is at least partially disposed outside a region defined by a footprint of the corresponding battery cell. 12. The vehicle of claim 8, wherein at least some surfaces of the thermal plate defining the u-channels include flow features configured to increase an effective area of the at least some of the surfaces. 13. The vehicle of claim 12, wherein the flow features include dimples, pedestals, or metal foam. 14. A traction battery system comprising:
a battery cell array having battery cells; a thermal plate positioned adjacent to the battery cells and configured for thermal communication therewith, and defining a plurality of channel configurations each including an entry channel having an inlet, an exit channel having an outlet, and a wall separating the entry and exit channels; an inlet plenum in communication with the inlets; and an outlet plenum in communication with the outlets such that fluid exiting the outlets empties into the outlet plenum and not into the inlet of another one of the channels. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the inlet and outlet of each of the channel configurations is adjacent to one another. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein fluid flow within the entry and exit channels of each of the channel configurations is substantially parallel with an orientation of the corresponding battery cell. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the inlets and outlets are located on a same side portion of the thermal plate. 18. The system of claim 14, wherein some of the channel configurations are arranged such that the entry and exit channels of different channel configurations share common walls. 19. The system of claim 14, wherein at least some surfaces of the thermal plate defining the channel configurations include flow features configured to increase an effective area of the at least some of the surfaces. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the flow features include dimples, pedestals, or metal foam. | A traction battery assembly for a vehicle is provided. The traction battery assembly may include a battery cell array having a plurality of battery cells. A thermal plate may be positioned beneath the battery cells and be configured for thermal communication therewith. The thermal plate may define a plurality of channel configurations within the thermal plate. Each of the channel configurations may correspond to one of the battery cells and include an inlet and outlet on a same side portion of the thermal plate. An inlet plenum may be in communication with the inlets and an outlet plenum may be in communication with the outlets. The channel configurations and plenums may be arranged such that fluid exiting the inlet plenum enters the channel configurations via the outlets and fluid exiting the outlets enters the outlet plenum and not into the inlet of another one of the channel configurations.1. A vehicle comprising:
a plurality of battery cells; an outlet plenum; and a thermal plate configured to support the battery cells, and defining an inlet plenum and a plurality of u-channel configurations, wherein each of the u-channel configurations corresponds to one of the cells and includes an inlet and outlet on a same side portion of the thermal plate and wherein fluid exiting the outlets empties into the outlet plenum. 2. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the inlet and outlet are proximate to a same end of the corresponding battery cell. 3. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein each of the u-channel configurations defines an entry channel, an exit channel, and a router therebetween, and wherein the channels and router are arranged such that fluid flow within the entry and exit channels is substantially parallel with an orientation of the corresponding battery cell. 4. The vehicle of claim 3, wherein each of the routers is at least partially disposed outside a region defined by a footprint of the corresponding battery cell. 5. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein each of the u-channel configurations defines an even number of channels. 6. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein at least some surfaces of the thermal plate defining the u-channel configurations include flow features configured to increase an effective area of the at least some of the surfaces. 7. The vehicle of claim 6, wherein the flow features include dimples, pedestals, or metal foam. 8. A vehicle comprising:
a plurality of battery cells; an inlet plenum; and a thermal plate positioned beneath the battery cells and configured for thermal communication therewith, and defining an outlet plenum and a plurality of u-channels within the plate, wherein each of the u-channels corresponds to one of the cells and includes an inlet and outlet on a same side portion of the thermal plate, and wherein fluid exiting the inlet plenum enters the u-channels via the inlets. 9. The vehicle of claim 8, wherein the inlet and outlet of each of the u-channels are proximate to a same end of the corresponding battery cell. 10. The vehicle of claim 8, wherein each of the u-channels defines an entry channel, an exit channel, and a router therebetween, and wherein the channels and router are arranged such that fluid flow within the entry and exit channels is substantially parallel with an orientation of the corresponding battery cell. 11. The vehicle of claim 10, wherein each of the routers is at least partially disposed outside a region defined by a footprint of the corresponding battery cell. 12. The vehicle of claim 8, wherein at least some surfaces of the thermal plate defining the u-channels include flow features configured to increase an effective area of the at least some of the surfaces. 13. The vehicle of claim 12, wherein the flow features include dimples, pedestals, or metal foam. 14. A traction battery system comprising:
a battery cell array having battery cells; a thermal plate positioned adjacent to the battery cells and configured for thermal communication therewith, and defining a plurality of channel configurations each including an entry channel having an inlet, an exit channel having an outlet, and a wall separating the entry and exit channels; an inlet plenum in communication with the inlets; and an outlet plenum in communication with the outlets such that fluid exiting the outlets empties into the outlet plenum and not into the inlet of another one of the channels. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the inlet and outlet of each of the channel configurations is adjacent to one another. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein fluid flow within the entry and exit channels of each of the channel configurations is substantially parallel with an orientation of the corresponding battery cell. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the inlets and outlets are located on a same side portion of the thermal plate. 18. The system of claim 14, wherein some of the channel configurations are arranged such that the entry and exit channels of different channel configurations share common walls. 19. The system of claim 14, wherein at least some surfaces of the thermal plate defining the channel configurations include flow features configured to increase an effective area of the at least some of the surfaces. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the flow features include dimples, pedestals, or metal foam. | 1,700 |
1,787 | 14,056,439 | 1,793 | An extended shelf life sandwich and a method of forming the sandwich is provided. The method includes processing meat to be used in the sandwich. The processing includes: applying a humectant to a meat; acidulating the meat; drying the meat until a water activity of no less than 0.85 is achieved. The process is completed by wrapping the processed meat into a bread-type product. | 1. A method of forming a sandwich with a long shelf life, the method comprising:
processing meat to be used in a sandwich, the processing including,
applying a humectant to a meat;
acidulating the meat;
drying the meat until a water activity of no less than 0.85 is achieved; and
wrapping the processed meat in an outer carrier. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
grinding up the meat; and stuffing the ground meat and humectant into a casing before acidulating. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising:
slicing the meat after the meat is dried. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein applying a humectant to a meat further comprises:
applying honey to the meat. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein applying a humectant to meat further comprises:
applying at least one of Sorbitol, Glycerin, Propylene Glycol, Manitol, Sugar Alcohols, Gum Acacia, and invert sugar to the meat. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein acidulating the meat further comprises:
fermenting the meat. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprises:
acidulating the meat in a heat processing oven. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
cooking the meat in a heat processing oven. 9. The method of claim 1, wrapping the processed meat in an outer carrier further comprises:
wrapping the meat in a baked flour-containing product. 10. The method of claim 1, wrapping the processed meat in an outer carrier further comprises:
wrapping the meat in a flat bread. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
adding ingredients to the meat. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the meat is at least one of poultry, beef, pork and fish. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the shelf life of the sandwich extends beyond 14 days. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the sandwich has an acceptable flavor and texture for human consumption. 15. A method of forming a wrap-like sandwich comprising:
preparing meat for use; mixing ingredients including a humectant with the meat to form a meat product; acidulating the meat product; drying the acidulated meat product until a water activity of no less than 0.85 is achieved; slicing the meat product; and wrapping the meat product in an edible outer carrier. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein preparing the meat further comprises:
grinding the meat. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein grinding the meat further comprises:
grinding the meat to pieces under 1 inch. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein acidulating the meat product further comprises:
fermenting the meat product. 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising:
acidulating the meat product in a heat processing oven. 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising:
stuffing the meat product into a casing before acidulating. 21. The method of claim 15, wherein a shelf life of the wrap-like sandwich is greater than 14 days. 22. A wrap-like sandwich for human consumption comprising:
an edible outer carrier; and filling received in the outer carrier, the filling including an acidulated meat product having a water activity of no less than 0.85. 23. The wrap-like sandwich of claim 22, wherein the outer carrier is a flat bread. 24. The wrap-like sandwich of claim 22, wherein the meat product was further cooked, dried and mixed with a humectant. 25. The wrap-like sandwich of claim 24, wherein the humectant is at least one of honey, Sorbitol, Glycerin, Propylene, Glycol, Manitol, Sugar Alcohols, Gum Acacia, and invert sugar. 26. A wrap-like sandwich for human consumption having a shelf life greater than 14 days, comprising:
a filling including,
a humectant, and
acidulated and dried meat having a water activity of no less than 0.85; and
a flat bread encasing the filling. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the wrap-like sandwich has an acceptable flavor and texture for human consumption. | An extended shelf life sandwich and a method of forming the sandwich is provided. The method includes processing meat to be used in the sandwich. The processing includes: applying a humectant to a meat; acidulating the meat; drying the meat until a water activity of no less than 0.85 is achieved. The process is completed by wrapping the processed meat into a bread-type product.1. A method of forming a sandwich with a long shelf life, the method comprising:
processing meat to be used in a sandwich, the processing including,
applying a humectant to a meat;
acidulating the meat;
drying the meat until a water activity of no less than 0.85 is achieved; and
wrapping the processed meat in an outer carrier. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
grinding up the meat; and stuffing the ground meat and humectant into a casing before acidulating. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising:
slicing the meat after the meat is dried. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein applying a humectant to a meat further comprises:
applying honey to the meat. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein applying a humectant to meat further comprises:
applying at least one of Sorbitol, Glycerin, Propylene Glycol, Manitol, Sugar Alcohols, Gum Acacia, and invert sugar to the meat. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein acidulating the meat further comprises:
fermenting the meat. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprises:
acidulating the meat in a heat processing oven. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
cooking the meat in a heat processing oven. 9. The method of claim 1, wrapping the processed meat in an outer carrier further comprises:
wrapping the meat in a baked flour-containing product. 10. The method of claim 1, wrapping the processed meat in an outer carrier further comprises:
wrapping the meat in a flat bread. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
adding ingredients to the meat. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the meat is at least one of poultry, beef, pork and fish. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the shelf life of the sandwich extends beyond 14 days. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the sandwich has an acceptable flavor and texture for human consumption. 15. A method of forming a wrap-like sandwich comprising:
preparing meat for use; mixing ingredients including a humectant with the meat to form a meat product; acidulating the meat product; drying the acidulated meat product until a water activity of no less than 0.85 is achieved; slicing the meat product; and wrapping the meat product in an edible outer carrier. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein preparing the meat further comprises:
grinding the meat. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein grinding the meat further comprises:
grinding the meat to pieces under 1 inch. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein acidulating the meat product further comprises:
fermenting the meat product. 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising:
acidulating the meat product in a heat processing oven. 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising:
stuffing the meat product into a casing before acidulating. 21. The method of claim 15, wherein a shelf life of the wrap-like sandwich is greater than 14 days. 22. A wrap-like sandwich for human consumption comprising:
an edible outer carrier; and filling received in the outer carrier, the filling including an acidulated meat product having a water activity of no less than 0.85. 23. The wrap-like sandwich of claim 22, wherein the outer carrier is a flat bread. 24. The wrap-like sandwich of claim 22, wherein the meat product was further cooked, dried and mixed with a humectant. 25. The wrap-like sandwich of claim 24, wherein the humectant is at least one of honey, Sorbitol, Glycerin, Propylene, Glycol, Manitol, Sugar Alcohols, Gum Acacia, and invert sugar. 26. A wrap-like sandwich for human consumption having a shelf life greater than 14 days, comprising:
a filling including,
a humectant, and
acidulated and dried meat having a water activity of no less than 0.85; and
a flat bread encasing the filling. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the wrap-like sandwich has an acceptable flavor and texture for human consumption. | 1,700 |
1,788 | 14,441,233 | 1,767 | The invention relates to a biodegradable polyester mixture comprising:
i) 71 to 91 wt %, based on the total weight of components i and ii, of a polyester I constructed from:
a-1) 40 to 70 wt %, based on the total weight of components a and b, of an aliphatic C 9 -C 16 dicarboxylic acid or of a C 9 -C 16 dicarboxylic acid derivative; b-1) 30 to 60 wt %, based on the total weight of components a and b, of terephthalic acid or of a terephthalic acid derivative; c-1) 98 to 100 wt %, based on the total weight of components a and b, of a C 3 -C 6 diol; d-1) 0 to 2 wt %, based on the total weight of components a and b, of an at least trihydric alcohol; e-1) 0 to 2 wt %, based on the total weight of components a to e, of a chain extender, and
ii) 9 to 29 wt %, based on the total weight of components i and ii, of a polyester II constructed from:
a-2) 40 to 70 wt %, based on the total weight of components a and b, of an aliphatic C 4 -C 6 dicarboxylic acid or of a C 4 -C 6 dicarboxylic acid derivative; b-2) 30 to 60 wt %, based on the total weight of components a and b, of terephthalic acid or of a terephthalic acid derivative; c-2) 98 to 100 wt %, based on the total weight of components a and b, of a C 3 -C 6 diol; d-2) 0 to 2 wt %, based on the total weight of components a and b, of an at least trihydric alcohol; e-2) 0 to 2 wt %, based on the total weight of components a to e, of a chain extender. | 1. A biodegradable polyester mixture comprising:
i) 71 to 91 wt %, based on the total weight of components i and ii, of a polyester I constructed from:
a-1) 40 to 70 mol %, based on components a and b, of an aliphatic C9-C18 dicarboxylic acid or of a C9-C18 dicarboxylic acid derivative;
b-1) 30 to 60 mol %, based on components a and b, of terephthalic acid or of a terephthalic acid derivative;
c-1) 98 to 100 mol %, based on components a and b, of a C3-C6 diol;
d-1) 0 to 2 wt %, based on the total weight of components a to e, of an at least trihydric alcohol;
e-1) 0 to 2 wt %, based on the total weight of components a to e, of a chain extender, and
ii) 9 to 29 wt %, based on the total weight of components i and ii, of a polyester II constructed from:
a-2) 40 to 70 mol %, based on components a and b, of an aliphatic C4-C6 dicarboxylic acid or of a C4-C6 dicarboxylic acid derivative;
b-2) 30 to 60 mol %, based on components a and b, of terephthalic acid or of a terephthalic acid derivative;
c-2) 98 to 100 mol %, based on components a and b, of a C3-C6 diol;
d-2) 0 to 2 wt %, based on the total weight of components a and b, of an at least trihydric alcohol;
e-2) 0 to 2 wt %, based on the total weight of components a to e, of a chain extender. 2. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 1 wherein said diacid component a-1 of polyester I is sebacic acid or a sebacic acid derivative. 3.-13. (canceled) 14. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 1 wherein said diacid component a-2 of polyester II is adipic acid or an adipic acid derivative. 15. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 1 further comprising 10 to 35 wt %, based on the total weight of the polymer mixture, of one or more fillers selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, talc, graphite, gypsum, carbon black, iron oxide, calcium chloride, kaolin, silicon dioxide (quartz), sodium carbonate, titanium dioxide, silicate, wollastonite, mica, montmorillonites, mineral fibers and natural fibers. 16. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 15 wherein calcium carbonate and/or talc are used as fillers. 17. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 16 wherein the calcium carbonate is present from 10 to 25 wt %, and the talc is present from 3 to 10 wt %, based on the total weight of the polymer mixture. 18. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 1 further comprising 5 to 50 wt %, based on the total weight of the polymer mixture, of one or more polymers v) selected from the group consisting of polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, polyhydroxyalkanoate, starch or polyester prepared from aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and an aliphatic dihydroxy compound. 19. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 1 further comprising 5 to 45 wt %, based on the total weight of the polymer mixture, of polycaprolactone (PCL) or of an aliphatic polyester selected from the group consisting of polybutylene succinate (PBS), polybutylene adipate (PBA), polybutylene succinate adipate (PBSA), polybutylene succinate sebacate (PBSSe), polybutylene sebacate (PBSe), polyethylene succinate (PES) and polycaprolactone (PCL). 20. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 1 further comprising 5 to 45 wt %, based on the total weight of the polymer mixture, of starch and/or of a polyhydroxyalkanoate. 21. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 1 further comprising from 5 to 25 wt %, based on the total weight of the polymer mixture, of polylactic acid. 22. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 1 utilizing from 0.1 to 1.5 wt %, based on the total weight of the polymer mixture, of one or more than one stabilizer, nucleating agent, glide and release agent, surfactant, wax, antistat, antifoggant, dye, pigment, UV absorber, UV stabilizer or other plastics additive. 23. The use of the polyester mixture according to claim 1 in the manufacture of shopping bags, compost bags or inliners for a biowaste bin. 24. The use of the polyester mixture according to claim 1 in the manufacture of agriproducts selected from the group consisting of mulch films, covering films, bead foam for soil aeration, silo films, slit film tapes, wovens, nonwovens, clips, textiles, threads, fishing nets, secondary packaging, heavy-duty bags and flowerpots. 25. A biodegradable polyester mixture comprising:
i) 71 to 91 wt %, based on the total weight of components i and ii, of a polyester I constructed from:
a-1) 40 to 70 mol %, based on components a and b, of sebacic acid or a sebacic acid derivative;
b-1) 30 to 60 mol %, based on components a and b, of terephthalic acid or of a terephthalic acid derivative;
c-1) 98 to 100 mol %, based on components a and b, of a C3-C6 diol; and
ii) 9 to 29 wt %, based on the total weight of components i and ii, of a polyester II constructed from:
a-2) 40 to 70 mol %, based on components a and b, is adipic acid or an adipic acid derivative;
b-2) 30 to 60 mol %, based on components a and b, of terephthalic acid or of a terephthalic acid derivative;
c-2) 98 to 100 mol %, based on components a and b, of a C3-C6 diol; and
iii) 10 to 35 wt %, based on the total weight of the polymer mixture, of one or more fillers selected from calcium carbonate, talc or a mixture thereof. 26. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 25 further comprising 5 to 45 wt %, based on the total weight of the polymer mixture, of polycaprolactone (PCL) or of an aliphatic polyester selected from the group consisting of polybutylene succinate (PBS), polybutylene adipate (PBA), polybutylene succinate adipate (PBSA), polybutylene succinate sebacate (PBSSe), polybutylene sebacate (PBSe), polyethylene succinate (PES) and polycaprolactone (PCL). 27. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 25 further comprising 5 to 45 wt %, based on the total weight of the polymer mixture, of starch and/or of a polyhydroxyalkanoate. 28. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 27 further comprising from 5 to 25 wt %, based on the total weight of the polymer mixture, of polylactic acid. | The invention relates to a biodegradable polyester mixture comprising:
i) 71 to 91 wt %, based on the total weight of components i and ii, of a polyester I constructed from:
a-1) 40 to 70 wt %, based on the total weight of components a and b, of an aliphatic C 9 -C 16 dicarboxylic acid or of a C 9 -C 16 dicarboxylic acid derivative; b-1) 30 to 60 wt %, based on the total weight of components a and b, of terephthalic acid or of a terephthalic acid derivative; c-1) 98 to 100 wt %, based on the total weight of components a and b, of a C 3 -C 6 diol; d-1) 0 to 2 wt %, based on the total weight of components a and b, of an at least trihydric alcohol; e-1) 0 to 2 wt %, based on the total weight of components a to e, of a chain extender, and
ii) 9 to 29 wt %, based on the total weight of components i and ii, of a polyester II constructed from:
a-2) 40 to 70 wt %, based on the total weight of components a and b, of an aliphatic C 4 -C 6 dicarboxylic acid or of a C 4 -C 6 dicarboxylic acid derivative; b-2) 30 to 60 wt %, based on the total weight of components a and b, of terephthalic acid or of a terephthalic acid derivative; c-2) 98 to 100 wt %, based on the total weight of components a and b, of a C 3 -C 6 diol; d-2) 0 to 2 wt %, based on the total weight of components a and b, of an at least trihydric alcohol; e-2) 0 to 2 wt %, based on the total weight of components a to e, of a chain extender.1. A biodegradable polyester mixture comprising:
i) 71 to 91 wt %, based on the total weight of components i and ii, of a polyester I constructed from:
a-1) 40 to 70 mol %, based on components a and b, of an aliphatic C9-C18 dicarboxylic acid or of a C9-C18 dicarboxylic acid derivative;
b-1) 30 to 60 mol %, based on components a and b, of terephthalic acid or of a terephthalic acid derivative;
c-1) 98 to 100 mol %, based on components a and b, of a C3-C6 diol;
d-1) 0 to 2 wt %, based on the total weight of components a to e, of an at least trihydric alcohol;
e-1) 0 to 2 wt %, based on the total weight of components a to e, of a chain extender, and
ii) 9 to 29 wt %, based on the total weight of components i and ii, of a polyester II constructed from:
a-2) 40 to 70 mol %, based on components a and b, of an aliphatic C4-C6 dicarboxylic acid or of a C4-C6 dicarboxylic acid derivative;
b-2) 30 to 60 mol %, based on components a and b, of terephthalic acid or of a terephthalic acid derivative;
c-2) 98 to 100 mol %, based on components a and b, of a C3-C6 diol;
d-2) 0 to 2 wt %, based on the total weight of components a and b, of an at least trihydric alcohol;
e-2) 0 to 2 wt %, based on the total weight of components a to e, of a chain extender. 2. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 1 wherein said diacid component a-1 of polyester I is sebacic acid or a sebacic acid derivative. 3.-13. (canceled) 14. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 1 wherein said diacid component a-2 of polyester II is adipic acid or an adipic acid derivative. 15. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 1 further comprising 10 to 35 wt %, based on the total weight of the polymer mixture, of one or more fillers selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, talc, graphite, gypsum, carbon black, iron oxide, calcium chloride, kaolin, silicon dioxide (quartz), sodium carbonate, titanium dioxide, silicate, wollastonite, mica, montmorillonites, mineral fibers and natural fibers. 16. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 15 wherein calcium carbonate and/or talc are used as fillers. 17. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 16 wherein the calcium carbonate is present from 10 to 25 wt %, and the talc is present from 3 to 10 wt %, based on the total weight of the polymer mixture. 18. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 1 further comprising 5 to 50 wt %, based on the total weight of the polymer mixture, of one or more polymers v) selected from the group consisting of polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, polyhydroxyalkanoate, starch or polyester prepared from aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and an aliphatic dihydroxy compound. 19. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 1 further comprising 5 to 45 wt %, based on the total weight of the polymer mixture, of polycaprolactone (PCL) or of an aliphatic polyester selected from the group consisting of polybutylene succinate (PBS), polybutylene adipate (PBA), polybutylene succinate adipate (PBSA), polybutylene succinate sebacate (PBSSe), polybutylene sebacate (PBSe), polyethylene succinate (PES) and polycaprolactone (PCL). 20. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 1 further comprising 5 to 45 wt %, based on the total weight of the polymer mixture, of starch and/or of a polyhydroxyalkanoate. 21. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 1 further comprising from 5 to 25 wt %, based on the total weight of the polymer mixture, of polylactic acid. 22. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 1 utilizing from 0.1 to 1.5 wt %, based on the total weight of the polymer mixture, of one or more than one stabilizer, nucleating agent, glide and release agent, surfactant, wax, antistat, antifoggant, dye, pigment, UV absorber, UV stabilizer or other plastics additive. 23. The use of the polyester mixture according to claim 1 in the manufacture of shopping bags, compost bags or inliners for a biowaste bin. 24. The use of the polyester mixture according to claim 1 in the manufacture of agriproducts selected from the group consisting of mulch films, covering films, bead foam for soil aeration, silo films, slit film tapes, wovens, nonwovens, clips, textiles, threads, fishing nets, secondary packaging, heavy-duty bags and flowerpots. 25. A biodegradable polyester mixture comprising:
i) 71 to 91 wt %, based on the total weight of components i and ii, of a polyester I constructed from:
a-1) 40 to 70 mol %, based on components a and b, of sebacic acid or a sebacic acid derivative;
b-1) 30 to 60 mol %, based on components a and b, of terephthalic acid or of a terephthalic acid derivative;
c-1) 98 to 100 mol %, based on components a and b, of a C3-C6 diol; and
ii) 9 to 29 wt %, based on the total weight of components i and ii, of a polyester II constructed from:
a-2) 40 to 70 mol %, based on components a and b, is adipic acid or an adipic acid derivative;
b-2) 30 to 60 mol %, based on components a and b, of terephthalic acid or of a terephthalic acid derivative;
c-2) 98 to 100 mol %, based on components a and b, of a C3-C6 diol; and
iii) 10 to 35 wt %, based on the total weight of the polymer mixture, of one or more fillers selected from calcium carbonate, talc or a mixture thereof. 26. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 25 further comprising 5 to 45 wt %, based on the total weight of the polymer mixture, of polycaprolactone (PCL) or of an aliphatic polyester selected from the group consisting of polybutylene succinate (PBS), polybutylene adipate (PBA), polybutylene succinate adipate (PBSA), polybutylene succinate sebacate (PBSSe), polybutylene sebacate (PBSe), polyethylene succinate (PES) and polycaprolactone (PCL). 27. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 25 further comprising 5 to 45 wt %, based on the total weight of the polymer mixture, of starch and/or of a polyhydroxyalkanoate. 28. The biodegradable polyester mixture according to claim 27 further comprising from 5 to 25 wt %, based on the total weight of the polymer mixture, of polylactic acid. | 1,700 |
1,789 | 13,989,605 | 1,714 | The present invention is a method for cleaning a semiconductor wafer comprising the steps of cleaning the semiconductor wafer with an SC1 cleaning solution, cleaning the semiconductor wafer cleaned by the SC1 cleaning solution with hydrofluoric acid, and cleaning the semiconductor wafer cleaned by the hydrofluoric acid with ozonated water having an ozone concentration of 3 ppm or more, wherein an etching removal of the semiconductor wafer with the SC1 cleaning solution is made 0.1 to 2.0 nm, whereby a method for cleaning a semiconductor wafer in which worsening of the surface roughness of the wafer due to cleaning can be reduced and cleaning of the wafer can be carried out effectively can be provided. | 1. A method for cleaning a semiconductor wafer which comprises the steps of:
cleaning the semiconductor wafer with an SC1 cleaning solution, cleaning the semiconductor wafer cleaned by the SC1 cleaning solution with hydrofluoric acid, and cleaning the semiconductor wafer cleaned by the hydrofluoric acid with ozonated water having an ozone concentration of 3 ppm or more,
wherein an etching removal of the semiconductor wafer with the SC1 cleaning solution is made 0.1 to 2.0 nm. | The present invention is a method for cleaning a semiconductor wafer comprising the steps of cleaning the semiconductor wafer with an SC1 cleaning solution, cleaning the semiconductor wafer cleaned by the SC1 cleaning solution with hydrofluoric acid, and cleaning the semiconductor wafer cleaned by the hydrofluoric acid with ozonated water having an ozone concentration of 3 ppm or more, wherein an etching removal of the semiconductor wafer with the SC1 cleaning solution is made 0.1 to 2.0 nm, whereby a method for cleaning a semiconductor wafer in which worsening of the surface roughness of the wafer due to cleaning can be reduced and cleaning of the wafer can be carried out effectively can be provided.1. A method for cleaning a semiconductor wafer which comprises the steps of:
cleaning the semiconductor wafer with an SC1 cleaning solution, cleaning the semiconductor wafer cleaned by the SC1 cleaning solution with hydrofluoric acid, and cleaning the semiconductor wafer cleaned by the hydrofluoric acid with ozonated water having an ozone concentration of 3 ppm or more,
wherein an etching removal of the semiconductor wafer with the SC1 cleaning solution is made 0.1 to 2.0 nm. | 1,700 |
1,790 | 14,116,103 | 1,717 | A self-assembled monolayer is formed on the surface of a molded article without roughening the surface of the molded article to thereby perform treatment for preventing a biochemical substance from being adsorbed, for example, on a microchip substrate, and imparting functionality of immobilizing a biofunctional molecule thereto. The surface of a cyclic olefin resin molded article, for example, a microchip substrate, is irradiated with vacuum ultraviolet light having a center wavelength of 172 nm from an excimer lamp to activate a portion serving as a flow channel in the substrate. Next, the molded is immersed in a tank filled, for example, with a fluorine compound solution, and a SAM film that is a self-assembled monolayer is formed on the surface activated by ultraviolet radiation. | 1. A surface treatment method for a surface of a molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin, comprising:
irradiating a surface of a molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin with vacuum ultraviolet light, and forming a self-assembled monolayer on the irradiated surface. 2. The surface treatment method for a surface of a molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin according to claim 1, wherein a portion of the surface is selectively irradiated with the vacuum ultraviolet light, and the self-assembled monolayer is formed on the selectively irradiated surface. 3. The surface treatment method for a surface of a molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin according to claim 2, wherein two or more regions in the surface are irradiated with the vacuum ultraviolet light, and the self-assembled monolayers are formed on the plurality of irradiated regions. 4. The surface treatment method for a surface of a molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin according to claim 1, wherein the molded article is a microchip substrate including a first substrate and a second substrate, and a fine flow channel is formed in at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate. 5. A surface treatment method for a surface of a molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin, wherein the surface treatment of a molded article according to claim 1 is treatment for preventing a biochemical substance from being adsorbed on the surface of the molded article. 6. The surface treatment method for a surface of a molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin according to claim 5, wherein the step of forming a self-assembled monolayer is a step of reacting the surface of the molded article with a fluorine compound represented by the following Formula (1):
(Ra)Si(Rb)3 (1)
[Ra is a group selected from a fluorine-containing hydrocarbon group or a perfluoroalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms; and Rb is a group selected from chlorine, bromine, iodine, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an n-propyloxy group, and an isopropyloxy group]. 7. A molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin which is subjected to the treatment for preventing a biochemical substance from being adsorbed by the method according to claim 5. 8. A molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin for a microchip substrate which is subjected to the treatment for preventing a biochemical substance from being adsorbed by the method according to claim 5. 9. A surface treatment method for a surface of a molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin, wherein the surface treatment of a molded article according to claim 1 is treatment for imparting functionality of immobilizing a biofunctional molecule to the surface of the molded article. 10. The surface treatment method for a surface of a molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin according to claim 9, wherein the step of forming a self-assembled monolayer is a step of reacting the surface of the molded article with an amino group-containing silane compound represented by the following Formula (2):
(NH2)Si(Rc)3 (2)
[Rc is a group selected from an amino group, a tosyl group, and a carboxyl group]. 11. A molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin which is provided with the functionality of immobilizing a biofunctional molecule by the method according to claim 9. 12. A molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin for a microchip substrate which is provided with the functionality of immobilizing a biofunctional molecule by the method according to claim 9. | A self-assembled monolayer is formed on the surface of a molded article without roughening the surface of the molded article to thereby perform treatment for preventing a biochemical substance from being adsorbed, for example, on a microchip substrate, and imparting functionality of immobilizing a biofunctional molecule thereto. The surface of a cyclic olefin resin molded article, for example, a microchip substrate, is irradiated with vacuum ultraviolet light having a center wavelength of 172 nm from an excimer lamp to activate a portion serving as a flow channel in the substrate. Next, the molded is immersed in a tank filled, for example, with a fluorine compound solution, and a SAM film that is a self-assembled monolayer is formed on the surface activated by ultraviolet radiation.1. A surface treatment method for a surface of a molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin, comprising:
irradiating a surface of a molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin with vacuum ultraviolet light, and forming a self-assembled monolayer on the irradiated surface. 2. The surface treatment method for a surface of a molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin according to claim 1, wherein a portion of the surface is selectively irradiated with the vacuum ultraviolet light, and the self-assembled monolayer is formed on the selectively irradiated surface. 3. The surface treatment method for a surface of a molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin according to claim 2, wherein two or more regions in the surface are irradiated with the vacuum ultraviolet light, and the self-assembled monolayers are formed on the plurality of irradiated regions. 4. The surface treatment method for a surface of a molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin according to claim 1, wherein the molded article is a microchip substrate including a first substrate and a second substrate, and a fine flow channel is formed in at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate. 5. A surface treatment method for a surface of a molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin, wherein the surface treatment of a molded article according to claim 1 is treatment for preventing a biochemical substance from being adsorbed on the surface of the molded article. 6. The surface treatment method for a surface of a molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin according to claim 5, wherein the step of forming a self-assembled monolayer is a step of reacting the surface of the molded article with a fluorine compound represented by the following Formula (1):
(Ra)Si(Rb)3 (1)
[Ra is a group selected from a fluorine-containing hydrocarbon group or a perfluoroalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms; and Rb is a group selected from chlorine, bromine, iodine, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an n-propyloxy group, and an isopropyloxy group]. 7. A molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin which is subjected to the treatment for preventing a biochemical substance from being adsorbed by the method according to claim 5. 8. A molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin for a microchip substrate which is subjected to the treatment for preventing a biochemical substance from being adsorbed by the method according to claim 5. 9. A surface treatment method for a surface of a molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin, wherein the surface treatment of a molded article according to claim 1 is treatment for imparting functionality of immobilizing a biofunctional molecule to the surface of the molded article. 10. The surface treatment method for a surface of a molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin according to claim 9, wherein the step of forming a self-assembled monolayer is a step of reacting the surface of the molded article with an amino group-containing silane compound represented by the following Formula (2):
(NH2)Si(Rc)3 (2)
[Rc is a group selected from an amino group, a tosyl group, and a carboxyl group]. 11. A molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin which is provided with the functionality of immobilizing a biofunctional molecule by the method according to claim 9. 12. A molded article produced from a material containing a cyclic olefin resin for a microchip substrate which is provided with the functionality of immobilizing a biofunctional molecule by the method according to claim 9. | 1,700 |
1,791 | 13,390,875 | 1,792 | The present invention relates to amorphous food materials containing an amount of protein and processes for its manufacture. More particularly, the present invention relates to amorphous protein extrudates containing high concentrations of protein, processes for manufacturing such protein extrudates, and the use of such protein extrudates as food ingredients. | 1. A protein extrudate having an amorphous structure, comprising a protein and water, with the extrudate having a density from about 0.02 g/cm3 to about 0.5 g/cm3. 2. The protein extrudate of claim 1 wherein the protein extrudate has an amorphous external structure and an amorphous internal structure. 3. The protein extrudate of claim 1 wherein the protein is selected from the group consisting of vegetable proteins, soy proteins, dairy proteins, meat proteins, and combinations thereof. 4. The protein extrudate of claim 1 wherein the extrudate comprises from about 10% by weight to about 90% by weight protein. 5. The protein extrudate of claim 1-4 wherein the protein extrudate further comprises at least one multigrain component. 6. The protein extrudate of claim 5, wherein the at least one multigrain component is selected from the group consisting of whole rice flour, rice flour, whole corn flour, corn flour, whole wheat flour, wheat flour, whole barley flour, barley flour, whole oat flour, oat flour, and combinations thereof. 7. The protein extrudate of claim 1 wherein the protein is a soy protein. 8. The protein extrudate of claim 1 further comprising a starch. 9. The protein extrudate of claim 2 wherein the protein extrudate comprises from about 40% by weight to about 75% by weight of a hydrolyzed soy protein, from about 5% by weight to about 15% by weight of an unhydrolyzed soy protein, and from about 15% by weight to about 40% by weight of at least one multigrain component and at least one starch component. 10. A food product comprising the protein extrudate of claim 1. 11. The food product of claim 10 wherein the food product is selected from the group consisting of snack foods, bars, granola, trail mix, cold cereals, hot cereals, breading, meat extenders, emulsified meats, ground meats, and combinations thereof. 12. A method of making an amorphous protein extrudate comprising making a molten mass in an extruder and passing it out of the extrusion die opening in a non-contiguous manner. 13. A method of making an amorphous protein extrudate comprising making a protein extrudate which passes out of the extrusion die opening and is cut by blades at about the time of expansion. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the blades are at a distance from the extrusion die face. 15. A method of making a protein extrudate with an amorphous structure comprising: mixing a protein and water in an extruder to form a mixture; pressurizing the mixture in the extruder to a pressure of at least about 200 psi to form a pressurized mixture; heating the pressurized mixture in the extruder to a temperature of at least 80° C. to form a heated and pressurized mixture; extruding the heated and pressurized mixture through an extruder die to a reduced pressure environment to expand the mixture and form an extrudate; cutting the extrudate into a plurality of pieces; and drying the pieces to a water content of from about 1% by weight to about 10% by weight to form the amorphous shaped protein extrudate having a density from about 0.02 g/cm3 t about 0.5 g/cm3 based on the weight of the amorphous protein extrudate and comprising from about 10% by weight to about 90% by weight protein. | The present invention relates to amorphous food materials containing an amount of protein and processes for its manufacture. More particularly, the present invention relates to amorphous protein extrudates containing high concentrations of protein, processes for manufacturing such protein extrudates, and the use of such protein extrudates as food ingredients.1. A protein extrudate having an amorphous structure, comprising a protein and water, with the extrudate having a density from about 0.02 g/cm3 to about 0.5 g/cm3. 2. The protein extrudate of claim 1 wherein the protein extrudate has an amorphous external structure and an amorphous internal structure. 3. The protein extrudate of claim 1 wherein the protein is selected from the group consisting of vegetable proteins, soy proteins, dairy proteins, meat proteins, and combinations thereof. 4. The protein extrudate of claim 1 wherein the extrudate comprises from about 10% by weight to about 90% by weight protein. 5. The protein extrudate of claim 1-4 wherein the protein extrudate further comprises at least one multigrain component. 6. The protein extrudate of claim 5, wherein the at least one multigrain component is selected from the group consisting of whole rice flour, rice flour, whole corn flour, corn flour, whole wheat flour, wheat flour, whole barley flour, barley flour, whole oat flour, oat flour, and combinations thereof. 7. The protein extrudate of claim 1 wherein the protein is a soy protein. 8. The protein extrudate of claim 1 further comprising a starch. 9. The protein extrudate of claim 2 wherein the protein extrudate comprises from about 40% by weight to about 75% by weight of a hydrolyzed soy protein, from about 5% by weight to about 15% by weight of an unhydrolyzed soy protein, and from about 15% by weight to about 40% by weight of at least one multigrain component and at least one starch component. 10. A food product comprising the protein extrudate of claim 1. 11. The food product of claim 10 wherein the food product is selected from the group consisting of snack foods, bars, granola, trail mix, cold cereals, hot cereals, breading, meat extenders, emulsified meats, ground meats, and combinations thereof. 12. A method of making an amorphous protein extrudate comprising making a molten mass in an extruder and passing it out of the extrusion die opening in a non-contiguous manner. 13. A method of making an amorphous protein extrudate comprising making a protein extrudate which passes out of the extrusion die opening and is cut by blades at about the time of expansion. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the blades are at a distance from the extrusion die face. 15. A method of making a protein extrudate with an amorphous structure comprising: mixing a protein and water in an extruder to form a mixture; pressurizing the mixture in the extruder to a pressure of at least about 200 psi to form a pressurized mixture; heating the pressurized mixture in the extruder to a temperature of at least 80° C. to form a heated and pressurized mixture; extruding the heated and pressurized mixture through an extruder die to a reduced pressure environment to expand the mixture and form an extrudate; cutting the extrudate into a plurality of pieces; and drying the pieces to a water content of from about 1% by weight to about 10% by weight to form the amorphous shaped protein extrudate having a density from about 0.02 g/cm3 t about 0.5 g/cm3 based on the weight of the amorphous protein extrudate and comprising from about 10% by weight to about 90% by weight protein. | 1,700 |
1,792 | 13,898,837 | 1,725 | An apparatus for detecting the temperature of an electrochemical energy storage system, in particular for use in a motor vehicle, includes a temperature sensor unit. The energy storage system has one or more storage cells with, in each case, two connection terminals for making electric contact therewith. The connection terminals are in electric contact via connection elements. In order to detect a temperature corresponding to an internal temperature of the storage cells, a respective temperature sensor of the temperature sensor unit is arranged on a connection terminal of at least one of the storage cells of the energy storage system. | 1. An apparatus for detecting temperature of an electrochemical energy storage system, comprising:
one or more storage cells of the energy storage system, each storage cell having two connection terminals; connection elements operatively configured for electrically contacting associated connection terminals; and a temperature sensor unit, the temperature sensor unit having a respective temperature sensor arranged on a particular connection terminal of at least one of the storage cells of the energy storage system. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the temperature sensor of the temperature sensor unit is arranged on the particular connection terminal of a storage cell, which particular connection terminal has an electrical connection with a case of the storage cell. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the temperature sensor of the temperature sensor unit is arranged directly on the particular connection terminal of at least one storage cell. 4. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the temperature sensor of the temperature sensor unit is arranged directly on the particular connection terminal of at least one storage cell. 5. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the temperature sensor is arranged in a blind hole of a connection element directly on the particular connection terminal. 6. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the temperature sensor is arranged in a blind hole of a connection element directly on the particular connection terminal. 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the temperature sensor of the temperature sensor unit is arranged on a connection element that is electrically and thermally conductingly coupled with one of the connection terminals. 8. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the temperature sensor of the temperature sensor unit is arranged on a connection element that is electrically and thermally conductingly coupled with one of the connection terminals. 9. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the temperature sensor is arranged on the connection element in an area of the connection element that is outside a connection area of the connection terminal and the connection element. 10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the connection element has a tab that extends outside of the connection area of the connection terminal and the connection element; and
wherein the temperature sensor is arranged on the tab. 11. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the connection element is a cell connector operatively configured to electrically mutually connect connection terminals of two storage cells. 12. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the connection element is a module connector operatively configured to provide electrical contact with the energy storage system. 13. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the connection element is a module connector operatively configured to provide electrical contact with the energy storage system. 14. The apparatus according to claim 12, further comprising:
a plug-in connector operatively configured for providing electrical contact with the module connector of the energy storage system. 15. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the temperature sensor unit comprises two temperature sensors, said two temperature sensors being operatively arranged to detect temperatures at different storage cells; and
wherein temperature signals of the two temperature sensors are feedable to a logic unit for evaluation. 16. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the connection elements include at least one cell connector and at least one module connector, a cell connector electrically mutually connecting connection terminals of two storage cells and a module connector providing electrical contact for the energy storage system;
the apparatus further comprising:
two temperature sensors, a first temperature sensor being thermally coupled with a connection terminal of a storage cell whose connection terminal is electrically connected with a connection element constructed as a module connector, and a second temperature sensor being thermally coupled with a connection terminal of a storage cell whose two connection terminals are each electrically connected with a connection element constructed as a cell connector. | An apparatus for detecting the temperature of an electrochemical energy storage system, in particular for use in a motor vehicle, includes a temperature sensor unit. The energy storage system has one or more storage cells with, in each case, two connection terminals for making electric contact therewith. The connection terminals are in electric contact via connection elements. In order to detect a temperature corresponding to an internal temperature of the storage cells, a respective temperature sensor of the temperature sensor unit is arranged on a connection terminal of at least one of the storage cells of the energy storage system.1. An apparatus for detecting temperature of an electrochemical energy storage system, comprising:
one or more storage cells of the energy storage system, each storage cell having two connection terminals; connection elements operatively configured for electrically contacting associated connection terminals; and a temperature sensor unit, the temperature sensor unit having a respective temperature sensor arranged on a particular connection terminal of at least one of the storage cells of the energy storage system. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the temperature sensor of the temperature sensor unit is arranged on the particular connection terminal of a storage cell, which particular connection terminal has an electrical connection with a case of the storage cell. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the temperature sensor of the temperature sensor unit is arranged directly on the particular connection terminal of at least one storage cell. 4. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the temperature sensor of the temperature sensor unit is arranged directly on the particular connection terminal of at least one storage cell. 5. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the temperature sensor is arranged in a blind hole of a connection element directly on the particular connection terminal. 6. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the temperature sensor is arranged in a blind hole of a connection element directly on the particular connection terminal. 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the temperature sensor of the temperature sensor unit is arranged on a connection element that is electrically and thermally conductingly coupled with one of the connection terminals. 8. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the temperature sensor of the temperature sensor unit is arranged on a connection element that is electrically and thermally conductingly coupled with one of the connection terminals. 9. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the temperature sensor is arranged on the connection element in an area of the connection element that is outside a connection area of the connection terminal and the connection element. 10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the connection element has a tab that extends outside of the connection area of the connection terminal and the connection element; and
wherein the temperature sensor is arranged on the tab. 11. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the connection element is a cell connector operatively configured to electrically mutually connect connection terminals of two storage cells. 12. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the connection element is a module connector operatively configured to provide electrical contact with the energy storage system. 13. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the connection element is a module connector operatively configured to provide electrical contact with the energy storage system. 14. The apparatus according to claim 12, further comprising:
a plug-in connector operatively configured for providing electrical contact with the module connector of the energy storage system. 15. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the temperature sensor unit comprises two temperature sensors, said two temperature sensors being operatively arranged to detect temperatures at different storage cells; and
wherein temperature signals of the two temperature sensors are feedable to a logic unit for evaluation. 16. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the connection elements include at least one cell connector and at least one module connector, a cell connector electrically mutually connecting connection terminals of two storage cells and a module connector providing electrical contact for the energy storage system;
the apparatus further comprising:
two temperature sensors, a first temperature sensor being thermally coupled with a connection terminal of a storage cell whose connection terminal is electrically connected with a connection element constructed as a module connector, and a second temperature sensor being thermally coupled with a connection terminal of a storage cell whose two connection terminals are each electrically connected with a connection element constructed as a cell connector. | 1,700 |
1,793 | 11,830,580 | 1,783 | Biocidal roofing granules include a mineral core covered with an outer layer of mesoporous silica including photocatalytic nanoparticles of anatase titanium dioxide as a biocide and an optional organic biocide. | 1. Biocidal roofing granules comprising:
a mineral core; and an exterior coating covering the mineral core; and at least one biocidal photocatalytic metal oxide; the exterior coating including at least one porous layer having a network of pores formed therein; and the porous inorganic layer containing the at least one biocidal photocatalytic metal oxide in the network of pores. 2. Biocidal roofing granules according to claim 1, wherein the at least one porous layer comprises an inorganic material selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, zirconia and titania, and mixtures thereof. 3. Biocidal roofing granules according to claim 2, wherein the at least one porous layer has an average pore diameter of between 1 nm and 100 nm. 4. Biocidal roofing granules according to claim 1, wherein the at least one porous layer has a total pore volume of at least 0.5×10−3 cm3/g and less than 0.1 cm3/g for pores having an average diameter less than 100 nm. 5. Biocidal roofing granules according to claim 4, wherein the at least one porous layer has a total pore volume of between 0.7×10−3 cm3/g and 1×10−2 cm3/g for pores having an average diameter less than 76 nm. 6. Biocidal roofing granules according to claim 1, wherein the at least one porous layer has an average thickness no greater than about 40 μm. 7. Biocidal roofing granules according to claim 1, wherein the at least one porous layer has an average thickness between about 0.5 μm and 10 μm. 8. Biocidal roofing granules according to claim 1, wherein the at least one porous layer has an average thickness between about 1 μm and 5 μm. 9. Biocidal roofing granules according to claim 1, wherein the photocatalytic metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of photocatalytic titanium oxide, photocatalytic copper oxide, photocatalytic vanadium oxide, and photocatalytic zinc oxide, and mixtures thereof. 10. Biocidal roofing granules according to claim 9 further comprising at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Au, Os, Pd, Ni, Sn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Rh, Nb, and Ru, and mixtures thereof. 11. Biocidal roofing granules according to claim 1, wherein the photocatalytic metal oxide comprise from about 0.1 to 10 percent by weight of the exterior covering. 12. Biocidal roofing granules according to claim 1, wherein said granules further comprise a second biocidal composition selected from the group consisting of inorganic biocides and organic biocides. 13. A process for preparing biocidal roofing granules, the process comprising:
(a) providing a mineral core; (b) preparing a gel-forming inorganic coating medium; (c) providing at least one biocidal photocatalytic metal oxide; (d) coating the mineral core with the inorganic sol; (e) forming a porous coating layer on the mineral core from the inorganic sol, the porous coating layer having a pore network; and (f) disposing the at least one photocatalytic metal oxide in the pore network. 14. A process according to claim 13 wherein the gel-forming inorganic coating medium is selected from the group consisting of silica sol-gels, colloidal silica media, colloidal zirconia media, colloidal titania media, and colloidal alumina media 15. A process according to claim 13 wherein the coating medium is an aqueous suspension prepared from at least one precursor selected from the group consisting of alkylsilanes, alkoxysilanes, zirconium oxychloride, zirconium alkoxides, titanium chloride, titanium alkoxides, aluminum chloride, aluminum alkoxides, sodium silicate, potassium silicate, pyrogenic silica, pyrogenic alumina, pyrogenic titania, pyrogenic zirconia, and mixtures thereof. 16. A process according to claim 15 wherein the at least one precursor is selected from the group consisting of tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, and methyl triethoxysilane. 17. A process according to claim 13, wherein the coating medium further comprises the at least one biocidal photocatalytic material. 18. A process according to claim 13 wherein the biocidal roofing granules further comprise a second biocidal composition selected from the group consisting of inorganic biocides and organic biocides 19. A process according to claim 13 wherein the porous coating network is formed by drying the coating medium. 20. A process according to claim 13 wherein the coating medium further comprises at least one sacrificial template material. 21. A process according to claim 20 wherein the sacrificial template material is selected from the group consisting of multiblock polyalkylene oxide materials, polyvinyl alcohol, and quaternary ammonium salts. 22. A process according to claim 20 wherein the sacrificial template material is a polyethyleneoxide-polypropyleneoxide-polyethyleneoxide triblock material. 23. A process according to claim 20 wherein the sacrificial template material is cetyl trimethylammonium bromide. 24. A process according to claim 19 wherein the coating medium is dried out at a temperature between about 10 and 100° C., preferably between 20 and 80° C. 25. A process according to claim 13, wherein the coating medium further includes a sacrificial template material, and wherein forming the porous network comprises calcining the sol at a temperature from about 200° C. to 1000° C., before disposing the at least one photocatalytic metal oxide in the porous network. 26. A process according to claim 25 wherein the sacrificial template material is an organic polymer. 27. A process according to claims 13 wherein the at least one photocatalytic metal oxide is disposed in the porous inorganic layer by applying a suspension of the at least one photocatalytic material in a liquid carrier material to the porous inorganic layer, and evaporating the carrier material. 28. A roofing shingle including roofing granules according to claim 1. 29. A roofing shingle according to claim 28 wherein the mass of roofing granules per unit of area is between about 0.5 and 2.5 kg/m2. 30. A roofing shingle according to claim 29, wherein the roofing granules including the at least one photocatalytic metal oxide comprise from about 0.1% to 10% by weight of the total weight of roofing granules. 31. A roofing product including a biocidal coating, the roofing product comprising:
a base material; and an exterior coating covering the base material; the exterior coating including at least one porous layer having a network of pores formed therein; the porous inorganic layer containing at least one biocidal photocatalytic metal oxide in the network. 32. A roofing product according to claim 31, wherein the at least one porous layer comprises an inorganic material selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, zirconia and titania, and mixtures thereof. 33. A roofing product according to claim 31, wherein the porous layer has an average pore diameter of between 1 nm and 100 nm. 34. A roofing product according to claim 31, wherein the at least one porous layer has a total pore volume of at least 0.5×10−3 cm3/g and less than 0.1 cm3/g for pores having an average diameter less than 100 nm. 35. A roofing product according to claim 31, wherein the at least one porous layer has a total pore volume of between 0.7×10−3 and 1×10−2 cm3/g for pores having an average diameter less than 76 nm. 36. A roofing product according to claim 31, wherein the at least one porous layer has an average thickness no greater than about 40 μm. 37. A roofing product according to claim 31, wherein the at least one porous layer has an average thickness between about 0.5 μm and 10 μm. 38. A roofing product according to claim 31, wherein the at least one porous layer has an average thickness between about 1 μm and 5 μm. 39. A roofing product according to claim 31, wherein the photocatalytic metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of photocatalytic titanium oxide, photocatalytic copper oxide, photocatalytic vanadium oxide, and photocatalytic zinc oxide, and mixtures thereof. 40. A roofing product according to claim 31 further comprising a metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Au, Os, Pd, Ni, Sn, Cu, Fe, Rh, Nb, and Ru, and mixtures thereof. 41. A roofing product according to claim 31, wherein the photocatalytic metal oxide comprise from about 0.1 to 10 percent by weight of the exterior covering. 42. A roofing product according to claim 31, wherein the biocidal coating further comprises a second biocidal composition selected from the group consisting of inorganic biocides and organic biocides. 43. A roofing product according to claim 31, wherein the base material is selected from the group consisting of roofing shingles, roofing membranes and roofing granules. 44. A process for preparing roofing materials, the process comprising:
(a) providing a base material; (b) preparing a gel-forming inorganic coating medium; (c) providing at least one biocidal photocatalytic metal oxide; (d) coating the base material with the inorganic coating medium; (e) forming a porous coating layer on the mineral core from the inorganic coating medium, the porous coating layer having a pore network; and (f) disposing the at least one photocatalytic metal oxide in the pore network. 45. A process according to claim 44 wherein the gel-forming inorganic coating medium is selected from the group consisting of silica sol-gels, colloidal silica media, colloidal zirconia media, colloidal titania media, and colloidal alumina media 46. A process according to claim 44 wherein the coating medium is an aqueous suspension prepared from at least one precursor selected from the group consisting of alkylsilanes, alkoxysilanes, zirconium oxychloride, zirconium alkoxides, sodium silicate, potassium silicate, titanium chloride, titanium alkoxides, aluminum chloride, aluminum alkoxides, pyrogenic silica, pyrogenic alumina, pyrogenic titania, pyrogenic zirconia, and mixtures thereof. 47. A process according to claim 46 wherein the at least one precursor is selected from the group consisting of tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, and methyl triethoxysilane. 48. A process according to claim 46, wherein the coating medium further comprises the at least one biocidal photocatalytic metal oxide. 49. A process according to claim 46 wherein the porous coating network is formed by drying the coating medium. 50. A process according to claim 46 wherein the coating medium further comprises at least one sacrificial template material. 51. A process according to claim 50 wherein the sacrificial template material is selected from the group consisting of multiblock polyalkylene oxide materials, polyvinyl alcohol, and quaternary ammonium salts. 52. A process according to claim 50 wherein the sacrificial template material is a polyethyleneoxide-polypropyleneoxide-polyethyleneoxide triblock material. 53. A process according to claim 50 wherein the sacrificial template material is cetyl trimethylammonium bromide. 54. A process according to claim 46 wherein the coating medium further comprises a second biocidal composition selected from the group consisting of inorganic biocides and organic biocides. 55. A process according to claim 46 wherein the coating medium is dried out at a temperature between about 10 and 100° C. 56. A process according to claim 55 wherein the coating medium is dried out a temperature between about 20 and 80° C. 57. A process according to claim 55 wherein the coating medium comprises a sacrificial template and the sacrificial template material comprises an organic polymer. 58. A process according to claim 55 wherein the at least one photocatalytic metal oxide is disposed in the porous inorganic layer by applying a suspension of the at least one photocatalytic material in a liquid carrier material to the porous inorganic layer, and evaporating the carrier material. 59. A process according to claim 46 wherein the base material is selected from roofing shingles, roofing membranes and roofing granules. | Biocidal roofing granules include a mineral core covered with an outer layer of mesoporous silica including photocatalytic nanoparticles of anatase titanium dioxide as a biocide and an optional organic biocide.1. Biocidal roofing granules comprising:
a mineral core; and an exterior coating covering the mineral core; and at least one biocidal photocatalytic metal oxide; the exterior coating including at least one porous layer having a network of pores formed therein; and the porous inorganic layer containing the at least one biocidal photocatalytic metal oxide in the network of pores. 2. Biocidal roofing granules according to claim 1, wherein the at least one porous layer comprises an inorganic material selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, zirconia and titania, and mixtures thereof. 3. Biocidal roofing granules according to claim 2, wherein the at least one porous layer has an average pore diameter of between 1 nm and 100 nm. 4. Biocidal roofing granules according to claim 1, wherein the at least one porous layer has a total pore volume of at least 0.5×10−3 cm3/g and less than 0.1 cm3/g for pores having an average diameter less than 100 nm. 5. Biocidal roofing granules according to claim 4, wherein the at least one porous layer has a total pore volume of between 0.7×10−3 cm3/g and 1×10−2 cm3/g for pores having an average diameter less than 76 nm. 6. Biocidal roofing granules according to claim 1, wherein the at least one porous layer has an average thickness no greater than about 40 μm. 7. Biocidal roofing granules according to claim 1, wherein the at least one porous layer has an average thickness between about 0.5 μm and 10 μm. 8. Biocidal roofing granules according to claim 1, wherein the at least one porous layer has an average thickness between about 1 μm and 5 μm. 9. Biocidal roofing granules according to claim 1, wherein the photocatalytic metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of photocatalytic titanium oxide, photocatalytic copper oxide, photocatalytic vanadium oxide, and photocatalytic zinc oxide, and mixtures thereof. 10. Biocidal roofing granules according to claim 9 further comprising at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Au, Os, Pd, Ni, Sn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Rh, Nb, and Ru, and mixtures thereof. 11. Biocidal roofing granules according to claim 1, wherein the photocatalytic metal oxide comprise from about 0.1 to 10 percent by weight of the exterior covering. 12. Biocidal roofing granules according to claim 1, wherein said granules further comprise a second biocidal composition selected from the group consisting of inorganic biocides and organic biocides. 13. A process for preparing biocidal roofing granules, the process comprising:
(a) providing a mineral core; (b) preparing a gel-forming inorganic coating medium; (c) providing at least one biocidal photocatalytic metal oxide; (d) coating the mineral core with the inorganic sol; (e) forming a porous coating layer on the mineral core from the inorganic sol, the porous coating layer having a pore network; and (f) disposing the at least one photocatalytic metal oxide in the pore network. 14. A process according to claim 13 wherein the gel-forming inorganic coating medium is selected from the group consisting of silica sol-gels, colloidal silica media, colloidal zirconia media, colloidal titania media, and colloidal alumina media 15. A process according to claim 13 wherein the coating medium is an aqueous suspension prepared from at least one precursor selected from the group consisting of alkylsilanes, alkoxysilanes, zirconium oxychloride, zirconium alkoxides, titanium chloride, titanium alkoxides, aluminum chloride, aluminum alkoxides, sodium silicate, potassium silicate, pyrogenic silica, pyrogenic alumina, pyrogenic titania, pyrogenic zirconia, and mixtures thereof. 16. A process according to claim 15 wherein the at least one precursor is selected from the group consisting of tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, and methyl triethoxysilane. 17. A process according to claim 13, wherein the coating medium further comprises the at least one biocidal photocatalytic material. 18. A process according to claim 13 wherein the biocidal roofing granules further comprise a second biocidal composition selected from the group consisting of inorganic biocides and organic biocides 19. A process according to claim 13 wherein the porous coating network is formed by drying the coating medium. 20. A process according to claim 13 wherein the coating medium further comprises at least one sacrificial template material. 21. A process according to claim 20 wherein the sacrificial template material is selected from the group consisting of multiblock polyalkylene oxide materials, polyvinyl alcohol, and quaternary ammonium salts. 22. A process according to claim 20 wherein the sacrificial template material is a polyethyleneoxide-polypropyleneoxide-polyethyleneoxide triblock material. 23. A process according to claim 20 wherein the sacrificial template material is cetyl trimethylammonium bromide. 24. A process according to claim 19 wherein the coating medium is dried out at a temperature between about 10 and 100° C., preferably between 20 and 80° C. 25. A process according to claim 13, wherein the coating medium further includes a sacrificial template material, and wherein forming the porous network comprises calcining the sol at a temperature from about 200° C. to 1000° C., before disposing the at least one photocatalytic metal oxide in the porous network. 26. A process according to claim 25 wherein the sacrificial template material is an organic polymer. 27. A process according to claims 13 wherein the at least one photocatalytic metal oxide is disposed in the porous inorganic layer by applying a suspension of the at least one photocatalytic material in a liquid carrier material to the porous inorganic layer, and evaporating the carrier material. 28. A roofing shingle including roofing granules according to claim 1. 29. A roofing shingle according to claim 28 wherein the mass of roofing granules per unit of area is between about 0.5 and 2.5 kg/m2. 30. A roofing shingle according to claim 29, wherein the roofing granules including the at least one photocatalytic metal oxide comprise from about 0.1% to 10% by weight of the total weight of roofing granules. 31. A roofing product including a biocidal coating, the roofing product comprising:
a base material; and an exterior coating covering the base material; the exterior coating including at least one porous layer having a network of pores formed therein; the porous inorganic layer containing at least one biocidal photocatalytic metal oxide in the network. 32. A roofing product according to claim 31, wherein the at least one porous layer comprises an inorganic material selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, zirconia and titania, and mixtures thereof. 33. A roofing product according to claim 31, wherein the porous layer has an average pore diameter of between 1 nm and 100 nm. 34. A roofing product according to claim 31, wherein the at least one porous layer has a total pore volume of at least 0.5×10−3 cm3/g and less than 0.1 cm3/g for pores having an average diameter less than 100 nm. 35. A roofing product according to claim 31, wherein the at least one porous layer has a total pore volume of between 0.7×10−3 and 1×10−2 cm3/g for pores having an average diameter less than 76 nm. 36. A roofing product according to claim 31, wherein the at least one porous layer has an average thickness no greater than about 40 μm. 37. A roofing product according to claim 31, wherein the at least one porous layer has an average thickness between about 0.5 μm and 10 μm. 38. A roofing product according to claim 31, wherein the at least one porous layer has an average thickness between about 1 μm and 5 μm. 39. A roofing product according to claim 31, wherein the photocatalytic metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of photocatalytic titanium oxide, photocatalytic copper oxide, photocatalytic vanadium oxide, and photocatalytic zinc oxide, and mixtures thereof. 40. A roofing product according to claim 31 further comprising a metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Au, Os, Pd, Ni, Sn, Cu, Fe, Rh, Nb, and Ru, and mixtures thereof. 41. A roofing product according to claim 31, wherein the photocatalytic metal oxide comprise from about 0.1 to 10 percent by weight of the exterior covering. 42. A roofing product according to claim 31, wherein the biocidal coating further comprises a second biocidal composition selected from the group consisting of inorganic biocides and organic biocides. 43. A roofing product according to claim 31, wherein the base material is selected from the group consisting of roofing shingles, roofing membranes and roofing granules. 44. A process for preparing roofing materials, the process comprising:
(a) providing a base material; (b) preparing a gel-forming inorganic coating medium; (c) providing at least one biocidal photocatalytic metal oxide; (d) coating the base material with the inorganic coating medium; (e) forming a porous coating layer on the mineral core from the inorganic coating medium, the porous coating layer having a pore network; and (f) disposing the at least one photocatalytic metal oxide in the pore network. 45. A process according to claim 44 wherein the gel-forming inorganic coating medium is selected from the group consisting of silica sol-gels, colloidal silica media, colloidal zirconia media, colloidal titania media, and colloidal alumina media 46. A process according to claim 44 wherein the coating medium is an aqueous suspension prepared from at least one precursor selected from the group consisting of alkylsilanes, alkoxysilanes, zirconium oxychloride, zirconium alkoxides, sodium silicate, potassium silicate, titanium chloride, titanium alkoxides, aluminum chloride, aluminum alkoxides, pyrogenic silica, pyrogenic alumina, pyrogenic titania, pyrogenic zirconia, and mixtures thereof. 47. A process according to claim 46 wherein the at least one precursor is selected from the group consisting of tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, and methyl triethoxysilane. 48. A process according to claim 46, wherein the coating medium further comprises the at least one biocidal photocatalytic metal oxide. 49. A process according to claim 46 wherein the porous coating network is formed by drying the coating medium. 50. A process according to claim 46 wherein the coating medium further comprises at least one sacrificial template material. 51. A process according to claim 50 wherein the sacrificial template material is selected from the group consisting of multiblock polyalkylene oxide materials, polyvinyl alcohol, and quaternary ammonium salts. 52. A process according to claim 50 wherein the sacrificial template material is a polyethyleneoxide-polypropyleneoxide-polyethyleneoxide triblock material. 53. A process according to claim 50 wherein the sacrificial template material is cetyl trimethylammonium bromide. 54. A process according to claim 46 wherein the coating medium further comprises a second biocidal composition selected from the group consisting of inorganic biocides and organic biocides. 55. A process according to claim 46 wherein the coating medium is dried out at a temperature between about 10 and 100° C. 56. A process according to claim 55 wherein the coating medium is dried out a temperature between about 20 and 80° C. 57. A process according to claim 55 wherein the coating medium comprises a sacrificial template and the sacrificial template material comprises an organic polymer. 58. A process according to claim 55 wherein the at least one photocatalytic metal oxide is disposed in the porous inorganic layer by applying a suspension of the at least one photocatalytic material in a liquid carrier material to the porous inorganic layer, and evaporating the carrier material. 59. A process according to claim 46 wherein the base material is selected from roofing shingles, roofing membranes and roofing granules. | 1,700 |
1,794 | 13,154,248 | 1,795 | The present invention generally relates to double emulsion droplet compositions, polymer particles that can be formed from such double emulsion droplet compositions, and to methods and apparatuses for making such compositions and particles. A double emulsion generally describes larger droplets that contain smaller droplets therein. These double emulsion droplet compositions can be used to create a variety of materials including polymer particles and polymeric shells and are further useful for encapsulating a variety of species including catalyst compounds and pharmaceutical agents. The double emulsion droplet compositions disclosed herein are readily formed using planar droplet (“digital”) microfluidic devices without channels, and either air or an immiscible liquid as an ambient medium. | 1. A method for forming a double emulsion droplet composition, comprising:
combining a first liquid droplet and a second liquid droplet using a droplet-based microfluidic device capable of manipulating droplets, wherein the microfluidic device is used by: placing the first liquid droplet on a first specified location on a surface of the droplet-based microfluidic device; placing the second liquid droplet on a second specified location on a surface of the droplet-based microfluidic device; and moving at least one of the first or second droplets on the surface of the device so that the first and second droplets are brought into proximity such that the first liquid droplet spontaneously inserts into the second liquid droplet or spontaneously engulfs the second liquid droplet, thereby forming a double emulsion droplet. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first liquid droplet and the second liquid droplet comprise a plurality of compounds that, when combined in the double emulsion droplet, can react to form a polymer particle. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising exposing the double emulsion droplet to reaction conditions sufficient to form the polymer particle. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the polymer particle forms a solid particle, a shell, or a core-shell particle. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein a medium surrounding droplets as they move through the device is air. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second specified locations comprise a reservoir including an electrode that is operatively coupled to a plurality of electrodes configured to form a pathway along which droplets move on the surface of the droplet-based microfluidic device. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein a sequence of electrical signals is applied to a pattern of electrodes buried beneath a dielectric layer on the droplet-based microfluidic device surface to enable transport of droplets along the surface of the droplet-based microfluidic device. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the droplet-based microfluidic device comprises a single planar substrate having an array of electrodes disposed under a layer of a dielectric material. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the droplet-based microfluidic device comprises:
a first planar substrate comprising a dielectric layer; a second planar substrate comprising a dielectric layer;
wherein the first or second planar substrates are disposed in a parallel orientation and separated by a gap;
a plurality of electrodes disposed under the dielectric layer on the first and second planar substrates, wherein the electrodes are disposed in a pattern that functions to generate an electromechanical force upon the sequential application of an electrical potential across the plurality of electrodes, wherein the electromechanical force is sufficient to move droplets along at least one pathway disposed in the gap between the first and second planar substrates. 10. A method for forming a polymer particle, comprising:
placing a first liquid droplet on a first specified location on a surface of a droplet-based microfluidic device; placing a second liquid droplet on a second specified location on a surface of the droplet-based microfluidic device;
wherein the first and/or the second liquid droplet comprises at least one compound that reacts in a double emulsion droplet to form a polymeric material;
moving at least one of the first or second droplets on the surface of the device so that the first and second droplets are brought into proximity such that the first liquid droplet spontaneously inserts into the second liquid droplet or spontaneously engulfs the second liquid droplet, thereby forming a double emulsion droplet; and
allowing the compound in the double emulsion droplet to react and form a polymeric material, so that the polymer particle is made. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first and second liquids comprise at least one of a soluble component, a particulate component, a polymerizable monomer, a cross-linking agent, or a polymerization initiator. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the first liquid or the second liquid is selected for use in the method by determining a miscibility, a hydrophobic or a hydrophilic property of the first liquid or the second liquid. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the first liquid or the second liquid is selected for use in the method by determining at least one thermodynamic property of the first liquid or the second liquid. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the first liquid or the second liquid is selected for use in the method by determining a surface tension property of the first liquid or the second liquid. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the first liquid and the second liquid are of a predetermined volume. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the particles have diameters of a uniform defined size that is between 0.02 mm and 5.0 mm. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the device does not comprise channels adapted to contain and direct the flow of a fluid through the device. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the droplet-based microfluidic device comprises a plate having an array of electrodes disposed under a layer of a dielectric material. 19. The method of claim 10, wherein the microfluidic device comprises
a second plate, comprising at least a second electrode, wherein the first plate and the second plate are spaced apart such that a droplet can travel between the first plate and the second plate; a first layer of a dielectric material, covering the array of first electrodes; and a second layer of a dielectric material, covering the at least second electrode, wherein application of electrical signals between selected electrodes within the array of first electrodes and the at least one second electrode moves the droplet between the top plate and the bottom plate. 20. The microfluidic device of claim 19, further comprising an additional layer deposited on a dielectric layer, wherein the additional layer comprises a hydrophobic or a hydrophilic composition. | The present invention generally relates to double emulsion droplet compositions, polymer particles that can be formed from such double emulsion droplet compositions, and to methods and apparatuses for making such compositions and particles. A double emulsion generally describes larger droplets that contain smaller droplets therein. These double emulsion droplet compositions can be used to create a variety of materials including polymer particles and polymeric shells and are further useful for encapsulating a variety of species including catalyst compounds and pharmaceutical agents. The double emulsion droplet compositions disclosed herein are readily formed using planar droplet (“digital”) microfluidic devices without channels, and either air or an immiscible liquid as an ambient medium.1. A method for forming a double emulsion droplet composition, comprising:
combining a first liquid droplet and a second liquid droplet using a droplet-based microfluidic device capable of manipulating droplets, wherein the microfluidic device is used by: placing the first liquid droplet on a first specified location on a surface of the droplet-based microfluidic device; placing the second liquid droplet on a second specified location on a surface of the droplet-based microfluidic device; and moving at least one of the first or second droplets on the surface of the device so that the first and second droplets are brought into proximity such that the first liquid droplet spontaneously inserts into the second liquid droplet or spontaneously engulfs the second liquid droplet, thereby forming a double emulsion droplet. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first liquid droplet and the second liquid droplet comprise a plurality of compounds that, when combined in the double emulsion droplet, can react to form a polymer particle. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising exposing the double emulsion droplet to reaction conditions sufficient to form the polymer particle. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the polymer particle forms a solid particle, a shell, or a core-shell particle. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein a medium surrounding droplets as they move through the device is air. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second specified locations comprise a reservoir including an electrode that is operatively coupled to a plurality of electrodes configured to form a pathway along which droplets move on the surface of the droplet-based microfluidic device. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein a sequence of electrical signals is applied to a pattern of electrodes buried beneath a dielectric layer on the droplet-based microfluidic device surface to enable transport of droplets along the surface of the droplet-based microfluidic device. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the droplet-based microfluidic device comprises a single planar substrate having an array of electrodes disposed under a layer of a dielectric material. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the droplet-based microfluidic device comprises:
a first planar substrate comprising a dielectric layer; a second planar substrate comprising a dielectric layer;
wherein the first or second planar substrates are disposed in a parallel orientation and separated by a gap;
a plurality of electrodes disposed under the dielectric layer on the first and second planar substrates, wherein the electrodes are disposed in a pattern that functions to generate an electromechanical force upon the sequential application of an electrical potential across the plurality of electrodes, wherein the electromechanical force is sufficient to move droplets along at least one pathway disposed in the gap between the first and second planar substrates. 10. A method for forming a polymer particle, comprising:
placing a first liquid droplet on a first specified location on a surface of a droplet-based microfluidic device; placing a second liquid droplet on a second specified location on a surface of the droplet-based microfluidic device;
wherein the first and/or the second liquid droplet comprises at least one compound that reacts in a double emulsion droplet to form a polymeric material;
moving at least one of the first or second droplets on the surface of the device so that the first and second droplets are brought into proximity such that the first liquid droplet spontaneously inserts into the second liquid droplet or spontaneously engulfs the second liquid droplet, thereby forming a double emulsion droplet; and
allowing the compound in the double emulsion droplet to react and form a polymeric material, so that the polymer particle is made. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first and second liquids comprise at least one of a soluble component, a particulate component, a polymerizable monomer, a cross-linking agent, or a polymerization initiator. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the first liquid or the second liquid is selected for use in the method by determining a miscibility, a hydrophobic or a hydrophilic property of the first liquid or the second liquid. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the first liquid or the second liquid is selected for use in the method by determining at least one thermodynamic property of the first liquid or the second liquid. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the first liquid or the second liquid is selected for use in the method by determining a surface tension property of the first liquid or the second liquid. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the first liquid and the second liquid are of a predetermined volume. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the particles have diameters of a uniform defined size that is between 0.02 mm and 5.0 mm. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the device does not comprise channels adapted to contain and direct the flow of a fluid through the device. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the droplet-based microfluidic device comprises a plate having an array of electrodes disposed under a layer of a dielectric material. 19. The method of claim 10, wherein the microfluidic device comprises
a second plate, comprising at least a second electrode, wherein the first plate and the second plate are spaced apart such that a droplet can travel between the first plate and the second plate; a first layer of a dielectric material, covering the array of first electrodes; and a second layer of a dielectric material, covering the at least second electrode, wherein application of electrical signals between selected electrodes within the array of first electrodes and the at least one second electrode moves the droplet between the top plate and the bottom plate. 20. The microfluidic device of claim 19, further comprising an additional layer deposited on a dielectric layer, wherein the additional layer comprises a hydrophobic or a hydrophilic composition. | 1,700 |
1,795 | 14,341,955 | 1,733 | Disclosed is a material on the basis of intermetallic nickel aluminides for applications which require a high high-temperature strength. The material comprises more than 50 at. % nickel and ternary Laves phases. Also disclosed is a component of a turbomachine produced from the material. | 1. A material on the basis of intermetallic nickel aluminides for applications which require a high high-temperature strength, wherein the material comprises more than 50 at. % nickel and ternary Laves phases. 2. The material of claim 1, wherein the material comprises NiAl and/or Ni3Al. 3. The material of claim 1, wherein the material comprises ternary Laves phases on the basis of Ni, Al and Ta and/or Nb. 4. The material of claim 3, wherein the material comprises one or more of NiAlTa, NiAlNb and NiAl(Ta,Nb). 5. The material of claim 1, wherein the material comprises from 50.1 at. % to 70 at. % Ni, and from 0.5 at. % to 10 at. % Ta and/or from 0.5 at. % to 10 at. % Nb, remainder aluminum. 6. The material of claim 1, wherein the material comprises from 51 at. % to 60 at. % Ni and from 1 at. % to 5 at. % Ta and/or from 1 at. % to 5 at. % Nb, remainder aluminum. 7. The material of claim 5, wherein the material comprises from 51 at. % to 60 at. % Ni. 8. The material of claim 5, wherein the material comprises from 1 at. % to 5 at. % Ta and/or from 1 at. % to 5 at. % Nb 9. The material of claim 1, wherein some of the aluminum is replaced by impurities, accompanying elements and/or further alloying elements. 10. The material of claim 5, wherein the sum total of Ta and Nb in the material is from 0.5 at. % to 10 at. %. 11. The material of claim 5, wherein the sum total of Ta and Nb in the material is from 1 at. % to 5 at. %. 12. The material of claim 6, wherein the sum total of Ta and Nb in the material is from 0.5 at. % to 10 at. %. 13. The material of claim 6, wherein the sum total of Ta and Nb in the material is from 1 at. % to 5 at. %. 14. The material of claim 7, wherein the sum total of Ta and Nb in the material is from 1 at. % to 5 at. %. 15. The material of claim 1, wherein a microstructure of the material comprises NiAl crystallites and/or Ni3Al crystallites, at the grain boundaries of which are arranged ternary Laves phases. 16. The material of claim 3, wherein a microstructure of the material comprises NiAl crystallites and/or Ni3Al crystallites, at the grain boundaries of which are arranged ternary Laves phases. 17. A component of a turbomachine, wherein the component is formed from or comprises the material of claim 1. 18. The component of claim 17, wherein the component is a component of an aero engine. 19. The component of claim 17, wherein the component is a rotor blade or a guide vane in a turbine. 20. The component of claim 19, wherein the component is a rotor blade or a guide vane in a low-pressure turbine of a turbomachine. | Disclosed is a material on the basis of intermetallic nickel aluminides for applications which require a high high-temperature strength. The material comprises more than 50 at. % nickel and ternary Laves phases. Also disclosed is a component of a turbomachine produced from the material.1. A material on the basis of intermetallic nickel aluminides for applications which require a high high-temperature strength, wherein the material comprises more than 50 at. % nickel and ternary Laves phases. 2. The material of claim 1, wherein the material comprises NiAl and/or Ni3Al. 3. The material of claim 1, wherein the material comprises ternary Laves phases on the basis of Ni, Al and Ta and/or Nb. 4. The material of claim 3, wherein the material comprises one or more of NiAlTa, NiAlNb and NiAl(Ta,Nb). 5. The material of claim 1, wherein the material comprises from 50.1 at. % to 70 at. % Ni, and from 0.5 at. % to 10 at. % Ta and/or from 0.5 at. % to 10 at. % Nb, remainder aluminum. 6. The material of claim 1, wherein the material comprises from 51 at. % to 60 at. % Ni and from 1 at. % to 5 at. % Ta and/or from 1 at. % to 5 at. % Nb, remainder aluminum. 7. The material of claim 5, wherein the material comprises from 51 at. % to 60 at. % Ni. 8. The material of claim 5, wherein the material comprises from 1 at. % to 5 at. % Ta and/or from 1 at. % to 5 at. % Nb 9. The material of claim 1, wherein some of the aluminum is replaced by impurities, accompanying elements and/or further alloying elements. 10. The material of claim 5, wherein the sum total of Ta and Nb in the material is from 0.5 at. % to 10 at. %. 11. The material of claim 5, wherein the sum total of Ta and Nb in the material is from 1 at. % to 5 at. %. 12. The material of claim 6, wherein the sum total of Ta and Nb in the material is from 0.5 at. % to 10 at. %. 13. The material of claim 6, wherein the sum total of Ta and Nb in the material is from 1 at. % to 5 at. %. 14. The material of claim 7, wherein the sum total of Ta and Nb in the material is from 1 at. % to 5 at. %. 15. The material of claim 1, wherein a microstructure of the material comprises NiAl crystallites and/or Ni3Al crystallites, at the grain boundaries of which are arranged ternary Laves phases. 16. The material of claim 3, wherein a microstructure of the material comprises NiAl crystallites and/or Ni3Al crystallites, at the grain boundaries of which are arranged ternary Laves phases. 17. A component of a turbomachine, wherein the component is formed from or comprises the material of claim 1. 18. The component of claim 17, wherein the component is a component of an aero engine. 19. The component of claim 17, wherein the component is a rotor blade or a guide vane in a turbine. 20. The component of claim 19, wherein the component is a rotor blade or a guide vane in a low-pressure turbine of a turbomachine. | 1,700 |
1,796 | 13,752,403 | 1,797 | The invention provides a method for treatment of the diseases in a human by identifying the human as one suffering from a herpes simplex virus (HSV), and then administering to the human the compound anti-HSV agent or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The diseases include dermatosis and non-dermatosis, wherein the dermatosis include acnes, impetigo, pyoderma gangrenosum, chilblains and psoriasiform, asteatotic dermatitis, ichthyosis, lichen simplex chronicus (Neurodermatitis, Prurigo), seborrhoeic dermatitis, rosacea, perioral dermatitis, epidermal cyst, wound ulcer, discoid lupus erythematosus, vitiligo, Alopecia, diagnostic criteria of some autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus or diabetic skin complications, wherein the non-dermatosis include glomerulonephritis, arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, myelodysplasia, multiple myeloma, demyelinating disease, Parkison's disease, anemia, cytopenia those among the diagnostic criteria. | 1. A method for treating impetigo in a human, comprising administering to said human an agent comprising 2-[(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-3H-purin-9-yl)methoxy]ethyl-2-amino-3-methylbutanoate or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 2-3. (canceled) 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said salt comprises an acid addition salt. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said salt comprises a hydrochloride salt. 6-20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 1, wherein said salt comprises a sulphuric salt. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein said salt comprises a phosphoric salt. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein said salt comprises a maleic salt. 24. The method of claim 1, wherein said salt comprises a citric salt. 25. The method of claim 1, wherein said salt comprises a tartaric salt. 26. The method of claim 1, wherein said salt comprises an acetic salt. 27. The method of claim 1, wherein said human has a Herpes simplex virus (HSV) immunoglobulin G titer greater than 2. 28. A method for treating impetigo in a human, comprising administering to said human an agent comprising 2-Amino-1,9-dihydro-9-((2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl)-6H-purin-6-one or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein said salt comprises an acid addition salt. 30. The method of claim 28, wherein said salt comprises a hydrochloride salt. 31. The method of claim 28, wherein said salt comprises a sulphuric salt. 32. The method of claim 28, wherein said salt comprises a phosphoric salt. 33. The method of claim 28, wherein said salt comprises a maleic salt. 34. The method of claim 28, wherein said salt comprises a citric salt. 35. The method of claim 28, wherein said salt comprises a tartaric salt. 36. The method of claim 28, wherein said salt comprises an acetic salt. 37. The method of claim 28, wherein said human has a Herpes simplex virus (HSV) immunoglobulin G titer greater than 2. | The invention provides a method for treatment of the diseases in a human by identifying the human as one suffering from a herpes simplex virus (HSV), and then administering to the human the compound anti-HSV agent or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The diseases include dermatosis and non-dermatosis, wherein the dermatosis include acnes, impetigo, pyoderma gangrenosum, chilblains and psoriasiform, asteatotic dermatitis, ichthyosis, lichen simplex chronicus (Neurodermatitis, Prurigo), seborrhoeic dermatitis, rosacea, perioral dermatitis, epidermal cyst, wound ulcer, discoid lupus erythematosus, vitiligo, Alopecia, diagnostic criteria of some autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus or diabetic skin complications, wherein the non-dermatosis include glomerulonephritis, arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, myelodysplasia, multiple myeloma, demyelinating disease, Parkison's disease, anemia, cytopenia those among the diagnostic criteria.1. A method for treating impetigo in a human, comprising administering to said human an agent comprising 2-[(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-3H-purin-9-yl)methoxy]ethyl-2-amino-3-methylbutanoate or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 2-3. (canceled) 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said salt comprises an acid addition salt. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said salt comprises a hydrochloride salt. 6-20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 1, wherein said salt comprises a sulphuric salt. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein said salt comprises a phosphoric salt. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein said salt comprises a maleic salt. 24. The method of claim 1, wherein said salt comprises a citric salt. 25. The method of claim 1, wherein said salt comprises a tartaric salt. 26. The method of claim 1, wherein said salt comprises an acetic salt. 27. The method of claim 1, wherein said human has a Herpes simplex virus (HSV) immunoglobulin G titer greater than 2. 28. A method for treating impetigo in a human, comprising administering to said human an agent comprising 2-Amino-1,9-dihydro-9-((2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl)-6H-purin-6-one or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein said salt comprises an acid addition salt. 30. The method of claim 28, wherein said salt comprises a hydrochloride salt. 31. The method of claim 28, wherein said salt comprises a sulphuric salt. 32. The method of claim 28, wherein said salt comprises a phosphoric salt. 33. The method of claim 28, wherein said salt comprises a maleic salt. 34. The method of claim 28, wherein said salt comprises a citric salt. 35. The method of claim 28, wherein said salt comprises a tartaric salt. 36. The method of claim 28, wherein said salt comprises an acetic salt. 37. The method of claim 28, wherein said human has a Herpes simplex virus (HSV) immunoglobulin G titer greater than 2. | 1,700 |
1,797 | 14,410,191 | 1,729 | A membrane electrode assembly which includes an anode, a cathode and a solid polymer electrolyte membrane that are specifically arranged, wherein the cathode has a cathode catalyst layer and a cathode diffusion layer that is arranged on a surface of the cathode catalyst layer, the surface being on the side opposite the solid polymer electrolyte membrane side, the cathode catalyst layer contains an oxygen reduction catalyst composed of composite particles each of which is constituted of a catalyst metal containing palladium or a palladium alloy and a catalyst carrier containing, as constituent elements, a specific transition metal element M1, a transition metal element M2 other than the transition metal element M1, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in a specific ratio, and the cathode diffusion layer contains an oxidation catalyst and a water-repellent resin. | 1. A membrane electrode assembly comprising an anode, a cathode and a solid polymer electrolyte membrane and having constitution in which the solid polymer electrolyte membrane is interposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein
the cathode has a cathode catalyst layer and a cathode diffusion layer that is arranged on a surface of the cathode catalyst layer, said surface being on the opposite side to the solid polymer electrolyte membrane side, the cathode catalyst layer contains an oxygen reduction catalyst composed of composite particles each of which is constituted of a catalyst metal and a catalyst carrier, the catalyst metal contains palladium or a palladium alloy, the catalyst carrier contains, as constituent elements, a transition metal element M1 that is at least one selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, niobium and tantalum, a transition metal element M2 other than the transition metal element M1, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, the ratio of the number of atoms among the transition metal element M1, the transition metal element M2, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen (transition metal element M1:transition metal element M2:carbon:nitrogen:oxygen) is (1-a):a:x:y:z (with the proviso that a, x, y and z are numbers of 0<a≦0.5, 0<x≦7, 0<y≦2 and 0<z≦3), and the cathode diffusion layer contains an oxidation catalyst and a water-repellent resin. 2. The membrane electrode assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transition metal element M2 is at least one selected from iron, nickel, chromium, cobalt, vanadium and manganese. 3. The membrane electrode assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein the oxidation catalyst contained in the cathode diffusion layer is at least one selected from platinum, palladium, copper, silver, tungsten, molybdenum, iron, nickel, cobalt, manganese, zinc and vanadium. 4. The membrane electrode assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein the water-repellent resin contained in the cathode diffusion layer is at least one selected from polytetrafluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinyl fluoride), a perfluoroalkoxyfluorine resin, a tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene copolymer, an ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, an ethylene/chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, polyethylene, polyolefin, polypropylene, polyaniline, polythiophene and polyester. 5. The membrane electrode assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cathode catalyst layer further contains an electron conductive substance. 6. A fuel cell comprising the membrane electrode assembly as claimed in claim 1. 7. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 6, which further comprises a reaction intermediate removing filter for a direct liquid fuel cell, said reaction intermediate removing filter being for removing a reaction intermediate contained in a discharged matter from the electrode. 8. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 7, wherein the reaction intermediate removing filter for a direct liquid fuel cell comprises:
a gas-liquid separation member for selectively allowing a gas component in the discharged matter to permeate therethrough, and a catalyst part for allowing the gas component having permeated through the gas-liquid separation member to undergo oxidation combustion. 9. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 6, which is a direct methanol fuel cell. | A membrane electrode assembly which includes an anode, a cathode and a solid polymer electrolyte membrane that are specifically arranged, wherein the cathode has a cathode catalyst layer and a cathode diffusion layer that is arranged on a surface of the cathode catalyst layer, the surface being on the side opposite the solid polymer electrolyte membrane side, the cathode catalyst layer contains an oxygen reduction catalyst composed of composite particles each of which is constituted of a catalyst metal containing palladium or a palladium alloy and a catalyst carrier containing, as constituent elements, a specific transition metal element M1, a transition metal element M2 other than the transition metal element M1, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in a specific ratio, and the cathode diffusion layer contains an oxidation catalyst and a water-repellent resin.1. A membrane electrode assembly comprising an anode, a cathode and a solid polymer electrolyte membrane and having constitution in which the solid polymer electrolyte membrane is interposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein
the cathode has a cathode catalyst layer and a cathode diffusion layer that is arranged on a surface of the cathode catalyst layer, said surface being on the opposite side to the solid polymer electrolyte membrane side, the cathode catalyst layer contains an oxygen reduction catalyst composed of composite particles each of which is constituted of a catalyst metal and a catalyst carrier, the catalyst metal contains palladium or a palladium alloy, the catalyst carrier contains, as constituent elements, a transition metal element M1 that is at least one selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, niobium and tantalum, a transition metal element M2 other than the transition metal element M1, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, the ratio of the number of atoms among the transition metal element M1, the transition metal element M2, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen (transition metal element M1:transition metal element M2:carbon:nitrogen:oxygen) is (1-a):a:x:y:z (with the proviso that a, x, y and z are numbers of 0<a≦0.5, 0<x≦7, 0<y≦2 and 0<z≦3), and the cathode diffusion layer contains an oxidation catalyst and a water-repellent resin. 2. The membrane electrode assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transition metal element M2 is at least one selected from iron, nickel, chromium, cobalt, vanadium and manganese. 3. The membrane electrode assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein the oxidation catalyst contained in the cathode diffusion layer is at least one selected from platinum, palladium, copper, silver, tungsten, molybdenum, iron, nickel, cobalt, manganese, zinc and vanadium. 4. The membrane electrode assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein the water-repellent resin contained in the cathode diffusion layer is at least one selected from polytetrafluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinyl fluoride), a perfluoroalkoxyfluorine resin, a tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene copolymer, an ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, an ethylene/chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, polyethylene, polyolefin, polypropylene, polyaniline, polythiophene and polyester. 5. The membrane electrode assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cathode catalyst layer further contains an electron conductive substance. 6. A fuel cell comprising the membrane electrode assembly as claimed in claim 1. 7. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 6, which further comprises a reaction intermediate removing filter for a direct liquid fuel cell, said reaction intermediate removing filter being for removing a reaction intermediate contained in a discharged matter from the electrode. 8. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 7, wherein the reaction intermediate removing filter for a direct liquid fuel cell comprises:
a gas-liquid separation member for selectively allowing a gas component in the discharged matter to permeate therethrough, and a catalyst part for allowing the gas component having permeated through the gas-liquid separation member to undergo oxidation combustion. 9. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 6, which is a direct methanol fuel cell. | 1,700 |
1,798 | 14,444,485 | 1,785 | Methods for manufacturing a composite plastic display cover include defining an edge portion of a base plastic cover sheet. A strengthening treatment is applied to the edge portion of the base plastic cover sheet to improve mechanical strength. A hardening treatment is applied to the base plastic cover sheet and over the strengthening treatment to improve anti-glare and anti-scratch properties. | 1. A method of manufacturing a composite plastic display cover for use in an information handling system, the method comprising:
applying a strengthening treatment to an edge portion of a base plastic cover sheet, the base plastic cover sheet corresponding in size to the composite plastic display cover and having a center portion, including applying a polymeric composite coating to the edge portion; after applying the strengthening treatment, applying a hardening treatment to the base plastic cover sheet including applying a nanoceramic solgel; drying the nanoceramic solgel; and thermally treating the dried nanoceramic solgel to form a scratch-resistant layer at an external surface of the composite plastic display cover. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the strengthening treatment includes:
adding a particulate to the polymeric composite coating selected from at least one of: silica fiber, silica particles, ceramic fiber, and ceramic particles. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the strengthening treatment includes:
laminating a carbon fiber layer to the edge portion. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the strengthening treatment includes:
diffusing a colorant into the edge portion. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the colorant is at least partially opaque, and wherein diffusing the colorant includes laser-infusing the colorant. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymeric composite coating includes at least one of:
polyurethane, polyetherimide, impact-modified poly(methyl methacrylate), polycarbonate, polyvinylpyrrolidine, and glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the strengthening treatment includes:
applying an anti-microbial coating to the edge portion. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the nanoceramic solgel includes at least one of: silica, alumina, and zirconia. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the strengthening treatment includes:
vapor-depositing silica to the base plastic cover. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the base plastic cover sheet comprises a composite of plastic and glass layers corresponding in size to the composite plastic display cover. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the hardening treatment results in a lower hardness at the edge portion and a higher hardness at the center portion. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the hardening treatment includes:
prior to applying the nanoceramic solgel, vapor depositing a nanolayer of silica to both the edge portion and the center portion; and applying the nanoceramic solgel to the center portion over the nanolayer of silica. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein vapor depositing the nanolayer of silica includes:
vapor codepositing a metal with the silica to form a nanolayer of a silica-metal mixture. 14. A composite plastic display cover for use in an information handling system, comprising:
a base plastic cover sheet that corresponds in size to the composite plastic display cover, the base plastic cover sheet including an edge portion and a center portion defined therein; a strengthening layer applied to the edge portion, the strengthening layer including a polymeric composite coating; and a hardening layer applied to the base plastic cover sheet, the hardening layer including a nanoceramic layer. 15. The composite plastic display cover of claim 14, wherein the strengthening layer includes:
a particulate selected from at least one of: silica fiber, silica particles, ceramic fiber, and ceramic particles. 16. The composite plastic display cover of claim 14, wherein the strengthening layer includes:
a carbon fiber layer over the edge portion. 17. The composite plastic display cover of claim 14, wherein the strengthening layer includes:
a colorant diffused into the edge portion. 18. The composite plastic display cover of claim 14, wherein the colorant is at least partially opaque, and wherein diffusing the colorant includes laser-infusing the colorant. 19. The composite plastic display cover of claim 14, wherein the polymeric composite coating includes at least one of:
polyurethane, polyetherimide, impact-modified poly(methyl methacrylate), polycarbonate, polyvinylpyrrolidine, and glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate. 20. The composite plastic display cover of claim 14, wherein strengthening layer includes:
an anti-microbial coating at the edge portion. 21. The composite plastic display cover of claim 14, wherein the nanoceramic solgel includes at least one of: silica, alumina, and zirconia. 22. The composite plastic display cover of claim 14, wherein the strengthening layer includes vapor-deposited silica. 23. The composite plastic display cover of claim 14, wherein the base plastic cover sheet comprises a composite of plastic and glass layers corresponding in size to the composite plastic display cover. 24. The composite plastic display cover of claim 14, wherein the composite plastic display cover has a lower hardness at the edge portion and a higher hardness at the center portion. 25. The composite plastic display cover of claim 14, wherein the hardening layer includes:
a vapor deposited nanolayer of silica at both the edge portion and the center portion; and the nanoceramic solgel at the center portion over the nanolayer of silica. 26. The composite plastic display cover of claim 25, wherein the nanolayer of silica includes:
a vapor codeposited silica-metal mixture. | Methods for manufacturing a composite plastic display cover include defining an edge portion of a base plastic cover sheet. A strengthening treatment is applied to the edge portion of the base plastic cover sheet to improve mechanical strength. A hardening treatment is applied to the base plastic cover sheet and over the strengthening treatment to improve anti-glare and anti-scratch properties.1. A method of manufacturing a composite plastic display cover for use in an information handling system, the method comprising:
applying a strengthening treatment to an edge portion of a base plastic cover sheet, the base plastic cover sheet corresponding in size to the composite plastic display cover and having a center portion, including applying a polymeric composite coating to the edge portion; after applying the strengthening treatment, applying a hardening treatment to the base plastic cover sheet including applying a nanoceramic solgel; drying the nanoceramic solgel; and thermally treating the dried nanoceramic solgel to form a scratch-resistant layer at an external surface of the composite plastic display cover. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the strengthening treatment includes:
adding a particulate to the polymeric composite coating selected from at least one of: silica fiber, silica particles, ceramic fiber, and ceramic particles. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the strengthening treatment includes:
laminating a carbon fiber layer to the edge portion. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the strengthening treatment includes:
diffusing a colorant into the edge portion. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the colorant is at least partially opaque, and wherein diffusing the colorant includes laser-infusing the colorant. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymeric composite coating includes at least one of:
polyurethane, polyetherimide, impact-modified poly(methyl methacrylate), polycarbonate, polyvinylpyrrolidine, and glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the strengthening treatment includes:
applying an anti-microbial coating to the edge portion. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the nanoceramic solgel includes at least one of: silica, alumina, and zirconia. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the strengthening treatment includes:
vapor-depositing silica to the base plastic cover. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the base plastic cover sheet comprises a composite of plastic and glass layers corresponding in size to the composite plastic display cover. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the hardening treatment results in a lower hardness at the edge portion and a higher hardness at the center portion. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the hardening treatment includes:
prior to applying the nanoceramic solgel, vapor depositing a nanolayer of silica to both the edge portion and the center portion; and applying the nanoceramic solgel to the center portion over the nanolayer of silica. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein vapor depositing the nanolayer of silica includes:
vapor codepositing a metal with the silica to form a nanolayer of a silica-metal mixture. 14. A composite plastic display cover for use in an information handling system, comprising:
a base plastic cover sheet that corresponds in size to the composite plastic display cover, the base plastic cover sheet including an edge portion and a center portion defined therein; a strengthening layer applied to the edge portion, the strengthening layer including a polymeric composite coating; and a hardening layer applied to the base plastic cover sheet, the hardening layer including a nanoceramic layer. 15. The composite plastic display cover of claim 14, wherein the strengthening layer includes:
a particulate selected from at least one of: silica fiber, silica particles, ceramic fiber, and ceramic particles. 16. The composite plastic display cover of claim 14, wherein the strengthening layer includes:
a carbon fiber layer over the edge portion. 17. The composite plastic display cover of claim 14, wherein the strengthening layer includes:
a colorant diffused into the edge portion. 18. The composite plastic display cover of claim 14, wherein the colorant is at least partially opaque, and wherein diffusing the colorant includes laser-infusing the colorant. 19. The composite plastic display cover of claim 14, wherein the polymeric composite coating includes at least one of:
polyurethane, polyetherimide, impact-modified poly(methyl methacrylate), polycarbonate, polyvinylpyrrolidine, and glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate. 20. The composite plastic display cover of claim 14, wherein strengthening layer includes:
an anti-microbial coating at the edge portion. 21. The composite plastic display cover of claim 14, wherein the nanoceramic solgel includes at least one of: silica, alumina, and zirconia. 22. The composite plastic display cover of claim 14, wherein the strengthening layer includes vapor-deposited silica. 23. The composite plastic display cover of claim 14, wherein the base plastic cover sheet comprises a composite of plastic and glass layers corresponding in size to the composite plastic display cover. 24. The composite plastic display cover of claim 14, wherein the composite plastic display cover has a lower hardness at the edge portion and a higher hardness at the center portion. 25. The composite plastic display cover of claim 14, wherein the hardening layer includes:
a vapor deposited nanolayer of silica at both the edge portion and the center portion; and the nanoceramic solgel at the center portion over the nanolayer of silica. 26. The composite plastic display cover of claim 25, wherein the nanolayer of silica includes:
a vapor codeposited silica-metal mixture. | 1,700 |
1,799 | 13,957,073 | 1,764 | A process for preparing water-absorbing polymer beads by polymerizing droplets comprising at least one monomer in a gas phase surrounding the droplets, the droplets being obtained by enveloping a first monomer solution with a second monomer solution and polymerizing the second monomer solution and polymerizing to give a more highly crosslinked polymer than the first monomer solution. | 1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. Water-absorbing polymer beads which have a centrifuge retention capacity of at least 30 g/g and a permeability of at least 30×10−∂cm3s/g, and less than 30% of a measured moduli of elasticity of an outer bead surface has a value of less than 60% of the mean modulus of elasticity. 13. The polymer beads according to claim 12, which have an absorbency under a load of 4.83 kPa (AUL0.7 psi) of at least 20 g/g. 14. The polymer beads according to claim 12, wherein the outer bead surface of the polymer beads has a mean modulus of elasticity of at least 100 kPa. 15. The polymer beads according to claim 12, which comprise less than 10% by weight of extractables. 16. The polymer beads according to claims 12, which comprise at least one cavity in the bead interior. 17. The polymer beads according to claim 16, wherein a ratio of maximum diameter of the cavity to a maximum diameter of the polymer bead is at least 0.1. 18. The polymer beads according to claim 16, wherein a quotient of mean modulus of elasticity of an outer bead surface and mean modulus of elasticity of an inner wall of the cavity is at least 2.5. 19. The polymer beads according to claim 12, which comprise at least partly neutralized polymerized acrylic acid to an extent of at least 50 mol %. 20. The polymer beads according to claim 12, which have a mean diameter of at least 200 μm. 21. (canceled) 22. A hygiene article comprising polymer beads according to claim 12. | A process for preparing water-absorbing polymer beads by polymerizing droplets comprising at least one monomer in a gas phase surrounding the droplets, the droplets being obtained by enveloping a first monomer solution with a second monomer solution and polymerizing the second monomer solution and polymerizing to give a more highly crosslinked polymer than the first monomer solution.1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. Water-absorbing polymer beads which have a centrifuge retention capacity of at least 30 g/g and a permeability of at least 30×10−∂cm3s/g, and less than 30% of a measured moduli of elasticity of an outer bead surface has a value of less than 60% of the mean modulus of elasticity. 13. The polymer beads according to claim 12, which have an absorbency under a load of 4.83 kPa (AUL0.7 psi) of at least 20 g/g. 14. The polymer beads according to claim 12, wherein the outer bead surface of the polymer beads has a mean modulus of elasticity of at least 100 kPa. 15. The polymer beads according to claim 12, which comprise less than 10% by weight of extractables. 16. The polymer beads according to claims 12, which comprise at least one cavity in the bead interior. 17. The polymer beads according to claim 16, wherein a ratio of maximum diameter of the cavity to a maximum diameter of the polymer bead is at least 0.1. 18. The polymer beads according to claim 16, wherein a quotient of mean modulus of elasticity of an outer bead surface and mean modulus of elasticity of an inner wall of the cavity is at least 2.5. 19. The polymer beads according to claim 12, which comprise at least partly neutralized polymerized acrylic acid to an extent of at least 50 mol %. 20. The polymer beads according to claim 12, which have a mean diameter of at least 200 μm. 21. (canceled) 22. A hygiene article comprising polymer beads according to claim 12. | 1,700 |
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