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1,600 | 14,478,258 | 1,733 | An article and a method for forming a single crystal casting are disclosed. The article includes a single crystal nickel-based superalloy having a composition including greater than about 80 ppm boron (B) and a substantially single crystal microstructure with at least one grain boundary. A creep rupture strength of the article is substantially maintained up to a mismatched grain boundary of about 40 degrees. The method for forming a single crystal casting includes positioning a mold on a cooling plate, the mold including a single crystal selector, providing a molten nickel-based superalloy composition in the mold, the molten composition including greater than about 80 ppm boron (B), cooling the molten composition with the cooling plate, and forming a unidirectional temperature gradient by withdrawing the mold from within a heat source to form the single crystal casting including a substantially single crystal microstructure having at least one grain boundary. | 1. A single crystal superalloy article comprising:
a nickel-based superalloy having a composition including greater than about 80 ppm boron (B); wherein the article includes a substantially single crystal microstructure having at least one grain boundary, the article having a creep rupture strength that is substantially maintained up to a mismatched grain boundary of about 40 degrees. 2. The article of claim 1, further comprising between about 80 ppm and about 130 ppm boron (B). 3. The article of claim 1, further comprising between about 80 ppm and about 100 ppm boron (B). 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises, by weight percent:
about 5.75% to about 6.25% chromium (Cr); about 7.0% to about 8.0% cobalt (Co); about 6.2% to about 6.7% aluminum (Al); up to about 0.04% titanium (Ti); about 6.4% to about 6.8% tantalum (Ta); about 6.0% to about 6.5% tungsten (W); about 1.3% to about 1.7% molybdenum (Mo); about 0.03% to about 0.11% carbon (C); about 0.008% to about 0.013% boron (B); about 0.12% to about 0.18% hafnium (Hf); and balance nickel (Ni) and incidental impurities. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises, by weight percent:
about 9.5% to about 10.0% chromium (Cr); about 7.0% to about 8.0% cobalt (Co); about 4.1% to about 4.3% aluminum (Al); about 3.35% to about 3.65% titanium (Ti); about 5.75% to about 6.25% tungsten (W); about 1.3% to about 1.7% molybdenum (Mo); about 4.6% to about 5.0% tantalum (Ta); about 0.03% to about 0.11% carbon (C); about 0.008% to about 0.013% boron (B); about 0.4% to about 0.6% niobium (Nb); about 0.1% to about 0.2% hafnium (Hf); and balance nickel (Ni) and incidental impurities. 6. The article of claim 1, wherein the article is a hot gas path component of a gas turbine or an aviation engine, and wherein the hot gas path component is subjected to temperatures of at least about 2,000° F. 7. The article of claim 6, wherein the hot gas path component is selected from the group consisting of a blade, a vane, a nozzle, a seal and a stationary shroud. 8. The article of claim 1, further comprising an angle of mismatch acceptance criteria of up to 40 degrees. 9. The article of claim 8, further comprising low angle boundaries including up 10 degrees mismatch. 10. The article of claim 8, further comprising high angle boundaries including greater than 10 degrees mismatch. 11. The article of claim 1, wherein the article is directionally solidified. 12. A single crystal superalloy article comprising:
a nickel-based superalloy having a composition including, by weight percent: about 5.75% to about 6.25% chromium (Cr); about 7.0% to about 8.0% cobalt (Co); about 6.2% to about 6.7% aluminum (Al); up to about 0.04% titanium (Ti); about 6.4% to about 6.8% tantalum (Ta); about 6.0% to about 6.5% tungsten (W); about 1.3% to about 1.7% molybdenum (Mo); about 0.03% to about 0.11% carbon (C); about 0.008% to about 0.013% boron (B); about 0.12% to about 0.18% hafnium (Hf); and balance nickel (Ni) and incidental impurities; wherein the article is directionally solidified; and wherein the article includes a substantially single crystal microstructure having at least one grain boundary, the article having a creep rupture strength that is substantially maintained up to a mismatched grain boundary of about 40 degrees. 13. A method for forming a single crystal casting of a nickel-based superalloy composition, the method comprising:
positioning a mold on a cooling plate, the mold including a single crystal selector; providing the mold within a heat source; providing a molten nickel-based superalloy composition in the mold, the molten nickel-based superalloy composition including greater than about 80 ppm boron (B); cooling the molten nickel-based superalloy composition with the cooling plate to form nucleated grains; and forming a unidirectional temperature gradient by withdrawing the mold from within the heat source; wherein the unidirectional temperature generates growth of columnar-grains from the nucleated grains, and only one of the columnar-grains passes through the single crystal selector into a body portion of the mold to form the single crystal casting; and wherein the single crystal casting includes a substantially single crystal microstructure having at least one grain boundary, the casting having a creep rupture strength that is substantially maintained up to a mismatched grain boundary of about 40 degrees. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising greater than about 100 ppm boron (B). 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the mold further comprises a starter block between the cooling plate and the single crystal selector. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the starter block comprises a columnar starter block. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the single crystal selector further comprises a helical single crystal selector. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the single crystal casting comprises a hot gas path component of a gas turbine or an aviation engine, the hot gas path component being selected from the group consisting of a blade, a vane, a nozzle, a seal, and a stationary shroud. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the creep rupture strength that is substantially maintained up to a mismatched grain boundary of about 40 degrees provides an increased yield of the single crystal casting. 20. The method of claim 13, further comprising heating the mold to a temperature of between about 1500 and about 1700° C. | An article and a method for forming a single crystal casting are disclosed. The article includes a single crystal nickel-based superalloy having a composition including greater than about 80 ppm boron (B) and a substantially single crystal microstructure with at least one grain boundary. A creep rupture strength of the article is substantially maintained up to a mismatched grain boundary of about 40 degrees. The method for forming a single crystal casting includes positioning a mold on a cooling plate, the mold including a single crystal selector, providing a molten nickel-based superalloy composition in the mold, the molten composition including greater than about 80 ppm boron (B), cooling the molten composition with the cooling plate, and forming a unidirectional temperature gradient by withdrawing the mold from within a heat source to form the single crystal casting including a substantially single crystal microstructure having at least one grain boundary.1. A single crystal superalloy article comprising:
a nickel-based superalloy having a composition including greater than about 80 ppm boron (B); wherein the article includes a substantially single crystal microstructure having at least one grain boundary, the article having a creep rupture strength that is substantially maintained up to a mismatched grain boundary of about 40 degrees. 2. The article of claim 1, further comprising between about 80 ppm and about 130 ppm boron (B). 3. The article of claim 1, further comprising between about 80 ppm and about 100 ppm boron (B). 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises, by weight percent:
about 5.75% to about 6.25% chromium (Cr); about 7.0% to about 8.0% cobalt (Co); about 6.2% to about 6.7% aluminum (Al); up to about 0.04% titanium (Ti); about 6.4% to about 6.8% tantalum (Ta); about 6.0% to about 6.5% tungsten (W); about 1.3% to about 1.7% molybdenum (Mo); about 0.03% to about 0.11% carbon (C); about 0.008% to about 0.013% boron (B); about 0.12% to about 0.18% hafnium (Hf); and balance nickel (Ni) and incidental impurities. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises, by weight percent:
about 9.5% to about 10.0% chromium (Cr); about 7.0% to about 8.0% cobalt (Co); about 4.1% to about 4.3% aluminum (Al); about 3.35% to about 3.65% titanium (Ti); about 5.75% to about 6.25% tungsten (W); about 1.3% to about 1.7% molybdenum (Mo); about 4.6% to about 5.0% tantalum (Ta); about 0.03% to about 0.11% carbon (C); about 0.008% to about 0.013% boron (B); about 0.4% to about 0.6% niobium (Nb); about 0.1% to about 0.2% hafnium (Hf); and balance nickel (Ni) and incidental impurities. 6. The article of claim 1, wherein the article is a hot gas path component of a gas turbine or an aviation engine, and wherein the hot gas path component is subjected to temperatures of at least about 2,000° F. 7. The article of claim 6, wherein the hot gas path component is selected from the group consisting of a blade, a vane, a nozzle, a seal and a stationary shroud. 8. The article of claim 1, further comprising an angle of mismatch acceptance criteria of up to 40 degrees. 9. The article of claim 8, further comprising low angle boundaries including up 10 degrees mismatch. 10. The article of claim 8, further comprising high angle boundaries including greater than 10 degrees mismatch. 11. The article of claim 1, wherein the article is directionally solidified. 12. A single crystal superalloy article comprising:
a nickel-based superalloy having a composition including, by weight percent: about 5.75% to about 6.25% chromium (Cr); about 7.0% to about 8.0% cobalt (Co); about 6.2% to about 6.7% aluminum (Al); up to about 0.04% titanium (Ti); about 6.4% to about 6.8% tantalum (Ta); about 6.0% to about 6.5% tungsten (W); about 1.3% to about 1.7% molybdenum (Mo); about 0.03% to about 0.11% carbon (C); about 0.008% to about 0.013% boron (B); about 0.12% to about 0.18% hafnium (Hf); and balance nickel (Ni) and incidental impurities; wherein the article is directionally solidified; and wherein the article includes a substantially single crystal microstructure having at least one grain boundary, the article having a creep rupture strength that is substantially maintained up to a mismatched grain boundary of about 40 degrees. 13. A method for forming a single crystal casting of a nickel-based superalloy composition, the method comprising:
positioning a mold on a cooling plate, the mold including a single crystal selector; providing the mold within a heat source; providing a molten nickel-based superalloy composition in the mold, the molten nickel-based superalloy composition including greater than about 80 ppm boron (B); cooling the molten nickel-based superalloy composition with the cooling plate to form nucleated grains; and forming a unidirectional temperature gradient by withdrawing the mold from within the heat source; wherein the unidirectional temperature generates growth of columnar-grains from the nucleated grains, and only one of the columnar-grains passes through the single crystal selector into a body portion of the mold to form the single crystal casting; and wherein the single crystal casting includes a substantially single crystal microstructure having at least one grain boundary, the casting having a creep rupture strength that is substantially maintained up to a mismatched grain boundary of about 40 degrees. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising greater than about 100 ppm boron (B). 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the mold further comprises a starter block between the cooling plate and the single crystal selector. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the starter block comprises a columnar starter block. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the single crystal selector further comprises a helical single crystal selector. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the single crystal casting comprises a hot gas path component of a gas turbine or an aviation engine, the hot gas path component being selected from the group consisting of a blade, a vane, a nozzle, a seal, and a stationary shroud. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the creep rupture strength that is substantially maintained up to a mismatched grain boundary of about 40 degrees provides an increased yield of the single crystal casting. 20. The method of claim 13, further comprising heating the mold to a temperature of between about 1500 and about 1700° C. | 1,700 |
1,601 | 13,480,053 | 1,777 | A method of treating a liquid. The method comprises providing a feed liquid comprising at least one solvent and at least one solute to a first side of a membrane. A single-phase draw solution comprising at least one of an aminium salt, an amidinium salt, and a guanidinium salt is provided to a second side of the membrane. The at least one solvent is osmosed across the membrane and into the single-phase draw solution to form a diluted single-phase draw solution. At least one of CO 2 , CS 2 , and COS is removed from the diluted single-phase draw solution to form a first multiple-phase solution comprising a first liquid phase comprising the at least one solvent, and a second liquid phase comprising at least one of an amine compound, an amidine compound, and a guanidine compound. A liquid purification system is also described. | 1. A method of treating a liquid, the method comprising:
providing a feed liquid comprising at least one solvent and at least one solute to a first side of a membrane; providing a single-phase draw solution comprising at least one of an aminium salt, an amidinium salt, and a guanidinium salt to a second side of the membrane; osmosing the at least one solvent across the membrane and into the single-phase draw solution to form a diluted single-phase draw solution; and removing at least one of CO2, CS2, and COS from the diluted single-phase draw solution to form a first multiple-phase solution comprising:
a first liquid phase comprising the at least one solvent; and
a second liquid phase comprising at least one of an amine compound, an amidine compound, and a guanidine compound. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein providing a feed liquid comprises providing at least one of an aqueous saline solution, ocean water, brine, brackish water, mineralized water, industrial waste water, produced water, mining waste, food product solution, acid solution, base solution, synthetic fermentation broth, algal growth media, microbial solution, landfill leachate, radioactive material solution, and toxic material solution. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein providing a single-phase draw solution comprising the at least one of the aminium salt, the amidinium salt, and the guanidinium salt to a second side of the membrane comprises:
forming a multiple-phase draw solution comprising:
a first phase comprising at least one of an amine compound, an amidine compound, and a guanidine compound; and
a second phase comprising at least one of water and an alcohol;
exposing the multiple-phase draw solution to at least one of CO2, CS2, and COS to form the single-phase draw solution; and contacting the second side of the membrane with the single-phase draw solution. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein forming the multiple-phase draw solution further comprises adjusting an amount of at least one of the first phase and the second phase such that the single-phase draw solution has a greater concentration of the at least one of the aminium salt, the amidinium salt, and the guanidinium salt than a total solute concentration of the feed liquid. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the amine compound comprises a tertiary amine compound comprising a ratio of nitrogen to carbon of from about 1:2 to about 1:15. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the amine compound comprises one nitrogen atom and less than or equal to eight carbon atoms. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the single-phase draw solution comprises at least one of an aminium bicarbonate, an aminium carbonate, an aminium alkyl carbonate, an amidinium bicarbonate, amidinium carbonate, an aminium alkyl carbonate, an guanidinium bicarbonate, an guanidinium carbonate, and a guanidinium alkyl carbonate. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein removing the at least one of CO2, CS2, and COS from the diluted single-phase draw solution comprises exposing the diluted single-phase draw solution to at least one of heat, reduced pressure, and a non-reactive gas substantially free of CO2, CS2, and COS. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising separating the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase of the first multiple-phase solution to form each of a first concentrated draw solution and a liquid product, wherein the first concentrated draw solution comprises the at least one of the amine compound, the amidine compound, and the guanidine compound, and wherein the liquid product comprises the at least one solvent and a trace amount of at least one of the amine compound, the amidine compound, and the guanidine compound. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein separating the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase of the first multiple-phase solution comprises at least one of decanting, filtering, and centrifuging the first multiple-phase solution. 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising separating the at least one solvent and the trace amount of the at least one of the amine compound, the amidine compound, and the guanidine compound to form each of a purified liquid product and a second concentrated draw solution. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein separating the at least one solvent and the trace amount of the at least one of the amine compound, the amidine compound, and the guanidine compound comprises filtering the liquid product by reverse osmosis. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising exposing at least one of the first concentrated draw solution and the second concentrated draw solution to at least one of CO2, CS2, COS, and at least one of water and alcohol to form the single-phase draw solution. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising separating the single-phase draw solution and at least one organic solute. 15. A method of liquid treatment, the method comprising:
diffusing water from a feed solution through a semi-permeable membrane and into a draw solution comprising at least one of water and alcohol, and a hydrophilic solvent comprising:
at least one of an aminium cation, an amidinium cation, and a guanidinium cation; and
at least one of a bicarbonate anion, a carbonate anion, and an alkyl carbonate anion to form a diluted draw solution;
exposing the diluted draw solution to at least one of heat, reduced pressure, and a non-reactive gas to form a first multiple-phase solution comprising a water phase and an hydrophobic solvent phase comprising at least one of an amine compound, an amidine compound, and a guanidinium compound; and separating the water phase and the hydrophobic solvent phase. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein diffusing water from a feed solution through a semi-permeable membrane and into a draw solution comprises controlling a concentration of the hydrophilic solvent of the draw solution to draw the water from the feed solution by forward osmosis. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising delivering the water phase to a filtration device comprising a reverse osmosis membrane to remove a trace amount of at least one of the hydrophobic solvent and the hydrophilic solvent and form a purified water product. 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising introducing CO2 and at least one of water and alcohol to the hydrophobic solvent phase to form the draw solution. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein diffusing water from a feed solution through a semi-permeable membrane and into a draw solution further comprises diffusing at least one organic solute from the feed solution through the semi-permeable membrane and into the draw solution, wherein the hydrophobic solvent phase further comprises the at least one organic solute. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising:
introducing CO2 and at least one of water and alcohol to the hydrophobic solvent phase to form a second multiple-phase solution comprising the draw solution and an organic concentrate; and separating the draw solution and the organic concentrate. 21. A liquid treatment system comprising:
a forward osmosis device configured to transfer a solvent from a feed liquid into a draw solution to form a diluted draw solution; a first solvent switching area positioned downstream of the forward osmosis device and configured to process the diluted draw solution to produce a first concentrated draw solution and a liquid product; a filtration device positioned downstream of the first solvent switching area and configured to filter the liquid product to form a second concentrated draw solution and a purified liquid product; and a second solvent switching area positioned downstream of the first solvent switching area and the filtration device and configured to process at least one of the first concentrated draw solution and the second concentrated draw solution to produce the draw solution. 22. The liquid treatment system of claim 21, wherein the first solvent switching area comprises:
at least one of a heating device, a pressure reducing device, and a gas contacting device configured to expose the diluted draw solution to at least one of heat, reduced pressure, and a non-reactive gas to form a multiple-phase liquid solution; and at least one separation device configured to separate liquid phases of the multiple-phase liquid solution to form the first concentrated draw solution and the liquid product. 23. The liquid treatment system of claim 21, wherein the filtration device comprises a reverse osmosis membrane configured to remove a trace amount of at least one of a hydrophilic solvent and a hydrophobic solvent from the liquid product. 24. The liquid treatment system of claim 21, wherein the second solvent switching area comprises at least one device for exposing at least one of the first concentrated draw solution and the second concentrated draw solution to at least one of CO2, CS2, and COS, and to at least one of at least one water and alcohol to form the draw solution. 25. The liquid treatment system of claim 24, wherein the second solvent switching area further comprises at least one device for separating an organic concentrate from the draw solution stream. | A method of treating a liquid. The method comprises providing a feed liquid comprising at least one solvent and at least one solute to a first side of a membrane. A single-phase draw solution comprising at least one of an aminium salt, an amidinium salt, and a guanidinium salt is provided to a second side of the membrane. The at least one solvent is osmosed across the membrane and into the single-phase draw solution to form a diluted single-phase draw solution. At least one of CO 2 , CS 2 , and COS is removed from the diluted single-phase draw solution to form a first multiple-phase solution comprising a first liquid phase comprising the at least one solvent, and a second liquid phase comprising at least one of an amine compound, an amidine compound, and a guanidine compound. A liquid purification system is also described.1. A method of treating a liquid, the method comprising:
providing a feed liquid comprising at least one solvent and at least one solute to a first side of a membrane; providing a single-phase draw solution comprising at least one of an aminium salt, an amidinium salt, and a guanidinium salt to a second side of the membrane; osmosing the at least one solvent across the membrane and into the single-phase draw solution to form a diluted single-phase draw solution; and removing at least one of CO2, CS2, and COS from the diluted single-phase draw solution to form a first multiple-phase solution comprising:
a first liquid phase comprising the at least one solvent; and
a second liquid phase comprising at least one of an amine compound, an amidine compound, and a guanidine compound. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein providing a feed liquid comprises providing at least one of an aqueous saline solution, ocean water, brine, brackish water, mineralized water, industrial waste water, produced water, mining waste, food product solution, acid solution, base solution, synthetic fermentation broth, algal growth media, microbial solution, landfill leachate, radioactive material solution, and toxic material solution. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein providing a single-phase draw solution comprising the at least one of the aminium salt, the amidinium salt, and the guanidinium salt to a second side of the membrane comprises:
forming a multiple-phase draw solution comprising:
a first phase comprising at least one of an amine compound, an amidine compound, and a guanidine compound; and
a second phase comprising at least one of water and an alcohol;
exposing the multiple-phase draw solution to at least one of CO2, CS2, and COS to form the single-phase draw solution; and contacting the second side of the membrane with the single-phase draw solution. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein forming the multiple-phase draw solution further comprises adjusting an amount of at least one of the first phase and the second phase such that the single-phase draw solution has a greater concentration of the at least one of the aminium salt, the amidinium salt, and the guanidinium salt than a total solute concentration of the feed liquid. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the amine compound comprises a tertiary amine compound comprising a ratio of nitrogen to carbon of from about 1:2 to about 1:15. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the amine compound comprises one nitrogen atom and less than or equal to eight carbon atoms. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the single-phase draw solution comprises at least one of an aminium bicarbonate, an aminium carbonate, an aminium alkyl carbonate, an amidinium bicarbonate, amidinium carbonate, an aminium alkyl carbonate, an guanidinium bicarbonate, an guanidinium carbonate, and a guanidinium alkyl carbonate. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein removing the at least one of CO2, CS2, and COS from the diluted single-phase draw solution comprises exposing the diluted single-phase draw solution to at least one of heat, reduced pressure, and a non-reactive gas substantially free of CO2, CS2, and COS. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising separating the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase of the first multiple-phase solution to form each of a first concentrated draw solution and a liquid product, wherein the first concentrated draw solution comprises the at least one of the amine compound, the amidine compound, and the guanidine compound, and wherein the liquid product comprises the at least one solvent and a trace amount of at least one of the amine compound, the amidine compound, and the guanidine compound. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein separating the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase of the first multiple-phase solution comprises at least one of decanting, filtering, and centrifuging the first multiple-phase solution. 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising separating the at least one solvent and the trace amount of the at least one of the amine compound, the amidine compound, and the guanidine compound to form each of a purified liquid product and a second concentrated draw solution. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein separating the at least one solvent and the trace amount of the at least one of the amine compound, the amidine compound, and the guanidine compound comprises filtering the liquid product by reverse osmosis. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising exposing at least one of the first concentrated draw solution and the second concentrated draw solution to at least one of CO2, CS2, COS, and at least one of water and alcohol to form the single-phase draw solution. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising separating the single-phase draw solution and at least one organic solute. 15. A method of liquid treatment, the method comprising:
diffusing water from a feed solution through a semi-permeable membrane and into a draw solution comprising at least one of water and alcohol, and a hydrophilic solvent comprising:
at least one of an aminium cation, an amidinium cation, and a guanidinium cation; and
at least one of a bicarbonate anion, a carbonate anion, and an alkyl carbonate anion to form a diluted draw solution;
exposing the diluted draw solution to at least one of heat, reduced pressure, and a non-reactive gas to form a first multiple-phase solution comprising a water phase and an hydrophobic solvent phase comprising at least one of an amine compound, an amidine compound, and a guanidinium compound; and separating the water phase and the hydrophobic solvent phase. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein diffusing water from a feed solution through a semi-permeable membrane and into a draw solution comprises controlling a concentration of the hydrophilic solvent of the draw solution to draw the water from the feed solution by forward osmosis. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising delivering the water phase to a filtration device comprising a reverse osmosis membrane to remove a trace amount of at least one of the hydrophobic solvent and the hydrophilic solvent and form a purified water product. 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising introducing CO2 and at least one of water and alcohol to the hydrophobic solvent phase to form the draw solution. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein diffusing water from a feed solution through a semi-permeable membrane and into a draw solution further comprises diffusing at least one organic solute from the feed solution through the semi-permeable membrane and into the draw solution, wherein the hydrophobic solvent phase further comprises the at least one organic solute. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising:
introducing CO2 and at least one of water and alcohol to the hydrophobic solvent phase to form a second multiple-phase solution comprising the draw solution and an organic concentrate; and separating the draw solution and the organic concentrate. 21. A liquid treatment system comprising:
a forward osmosis device configured to transfer a solvent from a feed liquid into a draw solution to form a diluted draw solution; a first solvent switching area positioned downstream of the forward osmosis device and configured to process the diluted draw solution to produce a first concentrated draw solution and a liquid product; a filtration device positioned downstream of the first solvent switching area and configured to filter the liquid product to form a second concentrated draw solution and a purified liquid product; and a second solvent switching area positioned downstream of the first solvent switching area and the filtration device and configured to process at least one of the first concentrated draw solution and the second concentrated draw solution to produce the draw solution. 22. The liquid treatment system of claim 21, wherein the first solvent switching area comprises:
at least one of a heating device, a pressure reducing device, and a gas contacting device configured to expose the diluted draw solution to at least one of heat, reduced pressure, and a non-reactive gas to form a multiple-phase liquid solution; and at least one separation device configured to separate liquid phases of the multiple-phase liquid solution to form the first concentrated draw solution and the liquid product. 23. The liquid treatment system of claim 21, wherein the filtration device comprises a reverse osmosis membrane configured to remove a trace amount of at least one of a hydrophilic solvent and a hydrophobic solvent from the liquid product. 24. The liquid treatment system of claim 21, wherein the second solvent switching area comprises at least one device for exposing at least one of the first concentrated draw solution and the second concentrated draw solution to at least one of CO2, CS2, and COS, and to at least one of at least one water and alcohol to form the draw solution. 25. The liquid treatment system of claim 24, wherein the second solvent switching area further comprises at least one device for separating an organic concentrate from the draw solution stream. | 1,700 |
1,602 | 14,364,439 | 1,779 | An apparatus for collecting mineral particles in a slurry or the tailings is disclosed. The apparatus may take the form of a filter, a conveyor belt or an impeller to be used in a processor to collect mineral particles in the slurry, or in a tailings pond to collect mineral particles in the tailings. The filter, conveyor belt or impeller has a collection area made of or coated with a polymer or a polymer-coated material having a functional group, either anionic or cationic to attach to the mineral particles. Alternatively, the synthetic material has hydrophobic molecules to render the collection area hydrophobic. When the mineral particles in the slurry or tailings are combined with collector molecules, the mineral particles also become hydrophobic. The hydrophobic mineral particles are attracted to the hydrophobic collection area. The filter, conveyor belt and impeller may have a plurality of passage ways in order to increase the contacting surfaces. | 1. An apparatus comprising:
a collection area comprising collection surfaces configured to contact with a mixture comprising water and valuable material, the valuable material comprising a plurality of mineral particles; and the collection surfaces being made from a polymer or a polymer-coated material, the polymer or polymer-coated material comprises plurality of molecules comprising a functional group configured to attract the mineral particles to the collection surfaces. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the functional group comprises a chemical functional group for bonding the mineral particles to the molecules. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the functional group comprises an ion which is either anionic or cationic. 4. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the functional group comprises one or more ions in carboxylic, sulfates, sulfonates, xanthates, dithiophosphates, thionocarboamates, thioureas, xanthogens, monothiophosphates, hydroquinones and polyamines. 5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the polymer is selected from a group consisting of polyamides, polyesters, polyurethanes, phenol-formaldehyde, urea-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde, polyacetal, polyethylene, polyisobutylene, polyacrylonitrile, poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylates), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinylidene chloride), polyisoprene, polybutadiene, polyacrylates, poly(carbonate), phenolic resin, and polydimethylsiloxane. 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the functional group is configured to render the collection surfaces hydrophobic. 7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the polymer is selected from a group consisting of polystyrene, poly(d,l-lactide), poly(dimethylsiloxane), polypropylene, polyacrylic, polyethylene, hydrophobically-modified ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose polysiloxanates, alkylsilane and fluoroalkylsilane. 8. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the mineral particles comprise one or more hydrophobic molecular segments attached thereon. 9. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the polymer or the polymer-coated material comprise a siloxane derivative. 10. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the polymer or the polymer-coated material comprise polysiloxanates or hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes. 11. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the mixture further comprises a plurality of collector molecules, and each of the collector molecules comprises a hydrophobic molecular segment and an ionizing bond bonding to the mineral particle. 12. A method comprising:
providing a collection area on a filter member, the collection area comprising collection surfaces configured to contact with a mixture comprising water and valuable material, the valuable material comprising a plurality of mineral particles; and providing a polymer or the polymer-coated material at least on the collection surfaces, the polymer or the polymer-coated material comprising a plurality of molecules comprising a functional group configured to attract the mineral particles to the collection surfaces. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the functional group comprises a chemical bond for bonding the mineral particles to the molecules. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the chemical bond comprises one or more ions in carboxylic, sulfates, sulfonates, xanthates, dithiophosphates, thionocarboamates, thioureas, xanthogens, monothiophosphates, hydroquinones and polyamines. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the polymer is selected from a group consisting of polyamides, polyesters, polyurethanes, phenol-formaldehyde, urea-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde, polyacetal, polyethylene, polyisobutylene, polyacrylonitrile, poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylates), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinylidene chloride), polyisoprene, polybutadiene, polyacrylates, poly(carbonate), phenolic resin, and polydimethylsiloxane. 16. The method according to claim 12, wherein the functional group configured to render the collection surfaces hydrophobic. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the polymer is selected from a group consisting of polyamides, polyesters, polyurethanes, phenol-formaldehyde, urea-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde, polyacetal, polyethylene, polyisobutylene, polyacrylonitrile, poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylates), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinylidene chloride), polyisoprene, polybutadiene, polyacrylates, poly(carbonate), phenolic resin and polydimethylsiloxane. 18. The method according to claim 16, wherein the mineral particles comprise one or more hydrophobic molecular segments attached thereon. 19. The method according to claim 16, wherein the polymer or the polymer-coated material comprise a siloxane derivative. 20. The method according to claim 16, wherein the polymer or the polymer-coated material comprise polysiloxanates or hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes. 21. The method according to claim 17, further comprising:
providing collector molecules in the mixture, the collector molecules comprising a first end and a second end, the first end comprising a functional group configured to attach to the mineral particles, the second end comprising a hydrophobic molecular segment. 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the collector molecules comprise xanthates. | An apparatus for collecting mineral particles in a slurry or the tailings is disclosed. The apparatus may take the form of a filter, a conveyor belt or an impeller to be used in a processor to collect mineral particles in the slurry, or in a tailings pond to collect mineral particles in the tailings. The filter, conveyor belt or impeller has a collection area made of or coated with a polymer or a polymer-coated material having a functional group, either anionic or cationic to attach to the mineral particles. Alternatively, the synthetic material has hydrophobic molecules to render the collection area hydrophobic. When the mineral particles in the slurry or tailings are combined with collector molecules, the mineral particles also become hydrophobic. The hydrophobic mineral particles are attracted to the hydrophobic collection area. The filter, conveyor belt and impeller may have a plurality of passage ways in order to increase the contacting surfaces.1. An apparatus comprising:
a collection area comprising collection surfaces configured to contact with a mixture comprising water and valuable material, the valuable material comprising a plurality of mineral particles; and the collection surfaces being made from a polymer or a polymer-coated material, the polymer or polymer-coated material comprises plurality of molecules comprising a functional group configured to attract the mineral particles to the collection surfaces. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the functional group comprises a chemical functional group for bonding the mineral particles to the molecules. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the functional group comprises an ion which is either anionic or cationic. 4. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the functional group comprises one or more ions in carboxylic, sulfates, sulfonates, xanthates, dithiophosphates, thionocarboamates, thioureas, xanthogens, monothiophosphates, hydroquinones and polyamines. 5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the polymer is selected from a group consisting of polyamides, polyesters, polyurethanes, phenol-formaldehyde, urea-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde, polyacetal, polyethylene, polyisobutylene, polyacrylonitrile, poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylates), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinylidene chloride), polyisoprene, polybutadiene, polyacrylates, poly(carbonate), phenolic resin, and polydimethylsiloxane. 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the functional group is configured to render the collection surfaces hydrophobic. 7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the polymer is selected from a group consisting of polystyrene, poly(d,l-lactide), poly(dimethylsiloxane), polypropylene, polyacrylic, polyethylene, hydrophobically-modified ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose polysiloxanates, alkylsilane and fluoroalkylsilane. 8. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the mineral particles comprise one or more hydrophobic molecular segments attached thereon. 9. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the polymer or the polymer-coated material comprise a siloxane derivative. 10. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the polymer or the polymer-coated material comprise polysiloxanates or hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes. 11. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the mixture further comprises a plurality of collector molecules, and each of the collector molecules comprises a hydrophobic molecular segment and an ionizing bond bonding to the mineral particle. 12. A method comprising:
providing a collection area on a filter member, the collection area comprising collection surfaces configured to contact with a mixture comprising water and valuable material, the valuable material comprising a plurality of mineral particles; and providing a polymer or the polymer-coated material at least on the collection surfaces, the polymer or the polymer-coated material comprising a plurality of molecules comprising a functional group configured to attract the mineral particles to the collection surfaces. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the functional group comprises a chemical bond for bonding the mineral particles to the molecules. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the chemical bond comprises one or more ions in carboxylic, sulfates, sulfonates, xanthates, dithiophosphates, thionocarboamates, thioureas, xanthogens, monothiophosphates, hydroquinones and polyamines. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the polymer is selected from a group consisting of polyamides, polyesters, polyurethanes, phenol-formaldehyde, urea-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde, polyacetal, polyethylene, polyisobutylene, polyacrylonitrile, poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylates), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinylidene chloride), polyisoprene, polybutadiene, polyacrylates, poly(carbonate), phenolic resin, and polydimethylsiloxane. 16. The method according to claim 12, wherein the functional group configured to render the collection surfaces hydrophobic. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the polymer is selected from a group consisting of polyamides, polyesters, polyurethanes, phenol-formaldehyde, urea-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde, polyacetal, polyethylene, polyisobutylene, polyacrylonitrile, poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylates), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinylidene chloride), polyisoprene, polybutadiene, polyacrylates, poly(carbonate), phenolic resin and polydimethylsiloxane. 18. The method according to claim 16, wherein the mineral particles comprise one or more hydrophobic molecular segments attached thereon. 19. The method according to claim 16, wherein the polymer or the polymer-coated material comprise a siloxane derivative. 20. The method according to claim 16, wherein the polymer or the polymer-coated material comprise polysiloxanates or hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes. 21. The method according to claim 17, further comprising:
providing collector molecules in the mixture, the collector molecules comprising a first end and a second end, the first end comprising a functional group configured to attach to the mineral particles, the second end comprising a hydrophobic molecular segment. 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the collector molecules comprise xanthates. | 1,700 |
1,603 | 14,366,055 | 1,746 | In a bonding structure for bonding a bonding attachment, having an insertion hole formed to allow insertion of a rebar therein, to the rebar, an application liquid mixed with a granular fine powder is previously applied on the rebar or the inside of the insertion hole of the bonding attachment, and then the bonding attachment is bonded to the rebar inserted in the insertion hole. Thereby, the granular fine powder is disposed on the contact surfaces of the bonding attachment and the rebar inserted in the insertion hole of the bonding attachment, increasing the friction force to resist against the force to pull the inserted rebar out from the insertion hole. | 1. A method of forming a bonding structure to bond a bonding attachment to a rebar, the bonding attachment having an insertion hole for inserting the rebar therein, the method comprising:
a step of applying an application liquid including a water-soluble resin emulsion mixed with a granular fine powder with a grain size of 180 to 600 μm on an outer peripheral surface of the rebar and/or an inner peripheral surface of the insertion hole of the bonding attachment; a step of inserting the rebar in the insertion hole of the bonding attachment; and a step of bonding the bonding attachment to the rebar by pressing the bonding attachment with the rebar inserted in the insertion hole. 2. The method of forming a bonding structure according to claim 1, wherein the grain size of the granular fine powder is from 180 to 300 μm. 3. The method of forming a bonding structure according to claim 1, wherein the granular fine powder is silicon carbide based material or aluminum based material. 4. The method of forming a bonding structure according to claim 2, wherein the granular fine powder is silicon carbide based material or aluminum based material. | In a bonding structure for bonding a bonding attachment, having an insertion hole formed to allow insertion of a rebar therein, to the rebar, an application liquid mixed with a granular fine powder is previously applied on the rebar or the inside of the insertion hole of the bonding attachment, and then the bonding attachment is bonded to the rebar inserted in the insertion hole. Thereby, the granular fine powder is disposed on the contact surfaces of the bonding attachment and the rebar inserted in the insertion hole of the bonding attachment, increasing the friction force to resist against the force to pull the inserted rebar out from the insertion hole.1. A method of forming a bonding structure to bond a bonding attachment to a rebar, the bonding attachment having an insertion hole for inserting the rebar therein, the method comprising:
a step of applying an application liquid including a water-soluble resin emulsion mixed with a granular fine powder with a grain size of 180 to 600 μm on an outer peripheral surface of the rebar and/or an inner peripheral surface of the insertion hole of the bonding attachment; a step of inserting the rebar in the insertion hole of the bonding attachment; and a step of bonding the bonding attachment to the rebar by pressing the bonding attachment with the rebar inserted in the insertion hole. 2. The method of forming a bonding structure according to claim 1, wherein the grain size of the granular fine powder is from 180 to 300 μm. 3. The method of forming a bonding structure according to claim 1, wherein the granular fine powder is silicon carbide based material or aluminum based material. 4. The method of forming a bonding structure according to claim 2, wherein the granular fine powder is silicon carbide based material or aluminum based material. | 1,700 |
1,604 | 14,490,744 | 1,776 | A water harvesting and purifying system and method for an automobile. The system automatically collects condensed water from a heat-exchanger in an air-conditioning system. the system filters the condensed water and isolates it in a reservoir. the system boils the isolated water to further purify. The water is then useful for drinking for a predetermined time period, after which the water is purged and the process restarted. | 1. A system for harvesting clean drinking water in a vehicle comprising:
a heat-exchanger; a reservoir fluidly connected with and configured to collect water from the heat-exchanger; a heating element configured to heat water within the reservoir; and a controller coupled with the heating element and programmed to boil the water in the reservoir. 2. The system of claim 1 further comprising a water level sensor disposed within the reservoir, and wherein the controller is coupled with the water level sensor and further programmed to boil the water in response to the water in the reservoir reaching a predetermined level. 3. The system of claim 2 further comprising a valve fluidly disposed between the heat-exchanger and the reservoir, the controller coupled with the valve and further programmed to, in response to the water in the reservoir reaching the predetermined level, actuate the valve to inhibit water flow from the heat-exchanger to the reservoir. 4. The system of claim 1 further comprising a temperature sensor disposed in the reservoir, the controller coupled with the temperature sensor and further programmed to, in response to the water having a temperature indicative of boiling, maintain the temperature of the water for a predetermined period of time. 5. The system of claim 4 wherein the predetermined time period is at least one minute. 6. The system of claim 4 wherein the controller is further programmed to purge the water in the reservoir after a second predetermined period of time elapsing from the water having a temperature indicative of boiling. 7. The system of claim 6 wherein the second predetermined period of time is at least 12 hours. 8. The system of claim 6 further comprising a display wherein the controller is further programmed to send information relating to the purging of the water in the reservoir to the display. 9. The system of claim 1 further comprising an air duct proximate the reservoir to facilitate cooling of the water after being boiled. 10. The system of claim 9 further comprising a temperature sensor in the reservoir and the controller further programmed to, in response to the water reaching a predetermined temperature below a temperature indicative of boiling, indicate that the water is ready to drink. 11. The system of claim 1 wherein the vehicle has a battery capable of being recharged by plugging it in to an external electric source, the heat-exchanger is part of an air-conditioning system capable of being operated by the battery, and the controller is coupled with the air-conditioning system and the battery and further programmed, in response to the battery recharged by the external electric source, operate the air-conditioning system to generate water from the heat-exchanger. 12. The system of claim 1 further comprising a dispensing line, a water bottle compartment capable of holding at least one water bottle, and the controller further programmed to fill the at least one water bottle. 13. The system of claim 1 wherein the heat-exchanger is a condenser. 14. A method of providing clean drinking water in a vehicle comprising:
operating an air-conditioning system during a key-off time period; collecting condensed water from a condenser in the air-conditioning system; and boiling the condensed water. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the step of collecting condensed water comprises:
collecting a predetermined amount of condensed water; and
isolating the collected amount of condensed water from additional waters that may condense off of the condenser. 16. The method of claim 14 further comprising:
re-boiling the boiled water after a predetermined time period. 17. The method of claim 14 further comprising:
purging the boiled water after a predetermined time period. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the predetermined time period is at least 12 hours. 19. The method of claim 14 wherein the step of operating an air-conditioning system during a key-off period includes providing an external power source to the vehicle. 20. The method of claim 14 further comprising:
filtering the condensed water. | A water harvesting and purifying system and method for an automobile. The system automatically collects condensed water from a heat-exchanger in an air-conditioning system. the system filters the condensed water and isolates it in a reservoir. the system boils the isolated water to further purify. The water is then useful for drinking for a predetermined time period, after which the water is purged and the process restarted.1. A system for harvesting clean drinking water in a vehicle comprising:
a heat-exchanger; a reservoir fluidly connected with and configured to collect water from the heat-exchanger; a heating element configured to heat water within the reservoir; and a controller coupled with the heating element and programmed to boil the water in the reservoir. 2. The system of claim 1 further comprising a water level sensor disposed within the reservoir, and wherein the controller is coupled with the water level sensor and further programmed to boil the water in response to the water in the reservoir reaching a predetermined level. 3. The system of claim 2 further comprising a valve fluidly disposed between the heat-exchanger and the reservoir, the controller coupled with the valve and further programmed to, in response to the water in the reservoir reaching the predetermined level, actuate the valve to inhibit water flow from the heat-exchanger to the reservoir. 4. The system of claim 1 further comprising a temperature sensor disposed in the reservoir, the controller coupled with the temperature sensor and further programmed to, in response to the water having a temperature indicative of boiling, maintain the temperature of the water for a predetermined period of time. 5. The system of claim 4 wherein the predetermined time period is at least one minute. 6. The system of claim 4 wherein the controller is further programmed to purge the water in the reservoir after a second predetermined period of time elapsing from the water having a temperature indicative of boiling. 7. The system of claim 6 wherein the second predetermined period of time is at least 12 hours. 8. The system of claim 6 further comprising a display wherein the controller is further programmed to send information relating to the purging of the water in the reservoir to the display. 9. The system of claim 1 further comprising an air duct proximate the reservoir to facilitate cooling of the water after being boiled. 10. The system of claim 9 further comprising a temperature sensor in the reservoir and the controller further programmed to, in response to the water reaching a predetermined temperature below a temperature indicative of boiling, indicate that the water is ready to drink. 11. The system of claim 1 wherein the vehicle has a battery capable of being recharged by plugging it in to an external electric source, the heat-exchanger is part of an air-conditioning system capable of being operated by the battery, and the controller is coupled with the air-conditioning system and the battery and further programmed, in response to the battery recharged by the external electric source, operate the air-conditioning system to generate water from the heat-exchanger. 12. The system of claim 1 further comprising a dispensing line, a water bottle compartment capable of holding at least one water bottle, and the controller further programmed to fill the at least one water bottle. 13. The system of claim 1 wherein the heat-exchanger is a condenser. 14. A method of providing clean drinking water in a vehicle comprising:
operating an air-conditioning system during a key-off time period; collecting condensed water from a condenser in the air-conditioning system; and boiling the condensed water. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the step of collecting condensed water comprises:
collecting a predetermined amount of condensed water; and
isolating the collected amount of condensed water from additional waters that may condense off of the condenser. 16. The method of claim 14 further comprising:
re-boiling the boiled water after a predetermined time period. 17. The method of claim 14 further comprising:
purging the boiled water after a predetermined time period. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the predetermined time period is at least 12 hours. 19. The method of claim 14 wherein the step of operating an air-conditioning system during a key-off period includes providing an external power source to the vehicle. 20. The method of claim 14 further comprising:
filtering the condensed water. | 1,700 |
1,605 | 14,892,251 | 1,731 | A photocatalyst material ( 1 A) in accordance with an aspect of the present invention includes a core particle ( 2 ) and a shell layer ( 3 ) with which a whole surface of the core particle ( 2 ) is covered. The core particle ( 2 ) contains at least a tungsten oxide, and the shell layer ( 3 ) is constituted by a titanium oxide. | 1: A photocatalyst material comprising:
a core particle; and a shell layer with which a whole surface of the core particle is covered, the core particle containing at least a tungsten oxide, and the shell layer being constituted by a titanium oxide. 2: The photocatalyst material as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
the shell layer is constituted by a crystalline titanium oxide. 3: The photocatalyst material as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
a metal or a metal compound containing at least one of copper, platinum, palladium, iron, silver, gold, nickel, ruthenium, iridium, niobium, and molybdenum is provided on a surface of the shell layer. 4: The photocatalyst material as set forth in claim 3, wherein:
an amount of a metal contained in the metal or in the metal compound is 0.01 wt % or greater and 3 wt % or less with respect to the tungsten oxide contained in the core particle. 5: The photocatalyst material as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
the core particle contains a mixture of a tungsten oxide and a copper oxide. 6: The photocatalyst material as set forth in claim 5 wherein:
an amount of the copper oxide contained in the core particle is greater than 0.01 wt % and less than 100 wt % with respect to the tungsten oxide contained in the core particle. 7. (canceled) 8: The photocatalyst material as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
a weight proportion of the shell layer to the core particle is 0.01 or greater and 1.0 or less. 9. (canceled) 10: A method of producing a photocatalyst material,
said photocatalyst material comprising: a core particle; and a shell layer with which a whole surface of the core particle is covered, said method comprising the step of: growing, by adding a solution containing a titanium oxide precursor to a solution in which at least tungsten oxide particles each serving as the core particle are dispersed, a titanium oxide layer on a whole surface of at least one of the tungsten oxide particles. | A photocatalyst material ( 1 A) in accordance with an aspect of the present invention includes a core particle ( 2 ) and a shell layer ( 3 ) with which a whole surface of the core particle ( 2 ) is covered. The core particle ( 2 ) contains at least a tungsten oxide, and the shell layer ( 3 ) is constituted by a titanium oxide.1: A photocatalyst material comprising:
a core particle; and a shell layer with which a whole surface of the core particle is covered, the core particle containing at least a tungsten oxide, and the shell layer being constituted by a titanium oxide. 2: The photocatalyst material as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
the shell layer is constituted by a crystalline titanium oxide. 3: The photocatalyst material as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
a metal or a metal compound containing at least one of copper, platinum, palladium, iron, silver, gold, nickel, ruthenium, iridium, niobium, and molybdenum is provided on a surface of the shell layer. 4: The photocatalyst material as set forth in claim 3, wherein:
an amount of a metal contained in the metal or in the metal compound is 0.01 wt % or greater and 3 wt % or less with respect to the tungsten oxide contained in the core particle. 5: The photocatalyst material as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
the core particle contains a mixture of a tungsten oxide and a copper oxide. 6: The photocatalyst material as set forth in claim 5 wherein:
an amount of the copper oxide contained in the core particle is greater than 0.01 wt % and less than 100 wt % with respect to the tungsten oxide contained in the core particle. 7. (canceled) 8: The photocatalyst material as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
a weight proportion of the shell layer to the core particle is 0.01 or greater and 1.0 or less. 9. (canceled) 10: A method of producing a photocatalyst material,
said photocatalyst material comprising: a core particle; and a shell layer with which a whole surface of the core particle is covered, said method comprising the step of: growing, by adding a solution containing a titanium oxide precursor to a solution in which at least tungsten oxide particles each serving as the core particle are dispersed, a titanium oxide layer on a whole surface of at least one of the tungsten oxide particles. | 1,700 |
1,606 | 13,955,631 | 1,745 | A medical device including a plasma-treated porous substrate that is functionalized to provide a hydrophilic surface, and a process for preparing such a medical device, are disclosed. The method includes plasma treating at least a portion of a surface of a porous substrate with a gas species selected from oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and combination thereof. The gas species is configured to functionalize the surface of the medical device and form a hydrophilic surface. | 1. A method of making an absorbent surgical buttress, comprising:
generating a plurality of fibers; collecting the plurality of fibers so that they adhere to one another and form a non-woven material; plasma treating at least a portion of a surface of the non-woven material with an ionizable gas species or combination of ionizable gas species configured to chemically modify or functionalize the surface of the non-woven material; and cutting the non-woven material into a desired shape for a surgical buttress. 2. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 1, wherein the ionizable gas species is selected from the group consisting of air, water vapor, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and combinations thereof. 3. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 1, wherein the fibers are melt extruded. 4. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 3, further comprising blowing hot air at the fibers as they exit a die head and before they are collected. 5. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 3, further comprising blowing hot air at the fibers as they exit the die head and before they are collected, the hot air having a temperature greater than or equal to the melting temperature of the fibers. 6. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 4, wherein the fibers are collected as they cool. 7. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 1, wherein the fibers are melt extruded from a polymer selected from the group consisting of lactide homopolymer, glycolide homopolymer, polydioxanone homopolymer, glycolide trimethylene carbonate copolymer, glycolide lactide copolymer, glycolide dioxanone trimethylene carbonate copolymer, and glycolide caprolactone trimethylene carbonate lactide copolymer. 8. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 1, wherein the fibers are made from a bioabsorbable polymeric material. 9. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 3, wherein the melting temperature of the polymer is between about 180 and about 250 degrees celcius. 10. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 3, wherein the melting temperature of the polymer is between about 80 degrees celcius and about 190 degrees celcius. 11. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 4, wherein the hot air has a temperature of between about 270 and about 290 degrees celcius. 12. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 1, wherein the fibers are collected on a conveyor surface. 13. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 1, further comprising applying heat and pressure to the non-woven material before plasma treating the non-woven material. 14. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 1, wherein the non-woven material is cut into a shape corresponding to the shape of a linear surgical stapler. 15. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 1, wherein the non-woven material is cut into a shape corresponding to the shape of a circular surgical stapler. 16. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 4, wherein the fibers are generated by melt extruding a copolymer of glycolide, caprolactone, trimethylene carbonate and lactide having a melting temperature between about 140 degrees celcius and about 185 degrees celcius. 17. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 16, wherein the hot air blown at the fibers has a temperature between about 185 degrees celcius and about 195 degrees celcius. 18. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 4, wherein the fibers are generated by melt extruding dioxanone having a melting temperature between about 80 degrees celcius and about 125 degrees celcius. 19. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 18, wherein the air blown at the dioxanone fibers has a temperature between about 145 degrees celcius and about 155 degrees celcius 20. An absorbent surgical buttress, comprising a non-woven material having a plurality of fibers adhered to one another, the fibers being formed from a melt extruded bioabsorbable polymeric material, the non-woven material being plasma treated on at least a portion of a surface of the non-woven material so that the surface is chemically modified or functionalized, the non-woven material being cut into a desired shape for the surgical buttress. 21. The absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 20, wherein the fibers are formed from a polymeric material selected from the group consisting of lactide homopolymer, glycolide homopolymer, polydioxanone homopolymer, glycolide trimethylene carbonate copolymer, glycolide lactide copolymer, glycolide dioxanone trimethylene carbonate, and glycolide caprolactone trimethylene carbonate lactide. 22. The absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 20, wherein the fibers are formed from a polymeric material having a melting temperature of between about 180 and 250 degrees celcius. 23. The absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 20, wherein the fibers are formed from a polymeric material having a melting temperature of between about 80 degrees celcius and about 190 degrees celcius 24. The absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 20, wherein the non-woven material is cut into a shape corresponding to the shape of a linear surgical stapler. 25. The absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 20, wherein the non-woven material is cut into a shape corresponding to the shape of a circular surgical stapler. | A medical device including a plasma-treated porous substrate that is functionalized to provide a hydrophilic surface, and a process for preparing such a medical device, are disclosed. The method includes plasma treating at least a portion of a surface of a porous substrate with a gas species selected from oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and combination thereof. The gas species is configured to functionalize the surface of the medical device and form a hydrophilic surface.1. A method of making an absorbent surgical buttress, comprising:
generating a plurality of fibers; collecting the plurality of fibers so that they adhere to one another and form a non-woven material; plasma treating at least a portion of a surface of the non-woven material with an ionizable gas species or combination of ionizable gas species configured to chemically modify or functionalize the surface of the non-woven material; and cutting the non-woven material into a desired shape for a surgical buttress. 2. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 1, wherein the ionizable gas species is selected from the group consisting of air, water vapor, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and combinations thereof. 3. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 1, wherein the fibers are melt extruded. 4. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 3, further comprising blowing hot air at the fibers as they exit a die head and before they are collected. 5. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 3, further comprising blowing hot air at the fibers as they exit the die head and before they are collected, the hot air having a temperature greater than or equal to the melting temperature of the fibers. 6. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 4, wherein the fibers are collected as they cool. 7. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 1, wherein the fibers are melt extruded from a polymer selected from the group consisting of lactide homopolymer, glycolide homopolymer, polydioxanone homopolymer, glycolide trimethylene carbonate copolymer, glycolide lactide copolymer, glycolide dioxanone trimethylene carbonate copolymer, and glycolide caprolactone trimethylene carbonate lactide copolymer. 8. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 1, wherein the fibers are made from a bioabsorbable polymeric material. 9. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 3, wherein the melting temperature of the polymer is between about 180 and about 250 degrees celcius. 10. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 3, wherein the melting temperature of the polymer is between about 80 degrees celcius and about 190 degrees celcius. 11. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 4, wherein the hot air has a temperature of between about 270 and about 290 degrees celcius. 12. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 1, wherein the fibers are collected on a conveyor surface. 13. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 1, further comprising applying heat and pressure to the non-woven material before plasma treating the non-woven material. 14. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 1, wherein the non-woven material is cut into a shape corresponding to the shape of a linear surgical stapler. 15. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 1, wherein the non-woven material is cut into a shape corresponding to the shape of a circular surgical stapler. 16. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 4, wherein the fibers are generated by melt extruding a copolymer of glycolide, caprolactone, trimethylene carbonate and lactide having a melting temperature between about 140 degrees celcius and about 185 degrees celcius. 17. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 16, wherein the hot air blown at the fibers has a temperature between about 185 degrees celcius and about 195 degrees celcius. 18. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 4, wherein the fibers are generated by melt extruding dioxanone having a melting temperature between about 80 degrees celcius and about 125 degrees celcius. 19. The method of making an absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 18, wherein the air blown at the dioxanone fibers has a temperature between about 145 degrees celcius and about 155 degrees celcius 20. An absorbent surgical buttress, comprising a non-woven material having a plurality of fibers adhered to one another, the fibers being formed from a melt extruded bioabsorbable polymeric material, the non-woven material being plasma treated on at least a portion of a surface of the non-woven material so that the surface is chemically modified or functionalized, the non-woven material being cut into a desired shape for the surgical buttress. 21. The absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 20, wherein the fibers are formed from a polymeric material selected from the group consisting of lactide homopolymer, glycolide homopolymer, polydioxanone homopolymer, glycolide trimethylene carbonate copolymer, glycolide lactide copolymer, glycolide dioxanone trimethylene carbonate, and glycolide caprolactone trimethylene carbonate lactide. 22. The absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 20, wherein the fibers are formed from a polymeric material having a melting temperature of between about 180 and 250 degrees celcius. 23. The absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 20, wherein the fibers are formed from a polymeric material having a melting temperature of between about 80 degrees celcius and about 190 degrees celcius 24. The absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 20, wherein the non-woven material is cut into a shape corresponding to the shape of a linear surgical stapler. 25. The absorbent surgical buttress according to claim 20, wherein the non-woven material is cut into a shape corresponding to the shape of a circular surgical stapler. | 1,700 |
1,607 | 14,151,672 | 1,793 | A freeform fabrication system for the production of an edible three-dimensional food product from digital input data is disclosed. Food products are produced in a layer-by-layer manner without object-specific tooling or human intervention. Color, flavor, texture and/or other characteristics may be independently modulated throughout the food product. In addition, in some cases, the food products may further undergo one or more post-processing steps. | 1. A method for making an edible component comprising:
depositing successive layers of a food material according to digital data that describes the edible component; and applying to one or more regions of the successive layers of food material one or more edible binders that bond the food material at said one or more regions to form said edible component,
wherein the food material comprises 25-75% by weight maltodextrin and 25-75% by weight confectioner's sugar, based on the total weight of the food material 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the edible component exhibits a flexural strength between about 0.5 MPa and about 2.0 MPa, when measured according to ASTM D790. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the food material further comprises one or more flavorants. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the digital data describes sequential cross-sectional layers of the edible component, the cross-sectional layers comprising a plurality of voxels. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the sequential cross-sectional layers are generated from CAD data. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the plurality of voxels vary in food material composition, color, flavor, or a combination thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more edible binders are applied to one or more regions of each of the successive layers of food material. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein unbound food material supports the edible component during formation of the edible component. 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising infiltrating the edible component with an infiltrant. 10. A method for making an edible component comprising:
depositing successive layers of a food material according to digital data that describes the edible component; and applying to one or more regions of the successive layers of food material one or more edible binders that bond the food material at said one or more regions to form said edible component,
wherein the food material comprises 1-25% by weight seed crystals. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the seed crystals comprise cocoa butter seed crystals. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the cocoa butter seed crystals have a Type V crystal structure. | A freeform fabrication system for the production of an edible three-dimensional food product from digital input data is disclosed. Food products are produced in a layer-by-layer manner without object-specific tooling or human intervention. Color, flavor, texture and/or other characteristics may be independently modulated throughout the food product. In addition, in some cases, the food products may further undergo one or more post-processing steps.1. A method for making an edible component comprising:
depositing successive layers of a food material according to digital data that describes the edible component; and applying to one or more regions of the successive layers of food material one or more edible binders that bond the food material at said one or more regions to form said edible component,
wherein the food material comprises 25-75% by weight maltodextrin and 25-75% by weight confectioner's sugar, based on the total weight of the food material 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the edible component exhibits a flexural strength between about 0.5 MPa and about 2.0 MPa, when measured according to ASTM D790. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the food material further comprises one or more flavorants. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the digital data describes sequential cross-sectional layers of the edible component, the cross-sectional layers comprising a plurality of voxels. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the sequential cross-sectional layers are generated from CAD data. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the plurality of voxels vary in food material composition, color, flavor, or a combination thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more edible binders are applied to one or more regions of each of the successive layers of food material. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein unbound food material supports the edible component during formation of the edible component. 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising infiltrating the edible component with an infiltrant. 10. A method for making an edible component comprising:
depositing successive layers of a food material according to digital data that describes the edible component; and applying to one or more regions of the successive layers of food material one or more edible binders that bond the food material at said one or more regions to form said edible component,
wherein the food material comprises 1-25% by weight seed crystals. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the seed crystals comprise cocoa butter seed crystals. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the cocoa butter seed crystals have a Type V crystal structure. | 1,700 |
1,608 | 12,729,139 | 1,788 | A label sheet ( 1 ) having a release liner ( 16 ) and a column of labels ( 12 ) releasably adhered thereto is modified to allow easy removal of the labels. The liner has a weakened separation line ( 30 ) formed by cuts and ties running underneath a column of labels near the edge of the labels, and notches ( 18 ) at the top and bottom of the sheet aligned with the cuts and ties. A matrix ( 14 ) surrounding the labels, if present, also has cuts and ties, with the cuts and ties in the matrix parallel to and slightly offset from the cuts and ties in the liner. The separation lines are strong enough that the label sheet can be fed through a printer, yet weak enough that a user can tear off the liner and matrix along the separation lines, thus leaving a minor edge of a column of labels exposed for easy removal from the label sheet. | 1-26. (canceled) 27. A label sheet comprising:
a. a release liner; and b. a sheet of facestock material that is releasably coupled to the release liner; c. wherein:
i. the sheet of facestock material includes a first label and a second label that is adjacent to the first label,
ii. the first label has a shape,
iii. the second label has a shape,
iv. the sheet of facestock material includes a cut that defines at least a portion of the first label's shape and a portion of the second label's shape,
v. the cut has a width,
vi. the first label is separated from the second label by only the width of the cut, and
vii. a first portion of the release liner that underlies at least a part of the first label and a part of the second label is configured to be decoupled from the first label and the second label while a second portion of the release liner is configured to remain releasably coupled to the first label and the second label. 28. The label sheet according to claim 27, wherein the release liner includes a weakened separation line that underlies the first label. 29. The label sheet according to claim 28, wherein the weakened separation line includes at least one portion that is linear. 30. The label sheet according to claim 28, wherein the weakened separation line defines a boundary between the first portion of the release liner and the second portion of the release liner. 31. The label sheet according to claim 28, wherein:
a. the first label has an edge; and b. the weakened separation line is offset from the first label's edge. 32. The label sheet according to claim 31, wherein the first label's edge is configured to extend beyond the second portion of the release liner after the first portion of the release liner is decoupled from the first label. 33. The label sheet according to claim 27, wherein:
a. the first label has a surface; and b. a majority of the first label's surface is configured to be releasably coupled to the second portion of the release liner after the first portion of the release liner is decoupled from the first label. 34. A label sheet comprising:
a. a release liner; b. a first label that is releasably coupled to the release liner; and c. a second label that is releasably coupled to the release liner; d. wherein:
i. the first label has a part that includes an edge,
ii. the first label's edge is separated from the second label by a first distance, and
iii. the label sheet is configured to be manipulated to do the following:
A. to decouple the part of the first label that includes the first label's edge from the release liner, and
B. to increase the first distance of separation between the first label's edge and the second label as the part of the first label is decoupled from the release liner. 35. The label sheet according to claim 34, wherein:
a. the release liner includes a weakened separation line that underlines the first label; and b. the release liner is configured to be torn along the weakened separation line. 36. The label sheet according to claim 34, wherein:
a. the release liner includes a weakened separation line that underlies the first label; and b. the weakened separation line includes at least one portion that is linear. 37. The label sheet according to claim 34, wherein:
a. the release liner includes a weakened separation line that underlies the first label; and b. the weakened separation line is selected from the group consisting of a cut and a combination of cuts and ties. 38. The label sheet according to claim 34, further comprising:
a. a third label that is releasably coupled to the release liner; b. wherein:
i. the first label has a shape,
ii. the third label has a shape and is adjacent to the first label,
iii. a first cut separates the first label from the third label, and
iv. the first cut defines at least a portion of the first label's shape and at least a portion of the third label's shape. 39. The label sheet according to claim 38, further comprising:
a. a fourth label that is releasably coupled to the release liner; b. wherein:
i. the second label has a shape,
ii. the fourth label has a shape and is adjacent to the second label,
iii. a second cut separates the second label from the fourth label,
iv. the second cut defines at least a portion of the second label's shape and at least a portion of the fourth label's shape. 40. The label sheet according to claim 39, wherein:
a. the third label has a part that includes an edge; b. the third label's edge is separated from the fourth label by a second distance; and c. the label sheet is configured to be manipulated to do the following:
i. to decouple the part of the third label that includes the third label's edge from the release liner, and
ii. to increase the second distance of separation between the third label's edge and the fourth label as part of the third label is decoupled from the release liner. 41. The label sheet according to claim 40, wherein the first label's edge and the third label's edge are configured to extend beyond the release liner after the release liner is decoupled from the part of the first label and the part of the third label. 42. The label sheet according to claim 38, wherein the release liner includes a weakened separation line that underlines the first label and the third label. 43. The label sheet according to claim 42, wherein the label sheet is configured to be torn along the weakened separation line. 44. The label sheet according to claim 34, further comprising:
a. an adhesive coupled between the first label and the release liner; b wherein a portion of the adhesive is decoupled from the release liner and exposed when the part of the first label is decoupled from the release liner. 45. A label sheet comprising:
a. a release liner; b. a first label that is releasably coupled to the release liner, the first label has a shape and a part that includes an edge; c. a second label that is releasably coupled to the release liner, the second label has a shape; d. a third label that is releasably coupled to the release liner, the third label is adjacent to the first label, the third label has a shape and a part that includes an edge; and e. a fourth label that is releasably coupled to the release liner that is adjacent to the second label, the fourth label has a shape; f. wherein:
i. the first label's edge is separated from the second label by a first distance,
ii. the third label's edge is separated from the fourth label by a second distance,
iii. a first cut separates the first label from the third label and defines at least a portion of the first label's shape and at least a portion of the third label's shape,
iv. a second cut separates the second label from the fourth label and defines at least a portion of the second label's shape and at least a portion of the fourth label's shape, and
v. the label sheet is configured to be manipulated to do the following:
A. to decouple both the part of the first label that includes the first label's edge and the part of the third label that includes the third label's edge from the release liner, and
B. to increase both the first distance of separation between the first label's edge and the second label and the second distance of separation between the third label's edge and the fourth label as the part of the first label and the part of the third label are decoupled from the release liner. 46. The label sheet according to claim 45, wherein:
a. the release liner includes a weakened separation line that underlies the first label and the third label; and b. the release liner is configured to be torn along the weakened separation line. | A label sheet ( 1 ) having a release liner ( 16 ) and a column of labels ( 12 ) releasably adhered thereto is modified to allow easy removal of the labels. The liner has a weakened separation line ( 30 ) formed by cuts and ties running underneath a column of labels near the edge of the labels, and notches ( 18 ) at the top and bottom of the sheet aligned with the cuts and ties. A matrix ( 14 ) surrounding the labels, if present, also has cuts and ties, with the cuts and ties in the matrix parallel to and slightly offset from the cuts and ties in the liner. The separation lines are strong enough that the label sheet can be fed through a printer, yet weak enough that a user can tear off the liner and matrix along the separation lines, thus leaving a minor edge of a column of labels exposed for easy removal from the label sheet.1-26. (canceled) 27. A label sheet comprising:
a. a release liner; and b. a sheet of facestock material that is releasably coupled to the release liner; c. wherein:
i. the sheet of facestock material includes a first label and a second label that is adjacent to the first label,
ii. the first label has a shape,
iii. the second label has a shape,
iv. the sheet of facestock material includes a cut that defines at least a portion of the first label's shape and a portion of the second label's shape,
v. the cut has a width,
vi. the first label is separated from the second label by only the width of the cut, and
vii. a first portion of the release liner that underlies at least a part of the first label and a part of the second label is configured to be decoupled from the first label and the second label while a second portion of the release liner is configured to remain releasably coupled to the first label and the second label. 28. The label sheet according to claim 27, wherein the release liner includes a weakened separation line that underlies the first label. 29. The label sheet according to claim 28, wherein the weakened separation line includes at least one portion that is linear. 30. The label sheet according to claim 28, wherein the weakened separation line defines a boundary between the first portion of the release liner and the second portion of the release liner. 31. The label sheet according to claim 28, wherein:
a. the first label has an edge; and b. the weakened separation line is offset from the first label's edge. 32. The label sheet according to claim 31, wherein the first label's edge is configured to extend beyond the second portion of the release liner after the first portion of the release liner is decoupled from the first label. 33. The label sheet according to claim 27, wherein:
a. the first label has a surface; and b. a majority of the first label's surface is configured to be releasably coupled to the second portion of the release liner after the first portion of the release liner is decoupled from the first label. 34. A label sheet comprising:
a. a release liner; b. a first label that is releasably coupled to the release liner; and c. a second label that is releasably coupled to the release liner; d. wherein:
i. the first label has a part that includes an edge,
ii. the first label's edge is separated from the second label by a first distance, and
iii. the label sheet is configured to be manipulated to do the following:
A. to decouple the part of the first label that includes the first label's edge from the release liner, and
B. to increase the first distance of separation between the first label's edge and the second label as the part of the first label is decoupled from the release liner. 35. The label sheet according to claim 34, wherein:
a. the release liner includes a weakened separation line that underlines the first label; and b. the release liner is configured to be torn along the weakened separation line. 36. The label sheet according to claim 34, wherein:
a. the release liner includes a weakened separation line that underlies the first label; and b. the weakened separation line includes at least one portion that is linear. 37. The label sheet according to claim 34, wherein:
a. the release liner includes a weakened separation line that underlies the first label; and b. the weakened separation line is selected from the group consisting of a cut and a combination of cuts and ties. 38. The label sheet according to claim 34, further comprising:
a. a third label that is releasably coupled to the release liner; b. wherein:
i. the first label has a shape,
ii. the third label has a shape and is adjacent to the first label,
iii. a first cut separates the first label from the third label, and
iv. the first cut defines at least a portion of the first label's shape and at least a portion of the third label's shape. 39. The label sheet according to claim 38, further comprising:
a. a fourth label that is releasably coupled to the release liner; b. wherein:
i. the second label has a shape,
ii. the fourth label has a shape and is adjacent to the second label,
iii. a second cut separates the second label from the fourth label,
iv. the second cut defines at least a portion of the second label's shape and at least a portion of the fourth label's shape. 40. The label sheet according to claim 39, wherein:
a. the third label has a part that includes an edge; b. the third label's edge is separated from the fourth label by a second distance; and c. the label sheet is configured to be manipulated to do the following:
i. to decouple the part of the third label that includes the third label's edge from the release liner, and
ii. to increase the second distance of separation between the third label's edge and the fourth label as part of the third label is decoupled from the release liner. 41. The label sheet according to claim 40, wherein the first label's edge and the third label's edge are configured to extend beyond the release liner after the release liner is decoupled from the part of the first label and the part of the third label. 42. The label sheet according to claim 38, wherein the release liner includes a weakened separation line that underlines the first label and the third label. 43. The label sheet according to claim 42, wherein the label sheet is configured to be torn along the weakened separation line. 44. The label sheet according to claim 34, further comprising:
a. an adhesive coupled between the first label and the release liner; b wherein a portion of the adhesive is decoupled from the release liner and exposed when the part of the first label is decoupled from the release liner. 45. A label sheet comprising:
a. a release liner; b. a first label that is releasably coupled to the release liner, the first label has a shape and a part that includes an edge; c. a second label that is releasably coupled to the release liner, the second label has a shape; d. a third label that is releasably coupled to the release liner, the third label is adjacent to the first label, the third label has a shape and a part that includes an edge; and e. a fourth label that is releasably coupled to the release liner that is adjacent to the second label, the fourth label has a shape; f. wherein:
i. the first label's edge is separated from the second label by a first distance,
ii. the third label's edge is separated from the fourth label by a second distance,
iii. a first cut separates the first label from the third label and defines at least a portion of the first label's shape and at least a portion of the third label's shape,
iv. a second cut separates the second label from the fourth label and defines at least a portion of the second label's shape and at least a portion of the fourth label's shape, and
v. the label sheet is configured to be manipulated to do the following:
A. to decouple both the part of the first label that includes the first label's edge and the part of the third label that includes the third label's edge from the release liner, and
B. to increase both the first distance of separation between the first label's edge and the second label and the second distance of separation between the third label's edge and the fourth label as the part of the first label and the part of the third label are decoupled from the release liner. 46. The label sheet according to claim 45, wherein:
a. the release liner includes a weakened separation line that underlies the first label and the third label; and b. the release liner is configured to be torn along the weakened separation line. | 1,700 |
1,609 | 12,986,477 | 1,777 | A compact interaction chamber is used to cause high shear, impact forces, and cavitation to reduce particle size and mix fluids while reducing waste and holdup volume. A first housing made of stainless steel holds an inlet mixing chamber element and an outlet mixing chamber element in a female bore using thermal expansion. The inlet and outlet mixing chamber elements are manufactured so that the diameter of the cooled female bore is slightly smaller than the diameter of the mixing chamber elements. The first housing is heated, expanding the diameter of the female bore enough to allow the inlet and outlet mixing chamber elements to be inserted. After the mixing chamber elements are inserted and aligned within the female bore, the first housing is allowed to cool. Once cooled, the female bore contracts and applies sufficient hoop stress to securely hold the mixing chamber elements during high shear force mixing. | 1. A compact interaction chamber assembly comprising:
(a) a first housing with a first central axis, the first housing including:
(1) a first opening at a bottom face of the first housing, the first opening having a generally cylindrical shape of a first opening diameter and sharing the first central axis; and
(2) a first protrusion extending from a top face of the first housing including a first flow path, the first flow path extending from the first opening through the first protrusion and sharing the first central axis;
(b) a second housing having a generally cylindrical shape with a second central axis, the second housing including:
(1) a second opening at a bottom face of the second housing, the second opening having a generally cylindrical shape and sharing the second central axis; and
(2) a second protrusion of a second diameter a extending from a top face of the second housing including a second flow path, the second flow path extending from the second opening through the second protrusion and sharing the second central axis the second housing configured to be fastened to the first housing such that:
(A) the second central axis is collinear with the first central axis of the first housing; and
(B) the second protrusion is configured to extend into the first opening when the first housing is fastened to the second housing;
(c) a first mixing chamber element and a second mixing chamber element, the first and second mixing chamber elements configured to reside within the first opening of the first housing, an outer surface of each of the first and second mixing chamber elements configured to make contact with an inner surface of the first opening of the first housing such that the first and second mixing chamber elements are compressed axially to cause a fluid tight seal between the outer surface of each of the first and second mixing chamber elements and an inner surface of the first opening of the first housing, wherein the axial compression is greater than or equal to 30,000 pounds per square inch, wherein, the first mixing chamber element is squeezed together with the second mixing chamber element so that a bottom face of the first mixing chamber element makes fluid tight contact with a top face of the second mixing chamber element; and (d) at least one retaining member configured to reside within the first opening of the first housing, and configured to retain the first and second mixing chamber elements. 2. The compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 1, wherein the first housing has a generally cylindrical shape. 3. The compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 1, wherein the second housing has a generally cylindrical shape. 4. The compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 1, wherein the first mixing chamber element includes a first plurality of microchannels etched into the bottom surface. 5. The compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 4, wherein the plurality of microchannels are in fluid communication with a plurality of first ports extending from the bottom surface of the first mixing chamber element to a top surface of the first mixing chamber element. 6. The compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 4, wherein the second mixing chamber element includes a second plurality of microchannels etched into the top surface. 7. The compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 6, wherein the second plurality of microchannels are in fluid communication with a plurality of second ports extending to a bottom surface of the second mixing chamber element. 8. The compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 7, wherein when the first mixing chamber element is squeezed together with the second mixing chamber element, the first plurality of microchannels aligns with the second plurality of microchannels to create a plurality of micro fluid paths. 9. The compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 8, wherein the plurality of micro fluid paths are fluid tight. 10. The compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 1, wherein the first housing is made of stainless steel. 11. The compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 1, wherein the first mixing chamber element and the second mixing chamber element are made of 99.8% alumina. 12. The compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 1, wherein the first mixing chamber element and the second mixing chamber element are made of polycrystalline diamond. 13. A method for assembling a interaction chamber assembly, the method comprising:
(a) providing a first housing, a second housing, two mixing chamber elements, a first retaining member, and a second retaining member:
(1) the first housing having a first central axis and including a first opening at a bottom face of the first housing, the first opening defined by a generally cylindrically shaped inner wall of a first opening diameter and sharing the first central axis;
(2) the second housing having a second central axis and including a second protrusion extending from a top face of the second housing having a generally cylindrical shape and sharing the second central axis; and
(3) the two mixing chamber elements each having a generally cylindrical shape and a mixing chamber element diameter, wherein the mixing chamber element diameter is greater than or equal to the first opening diameter;
(b) heating the first housing to a predetermined temperature range to enable the first opening to expand from the first opening diameter to a first opening expanded diameter; (c) inserting the first retaining member into the first opening of the heated first housing; (d) inserting each of the two mixing chamber elements into the first opening of the heated first housing, wherein the mixing chamber element diameter is less than the first opening expanded diameter; (e) inserting the second retaining member into the first opening of the heated first housing; (f) fastening the first housing to the second housing, wherein:
(i) the first central axis is collinear with the second central axis,
(ii) the second protrusion extends into the first opening, and
(iii) the second protrusion contacts the second retaining member, and
(g) contracting the first opening from the first opening expanded diameter back to the first opening diameter by enabling the first housing to cool, wherein after the first housing is cool, the contraction causes the first opening to impart a stress radially inwardly on each of the two mixing chamber elements at a pressure greater than or equal to 30,000 pounds per square inch. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the first opening expanded diameter is between 0.0001 and 0.0002 inches larger than the first opening diameter. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the predetermined temperature range is between 100° C. and 130° C. 16. A low hold-up volume compact interaction chamber assembly comprising:
(a) a first housing with a first central axis, the first housing including:
(1) a first opening at a bottom face of the first housing, the first opening having a generally cylindrical shape of a first opening diameter and sharing the first central axis; and
(2) a first protrusion extending from a top face of the first housing including a first flow path, the first flow path extending from the first opening through the first protrusion and sharing the first central axis;
(b) a second housing having a generally cylindrical shape with a second central axis, the second housing including:
(1) a second opening at a bottom face of the second housing, the second opening having a generally cylindrical shape and sharing the second central axis; and
(2) a second protrusion of a second diameter a extending from a top face of the second housing including a second flow path, the second flow path extending from the second opening through the second protrusion and sharing the second central axis the second housing configured to be fastened to the first housing such that:
(A) the second central axis is collinear with the first central axis of the first housing; and
(B) the second protrusion is configured to extend into the first opening when the first housing is fastened to the second housing;
(c) a first mixing chamber element and a second mixing chamber element, the first and second mixing chamber elements configured to reside within the first opening of the first housing, an outer surface of each of the first and second mixing chamber elements configured to make contact with an inner surface of the first opening of the first housing such that the first and second mixing chamber elements are compressed axially to cause a fluid tight seal between the outer surface of each of the first and second mixing chamber elements and an inner surface of the first opening of the first housing, wherein, the first mixing chamber element is squeezed together with the second mixing chamber element so that a bottom face of the first mixing chamber element makes fluid tight contact with a top face of the second mixing chamber element; and (d) at least one retaining member configured to reside within the first opening of the first housing, and configured to retain the first and second mixing chamber elements wherein a hold-up volume of fluid in the compact chamber assembly is equal to or less than 0.05 ml. 17. The low hold-up volume compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 16, wherein the axial compression imparted from the inner surface of the first opening to the outer surfaces of each of the first and second mixing chamber elements is greater than or equal to 30,000 pounds per square inch. | A compact interaction chamber is used to cause high shear, impact forces, and cavitation to reduce particle size and mix fluids while reducing waste and holdup volume. A first housing made of stainless steel holds an inlet mixing chamber element and an outlet mixing chamber element in a female bore using thermal expansion. The inlet and outlet mixing chamber elements are manufactured so that the diameter of the cooled female bore is slightly smaller than the diameter of the mixing chamber elements. The first housing is heated, expanding the diameter of the female bore enough to allow the inlet and outlet mixing chamber elements to be inserted. After the mixing chamber elements are inserted and aligned within the female bore, the first housing is allowed to cool. Once cooled, the female bore contracts and applies sufficient hoop stress to securely hold the mixing chamber elements during high shear force mixing.1. A compact interaction chamber assembly comprising:
(a) a first housing with a first central axis, the first housing including:
(1) a first opening at a bottom face of the first housing, the first opening having a generally cylindrical shape of a first opening diameter and sharing the first central axis; and
(2) a first protrusion extending from a top face of the first housing including a first flow path, the first flow path extending from the first opening through the first protrusion and sharing the first central axis;
(b) a second housing having a generally cylindrical shape with a second central axis, the second housing including:
(1) a second opening at a bottom face of the second housing, the second opening having a generally cylindrical shape and sharing the second central axis; and
(2) a second protrusion of a second diameter a extending from a top face of the second housing including a second flow path, the second flow path extending from the second opening through the second protrusion and sharing the second central axis the second housing configured to be fastened to the first housing such that:
(A) the second central axis is collinear with the first central axis of the first housing; and
(B) the second protrusion is configured to extend into the first opening when the first housing is fastened to the second housing;
(c) a first mixing chamber element and a second mixing chamber element, the first and second mixing chamber elements configured to reside within the first opening of the first housing, an outer surface of each of the first and second mixing chamber elements configured to make contact with an inner surface of the first opening of the first housing such that the first and second mixing chamber elements are compressed axially to cause a fluid tight seal between the outer surface of each of the first and second mixing chamber elements and an inner surface of the first opening of the first housing, wherein the axial compression is greater than or equal to 30,000 pounds per square inch, wherein, the first mixing chamber element is squeezed together with the second mixing chamber element so that a bottom face of the first mixing chamber element makes fluid tight contact with a top face of the second mixing chamber element; and (d) at least one retaining member configured to reside within the first opening of the first housing, and configured to retain the first and second mixing chamber elements. 2. The compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 1, wherein the first housing has a generally cylindrical shape. 3. The compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 1, wherein the second housing has a generally cylindrical shape. 4. The compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 1, wherein the first mixing chamber element includes a first plurality of microchannels etched into the bottom surface. 5. The compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 4, wherein the plurality of microchannels are in fluid communication with a plurality of first ports extending from the bottom surface of the first mixing chamber element to a top surface of the first mixing chamber element. 6. The compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 4, wherein the second mixing chamber element includes a second plurality of microchannels etched into the top surface. 7. The compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 6, wherein the second plurality of microchannels are in fluid communication with a plurality of second ports extending to a bottom surface of the second mixing chamber element. 8. The compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 7, wherein when the first mixing chamber element is squeezed together with the second mixing chamber element, the first plurality of microchannels aligns with the second plurality of microchannels to create a plurality of micro fluid paths. 9. The compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 8, wherein the plurality of micro fluid paths are fluid tight. 10. The compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 1, wherein the first housing is made of stainless steel. 11. The compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 1, wherein the first mixing chamber element and the second mixing chamber element are made of 99.8% alumina. 12. The compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 1, wherein the first mixing chamber element and the second mixing chamber element are made of polycrystalline diamond. 13. A method for assembling a interaction chamber assembly, the method comprising:
(a) providing a first housing, a second housing, two mixing chamber elements, a first retaining member, and a second retaining member:
(1) the first housing having a first central axis and including a first opening at a bottom face of the first housing, the first opening defined by a generally cylindrically shaped inner wall of a first opening diameter and sharing the first central axis;
(2) the second housing having a second central axis and including a second protrusion extending from a top face of the second housing having a generally cylindrical shape and sharing the second central axis; and
(3) the two mixing chamber elements each having a generally cylindrical shape and a mixing chamber element diameter, wherein the mixing chamber element diameter is greater than or equal to the first opening diameter;
(b) heating the first housing to a predetermined temperature range to enable the first opening to expand from the first opening diameter to a first opening expanded diameter; (c) inserting the first retaining member into the first opening of the heated first housing; (d) inserting each of the two mixing chamber elements into the first opening of the heated first housing, wherein the mixing chamber element diameter is less than the first opening expanded diameter; (e) inserting the second retaining member into the first opening of the heated first housing; (f) fastening the first housing to the second housing, wherein:
(i) the first central axis is collinear with the second central axis,
(ii) the second protrusion extends into the first opening, and
(iii) the second protrusion contacts the second retaining member, and
(g) contracting the first opening from the first opening expanded diameter back to the first opening diameter by enabling the first housing to cool, wherein after the first housing is cool, the contraction causes the first opening to impart a stress radially inwardly on each of the two mixing chamber elements at a pressure greater than or equal to 30,000 pounds per square inch. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the first opening expanded diameter is between 0.0001 and 0.0002 inches larger than the first opening diameter. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the predetermined temperature range is between 100° C. and 130° C. 16. A low hold-up volume compact interaction chamber assembly comprising:
(a) a first housing with a first central axis, the first housing including:
(1) a first opening at a bottom face of the first housing, the first opening having a generally cylindrical shape of a first opening diameter and sharing the first central axis; and
(2) a first protrusion extending from a top face of the first housing including a first flow path, the first flow path extending from the first opening through the first protrusion and sharing the first central axis;
(b) a second housing having a generally cylindrical shape with a second central axis, the second housing including:
(1) a second opening at a bottom face of the second housing, the second opening having a generally cylindrical shape and sharing the second central axis; and
(2) a second protrusion of a second diameter a extending from a top face of the second housing including a second flow path, the second flow path extending from the second opening through the second protrusion and sharing the second central axis the second housing configured to be fastened to the first housing such that:
(A) the second central axis is collinear with the first central axis of the first housing; and
(B) the second protrusion is configured to extend into the first opening when the first housing is fastened to the second housing;
(c) a first mixing chamber element and a second mixing chamber element, the first and second mixing chamber elements configured to reside within the first opening of the first housing, an outer surface of each of the first and second mixing chamber elements configured to make contact with an inner surface of the first opening of the first housing such that the first and second mixing chamber elements are compressed axially to cause a fluid tight seal between the outer surface of each of the first and second mixing chamber elements and an inner surface of the first opening of the first housing, wherein, the first mixing chamber element is squeezed together with the second mixing chamber element so that a bottom face of the first mixing chamber element makes fluid tight contact with a top face of the second mixing chamber element; and (d) at least one retaining member configured to reside within the first opening of the first housing, and configured to retain the first and second mixing chamber elements wherein a hold-up volume of fluid in the compact chamber assembly is equal to or less than 0.05 ml. 17. The low hold-up volume compact interaction chamber assembly of claim 16, wherein the axial compression imparted from the inner surface of the first opening to the outer surfaces of each of the first and second mixing chamber elements is greater than or equal to 30,000 pounds per square inch. | 1,700 |
1,610 | 11,961,978 | 1,717 | Techniques for printing charged droplets are described herein. | 1. A printing system, comprising:
a fluid emitter configured to emit droplets into a printing region on a substrate; and a conductive plate for supporting the substrate onto which the droplets are emitted, wherein the conductive plate is uniformly conductive within the printing region. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the conductive plate is grounded. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the conductive plate has a uniform thickness within the printing region. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the conductive plate is free of recesses or holes within the printing region. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the conductive plate is free from protruding features in the printing region. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the conductive plate is formed of metal. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the conductive plate is formed of carbon loaded plastic. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the conductive plate is formed of ElectroStatic Dissipative plastic. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the conductive plate is a conductive chuck that supports the substrate. 10. The system of claim 1, further comprising a chuck for supporting the substrate and the conductive plate is a conductive pad that is supported by the chuck. 11. The system of claim 1, further comprising a vacuum apparatus in fluid communication with the conductive plate to hold the substrate fixedly in place. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the conductive plate is made of porous sintered metal. 13. A method of printing droplets, comprising printing fluid droplets using the printing system of claim 1. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the printing step includes printing onto an insulating substrate. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the printing step includes printing onto an oxide. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the printing step includes printing onto glass. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the printing step includes printing an organic fluid. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the printing step includes printing a biological material. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the printing step includes printing a polymer. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein printing the polymer includes printing a polymer dissolved in a carrier vehicle. 21. A system for printing onto a substrate, comprising:
a printhead; a chuck for supporting a substrate on which the printhead is configured to deposit fluid; and a conductive lead configured to be connected to a conductive portion of the substrate. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the conductive lead is connected to a resistor. 23. The system of claim 21, further comprising a camera focused on a location between the printhead and the chuck. 24. A method of printing onto a substrate, comprising:
connecting a conductive portion of the substrate to ground, to a resistor or to a bias; and printing onto the substrate. 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising forming a conductive layer on the substrate. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein forming the conductive layer includes depositing a layer of carbon on the substrate. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein forming the conductive layer includes depositing a layer of metal on the substrate. 28. The method of claim 25, wherein the substrate is a non-conductive porous substrate. 29. The method of claim 24, wherein the substrate is a porous substrate. 30. The method of claim 24, wherein printing includes forming a drop and releasing the drop from a printhead, the method further comprising recording the forming and releasing with a camera. | Techniques for printing charged droplets are described herein.1. A printing system, comprising:
a fluid emitter configured to emit droplets into a printing region on a substrate; and a conductive plate for supporting the substrate onto which the droplets are emitted, wherein the conductive plate is uniformly conductive within the printing region. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the conductive plate is grounded. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the conductive plate has a uniform thickness within the printing region. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the conductive plate is free of recesses or holes within the printing region. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the conductive plate is free from protruding features in the printing region. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the conductive plate is formed of metal. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the conductive plate is formed of carbon loaded plastic. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the conductive plate is formed of ElectroStatic Dissipative plastic. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the conductive plate is a conductive chuck that supports the substrate. 10. The system of claim 1, further comprising a chuck for supporting the substrate and the conductive plate is a conductive pad that is supported by the chuck. 11. The system of claim 1, further comprising a vacuum apparatus in fluid communication with the conductive plate to hold the substrate fixedly in place. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the conductive plate is made of porous sintered metal. 13. A method of printing droplets, comprising printing fluid droplets using the printing system of claim 1. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the printing step includes printing onto an insulating substrate. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the printing step includes printing onto an oxide. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the printing step includes printing onto glass. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the printing step includes printing an organic fluid. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the printing step includes printing a biological material. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the printing step includes printing a polymer. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein printing the polymer includes printing a polymer dissolved in a carrier vehicle. 21. A system for printing onto a substrate, comprising:
a printhead; a chuck for supporting a substrate on which the printhead is configured to deposit fluid; and a conductive lead configured to be connected to a conductive portion of the substrate. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the conductive lead is connected to a resistor. 23. The system of claim 21, further comprising a camera focused on a location between the printhead and the chuck. 24. A method of printing onto a substrate, comprising:
connecting a conductive portion of the substrate to ground, to a resistor or to a bias; and printing onto the substrate. 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising forming a conductive layer on the substrate. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein forming the conductive layer includes depositing a layer of carbon on the substrate. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein forming the conductive layer includes depositing a layer of metal on the substrate. 28. The method of claim 25, wherein the substrate is a non-conductive porous substrate. 29. The method of claim 24, wherein the substrate is a porous substrate. 30. The method of claim 24, wherein printing includes forming a drop and releasing the drop from a printhead, the method further comprising recording the forming and releasing with a camera. | 1,700 |
1,611 | 13,901,300 | 1,767 | Disclosed herein is a flame retardant composition comprising 20 to 90 weight percent of a polycarbonate composition; where the polycarbonate composition comprises a post-consumer recycle polycarbonate and a polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer; and 1 to 20 weight percent of a phosphazene compound; where all weight percents are based on a total weight of the flame retardant composition. Disclosed herein too is a flame retardant composition comprising 50 to 90 wt % of a polycarbonate composition; where the polycarbonate composition comprises a polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer; 0.5 to 10 weight percent of a silicone oil; and 1 to 20 weight percent of a phosphazene compound; where all weight percents are based on the total weight of the flame retardant composition; where the composition displays a flame retardancy of 5VA at a thickness of 2.0 millimeters or greater; when tested as per a UL-94 protocol. | 1. A flame retardant composition comprising:
20 to 90 weight percent of a polycarbonate composition; where the polycarbonate composition comprises a post-consumer recycle polycarbonate and a polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer; and 1 to 20 weight percent of a phosphazene compound; where all weight percents are based on a total weight of the flame retardant composition. 2. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, where the post-consumer recycle polycarbonate is present in an amount of 20 to 60 weight percent based on the total weight of the flame retardant composition. 3. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, where the post-consumer recycle polycarbonate comprises polyester in an amount of 0.05 to 1 wt %, based on a total weight of the post-consumer recycle polycarbonate. 4. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, where the polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer comprises 15 to 25 weight percent polysiloxane based on the total weight of the flame retardant composition, and wherein the polysiloxane has a molecular weight of greater than 30,000 Daltons. 5. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, where the polycarbonate composition further comprises 2 to 30 weight percent of a copolycarbonate derived from a dihydroxy compound having a structure of at least one of formula (9), formula (10), or formula (11):
where the weight percent is based on the total weight of the flame retardant composition. 6. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, comprising 2 to 10 weight percent of the phosphazene compound. 7. The flame retardant polycarbonate composition of claim 1, where the phosphazene compound has the structure
where m represents an integer of 3 to 25, R1 and R2 are the same or different and are independently a hydrogen, a hydroxyl, a C7-30 aryl, a C1-12 alkoxy, or a C1-12 alkyl. 8. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, where the phosphazene compound is phenoxy cyclotriphosphazene, octaphenoxy cyclotetraphosphazene, decaphenoxy cyclopentaphosphazene, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing phosphazene compounds. 9. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, where the phosphazene compound has the structure:
where X1 represents a —N═P(OPh)3 group or a —N═P(O)OPh group, Y1 represents a —P(OPh)4 group or a —P(O)(OPh)2 group, Ph represents a phenyl group, n represents an integer from 3 to 10000, R1 and R2 are the same or different and are independently a hydrogen, a hydroxyl, a C7-30 aryl, a C1-12 alkoxy, or a C1-12 alkyl. 10. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, where the phosphazene compound is a crosslinked phenoxyphosphazene. 11. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, where the phosphazene compound has a structure
where R1 to R6 can be the same of different and can be an aryl group, an aralkyl group, a C1-12 alkoxy, a C1-12 alkyl, or a combination thereof. 12. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, where the phosphazene compound has a structure 13. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, further comprising a pigment in an amount of 0.2 to 15 weight percent, based on the total weight of the flame retardant composition. 14. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, where the pigment comprises titanium dioxide or carbon black. 15. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, displaying a probability of a first time pass of 90% or greater to achieve a flame retardancy of V-0 at a sample thickness of at least 0.8 millimeters when tested per a UL-94 protocol. 16. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, displaying an impact strength of 50 to 80 kilojoules per square meter when tested as per ASTM D 256 at 23° C., a Vicat softening point of greater than or equal to 130° C., when measured as per B120, and a flame out time of less than 50 seconds. 17. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, displaying an impact strength of 50 to 80 kilojoules per square meter when tested as per ASTM D 256 at 23° C., a probability of a first time pass of 90% or greater to achieve a flame retardancy of V-0 at a sample thickness of at least 0.8 millimeters when tested per a UL-94 protocol; a Vicat softening point of greater than or equal to 130° C., when measured as per B120, and a flame out time of less than 50 seconds. 18. A method of manufacturing a flame retardant composition:
blending 20 to 90 weight percent of a polycarbonate composition; where the polycarbonate composition comprises a post-consumer recycle polycarbonate and a polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer; and 1 to 20 weight percent of a phosphazene compound to form the flame retardant composition; where all weight percents are based on a total weight of the flame retardant composition; and extruding the flame retardant composition. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising blending 2 to 30 weight percent of a copolycarbonate derived from a dihydroxy compound having a structure of at least one of formula (9), formula (10), or formula (11):
where the weight percent is based on the total weight of the flame retardant composition. 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising blending a pigment in an amount of 0.2 to 15 weight percent, based on the total weight of the flame retardant composition 21. The method of claim 18, further comprising molding the flame retardant composition. 22. A flame retardant composition comprising:
50 to 90 wt % of a polycarbonate composition; where the polycarbonate composition comprises a polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer; 0.5 to 10 weight percent of a silicone oil; and 1 to 20 weight percent of a phosphazene compound; where all weight percents are based on the total weight of the flame retardant composition; where the composition displays a flame retardancy of 5VA at a thickness of 2.0 millimeters or greater; when tested as per a UL-94 protocol. 23. The flame retardant composition of claim 22, where the polycarbonate composition further comprises a polycarbonate homopolymer having a weight average molecular weight of 15,000 to 40,000 Daltons. 24. The flame retardant composition of claim 22, where the polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer is present in amounts of about 5 to about 27 wt %, based on the total weight of the flame retardant composition. 25. The flame retardant composition of claim 23, where the polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer comprises 15 to 25 weight percent of polysiloxane based on the total weight of the polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer, and wherein the polysiloxane has a molecular weight of greater than 30,000 Daltons. 26. The flame retardant composition of claim 22, where the polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer comprises 4 to 10 weight percent of a polysiloxane based on the total weight of the polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer; and wherein the polysiloxane has a molecular weight of 25,000 to 30,000 Daltons. 27. The flame retardant composition of claim 22, further comprising an anti-drip agent in an amount of 1 to 10 weight percent; based on the total weight of the flame retardant composition; where the anti-drip agent is a fluorinated polyolefin or polytetrafluoroethylene. 28. The flame retardant composition of claim 22, where the flame retardant composition comprises a mineral filler. 29. The flame retardant composition of claim 28, where the mineral filler comprises talc. 30. The flame retardant composition of claim 22, where the silicone oil comprises a polysiloxane polymer endcapped with trimethylsilane; where the silicone oil has a viscosity at 25° C. of 20,000 to 900,000 square millimeter per second. 31. The flame retardant composition of claim 22, comprising 3 to 10 weight percent of the phosphazene compound. 32. The flame retardant composition of claim 31, where the phosphazene compound has the structure:
where m represents an integer of 3 to 25, R1 and R2 are the same or different and are independently a hydrogen, a hydroxyl, a C7-30 aryl group, a C1-12 alkoxy, or a C1-12 alkyl. 33. The flame retardant composition of claim 22, where the phosphazene compound is phenoxy cyclotriphosphazene, octaphenoxy cyclotetraphosphazene, decaphenoxy cyclopentaphosphazene, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing phosphazene compounds. 34. The flame retardant composition of claim 31, where the phosphazene compound has the structure:
where X′ represents a —N═P(OPh)3 group or a —N═P(O)OPh group, Y1 represents a —P(OPh)4 group or a —P(O)(OPh)2 group, Ph represents a phenyl group, n represents an integer from 3 to 10000, R1 and R2 are the same or different and are independently a hydrogen, a hydroxyl, a C7-30 aryl, a C1-12 alkoxy, or a C1-12 alkyl. 35. The flame retardant composition of claim 31, where the phosphazene compound is a crosslinked phenoxyphosphazene. 36. The flame retardant composition of claim 31, where the phosphazene compound has a structure:
where R1 to R6 can be the same of different and can be an aryl, an aralkyl group, a C1-12 alkoxy, a C1-12 alkyl, or a combination thereof. 37. The flame retardant composition of claim 31, where the phosphazene compound has a structure: 38. The flame retardant composition of claim 31, having a melt volume rate of greater than or equal to 4.00 cm3/10 minutes when tested as per ASTM D1238 and a flame out time of less than 20 seconds after being aged for 48 hours when tested as per a UL-94 protocol. 39. A method of manufacturing a flame retardant composition comprising:
blending 50 to 90 wt % of a polycarbonate composition; where the polycarbonate composition comprises a polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer; 0.5 to 10 weight percent of a silicone oil; and 1 to 20 weight percent of a phosphazene compound to form the flame retardant composition; where all weight percents are based on the total weight of the flame retardant composition; where the composition displays a flame retardancy of 5VA at a thickness of 20 millimeters or greater; when tested as per a UL-94 protocol; and extruding the composition. 40. The method of claim 39, further comprising molding the composition. 41. An article manufactured from the composition of claim 1. 42. An article manufactured from the composition of claim 22. | Disclosed herein is a flame retardant composition comprising 20 to 90 weight percent of a polycarbonate composition; where the polycarbonate composition comprises a post-consumer recycle polycarbonate and a polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer; and 1 to 20 weight percent of a phosphazene compound; where all weight percents are based on a total weight of the flame retardant composition. Disclosed herein too is a flame retardant composition comprising 50 to 90 wt % of a polycarbonate composition; where the polycarbonate composition comprises a polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer; 0.5 to 10 weight percent of a silicone oil; and 1 to 20 weight percent of a phosphazene compound; where all weight percents are based on the total weight of the flame retardant composition; where the composition displays a flame retardancy of 5VA at a thickness of 2.0 millimeters or greater; when tested as per a UL-94 protocol.1. A flame retardant composition comprising:
20 to 90 weight percent of a polycarbonate composition; where the polycarbonate composition comprises a post-consumer recycle polycarbonate and a polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer; and 1 to 20 weight percent of a phosphazene compound; where all weight percents are based on a total weight of the flame retardant composition. 2. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, where the post-consumer recycle polycarbonate is present in an amount of 20 to 60 weight percent based on the total weight of the flame retardant composition. 3. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, where the post-consumer recycle polycarbonate comprises polyester in an amount of 0.05 to 1 wt %, based on a total weight of the post-consumer recycle polycarbonate. 4. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, where the polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer comprises 15 to 25 weight percent polysiloxane based on the total weight of the flame retardant composition, and wherein the polysiloxane has a molecular weight of greater than 30,000 Daltons. 5. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, where the polycarbonate composition further comprises 2 to 30 weight percent of a copolycarbonate derived from a dihydroxy compound having a structure of at least one of formula (9), formula (10), or formula (11):
where the weight percent is based on the total weight of the flame retardant composition. 6. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, comprising 2 to 10 weight percent of the phosphazene compound. 7. The flame retardant polycarbonate composition of claim 1, where the phosphazene compound has the structure
where m represents an integer of 3 to 25, R1 and R2 are the same or different and are independently a hydrogen, a hydroxyl, a C7-30 aryl, a C1-12 alkoxy, or a C1-12 alkyl. 8. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, where the phosphazene compound is phenoxy cyclotriphosphazene, octaphenoxy cyclotetraphosphazene, decaphenoxy cyclopentaphosphazene, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing phosphazene compounds. 9. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, where the phosphazene compound has the structure:
where X1 represents a —N═P(OPh)3 group or a —N═P(O)OPh group, Y1 represents a —P(OPh)4 group or a —P(O)(OPh)2 group, Ph represents a phenyl group, n represents an integer from 3 to 10000, R1 and R2 are the same or different and are independently a hydrogen, a hydroxyl, a C7-30 aryl, a C1-12 alkoxy, or a C1-12 alkyl. 10. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, where the phosphazene compound is a crosslinked phenoxyphosphazene. 11. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, where the phosphazene compound has a structure
where R1 to R6 can be the same of different and can be an aryl group, an aralkyl group, a C1-12 alkoxy, a C1-12 alkyl, or a combination thereof. 12. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, where the phosphazene compound has a structure 13. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, further comprising a pigment in an amount of 0.2 to 15 weight percent, based on the total weight of the flame retardant composition. 14. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, where the pigment comprises titanium dioxide or carbon black. 15. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, displaying a probability of a first time pass of 90% or greater to achieve a flame retardancy of V-0 at a sample thickness of at least 0.8 millimeters when tested per a UL-94 protocol. 16. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, displaying an impact strength of 50 to 80 kilojoules per square meter when tested as per ASTM D 256 at 23° C., a Vicat softening point of greater than or equal to 130° C., when measured as per B120, and a flame out time of less than 50 seconds. 17. The flame retardant composition of claim 1, displaying an impact strength of 50 to 80 kilojoules per square meter when tested as per ASTM D 256 at 23° C., a probability of a first time pass of 90% or greater to achieve a flame retardancy of V-0 at a sample thickness of at least 0.8 millimeters when tested per a UL-94 protocol; a Vicat softening point of greater than or equal to 130° C., when measured as per B120, and a flame out time of less than 50 seconds. 18. A method of manufacturing a flame retardant composition:
blending 20 to 90 weight percent of a polycarbonate composition; where the polycarbonate composition comprises a post-consumer recycle polycarbonate and a polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer; and 1 to 20 weight percent of a phosphazene compound to form the flame retardant composition; where all weight percents are based on a total weight of the flame retardant composition; and extruding the flame retardant composition. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising blending 2 to 30 weight percent of a copolycarbonate derived from a dihydroxy compound having a structure of at least one of formula (9), formula (10), or formula (11):
where the weight percent is based on the total weight of the flame retardant composition. 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising blending a pigment in an amount of 0.2 to 15 weight percent, based on the total weight of the flame retardant composition 21. The method of claim 18, further comprising molding the flame retardant composition. 22. A flame retardant composition comprising:
50 to 90 wt % of a polycarbonate composition; where the polycarbonate composition comprises a polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer; 0.5 to 10 weight percent of a silicone oil; and 1 to 20 weight percent of a phosphazene compound; where all weight percents are based on the total weight of the flame retardant composition; where the composition displays a flame retardancy of 5VA at a thickness of 2.0 millimeters or greater; when tested as per a UL-94 protocol. 23. The flame retardant composition of claim 22, where the polycarbonate composition further comprises a polycarbonate homopolymer having a weight average molecular weight of 15,000 to 40,000 Daltons. 24. The flame retardant composition of claim 22, where the polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer is present in amounts of about 5 to about 27 wt %, based on the total weight of the flame retardant composition. 25. The flame retardant composition of claim 23, where the polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer comprises 15 to 25 weight percent of polysiloxane based on the total weight of the polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer, and wherein the polysiloxane has a molecular weight of greater than 30,000 Daltons. 26. The flame retardant composition of claim 22, where the polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer comprises 4 to 10 weight percent of a polysiloxane based on the total weight of the polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer; and wherein the polysiloxane has a molecular weight of 25,000 to 30,000 Daltons. 27. The flame retardant composition of claim 22, further comprising an anti-drip agent in an amount of 1 to 10 weight percent; based on the total weight of the flame retardant composition; where the anti-drip agent is a fluorinated polyolefin or polytetrafluoroethylene. 28. The flame retardant composition of claim 22, where the flame retardant composition comprises a mineral filler. 29. The flame retardant composition of claim 28, where the mineral filler comprises talc. 30. The flame retardant composition of claim 22, where the silicone oil comprises a polysiloxane polymer endcapped with trimethylsilane; where the silicone oil has a viscosity at 25° C. of 20,000 to 900,000 square millimeter per second. 31. The flame retardant composition of claim 22, comprising 3 to 10 weight percent of the phosphazene compound. 32. The flame retardant composition of claim 31, where the phosphazene compound has the structure:
where m represents an integer of 3 to 25, R1 and R2 are the same or different and are independently a hydrogen, a hydroxyl, a C7-30 aryl group, a C1-12 alkoxy, or a C1-12 alkyl. 33. The flame retardant composition of claim 22, where the phosphazene compound is phenoxy cyclotriphosphazene, octaphenoxy cyclotetraphosphazene, decaphenoxy cyclopentaphosphazene, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing phosphazene compounds. 34. The flame retardant composition of claim 31, where the phosphazene compound has the structure:
where X′ represents a —N═P(OPh)3 group or a —N═P(O)OPh group, Y1 represents a —P(OPh)4 group or a —P(O)(OPh)2 group, Ph represents a phenyl group, n represents an integer from 3 to 10000, R1 and R2 are the same or different and are independently a hydrogen, a hydroxyl, a C7-30 aryl, a C1-12 alkoxy, or a C1-12 alkyl. 35. The flame retardant composition of claim 31, where the phosphazene compound is a crosslinked phenoxyphosphazene. 36. The flame retardant composition of claim 31, where the phosphazene compound has a structure:
where R1 to R6 can be the same of different and can be an aryl, an aralkyl group, a C1-12 alkoxy, a C1-12 alkyl, or a combination thereof. 37. The flame retardant composition of claim 31, where the phosphazene compound has a structure: 38. The flame retardant composition of claim 31, having a melt volume rate of greater than or equal to 4.00 cm3/10 minutes when tested as per ASTM D1238 and a flame out time of less than 20 seconds after being aged for 48 hours when tested as per a UL-94 protocol. 39. A method of manufacturing a flame retardant composition comprising:
blending 50 to 90 wt % of a polycarbonate composition; where the polycarbonate composition comprises a polysiloxane-carbonate copolymer; 0.5 to 10 weight percent of a silicone oil; and 1 to 20 weight percent of a phosphazene compound to form the flame retardant composition; where all weight percents are based on the total weight of the flame retardant composition; where the composition displays a flame retardancy of 5VA at a thickness of 20 millimeters or greater; when tested as per a UL-94 protocol; and extruding the composition. 40. The method of claim 39, further comprising molding the composition. 41. An article manufactured from the composition of claim 1. 42. An article manufactured from the composition of claim 22. | 1,700 |
1,612 | 12,568,753 | 1,743 | A method of producing fluoroapatite powder by using a calcium compound, a phosphate compound, and a fluorine compound as a raw material is provided. The method comprises: preparing a slurry containing fluoroapatite produced from the raw material by using a wet process; applying an ultrasonic wave to the slurry; and drying the slurry to obtain the fluoroapatite powder mainly constituted of the fluoroapatite. The method provides fluoroapatite powder having improved particle strength. Further, an adsorption apparatus including the fluoroapatite powder is also provided. | 1. A method of producing fluoroapatite powder by using a calcium compound, a phosphate compound, and a fluorine compound as a raw material, the method comprising:
preparing a slurry containing fluoroapatite produced from the raw material by using a wet process; applying an ultrasonic wave to the slurry; and drying the slurry to obtain the fluoroapatite powder mainly constituted of the fluoroapatite. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of applying the ultrasonic wave to the slurry is carried out after the fluoroapatite is produced. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of applying the ultrasonic wave to the slurry is carried out by using an ultrasonic washing machine having an ultrasonic tank containing water, wherein the slurry is put in a container and then the container containing the slurry is put in the ultrasonic tank, and wherein in such a state, when a total amount of the slurry and the water is 180 L, a power of the ultrasonic wave to be applied to the slurry is in the range of 500 to 2500 W. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a time of applying the ultrasonic wave to the slurry is in the range of 10 minutes to 10 hours. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein an amount of the fluoroapatite contained in the slurry is 20 wt % or less. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the calcium compound is calcium hydroxide. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the phosphate compound is phosphoric acid. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fluorine compound is hydrogen fluoride. 9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the slurry containing the fluoroapatite is obtained by reacting the calcium compound and the phosphate compound to obtain a slurry containing hydroxyapatite having hydroxyl groups, and then reacting the hydroxyapatite and the fluorine compound having fluorine atoms, thereby substituting at least a part of the hydroxyl groups of the hydroxyapatite by the fluorine atoms of the fluorine compound. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the slurry containing the fluoroapatite is obtained by preparing a slurry containing the calcium compound and a mixture of the phosphate compound and the fluorine compound having fluorine atoms, and then dropping the mixture to the slurry containing the calcium compound to obtain hydroxyapatite having hydroxyl groups, thereby substituting at least a part of the hydroxyl groups of the hydroxyapatite by the fluorine atoms of the fluorine compound. 11. Fluoroapatite powder produced by using the method defined in claim 1. 12. Fluoroapatite powder mainly comprised of fluoroapatite, wherein the fluoroapatite powder is obtained by drying a slurry containing the fluoroapatite, wherein the fluoroapatite is obtained from hydroxyapatite having hydroxyl groups and a fluorine compound having fluorine atoms, and at least a part of the hydroxyl groups of the hydroxyapatite is substituted by the fluorine atoms of the fluorine compound,
wherein when the fluoroapatite powder of which average particle size is 40±5 μm are classified, and then a compressive particle strength of the classified fluoroapatite powder is measured, the compressive particle strength is 5.4 MPa or more. 13. An adsorption apparatus including an adsorbent constituted of the fluoroapatite powder defined in claim 11, or sintered particles obtained by sintering the fluoroapatite powder. 14. An adsorption apparatus including an adsorbent constituted of the fluoroapatite powder defined in claim 11, or sintered particles obtained by sintering the fluoroapatite powder,
wherein when a liquid containing a plurality of proteins is supplied to the adsorption apparatus, the plurality of proteins are adsorbed by the adsorbent so that the plurality of proteins are separated to each other due to a difference of adsorption capabilities between the plurality of proteins and the adsorbent. 15. An adsorption apparatus including an adsorbent constituted of the fluoroapatite powder defined in claim 12, or sintered particles obtained by sintering the fluoroapatite powder. 16. An adsorption apparatus including an adsorbent constituted of the fluoroapatite powder defined in claim 12, or sintered particles obtained by sintering the fluoroapatite powder,
wherein when a liquid containing a plurality of proteins is supplied to the adsorption apparatus, the plurality of proteins are adsorbed by the adsorbent so that the plurality of proteins are separated to each other due to a difference of adsorption capabilities between the plurality of proteins and the adsorbent. | A method of producing fluoroapatite powder by using a calcium compound, a phosphate compound, and a fluorine compound as a raw material is provided. The method comprises: preparing a slurry containing fluoroapatite produced from the raw material by using a wet process; applying an ultrasonic wave to the slurry; and drying the slurry to obtain the fluoroapatite powder mainly constituted of the fluoroapatite. The method provides fluoroapatite powder having improved particle strength. Further, an adsorption apparatus including the fluoroapatite powder is also provided.1. A method of producing fluoroapatite powder by using a calcium compound, a phosphate compound, and a fluorine compound as a raw material, the method comprising:
preparing a slurry containing fluoroapatite produced from the raw material by using a wet process; applying an ultrasonic wave to the slurry; and drying the slurry to obtain the fluoroapatite powder mainly constituted of the fluoroapatite. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of applying the ultrasonic wave to the slurry is carried out after the fluoroapatite is produced. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of applying the ultrasonic wave to the slurry is carried out by using an ultrasonic washing machine having an ultrasonic tank containing water, wherein the slurry is put in a container and then the container containing the slurry is put in the ultrasonic tank, and wherein in such a state, when a total amount of the slurry and the water is 180 L, a power of the ultrasonic wave to be applied to the slurry is in the range of 500 to 2500 W. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a time of applying the ultrasonic wave to the slurry is in the range of 10 minutes to 10 hours. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein an amount of the fluoroapatite contained in the slurry is 20 wt % or less. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the calcium compound is calcium hydroxide. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the phosphate compound is phosphoric acid. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fluorine compound is hydrogen fluoride. 9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the slurry containing the fluoroapatite is obtained by reacting the calcium compound and the phosphate compound to obtain a slurry containing hydroxyapatite having hydroxyl groups, and then reacting the hydroxyapatite and the fluorine compound having fluorine atoms, thereby substituting at least a part of the hydroxyl groups of the hydroxyapatite by the fluorine atoms of the fluorine compound. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the slurry containing the fluoroapatite is obtained by preparing a slurry containing the calcium compound and a mixture of the phosphate compound and the fluorine compound having fluorine atoms, and then dropping the mixture to the slurry containing the calcium compound to obtain hydroxyapatite having hydroxyl groups, thereby substituting at least a part of the hydroxyl groups of the hydroxyapatite by the fluorine atoms of the fluorine compound. 11. Fluoroapatite powder produced by using the method defined in claim 1. 12. Fluoroapatite powder mainly comprised of fluoroapatite, wherein the fluoroapatite powder is obtained by drying a slurry containing the fluoroapatite, wherein the fluoroapatite is obtained from hydroxyapatite having hydroxyl groups and a fluorine compound having fluorine atoms, and at least a part of the hydroxyl groups of the hydroxyapatite is substituted by the fluorine atoms of the fluorine compound,
wherein when the fluoroapatite powder of which average particle size is 40±5 μm are classified, and then a compressive particle strength of the classified fluoroapatite powder is measured, the compressive particle strength is 5.4 MPa or more. 13. An adsorption apparatus including an adsorbent constituted of the fluoroapatite powder defined in claim 11, or sintered particles obtained by sintering the fluoroapatite powder. 14. An adsorption apparatus including an adsorbent constituted of the fluoroapatite powder defined in claim 11, or sintered particles obtained by sintering the fluoroapatite powder,
wherein when a liquid containing a plurality of proteins is supplied to the adsorption apparatus, the plurality of proteins are adsorbed by the adsorbent so that the plurality of proteins are separated to each other due to a difference of adsorption capabilities between the plurality of proteins and the adsorbent. 15. An adsorption apparatus including an adsorbent constituted of the fluoroapatite powder defined in claim 12, or sintered particles obtained by sintering the fluoroapatite powder. 16. An adsorption apparatus including an adsorbent constituted of the fluoroapatite powder defined in claim 12, or sintered particles obtained by sintering the fluoroapatite powder,
wherein when a liquid containing a plurality of proteins is supplied to the adsorption apparatus, the plurality of proteins are adsorbed by the adsorbent so that the plurality of proteins are separated to each other due to a difference of adsorption capabilities between the plurality of proteins and the adsorbent. | 1,700 |
1,613 | 13,258,036 | 1,727 | A flow field plate for use in a fuel cell includes a non-porous plate body having a flow field. The flow field includes a plurality of channels and a flow distribution portion adjacent an end of the plurality of channels for distributing fluid between a manifold and the channels. A flow guide within the flow distribution portion establishes a desired flow distribution between the manifold and the plurality of channels. | 1. A flow field plate for use in a fuel cell, comprising:
a non-porous plate body including a flow field having a plurality of channels and a flow distribution portion adjacent one end of the plurality of channels for distributing fluid between a manifold and the plurality of channels; and a flow guide within the flow distribution portion that establishes a desired flow distribution between the manifold and the plurality of channels. 2. The flow field plate as recited in claim 1, wherein the flow guide includes a plurality of protrusions within the flow distribution portion. 3. The flow field plate as recited in claim 1, wherein the flow guide includes a plurality of non-equiaxed protrusions within the flow distribution portion. 4. The flow field plate as recited in claim 1, the flow guide includes a plurality of protrusions within the flow distribution portion and each of the protrusions includes a long axis and a short axis oriented perpendicularly relative to the long axis, and the long axes are substantially parallel. 5. The flow field plate as recited in claim 1, wherein the flow guide includes a plurality of protrusions within the flow distribution portion and each of the protrusions includes a long axis and a short axis oriented perpendicularly relative to the long axis, and the long axis is oriented in a direction toward a portion of the plurality of channels that are distally located from the manifold. 6. The flow field plate as recited in claim 1, wherein the flow guide includes protrusions and depressions, and the protrusions are transversely oriented relative to the depressions. 7. The flow field plate as recited in claim 1, wherein the flow guide includes a plurality of protrusions within the flow distribution portion, and each of the plurality of protrusions has an elliptical cross-sectional shape. 8. The flow field plate as recited in claim 1, wherein the flow guide includes a plurality of depressions within the flow distribution portion. 9. The flow field plate as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality of channels include channel inlets and channel outlets, with obstructions in a portion of the channel inlets and channel outlets that completely block the given channel inlets and channel outlets such that the plurality of channels are interdigitated. 10. The flow field plate as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality of channels include channel inlets and channel outlets, with obstructions in a portion of the channel inlets and channel outlets that partially block the given channel inlets and channel outlets such that the plurality of channels are partially interdigitated. 11. A fuel cell comprising:
an electrode assembly including an electrolyte between an anode catalyst and a cathode catalyst; a plurality of manifolds for transporting fluids in the fuel cell; a non-porous plate body including a flow field having a plurality of channels, a first flow distribution portion at an inlet end of the plurality of channels, and a second flow distribution portion at an outlet end of the plurality of channels for distributing the fluid between the plurality of manifolds and the plurality of channels, and flow guides within the first and second flow distribution portions that establish a desired flow distribution between the plurality of manifolds and the plurality of channels. 12. The fuel cell as recited in claim 11, wherein the flow guides are non-equiaxed. 13. The fuel cell as recited in claim 12, wherein each of the flow guides includes a long axis and a short axis oriented perpendicularly relative to the long axis, and the long axes of the flow guides in the first flow distribution portion are parallel and the long axes of the flow guides in the second flow distribution portion are parallel. 14. The fuel cell as recited in claim 12, wherein a portion of the flow guides on a reactant gas side of the non-porous plate body are angled relative to another portion of the flow guides on a coolant side of the non-porous plate body. 15. A method of controlling fluid distribution in a fuel cell comprising a non-porous plate body having a flow field including a plurality of channels and a flow distribution portion between adjacent an end of the plurality of channels, and a flow guide within the flow distribution portion, the method comprising:
establishing a desired flow distribution of a fluid between the manifold and the plurality of channels using the flow guide. 16. The method as recited in claim 15, including limiting flow between the manifold and a portion of the channels. 17. The method as recited in claim 15, including promoting more flow between the manifold and a portion of the channels. 18. The method as recited in claim 15, including limiting flow between the manifold and a portion of the channels that are proximately located to the manifold and promoting more flow between the manifold and another portion of the channels that are distally located from the manifold. | A flow field plate for use in a fuel cell includes a non-porous plate body having a flow field. The flow field includes a plurality of channels and a flow distribution portion adjacent an end of the plurality of channels for distributing fluid between a manifold and the channels. A flow guide within the flow distribution portion establishes a desired flow distribution between the manifold and the plurality of channels.1. A flow field plate for use in a fuel cell, comprising:
a non-porous plate body including a flow field having a plurality of channels and a flow distribution portion adjacent one end of the plurality of channels for distributing fluid between a manifold and the plurality of channels; and a flow guide within the flow distribution portion that establishes a desired flow distribution between the manifold and the plurality of channels. 2. The flow field plate as recited in claim 1, wherein the flow guide includes a plurality of protrusions within the flow distribution portion. 3. The flow field plate as recited in claim 1, wherein the flow guide includes a plurality of non-equiaxed protrusions within the flow distribution portion. 4. The flow field plate as recited in claim 1, the flow guide includes a plurality of protrusions within the flow distribution portion and each of the protrusions includes a long axis and a short axis oriented perpendicularly relative to the long axis, and the long axes are substantially parallel. 5. The flow field plate as recited in claim 1, wherein the flow guide includes a plurality of protrusions within the flow distribution portion and each of the protrusions includes a long axis and a short axis oriented perpendicularly relative to the long axis, and the long axis is oriented in a direction toward a portion of the plurality of channels that are distally located from the manifold. 6. The flow field plate as recited in claim 1, wherein the flow guide includes protrusions and depressions, and the protrusions are transversely oriented relative to the depressions. 7. The flow field plate as recited in claim 1, wherein the flow guide includes a plurality of protrusions within the flow distribution portion, and each of the plurality of protrusions has an elliptical cross-sectional shape. 8. The flow field plate as recited in claim 1, wherein the flow guide includes a plurality of depressions within the flow distribution portion. 9. The flow field plate as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality of channels include channel inlets and channel outlets, with obstructions in a portion of the channel inlets and channel outlets that completely block the given channel inlets and channel outlets such that the plurality of channels are interdigitated. 10. The flow field plate as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality of channels include channel inlets and channel outlets, with obstructions in a portion of the channel inlets and channel outlets that partially block the given channel inlets and channel outlets such that the plurality of channels are partially interdigitated. 11. A fuel cell comprising:
an electrode assembly including an electrolyte between an anode catalyst and a cathode catalyst; a plurality of manifolds for transporting fluids in the fuel cell; a non-porous plate body including a flow field having a plurality of channels, a first flow distribution portion at an inlet end of the plurality of channels, and a second flow distribution portion at an outlet end of the plurality of channels for distributing the fluid between the plurality of manifolds and the plurality of channels, and flow guides within the first and second flow distribution portions that establish a desired flow distribution between the plurality of manifolds and the plurality of channels. 12. The fuel cell as recited in claim 11, wherein the flow guides are non-equiaxed. 13. The fuel cell as recited in claim 12, wherein each of the flow guides includes a long axis and a short axis oriented perpendicularly relative to the long axis, and the long axes of the flow guides in the first flow distribution portion are parallel and the long axes of the flow guides in the second flow distribution portion are parallel. 14. The fuel cell as recited in claim 12, wherein a portion of the flow guides on a reactant gas side of the non-porous plate body are angled relative to another portion of the flow guides on a coolant side of the non-porous plate body. 15. A method of controlling fluid distribution in a fuel cell comprising a non-porous plate body having a flow field including a plurality of channels and a flow distribution portion between adjacent an end of the plurality of channels, and a flow guide within the flow distribution portion, the method comprising:
establishing a desired flow distribution of a fluid between the manifold and the plurality of channels using the flow guide. 16. The method as recited in claim 15, including limiting flow between the manifold and a portion of the channels. 17. The method as recited in claim 15, including promoting more flow between the manifold and a portion of the channels. 18. The method as recited in claim 15, including limiting flow between the manifold and a portion of the channels that are proximately located to the manifold and promoting more flow between the manifold and another portion of the channels that are distally located from the manifold. | 1,700 |
1,614 | 14,490,214 | 1,718 | A method of coating a substrate includes dispersing functionalized diamond nanoparticles in a fluid comprising metal ions to form a deposition composition; disposing a portion of the deposition composition over at least a portion of a substrate; and electrochemically depositing a coating over the substrate. The coating comprises the diamond nanoparticles and a metal formed by reduction of the metal ions in the deposition composition. | 1. A method of coating a substrate, comprising:
dispersing functionalized diamond nanoparticles in a fluid comprising metal ions to form a deposition composition; disposing a portion of the deposition composition over at least a portion of a substrate; and electrochemically depositing a coating over the substrate, the coating comprising the diamond nanoparticles and a metal formed by reduction of the metal ions in the deposition composition. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein electrochemically depositing a coating over the substrate comprises forming a coating having a thickness of at least about 10 μm. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein electrochemically depositing a coating over the substrate comprises forming a coating having a thickness in a range from about 50 μm to about 100 μm. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein electrochemically depositing a coating over the substrate comprises continuously forming the coating over the surface of the substrate. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein dispersing functionalized diamond nanoparticles in a fluid comprising metal ions comprises dispersing functionalized diamond nanoparticles having a particle size in a range from about 20 nm to about 1 μm. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein electrochemically depositing a coating over the substrate comprises electroless deposition of the metal onto a surface of the substrate. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein electrochemically depositing a coating over the substrate comprises electroplating the coating over the substrate. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein disposing a portion of the deposition composition over at least a portion of a substrate comprises disposing a portion of the deposition composition over at least a portion of a substrate comprising an electrically conductive material. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein disposing a portion of the deposition composition over at least a portion of a substrate comprising an electrically conductive material comprises disposing a portion of the deposition composition over at least a portion of a substrate comprising at least one material selected from the group consisting of aluminum, bismuth, boron, calcium, cobalt, copper, chromium, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, nitrogen, phosphorous, selenium, sulfur, tantalum, tellurium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, silicon, zinc, a rare earth element, and combinations and alloys thereof. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein disposing a portion of the deposition composition over at least a portion of a substrate comprises disposing a portion of the deposition composition over at least a portion of a substrate comprising an electrically nonconductive material. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein dispersing functionalized diamond nanoparticles in a fluid comprising metal ions comprises dispersing the functionalized diamond nanoparticles in a fluid comprising a compound comprising the metal ions. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein dispersing functionalized diamond nanoparticles in a fluid comprising metal ions comprises dispersing the functionalized diamond nanoparticles in a fluid comprising an ionic liquid having a cation having a formula selected from the group consisting of:
wherein:
A is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group, hydroxy, an amine, an alkoxy, an alkenyl group, and a polymerizable group;
R1 is selected from the group consisting of a bond and a biradical group; and
each of R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkyloxy, cylcloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, amine, alkyleneamine, aryleneamine, hydroxy, carboxylic acid groups and salts, and halogens. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising covalently bonding one or more molecular groups to outer surfaces of a plurality of diamond nanoparticles to form the functionalized diamond nanoparticles. 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising functionalizing diamond nanoparticles with at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of carboxy, epoxy, ether, ketone, amine, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, lactone, functionalized polymeric and oligomeric groups, quaternary ammonium groups, quaternary phosphonium groups, tertiary sulfonium groups, alkyl pyridinium groups, primary amines (—NH2), secondary amines (—NHR), tertiary amines (—NR2), aminoethyl, dimethylaminoethyl, diethylaminoethyl, guanidinium, imidazolium, and combinations thereof, wherein each R independently comprises an alkyl or aryl group. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein electrochemically depositing a coating over the substrate comprises forming an abrasion-resistant coating over the substrate. 16. A method of coating a substrate, comprising:
disposing a deposition fluid in a container, the deposition fluid comprising:
a plurality of functionalized diamond nanoparticles; and
a plurality of metal ions;
disposing a surface of a substrate in the container in contact with the deposition fluid; electrochemically depositing a coating on the substrate, the coating comprising:
a metal forming from the metal ions; and
the functionalized diamond nanoparticles. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the deposition fluid further comprises a buffer. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the deposition fluid further comprises a surfactant. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the deposition fluid further comprises an ionic liquid. 20. A method of coating a substrate, comprising:
disposing a deposition fluid in a container, the deposition fluid comprising:
a plurality of functionalized diamond nanoparticles;
an ionic liquid; and
metal ions;
disposing at least a portion of a substrate in the container in contact with the deposition fluid; and electrochemically forming a coating on the substrate, the coating comprising:
a metal formed from the metal ions; and
the functionalized diamond nanoparticles. | A method of coating a substrate includes dispersing functionalized diamond nanoparticles in a fluid comprising metal ions to form a deposition composition; disposing a portion of the deposition composition over at least a portion of a substrate; and electrochemically depositing a coating over the substrate. The coating comprises the diamond nanoparticles and a metal formed by reduction of the metal ions in the deposition composition.1. A method of coating a substrate, comprising:
dispersing functionalized diamond nanoparticles in a fluid comprising metal ions to form a deposition composition; disposing a portion of the deposition composition over at least a portion of a substrate; and electrochemically depositing a coating over the substrate, the coating comprising the diamond nanoparticles and a metal formed by reduction of the metal ions in the deposition composition. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein electrochemically depositing a coating over the substrate comprises forming a coating having a thickness of at least about 10 μm. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein electrochemically depositing a coating over the substrate comprises forming a coating having a thickness in a range from about 50 μm to about 100 μm. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein electrochemically depositing a coating over the substrate comprises continuously forming the coating over the surface of the substrate. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein dispersing functionalized diamond nanoparticles in a fluid comprising metal ions comprises dispersing functionalized diamond nanoparticles having a particle size in a range from about 20 nm to about 1 μm. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein electrochemically depositing a coating over the substrate comprises electroless deposition of the metal onto a surface of the substrate. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein electrochemically depositing a coating over the substrate comprises electroplating the coating over the substrate. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein disposing a portion of the deposition composition over at least a portion of a substrate comprises disposing a portion of the deposition composition over at least a portion of a substrate comprising an electrically conductive material. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein disposing a portion of the deposition composition over at least a portion of a substrate comprising an electrically conductive material comprises disposing a portion of the deposition composition over at least a portion of a substrate comprising at least one material selected from the group consisting of aluminum, bismuth, boron, calcium, cobalt, copper, chromium, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, nitrogen, phosphorous, selenium, sulfur, tantalum, tellurium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, silicon, zinc, a rare earth element, and combinations and alloys thereof. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein disposing a portion of the deposition composition over at least a portion of a substrate comprises disposing a portion of the deposition composition over at least a portion of a substrate comprising an electrically nonconductive material. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein dispersing functionalized diamond nanoparticles in a fluid comprising metal ions comprises dispersing the functionalized diamond nanoparticles in a fluid comprising a compound comprising the metal ions. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein dispersing functionalized diamond nanoparticles in a fluid comprising metal ions comprises dispersing the functionalized diamond nanoparticles in a fluid comprising an ionic liquid having a cation having a formula selected from the group consisting of:
wherein:
A is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group, hydroxy, an amine, an alkoxy, an alkenyl group, and a polymerizable group;
R1 is selected from the group consisting of a bond and a biradical group; and
each of R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkyloxy, cylcloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, amine, alkyleneamine, aryleneamine, hydroxy, carboxylic acid groups and salts, and halogens. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising covalently bonding one or more molecular groups to outer surfaces of a plurality of diamond nanoparticles to form the functionalized diamond nanoparticles. 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising functionalizing diamond nanoparticles with at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of carboxy, epoxy, ether, ketone, amine, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, lactone, functionalized polymeric and oligomeric groups, quaternary ammonium groups, quaternary phosphonium groups, tertiary sulfonium groups, alkyl pyridinium groups, primary amines (—NH2), secondary amines (—NHR), tertiary amines (—NR2), aminoethyl, dimethylaminoethyl, diethylaminoethyl, guanidinium, imidazolium, and combinations thereof, wherein each R independently comprises an alkyl or aryl group. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein electrochemically depositing a coating over the substrate comprises forming an abrasion-resistant coating over the substrate. 16. A method of coating a substrate, comprising:
disposing a deposition fluid in a container, the deposition fluid comprising:
a plurality of functionalized diamond nanoparticles; and
a plurality of metal ions;
disposing a surface of a substrate in the container in contact with the deposition fluid; electrochemically depositing a coating on the substrate, the coating comprising:
a metal forming from the metal ions; and
the functionalized diamond nanoparticles. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the deposition fluid further comprises a buffer. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the deposition fluid further comprises a surfactant. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the deposition fluid further comprises an ionic liquid. 20. A method of coating a substrate, comprising:
disposing a deposition fluid in a container, the deposition fluid comprising:
a plurality of functionalized diamond nanoparticles;
an ionic liquid; and
metal ions;
disposing at least a portion of a substrate in the container in contact with the deposition fluid; and electrochemically forming a coating on the substrate, the coating comprising:
a metal formed from the metal ions; and
the functionalized diamond nanoparticles. | 1,700 |
1,615 | 12,892,204 | 1,747 | The present invention is based upon the unexpected finding that lignin can be incorporated into wire coat stock composition to improve metal to rubber adhesion. It has been further found that lignin can be used as a replacement in whole or in part for conventional rubber-to-metal adhesion promoters, such as cobalt materials which are conventionally used in wire coat stocks to attain and maintain needed rubber-to-wire adhesion properties. In fact, wire coat stocks that contain lignin provide more that adequate rubber-to-metal adhesion characteristics for typical applications, such as in tires, and maintain needed levels of adhesion over long periods of product service. For instance, high levels of rubber-to-metal adhesion are maintained under harsh conditions, such as exposure to elevated temperatures and high levels of humidity. The utilization of lignin in wire coat stock formulations in accordance with this invention is also economically advantageous since lignin is a low cost alternative to most conventional adhesion promoting agents. Lignin is also environmentally friendly and does not present any known health hazards. Lignin is derived from wood and constitutes about 25 percent to 33 percent of the dry mass of wood. Accordingly, lignin is an abundant naturally occurring organic polymer which is a renewable resource since it is derived from trees. Accordingly, lignin represents a low cost, abundant, environmentally friendly, and highly effective alternative to conventional rubber-to-metal adhesion promoters. The present invention more specifically discloses a wire coat stock composition which is comprised of (1) a rubbery polymer, (2) about 40 phr to about 80 phr of carbon black, and (3) about 2 phr to about 30 phr of lignin. | 1. A wire coat stock composition which is comprised of (1) a rubbery polymer, (2) about 40 phr to about 80 phr of carbon black, and (3) about 2 phr to about 30 phr of lignin. 2. The wire coat stock as specified in claim 1 wherein the rubbery polymer includes at least 50 weight percent natural rubber and/or synthetic polyisoprene rubber. 3. The wire coat stock as specified in claim 2 wherein the lignin is present in the wire coat stock at a level which is within the range of 4 phr to 20 phr. 4. The wire coat stock as specified in claim 3 wherein the carbon black is present in the wire coat stock at a level which is within the range of 45 phr to 70 phr. 5. The wire coat stock as specified in claim 4 wherein the rubbery polymer includes at least 80 weight percent natural rubber and/or synthetic polyisoprene rubber. 6. The wire coat stock as specified in claim 2 wherein the lignin is present in the wire coat stock at a level which is within the range of 7 phr to 15 phr. 7. The wire coat stock as specified in claim 3 wherein the carbon black is present in the wire coat stock at a level which is within the range of 50 phr to 65 phr. 8. The wire coat stock as specified in claim 7 wherein the rubbery polymer includes at least 90 weight percent natural rubber and/or synthetic polyisoprene rubber. 9. The wire coat stock as specified in claim 2 wherein the lignin is present in the wire coat stock at a level which is within the range of 8 phr to 12 phr. 10. The wire coat stock as specified in claim 1 wherein the rubbery polymer consists essentially of natural rubber and/or synthetic polyisoprene rubber. 11. The wire coat stock as specified in claim 1 wherein the wire coat stock is further comprised of a cobalt compound. 12. A composite comprising a cured rubber composition with a metal reinforcing element embedded therein, wherein said rubber composition is comprised of (1) a rubbery polymer, (2) about 40 phr to about 80 phr of carbon black, and (3) about 2 phr to about 30 phr of lignin. 13. The composite as specified in claim 12 wherein the metal reinforcing element is comprised of brass coated steel. 14. The composite as specified in claim 13 wherein the metal reinforcing element is in the form of a wire. 15. The composite as specified in claim 13 wherein the metal reinforcing element is in the form of a bead. 16. A pneumatic tire which is comprised of a generally toroidal-shaped carcass with an outer circumferential tread, two spaced beads, at least one ply extending from bead to bead and sidewalls extending radially from and connecting said tread to said beads, wherein said tread is adapted to be ground-contacting, wherein the beads are comprised of steel, and wherein the beads are coated with the wire coat stock composition specified in claim 1. 17. A pneumatic tire as specified in claim 16 which is further comprised of steel plys which are coated with the wire coat stock composition specified in claim 1. 18. A pneumatic tire as specified in claim 16 wherein the tire is a truck tire or an earthmover tire, and wherein the tire is further comprised of cords which contain at least about 10 cabled filaments, and wherein the cords are coated with the wire coat stock composition specified in claim 1. 19. A pneumatic tire which is comprised of a generally toroidal-shaped carcass with an outer circumferential tread, two spaced beads, at least one ply extending from bead to bead and sidewalls extending radially from and connecting said tread to said beads, wherein said tread is adapted to be ground-contacting, wherein said ply is reinforced with steel wires, and wherein the steel wires are coated with the wire coat stock composition specified in claim 1. 20. A pneumatic tire which is comprised of a generally toroidal-shaped carcass with an outer circumferential tread, two spaced beads, at least one ply extending from bead to bead and sidewalls extending radially from and connecting said tread to said beads, an innerliner which covers the inner surface of said pneumatic tire, wherein said tread is adapted to be ground-contacting, wherein the innerliner is comprised of a halobutyl rubber, a filler and lignin. | The present invention is based upon the unexpected finding that lignin can be incorporated into wire coat stock composition to improve metal to rubber adhesion. It has been further found that lignin can be used as a replacement in whole or in part for conventional rubber-to-metal adhesion promoters, such as cobalt materials which are conventionally used in wire coat stocks to attain and maintain needed rubber-to-wire adhesion properties. In fact, wire coat stocks that contain lignin provide more that adequate rubber-to-metal adhesion characteristics for typical applications, such as in tires, and maintain needed levels of adhesion over long periods of product service. For instance, high levels of rubber-to-metal adhesion are maintained under harsh conditions, such as exposure to elevated temperatures and high levels of humidity. The utilization of lignin in wire coat stock formulations in accordance with this invention is also economically advantageous since lignin is a low cost alternative to most conventional adhesion promoting agents. Lignin is also environmentally friendly and does not present any known health hazards. Lignin is derived from wood and constitutes about 25 percent to 33 percent of the dry mass of wood. Accordingly, lignin is an abundant naturally occurring organic polymer which is a renewable resource since it is derived from trees. Accordingly, lignin represents a low cost, abundant, environmentally friendly, and highly effective alternative to conventional rubber-to-metal adhesion promoters. The present invention more specifically discloses a wire coat stock composition which is comprised of (1) a rubbery polymer, (2) about 40 phr to about 80 phr of carbon black, and (3) about 2 phr to about 30 phr of lignin.1. A wire coat stock composition which is comprised of (1) a rubbery polymer, (2) about 40 phr to about 80 phr of carbon black, and (3) about 2 phr to about 30 phr of lignin. 2. The wire coat stock as specified in claim 1 wherein the rubbery polymer includes at least 50 weight percent natural rubber and/or synthetic polyisoprene rubber. 3. The wire coat stock as specified in claim 2 wherein the lignin is present in the wire coat stock at a level which is within the range of 4 phr to 20 phr. 4. The wire coat stock as specified in claim 3 wherein the carbon black is present in the wire coat stock at a level which is within the range of 45 phr to 70 phr. 5. The wire coat stock as specified in claim 4 wherein the rubbery polymer includes at least 80 weight percent natural rubber and/or synthetic polyisoprene rubber. 6. The wire coat stock as specified in claim 2 wherein the lignin is present in the wire coat stock at a level which is within the range of 7 phr to 15 phr. 7. The wire coat stock as specified in claim 3 wherein the carbon black is present in the wire coat stock at a level which is within the range of 50 phr to 65 phr. 8. The wire coat stock as specified in claim 7 wherein the rubbery polymer includes at least 90 weight percent natural rubber and/or synthetic polyisoprene rubber. 9. The wire coat stock as specified in claim 2 wherein the lignin is present in the wire coat stock at a level which is within the range of 8 phr to 12 phr. 10. The wire coat stock as specified in claim 1 wherein the rubbery polymer consists essentially of natural rubber and/or synthetic polyisoprene rubber. 11. The wire coat stock as specified in claim 1 wherein the wire coat stock is further comprised of a cobalt compound. 12. A composite comprising a cured rubber composition with a metal reinforcing element embedded therein, wherein said rubber composition is comprised of (1) a rubbery polymer, (2) about 40 phr to about 80 phr of carbon black, and (3) about 2 phr to about 30 phr of lignin. 13. The composite as specified in claim 12 wherein the metal reinforcing element is comprised of brass coated steel. 14. The composite as specified in claim 13 wherein the metal reinforcing element is in the form of a wire. 15. The composite as specified in claim 13 wherein the metal reinforcing element is in the form of a bead. 16. A pneumatic tire which is comprised of a generally toroidal-shaped carcass with an outer circumferential tread, two spaced beads, at least one ply extending from bead to bead and sidewalls extending radially from and connecting said tread to said beads, wherein said tread is adapted to be ground-contacting, wherein the beads are comprised of steel, and wherein the beads are coated with the wire coat stock composition specified in claim 1. 17. A pneumatic tire as specified in claim 16 which is further comprised of steel plys which are coated with the wire coat stock composition specified in claim 1. 18. A pneumatic tire as specified in claim 16 wherein the tire is a truck tire or an earthmover tire, and wherein the tire is further comprised of cords which contain at least about 10 cabled filaments, and wherein the cords are coated with the wire coat stock composition specified in claim 1. 19. A pneumatic tire which is comprised of a generally toroidal-shaped carcass with an outer circumferential tread, two spaced beads, at least one ply extending from bead to bead and sidewalls extending radially from and connecting said tread to said beads, wherein said tread is adapted to be ground-contacting, wherein said ply is reinforced with steel wires, and wherein the steel wires are coated with the wire coat stock composition specified in claim 1. 20. A pneumatic tire which is comprised of a generally toroidal-shaped carcass with an outer circumferential tread, two spaced beads, at least one ply extending from bead to bead and sidewalls extending radially from and connecting said tread to said beads, an innerliner which covers the inner surface of said pneumatic tire, wherein said tread is adapted to be ground-contacting, wherein the innerliner is comprised of a halobutyl rubber, a filler and lignin. | 1,700 |
1,616 | 12,451,295 | 1,799 | A reusable, disposable device for culturing plant tissues or cells including a non-rigid container having dimensions and gas exchange ports designed for maintaining oxygen saturation and shear forces suitable for culturing plant tissue or cells in 400 liters or more of culture medium is provided. Also provided are methods for producing a catalytically active human recombinant protein in a plant cell, using the disposable device of one of the embodiments of the instant specification. | 1. A disposable device for culturing and harvesting plant tissue and/or cells comprising a non-rigid container having a volume of at least 400 liters and being configured with gas exchange ports and a harvesting port enabling said device to be used continuously for at least two consecutive culturing/harvesting cycles, wherein the device is designed and constructed for maintaining oxygen saturation and shear forces suitable for culturing said plant tissue and/or cells. 2. (canceled) 3. The device of claim 1, having values or value range of parameters selected from at least one of the following values or value ranges:
a) a height to volume ratio of about 0.06 to about 1 centimeter per liter; b) an inlet gas pressure of about to 1 bar to 5 bar; c) a density of gas inlets per cross sectional area of about 20 inlets per square meter to about 70 inlets per square meter; d) an aeration rate at inlet of about 0.05-0.12 volumes gas per volume medium per minute; and e) a gas bubble volume at inlet of about 20 cubic millimeters to about 1800 cubic millimeters. 4. The disposable device of claim 3, wherein said oxygen saturation is at least 15% volume per volume in a liquid contained within said container. 5. The device of claim 3, wherein said height to volume ratio is about 0.44 centimeter per liter and said inlet gas pressure is about to 1 bar to 5 bar. 6. The device of claim 3, wherein said height to volume ratio is about 0.44 centimeter per liter and said density of gas inlets per cross sectional area is about 20 inlets per square meter to about 70 inlets per square meter. 7. The device of claim 3, wherein said height to volume ratio is about 0.44 centimeter per liter and said aeration rate at inlet is about 0.07 to 0.12 volumes gas to volume medium per minute. 8-13. (canceled) 14. The device of claim 3, wherein said height to volume ratio of about 0.44 centimeter per liter, said inlet gas pressure is about to 1.5 bar to 2.5 bar, said density of gas inlets per cross sectional area of about 55 inlets per square meter, and said aeration rate at inlet is about 0.07 to 0.12 volumes gas per volume medium per minute. 15-26. (canceled) 27. The device of claim 3, further comprising a support structure for supporting said device. 28. The device of claim 27, wherein said support structure comprises a rigid cylindrical frame having a conical base. 29. The device of claim 3, wherein said harvesting port is located at the bottom of said bottom end of the container. 30. (canceled) 31. The device of claim 3, wherein said bottom end is substantially conical. 32. The device of claim 3, wherein said bottom end is substantially frusta-conical. 33. (canceled) 34. The device of claim 3, wherein aeration and mixing of culture medium is not effected by mechanical aeration and mixing means. 35. The device of claim 34, wherein said mechanical aeration and mixing means is an impeller. 36. A method for culturing and harvesting a plant tissue and/or plant cells in a volume greater than 400 liters, the method comprising:
(a) providing a disposable non-rigid container having a volume of at least 400 liters and being configured with gas exchange ports and a harvesting port enabling said device to be used continuously for at least two consecutive culturing/harvesting cycles, wherein the device is designed and constructed for maintaining oxygen saturation and shear forces suitable for culturing said plant tissue and/or cells; and (b) providing inoculant via said harvesting port; (c) providing sterile culture medium and/or sterile additives; (d) optionally illuminating said container with external light; and (e) allowing said cells and/or tissue to grow in said medium to a desired yield. 37. (canceled) 38. The method of claim 36, wherein said container of step (a) has values or value range of parameters selected from at least one of the following values or value ranges:
a) a height to volume ratio of about 0.06 to about 1 centimeter per liter; b) an inlet gas pressure of about to 1 bar to 5 bar; c) a density of gas inlets per cross sectional area of about 20 inlets per square meter to about 70 inlets per square meter; d) an aeration rate at inlet of about 0.05 to 0.12 volumes gas per volume medium per minute; and e) a gas bubble volume at inlet of about 20 cubic millimeters to about 1800 cubic millimeters. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein said steady state oxygen saturation is at least 15% volume per volume in a liquid contained within said container. 40. (canceled) 41. The method of claim 38, wherein said height to volume ratio is about 0.44 cm to liter. 42. (canceled) 43. The method of claim 38, wherein said inlet gas pressure is about 1.5 bar to about 2.5 bar. 44. The method of claim 38, wherein said density of gas inlets per cross-sectional area is about 40 per square meter to about 60 per square meter. 45. (canceled) 46. The method of claim 38, wherein said aeration rate is about 0.07 to 0.10 volumes gas per volume medium per minute. 47-53. (canceled) 54. A plant cell culturing system comprising the device of claim 1 and culture medium suitable for culturing said plant tissue and/or cells. 55. The plant cell culture system of claim 54, further comprising a plant cell suspension or tissue culture growing in said medium. 56. The plant cell culture system of claim 55, wherein said plant cells express a recombinant protein. 57. (canceled) 58. The plant cell culture system of claim 55, wherein said plant cells are selected from the group consisting of Agrobacterium rihzogenes transformed root cells, celery cells, ginger cells, horseradish cells, tobacco cells and carrot cells. 59-60. (canceled) 61. The plant cell culture system of claim 55, wherein said cells are tobacco cells expressing human recombinant acetylcholinesterase. 62. The plant cell culture system of claim 61, wherein said human recombinant acetylcholinesterase is acetylcholinesterase-R. | A reusable, disposable device for culturing plant tissues or cells including a non-rigid container having dimensions and gas exchange ports designed for maintaining oxygen saturation and shear forces suitable for culturing plant tissue or cells in 400 liters or more of culture medium is provided. Also provided are methods for producing a catalytically active human recombinant protein in a plant cell, using the disposable device of one of the embodiments of the instant specification.1. A disposable device for culturing and harvesting plant tissue and/or cells comprising a non-rigid container having a volume of at least 400 liters and being configured with gas exchange ports and a harvesting port enabling said device to be used continuously for at least two consecutive culturing/harvesting cycles, wherein the device is designed and constructed for maintaining oxygen saturation and shear forces suitable for culturing said plant tissue and/or cells. 2. (canceled) 3. The device of claim 1, having values or value range of parameters selected from at least one of the following values or value ranges:
a) a height to volume ratio of about 0.06 to about 1 centimeter per liter; b) an inlet gas pressure of about to 1 bar to 5 bar; c) a density of gas inlets per cross sectional area of about 20 inlets per square meter to about 70 inlets per square meter; d) an aeration rate at inlet of about 0.05-0.12 volumes gas per volume medium per minute; and e) a gas bubble volume at inlet of about 20 cubic millimeters to about 1800 cubic millimeters. 4. The disposable device of claim 3, wherein said oxygen saturation is at least 15% volume per volume in a liquid contained within said container. 5. The device of claim 3, wherein said height to volume ratio is about 0.44 centimeter per liter and said inlet gas pressure is about to 1 bar to 5 bar. 6. The device of claim 3, wherein said height to volume ratio is about 0.44 centimeter per liter and said density of gas inlets per cross sectional area is about 20 inlets per square meter to about 70 inlets per square meter. 7. The device of claim 3, wherein said height to volume ratio is about 0.44 centimeter per liter and said aeration rate at inlet is about 0.07 to 0.12 volumes gas to volume medium per minute. 8-13. (canceled) 14. The device of claim 3, wherein said height to volume ratio of about 0.44 centimeter per liter, said inlet gas pressure is about to 1.5 bar to 2.5 bar, said density of gas inlets per cross sectional area of about 55 inlets per square meter, and said aeration rate at inlet is about 0.07 to 0.12 volumes gas per volume medium per minute. 15-26. (canceled) 27. The device of claim 3, further comprising a support structure for supporting said device. 28. The device of claim 27, wherein said support structure comprises a rigid cylindrical frame having a conical base. 29. The device of claim 3, wherein said harvesting port is located at the bottom of said bottom end of the container. 30. (canceled) 31. The device of claim 3, wherein said bottom end is substantially conical. 32. The device of claim 3, wherein said bottom end is substantially frusta-conical. 33. (canceled) 34. The device of claim 3, wherein aeration and mixing of culture medium is not effected by mechanical aeration and mixing means. 35. The device of claim 34, wherein said mechanical aeration and mixing means is an impeller. 36. A method for culturing and harvesting a plant tissue and/or plant cells in a volume greater than 400 liters, the method comprising:
(a) providing a disposable non-rigid container having a volume of at least 400 liters and being configured with gas exchange ports and a harvesting port enabling said device to be used continuously for at least two consecutive culturing/harvesting cycles, wherein the device is designed and constructed for maintaining oxygen saturation and shear forces suitable for culturing said plant tissue and/or cells; and (b) providing inoculant via said harvesting port; (c) providing sterile culture medium and/or sterile additives; (d) optionally illuminating said container with external light; and (e) allowing said cells and/or tissue to grow in said medium to a desired yield. 37. (canceled) 38. The method of claim 36, wherein said container of step (a) has values or value range of parameters selected from at least one of the following values or value ranges:
a) a height to volume ratio of about 0.06 to about 1 centimeter per liter; b) an inlet gas pressure of about to 1 bar to 5 bar; c) a density of gas inlets per cross sectional area of about 20 inlets per square meter to about 70 inlets per square meter; d) an aeration rate at inlet of about 0.05 to 0.12 volumes gas per volume medium per minute; and e) a gas bubble volume at inlet of about 20 cubic millimeters to about 1800 cubic millimeters. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein said steady state oxygen saturation is at least 15% volume per volume in a liquid contained within said container. 40. (canceled) 41. The method of claim 38, wherein said height to volume ratio is about 0.44 cm to liter. 42. (canceled) 43. The method of claim 38, wherein said inlet gas pressure is about 1.5 bar to about 2.5 bar. 44. The method of claim 38, wherein said density of gas inlets per cross-sectional area is about 40 per square meter to about 60 per square meter. 45. (canceled) 46. The method of claim 38, wherein said aeration rate is about 0.07 to 0.10 volumes gas per volume medium per minute. 47-53. (canceled) 54. A plant cell culturing system comprising the device of claim 1 and culture medium suitable for culturing said plant tissue and/or cells. 55. The plant cell culture system of claim 54, further comprising a plant cell suspension or tissue culture growing in said medium. 56. The plant cell culture system of claim 55, wherein said plant cells express a recombinant protein. 57. (canceled) 58. The plant cell culture system of claim 55, wherein said plant cells are selected from the group consisting of Agrobacterium rihzogenes transformed root cells, celery cells, ginger cells, horseradish cells, tobacco cells and carrot cells. 59-60. (canceled) 61. The plant cell culture system of claim 55, wherein said cells are tobacco cells expressing human recombinant acetylcholinesterase. 62. The plant cell culture system of claim 61, wherein said human recombinant acetylcholinesterase is acetylcholinesterase-R. | 1,700 |
1,617 | 12,935,388 | 1,765 | Expandable vinyl aromatic polymers which comprise: a matrix obtained by polymerizing 50-100% by weight of one or more vinyl aromatic monomers and 0-50% by weight of at least one copolymer izable monomer; 1-10% by weight, calculated with respect to the polymer (a), of an expanding agent englobed in the polymeric matrix; 0.05-25% by weight, calculated with respect to the polymer (a), of a filler comprising coke with a surface area, measured according to ASTM D-3037/89, ranging from 5 to 50 m 2 /g. | 1. Compositions of expandable vinyl aromatic polymers which comprise:
a) a polymeric matrix obtained by polymerizing a base comprising 50-100% by weight of one or more vinyl aromatic monomers and 0-50% by weight of at least one co-polymerizable monomer; b) 1-10% by weight calculated with respect to the polymer (a), of an expandable agent englobed in the polymeric matrix; c) 0.05-25% by weight, calculated with respect to the polymer (a), of an athermanous filler comprising coke, in particle form with an average diameter of the particles ranging from 0.5 to 100 gm and with a surface area, measured according to ASTM D-3037/89 (BET), ranging from 5 to 50 m2/g. 2. The compositions according to claim 1, wherein the athermanous coke filler comprises up to 5% by weight, calculated with respect to the polymer (a), of graphite and/or carbon black. 3. The compositions according to claim 2, wherein the graphite, natural or synthetic, has an average particle diameter ranging from 0.5 to 50 μm and a surface area ranging from 5 to 50 m2/g. 4. The compositions according to claim 2, wherein the carbon black has an average particle diameter ranging from 10 to 1,000 nm and a surface area ranging from 5 to 40 m2/g. 5. The compositions according to any of the previous claims, comprising from 0.1 to 8% by weight, with respect to the polymer (a), of a self-extinguishing brominated additive containing at least 30% by weight of bromine and 0.05 to 2% by weight, again with respect to the polymer (a), of a synergic product containing at least one labile C—C or O—O bond. 6. Expanded articles which can be obtained with the expandable vinyl aromatic polymers according to any of the previous claims, having a density ranging from 5 to 50 g/l and a thermal conductivity ranging from 25 to 50 mW/mK. 7. Expanded extruded sheets of vinyl aromatic polymers comprising a cellular matrix of a vinyl aromatic polymer having a density ranging from 10 to 200 g/l, an average cell dimension ranging from 0.05 to 1.00 mm and containing from 0.05 to 25% by weight of an athermanous filler comprising said coke in particle form with an average diameter of the particles ranging from 0.5 to 100 μm and a surface area, measured according to ASTM D-3037/89 (BET), ranging from 5 to 50 m2/g. 8. The expanded extruded sheets according to claim 7, wherein the athermanous coke filler comprises up to 5% by weight, calculated with respect to the polymer, of said graphite and/or carbon black respectively. 9. A process for preparing the compositions of expandable vinyl aromatic polymers, in beads or granules, according to claims 1 to 5, which comprises polymerizing in aqueous suspension one or more vinyl aromatic monomers, possibly together with at least one polymerizable comonomer in a quantity of up to 50% by weight, in the presence of an athermanous filler comprising said coke in particle form with an average diameter of the particles (dimensional) ranging from 0.5 to 100 μm and a surface area ranging from 5 to 50 m2/g and at least in the presence of a peroxide radical initiator and an expanding agent added before, during or at the end of the polymerization. 10. The process according to claim 9, wherein the athermanous filler also comprises up to 5% by weight, calculated with respect to the polymer, of said graphite and/or carbon black. 11. The process according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the viscosity of the reagent solution of vinyl aromatic monomers, to be suspended in water, is increased by dissolving vinyl aromatic polymer in said solution, up to a concentration ranging from 1 to 30% by weight, with respect to the weight of the vinyl aromatic monomers. 12. The process according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the viscosity of the reagent solution of vinyl aromatic monomers, to be suspended in water, is increased by pre-polymerizing the monomer or mixture or monomers in mass, until a concentration of polymer ranging from 1 to 30% by weight is obtained. 13. The process according to any of the claims from 9 to 12, wherein, at the end of the polymerization, substantially spherical beads/granules of expandable polymer are obtained, with an average diameter ranging from 0.2 to 2 mm inside which said athermanous filler, comprising said coke and said possible other additives, is dispersed. 14. A process for preparing in continuous mass, the compositions of expandable vinyl aromatic polymers, in beads or granules, according to claims 1 to 5, which comprises the following steps in series:
i. mixing a vinyl aromatic polymer in granules or already in the molten state, with an average molecular weight Mw ranging from 50,000 to 250,000, preferably from 70,000 to 200,000, with an athermanous filler comprising said coke in particle form, with an average particle diameter ranging from 0.5 to 100 μm and a surface area ranging from 5 to 50 m2/g, preferably from 5 to 20 m2/g, and possible other additives;
ii. optionally, if not already in the molten state, heating the vinyl aromatic polymer of the mixture (i) to a temperature higher than the melting point of the vinyl aromatic polymer;
iii. incorporating said expanding agent and possible other additives such as said flame-retardant system, in the molten polymer;
iv. mixing the polymeric composition thus obtained by means of static or dynamic mixing elements; and
v. granulating the composition thus obtained in a device which comprises a die, a cutting chamber and a cutting system. 15. The process according to claim 14, wherein the athermanous filler also comprises up to 5% by weight, calculated with respect to the final polymer, of said graphite and/or carbon black. 16. The process according to claim 14 or 15, wherein at the end of the granulation, substantially spherical beads/granules of expandable polymer are obtained, with an average diameter ranging from 0.2 to 2 mm. 17. The process according to any of the claims from 9 to 16, wherein it is possible to incorporate at least said athermanous additives in a master-batch, on a base of a vinyl aromatic polymer having an average molecular weight MW ranging from 50,000 to 250,000. 18. The process according to claim 17, wherein the content of athermanous filler in the master-batch, comprising said coke and optionally said carbon black and/or graphite, ranges from 15 to 60% by weight. 19. The process according to any of the claims from 9 to 13, wherein the master-batch in pellet form is dissolved in the vinyl aromatic monomer. 20. The process according to any of the claims from 14 to 16, wherein the master-batch in pellet form is mixed with the granule or with the polymer in the molten state coming from the polymerization in solution. 21. The process according to any of the claims from 14 to 16, wherein the master-batch in pellet form is dissolved in the vinyl aromatic monomer/solvent mixture before this is fed to the reactor for polymerization in solution. 22. A process for the production of expanded extruded sheets of vinyl aromatic polymers according to claim 7 or 8, which comprises:
a1. mixing a vinyl aromatic polymer in the form of pellets and at least one athermanous filler comprising from 0.05 to 25% by weight, calculated with respect to the polymer, of said coke in particle form with an average diameter of the particles (dimensional) ranging from 0.5 to 100 μm and a surface area, measured according to ASTM D-3037-89 (BET), ranging from 5 to 50 m2/g;
b1. heating the mixture (a1) to a temperature ranging from 180 to 250° C. to as to obtain a polymeric melt which is subjected to homogenization;
c1. adding at least one expanding agent to the polymeric melt, and possibly said additives, for example said flame-retardant system;
d1. homogenizing the polymeric melt which englobes the expanding agent;
e1. homogeneously cooling the polymer melt (d1) to a temperature not higher than 200° C. and not lower than the Tg of the resulting polymeric composition;
f1. extruding the polymeric melt through a die in order to obtain an expanded polymeric sheet. 23. The process according to claim 22, wherein the athermanous filler of coke added to the vinyl aromatic polymer comprises up to 5% by weight, calculated with respect to the polymer, of said graphite and/or carbon black. 24. The process according to claim 22 or 23, wherein the vinyl aromatic polymer in pellet form is either totally or partially substituted by the compositions of vinyl aromatic polymers in beads/granules described or prepared in any of the claims from 9 to 21. 25. The process according to claim 22 or 23, wherein the vinyl aromatic polymer in pellet form is either totally or partially substituted by vinyl aromatic polymers in which the athermanous filler has been dispersed either as master-batch or as derivatives from post-consumption end-products. | Expandable vinyl aromatic polymers which comprise: a matrix obtained by polymerizing 50-100% by weight of one or more vinyl aromatic monomers and 0-50% by weight of at least one copolymer izable monomer; 1-10% by weight, calculated with respect to the polymer (a), of an expanding agent englobed in the polymeric matrix; 0.05-25% by weight, calculated with respect to the polymer (a), of a filler comprising coke with a surface area, measured according to ASTM D-3037/89, ranging from 5 to 50 m 2 /g.1. Compositions of expandable vinyl aromatic polymers which comprise:
a) a polymeric matrix obtained by polymerizing a base comprising 50-100% by weight of one or more vinyl aromatic monomers and 0-50% by weight of at least one co-polymerizable monomer; b) 1-10% by weight calculated with respect to the polymer (a), of an expandable agent englobed in the polymeric matrix; c) 0.05-25% by weight, calculated with respect to the polymer (a), of an athermanous filler comprising coke, in particle form with an average diameter of the particles ranging from 0.5 to 100 gm and with a surface area, measured according to ASTM D-3037/89 (BET), ranging from 5 to 50 m2/g. 2. The compositions according to claim 1, wherein the athermanous coke filler comprises up to 5% by weight, calculated with respect to the polymer (a), of graphite and/or carbon black. 3. The compositions according to claim 2, wherein the graphite, natural or synthetic, has an average particle diameter ranging from 0.5 to 50 μm and a surface area ranging from 5 to 50 m2/g. 4. The compositions according to claim 2, wherein the carbon black has an average particle diameter ranging from 10 to 1,000 nm and a surface area ranging from 5 to 40 m2/g. 5. The compositions according to any of the previous claims, comprising from 0.1 to 8% by weight, with respect to the polymer (a), of a self-extinguishing brominated additive containing at least 30% by weight of bromine and 0.05 to 2% by weight, again with respect to the polymer (a), of a synergic product containing at least one labile C—C or O—O bond. 6. Expanded articles which can be obtained with the expandable vinyl aromatic polymers according to any of the previous claims, having a density ranging from 5 to 50 g/l and a thermal conductivity ranging from 25 to 50 mW/mK. 7. Expanded extruded sheets of vinyl aromatic polymers comprising a cellular matrix of a vinyl aromatic polymer having a density ranging from 10 to 200 g/l, an average cell dimension ranging from 0.05 to 1.00 mm and containing from 0.05 to 25% by weight of an athermanous filler comprising said coke in particle form with an average diameter of the particles ranging from 0.5 to 100 μm and a surface area, measured according to ASTM D-3037/89 (BET), ranging from 5 to 50 m2/g. 8. The expanded extruded sheets according to claim 7, wherein the athermanous coke filler comprises up to 5% by weight, calculated with respect to the polymer, of said graphite and/or carbon black respectively. 9. A process for preparing the compositions of expandable vinyl aromatic polymers, in beads or granules, according to claims 1 to 5, which comprises polymerizing in aqueous suspension one or more vinyl aromatic monomers, possibly together with at least one polymerizable comonomer in a quantity of up to 50% by weight, in the presence of an athermanous filler comprising said coke in particle form with an average diameter of the particles (dimensional) ranging from 0.5 to 100 μm and a surface area ranging from 5 to 50 m2/g and at least in the presence of a peroxide radical initiator and an expanding agent added before, during or at the end of the polymerization. 10. The process according to claim 9, wherein the athermanous filler also comprises up to 5% by weight, calculated with respect to the polymer, of said graphite and/or carbon black. 11. The process according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the viscosity of the reagent solution of vinyl aromatic monomers, to be suspended in water, is increased by dissolving vinyl aromatic polymer in said solution, up to a concentration ranging from 1 to 30% by weight, with respect to the weight of the vinyl aromatic monomers. 12. The process according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the viscosity of the reagent solution of vinyl aromatic monomers, to be suspended in water, is increased by pre-polymerizing the monomer or mixture or monomers in mass, until a concentration of polymer ranging from 1 to 30% by weight is obtained. 13. The process according to any of the claims from 9 to 12, wherein, at the end of the polymerization, substantially spherical beads/granules of expandable polymer are obtained, with an average diameter ranging from 0.2 to 2 mm inside which said athermanous filler, comprising said coke and said possible other additives, is dispersed. 14. A process for preparing in continuous mass, the compositions of expandable vinyl aromatic polymers, in beads or granules, according to claims 1 to 5, which comprises the following steps in series:
i. mixing a vinyl aromatic polymer in granules or already in the molten state, with an average molecular weight Mw ranging from 50,000 to 250,000, preferably from 70,000 to 200,000, with an athermanous filler comprising said coke in particle form, with an average particle diameter ranging from 0.5 to 100 μm and a surface area ranging from 5 to 50 m2/g, preferably from 5 to 20 m2/g, and possible other additives;
ii. optionally, if not already in the molten state, heating the vinyl aromatic polymer of the mixture (i) to a temperature higher than the melting point of the vinyl aromatic polymer;
iii. incorporating said expanding agent and possible other additives such as said flame-retardant system, in the molten polymer;
iv. mixing the polymeric composition thus obtained by means of static or dynamic mixing elements; and
v. granulating the composition thus obtained in a device which comprises a die, a cutting chamber and a cutting system. 15. The process according to claim 14, wherein the athermanous filler also comprises up to 5% by weight, calculated with respect to the final polymer, of said graphite and/or carbon black. 16. The process according to claim 14 or 15, wherein at the end of the granulation, substantially spherical beads/granules of expandable polymer are obtained, with an average diameter ranging from 0.2 to 2 mm. 17. The process according to any of the claims from 9 to 16, wherein it is possible to incorporate at least said athermanous additives in a master-batch, on a base of a vinyl aromatic polymer having an average molecular weight MW ranging from 50,000 to 250,000. 18. The process according to claim 17, wherein the content of athermanous filler in the master-batch, comprising said coke and optionally said carbon black and/or graphite, ranges from 15 to 60% by weight. 19. The process according to any of the claims from 9 to 13, wherein the master-batch in pellet form is dissolved in the vinyl aromatic monomer. 20. The process according to any of the claims from 14 to 16, wherein the master-batch in pellet form is mixed with the granule or with the polymer in the molten state coming from the polymerization in solution. 21. The process according to any of the claims from 14 to 16, wherein the master-batch in pellet form is dissolved in the vinyl aromatic monomer/solvent mixture before this is fed to the reactor for polymerization in solution. 22. A process for the production of expanded extruded sheets of vinyl aromatic polymers according to claim 7 or 8, which comprises:
a1. mixing a vinyl aromatic polymer in the form of pellets and at least one athermanous filler comprising from 0.05 to 25% by weight, calculated with respect to the polymer, of said coke in particle form with an average diameter of the particles (dimensional) ranging from 0.5 to 100 μm and a surface area, measured according to ASTM D-3037-89 (BET), ranging from 5 to 50 m2/g;
b1. heating the mixture (a1) to a temperature ranging from 180 to 250° C. to as to obtain a polymeric melt which is subjected to homogenization;
c1. adding at least one expanding agent to the polymeric melt, and possibly said additives, for example said flame-retardant system;
d1. homogenizing the polymeric melt which englobes the expanding agent;
e1. homogeneously cooling the polymer melt (d1) to a temperature not higher than 200° C. and not lower than the Tg of the resulting polymeric composition;
f1. extruding the polymeric melt through a die in order to obtain an expanded polymeric sheet. 23. The process according to claim 22, wherein the athermanous filler of coke added to the vinyl aromatic polymer comprises up to 5% by weight, calculated with respect to the polymer, of said graphite and/or carbon black. 24. The process according to claim 22 or 23, wherein the vinyl aromatic polymer in pellet form is either totally or partially substituted by the compositions of vinyl aromatic polymers in beads/granules described or prepared in any of the claims from 9 to 21. 25. The process according to claim 22 or 23, wherein the vinyl aromatic polymer in pellet form is either totally or partially substituted by vinyl aromatic polymers in which the athermanous filler has been dispersed either as master-batch or as derivatives from post-consumption end-products. | 1,700 |
1,618 | 11,823,352 | 1,726 | The present invention provides composite organic materials and optoelectronic device, including photovoltaic devices, comprising the same. In one embodiment, a composite material comprises a polymeric phase and a nanoparticle phase, the nanoparticle phase comprising at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain. | 1. A composition comprising:
a composite material comprising a polymeric phase and a nanoparticle phase, the nanoparticle phase comprising at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle phase comprises a plurality of exaggerated nanocrystalline grains. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polymeric phase comprises a conjugated polymer. 4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the conjugated polymer comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(octylthiophene), polythiophene, or combinations thereof. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polymeric phase comprises a semiconducting polymer. 6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the semiconducting polymer comprises poly(phenylene vinylene), poly(p-phenylene vinylene), polyfluorenes, poly(2-vinylpyridine) polyamides, poly(N-vinylcarbazole), polypyrrole, polyaniline, or combinations thereof. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain comprises a plurality of nanoparticles. 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the nanoparticles comprise carbon nanoparticles. 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the carbon nanoparticles comprise multi-walled carbon nanotubes, single-walled carbon nanotubes, cut carbon nanotubes, fillerenes, doped carbon nanotubes, or combinations thereof. 10. The composition of claim 9, wherein doped carbon nanotubes comprise boron doped single-walled carbon nanotubes, boron doped multi-walled nanotubes, nitrogen doped single-walled nanotubes, nitrogen doped multi-walled nanotubes, or combinations thereof. 11. The composition of claim 7, wherein the nanoparticles comprise metal nanoparticles. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain has a length ranging from about 50 nm to about 500 nm. 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain has a diameter ranging from about 1 nm to about 500 nm. 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composite material has a ratio of polymeric phase to nanoparticle phase ranging from about 1:2 to about 1:0.6. 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composite material further comprises at least one upconverter. 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composite material has a thickness ranging from about 30 nm to about 1 μm. 17. A photovoltaic cell comprising:
a radiation transmissive first electrode; and a photosensitive composite organic layer electrically connected to the first electrode, the photosensitive composite organic layer comprising a polymeric phase and a nanoparticle phase, wherein the nanoparticle phase comprises at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain. 18. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein radiation transmissive first electrode comprises a radiation transmissive conducting oxide. 19. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein radiation transmissive first electrode comprises a radiation transmissive polymeric material. 20. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein the nanoparticle phase comprises a plurality of exaggerated nanocrystalline grains. 21. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein the polymeric phase comprises a conjugated polymer. 22. The photovoltaic cell of claim 21, wherein the conjugated polymer comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(octylthiophene), polythiophene, or combinations thereof. 23. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein the polymeric phase comprises a semiconducting polymer. 24. The photovoltaic cell of claim 23, wherein the semiconducting polymer comprises poly(phenylene vinylene), poly(p-phenylene vinylene), polyfluorenes, poly(2-vinylpyridine) polyamides, poly(N-vinylcarbazole), polypyrrole, polyaniline, or combinations thereof. 25. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein the at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain comprises a plurality of nanoparticles. 26. The photovoltaic cell of claim 25, wherein the nanoparticles comprise carbon nanoparticles. 27. The photovoltaic cell of claim 26, wherein the carbon nanoparticles comprise multi-walled carbon nanotubes, single-walled carbon nanotubes, cut carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, doped carbon nanotubes, or combinations thereof. 28. The photovoltaic cell of claim 27, wherein doped carbon nanotubes comprise boron doped single-walled carbon nanotubes, boron doped multi-walled nanotubes, nitrogen doped single-walled nanotubes, nitrogen doped multi-walled nanotubes, or combinations thereof. 29. The photovoltaic cell of claim 25, wherein the nanoparticles comprise metal nanoparticles. 30. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein the photosensitive composite organic layer has a ratio of polymeric phase to nanoparticle phase ranging from about 1:2 to about 1:0.6. 31. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein the photosensitive composite organic layer further comprises at least one bulk heterojunction between the polymeric phase and the nanoparticle phase. 32. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein the photosensitive composite layer further comprises a plurality of bulk heterojunctions between the polymeric phase and the nanoparticle phase. 33. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17 further comprising a second electrode electrically connected to the photosensitive composite organic layer. 34. The photovoltaic cell of claim 33 further comprising an at least partially oxidized layer of lithium fluoride disposed between the photosensitive composite organic layer and the second electrode. 35. The photovoltaic cell of claim 33, further comprising a layer of lithium oxide disposed between the photosensitive composite organic layer and the second electrode. 36. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein the photovoltaic cell has an efficiency greater than about 5%. 37. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein the photovoltaic cell has an efficiency greater than about 6%. 38. A photoactive apparatus comprising:
at least one pixel comprising at least one photovoltaic cell, the photovoltaic cell comprising a radiation transmissive first electrode and a photosensitive composite organic layer electrically connected to the first electrode, the photosensitive composite organic layer comprising a polymeric phase and a nanoparticle phase, wherein the nanoparticle phase comprises at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain. 39. The photoactive apparatus of claim 38, wherein the at least one pixel comprises a plurality of photovoltaic cells. 40. The photoactive apparatus of claim 38 comprising an array of pixels. 41. The photoactive apparatus of claim 40, wherein each pixel of the array comprises a plurality of photovoltaic cells. 42. The photoactive apparatus of claim 38, wherein the apparatus is a solar collector. 43. A method of producing a composite material comprising:
disposing a nanoparticle phase in a polymeric phase; and forming at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain in the polymeric phase. 44. The method of claim 43, wherein disposing a nanoparticle phase in a polymeric phase comprises dispersing a plurality of nanoparticles in the polymeric phase. 45. The method of claim 43, wherein forming at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain comprises annealing the composite material. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein annealing comprises disposing the composite material in a thermal gradient. 47. A method of producing a photovoltaic cell comprising:
providing a radiation transmissive first electrode, disposing a photosensitive composite organic layer in electrical communication with the first electrode, the photosensitive composite organic layer comprising a polymeric phase and a nanoparticle phase; disposing a second electrode in electrical communication with the photosensitive composite organic layer; and forming at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain in the polymeric phase of the photosensitive composite organic layer. 48. A method of converting electromagnetic energy into electrical energy comprising:
exposing a photosensitive composite organic layer to electromagnetic radiation, the photosensitive composite organic layer comprising a polymeric phase and a nanoparticle phase wherein the nanoparticle phase comprises at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain; generating excitons in the photosensitive composite organic layer; and separating the excitons into electrons and holes at a heterojunction in the composite organic layer. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the heterojunction comprises a plurality of bulk heterojunctions. 50. The method of claim 48, wherein the electromagnetic radiation comprises visible electromagnetic radiation, infrared electromagnetic radiation, ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation or combinations thereof. 51. The method of claim 48, further comprising removing the electrons into an external circuit. | The present invention provides composite organic materials and optoelectronic device, including photovoltaic devices, comprising the same. In one embodiment, a composite material comprises a polymeric phase and a nanoparticle phase, the nanoparticle phase comprising at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain.1. A composition comprising:
a composite material comprising a polymeric phase and a nanoparticle phase, the nanoparticle phase comprising at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle phase comprises a plurality of exaggerated nanocrystalline grains. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polymeric phase comprises a conjugated polymer. 4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the conjugated polymer comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(octylthiophene), polythiophene, or combinations thereof. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polymeric phase comprises a semiconducting polymer. 6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the semiconducting polymer comprises poly(phenylene vinylene), poly(p-phenylene vinylene), polyfluorenes, poly(2-vinylpyridine) polyamides, poly(N-vinylcarbazole), polypyrrole, polyaniline, or combinations thereof. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain comprises a plurality of nanoparticles. 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the nanoparticles comprise carbon nanoparticles. 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the carbon nanoparticles comprise multi-walled carbon nanotubes, single-walled carbon nanotubes, cut carbon nanotubes, fillerenes, doped carbon nanotubes, or combinations thereof. 10. The composition of claim 9, wherein doped carbon nanotubes comprise boron doped single-walled carbon nanotubes, boron doped multi-walled nanotubes, nitrogen doped single-walled nanotubes, nitrogen doped multi-walled nanotubes, or combinations thereof. 11. The composition of claim 7, wherein the nanoparticles comprise metal nanoparticles. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain has a length ranging from about 50 nm to about 500 nm. 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain has a diameter ranging from about 1 nm to about 500 nm. 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composite material has a ratio of polymeric phase to nanoparticle phase ranging from about 1:2 to about 1:0.6. 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composite material further comprises at least one upconverter. 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composite material has a thickness ranging from about 30 nm to about 1 μm. 17. A photovoltaic cell comprising:
a radiation transmissive first electrode; and a photosensitive composite organic layer electrically connected to the first electrode, the photosensitive composite organic layer comprising a polymeric phase and a nanoparticle phase, wherein the nanoparticle phase comprises at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain. 18. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein radiation transmissive first electrode comprises a radiation transmissive conducting oxide. 19. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein radiation transmissive first electrode comprises a radiation transmissive polymeric material. 20. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein the nanoparticle phase comprises a plurality of exaggerated nanocrystalline grains. 21. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein the polymeric phase comprises a conjugated polymer. 22. The photovoltaic cell of claim 21, wherein the conjugated polymer comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(octylthiophene), polythiophene, or combinations thereof. 23. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein the polymeric phase comprises a semiconducting polymer. 24. The photovoltaic cell of claim 23, wherein the semiconducting polymer comprises poly(phenylene vinylene), poly(p-phenylene vinylene), polyfluorenes, poly(2-vinylpyridine) polyamides, poly(N-vinylcarbazole), polypyrrole, polyaniline, or combinations thereof. 25. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein the at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain comprises a plurality of nanoparticles. 26. The photovoltaic cell of claim 25, wherein the nanoparticles comprise carbon nanoparticles. 27. The photovoltaic cell of claim 26, wherein the carbon nanoparticles comprise multi-walled carbon nanotubes, single-walled carbon nanotubes, cut carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, doped carbon nanotubes, or combinations thereof. 28. The photovoltaic cell of claim 27, wherein doped carbon nanotubes comprise boron doped single-walled carbon nanotubes, boron doped multi-walled nanotubes, nitrogen doped single-walled nanotubes, nitrogen doped multi-walled nanotubes, or combinations thereof. 29. The photovoltaic cell of claim 25, wherein the nanoparticles comprise metal nanoparticles. 30. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein the photosensitive composite organic layer has a ratio of polymeric phase to nanoparticle phase ranging from about 1:2 to about 1:0.6. 31. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein the photosensitive composite organic layer further comprises at least one bulk heterojunction between the polymeric phase and the nanoparticle phase. 32. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein the photosensitive composite layer further comprises a plurality of bulk heterojunctions between the polymeric phase and the nanoparticle phase. 33. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17 further comprising a second electrode electrically connected to the photosensitive composite organic layer. 34. The photovoltaic cell of claim 33 further comprising an at least partially oxidized layer of lithium fluoride disposed between the photosensitive composite organic layer and the second electrode. 35. The photovoltaic cell of claim 33, further comprising a layer of lithium oxide disposed between the photosensitive composite organic layer and the second electrode. 36. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein the photovoltaic cell has an efficiency greater than about 5%. 37. The photovoltaic cell of claim 17, wherein the photovoltaic cell has an efficiency greater than about 6%. 38. A photoactive apparatus comprising:
at least one pixel comprising at least one photovoltaic cell, the photovoltaic cell comprising a radiation transmissive first electrode and a photosensitive composite organic layer electrically connected to the first electrode, the photosensitive composite organic layer comprising a polymeric phase and a nanoparticle phase, wherein the nanoparticle phase comprises at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain. 39. The photoactive apparatus of claim 38, wherein the at least one pixel comprises a plurality of photovoltaic cells. 40. The photoactive apparatus of claim 38 comprising an array of pixels. 41. The photoactive apparatus of claim 40, wherein each pixel of the array comprises a plurality of photovoltaic cells. 42. The photoactive apparatus of claim 38, wherein the apparatus is a solar collector. 43. A method of producing a composite material comprising:
disposing a nanoparticle phase in a polymeric phase; and forming at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain in the polymeric phase. 44. The method of claim 43, wherein disposing a nanoparticle phase in a polymeric phase comprises dispersing a plurality of nanoparticles in the polymeric phase. 45. The method of claim 43, wherein forming at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain comprises annealing the composite material. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein annealing comprises disposing the composite material in a thermal gradient. 47. A method of producing a photovoltaic cell comprising:
providing a radiation transmissive first electrode, disposing a photosensitive composite organic layer in electrical communication with the first electrode, the photosensitive composite organic layer comprising a polymeric phase and a nanoparticle phase; disposing a second electrode in electrical communication with the photosensitive composite organic layer; and forming at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain in the polymeric phase of the photosensitive composite organic layer. 48. A method of converting electromagnetic energy into electrical energy comprising:
exposing a photosensitive composite organic layer to electromagnetic radiation, the photosensitive composite organic layer comprising a polymeric phase and a nanoparticle phase wherein the nanoparticle phase comprises at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain; generating excitons in the photosensitive composite organic layer; and separating the excitons into electrons and holes at a heterojunction in the composite organic layer. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the heterojunction comprises a plurality of bulk heterojunctions. 50. The method of claim 48, wherein the electromagnetic radiation comprises visible electromagnetic radiation, infrared electromagnetic radiation, ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation or combinations thereof. 51. The method of claim 48, further comprising removing the electrons into an external circuit. | 1,700 |
1,619 | 12,919,975 | 1,786 | A thermal insulation product based on mineral wool, characterized in that the fibers have a micronaire of less than 10 l/min, preferably less than 7 l/min and especially between 3 and 6 l/min, and in that the material has a thermal conductivity of less than 31 mW/m·K, especially less than 30 mW/m·K. The parameters for obtaining this product are in particular the pressure of the burner, the rotation speed of the fiberizing spinner and the daily fiber output per spinner orifice. | 1. A thermal insulation product comprising fibers of mineral wool, wherein the fibers have a micronaire of less than 10 L/min and product has a thermal conductivity of less than 31 mW/m·K. 2. The thermal insulation product of claim 1, having a density of at least 30 kg/m3. 3. The thermal insulation product of claim 1, wherein the fibers are essentially parallel to length dimensions of the product. 4. The thermal insulation product of claim 1, wherein a structure of the mineral wool comprises the fibers, bound together by a binder, in proportions of 5 to 8% by weight of the product. 5. The thermal insulation product of claim 1, having a thickness equal to or greater than 30 mm. 6. The thermal insulation product of claim 1, in the form of a cut panel, optionally comprising several layers. 7. An acoustic insulation system comprising thermal insulation product of claim 1. 8. The thermal insulation product of claim 1, comprising glass fibers with a proportion of unfiberized material of less than 1%. 9. The thermal insulation product of claim 1, obtained from an internal centrifugation fiberizing process. 10. A wall and/or roof lining comprising the product of claim 1. 11. A process for manufacturing mineral wool with an installation comprising an internal centrifugation device that comprises a spinner capable of rotating about an axis X, and the peripheral band of which is drilled with a plurality of orifices for delivering filaments of a molten material, a high-temperature gas attenuating unit in the form of an annular burner, which attenuates the filaments into fibers, and a receiving belt associated with suction device for receiving the fibers, said process comprising
controlling a combination of parameters, these being, at least, the pressure of the burner between 450 and 750 mmWC, rotation of the spinner at a speed greater than 2000 revolutions/minute, and daily fiber output per spinner orifice, which is at most 0.5 kg. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein a throughput of molten material entering the spinner is less than 18 tonnes/day for a spinner having at least 32 000 orifices. 13. The process of claim 11, wherein the spinner has a diameter of between 200 and 800 mm, and the fiber output per orifice is adapted to the diameter of the spinner. 14. The process of claim 11, wherein the spinner has an orifice-perforated band height of at most 35 mm. 15. The process of claim 11, wherein a diameter of the spinner orifices is between 0.5 and 1.1 mm. 16. The process of claim 11, wherein the orifices of the spinner are distributed in several annular zones, and the orifices have, from one zone to another, rows of orifices of different diameter, and the diameter per annular row decreases, in a centrifugation position, from a top of a peripheral band of the spinner toward the bottom. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein a distance between centers of neighboring orifices in a same annular zone may or may not be constant throughout an annular zone, and this distance varies from one zone to another by at least 3%, and, in the centrifugation position, decreases from the top of the peripheral band of the spinner toward the bottom, with a distance between 0.8 mm and 2 mm. 18. The process of claim 11, wherein the installation further comprises a conveyor that extends the receiving belt, the run speed of the conveyor being greater than the run speed of the receiving belt, by more than 10%. 19. The thermal insulation product of claim 1, wherein the fibers have a micronaire of less than 7 L/min. 20. The thermal insulation product of claim 1, wherein the fibers have a micronaire of between 3 and 6 L/min. | A thermal insulation product based on mineral wool, characterized in that the fibers have a micronaire of less than 10 l/min, preferably less than 7 l/min and especially between 3 and 6 l/min, and in that the material has a thermal conductivity of less than 31 mW/m·K, especially less than 30 mW/m·K. The parameters for obtaining this product are in particular the pressure of the burner, the rotation speed of the fiberizing spinner and the daily fiber output per spinner orifice.1. A thermal insulation product comprising fibers of mineral wool, wherein the fibers have a micronaire of less than 10 L/min and product has a thermal conductivity of less than 31 mW/m·K. 2. The thermal insulation product of claim 1, having a density of at least 30 kg/m3. 3. The thermal insulation product of claim 1, wherein the fibers are essentially parallel to length dimensions of the product. 4. The thermal insulation product of claim 1, wherein a structure of the mineral wool comprises the fibers, bound together by a binder, in proportions of 5 to 8% by weight of the product. 5. The thermal insulation product of claim 1, having a thickness equal to or greater than 30 mm. 6. The thermal insulation product of claim 1, in the form of a cut panel, optionally comprising several layers. 7. An acoustic insulation system comprising thermal insulation product of claim 1. 8. The thermal insulation product of claim 1, comprising glass fibers with a proportion of unfiberized material of less than 1%. 9. The thermal insulation product of claim 1, obtained from an internal centrifugation fiberizing process. 10. A wall and/or roof lining comprising the product of claim 1. 11. A process for manufacturing mineral wool with an installation comprising an internal centrifugation device that comprises a spinner capable of rotating about an axis X, and the peripheral band of which is drilled with a plurality of orifices for delivering filaments of a molten material, a high-temperature gas attenuating unit in the form of an annular burner, which attenuates the filaments into fibers, and a receiving belt associated with suction device for receiving the fibers, said process comprising
controlling a combination of parameters, these being, at least, the pressure of the burner between 450 and 750 mmWC, rotation of the spinner at a speed greater than 2000 revolutions/minute, and daily fiber output per spinner orifice, which is at most 0.5 kg. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein a throughput of molten material entering the spinner is less than 18 tonnes/day for a spinner having at least 32 000 orifices. 13. The process of claim 11, wherein the spinner has a diameter of between 200 and 800 mm, and the fiber output per orifice is adapted to the diameter of the spinner. 14. The process of claim 11, wherein the spinner has an orifice-perforated band height of at most 35 mm. 15. The process of claim 11, wherein a diameter of the spinner orifices is between 0.5 and 1.1 mm. 16. The process of claim 11, wherein the orifices of the spinner are distributed in several annular zones, and the orifices have, from one zone to another, rows of orifices of different diameter, and the diameter per annular row decreases, in a centrifugation position, from a top of a peripheral band of the spinner toward the bottom. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein a distance between centers of neighboring orifices in a same annular zone may or may not be constant throughout an annular zone, and this distance varies from one zone to another by at least 3%, and, in the centrifugation position, decreases from the top of the peripheral band of the spinner toward the bottom, with a distance between 0.8 mm and 2 mm. 18. The process of claim 11, wherein the installation further comprises a conveyor that extends the receiving belt, the run speed of the conveyor being greater than the run speed of the receiving belt, by more than 10%. 19. The thermal insulation product of claim 1, wherein the fibers have a micronaire of less than 7 L/min. 20. The thermal insulation product of claim 1, wherein the fibers have a micronaire of between 3 and 6 L/min. | 1,700 |
1,620 | 14,001,607 | 1,726 | Improved thin-film photovoltaic devices and methods of manufacturing such devices are described. Embodiments include a substrate-configured thin-film PV device ( 200 ) having a photo-absorbing semiconductor layer ( 230 ) and a window layer ( 240 ). Embodiments include devices having a CdTe photo-absorbing semiconductor layer, a CdS or CdS:In window layer, and an n-p junction residing at or proximate an interface of the photo-absorbing semiconductor and window layers. Variations include methods of manufacture wherein i) O 2 is excluded from an ambient environment during deposition of the CdTe layer ( 102 ), ii) O 2 is included in an ambient environment during CdCl 2 treatment ( 103 ), iii) O 2 is included in an ambient environment during deposition of a CdS or CdS:In layer ( 104 ), or iv) a medium-temperature anneal (MTA) having an anneal temperature of 300° C. or less is performed ( 105 ) after deposition of the CdS layer. | 1. A method of making a thin-film photovoltaic device comprising:
depositing a back contact on a substrate; depositing a photo-absorbing semiconductor layer above the back contact; depositing a window layer above the photo-absorbing semiconductor layer in an ambient comprising at least 0.5% O2; performing a medium temperature anneal of the photo-absorbing semiconductor layer and the window layer at an anneal temperature of 160° C. to 300° C.; and depositing a front contact above the window layer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the photo-absorbing semiconductor layer is selected from the group consisting of group II-VI semiconductors, group semiconductors, group I-II-IV-VI semiconductors, selected kesterites, and selected chalcopyrites. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the depositing the window layer is performed in an ambient comprising at least 2.0% O2. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the photo-absorbing semiconductor layer comprises a p-type semiconductor. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the p-type semiconductor comprises a group II-VI semiconductor. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the photo-absorbing semiconductor layer comprises cadmium telluride (CdTe). 7. The method of claim 3, wherein the window layer comprises a cadmium composition selected from the group consisting of cadmium sulfide (CdS) and indium-doped cadmium sulfide (CdS:In). 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the anneal temperature is 200° C. to 275° C. 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the anneal temperature is approximately 225° C. to approximately 250°. 10. The method of claim 2, further comprising performing a cadmium chloride (CdCl2) treatment of the photo-absorbing semiconductor layer prior to depositing the window layer, wherein the step of performing the CdCl2 treatment is executed in an ambient comprising at least 0.5% O2. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein the step of depositing the photo-absorbing semiconductor layer is performed by a method selected from the group consisting of close-spaced sublimation (CSS) and evaporative deposition. 12. A substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device manufactured by the method of claim 7, wherein:
the step of depositing a photo-absorbing semiconductor layer above the back contact is performed in an ambient comprising less than 320 mtorr O2; and the device exhibits an open circuit voltage (VOC) above 800 mV at an illumination of approximately 1 sun. 13. The substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device of claim 12, wherein the device further exhibits a fill factor of 45% or greater. 14. The substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device of claim 12, wherein the device further exhibits a VOC above 850 mV and a fill factor of 50% or greater. 15. A thin-film photovoltaic device comprising:
a substrate or a superstrate; a back contact; a photo-absorbing semiconductor layer including CdTe; a window layer including a cadmium composition selected from the group consisting of CdS and CdS:In; and a front contact, wherein the device exhibits a VOC above 820 mV and a fill factor of 50% or greater, at an illumination of approximately 1 sun. 16. The thin-film photovoltaic device of claim 15, wherein the thin-film photovoltaic device exhibits a VOC of 860 mV or greater at an illumination of approximately 1 sun. 17. The thin-film photovoltaic device of claim 15, wherein the thin-film photovoltaic device exhibits efficiency equal to or greater than 10.0%. 18. A substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device comprising:
a substrate; a back contact; a photo-absorbing semiconductor layer comprising CdTe, the photo-absorbing semiconductor layer residing above the substrate; a window layer comprising a cadmium composition selected from the group consisting of CdS and CdS:In; and a front contact, wherein the device exhibits a VOC above 700 mV and a fill factor of 45% or greater, at an illumination of approximately 1 sun. 19. The substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device according to claim 18, wherein the substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device exhibits a VOC above 800 mV at an illumination of approximately 1 sun. 20. The substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device according to claim 19, wherein the substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device exhibits a VOC above 850 mV and a fill factor of 50% or greater, at an illumination of approximately 1 sun. 21. The substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device of claim 18, wherein the substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device exhibits efficiency greater than 8%. 22. The substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device of claim 21, wherein the substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device exhibits efficiency greater than 9.5%. 23. A method of making a thin-film photovoltaic device comprising:
depositing a back contact on a substrate; depositing a photo-absorbing semiconductor layer above the substrate in an ambient comprising less than 160 torr oxygen (O2), the photo-absorbing semiconductor layer consisting essentially of CdTe; depositing a window layer above the photo-absorbing semiconductor layer in an ambient comprising at least 2.0% O2, the window layer consisting essentially of a cadmium composition selected from the group consisting of CdS and CdS:In; performing a medium temperature anneal of the photo-absorbing semiconductor and window layers at an anneal temperature of 200° C. to 275° C.; and depositing a front contact above the window layer. 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising performing a CdCl2 treatment of the photo-absorbing semiconductor layer prior to depositing the window layer, wherein the step of performing the CdCl2 treatment is executed in an ambient comprising at least 5.0% O2. 25. A thin-film photovoltaic device manufactured by the method of claim 23, wherein the thin-film photovoltaic device exhibits a VOC above 820 mV at an illumination of approximately 1 sun. | Improved thin-film photovoltaic devices and methods of manufacturing such devices are described. Embodiments include a substrate-configured thin-film PV device ( 200 ) having a photo-absorbing semiconductor layer ( 230 ) and a window layer ( 240 ). Embodiments include devices having a CdTe photo-absorbing semiconductor layer, a CdS or CdS:In window layer, and an n-p junction residing at or proximate an interface of the photo-absorbing semiconductor and window layers. Variations include methods of manufacture wherein i) O 2 is excluded from an ambient environment during deposition of the CdTe layer ( 102 ), ii) O 2 is included in an ambient environment during CdCl 2 treatment ( 103 ), iii) O 2 is included in an ambient environment during deposition of a CdS or CdS:In layer ( 104 ), or iv) a medium-temperature anneal (MTA) having an anneal temperature of 300° C. or less is performed ( 105 ) after deposition of the CdS layer.1. A method of making a thin-film photovoltaic device comprising:
depositing a back contact on a substrate; depositing a photo-absorbing semiconductor layer above the back contact; depositing a window layer above the photo-absorbing semiconductor layer in an ambient comprising at least 0.5% O2; performing a medium temperature anneal of the photo-absorbing semiconductor layer and the window layer at an anneal temperature of 160° C. to 300° C.; and depositing a front contact above the window layer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the photo-absorbing semiconductor layer is selected from the group consisting of group II-VI semiconductors, group semiconductors, group I-II-IV-VI semiconductors, selected kesterites, and selected chalcopyrites. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the depositing the window layer is performed in an ambient comprising at least 2.0% O2. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the photo-absorbing semiconductor layer comprises a p-type semiconductor. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the p-type semiconductor comprises a group II-VI semiconductor. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the photo-absorbing semiconductor layer comprises cadmium telluride (CdTe). 7. The method of claim 3, wherein the window layer comprises a cadmium composition selected from the group consisting of cadmium sulfide (CdS) and indium-doped cadmium sulfide (CdS:In). 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the anneal temperature is 200° C. to 275° C. 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the anneal temperature is approximately 225° C. to approximately 250°. 10. The method of claim 2, further comprising performing a cadmium chloride (CdCl2) treatment of the photo-absorbing semiconductor layer prior to depositing the window layer, wherein the step of performing the CdCl2 treatment is executed in an ambient comprising at least 0.5% O2. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein the step of depositing the photo-absorbing semiconductor layer is performed by a method selected from the group consisting of close-spaced sublimation (CSS) and evaporative deposition. 12. A substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device manufactured by the method of claim 7, wherein:
the step of depositing a photo-absorbing semiconductor layer above the back contact is performed in an ambient comprising less than 320 mtorr O2; and the device exhibits an open circuit voltage (VOC) above 800 mV at an illumination of approximately 1 sun. 13. The substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device of claim 12, wherein the device further exhibits a fill factor of 45% or greater. 14. The substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device of claim 12, wherein the device further exhibits a VOC above 850 mV and a fill factor of 50% or greater. 15. A thin-film photovoltaic device comprising:
a substrate or a superstrate; a back contact; a photo-absorbing semiconductor layer including CdTe; a window layer including a cadmium composition selected from the group consisting of CdS and CdS:In; and a front contact, wherein the device exhibits a VOC above 820 mV and a fill factor of 50% or greater, at an illumination of approximately 1 sun. 16. The thin-film photovoltaic device of claim 15, wherein the thin-film photovoltaic device exhibits a VOC of 860 mV or greater at an illumination of approximately 1 sun. 17. The thin-film photovoltaic device of claim 15, wherein the thin-film photovoltaic device exhibits efficiency equal to or greater than 10.0%. 18. A substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device comprising:
a substrate; a back contact; a photo-absorbing semiconductor layer comprising CdTe, the photo-absorbing semiconductor layer residing above the substrate; a window layer comprising a cadmium composition selected from the group consisting of CdS and CdS:In; and a front contact, wherein the device exhibits a VOC above 700 mV and a fill factor of 45% or greater, at an illumination of approximately 1 sun. 19. The substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device according to claim 18, wherein the substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device exhibits a VOC above 800 mV at an illumination of approximately 1 sun. 20. The substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device according to claim 19, wherein the substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device exhibits a VOC above 850 mV and a fill factor of 50% or greater, at an illumination of approximately 1 sun. 21. The substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device of claim 18, wherein the substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device exhibits efficiency greater than 8%. 22. The substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device of claim 21, wherein the substrate-configured thin-film photovoltaic device exhibits efficiency greater than 9.5%. 23. A method of making a thin-film photovoltaic device comprising:
depositing a back contact on a substrate; depositing a photo-absorbing semiconductor layer above the substrate in an ambient comprising less than 160 torr oxygen (O2), the photo-absorbing semiconductor layer consisting essentially of CdTe; depositing a window layer above the photo-absorbing semiconductor layer in an ambient comprising at least 2.0% O2, the window layer consisting essentially of a cadmium composition selected from the group consisting of CdS and CdS:In; performing a medium temperature anneal of the photo-absorbing semiconductor and window layers at an anneal temperature of 200° C. to 275° C.; and depositing a front contact above the window layer. 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising performing a CdCl2 treatment of the photo-absorbing semiconductor layer prior to depositing the window layer, wherein the step of performing the CdCl2 treatment is executed in an ambient comprising at least 5.0% O2. 25. A thin-film photovoltaic device manufactured by the method of claim 23, wherein the thin-film photovoltaic device exhibits a VOC above 820 mV at an illumination of approximately 1 sun. | 1,700 |
1,621 | 13,698,262 | 1,779 | Selective retaining a relatively hydrophilic molecule from a mixture of a relatively hydrophobic molecule and the relatively hydrophilic molecule can be achieved using a hydrophobic, microporous hybrid membrane based on silica, wherein at least 25% of the silicon atoms is bound to a bridging C 1 -C 12 -hyrdocarbylene group. The average number of carbon atoms of the bridging groups and any additional monovalent organic groups, taken together, is at least 3.5. The membrane can be part of a production facility for separating alcohol/water mixtures. | 1-17. (canceled) 18. A hydrophobic membrane comprising a layer based on silica, wherein
(a) at least 25% of the silicon atoms has a bridging C1-C12 divalent hydrocarbylene group as a substituent, and optionally further silicon atoms having a monovalent C1-C30 organic group as a substituent; (b) either the divalent hydrocarbylene group has a minimum length of 8 carbon atoms, or the monovalent organic group has a minimum length of 6 carbon atoms, or both; and (c) the average number of carbon atoms in the monovalent organic groups and the divalent hydrocarbylene groups taken together is at least 3.5. 19. The membrane according to claim 18, wherein at least 30% of the silicon atoms has a monovalent C6-C24. 20. The membrane according to claim 19, wherein at least 30% of the silicon atoms has a a C8-C18 hydrocarbyl group. 21. The membrane according to claim 18, comprising both of the monovalent and divalent groups. 22. The membrane according to claim 21, wherein the molar ratio of the monovalent groups to the divalent groups is between 9:1 and 1:2. 23. The membrane according to claim 21, wherein the average number of carbon atoms of the monovalent groups and the divalent groups is at least 4. 24. The membrane according to claim 23, wherein the average number of carbon atoms of the monovalent groups and the divalent groups is between 4.5 and 12. 25. The membrane according to claim 18, having a thickness between 20 nm and 2 μm. 26. The membrane according to claim 25, having a thickness between 50 and 500 nm. 27. The membrane according to claim 18, wherein the layer is microporous and has an average pore diameter between 0.4 and 2.0 nm. 28. The membrane according to claim 27, wherein the layer has an average pore diameter between 0.5 and 1.3 nm. 29. The membrane according to claim 18, having a cut-off value of 200-1000 Da. 30. The membrane according to claim 18, having a cut-off value of 200-400 Da. 31. The membrane according to claim 18, having a cut-off value of 400-600 Da. 32. A process of selectively retaining a relatively hydrophilic molecule from a mixture of a relatively hydrophobic component and the relatively hydrophilic molecule, comprising contacting the mixture with a membrane according to claim 18. 33. A production facility for producing an alcohol/water mixture of high alcohol concentration, comprising:
(i) a production unit of a low grade alcohol/water mixture; in fluid connection with: (ii) a membrane unit comprising one or more membranes according to claim 1, for increasing the alcohol concentration of the alcohol/water mixture, and optionally: (iii) one or more further separation units for separating alcohol from water. 34. The facility according to claim 33, wherein the alcohol is ethanol or propanol, and (iii) comprises a distillation unit. 35. The facility unit according to claim 33, wherein the alcohol is butanol or a higher alkanol, and (iii) comprises a decanting unit. 36. The facility according to claim 33, wherein the membrane unit (iii) comprises a layer based on silica, wherein at least 25% of the silicon atoms has a bridging C1-C12 divalent hydrocarbylene group as a substituent, and optionally further silicon atoms may have a monovalent C1-C30 organic group as a substituent, and the average number of carbon atoms in the monovalent hydrocarbyl groups and the divalent organic groups taken together less than 3.5. 37. A purification facility for purifying alcohol from a low grade alcohol/water mixture, comprising:
(i) membrane unit comprising one or more membranes according to claim , in fluid connection at the permeate side thereof with: (ii) a further separation unit for separating alcohol from water. | Selective retaining a relatively hydrophilic molecule from a mixture of a relatively hydrophobic molecule and the relatively hydrophilic molecule can be achieved using a hydrophobic, microporous hybrid membrane based on silica, wherein at least 25% of the silicon atoms is bound to a bridging C 1 -C 12 -hyrdocarbylene group. The average number of carbon atoms of the bridging groups and any additional monovalent organic groups, taken together, is at least 3.5. The membrane can be part of a production facility for separating alcohol/water mixtures.1-17. (canceled) 18. A hydrophobic membrane comprising a layer based on silica, wherein
(a) at least 25% of the silicon atoms has a bridging C1-C12 divalent hydrocarbylene group as a substituent, and optionally further silicon atoms having a monovalent C1-C30 organic group as a substituent; (b) either the divalent hydrocarbylene group has a minimum length of 8 carbon atoms, or the monovalent organic group has a minimum length of 6 carbon atoms, or both; and (c) the average number of carbon atoms in the monovalent organic groups and the divalent hydrocarbylene groups taken together is at least 3.5. 19. The membrane according to claim 18, wherein at least 30% of the silicon atoms has a monovalent C6-C24. 20. The membrane according to claim 19, wherein at least 30% of the silicon atoms has a a C8-C18 hydrocarbyl group. 21. The membrane according to claim 18, comprising both of the monovalent and divalent groups. 22. The membrane according to claim 21, wherein the molar ratio of the monovalent groups to the divalent groups is between 9:1 and 1:2. 23. The membrane according to claim 21, wherein the average number of carbon atoms of the monovalent groups and the divalent groups is at least 4. 24. The membrane according to claim 23, wherein the average number of carbon atoms of the monovalent groups and the divalent groups is between 4.5 and 12. 25. The membrane according to claim 18, having a thickness between 20 nm and 2 μm. 26. The membrane according to claim 25, having a thickness between 50 and 500 nm. 27. The membrane according to claim 18, wherein the layer is microporous and has an average pore diameter between 0.4 and 2.0 nm. 28. The membrane according to claim 27, wherein the layer has an average pore diameter between 0.5 and 1.3 nm. 29. The membrane according to claim 18, having a cut-off value of 200-1000 Da. 30. The membrane according to claim 18, having a cut-off value of 200-400 Da. 31. The membrane according to claim 18, having a cut-off value of 400-600 Da. 32. A process of selectively retaining a relatively hydrophilic molecule from a mixture of a relatively hydrophobic component and the relatively hydrophilic molecule, comprising contacting the mixture with a membrane according to claim 18. 33. A production facility for producing an alcohol/water mixture of high alcohol concentration, comprising:
(i) a production unit of a low grade alcohol/water mixture; in fluid connection with: (ii) a membrane unit comprising one or more membranes according to claim 1, for increasing the alcohol concentration of the alcohol/water mixture, and optionally: (iii) one or more further separation units for separating alcohol from water. 34. The facility according to claim 33, wherein the alcohol is ethanol or propanol, and (iii) comprises a distillation unit. 35. The facility unit according to claim 33, wherein the alcohol is butanol or a higher alkanol, and (iii) comprises a decanting unit. 36. The facility according to claim 33, wherein the membrane unit (iii) comprises a layer based on silica, wherein at least 25% of the silicon atoms has a bridging C1-C12 divalent hydrocarbylene group as a substituent, and optionally further silicon atoms may have a monovalent C1-C30 organic group as a substituent, and the average number of carbon atoms in the monovalent hydrocarbyl groups and the divalent organic groups taken together less than 3.5. 37. A purification facility for purifying alcohol from a low grade alcohol/water mixture, comprising:
(i) membrane unit comprising one or more membranes according to claim , in fluid connection at the permeate side thereof with: (ii) a further separation unit for separating alcohol from water. | 1,700 |
1,622 | 12,232,309 | 1,725 | A fuel cell system has a gas delivery-means that circulates the anode exhaust gas back to the anode compartment of the fuel cell for further reaction. | 1. A fuel cell system, comprising:
a fuel cell comprising an anode compartment having an inlet and an outlet; an anode gas in the anode compartment and creating an anode pressure; a source of a hydrogen-containing fuel gas fluidly connected to the inlet of the anode compartment through a first conduit; a control valve installed in the first conduit; a gas-delivery means installed in the first conduit between the control valve and the anode compartment; a second conduit fluidly connecting the outlet of the anode compartment and the gas-delivery means; and an anode exhaust gas flowing from the outlet of the anode compartment into the gas-delivery means, wherein when the anode pressure is lower than a preset value, the control valve opens and the hydrogen-containing fuel gas flows into the gas-delivery means, mixing with the anode exhaust gas in the gas-delivery means to form the anode gas. 2. The fuel cell of claim 1, further comprising a flowfield in the anode compartment. 3. The fuel cell of claim 2, wherein the flowfield is a material chosen from metal foam, metal mesh, metal screen, corrugated metal sheet, graphite foam, and graphite mesh. 4. The fuel cell system of claim 1, wherein the gas-delivery means is a gas ejector comprising an orifice plate or a Venturi tube. 5. The fuel cell system of claim 1, wherein the anode pressure ranges from 1 psig to 30 psig. 6. The fuel cell system of claim 5, wherein the anode pressure ranges from 4 psig to 20 psig. 7. The fuel cell system of claim 1, wherein the preset pressure ranges from 1 psig to 30 psig. 8. The fuel cell system of claim 7, wherein the preset value ranges from 4 psig to 20 psig. 9. The fuel cell system of claim 1, wherein the hydrogen-containing fuel gas is hydrogen gas having a purity of 80% or higher. 10. The fuel cell system of claim 1, further comprising a liquid separating means installed in the second conduit between the outlet of the anode compartment and the gas-delivery means. 11. The fuel cell system of claim 1, wherein the pressure control valve is a pneumatic valve using the fuel gas as a motive gas. 12. The fuel cell system of claim 1, wherein the pressure of the source of the fuel gas ranges from 50 psig to 10,000 psig. 13. The fuel cell system of claim 1, wherein the control valve is opened or closed pneumatically in response to the pressure difference between the anode gas and the fuel gas. 14. The fuel cell system of claim 1, further comprising a water separator wherein water in the anode exhaust is separated from the anode exhaust before it enters the gas-delivery means. 15. A method for introducing an exhaust gas from an anode compartment in a fuel cell into the anode compartment, comprising:
providing a source of a fuel gas; fluidly connecting the source of the fuel gas to an inlet of the anode compartment through a first conduit; installing a control valve in the first conduit between the source of the fuel gas to the inlet of the anode compartment; installing a gas-delivery means in the first conduit between the control valve and the inlet of the anode compartment; setting a value of pressure in the anode compartment below which the control valve opens to allow the fuel gas flowing into the gas delivery means; fluidly connecting an outlet of the anode compartment to the gas-delivery means through a second conduit, wherein an exhaust gas from the anode compartment passes; and mixing the exhaust gas from the anode compartment with the fuel gas to form an anode gas. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the fuel gas is hydrogen gas having a purity of 80% or higher 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the gas-delivery means is a gas ejector, an orifice plate, or a Venturi tube. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the anode compartment comprises an open flow field made of a material chosen from metal foam, metal mesh, metal screen, corrugated metal sheet, graphite foam, and graphite mesh. 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising the step of separating excess water in the anode exhaust before sending the anode exhaust into the gas-delivery means. | A fuel cell system has a gas delivery-means that circulates the anode exhaust gas back to the anode compartment of the fuel cell for further reaction.1. A fuel cell system, comprising:
a fuel cell comprising an anode compartment having an inlet and an outlet; an anode gas in the anode compartment and creating an anode pressure; a source of a hydrogen-containing fuel gas fluidly connected to the inlet of the anode compartment through a first conduit; a control valve installed in the first conduit; a gas-delivery means installed in the first conduit between the control valve and the anode compartment; a second conduit fluidly connecting the outlet of the anode compartment and the gas-delivery means; and an anode exhaust gas flowing from the outlet of the anode compartment into the gas-delivery means, wherein when the anode pressure is lower than a preset value, the control valve opens and the hydrogen-containing fuel gas flows into the gas-delivery means, mixing with the anode exhaust gas in the gas-delivery means to form the anode gas. 2. The fuel cell of claim 1, further comprising a flowfield in the anode compartment. 3. The fuel cell of claim 2, wherein the flowfield is a material chosen from metal foam, metal mesh, metal screen, corrugated metal sheet, graphite foam, and graphite mesh. 4. The fuel cell system of claim 1, wherein the gas-delivery means is a gas ejector comprising an orifice plate or a Venturi tube. 5. The fuel cell system of claim 1, wherein the anode pressure ranges from 1 psig to 30 psig. 6. The fuel cell system of claim 5, wherein the anode pressure ranges from 4 psig to 20 psig. 7. The fuel cell system of claim 1, wherein the preset pressure ranges from 1 psig to 30 psig. 8. The fuel cell system of claim 7, wherein the preset value ranges from 4 psig to 20 psig. 9. The fuel cell system of claim 1, wherein the hydrogen-containing fuel gas is hydrogen gas having a purity of 80% or higher. 10. The fuel cell system of claim 1, further comprising a liquid separating means installed in the second conduit between the outlet of the anode compartment and the gas-delivery means. 11. The fuel cell system of claim 1, wherein the pressure control valve is a pneumatic valve using the fuel gas as a motive gas. 12. The fuel cell system of claim 1, wherein the pressure of the source of the fuel gas ranges from 50 psig to 10,000 psig. 13. The fuel cell system of claim 1, wherein the control valve is opened or closed pneumatically in response to the pressure difference between the anode gas and the fuel gas. 14. The fuel cell system of claim 1, further comprising a water separator wherein water in the anode exhaust is separated from the anode exhaust before it enters the gas-delivery means. 15. A method for introducing an exhaust gas from an anode compartment in a fuel cell into the anode compartment, comprising:
providing a source of a fuel gas; fluidly connecting the source of the fuel gas to an inlet of the anode compartment through a first conduit; installing a control valve in the first conduit between the source of the fuel gas to the inlet of the anode compartment; installing a gas-delivery means in the first conduit between the control valve and the inlet of the anode compartment; setting a value of pressure in the anode compartment below which the control valve opens to allow the fuel gas flowing into the gas delivery means; fluidly connecting an outlet of the anode compartment to the gas-delivery means through a second conduit, wherein an exhaust gas from the anode compartment passes; and mixing the exhaust gas from the anode compartment with the fuel gas to form an anode gas. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the fuel gas is hydrogen gas having a purity of 80% or higher 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the gas-delivery means is a gas ejector, an orifice plate, or a Venturi tube. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the anode compartment comprises an open flow field made of a material chosen from metal foam, metal mesh, metal screen, corrugated metal sheet, graphite foam, and graphite mesh. 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising the step of separating excess water in the anode exhaust before sending the anode exhaust into the gas-delivery means. | 1,700 |
1,623 | 14,361,958 | 1,717 | A thermo spray gun ( 10 ) includes at least one of; at least one removable nozzle tip ( 20 ) for spraying a coating material, at least one replaceable nozzle tip ( 20 ) for spraying a coating material, and at least one interchangeable nozzle tip ( 20 ) for spraying a coating material. A thermo spray gun system ( 1000 ) includes a thermal spray gun ( 10 ) and at least one mechanism ( 30/40 ) at least one of; storing at least one nozzle tip installable on the thermal spray gun and being structured and arranged to install at least one nozzle tip on the thermal spray gun. A method of coating a substrate (S) using a thermo spray gun ( 10 ) includes mounting at least one nozzle tip ( 20 ) on the thermo spray gun ( 10 ) and spraying a coating material with the at least one nozzle tip ( 20 ). | 1. A thermo spray gun comprising at least one of:
at least one removable nozzle tip for spraying a coating material; at least one replaceable nozzle tip for spraying a coating material; and at least one interchangeable nozzle tip for spraying a coating material. 2. The thermal spray gun of claim 1, wherein said nozzle tip is mechanically coupled to an anode section of the thermo spray gun. 3. The thermal spray gun of claim 1, wherein said nozzle tip is electrically coupled to an anode section of the thermo spray gun. 4. The thermal spray gun of claim 1, wherein said nozzle tip is removable from the thermo spray gun while an anode section remains coupled to the thermo spray gun. 5. The thermal spray gun of claim 1, wherein said nozzle tip is removable from the thermo spray gun with an anode section. 6. The thermal spray gun of claim 1, wherein said nozzle tip includes an anode section of the thermo spray gun. 7. The thermal spray gun of claim 1, wherein the thermal spray gun is one of a plasma spray gun and an HVOF spray gun. 8. The thermal spray gun of claim 1, further comprising at least one feedstock supply line coupled to a portion of the thermo spray gun. 9. The thermal spray gun of claim 1, further comprising a robot, wherein the thermo spray gun is mounted to an arm of the robot. 10. The thermal spray gun of claim 1, in combination with a station or location storing a plurality of nozzle tips. 11. The thermal spray gun of claim 1, in combination with a station or location storing a plurality of different nozzle tips. 12. The thermal spray gun of claim 1, in combination with a station or location storing a plurality of nozzle tips arranged at a predetermined location that is different from a location containing a substrate being sprayed with the coating material. 13. A thermo spray gun system comprising:
a thermal spray gun; at least one mechanism at least one of:
storing at least one nozzle tip installable on the thermal spray gun; and
being structured and arranged to install at least one nozzle tip on the thermal spray gun. 14. The system of claim 13, further comprising a control controlling at least one of:
movement of the thermal spray gun; and installation of the at least one nozzle tip installable on the thermal spray gun. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the at least one nozzle tip is at least one of:
at least one removable nozzle tip for spraying a coating material; at least one replaceable nozzle tip for spraying a coating material; and at least one interchangeable nozzle tip for spraying a coating material. 16. The system of claim 13, further comprising a robot, wherein the thermo spray gun is mounted to an arm of the robot. 17. The system of claim 13, in combination with a station or location storing the at least one mechanism. 18. The system of claim 13, further comprising:
a robot, wherein the thermo spray gun is mounted to an arm of the robot; and a control controlling at least one of:
movement of the thermal spray gun; and
installation of the at least one nozzle tip installable on the thermal spray gun. 19. The system of claim 13, further comprising:
a robot, wherein the thermo spray gun is mounted to an arm of the robot; and a control controlling at least one of:
programmed movement of the thermal spray gun; and
programmed or automatic installation of the at least one nozzle tip installable on the thermal spray gun. 20. The system of claim 13, further comprising:
a robot, wherein the thermo spray gun is mounted to an arm of the robot; and a control controlling movement of the thermal spray gun and installation of the at least one interchangeable nozzle tip on the thermal spray gun. 21. A thermo spray gun system comprising:
a thermal spray gun; at least one mechanism comprising at least first and second nozzle tips and being movable between:
a first position wherein the first nozzle nip is utilized to spray a coating material; and
a second position wherein the second nozzle nip is utilized to spray a coating material. 22. The system of claim 21, further comprising a control controlling at least one of:
movement of the thermal spray gun; and movement of the at least one mechanism between the first and second positions. 23. The system of claim 21, further comprising a robot, wherein the thermo spray gun is mounted to an arm of the robot. 24. The system of claim 21, in combination with a station or location storing the at least one mechanism. 25. The system of claim 21, in combination with a station or location storing a plurality of the at least one mechanism. 26. The system of claim 21, further comprising:
a robot, wherein the thermo spray gun is mounted to an arm of the robot; and a control controlling movement of the at least one mechanism between the first and second positions. 27. The system of claim 21, further comprising:
a robot, wherein the thermo spray gun is mounted to an arm of the robot; and a control controlling at least one of:
programmed movement of the thermal spray gun; and
programmed movement of the at least one mechanism between the first and second positions. 28. The system of claim 21, further comprising:
a robot, wherein the thermo spray gun is mounted to an arm of the robot; and a control controlling movement of the thermal spray gun and movement of the at least one mechanism between the first and second positions. 29. A method of coating a substrate using a thermo spray gun, comprising:
mounting at least one nozzle tip on the thermo spray gun of claim 1; and spraying a coating material with the at least one nozzle tip. 30. A method of coating a substrate using a thermo spray gun, comprising:
removably mounting at least one nozzle tip on the thermo spray gun of claim 1; and spraying a coating material with the at least one nozzle tip. 31. A method of coating a substrate using a thermo spray gun, comprising:
mounting at least one nozzle tip on the thermo spray gun of claim 1; spraying a coating material with the at least one nozzle tip; removing the at least one nozzle tip from the thermal spray gun; and mounting another at least one nozzle tip on the thermo spray gun of claim 1. 32. A method of coating a substrate using a thermo spray gun, comprising:
moving the thermo spray gun of claim 1 to a predetermined location; and mounting at least one nozzle tip on the thermo spray gun. 33. A method of coating a substrate using a thermo spray gun, comprising:
spraying a coating material with the at least one nozzle tip; moving the thermo spray gun of claim 1 to a predetermined location; and removing the at least one nozzle tip from the thermal spray gun. 34. A method of coating a substrate using a thermo spray gun, comprising:
automatically moving the thermo spray gun of claim 1 to a predetermined location; and automatically removing the at least one nozzle tip from the thermal spray gun. 35. A method of coating a substrate using a thermo spray gun, comprising:
automatically moving the thermo spray gun of claim 1 to a predetermined location; and automatically installing at least one nozzle tip onto the thermal spray gun. 36. A method of coating a substrate using a thermo spray gun, comprising:
automatically moving the thermo spray gun of claim 1 to a predetermined location; automatically removing the at least one nozzle tip onto the thermal spray gun; and automatically installing another at least one nozzle tip onto the thermal spray gun. 37. A method of coating a substrate using a thermo spray gun, comprising:
spraying a coating material with the at least one nozzle tip; moving the thermo spray gun of claim 1 to a predetermined location; removing the at least one nozzle tip onto the thermal spray gun; installing an other at least one nozzle tip onto the thermal spray gun; and spraying a coating material with the other at least one nozzle tip. 38. A method of coating a substrate using a thermo spray gun, comprising:
spraying in a controlled manner a coating material with the at least one nozzle tip; moving in a controlled manner the thermo spray gun of claim 1 to a predetermined location; removing in a controlled manner the at least one nozzle tip onto the thermal spray gun; installing in a controlled manner an other at least one nozzle tip onto the thermal spray gun; and spraying in a controlled manner a coating material with the other at least one nozzle tip. 39. A method of coating a substrate using a thermo spray gun, comprising:
spraying a coating material with the at least one nozzle tip; automatically moving the thermo spray gun of claim 1 to a predetermined location; automatically removing the at least one nozzle tip onto the thermal spray gun; automatically installing an other at least one nozzle tip onto the thermal spray gun; and spraying a coating material with the other at least one nozzle tip. | A thermo spray gun ( 10 ) includes at least one of; at least one removable nozzle tip ( 20 ) for spraying a coating material, at least one replaceable nozzle tip ( 20 ) for spraying a coating material, and at least one interchangeable nozzle tip ( 20 ) for spraying a coating material. A thermo spray gun system ( 1000 ) includes a thermal spray gun ( 10 ) and at least one mechanism ( 30/40 ) at least one of; storing at least one nozzle tip installable on the thermal spray gun and being structured and arranged to install at least one nozzle tip on the thermal spray gun. A method of coating a substrate (S) using a thermo spray gun ( 10 ) includes mounting at least one nozzle tip ( 20 ) on the thermo spray gun ( 10 ) and spraying a coating material with the at least one nozzle tip ( 20 ).1. A thermo spray gun comprising at least one of:
at least one removable nozzle tip for spraying a coating material; at least one replaceable nozzle tip for spraying a coating material; and at least one interchangeable nozzle tip for spraying a coating material. 2. The thermal spray gun of claim 1, wherein said nozzle tip is mechanically coupled to an anode section of the thermo spray gun. 3. The thermal spray gun of claim 1, wherein said nozzle tip is electrically coupled to an anode section of the thermo spray gun. 4. The thermal spray gun of claim 1, wherein said nozzle tip is removable from the thermo spray gun while an anode section remains coupled to the thermo spray gun. 5. The thermal spray gun of claim 1, wherein said nozzle tip is removable from the thermo spray gun with an anode section. 6. The thermal spray gun of claim 1, wherein said nozzle tip includes an anode section of the thermo spray gun. 7. The thermal spray gun of claim 1, wherein the thermal spray gun is one of a plasma spray gun and an HVOF spray gun. 8. The thermal spray gun of claim 1, further comprising at least one feedstock supply line coupled to a portion of the thermo spray gun. 9. The thermal spray gun of claim 1, further comprising a robot, wherein the thermo spray gun is mounted to an arm of the robot. 10. The thermal spray gun of claim 1, in combination with a station or location storing a plurality of nozzle tips. 11. The thermal spray gun of claim 1, in combination with a station or location storing a plurality of different nozzle tips. 12. The thermal spray gun of claim 1, in combination with a station or location storing a plurality of nozzle tips arranged at a predetermined location that is different from a location containing a substrate being sprayed with the coating material. 13. A thermo spray gun system comprising:
a thermal spray gun; at least one mechanism at least one of:
storing at least one nozzle tip installable on the thermal spray gun; and
being structured and arranged to install at least one nozzle tip on the thermal spray gun. 14. The system of claim 13, further comprising a control controlling at least one of:
movement of the thermal spray gun; and installation of the at least one nozzle tip installable on the thermal spray gun. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the at least one nozzle tip is at least one of:
at least one removable nozzle tip for spraying a coating material; at least one replaceable nozzle tip for spraying a coating material; and at least one interchangeable nozzle tip for spraying a coating material. 16. The system of claim 13, further comprising a robot, wherein the thermo spray gun is mounted to an arm of the robot. 17. The system of claim 13, in combination with a station or location storing the at least one mechanism. 18. The system of claim 13, further comprising:
a robot, wherein the thermo spray gun is mounted to an arm of the robot; and a control controlling at least one of:
movement of the thermal spray gun; and
installation of the at least one nozzle tip installable on the thermal spray gun. 19. The system of claim 13, further comprising:
a robot, wherein the thermo spray gun is mounted to an arm of the robot; and a control controlling at least one of:
programmed movement of the thermal spray gun; and
programmed or automatic installation of the at least one nozzle tip installable on the thermal spray gun. 20. The system of claim 13, further comprising:
a robot, wherein the thermo spray gun is mounted to an arm of the robot; and a control controlling movement of the thermal spray gun and installation of the at least one interchangeable nozzle tip on the thermal spray gun. 21. A thermo spray gun system comprising:
a thermal spray gun; at least one mechanism comprising at least first and second nozzle tips and being movable between:
a first position wherein the first nozzle nip is utilized to spray a coating material; and
a second position wherein the second nozzle nip is utilized to spray a coating material. 22. The system of claim 21, further comprising a control controlling at least one of:
movement of the thermal spray gun; and movement of the at least one mechanism between the first and second positions. 23. The system of claim 21, further comprising a robot, wherein the thermo spray gun is mounted to an arm of the robot. 24. The system of claim 21, in combination with a station or location storing the at least one mechanism. 25. The system of claim 21, in combination with a station or location storing a plurality of the at least one mechanism. 26. The system of claim 21, further comprising:
a robot, wherein the thermo spray gun is mounted to an arm of the robot; and a control controlling movement of the at least one mechanism between the first and second positions. 27. The system of claim 21, further comprising:
a robot, wherein the thermo spray gun is mounted to an arm of the robot; and a control controlling at least one of:
programmed movement of the thermal spray gun; and
programmed movement of the at least one mechanism between the first and second positions. 28. The system of claim 21, further comprising:
a robot, wherein the thermo spray gun is mounted to an arm of the robot; and a control controlling movement of the thermal spray gun and movement of the at least one mechanism between the first and second positions. 29. A method of coating a substrate using a thermo spray gun, comprising:
mounting at least one nozzle tip on the thermo spray gun of claim 1; and spraying a coating material with the at least one nozzle tip. 30. A method of coating a substrate using a thermo spray gun, comprising:
removably mounting at least one nozzle tip on the thermo spray gun of claim 1; and spraying a coating material with the at least one nozzle tip. 31. A method of coating a substrate using a thermo spray gun, comprising:
mounting at least one nozzle tip on the thermo spray gun of claim 1; spraying a coating material with the at least one nozzle tip; removing the at least one nozzle tip from the thermal spray gun; and mounting another at least one nozzle tip on the thermo spray gun of claim 1. 32. A method of coating a substrate using a thermo spray gun, comprising:
moving the thermo spray gun of claim 1 to a predetermined location; and mounting at least one nozzle tip on the thermo spray gun. 33. A method of coating a substrate using a thermo spray gun, comprising:
spraying a coating material with the at least one nozzle tip; moving the thermo spray gun of claim 1 to a predetermined location; and removing the at least one nozzle tip from the thermal spray gun. 34. A method of coating a substrate using a thermo spray gun, comprising:
automatically moving the thermo spray gun of claim 1 to a predetermined location; and automatically removing the at least one nozzle tip from the thermal spray gun. 35. A method of coating a substrate using a thermo spray gun, comprising:
automatically moving the thermo spray gun of claim 1 to a predetermined location; and automatically installing at least one nozzle tip onto the thermal spray gun. 36. A method of coating a substrate using a thermo spray gun, comprising:
automatically moving the thermo spray gun of claim 1 to a predetermined location; automatically removing the at least one nozzle tip onto the thermal spray gun; and automatically installing another at least one nozzle tip onto the thermal spray gun. 37. A method of coating a substrate using a thermo spray gun, comprising:
spraying a coating material with the at least one nozzle tip; moving the thermo spray gun of claim 1 to a predetermined location; removing the at least one nozzle tip onto the thermal spray gun; installing an other at least one nozzle tip onto the thermal spray gun; and spraying a coating material with the other at least one nozzle tip. 38. A method of coating a substrate using a thermo spray gun, comprising:
spraying in a controlled manner a coating material with the at least one nozzle tip; moving in a controlled manner the thermo spray gun of claim 1 to a predetermined location; removing in a controlled manner the at least one nozzle tip onto the thermal spray gun; installing in a controlled manner an other at least one nozzle tip onto the thermal spray gun; and spraying in a controlled manner a coating material with the other at least one nozzle tip. 39. A method of coating a substrate using a thermo spray gun, comprising:
spraying a coating material with the at least one nozzle tip; automatically moving the thermo spray gun of claim 1 to a predetermined location; automatically removing the at least one nozzle tip onto the thermal spray gun; automatically installing an other at least one nozzle tip onto the thermal spray gun; and spraying a coating material with the other at least one nozzle tip. | 1,700 |
1,624 | 12,940,263 | 1,735 | An example die casting system includes a die comprised of a plurality of die components that define a die cavity configured to receive a molten metal. One of the die components comprises a material that is not reactive with the molten metal and has a melting temperature above 815 degrees Celsius. | 1. A die casting system, comprising:
a die comprised of a plurality of die components that define a die cavity configured to receive a molten metal, wherein at least one of the plurality of die components comprises a material that is not reactive with the molten metal and has a melting temperature above 815 degrees Celsius. 2. The die casting system of claim 1, comprising a shot tube in fluid communication with said die cavity, a shot tube plunger moveable within said shot tube to communicate the molten metal into said die cavity, wherein at least one of the shot tube and the shot tube plunger comprises the material. 3. The die casting system of claim 2, wherein a tip of the shot tube plunger comprises the material. 4. The die casting system of claim 1, comprising at least one ejector pin configured to be moved relative to the die cavity, wherein the at least one ejector pin comprises the material. 5. A die casting system, comprising:
a die comprised of a plurality of die components that define a die cavity configured to receive a molten metal, wherein at least one of the plurality of die components comprises a material selected from a group consisting of a nickel based super alloy, a cobalt based super alloy, an iron-nickel based super alloy, a suitably alloyed iron based alloy, a suitably alloyed copper alloy, and a refractory metal based alloy. 6. The die casting system of claim 5, comprising a shot tube in fluid communication with said die cavity and a shot tube plunger moveable within said shot tube to communicate the molten metal into said die cavity, wherein at least one of the shot tube and the shot tube plunger comprises the material. 7. The die casting system of claim 6, wherein a tip of the shot tube plunger comprises the material. 8. The die casting system of claim 5, comprising at least one ejector pin configured to be moved relative to the die cavity, wherein the ejector pin comprises the material. 9. The die casting system of claim 5, wherein the at least one of the plurality of die components comprises a die. 10. The die casting system of claim 5, wherein another of the plurality of die components comprises a material that is not in the group. 11. The die casting system of claim 5, wherein the refractory metal comprises a material selected from a group consisting of tungsten, molybdenum, rehenium, niobium, and tantalum. 12. A die casting system, comprising:
a die comprised of a plurality of die components that define a die cavity configured to receive a molten metal that has a melting temperature above 815 degrees Celsius, wherein at least one of the plurality of die components comprises a material that is a ceramic material, a metal matrix composite material, a ceramic matrix composite material, or some combination of these. 13. The die casting system of claim 12, comprising a shot tube in fluid communication with said die cavity and a shot tube plunger moveable within said shot tube to communicate the molten metal into said die cavity, wherein at least one of the shot tube and the shot tube plunger comprises the material. 14. The die casting system of claim 13, wherein the leading contact surface of the plunger tip or the entire plunger comprises the material. 15. The die casting system of claim 12, wherein the material comprises a material selected from a group consisting of boron nitride, silicon nitride, silicon aluminum oxy nitride (SiAlON), aluminum nitride, aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, titanium carbide, tungsten carbide, zirconium oxide, boron carbide, titanium diboride, niobium boride, zirconium boride, hafnium diboride, niobium carbide, zirconium carbide, hafnium carbide, and graphite. 16. The die casting system of claim 15, comprising a shot tube in fluid communication with said die cavity and a shot tube plunger moveable within said shot tube to communicate the molten metal into said die cavity, wherein at least one of the die components and the shot tube plunger comprises the material. 17. The die casting system of claim 15, comprising at least one ejector pin configured to be moved relative to the die cavity, wherein the ejector pin comprises the material. 18. The die casting system of claim 12, wherein the metal matrix composite material comprises a material selected from a group consisting of copper-tungsten, copper-molybdenum, copper-molybdenumcopper-copper, copper-niobium, Silvar, aluminium silicon carbide. 19. The die casting system of claim 12, wherein the ceramic material comprises a material selected from a group consisting of C—SiC, SiC—SiC, SiC—Si3N4, C—ZrC, C—HfC, C—SiC—ZrC, C—SiC—HfC, C—TaC and C—TaC—HfC. | An example die casting system includes a die comprised of a plurality of die components that define a die cavity configured to receive a molten metal. One of the die components comprises a material that is not reactive with the molten metal and has a melting temperature above 815 degrees Celsius.1. A die casting system, comprising:
a die comprised of a plurality of die components that define a die cavity configured to receive a molten metal, wherein at least one of the plurality of die components comprises a material that is not reactive with the molten metal and has a melting temperature above 815 degrees Celsius. 2. The die casting system of claim 1, comprising a shot tube in fluid communication with said die cavity, a shot tube plunger moveable within said shot tube to communicate the molten metal into said die cavity, wherein at least one of the shot tube and the shot tube plunger comprises the material. 3. The die casting system of claim 2, wherein a tip of the shot tube plunger comprises the material. 4. The die casting system of claim 1, comprising at least one ejector pin configured to be moved relative to the die cavity, wherein the at least one ejector pin comprises the material. 5. A die casting system, comprising:
a die comprised of a plurality of die components that define a die cavity configured to receive a molten metal, wherein at least one of the plurality of die components comprises a material selected from a group consisting of a nickel based super alloy, a cobalt based super alloy, an iron-nickel based super alloy, a suitably alloyed iron based alloy, a suitably alloyed copper alloy, and a refractory metal based alloy. 6. The die casting system of claim 5, comprising a shot tube in fluid communication with said die cavity and a shot tube plunger moveable within said shot tube to communicate the molten metal into said die cavity, wherein at least one of the shot tube and the shot tube plunger comprises the material. 7. The die casting system of claim 6, wherein a tip of the shot tube plunger comprises the material. 8. The die casting system of claim 5, comprising at least one ejector pin configured to be moved relative to the die cavity, wherein the ejector pin comprises the material. 9. The die casting system of claim 5, wherein the at least one of the plurality of die components comprises a die. 10. The die casting system of claim 5, wherein another of the plurality of die components comprises a material that is not in the group. 11. The die casting system of claim 5, wherein the refractory metal comprises a material selected from a group consisting of tungsten, molybdenum, rehenium, niobium, and tantalum. 12. A die casting system, comprising:
a die comprised of a plurality of die components that define a die cavity configured to receive a molten metal that has a melting temperature above 815 degrees Celsius, wherein at least one of the plurality of die components comprises a material that is a ceramic material, a metal matrix composite material, a ceramic matrix composite material, or some combination of these. 13. The die casting system of claim 12, comprising a shot tube in fluid communication with said die cavity and a shot tube plunger moveable within said shot tube to communicate the molten metal into said die cavity, wherein at least one of the shot tube and the shot tube plunger comprises the material. 14. The die casting system of claim 13, wherein the leading contact surface of the plunger tip or the entire plunger comprises the material. 15. The die casting system of claim 12, wherein the material comprises a material selected from a group consisting of boron nitride, silicon nitride, silicon aluminum oxy nitride (SiAlON), aluminum nitride, aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, titanium carbide, tungsten carbide, zirconium oxide, boron carbide, titanium diboride, niobium boride, zirconium boride, hafnium diboride, niobium carbide, zirconium carbide, hafnium carbide, and graphite. 16. The die casting system of claim 15, comprising a shot tube in fluid communication with said die cavity and a shot tube plunger moveable within said shot tube to communicate the molten metal into said die cavity, wherein at least one of the die components and the shot tube plunger comprises the material. 17. The die casting system of claim 15, comprising at least one ejector pin configured to be moved relative to the die cavity, wherein the ejector pin comprises the material. 18. The die casting system of claim 12, wherein the metal matrix composite material comprises a material selected from a group consisting of copper-tungsten, copper-molybdenum, copper-molybdenumcopper-copper, copper-niobium, Silvar, aluminium silicon carbide. 19. The die casting system of claim 12, wherein the ceramic material comprises a material selected from a group consisting of C—SiC, SiC—SiC, SiC—Si3N4, C—ZrC, C—HfC, C—SiC—ZrC, C—SiC—HfC, C—TaC and C—TaC—HfC. | 1,700 |
1,625 | 13,180,812 | 1,726 | There is disclosed a photovoltaic solar panel capable of clearing accumulated ice. The panel includes a plurality of photovoltaic cells arranged in a plane with an overlaying glass sheet. The glass sheet has a first side towards the photovoltaic cells and a second side having a flat planar surface. The panel further includes an electrical heating web on the first side of the glass sheet between the sheet and the photovoltaic cells. The electrical heating web is configured to heat the first glass sheet sufficiently to melt the ice where it contacts the flat planar surface to cause the snow and ice to slide off the photovoltaic solar panel when the photovoltaic solar panel is at an angle from the horizontal. The electrical heating web is thermally separated from the photovoltaic cells by a transparent layer of low thermal conductivity. | 1. A photovoltaic solar panel capable of clearing snow and ice accumulated on a surface thereof, the photovoltaic solar panel comprising;
a. A plurality of photovoltaic cells arranged adjacent one another in a plane; b. A first transparent glass sheet overlaying the photovoltaic cells, the glass sheet having a first side positioned towards the photovoltaic cells and an opposite second side having a flat surface extending along the entirety of the second side; c. An array of electrical heating microfilaments extending along the first side of the glass sheet between the glass sheet and the photovoltaic cells, the electrical heating microfilaments in the array being arranged in parallel such that the array extends along the entire first side of the glass sheet, the microfilaments being thermally coupled to the glass sheet, each of the electrical heating microfilaments in the array having a diameter of between 10 to 50 microns. 2. The photovoltaic solar panel of claim 1 further comprising a transparent layer having a lowered thermal conductivity separating the array of electrical heating microfilaments and the photovoltaic cells. 3. The photovoltaic solar panel of claim 1 further comprising a second transparent glass sheet overlaying the photovoltaic cells, the array of electrical heating microfilaments positioned between the first and second glass plates. 4. The photovoltaic solar panel of claim 3 further comprising a layer of transparent polymer positioned between the first and second glass plates, the layer of transparent polymer having a thickness of between 0.4 mm to 4 mm, the array of electrical heating microfilaments positioned within the layer of transparent polymer. 5. The photovoltaic solar panel of claim 4 wherein the array of electrical heating microfilaments is configured to generate heat at a rate of about 6 watts per decimeter (is that square decimeter). 6. A photovoltaic solar panel capable of clearing ice accumulated on a surface thereof, the photovoltaic solar panel comprising;
a. A plurality of photovoltaic cells arranged adjacent one another in a plane; b. A first transparent glass sheet overlaying the photovoltaic cells, the glass sheet having a first side positioned towards the photovoltaic cells and an opposite second side having a flat surface extending along the entirety of the second side; c. An electrical heating web extending along the first side of the glass sheet between the glass sheet and the photovoltaic cells, the electrical heating web being thermally coupled to the glass sheet, and d. The electrical heating web being configured to generate enough heat to heat the flat planar surface of the first glass sheet to sufficiently melt the ice where it contacts the flat planar surface so as to cause the snow and ice to slide off the photovoltaic solar panel when the photovoltaic solar panel is held at an angle from the horrizontal. 7. The photovoltaic solar panel of claim 6 wherein the electrical heating web comprises a plurality of electrical heating microfilaments arranged in a parallel array. 8. The photovoltaic solar panel of claim 7 wherein the electrical heating microfilaments each have a diameter of between about 10 to about 50 microns. 9. The photovoltaic solar panel of claim 6 wherein the electrical heating web is thermally separated from the photovoltaic cells by a layer of transparent material having a relatively low level of thermal conductivity. 10. The photovoltaic solar panel of claim 1 wherein the transparent layer having a lowered thermal conductivity comprises a gap filled with a gas. 11. The photovoltaic solar panel of claim 9 wherein the layer of transparent material having a relatively low level of thermal conductivity comprises a gap filled with a gas. | There is disclosed a photovoltaic solar panel capable of clearing accumulated ice. The panel includes a plurality of photovoltaic cells arranged in a plane with an overlaying glass sheet. The glass sheet has a first side towards the photovoltaic cells and a second side having a flat planar surface. The panel further includes an electrical heating web on the first side of the glass sheet between the sheet and the photovoltaic cells. The electrical heating web is configured to heat the first glass sheet sufficiently to melt the ice where it contacts the flat planar surface to cause the snow and ice to slide off the photovoltaic solar panel when the photovoltaic solar panel is at an angle from the horizontal. The electrical heating web is thermally separated from the photovoltaic cells by a transparent layer of low thermal conductivity.1. A photovoltaic solar panel capable of clearing snow and ice accumulated on a surface thereof, the photovoltaic solar panel comprising;
a. A plurality of photovoltaic cells arranged adjacent one another in a plane; b. A first transparent glass sheet overlaying the photovoltaic cells, the glass sheet having a first side positioned towards the photovoltaic cells and an opposite second side having a flat surface extending along the entirety of the second side; c. An array of electrical heating microfilaments extending along the first side of the glass sheet between the glass sheet and the photovoltaic cells, the electrical heating microfilaments in the array being arranged in parallel such that the array extends along the entire first side of the glass sheet, the microfilaments being thermally coupled to the glass sheet, each of the electrical heating microfilaments in the array having a diameter of between 10 to 50 microns. 2. The photovoltaic solar panel of claim 1 further comprising a transparent layer having a lowered thermal conductivity separating the array of electrical heating microfilaments and the photovoltaic cells. 3. The photovoltaic solar panel of claim 1 further comprising a second transparent glass sheet overlaying the photovoltaic cells, the array of electrical heating microfilaments positioned between the first and second glass plates. 4. The photovoltaic solar panel of claim 3 further comprising a layer of transparent polymer positioned between the first and second glass plates, the layer of transparent polymer having a thickness of between 0.4 mm to 4 mm, the array of electrical heating microfilaments positioned within the layer of transparent polymer. 5. The photovoltaic solar panel of claim 4 wherein the array of electrical heating microfilaments is configured to generate heat at a rate of about 6 watts per decimeter (is that square decimeter). 6. A photovoltaic solar panel capable of clearing ice accumulated on a surface thereof, the photovoltaic solar panel comprising;
a. A plurality of photovoltaic cells arranged adjacent one another in a plane; b. A first transparent glass sheet overlaying the photovoltaic cells, the glass sheet having a first side positioned towards the photovoltaic cells and an opposite second side having a flat surface extending along the entirety of the second side; c. An electrical heating web extending along the first side of the glass sheet between the glass sheet and the photovoltaic cells, the electrical heating web being thermally coupled to the glass sheet, and d. The electrical heating web being configured to generate enough heat to heat the flat planar surface of the first glass sheet to sufficiently melt the ice where it contacts the flat planar surface so as to cause the snow and ice to slide off the photovoltaic solar panel when the photovoltaic solar panel is held at an angle from the horrizontal. 7. The photovoltaic solar panel of claim 6 wherein the electrical heating web comprises a plurality of electrical heating microfilaments arranged in a parallel array. 8. The photovoltaic solar panel of claim 7 wherein the electrical heating microfilaments each have a diameter of between about 10 to about 50 microns. 9. The photovoltaic solar panel of claim 6 wherein the electrical heating web is thermally separated from the photovoltaic cells by a layer of transparent material having a relatively low level of thermal conductivity. 10. The photovoltaic solar panel of claim 1 wherein the transparent layer having a lowered thermal conductivity comprises a gap filled with a gas. 11. The photovoltaic solar panel of claim 9 wherein the layer of transparent material having a relatively low level of thermal conductivity comprises a gap filled with a gas. | 1,700 |
1,626 | 12,500,433 | 1,718 | A system for providing at least two output signals to produce a substantially uniform potential profile includes a signal generator adapted to emit a frequency at least about 30 megahertz, a splitter in communication with the signal generator, and a signal manipulator in communication with the splitter. The splitter is adapted to split the signal of the signal generator into the two output signals, and the signal manipulator is adapted to manipulate a phase, a gain, or an impedance of the two output signals. The signal manipulator manipulates the two output signals so that the two output signals produce the substantially uniform potential profile. | 1. A system for providing at least two output signals to produce a substantially uniform potential profile, the system comprising:
a signal generator, the signal generator adapted to emit a signal with a frequency at least about 30 megahertz; a splitter in communication with the signal generator, the splitter adapted to split the signal into the at least two output signals; and a signal manipulator in communication with the splitter, the signal manipulator adapted to manipulate a phase, a gain, or an impedance of the at least two output signals, wherein the signal manipulator manipulates the at least two output signals so that the at least two output signals produce the substantially uniform potential profile. 2. A system according to claim 1, wherein the signal generator includes a radio frequency signal generator. 3. A system according to claim 1, wherein the signal generator is a plurality of signal generators. 4. A system according to claim 3, wherein each of the plurality of signal generators is in communication with a corresponding splitter. 5. A system according to claim 1, wherein the signal manipulator is a plurality of signal manipulators. 6. A system according to claim 1, wherein the signal manipulator comprises:
a phase adjuster; a gain adjuster; and an impedance matcher. 7. A system according to claim 1, wherein the signal manipulator substantially matches the impedance of the at least two output signals to an impedance of a load. 8. A system according to claim 1, wherein the at least two output signals are in communication with a plasma source. 9. A system according to claim 8, wherein the at least two output signals produce the substantially uniform potential profile in a plasma from the plasma source to provide a substantially uniform depositing of a material on a substrate with the substantially uniform potential profile and the plasma. 10. A system for providing at least two output signals to produce a substantially uniform potential profile, the system comprising:
a phase adjuster; a plurality of signal generators in communication with the phase adjuster, each of the plurality of signal generators adapted to emit a signal with a frequency at least about 30 megahertz with a phase controlled by the phase adjuster; and an impedance matcher to substantially match an input impedance of a load in communication with the system; wherein the phase adjuster manipulates the at least two output signals so that the at least two output signals produce the substantially uniform potential profile. 11. A system according to claim 10, wherein the signal generator includes a radio frequency signal generator. 12. A system according to claim 10, wherein the at least two output signals are in communication with a plasma source. 13. A system according to claim 12, wherein the at least two output signals produce the substantially uniform potential profile in a plasma from the plasma source to provide a substantially uniform depositing of a material on a substrate with the substantially uniform potential profile and the plasma. 14. A system for providing at least two signals to produce a substantially uniform potential profile, the system comprising:
a first signal generator adapted to emit a first signal with a first phase shift; a second signal generator in communication with the first signal generator, the second signal generator adapted to emit a second signal with a second phase shift; and a controller in communication with the first signal generator and the second signal generator, the controller adapted to incrementally change the first phase shift and the second phase shift at a predetermined time increment, wherein at least one of the first phase shift and the second phase shift is adjusted to produce the substantially uniform potential profile. 15. A system according to claim 14, wherein the first signal generator includes the controller. 16. A system according to claim 14, wherein the first signal generator includes the second signal generator. 17. A system according to claim 14, wherein the second signal generator is a plurality of second signal generators. 18. A system according to claim 14, wherein the first and second signal generators each include a radio frequency signal generator. 19. A system according to claim 14, wherein the first signal and the second signal are in communication with a plasma source. 20. A system according to claim 19, wherein the first signal and the second signal produce the substantially uniform potential profile in a plasma from the plasma source to provide a substantially uniform depositing of a material on a substrate with the substantially uniform potential profile and the plasma. | A system for providing at least two output signals to produce a substantially uniform potential profile includes a signal generator adapted to emit a frequency at least about 30 megahertz, a splitter in communication with the signal generator, and a signal manipulator in communication with the splitter. The splitter is adapted to split the signal of the signal generator into the two output signals, and the signal manipulator is adapted to manipulate a phase, a gain, or an impedance of the two output signals. The signal manipulator manipulates the two output signals so that the two output signals produce the substantially uniform potential profile.1. A system for providing at least two output signals to produce a substantially uniform potential profile, the system comprising:
a signal generator, the signal generator adapted to emit a signal with a frequency at least about 30 megahertz; a splitter in communication with the signal generator, the splitter adapted to split the signal into the at least two output signals; and a signal manipulator in communication with the splitter, the signal manipulator adapted to manipulate a phase, a gain, or an impedance of the at least two output signals, wherein the signal manipulator manipulates the at least two output signals so that the at least two output signals produce the substantially uniform potential profile. 2. A system according to claim 1, wherein the signal generator includes a radio frequency signal generator. 3. A system according to claim 1, wherein the signal generator is a plurality of signal generators. 4. A system according to claim 3, wherein each of the plurality of signal generators is in communication with a corresponding splitter. 5. A system according to claim 1, wherein the signal manipulator is a plurality of signal manipulators. 6. A system according to claim 1, wherein the signal manipulator comprises:
a phase adjuster; a gain adjuster; and an impedance matcher. 7. A system according to claim 1, wherein the signal manipulator substantially matches the impedance of the at least two output signals to an impedance of a load. 8. A system according to claim 1, wherein the at least two output signals are in communication with a plasma source. 9. A system according to claim 8, wherein the at least two output signals produce the substantially uniform potential profile in a plasma from the plasma source to provide a substantially uniform depositing of a material on a substrate with the substantially uniform potential profile and the plasma. 10. A system for providing at least two output signals to produce a substantially uniform potential profile, the system comprising:
a phase adjuster; a plurality of signal generators in communication with the phase adjuster, each of the plurality of signal generators adapted to emit a signal with a frequency at least about 30 megahertz with a phase controlled by the phase adjuster; and an impedance matcher to substantially match an input impedance of a load in communication with the system; wherein the phase adjuster manipulates the at least two output signals so that the at least two output signals produce the substantially uniform potential profile. 11. A system according to claim 10, wherein the signal generator includes a radio frequency signal generator. 12. A system according to claim 10, wherein the at least two output signals are in communication with a plasma source. 13. A system according to claim 12, wherein the at least two output signals produce the substantially uniform potential profile in a plasma from the plasma source to provide a substantially uniform depositing of a material on a substrate with the substantially uniform potential profile and the plasma. 14. A system for providing at least two signals to produce a substantially uniform potential profile, the system comprising:
a first signal generator adapted to emit a first signal with a first phase shift; a second signal generator in communication with the first signal generator, the second signal generator adapted to emit a second signal with a second phase shift; and a controller in communication with the first signal generator and the second signal generator, the controller adapted to incrementally change the first phase shift and the second phase shift at a predetermined time increment, wherein at least one of the first phase shift and the second phase shift is adjusted to produce the substantially uniform potential profile. 15. A system according to claim 14, wherein the first signal generator includes the controller. 16. A system according to claim 14, wherein the first signal generator includes the second signal generator. 17. A system according to claim 14, wherein the second signal generator is a plurality of second signal generators. 18. A system according to claim 14, wherein the first and second signal generators each include a radio frequency signal generator. 19. A system according to claim 14, wherein the first signal and the second signal are in communication with a plasma source. 20. A system according to claim 19, wherein the first signal and the second signal produce the substantially uniform potential profile in a plasma from the plasma source to provide a substantially uniform depositing of a material on a substrate with the substantially uniform potential profile and the plasma. | 1,700 |
1,627 | 14,639,434 | 1,713 | The present invention provides chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) methods for polishing a tungsten containing substrate. The polishing compositions used with the methods of the invention comprise an aqueous carrier, an abrasive, a polyamino compound, a metal ion, a chelating agent, an oxidizing agent, and optionally, an amino acid. The methods of the invention effectively remove tungsten while reducing surface defects such as recesses typically associated with tungsten CMP. | 1. A chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) method for polishing a tungsten-containing substrate comprising abrading a surface of the substrate with a CMP composition comprising an aqueous carrier containing:
(a) a polyamino compound; (b) at least one metal ion selected from a transition metal ion and a group IIIA/IVA metal ion; (c) a chelating agent; (d) a particulate silica abrasive; (e) an oxidizing agent; and (0 optionally, an amino acid. 2. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the polyamino compound comprises at least one poly(ethyleneimine) compound. 3. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the polyamino compound comprises a compound of formula H2N—(CH2CH2NH)n—CH2CH2—NH2, wherein n is 2, 3, 4, or 5. 4. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the at least one metal ion and the chelating agent are present at a respective molar ratio of about 0.5:1 to about 2:1. 5. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the chelating agent comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of malonic acid, methylmalonic acid, ethylmalonic acid, phenylmalonic acid, and hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid. 6. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the silica abrasive comprises colloidal silica. 7. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the composition comprises at least one amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine and lysine. 8. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the metal ion comprises ferric ion. 9. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the oxidizing agent comprises hydrogen peroxide. 10. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the polyamino compound is present in the composition, at point of use, at a concentration in the range of about 1 to about 2000 parts-per-million (ppm). 11. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the metal ion is present in the composition, at point of use, at a concentration in the range of about 5 to about 1000 ppm. 12. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the chelating agent is present in the composition, at point of use, at a concentration in the range of about 10 to about 4000 ppm. 13. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein silica abrasive is present in the composition, at point of use, at a concentration in the range of about 0.05 to about 3 percent by weight (wt %). 14. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the composition comprises about 500 ppm to about 3000 ppm of the amino acid. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the oxidizing agent is present at a concentration in the range of about 0.1 to about 10 wt %. 16. A chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) method for polishing a tungsten-containing substrate comprising abrading a surface of the substrate with a CMP composition comprising an aqueous carrier containing, at point of use:
(a) about 1 to about 2000 ppm of a polyamino compound; (b) about 5 to about 1000 ppm of ferric ion; (c) about 10 to about 4000 ppm of a chelating agent; (d) about 0.05 to about 3 wt % of a particulate silica abrasive; (e) about 0.1 to about 10% of hydrogen peroxide; and (f) optionally, about 500 to about 3000 ppm of an amino acid. 17. The CMP method of claim 16 wherein the polyamino compound comprises at least one a poly(ethyleneimine) compound. 18. The CMP method of claim 16 wherein the polyamino compound comprises a compound of formula H2N—(CH2CH2NH)n—CH2CH2—NH2, wherein N is 2, 3, 4, or 5. 19. The CMP method of claim 16 wherein the ferric ion and the chelating agent are present at a respective molar ratio of about 0.5:1 to about 2:1. 20. The CMP method of claim 16 wherein the chelating agent comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of malonic acid, methylmalonic acid, ethylmalonic acid, phenylmalonic acid, and hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid. 21. The CMP method of claim 16 wherein the silica abrasive comprises colloidal silica. 22. The CMP method of claim 16 wherein the composition comprises about 500 to about 3000 ppm of glycine. | The present invention provides chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) methods for polishing a tungsten containing substrate. The polishing compositions used with the methods of the invention comprise an aqueous carrier, an abrasive, a polyamino compound, a metal ion, a chelating agent, an oxidizing agent, and optionally, an amino acid. The methods of the invention effectively remove tungsten while reducing surface defects such as recesses typically associated with tungsten CMP.1. A chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) method for polishing a tungsten-containing substrate comprising abrading a surface of the substrate with a CMP composition comprising an aqueous carrier containing:
(a) a polyamino compound; (b) at least one metal ion selected from a transition metal ion and a group IIIA/IVA metal ion; (c) a chelating agent; (d) a particulate silica abrasive; (e) an oxidizing agent; and (0 optionally, an amino acid. 2. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the polyamino compound comprises at least one poly(ethyleneimine) compound. 3. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the polyamino compound comprises a compound of formula H2N—(CH2CH2NH)n—CH2CH2—NH2, wherein n is 2, 3, 4, or 5. 4. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the at least one metal ion and the chelating agent are present at a respective molar ratio of about 0.5:1 to about 2:1. 5. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the chelating agent comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of malonic acid, methylmalonic acid, ethylmalonic acid, phenylmalonic acid, and hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid. 6. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the silica abrasive comprises colloidal silica. 7. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the composition comprises at least one amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine and lysine. 8. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the metal ion comprises ferric ion. 9. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the oxidizing agent comprises hydrogen peroxide. 10. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the polyamino compound is present in the composition, at point of use, at a concentration in the range of about 1 to about 2000 parts-per-million (ppm). 11. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the metal ion is present in the composition, at point of use, at a concentration in the range of about 5 to about 1000 ppm. 12. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the chelating agent is present in the composition, at point of use, at a concentration in the range of about 10 to about 4000 ppm. 13. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein silica abrasive is present in the composition, at point of use, at a concentration in the range of about 0.05 to about 3 percent by weight (wt %). 14. The CMP method of claim 1 wherein the composition comprises about 500 ppm to about 3000 ppm of the amino acid. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the oxidizing agent is present at a concentration in the range of about 0.1 to about 10 wt %. 16. A chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) method for polishing a tungsten-containing substrate comprising abrading a surface of the substrate with a CMP composition comprising an aqueous carrier containing, at point of use:
(a) about 1 to about 2000 ppm of a polyamino compound; (b) about 5 to about 1000 ppm of ferric ion; (c) about 10 to about 4000 ppm of a chelating agent; (d) about 0.05 to about 3 wt % of a particulate silica abrasive; (e) about 0.1 to about 10% of hydrogen peroxide; and (f) optionally, about 500 to about 3000 ppm of an amino acid. 17. The CMP method of claim 16 wherein the polyamino compound comprises at least one a poly(ethyleneimine) compound. 18. The CMP method of claim 16 wherein the polyamino compound comprises a compound of formula H2N—(CH2CH2NH)n—CH2CH2—NH2, wherein N is 2, 3, 4, or 5. 19. The CMP method of claim 16 wherein the ferric ion and the chelating agent are present at a respective molar ratio of about 0.5:1 to about 2:1. 20. The CMP method of claim 16 wherein the chelating agent comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of malonic acid, methylmalonic acid, ethylmalonic acid, phenylmalonic acid, and hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid. 21. The CMP method of claim 16 wherein the silica abrasive comprises colloidal silica. 22. The CMP method of claim 16 wherein the composition comprises about 500 to about 3000 ppm of glycine. | 1,700 |
1,628 | 13,517,927 | 1,746 | A heat-activatedly bondable sheetlike element having at least one electrically conductive sheetlike structure and at least two layers of different heat-activable adhesives. A first heat-activatable adhesive layer is located substantially on a first side of the electrically conductive sheetlike structure and the second heat-activatable adhesive layer is located substantially on a second side of the electrically conductive sheetlike structure. Activation temperatures for achieving the adhesive properties of the heat-activatable adhesive layers differ from one another less than the melting temperatures of the two heat-activatable adhesive layers. | 1. A method for adhesively bonding and reparting two substrate surfaces,
where a heat-activatedly bondable sheetlike element is used for the bonding the two substrate surfaces,
the heat-activatedly bondable sheetlike element comprises at least one electrically conductive sheetlike structure and at least two layers of different heat-activatable adhesives,
where a first heat-activatable adhesive layer is located substantially on a first side of the electrically conductive sheetlike structure and a second heat-activatable adhesive is located substantially on a second side of the electrically conductive sheetlike structure,
wherein
the bonding is brought about by subjecting the heat-activatedly bondable sheetlike element to a temperature T1 at which there is simultaneous heat activation of the first and second heat-activatable adhesives,
the reparting is brought about by subjecting the bond site to a temperature T2 at which, under mandated conditions, only one of the first and second heat-activatable layers of the heat-activatedly bondable sheetlike element loses its adhesive effect in the adhesively bonded assembly to an extent such that the adhesively bonded assembly is separated. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature T1 for producing the bonding is brought about by inductive heating of the electrically conductive sheetlike structure. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature T2 for producing the reparting of the adhesively bonded assembly is brought about by inductive heating of the electrically conductive sheetlike structure. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the reporting of the adhesively bonded assembly at the temperature T2 is brought about by melting or by decomposition of the corresponding heat-activatable adhesive layer. 5. A heat-activatedly bondable sheetlike element, comprising at least one electrically conductive sheetlike structure and at least two layers of different heat-activable adhesives,
wherein a first heat-activatable adhesive layer is located substantially on a first side of the electrically conductive sheetlike structure and the second heat-activatable adhesive layer is located substantially on a second side of the electrically conductive sheetlike structure, wherein activation temperatures for achieving the adhesive properties of the heat-activatable adhesive layers differ from one another less than the melting temperatures of the two heat-activatable adhesive layers. 6. A heat-activatedly bondable sheetlike element, comprising at least one electrically conductive sheetlike structure and at least two layers of different heat-activable adhesives,
wherein a first heat-activatable adhesive layer is located substantially on a first side of the electrically conductive sheetlike structure and a second heat-activatable adhesive layer is located substantially on a second side of the electrically conductive sheetlike structure, wherein activation temperatures for achieving the adhesive properties of the heat-activatable adhesive layers differ from one another less than the decomposition temperatures of the two heat-activatable adhesive layers. | A heat-activatedly bondable sheetlike element having at least one electrically conductive sheetlike structure and at least two layers of different heat-activable adhesives. A first heat-activatable adhesive layer is located substantially on a first side of the electrically conductive sheetlike structure and the second heat-activatable adhesive layer is located substantially on a second side of the electrically conductive sheetlike structure. Activation temperatures for achieving the adhesive properties of the heat-activatable adhesive layers differ from one another less than the melting temperatures of the two heat-activatable adhesive layers.1. A method for adhesively bonding and reparting two substrate surfaces,
where a heat-activatedly bondable sheetlike element is used for the bonding the two substrate surfaces,
the heat-activatedly bondable sheetlike element comprises at least one electrically conductive sheetlike structure and at least two layers of different heat-activatable adhesives,
where a first heat-activatable adhesive layer is located substantially on a first side of the electrically conductive sheetlike structure and a second heat-activatable adhesive is located substantially on a second side of the electrically conductive sheetlike structure,
wherein
the bonding is brought about by subjecting the heat-activatedly bondable sheetlike element to a temperature T1 at which there is simultaneous heat activation of the first and second heat-activatable adhesives,
the reparting is brought about by subjecting the bond site to a temperature T2 at which, under mandated conditions, only one of the first and second heat-activatable layers of the heat-activatedly bondable sheetlike element loses its adhesive effect in the adhesively bonded assembly to an extent such that the adhesively bonded assembly is separated. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature T1 for producing the bonding is brought about by inductive heating of the electrically conductive sheetlike structure. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature T2 for producing the reparting of the adhesively bonded assembly is brought about by inductive heating of the electrically conductive sheetlike structure. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the reporting of the adhesively bonded assembly at the temperature T2 is brought about by melting or by decomposition of the corresponding heat-activatable adhesive layer. 5. A heat-activatedly bondable sheetlike element, comprising at least one electrically conductive sheetlike structure and at least two layers of different heat-activable adhesives,
wherein a first heat-activatable adhesive layer is located substantially on a first side of the electrically conductive sheetlike structure and the second heat-activatable adhesive layer is located substantially on a second side of the electrically conductive sheetlike structure, wherein activation temperatures for achieving the adhesive properties of the heat-activatable adhesive layers differ from one another less than the melting temperatures of the two heat-activatable adhesive layers. 6. A heat-activatedly bondable sheetlike element, comprising at least one electrically conductive sheetlike structure and at least two layers of different heat-activable adhesives,
wherein a first heat-activatable adhesive layer is located substantially on a first side of the electrically conductive sheetlike structure and a second heat-activatable adhesive layer is located substantially on a second side of the electrically conductive sheetlike structure, wherein activation temperatures for achieving the adhesive properties of the heat-activatable adhesive layers differ from one another less than the decomposition temperatures of the two heat-activatable adhesive layers. | 1,700 |
1,629 | 14,462,906 | 1,783 | A composite sandwich structure for a vehicle includes a first sheet that has a first surface and an opposing second surface. The composite sandwich structure also includes a second sheet opposite the first sheet and a core coupled between the first and second sheets. The core is formed from a shape memory alloy and is configured to reversibly transform between (a) a substantially fully austenite state in response to the composite sandwich structure being within an expected operating temperature range and being subjected to a relatively low transverse force, and (b) an at least partially martensite state in response to the composite sandwich structure being within the expected operating temperature range and being subjected to a relatively high transverse force. Each of a plurality of first portions of the core correspondingly changes shape to accommodate the application of the relatively high force, such that the core reversibly deforms. | 1. A composite sandwich structure for a vehicle, said composite sandwich structure comprising:
a first sheet comprising a first surface and an opposing second surface, wherein a transverse direction is defined normal to said second surface of said first sheet; a second sheet opposite said first sheet; and a core coupled between said first and second sheets, said core is formed from a shape memory alloy, said core is configured to reversibly transform between:
a substantially fully austenite state in response to said composite sandwich structure being within an expected operating temperature range and being subjected to a relatively low force applied substantially parallel to the transverse direction, and
an at least partially martensite state in response to said composite sandwich structure being within the expected operating temperature range and being subjected to a relatively high force applied to said composite sandwich structure substantially parallel to the transverse direction, wherein each of a plurality of first portions of said core correspondingly changes shape to accommodate an application of the relatively high force, such that said core reversibly deforms. 2. The composite sandwich structure according to claim 1, wherein said core has a stiffness in the substantially fully austenite state, said core is further configured such that said core substantially retains the stiffness after said core has transformed to the at least partially martensite state and back to the substantially fully austenite state. 3. The composite sandwich structure according to claim 1, wherein an austenite finish transition temperature of said shape memory alloy is less than or equal to a lower end value of the expected operating temperature range. 4. The composite sandwich structure according to claim 3, wherein said austenite finish transition temperature is within a range of about −35 degrees Celsius to about −10 degrees Celsius. 5. The composite sandwich structure according to claim 1, wherein said shape memory alloy exhibits superelastic properties within a predetermined superelastic temperature range, and the expected operating temperature range is substantially contained within said superelastic temperature range. 6. The composite sandwich structure according to claim 1, wherein said shape memory alloy is Nitinol. 7. The composite sandwich structure according to claim 1, wherein said core comprises a thin-walled, fluted shape. 8. The composite sandwich structure according to claim 7, wherein said core further comprises a plurality of first interface portions, a plurality of second interface portions, and a plurality of web portions, each web portion extends between one of said plurality of first interface portions and one of said plurality of second interface portions. 9. An aircraft comprising:
a composite sandwich structure comprising: a first sheet comprising a first surface and an opposing second surface, wherein a transverse direction is defined normal to said second surface of said first sheet; a second sheet opposite said first sheet; and a core coupled between said first and second sheets, said core is formed from a shape memory alloy, said core is configured to reversibly transform between:
a substantially fully austenite state in response to said composite sandwich structure being within an expected operating temperature range and being subjected to a relatively low force applied substantially parallel to the transverse direction, and
an at least partially martensite state in response to said composite sandwich structure being within the expected operating temperature range and being subjected to a relatively high force applied to said composite sandwich structure substantially parallel to the transverse direction, wherein each of a plurality of first portions of said core correspondingly changes shape to accommodate an application of the relatively high force, such that said core reversibly deforms. 10. The aircraft according to claim 9, wherein said core has a stiffness in the substantially fully austenite state, said core is further configured such that said core substantially retains the stiffness after said core has transformed to the at least partially martensite state and back to the substantially fully austenite state. 11. The aircraft according to claim 9, wherein an austenite finish transition temperature of said shape memory alloy is less than or equal to a lower end value of the expected operating temperature range. 12. The aircraft according to claim 11, wherein said austenite finish transition temperature is within a range of about −35 degrees Celsius to about −10 degrees Celsius. 13. The aircraft according to claim 9, wherein said shape memory alloy exhibits superelastic properties within a predetermined superelastic temperature range, and the expected operating temperature range is substantially contained within said superelastic temperature range. 14. The aircraft according to claim 9, wherein said shape memory alloy is Nitinol. 15. The aircraft according to claim 9, wherein said core comprises a thin-walled, fluted shape. 16. The aircraft according to claim 15, wherein said core further comprises a plurality of first interface portions, a plurality of second interface portions, and a plurality of web portions, each web portion extends between one of said plurality of first interface portions and one of said plurality of second interface portions. 17. A method of forming a composite sandwich structure for a vehicle, said method comprising:
coupling a core between a first sheet and a second sheet to form the composite sandwich structure, wherein a transverse direction is defined normal to a second surface of the first sheet, and wherein the core is formed from a shape memory alloy and is configured to reversibly transform between:
a substantially fully austenite state in response to the composite sandwich structure being within an expected operating temperature range and being subjected to a relatively low force applied substantially parallel to the transverse direction, and
an at least partially martensite state in response to the composite sandwich structure being within the expected operating temperature range and being subjected to a relatively high force applied to the composite sandwich structure substantially parallel to the transverse direction, wherein each of a plurality of first portions of the core correspondingly changes shape to accommodate the application of the relatively high force, such that the core reversibly deforms. 18. The method according to claim 17, further comprising selecting the shape memory alloy to have an austenite finish transition temperature that is less than or equal to a lower end value of the expected operating temperature range. 19. The method according to claim 17, further comprising selecting the shape memory alloy to exhibit superelastic properties within a predetermined superelastic temperature range, wherein the expected operating temperature range is substantially contained within the superelastic temperature range. 20. The method according to claim 17, further comprising selecting the shape memory alloy to be Nitinol. | A composite sandwich structure for a vehicle includes a first sheet that has a first surface and an opposing second surface. The composite sandwich structure also includes a second sheet opposite the first sheet and a core coupled between the first and second sheets. The core is formed from a shape memory alloy and is configured to reversibly transform between (a) a substantially fully austenite state in response to the composite sandwich structure being within an expected operating temperature range and being subjected to a relatively low transverse force, and (b) an at least partially martensite state in response to the composite sandwich structure being within the expected operating temperature range and being subjected to a relatively high transverse force. Each of a plurality of first portions of the core correspondingly changes shape to accommodate the application of the relatively high force, such that the core reversibly deforms.1. A composite sandwich structure for a vehicle, said composite sandwich structure comprising:
a first sheet comprising a first surface and an opposing second surface, wherein a transverse direction is defined normal to said second surface of said first sheet; a second sheet opposite said first sheet; and a core coupled between said first and second sheets, said core is formed from a shape memory alloy, said core is configured to reversibly transform between:
a substantially fully austenite state in response to said composite sandwich structure being within an expected operating temperature range and being subjected to a relatively low force applied substantially parallel to the transverse direction, and
an at least partially martensite state in response to said composite sandwich structure being within the expected operating temperature range and being subjected to a relatively high force applied to said composite sandwich structure substantially parallel to the transverse direction, wherein each of a plurality of first portions of said core correspondingly changes shape to accommodate an application of the relatively high force, such that said core reversibly deforms. 2. The composite sandwich structure according to claim 1, wherein said core has a stiffness in the substantially fully austenite state, said core is further configured such that said core substantially retains the stiffness after said core has transformed to the at least partially martensite state and back to the substantially fully austenite state. 3. The composite sandwich structure according to claim 1, wherein an austenite finish transition temperature of said shape memory alloy is less than or equal to a lower end value of the expected operating temperature range. 4. The composite sandwich structure according to claim 3, wherein said austenite finish transition temperature is within a range of about −35 degrees Celsius to about −10 degrees Celsius. 5. The composite sandwich structure according to claim 1, wherein said shape memory alloy exhibits superelastic properties within a predetermined superelastic temperature range, and the expected operating temperature range is substantially contained within said superelastic temperature range. 6. The composite sandwich structure according to claim 1, wherein said shape memory alloy is Nitinol. 7. The composite sandwich structure according to claim 1, wherein said core comprises a thin-walled, fluted shape. 8. The composite sandwich structure according to claim 7, wherein said core further comprises a plurality of first interface portions, a plurality of second interface portions, and a plurality of web portions, each web portion extends between one of said plurality of first interface portions and one of said plurality of second interface portions. 9. An aircraft comprising:
a composite sandwich structure comprising: a first sheet comprising a first surface and an opposing second surface, wherein a transverse direction is defined normal to said second surface of said first sheet; a second sheet opposite said first sheet; and a core coupled between said first and second sheets, said core is formed from a shape memory alloy, said core is configured to reversibly transform between:
a substantially fully austenite state in response to said composite sandwich structure being within an expected operating temperature range and being subjected to a relatively low force applied substantially parallel to the transverse direction, and
an at least partially martensite state in response to said composite sandwich structure being within the expected operating temperature range and being subjected to a relatively high force applied to said composite sandwich structure substantially parallel to the transverse direction, wherein each of a plurality of first portions of said core correspondingly changes shape to accommodate an application of the relatively high force, such that said core reversibly deforms. 10. The aircraft according to claim 9, wherein said core has a stiffness in the substantially fully austenite state, said core is further configured such that said core substantially retains the stiffness after said core has transformed to the at least partially martensite state and back to the substantially fully austenite state. 11. The aircraft according to claim 9, wherein an austenite finish transition temperature of said shape memory alloy is less than or equal to a lower end value of the expected operating temperature range. 12. The aircraft according to claim 11, wherein said austenite finish transition temperature is within a range of about −35 degrees Celsius to about −10 degrees Celsius. 13. The aircraft according to claim 9, wherein said shape memory alloy exhibits superelastic properties within a predetermined superelastic temperature range, and the expected operating temperature range is substantially contained within said superelastic temperature range. 14. The aircraft according to claim 9, wherein said shape memory alloy is Nitinol. 15. The aircraft according to claim 9, wherein said core comprises a thin-walled, fluted shape. 16. The aircraft according to claim 15, wherein said core further comprises a plurality of first interface portions, a plurality of second interface portions, and a plurality of web portions, each web portion extends between one of said plurality of first interface portions and one of said plurality of second interface portions. 17. A method of forming a composite sandwich structure for a vehicle, said method comprising:
coupling a core between a first sheet and a second sheet to form the composite sandwich structure, wherein a transverse direction is defined normal to a second surface of the first sheet, and wherein the core is formed from a shape memory alloy and is configured to reversibly transform between:
a substantially fully austenite state in response to the composite sandwich structure being within an expected operating temperature range and being subjected to a relatively low force applied substantially parallel to the transverse direction, and
an at least partially martensite state in response to the composite sandwich structure being within the expected operating temperature range and being subjected to a relatively high force applied to the composite sandwich structure substantially parallel to the transverse direction, wherein each of a plurality of first portions of the core correspondingly changes shape to accommodate the application of the relatively high force, such that the core reversibly deforms. 18. The method according to claim 17, further comprising selecting the shape memory alloy to have an austenite finish transition temperature that is less than or equal to a lower end value of the expected operating temperature range. 19. The method according to claim 17, further comprising selecting the shape memory alloy to exhibit superelastic properties within a predetermined superelastic temperature range, wherein the expected operating temperature range is substantially contained within the superelastic temperature range. 20. The method according to claim 17, further comprising selecting the shape memory alloy to be Nitinol. | 1,700 |
1,630 | 15,021,417 | 1,792 | The present invention proposes a method for controlling a roasting process of coffee beans comprises sampling a first batch of coffee beans and a second batch of coffee beans from said coffee beans during roasting (S 12; S 42 ); detecting a surface colour of the first batch of coffee beans (S 14; S 44 ); grinding the second batch of coffee beans and detecting a powder colour of the second batch of coffee beans after grinding (S 16; S 46 ); and controlling the roasting process at least partially based on the detected surface colour of the first batch of coffee beans and the detected powder colour of the second batch of coffee beans (S 18; S 48 ). The present invention also provides apparatus using the above described method. | 1. A method for controlling a roasting process of coffee beans, comprising steps of:
sampling a first batch of coffee beans and a second batch of coffee beans from said coffee beans during roasting; detecting a surface colour of the first batch of coffee beans; grinding the second batch of coffee beans and detecting a powder colour of the second batch of coffee beans after grinding; and controlling the roasting process at least partially based on the detected surface colour of the first batch of coffee beans and the detected powder colour of the second batch of coffee beans. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of controlling further comprising:
determining the roasting degree of the coffee beans at least partially based on the detected surface colour of the first batch of coffee beans and the detected powder colour of the second batch of coffee beans; controlling the roasting process at least partially based on the determined roasting degree of the coffee beans. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of controlling further comprising:
controlling the roasting process based on the determined roasting degree of the coffee beans and predetermined final roasting degree of the coffee beans. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of determining further comprising:
determining the roasting degree of the coffee beans based on the detected surface colour of the first batch of coffee beans, the detected powder colour of the second batch of coffee beans and a predefined prediction model, wherein the predefined prediction model is based on a calibration algorithm. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
repeating the steps of sampling, detecting, grinding, and controlling until predetermined final roasting degree is obtained; wherein the step of sampling is performed in predetermined frequencies during the whole roasting process, and the predetermined frequencies vary in different roasting phases. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the step of sampling is performed in a first predetermined frequency before the beginning of the first cracking of coffee beans and in a second predetermined frequency after the ending of the first cracking of coffee beans, and wherein the second predetermined frequency is higher than the first predetermined frequency. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first batch of coffee beans comprises at least part of the second batch of coffee beans. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of sampling comprises:
sampling the first batch of coffee beans and the second batch of coffee beans from said coffee beans simultaneously; stopping heating the first batch of coffee beans and the second batch of coffee beans. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the coffee beans are raw coffee beans or partially roasted beans. 10. An apparatus for controlling a roasting process of coffee beans, comprising:
a sampling unit, configured to sample a first batch of coffee beans and a second batch of coffee beans from said coffee beans during roasting; a grinding unit, configured to grind the second batch of coffee beans; a detection unit, configured to detect surface colour of the first batch of coffee beans, and to detect powder colour of the second batch of coffee beans after grinding, respectively; a control unit configured to control the roasting process at least partially based on the detected surface colour of the first batch of coffee beans and the detected powder colour of the second batch of coffee beans. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein said sampling unit is configured to repeatedly sample the first batch of coffee beans and the second batch of coffee beans from said coffee beans in predetermined frequencies during the whole roasting process, and the predetermined frequencies vary in different roasting phases. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein said sampling unit is configured to sample the first batch of coffee beans and the second batch of coffee beans from said coffee beans in a first predetermined frequency before the beginning of the first cracking of coffee beans and in a second predetermined frequency after the ending of the first cracking of coffee beans, and wherein the second predetermined frequency is higher than the first predetermined frequency. 13. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the control unit comprise an analysis unit which is configured to determine the roasting degree of the coffee beans at least partially based on the detected surface colour of the first batch of coffee beans and the detected powder colour of the second batch of coffee beans, and a controller which is configured to control the roasting process at least partially based on the determined roasting degree of the coffee beans. 14. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the first batch of coffee beans comprises at least part of the second batch of coffee beans. 15. A coffee machine for providing brewed coffee comprising the apparatus of. | The present invention proposes a method for controlling a roasting process of coffee beans comprises sampling a first batch of coffee beans and a second batch of coffee beans from said coffee beans during roasting (S 12; S 42 ); detecting a surface colour of the first batch of coffee beans (S 14; S 44 ); grinding the second batch of coffee beans and detecting a powder colour of the second batch of coffee beans after grinding (S 16; S 46 ); and controlling the roasting process at least partially based on the detected surface colour of the first batch of coffee beans and the detected powder colour of the second batch of coffee beans (S 18; S 48 ). The present invention also provides apparatus using the above described method.1. A method for controlling a roasting process of coffee beans, comprising steps of:
sampling a first batch of coffee beans and a second batch of coffee beans from said coffee beans during roasting; detecting a surface colour of the first batch of coffee beans; grinding the second batch of coffee beans and detecting a powder colour of the second batch of coffee beans after grinding; and controlling the roasting process at least partially based on the detected surface colour of the first batch of coffee beans and the detected powder colour of the second batch of coffee beans. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of controlling further comprising:
determining the roasting degree of the coffee beans at least partially based on the detected surface colour of the first batch of coffee beans and the detected powder colour of the second batch of coffee beans; controlling the roasting process at least partially based on the determined roasting degree of the coffee beans. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of controlling further comprising:
controlling the roasting process based on the determined roasting degree of the coffee beans and predetermined final roasting degree of the coffee beans. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of determining further comprising:
determining the roasting degree of the coffee beans based on the detected surface colour of the first batch of coffee beans, the detected powder colour of the second batch of coffee beans and a predefined prediction model, wherein the predefined prediction model is based on a calibration algorithm. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
repeating the steps of sampling, detecting, grinding, and controlling until predetermined final roasting degree is obtained; wherein the step of sampling is performed in predetermined frequencies during the whole roasting process, and the predetermined frequencies vary in different roasting phases. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the step of sampling is performed in a first predetermined frequency before the beginning of the first cracking of coffee beans and in a second predetermined frequency after the ending of the first cracking of coffee beans, and wherein the second predetermined frequency is higher than the first predetermined frequency. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first batch of coffee beans comprises at least part of the second batch of coffee beans. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of sampling comprises:
sampling the first batch of coffee beans and the second batch of coffee beans from said coffee beans simultaneously; stopping heating the first batch of coffee beans and the second batch of coffee beans. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the coffee beans are raw coffee beans or partially roasted beans. 10. An apparatus for controlling a roasting process of coffee beans, comprising:
a sampling unit, configured to sample a first batch of coffee beans and a second batch of coffee beans from said coffee beans during roasting; a grinding unit, configured to grind the second batch of coffee beans; a detection unit, configured to detect surface colour of the first batch of coffee beans, and to detect powder colour of the second batch of coffee beans after grinding, respectively; a control unit configured to control the roasting process at least partially based on the detected surface colour of the first batch of coffee beans and the detected powder colour of the second batch of coffee beans. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein said sampling unit is configured to repeatedly sample the first batch of coffee beans and the second batch of coffee beans from said coffee beans in predetermined frequencies during the whole roasting process, and the predetermined frequencies vary in different roasting phases. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein said sampling unit is configured to sample the first batch of coffee beans and the second batch of coffee beans from said coffee beans in a first predetermined frequency before the beginning of the first cracking of coffee beans and in a second predetermined frequency after the ending of the first cracking of coffee beans, and wherein the second predetermined frequency is higher than the first predetermined frequency. 13. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the control unit comprise an analysis unit which is configured to determine the roasting degree of the coffee beans at least partially based on the detected surface colour of the first batch of coffee beans and the detected powder colour of the second batch of coffee beans, and a controller which is configured to control the roasting process at least partially based on the determined roasting degree of the coffee beans. 14. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the first batch of coffee beans comprises at least part of the second batch of coffee beans. 15. A coffee machine for providing brewed coffee comprising the apparatus of. | 1,700 |
1,631 | 13,847,179 | 1,788 | A durable decorative sheet high in the ability to follow a curved surface with small appearance change by heat or elongation. A decorative sheet comprising a transparent resin film having two main surfaces, a transparent resin layer formed on the first main surface of the transparent resin film, a pattern printed layer arranged on the transparent resin layer, and a colored base film arranged on the second main surface of the transparent resin film. The transparent resin layer includes first beads, the pattern printed layer include second beads. The first beads are different from the second beads in content, color and/or particle size. The first beads and the second beads are embedded in the transparent resin layer and the pattern printed layer. | 1. A thermally moldable decorative sheet comprising:
a transparent resin film having a first main surface and a second main surface; a transparent resin layer on the first main surface of the transparent resin film, with the transparent resin layer containing first beads; a pattern printed layer embedded into the transparent resin layer, with the pattern printed layer containing second beads; and a colored base film on the second main surface of the transparent resin film; wherein the second beads are colored, the first beads are different from the second beads in content, color and/or particle size, a pattern is formed by the contrast between the transparent resin layer and the pattern printed layer. 2. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 1, wherein the appearance of the contrast between the transparent resin layer and the pattern printed layer hardly changes when exposed to the heating and elongation of a thermal molding process. 3. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 1, wherein the colored base film is thermally laminated onto the second main surface of the transparent resin film. 4. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 3, wherein both the first and second beads are colored. 5. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 1, wherein both the first and second beads are colored. 6. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 1, comprising a second pattern printed layer between the second main surface of the transparent resin film and the colored base film. 7. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 1, wherein a second pattern printed layer is formed on the second main surface of the transparent resin film, and the colored base film is thermally laminated onto the transparent resin film. 8. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 1, further comprising an adhesive layer and a release sheet in that order on the surface of the colored base film opposite to the surface thereof in contact with the transparent resin film. 9. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 6, further comprising an adhesive layer and a release sheet in that order on the surface of the colored base film opposite to the surface thereof in contact with the transparent resin film. 10. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 8, wherein grooves are formed on the surface of the adhesive, in contact with the release sheet, that allow air to bleed out from behind the decorative sheet when applied to a surface. 11. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 1, wherein the volume ratio between the first beads and the transparent resin in the transparent resin layer is 3:35 to 4:5. 12. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 1, wherein the amount of first beads in the transparent resin layer is 21 to 85 volume percent. 13. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 1, wherein the volume ratio between the second beads and the resin in the pattern printed layer is 3:35 to 4:5. 14. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 11, wherein the volume ratio between the second beads and the resin in the pattern printed layer is 3:35 to 4:5. 15. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 12, wherein the volume ratio between the second beads and the resin in the pattern printed layer is 3:35 to 4:5. 16. A molded part comprising the decorative sheet as set forth in claim 1. 17. A molded part comprising the decorative sheet as set forth in claim 5. 18. A molded part comprising the decorative sheet as set forth in claim 6. 19. The molded part as set forth in claim 16, wherein the decorative sheet is thermally molded in a three-dimensional curved shape. 20. The molded part as set forth in claim 18, wherein the decorative sheet is thermally molded in a three-dimensional curved shape. | A durable decorative sheet high in the ability to follow a curved surface with small appearance change by heat or elongation. A decorative sheet comprising a transparent resin film having two main surfaces, a transparent resin layer formed on the first main surface of the transparent resin film, a pattern printed layer arranged on the transparent resin layer, and a colored base film arranged on the second main surface of the transparent resin film. The transparent resin layer includes first beads, the pattern printed layer include second beads. The first beads are different from the second beads in content, color and/or particle size. The first beads and the second beads are embedded in the transparent resin layer and the pattern printed layer.1. A thermally moldable decorative sheet comprising:
a transparent resin film having a first main surface and a second main surface; a transparent resin layer on the first main surface of the transparent resin film, with the transparent resin layer containing first beads; a pattern printed layer embedded into the transparent resin layer, with the pattern printed layer containing second beads; and a colored base film on the second main surface of the transparent resin film; wherein the second beads are colored, the first beads are different from the second beads in content, color and/or particle size, a pattern is formed by the contrast between the transparent resin layer and the pattern printed layer. 2. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 1, wherein the appearance of the contrast between the transparent resin layer and the pattern printed layer hardly changes when exposed to the heating and elongation of a thermal molding process. 3. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 1, wherein the colored base film is thermally laminated onto the second main surface of the transparent resin film. 4. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 3, wherein both the first and second beads are colored. 5. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 1, wherein both the first and second beads are colored. 6. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 1, comprising a second pattern printed layer between the second main surface of the transparent resin film and the colored base film. 7. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 1, wherein a second pattern printed layer is formed on the second main surface of the transparent resin film, and the colored base film is thermally laminated onto the transparent resin film. 8. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 1, further comprising an adhesive layer and a release sheet in that order on the surface of the colored base film opposite to the surface thereof in contact with the transparent resin film. 9. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 6, further comprising an adhesive layer and a release sheet in that order on the surface of the colored base film opposite to the surface thereof in contact with the transparent resin film. 10. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 8, wherein grooves are formed on the surface of the adhesive, in contact with the release sheet, that allow air to bleed out from behind the decorative sheet when applied to a surface. 11. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 1, wherein the volume ratio between the first beads and the transparent resin in the transparent resin layer is 3:35 to 4:5. 12. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 1, wherein the amount of first beads in the transparent resin layer is 21 to 85 volume percent. 13. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 1, wherein the volume ratio between the second beads and the resin in the pattern printed layer is 3:35 to 4:5. 14. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 11, wherein the volume ratio between the second beads and the resin in the pattern printed layer is 3:35 to 4:5. 15. The decorative sheet as set forth in claim 12, wherein the volume ratio between the second beads and the resin in the pattern printed layer is 3:35 to 4:5. 16. A molded part comprising the decorative sheet as set forth in claim 1. 17. A molded part comprising the decorative sheet as set forth in claim 5. 18. A molded part comprising the decorative sheet as set forth in claim 6. 19. The molded part as set forth in claim 16, wherein the decorative sheet is thermally molded in a three-dimensional curved shape. 20. The molded part as set forth in claim 18, wherein the decorative sheet is thermally molded in a three-dimensional curved shape. | 1,700 |
1,632 | 14,437,244 | 1,722 | The invention relates to compounds of the formula IA and to a liquid-crystalline medium, characterised in that it comprises one or more compounds of the formula IA,
in which R A , X A and Y 1-6 have the meanings indicated in Claim 1 , and to the use thereof for electro-optical purposes, in particular for shutter glasses, 3D applications, in TN, PS-TN, STN, OCB, ECB, IPS, PS-IPS, FFS, PS-FFS and PS-VA-IPS displays. | 1. A liquid-crystalline medium comprising one or more compounds of the formula IA,
in which
RA denotes a halogenated or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —CH═CH—,
—O—, —CO—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
XA denotes F, Cl, CN, SF5, SCN, NCS, a halogenated alkyl radical, a halogenated alkenyl radical, a halogenated alkoxy radical or a halogenated alkenyloxy radical, each having up to 6 C atoms, and
Y1-6 each, independently of one another, denote H or F. 2. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, further comprising one or more compounds selected from the compounds of the formulae IA-a to IA-i,
in which RA and XA have the meanings indicated in claim 1. 3. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, further comprising one or more compounds selected from the formulae II and/or III,
in which
R0 denotes a halogenated or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —CH═CH—,
—O—, —CO—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
X0 denotes F, Cl, CN, SF5, SCN, NCS, a halogenated alkyl radical, a halogenated alkenyl radical, a halogenated alkoxy radical or a halogenated alkenyloxy radical, each having up to 6 C atoms,
Y1-5 each, independently of one another, denote H or F, and
and each, independently of one another, denote 4. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, further comprising one or more compounds selected from the formulae IV to VIII,
in which
R0 denotes a halogenated or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —CH═CH—,
—O—, —CO—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
X0 denotes F, Cl, CN, SF5, SCN, NCS, a halogenated alkyl radical, a halogenated alkenyl radical, a halogenated alkoxy radical or a halogenated alkenyloxy radical, each having up to 6 C atoms,
Y1-5 each, independently of one another, denote H or F,
Z0 denotes —C2H4—, —(CH2)4—, —CH═CH—, —CF═CF—, —C2F4—, —CH2CF2—, —CF2CH2—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —COO— or —OCF2—, in formulae V and VI also a single bond, in formulae V and VIII also —CF2O—,
r denotes 0 or 1, and
s denotes 0 or 1. 5. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, further comprising one or more compounds selected from the formulae IX to XII,
in which
X0 denotes F, Cl, CN, SF5, SCN, NCS, a halogenated alkyl radical, a halogenated alkenyl radical, a halogenated alkoxy radical or a halogenated alkenyloxy radical, each having up to 6 C atoms,
L denotes H or F,
“alkyl” denotes C1-6-alkyl,
R′ denotes C1-6-alkyl, C1-6-alkoxy or C2-6-alkenyl, and
“alkenyl” and “alkenyl*” each, independently of one another, denote C2-6-alkenyl. 6. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, further comprising one or more compounds of the formula XIII,
in which R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote n-alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl, fluoroalkyl or alkenyl, each having up to 6 C atoms. 7. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, further comprising one or more compounds of the formula XVII,
in which R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote n-alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl, fluoroalkyl or alkenyl, each having up to 8 C atoms, and L denotes H or F. 8. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, further comprising one or more compounds selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae XXVII, XXVIII and XXIX,
in which
R0 denotes a halogenated or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —CH═CH—,
—O—, —CO—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, and
X0 denotes F, Cl, CN, SF5, SCN, NCS, a halogenated alkyl radical, a halogenated alkenyl radical, a halogenated alkoxy radical or a halogenated alkenyloxy radical, each having up to 6 C atoms. 9. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, further comprising one or more compounds selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae XIX, XX, XXI, XXII, XXIII and XXIV,
in which
R0 denotes a halogenated or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —CH═CH—,
—O—, —CO—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
X0 denotes F, Cl, CN, SF5, SCN, NCS, a halogenated alkyl radical, a halogenated alkenyl radical, a halogenated alkoxy radical or a halogenated alkenyloxy radical, each having up to 6 C atoms, and
Y1-4 each, independently of one another, denote H or F. 10. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, wherein said medium comprises ≧20% by weight of the compound of the formula IXb,
in which “alkyl” denotes C1-6-alkyl. 11. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, wherein said medium comprises 1-30% by weight of compounds of the formula IA, based on the mixture. 12. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, further comprising one or more additive(s) selected from the group of the UV stabilizers, dopants and antioxidants. 13. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, further comprising one or more polymerizable compounds. 14. A process for the preparation of a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, wherein said process comprises mixing one or more compounds of the formula IA, as defined in claim 1, with further mesogenic compounds and optionally also with one or more additives and/or at least one polymerizable compound. 15. A method of generating an electro-optical effect comprising applying a voltage to a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein said medium is used in shutter glasses, for 3D applications, or in TN, PS-TN, STN, ECB, OCB, IPS, PS-IPS, FFS, PS-FFS or PS-VA-IPS displays. 17. An electro-optical liquid-crystal display containing a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1. 18. A compound of the formula IA,
in which
RA denotes a halogenated or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —CH═CH—,
—O—, —CO—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
XA denotes F, Cl, CN, SF5, SCN, NCS, a halogenated alkyl radical, a halogenated alkenyl radical, a halogenated alkoxy radical or a halogenated alkenyloxy radical, each having up to 6 C atoms, and
Y1-6 each, independently of one another, denote H or F. 19. A compound according to claim 18, wherein said compound is selected from formulae IA-a to IA-i
in which
RA denotes a halogenated or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —CH═CH—,
—O—, —CO—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
XA denotes F, Cl, CN, SF5, SCN, NCS, a halogenated alkyl radical, a halogenated alkenyl radical, a halogenated alkoxy radical or a halogenated alkenyloxy radical, each having up to 6 C atoms, and
Y1-6 each, independently of one another, denote H or F. 20. A compound according to claim 18, wherein, wherein
RA denotes a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1 to 6 C atoms or an alkenyl radical having 2 to 6 C atoms, and XA denotes F or OCF3. | The invention relates to compounds of the formula IA and to a liquid-crystalline medium, characterised in that it comprises one or more compounds of the formula IA,
in which R A , X A and Y 1-6 have the meanings indicated in Claim 1 , and to the use thereof for electro-optical purposes, in particular for shutter glasses, 3D applications, in TN, PS-TN, STN, OCB, ECB, IPS, PS-IPS, FFS, PS-FFS and PS-VA-IPS displays.1. A liquid-crystalline medium comprising one or more compounds of the formula IA,
in which
RA denotes a halogenated or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —CH═CH—,
—O—, —CO—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
XA denotes F, Cl, CN, SF5, SCN, NCS, a halogenated alkyl radical, a halogenated alkenyl radical, a halogenated alkoxy radical or a halogenated alkenyloxy radical, each having up to 6 C atoms, and
Y1-6 each, independently of one another, denote H or F. 2. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, further comprising one or more compounds selected from the compounds of the formulae IA-a to IA-i,
in which RA and XA have the meanings indicated in claim 1. 3. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, further comprising one or more compounds selected from the formulae II and/or III,
in which
R0 denotes a halogenated or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —CH═CH—,
—O—, —CO—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
X0 denotes F, Cl, CN, SF5, SCN, NCS, a halogenated alkyl radical, a halogenated alkenyl radical, a halogenated alkoxy radical or a halogenated alkenyloxy radical, each having up to 6 C atoms,
Y1-5 each, independently of one another, denote H or F, and
and each, independently of one another, denote 4. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, further comprising one or more compounds selected from the formulae IV to VIII,
in which
R0 denotes a halogenated or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —CH═CH—,
—O—, —CO—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
X0 denotes F, Cl, CN, SF5, SCN, NCS, a halogenated alkyl radical, a halogenated alkenyl radical, a halogenated alkoxy radical or a halogenated alkenyloxy radical, each having up to 6 C atoms,
Y1-5 each, independently of one another, denote H or F,
Z0 denotes —C2H4—, —(CH2)4—, —CH═CH—, —CF═CF—, —C2F4—, —CH2CF2—, —CF2CH2—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —COO— or —OCF2—, in formulae V and VI also a single bond, in formulae V and VIII also —CF2O—,
r denotes 0 or 1, and
s denotes 0 or 1. 5. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, further comprising one or more compounds selected from the formulae IX to XII,
in which
X0 denotes F, Cl, CN, SF5, SCN, NCS, a halogenated alkyl radical, a halogenated alkenyl radical, a halogenated alkoxy radical or a halogenated alkenyloxy radical, each having up to 6 C atoms,
L denotes H or F,
“alkyl” denotes C1-6-alkyl,
R′ denotes C1-6-alkyl, C1-6-alkoxy or C2-6-alkenyl, and
“alkenyl” and “alkenyl*” each, independently of one another, denote C2-6-alkenyl. 6. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, further comprising one or more compounds of the formula XIII,
in which R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote n-alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl, fluoroalkyl or alkenyl, each having up to 6 C atoms. 7. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, further comprising one or more compounds of the formula XVII,
in which R1 and R2 each, independently of one another, denote n-alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl, fluoroalkyl or alkenyl, each having up to 8 C atoms, and L denotes H or F. 8. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, further comprising one or more compounds selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae XXVII, XXVIII and XXIX,
in which
R0 denotes a halogenated or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —CH═CH—,
—O—, —CO—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, and
X0 denotes F, Cl, CN, SF5, SCN, NCS, a halogenated alkyl radical, a halogenated alkenyl radical, a halogenated alkoxy radical or a halogenated alkenyloxy radical, each having up to 6 C atoms. 9. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, further comprising one or more compounds selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae XIX, XX, XXI, XXII, XXIII and XXIV,
in which
R0 denotes a halogenated or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —CH═CH—,
—O—, —CO—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
X0 denotes F, Cl, CN, SF5, SCN, NCS, a halogenated alkyl radical, a halogenated alkenyl radical, a halogenated alkoxy radical or a halogenated alkenyloxy radical, each having up to 6 C atoms, and
Y1-4 each, independently of one another, denote H or F. 10. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, wherein said medium comprises ≧20% by weight of the compound of the formula IXb,
in which “alkyl” denotes C1-6-alkyl. 11. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, wherein said medium comprises 1-30% by weight of compounds of the formula IA, based on the mixture. 12. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, further comprising one or more additive(s) selected from the group of the UV stabilizers, dopants and antioxidants. 13. The liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, further comprising one or more polymerizable compounds. 14. A process for the preparation of a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1, wherein said process comprises mixing one or more compounds of the formula IA, as defined in claim 1, with further mesogenic compounds and optionally also with one or more additives and/or at least one polymerizable compound. 15. A method of generating an electro-optical effect comprising applying a voltage to a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein said medium is used in shutter glasses, for 3D applications, or in TN, PS-TN, STN, ECB, OCB, IPS, PS-IPS, FFS, PS-FFS or PS-VA-IPS displays. 17. An electro-optical liquid-crystal display containing a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 1. 18. A compound of the formula IA,
in which
RA denotes a halogenated or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —CH═CH—,
—O—, —CO—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
XA denotes F, Cl, CN, SF5, SCN, NCS, a halogenated alkyl radical, a halogenated alkenyl radical, a halogenated alkoxy radical or a halogenated alkenyloxy radical, each having up to 6 C atoms, and
Y1-6 each, independently of one another, denote H or F. 19. A compound according to claim 18, wherein said compound is selected from formulae IA-a to IA-i
in which
RA denotes a halogenated or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, where, in addition, one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CF2O—, —CH═CH—,
—O—, —CO—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
XA denotes F, Cl, CN, SF5, SCN, NCS, a halogenated alkyl radical, a halogenated alkenyl radical, a halogenated alkoxy radical or a halogenated alkenyloxy radical, each having up to 6 C atoms, and
Y1-6 each, independently of one another, denote H or F. 20. A compound according to claim 18, wherein, wherein
RA denotes a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1 to 6 C atoms or an alkenyl radical having 2 to 6 C atoms, and XA denotes F or OCF3. | 1,700 |
1,633 | 14,403,206 | 1,766 | An aqueous adhesive composition including a certain emulsion polymer and an epoxysilane wherein the adhesive composition is substantially free from crosslinking agent is provided. A method for providing a substrate bearing a paper label, the adhered label having ice water resistance, and a method for removing the paper label from the substrate are also provided. | 1. An aqueous adhesive composition comprising:
a) an emulsion polymer comprising, as copolymerized units, from 10% to 35%, by weight based on the weight of said emulsion polymer, carboxylic acid monomer and at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer; and b) from 0.1% to 4%, by weight based on said emulsion polymer dry weight, epoxysilane;
wherein said adhesive composition is substantially free from crosslinking agent. 2. A method for providing a substrate bearing a removable paper label comprising
(a) forming the aqueous adhesive composition of claim 1; (b) applying said aqueous adhesive composition to a paper label; (c) drying, or allowing to dry, said applied adhesive composition; and (d) applying said label-bearing adhesive to said substrate. 3. A method for removing a paper label from a substrate bearing a removable paper label comprising:
(a) providing the substrate bearing a removable paper label of claim 2; and (b) contacting said removable label with an alkaline solution for a time and at a temperature sufficient to remove said label. | An aqueous adhesive composition including a certain emulsion polymer and an epoxysilane wherein the adhesive composition is substantially free from crosslinking agent is provided. A method for providing a substrate bearing a paper label, the adhered label having ice water resistance, and a method for removing the paper label from the substrate are also provided.1. An aqueous adhesive composition comprising:
a) an emulsion polymer comprising, as copolymerized units, from 10% to 35%, by weight based on the weight of said emulsion polymer, carboxylic acid monomer and at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer; and b) from 0.1% to 4%, by weight based on said emulsion polymer dry weight, epoxysilane;
wherein said adhesive composition is substantially free from crosslinking agent. 2. A method for providing a substrate bearing a removable paper label comprising
(a) forming the aqueous adhesive composition of claim 1; (b) applying said aqueous adhesive composition to a paper label; (c) drying, or allowing to dry, said applied adhesive composition; and (d) applying said label-bearing adhesive to said substrate. 3. A method for removing a paper label from a substrate bearing a removable paper label comprising:
(a) providing the substrate bearing a removable paper label of claim 2; and (b) contacting said removable label with an alkaline solution for a time and at a temperature sufficient to remove said label. | 1,700 |
1,634 | 14,334,731 | 1,732 | Fiber-containing composites are described that contain woven or non-woven fibers, and a cured binder formed from a binder composition that includes (1) a reducing sugar and (2) a crosslinking agent that includes a reaction product of a urea compound and a polycarbonyl compound. Exemplary reaction products for the crosslinking agent may include the reaction product of urea and an α,β-bicarbonyl compound or an α,γ-bicarbonyl compound. Exemplary fiber-containing composites may include fiberglass insulation. | 1. A fiber-containing composite comprising:
woven or non-woven fibers; and a cured binder formed from a binder composition comprising: reducing sugar; and a crosslinking agent comprising a reaction product of a urea compound and an polycarbonyl compound, wherein the reaction product is the exclusive crosslinking agent for the reducing sugar. 2. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the fibers include one or more types of fibers chosen from glass fibers, mineral fibers, and organic polymer fibers. 3. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the reducing sugar is chosen from glucose, dextrose, fructose, maltose, xylose, and amylose. 4. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the reducing sugar comprises dextrose. 5. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the urea compound comprises H2N—CO—NH2. 6. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the urea compound has the formula:
wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4 are independently chosen from a hydrogen moiety (H), an alkyl group, an aromatic group, an alcohol group, an aldehyde group, a ketone group, a carboxylic acid group, and an alkoxy group. 7. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the polycarbonyl compound comprises an α,β-bicarbonyl compound or an α,γ-bicarbonyl compound. 8. The fiber-containing composite of claim 7, wherein the α,β-bicarbonyl compound has the formula:
wherein R5 and R6 are independently chosen from a hydrogen moiety (H), an alkyl group, or an aromatic group. 9. The fiber-containing composite of claim 7, wherein the α,β-carbonyl compounds include gloxyal, diacetyl, and benzil (i.e., 1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-dione). 10. The fiber-containing composite of claim 7, wherein the α,γ-bicarbonyl compound has the formula:
wherein R7 and R9 are independently chosen from a hydrogen moiety (H), an alkyl group, or an aromatic group. 11. The fiber-containing composite of claim 7, wherein the α,γ-bicarbonyl compound has the formula:
wherein R9 and R10 are independently an alkyl group or an aromatic group. 12. The fiber-containing composite of claim 7, wherein the α,γ-bicarbonyl compound has the formula:
wherein R′ and R″ are independently a hydrogen moiety (H) or an alkyl group. 13. The fiber-containing composite of claim 7, wherein the α,γ-bicarbonyl compound has the formula:
wherein R represents an alkyl group. 14. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the polycarbonyl compound comprises at least one aldehyde group and at least one ketone group. 15. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the reaction product of the urea compound and the polycarbonyl compound is chosen from the group of: 16. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the binder composition further comprises a catalyst to catalyze a crosslinking reaction between the reducing sugar and the reaction product of the urea compound and the polycarbonyl compound. 17. The fiber-containing composite of claim 16, wherein the catalyst is chosen from a Lewis acid, a protic acid and a latent acid. 18. The fiber-containing composite of claim 17, wherein the Lewis acid is chosen from aluminum sulfate, ferric sulfate, aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, aluminum phosphate, and ferric phosphate. 19. The fiber-containing composite of claim 17, wherein the protic acid is chosen from sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, toluene sulfonic acid, methane sulfonic acid, and a carboxylic acid. 20. The fiber-containing composite of claim 17, wherein the latent acid is chosen from ammonium sulfate, ammonium hydrogen sulfate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, ammonium chloride, and ammonium nitrate. 21. The fiber-containing composite of claim 16, wherein the catalyst is an organo-metallic salt chosen from an organo-titanate salt, an organo-zirconate salt, and organo-tin salt, and an organo-aluminum salt. 22. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the binder composition further comprises one or more non-reducing carbohydrates chosen from starch, modified starch, cellulose, modified cellulose, and dextrins. 23. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the fiber-containing composite comprises a fiberglass building insulation. 24. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the binder composition further comprises one or more additional compounds chosen from polymerization catalysts, adhesion promoters, flame retardants, organic fillers, inorganic fillers, waxes, colorants, and release agents. 25. A fiber-containing composite comprising:
woven or non-woven fibers; and a cured binder formed from a binder composition comprising: reducing sugar; and a crosslinking agent comprising a reaction product of urea and an glyoxal, wherein a mole ratio of the urea to the glyoxal is either (i) at least 2 moles of the urea per 1 mole of the glyoxal, or (ii) 1 mole or less of the urea per 2 moles of the glyoxal. 26. The fiber-containing composite of claim 25, wherein the reaction product is the exclusive crosslinking agent for the reducing sugar. 27. The fiber-containing composite of claim 25, wherein the mole ratio of the urea to the glyoxal is at least 2 moles of the urea per 1 mole of the glyoxal, and wherein the reaction product comprises a compound having formula: 28. The fiber-containing composite of claim 25, wherein the mole ratio of the urea to the glyoxal is at least 1 mole of the urea per 2 moles of the glyoxal, and wherein the reaction product comprises a compound having formula: | Fiber-containing composites are described that contain woven or non-woven fibers, and a cured binder formed from a binder composition that includes (1) a reducing sugar and (2) a crosslinking agent that includes a reaction product of a urea compound and a polycarbonyl compound. Exemplary reaction products for the crosslinking agent may include the reaction product of urea and an α,β-bicarbonyl compound or an α,γ-bicarbonyl compound. Exemplary fiber-containing composites may include fiberglass insulation.1. A fiber-containing composite comprising:
woven or non-woven fibers; and a cured binder formed from a binder composition comprising: reducing sugar; and a crosslinking agent comprising a reaction product of a urea compound and an polycarbonyl compound, wherein the reaction product is the exclusive crosslinking agent for the reducing sugar. 2. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the fibers include one or more types of fibers chosen from glass fibers, mineral fibers, and organic polymer fibers. 3. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the reducing sugar is chosen from glucose, dextrose, fructose, maltose, xylose, and amylose. 4. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the reducing sugar comprises dextrose. 5. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the urea compound comprises H2N—CO—NH2. 6. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the urea compound has the formula:
wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4 are independently chosen from a hydrogen moiety (H), an alkyl group, an aromatic group, an alcohol group, an aldehyde group, a ketone group, a carboxylic acid group, and an alkoxy group. 7. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the polycarbonyl compound comprises an α,β-bicarbonyl compound or an α,γ-bicarbonyl compound. 8. The fiber-containing composite of claim 7, wherein the α,β-bicarbonyl compound has the formula:
wherein R5 and R6 are independently chosen from a hydrogen moiety (H), an alkyl group, or an aromatic group. 9. The fiber-containing composite of claim 7, wherein the α,β-carbonyl compounds include gloxyal, diacetyl, and benzil (i.e., 1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-dione). 10. The fiber-containing composite of claim 7, wherein the α,γ-bicarbonyl compound has the formula:
wherein R7 and R9 are independently chosen from a hydrogen moiety (H), an alkyl group, or an aromatic group. 11. The fiber-containing composite of claim 7, wherein the α,γ-bicarbonyl compound has the formula:
wherein R9 and R10 are independently an alkyl group or an aromatic group. 12. The fiber-containing composite of claim 7, wherein the α,γ-bicarbonyl compound has the formula:
wherein R′ and R″ are independently a hydrogen moiety (H) or an alkyl group. 13. The fiber-containing composite of claim 7, wherein the α,γ-bicarbonyl compound has the formula:
wherein R represents an alkyl group. 14. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the polycarbonyl compound comprises at least one aldehyde group and at least one ketone group. 15. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the reaction product of the urea compound and the polycarbonyl compound is chosen from the group of: 16. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the binder composition further comprises a catalyst to catalyze a crosslinking reaction between the reducing sugar and the reaction product of the urea compound and the polycarbonyl compound. 17. The fiber-containing composite of claim 16, wherein the catalyst is chosen from a Lewis acid, a protic acid and a latent acid. 18. The fiber-containing composite of claim 17, wherein the Lewis acid is chosen from aluminum sulfate, ferric sulfate, aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, aluminum phosphate, and ferric phosphate. 19. The fiber-containing composite of claim 17, wherein the protic acid is chosen from sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, toluene sulfonic acid, methane sulfonic acid, and a carboxylic acid. 20. The fiber-containing composite of claim 17, wherein the latent acid is chosen from ammonium sulfate, ammonium hydrogen sulfate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, ammonium chloride, and ammonium nitrate. 21. The fiber-containing composite of claim 16, wherein the catalyst is an organo-metallic salt chosen from an organo-titanate salt, an organo-zirconate salt, and organo-tin salt, and an organo-aluminum salt. 22. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the binder composition further comprises one or more non-reducing carbohydrates chosen from starch, modified starch, cellulose, modified cellulose, and dextrins. 23. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the fiber-containing composite comprises a fiberglass building insulation. 24. The fiber-containing composite of claim 1, wherein the binder composition further comprises one or more additional compounds chosen from polymerization catalysts, adhesion promoters, flame retardants, organic fillers, inorganic fillers, waxes, colorants, and release agents. 25. A fiber-containing composite comprising:
woven or non-woven fibers; and a cured binder formed from a binder composition comprising: reducing sugar; and a crosslinking agent comprising a reaction product of urea and an glyoxal, wherein a mole ratio of the urea to the glyoxal is either (i) at least 2 moles of the urea per 1 mole of the glyoxal, or (ii) 1 mole or less of the urea per 2 moles of the glyoxal. 26. The fiber-containing composite of claim 25, wherein the reaction product is the exclusive crosslinking agent for the reducing sugar. 27. The fiber-containing composite of claim 25, wherein the mole ratio of the urea to the glyoxal is at least 2 moles of the urea per 1 mole of the glyoxal, and wherein the reaction product comprises a compound having formula: 28. The fiber-containing composite of claim 25, wherein the mole ratio of the urea to the glyoxal is at least 1 mole of the urea per 2 moles of the glyoxal, and wherein the reaction product comprises a compound having formula: | 1,700 |
1,635 | 14,692,056 | 1,773 | A biodegradable runoff filter is an apparatus that is used to filter silt, chemicals, and other contaminants out of water runoff produced at or near a work site. The apparatus includes a biodegradable filter sock, a botanical biomass filling, and a fastener. The biodegradable filter sock is a water-permeable container that is used to contain an amount of the botanical biomass filling. The biodegradable filter sock includes a lateral portion, an open end and a closed end. The lateral portion and the closed end surround the botanical biomass filling and contain it to a specific area. The open end of the biodegradable filter sock allows the botanical biomass filling to be packed into the biodegradable filter sock. The fastener fits over the open end and cinches the open end shut to prevent the botanical biomass filling from falling out of the biodegradable filter sock. | 1. A biodegradable runoff filter comprises:
a biodegradable filter sock; a botanical biomass filling; a fastener; the biodegradable filter sock comprises a lateral portion, an open end, and a closed end; the open end and the closed end being positioned opposite to each other along the biodegradable filter sock; the botanical biomass filling being positioned within the biodegradable filter sock; the botanical biomass filling being evenly distributed through the lateral portion; and the open end being cinched by the fastener. 2. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
the lateral portion comprises a deformed section and an unaltered section; and
the deformed section being positioned adjacent to the unaltered section about the lateral portion. 3. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
the botanical biomass filter being a quantity of switchgrass. 4. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 1, wherein the botanical biomass filling being lignocellulosic materials selected from the group consisting of: switchgrass, pine needles, corn stalks, miscanthus, and combinations thereof. 5. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
a plurality of seeds;
the plurality of seeds being positioned within the biodegradable filter sock; and
the plurality of seeds being distributed throughout the botanical biomass filling. 6. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
the biodegradable filter sock being photodegradable; 7. A biodegradable runoff filter comprises:
a biodegradable filter sock; a botanical biomass filling; a fastener; the biodegradable filter sock comprises a lateral portion, an open end, and a closed end; the open end and the closed end being positioned opposite to each other along the biodegradable filter sock; the botanical biomass filling being a quantity of switchgrass; the botanical biomass filling being positioned within the biodegradable filter sock; the botanical biomass filling being evenly distributed through the lateral portion; and the open end being cinched by the fastener. 8. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 7 comprises:
the lateral portion comprises a deformed section and an unaltered section; and
the deformed section being positioned adjacent to the unaltered section about the lateral portion. 9. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 7, wherein the botanical biomass filling being lignocellulosic materials selected from the group consisting of: switchgrass, pine needles, corn stalks, miscanthus, and combinations thereof. 10. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 7 comprises:
a plurality of seeds;
the plurality of seeds being positioned within the biodegradable filter sock; and
the plurality of seeds being distributed throughout the botanical biomass filling. 11. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 7 comprises:
The biodegradable filter sock being photodegradable. 12. A biodegradable runoff filter comprises:
a biodegradable filter sock; a botanical biomass filling; a fastener; the biodegradable filter sock comprises a lateral portion, an open end, and a closed end; the open end and the closed end being positioned opposite to each other along the biodegradable filter sock; the botanical biomass filling being lignocellulosic materials selected from the group consisting of: switchgrass, pine needles, corn stalks, miscanthus, and combinations thereof; the botanical biomass filling being positioned within the biodegradable filter sock; the botanical biomass filling being evenly distributed through the lateral portion; and the open end being cinched by the fastener. 13. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 12 comprises:
the lateral portion comprises a deformed section and an unaltered section; and
the deformed section being positioned adjacent to the unaltered section about the lateral portion. 14. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 12 comprises:
the botanical biomass filter being a quantity of switchgrass. 15. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 12 comprises:
a plurality of seeds;
the plurality of seeds being positioned within the biodegradable filter sock; and
the plurality of seeds being distributed throughout the botanical biomass filling. 16. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 12 comprises:
The biodegradable filter sock being photodegradable. | A biodegradable runoff filter is an apparatus that is used to filter silt, chemicals, and other contaminants out of water runoff produced at or near a work site. The apparatus includes a biodegradable filter sock, a botanical biomass filling, and a fastener. The biodegradable filter sock is a water-permeable container that is used to contain an amount of the botanical biomass filling. The biodegradable filter sock includes a lateral portion, an open end and a closed end. The lateral portion and the closed end surround the botanical biomass filling and contain it to a specific area. The open end of the biodegradable filter sock allows the botanical biomass filling to be packed into the biodegradable filter sock. The fastener fits over the open end and cinches the open end shut to prevent the botanical biomass filling from falling out of the biodegradable filter sock.1. A biodegradable runoff filter comprises:
a biodegradable filter sock; a botanical biomass filling; a fastener; the biodegradable filter sock comprises a lateral portion, an open end, and a closed end; the open end and the closed end being positioned opposite to each other along the biodegradable filter sock; the botanical biomass filling being positioned within the biodegradable filter sock; the botanical biomass filling being evenly distributed through the lateral portion; and the open end being cinched by the fastener. 2. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
the lateral portion comprises a deformed section and an unaltered section; and
the deformed section being positioned adjacent to the unaltered section about the lateral portion. 3. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
the botanical biomass filter being a quantity of switchgrass. 4. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 1, wherein the botanical biomass filling being lignocellulosic materials selected from the group consisting of: switchgrass, pine needles, corn stalks, miscanthus, and combinations thereof. 5. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
a plurality of seeds;
the plurality of seeds being positioned within the biodegradable filter sock; and
the plurality of seeds being distributed throughout the botanical biomass filling. 6. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 1 comprises:
the biodegradable filter sock being photodegradable; 7. A biodegradable runoff filter comprises:
a biodegradable filter sock; a botanical biomass filling; a fastener; the biodegradable filter sock comprises a lateral portion, an open end, and a closed end; the open end and the closed end being positioned opposite to each other along the biodegradable filter sock; the botanical biomass filling being a quantity of switchgrass; the botanical biomass filling being positioned within the biodegradable filter sock; the botanical biomass filling being evenly distributed through the lateral portion; and the open end being cinched by the fastener. 8. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 7 comprises:
the lateral portion comprises a deformed section and an unaltered section; and
the deformed section being positioned adjacent to the unaltered section about the lateral portion. 9. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 7, wherein the botanical biomass filling being lignocellulosic materials selected from the group consisting of: switchgrass, pine needles, corn stalks, miscanthus, and combinations thereof. 10. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 7 comprises:
a plurality of seeds;
the plurality of seeds being positioned within the biodegradable filter sock; and
the plurality of seeds being distributed throughout the botanical biomass filling. 11. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 7 comprises:
The biodegradable filter sock being photodegradable. 12. A biodegradable runoff filter comprises:
a biodegradable filter sock; a botanical biomass filling; a fastener; the biodegradable filter sock comprises a lateral portion, an open end, and a closed end; the open end and the closed end being positioned opposite to each other along the biodegradable filter sock; the botanical biomass filling being lignocellulosic materials selected from the group consisting of: switchgrass, pine needles, corn stalks, miscanthus, and combinations thereof; the botanical biomass filling being positioned within the biodegradable filter sock; the botanical biomass filling being evenly distributed through the lateral portion; and the open end being cinched by the fastener. 13. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 12 comprises:
the lateral portion comprises a deformed section and an unaltered section; and
the deformed section being positioned adjacent to the unaltered section about the lateral portion. 14. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 12 comprises:
the botanical biomass filter being a quantity of switchgrass. 15. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 12 comprises:
a plurality of seeds;
the plurality of seeds being positioned within the biodegradable filter sock; and
the plurality of seeds being distributed throughout the botanical biomass filling. 16. The biodegradable runoff filter as claimed in claim 12 comprises:
The biodegradable filter sock being photodegradable. | 1,700 |
1,636 | 15,219,816 | 1,724 | An emulsion aggregation toner composition includes toner particles including: an unsaturated polymeric resin, such as amorphous resins, crystalline resins, and combinations thereof; an optional colorant; an optional wax; an optional coagulant; and a photoinitiator. By optimizing the particle size of the emulsion, the aggregant concentration utilized in the emulsion aggregation process, and the solids content of the emulsion, toners may be produced capable of generating images with non-contact fusing that have high gloss. | 1. A process comprising:
contacting an emulsion comprising at least one polymeric resin comprising particles of a size of from about 80 nanometers to about 120 nanometers with an optional colorant, and an optional wax; aggregating the particles by contacting the particles with from about 0.01 to about 0.35 parts per hundred of an aggregating agent to form aggregated particles; contacting the aggregated particles with at least one unsaturated polymeric resin in combination with a photoinitiator to form a shell over the aggregated particles; coalescing the aggregated particles to form toner particles of a size of from about 3 microns to about 4 microns; and recovering the toner particles. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the emulsion comprising at least one polymeric resin, has a solids content of from about 15 to about 50% solids in water. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one polymeric resin comprises an unsaturated polyester resin and the aggregating agent is selected from the group consisting of aluminum sulfate, polyaluminum chloride, polyaluminum bromide, polyaluminum fluoride, polyaluminum iodide, polyaluminum silicate, polyaluminum sulfosilicate aluminum chloride, aluminum nitrite, potassium aluminum sulfate, calcium acetate, calcium chloride, calcium nitrite, calcium oxylate, calcium sulfate, magnesium acetate, magnesium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, zinc acetate, zinc nitrate, zinc sulfate, zinc chloride, zinc bromide, magnesium bromide, copper chloride, copper sulfate, and combinations thereof. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one polymeric resin comprises a crystalline polyester having a number average molecular weight of from about 1,000 to about 50,000, a weight average molecular weight of from about 2,000 to about 100,000, and a molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of from about 2 to about 6. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one polymeric resin comprises an amorphous polyester resin of the formula:
wherein m may be from about 5 to about 1,000, in combination with a crystalline polyester resin of the formula:
wherein b is from about 5 to about 2,000, and d is from about 5 to about 2,000. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the photoinitiator is selected from the group consisting of hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketones, other ketones, benzoins, benzoin alkyl ethers, benzophenones, trimethylbenzoylphenylphosphine oxides, azo compounds, anthraquinones, substituted anthraquinones, other substituted or unsubstituted polynuclear quinines, acetophenones, thioxanthones, ketals, acylphosphines, and mixtures thereof. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the photoinitiator is selected from the group consisting of alpha-amino ketone, 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl) ketone, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzophenone, 4-methylbenzophenone, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-diphenyl-phosphine oxide, phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide, alkyl substituted or halo substituted anthraquinones, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-1-one, 2-isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one, 2-Hydrox-4′-hydroxyethoxy-2-methylpropiophenone, 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, ethyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphenylphosphinate, and mixtures thereof. 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one polymeric resin is present in an amount of from about 65 percent by weight to about 95 percent by weight of the toner particles and the photoinitiator is present in an amount of from about 0.5 percent by weight to about 15 percent by weight of the toner particles. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the toner particles possess a Number Average Geometric Standard Deviation or Volume Average Geometric Standard Deviation of from about 1.05 to about 1.55. 10. A process comprising:
contacting an emulsion comprising at least one polymeric resin comprising particles of a size of from about 80 nanometers to about 120 nanometers with an optional colorant, and an optional wax; aggregating the particles by contacting the particles with from about 0.01 to about 0.35 parts per hundred of an aggregating agent to form aggregated particles; contacting the aggregated particles with at least one unsaturated polymeric resin in combination with a photoinitiator to form a shell over the aggregated particles; coalescing the aggregated particles to form toner particles of a size of from about 3 microns to about 4 microns; recovering the toner particles; applying the toner particles to a substrate; and fusing the toner particles to the substrate by non-contact fusing to form an image on the substrate, wherein the toner possesses a gloss of from about 20 ggu to about 100 ggu. 11. The process according to claim 10, wherein the emulsion comprising at least one unsaturated polymeric resin has a solids content of from about 15 to about 50% solids in water. 12. The process according to claim 10, wherein the at least one polymeric resin comprises an amorphous polyester resin. 13. The process according to claim 10, wherein the at least one polymeric resin comprises a crystalline polyester having a number average molecular weight of from about 1,000 to about 50,000, a weight average molecular weight of from about 2,000 to about 100,000, and a molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of from about 2 to about 6. 14. The process according to claim 10, wherein the aggregating agent is selected from the group consisting of aluminum sulfate, polyaluminum chloride, polyaluminum bromide, polyaluminum fluoride, polyaluminum iodide, polyaluminum silicate, polyaluminum sulfosilicate aluminum chloride, aluminum nitrite, potassium aluminum sulfate, and combinations thereof, and wherein the photoinitiator is selected from the group consisting of hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketones, other ketones, benzoins, benzoin alkyl ethers, benzophenones, trimethylbenzoylphenylphosphine oxides, azo compounds, anthraquinones, substituted anthraquinones, other substituted or unsubstituted polynuclear quinines, acetophenones, thioxanthones, ketals, acylphosphines, and mixtures thereof. 15. The process according to claim 10, wherein the at least one polymeric resin is present in an amount of from about 65 percent by weight to about 95 percent by weight of the toner particles and the photoinitiator is present in an amount of from about 0.5 percent by weight to about 15 percent by weight of the toner particles. 16. The process according to claim 10, wherein the non-contact fusing occurs by exposing the toner particles to infrared light at a wavelength of from about 750 nm to about 2500 nm for a period of time of from about 30 milliseconds to about 3 seconds. 17. The process according to claim 10, wherein the toner particles possess a Number Average Geometric Standard Deviation or Volume Average Geometric Standard Deviation of from about 1.05 to about 1.55. | An emulsion aggregation toner composition includes toner particles including: an unsaturated polymeric resin, such as amorphous resins, crystalline resins, and combinations thereof; an optional colorant; an optional wax; an optional coagulant; and a photoinitiator. By optimizing the particle size of the emulsion, the aggregant concentration utilized in the emulsion aggregation process, and the solids content of the emulsion, toners may be produced capable of generating images with non-contact fusing that have high gloss.1. A process comprising:
contacting an emulsion comprising at least one polymeric resin comprising particles of a size of from about 80 nanometers to about 120 nanometers with an optional colorant, and an optional wax; aggregating the particles by contacting the particles with from about 0.01 to about 0.35 parts per hundred of an aggregating agent to form aggregated particles; contacting the aggregated particles with at least one unsaturated polymeric resin in combination with a photoinitiator to form a shell over the aggregated particles; coalescing the aggregated particles to form toner particles of a size of from about 3 microns to about 4 microns; and recovering the toner particles. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the emulsion comprising at least one polymeric resin, has a solids content of from about 15 to about 50% solids in water. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one polymeric resin comprises an unsaturated polyester resin and the aggregating agent is selected from the group consisting of aluminum sulfate, polyaluminum chloride, polyaluminum bromide, polyaluminum fluoride, polyaluminum iodide, polyaluminum silicate, polyaluminum sulfosilicate aluminum chloride, aluminum nitrite, potassium aluminum sulfate, calcium acetate, calcium chloride, calcium nitrite, calcium oxylate, calcium sulfate, magnesium acetate, magnesium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, zinc acetate, zinc nitrate, zinc sulfate, zinc chloride, zinc bromide, magnesium bromide, copper chloride, copper sulfate, and combinations thereof. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one polymeric resin comprises a crystalline polyester having a number average molecular weight of from about 1,000 to about 50,000, a weight average molecular weight of from about 2,000 to about 100,000, and a molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of from about 2 to about 6. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one polymeric resin comprises an amorphous polyester resin of the formula:
wherein m may be from about 5 to about 1,000, in combination with a crystalline polyester resin of the formula:
wherein b is from about 5 to about 2,000, and d is from about 5 to about 2,000. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the photoinitiator is selected from the group consisting of hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketones, other ketones, benzoins, benzoin alkyl ethers, benzophenones, trimethylbenzoylphenylphosphine oxides, azo compounds, anthraquinones, substituted anthraquinones, other substituted or unsubstituted polynuclear quinines, acetophenones, thioxanthones, ketals, acylphosphines, and mixtures thereof. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the photoinitiator is selected from the group consisting of alpha-amino ketone, 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl) ketone, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzophenone, 4-methylbenzophenone, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-diphenyl-phosphine oxide, phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide, alkyl substituted or halo substituted anthraquinones, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-1-one, 2-isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one, 2-Hydrox-4′-hydroxyethoxy-2-methylpropiophenone, 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, ethyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphenylphosphinate, and mixtures thereof. 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one polymeric resin is present in an amount of from about 65 percent by weight to about 95 percent by weight of the toner particles and the photoinitiator is present in an amount of from about 0.5 percent by weight to about 15 percent by weight of the toner particles. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the toner particles possess a Number Average Geometric Standard Deviation or Volume Average Geometric Standard Deviation of from about 1.05 to about 1.55. 10. A process comprising:
contacting an emulsion comprising at least one polymeric resin comprising particles of a size of from about 80 nanometers to about 120 nanometers with an optional colorant, and an optional wax; aggregating the particles by contacting the particles with from about 0.01 to about 0.35 parts per hundred of an aggregating agent to form aggregated particles; contacting the aggregated particles with at least one unsaturated polymeric resin in combination with a photoinitiator to form a shell over the aggregated particles; coalescing the aggregated particles to form toner particles of a size of from about 3 microns to about 4 microns; recovering the toner particles; applying the toner particles to a substrate; and fusing the toner particles to the substrate by non-contact fusing to form an image on the substrate, wherein the toner possesses a gloss of from about 20 ggu to about 100 ggu. 11. The process according to claim 10, wherein the emulsion comprising at least one unsaturated polymeric resin has a solids content of from about 15 to about 50% solids in water. 12. The process according to claim 10, wherein the at least one polymeric resin comprises an amorphous polyester resin. 13. The process according to claim 10, wherein the at least one polymeric resin comprises a crystalline polyester having a number average molecular weight of from about 1,000 to about 50,000, a weight average molecular weight of from about 2,000 to about 100,000, and a molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of from about 2 to about 6. 14. The process according to claim 10, wherein the aggregating agent is selected from the group consisting of aluminum sulfate, polyaluminum chloride, polyaluminum bromide, polyaluminum fluoride, polyaluminum iodide, polyaluminum silicate, polyaluminum sulfosilicate aluminum chloride, aluminum nitrite, potassium aluminum sulfate, and combinations thereof, and wherein the photoinitiator is selected from the group consisting of hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketones, other ketones, benzoins, benzoin alkyl ethers, benzophenones, trimethylbenzoylphenylphosphine oxides, azo compounds, anthraquinones, substituted anthraquinones, other substituted or unsubstituted polynuclear quinines, acetophenones, thioxanthones, ketals, acylphosphines, and mixtures thereof. 15. The process according to claim 10, wherein the at least one polymeric resin is present in an amount of from about 65 percent by weight to about 95 percent by weight of the toner particles and the photoinitiator is present in an amount of from about 0.5 percent by weight to about 15 percent by weight of the toner particles. 16. The process according to claim 10, wherein the non-contact fusing occurs by exposing the toner particles to infrared light at a wavelength of from about 750 nm to about 2500 nm for a period of time of from about 30 milliseconds to about 3 seconds. 17. The process according to claim 10, wherein the toner particles possess a Number Average Geometric Standard Deviation or Volume Average Geometric Standard Deviation of from about 1.05 to about 1.55. | 1,700 |
1,637 | 14,687,180 | 1,798 | The invention relates to a carrier with a binding surface at which target components that comprise label particles, for example magnetic particles, can collect and optionally bind to specific capture elements. An input light beam (L 1 ) is transmitted into the carrier and totally internally reflected at the binding surface. The amount of light in the output light beam (L 2 ) and optionally also of fluorescence light emitted by target components at the binding surface is then detected by a light detector. Evanescent light generated during the total internal reflection is affected (absorbed, scattered) by target components and/or label particles at the binding surface and will therefore be missing in the output light beam (L 2 ). This can be used to determine the amount of target components at the binding surface from the amount of light in the output light beam (L 2 , L 2 a , L 2 b ). A magnetic field generator is optionally used to generate a magnetic field (B) at the binding surface by which magnetic label particles can be manipulated, for example attracted or repelled. | 1. A carrier for a sample to be investigated, the carrier comprising a sample chamber with a transparent inspection wall that has on its interior side a binding surface and on its exterior side at least one optical structure, wherein the optical structure is designed such that an input light beam directed from outside the carrier onto the optical structure enters the inspection wall and is totally internally reflected in an investigation region at the binding surface, and that an output light beam and/or fluorescence light emitted by target components at the binding surface leaves the inspection wall through the optical structure. 2. A well-plate comprising a plurality of carriers according to claim 1. 3. The carrier of claim 1, wherein the carrier consists of a transparent material. 4. The carrier according of claim 1,
wherein the investigation region has a low roughness. 5. The carrier of claim 1, wherein the investigation region is covered with at least one capture element that can bind target components. 6. The carrier according to claim 1,
wherein the surface of the carrier is substantially perpendicular to the input light beam or the output light beam at the entrance window or exit window where this beam enters or leaves the carrier, respectively. 7. The carrier of claim 1,
wherein the carrier comprises at least one surface part with a form like a hemisphere or a truncated pyramid. 8. The carrier of claim 1,
wherein the carrier comprises a cavity in which a field generator can at least partially be disposed. 8. The carrier according to claim 1,
wherein the carrier is designed as an exchangeable component. 9. The carrier of claim 4, wherein the investigation region has a roughness of 0.5.λ, or less, with .λ being a characteristic wavelength of the input light beam. 10. The carrier of claim 4, wherein the investigation region has a roughness of 0.1.lamda. or less, with .lamda. being a characteristic wavelength of the input light beam. 11. The carrier of claim 1 wherein the carrier comprises a transparent material and wherein the investigation region has a low roughness, the investigation region being covered with at least one capture element that can bind target components, the surface of the carrier being substantially perpendicular to the input light beam or the output light beam at an entrance window or an exit window wherein the input light beam enters or the output light beam leaves the carrier, the carrier comprising at least one surface part with a form like a hemisphere or a truncated pyramid, in that the carrier comprises a cavity in which a field generator can at least partially be disposed, and in that the carrier an exchangeable component. | The invention relates to a carrier with a binding surface at which target components that comprise label particles, for example magnetic particles, can collect and optionally bind to specific capture elements. An input light beam (L 1 ) is transmitted into the carrier and totally internally reflected at the binding surface. The amount of light in the output light beam (L 2 ) and optionally also of fluorescence light emitted by target components at the binding surface is then detected by a light detector. Evanescent light generated during the total internal reflection is affected (absorbed, scattered) by target components and/or label particles at the binding surface and will therefore be missing in the output light beam (L 2 ). This can be used to determine the amount of target components at the binding surface from the amount of light in the output light beam (L 2 , L 2 a , L 2 b ). A magnetic field generator is optionally used to generate a magnetic field (B) at the binding surface by which magnetic label particles can be manipulated, for example attracted or repelled.1. A carrier for a sample to be investigated, the carrier comprising a sample chamber with a transparent inspection wall that has on its interior side a binding surface and on its exterior side at least one optical structure, wherein the optical structure is designed such that an input light beam directed from outside the carrier onto the optical structure enters the inspection wall and is totally internally reflected in an investigation region at the binding surface, and that an output light beam and/or fluorescence light emitted by target components at the binding surface leaves the inspection wall through the optical structure. 2. A well-plate comprising a plurality of carriers according to claim 1. 3. The carrier of claim 1, wherein the carrier consists of a transparent material. 4. The carrier according of claim 1,
wherein the investigation region has a low roughness. 5. The carrier of claim 1, wherein the investigation region is covered with at least one capture element that can bind target components. 6. The carrier according to claim 1,
wherein the surface of the carrier is substantially perpendicular to the input light beam or the output light beam at the entrance window or exit window where this beam enters or leaves the carrier, respectively. 7. The carrier of claim 1,
wherein the carrier comprises at least one surface part with a form like a hemisphere or a truncated pyramid. 8. The carrier of claim 1,
wherein the carrier comprises a cavity in which a field generator can at least partially be disposed. 8. The carrier according to claim 1,
wherein the carrier is designed as an exchangeable component. 9. The carrier of claim 4, wherein the investigation region has a roughness of 0.5.λ, or less, with .λ being a characteristic wavelength of the input light beam. 10. The carrier of claim 4, wherein the investigation region has a roughness of 0.1.lamda. or less, with .lamda. being a characteristic wavelength of the input light beam. 11. The carrier of claim 1 wherein the carrier comprises a transparent material and wherein the investigation region has a low roughness, the investigation region being covered with at least one capture element that can bind target components, the surface of the carrier being substantially perpendicular to the input light beam or the output light beam at an entrance window or an exit window wherein the input light beam enters or the output light beam leaves the carrier, the carrier comprising at least one surface part with a form like a hemisphere or a truncated pyramid, in that the carrier comprises a cavity in which a field generator can at least partially be disposed, and in that the carrier an exchangeable component. | 1,700 |
1,638 | 14,889,322 | 1,784 | A method for a textured surface on a chamber component is provided and includes providing a chamber component, applying a layer of a photoresist to a surface of the chamber component, exposing a portion of the photoresist to optical energy using a mask to cure a portion of the photoresist, removing uncured photoresist from the surface, and electrochemically etching the chamber component to form a textured surface on the chamber component. | 1. A method for a textured surface on a chamber component, the method comprising:
providing a chamber component; applying a layer of a photoresist to a surface of the chamber component; exposing a portion of the photoresist to optical energy using a mask to cure a portion of the photoresist; removing uncured photoresist from the surface; and electrochemically etching the chamber component to form a textured surface on the chamber component. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the chamber component comprises an anode during the etching. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the chamber component comprises a shield assembly, a target plate, a support ring, a deposition ring, a support body, an alignment ring, or a substrate support. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the chamber component comprises aluminum, stainless steel, or titanium. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the textured surface comprises a plurality of circular structures. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein at least a portion of the circular structures intersect. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the circular structures include a recess formed therein. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the textured surface comprises a plurality of raised features surrounding and/or circumscribed by a plurality grooves. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein at least a portion of the grooves intersect. 10. A chamber component for a processing chamber, the component comprising:
a textured surface comprising a plurality of textured features formed by an electrochemical etching process, each of the textured features comprising:
a plurality of raised features surrounding and/or circumscribed by a plurality grooves, and at least a portion of the grooves intersect. 11. The component of claim 10, wherein the textured surface is formed on a shield assembly, a target plate, a support ring, a deposition ring, a support body, an alignment ring, or a substrate support. 12. The component of claim 10, wherein the textured surface is formed on an aluminum material, a stainless steel material, or a titanium material. 13. The component of claim 10, wherein the textured surface comprises a plurality of circular structures. 14. The component of claim 10, wherein the grooves include a curved surface. 15. The component of claim 14, wherein the curved surface intersects with the raised feature at a sharp point. 16. The component of claim 10, wherein the grooves are formed at a depth of about 0.1 millimeters to about 2 millimeters. 17. A chamber component for a processing chamber, the component comprising:
a metallic material formed as a chamber component; a textured surface comprising a plurality of textured features formed by an electrochemical etching process on the metallic material, each of the textured features comprising:
a plurality of raised features surrounding and/or circumscribed by a plurality grooves, each of the grooves including a curved surface intersecting with the raised feature at a sharp point. 18. The component of claim 17, wherein the chamber component comprises one of a shield assembly, a target plate, a support ring, a deposition ring, a support body, an alignment ring, or a substrate support. 19. The component of claim 17, wherein the metallic material comprises an aluminum material, a stainless steel material, or a titanium material. 20. The component of claim 17, wherein the textured surface comprises a plurality of circular structures. | A method for a textured surface on a chamber component is provided and includes providing a chamber component, applying a layer of a photoresist to a surface of the chamber component, exposing a portion of the photoresist to optical energy using a mask to cure a portion of the photoresist, removing uncured photoresist from the surface, and electrochemically etching the chamber component to form a textured surface on the chamber component.1. A method for a textured surface on a chamber component, the method comprising:
providing a chamber component; applying a layer of a photoresist to a surface of the chamber component; exposing a portion of the photoresist to optical energy using a mask to cure a portion of the photoresist; removing uncured photoresist from the surface; and electrochemically etching the chamber component to form a textured surface on the chamber component. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the chamber component comprises an anode during the etching. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the chamber component comprises a shield assembly, a target plate, a support ring, a deposition ring, a support body, an alignment ring, or a substrate support. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the chamber component comprises aluminum, stainless steel, or titanium. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the textured surface comprises a plurality of circular structures. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein at least a portion of the circular structures intersect. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the circular structures include a recess formed therein. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the textured surface comprises a plurality of raised features surrounding and/or circumscribed by a plurality grooves. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein at least a portion of the grooves intersect. 10. A chamber component for a processing chamber, the component comprising:
a textured surface comprising a plurality of textured features formed by an electrochemical etching process, each of the textured features comprising:
a plurality of raised features surrounding and/or circumscribed by a plurality grooves, and at least a portion of the grooves intersect. 11. The component of claim 10, wherein the textured surface is formed on a shield assembly, a target plate, a support ring, a deposition ring, a support body, an alignment ring, or a substrate support. 12. The component of claim 10, wherein the textured surface is formed on an aluminum material, a stainless steel material, or a titanium material. 13. The component of claim 10, wherein the textured surface comprises a plurality of circular structures. 14. The component of claim 10, wherein the grooves include a curved surface. 15. The component of claim 14, wherein the curved surface intersects with the raised feature at a sharp point. 16. The component of claim 10, wherein the grooves are formed at a depth of about 0.1 millimeters to about 2 millimeters. 17. A chamber component for a processing chamber, the component comprising:
a metallic material formed as a chamber component; a textured surface comprising a plurality of textured features formed by an electrochemical etching process on the metallic material, each of the textured features comprising:
a plurality of raised features surrounding and/or circumscribed by a plurality grooves, each of the grooves including a curved surface intersecting with the raised feature at a sharp point. 18. The component of claim 17, wherein the chamber component comprises one of a shield assembly, a target plate, a support ring, a deposition ring, a support body, an alignment ring, or a substrate support. 19. The component of claim 17, wherein the metallic material comprises an aluminum material, a stainless steel material, or a titanium material. 20. The component of claim 17, wherein the textured surface comprises a plurality of circular structures. | 1,700 |
1,639 | 11,590,061 | 1,783 | A heat spreader for an emissive display device, such as a plasma display panel or a light emitting diode, comprising at least one sheet of compressed particles of exfoliated graphite having a surface area greater than the surface area of that part of a discharge cell facing the back surface of the device. | 1. A heat spreader for an emissive display device, comprising at least one sheet of compressed particles of exfoliated graphite having a surface area greater than the surface area of that part of a discharge cell facing the back surface of the emissive display device. 2. The heat spreader of claim 1 wherein the emissive display device comprises a plasma display panel. 3. The heat spreader of claim 2 wherein the at least one sheet of compressed particles of exfoliated graphite has a surface area greater than the surface area of that part of a plurality of discharge cells facing the back surface of the plasma display panel 4. The heat spreader of claim 1 wherein the heat spreader comprises a laminate comprising a plurality of sheets of compressed particles of exfoliated graphite. 5. The heat spreader of claim 4 wherein the laminate comprises layers of a non-graphitic material. 6. The heat spreader of claim 5 wherein the non-graphitic layers comprise a metal, a polymer or an insulating material. 7. The heat spreader of claim 1 wherein the heat spreader comprises an adhesive thereon and a release material positioned such that the adhesive is sandwiched between the heat spreader and the release material. 8. The heat spreader of claim 7 wherein the release material and adhesive are selected to permit a predetermined rate of release of the release material without causing undesirable damage to the heat spreader. 9. The heat spreader of claim 8 wherein the adhesive and release material provide an average release load of no greater than about 40 grams per centimeter at a release speed of one meter per second. 10. The heat spreader of claim 9 wherein the average release load is no greater than about 10 grams per centimeter at a release speed of one meter per second. 11. The heat spreader of claim 9 wherein the adhesive achieves a minimum lap shear adhesion strength of at least about 125 grams per square centimeter. 12. The heat spreader of claim 11 wherein the adhesive achieves an average lap shear adhesion strength of at least about 700 grams per square centimeter. 13. The heat spreader of claim 11 wherein the adhesive results in an increase in through thickness thermal resistance of the adhesive/heat spreader material of not more than about 35% as compared to the heat spreader material itself. 14. The heat spreader of claim 13 wherein the thickness of the adhesive is no greater than about 0.015 mm. 15. The heat spreader of claim 14 wherein the thickness of the adhesive is no greater than about 0.006 mm. | A heat spreader for an emissive display device, such as a plasma display panel or a light emitting diode, comprising at least one sheet of compressed particles of exfoliated graphite having a surface area greater than the surface area of that part of a discharge cell facing the back surface of the device.1. A heat spreader for an emissive display device, comprising at least one sheet of compressed particles of exfoliated graphite having a surface area greater than the surface area of that part of a discharge cell facing the back surface of the emissive display device. 2. The heat spreader of claim 1 wherein the emissive display device comprises a plasma display panel. 3. The heat spreader of claim 2 wherein the at least one sheet of compressed particles of exfoliated graphite has a surface area greater than the surface area of that part of a plurality of discharge cells facing the back surface of the plasma display panel 4. The heat spreader of claim 1 wherein the heat spreader comprises a laminate comprising a plurality of sheets of compressed particles of exfoliated graphite. 5. The heat spreader of claim 4 wherein the laminate comprises layers of a non-graphitic material. 6. The heat spreader of claim 5 wherein the non-graphitic layers comprise a metal, a polymer or an insulating material. 7. The heat spreader of claim 1 wherein the heat spreader comprises an adhesive thereon and a release material positioned such that the adhesive is sandwiched between the heat spreader and the release material. 8. The heat spreader of claim 7 wherein the release material and adhesive are selected to permit a predetermined rate of release of the release material without causing undesirable damage to the heat spreader. 9. The heat spreader of claim 8 wherein the adhesive and release material provide an average release load of no greater than about 40 grams per centimeter at a release speed of one meter per second. 10. The heat spreader of claim 9 wherein the average release load is no greater than about 10 grams per centimeter at a release speed of one meter per second. 11. The heat spreader of claim 9 wherein the adhesive achieves a minimum lap shear adhesion strength of at least about 125 grams per square centimeter. 12. The heat spreader of claim 11 wherein the adhesive achieves an average lap shear adhesion strength of at least about 700 grams per square centimeter. 13. The heat spreader of claim 11 wherein the adhesive results in an increase in through thickness thermal resistance of the adhesive/heat spreader material of not more than about 35% as compared to the heat spreader material itself. 14. The heat spreader of claim 13 wherein the thickness of the adhesive is no greater than about 0.015 mm. 15. The heat spreader of claim 14 wherein the thickness of the adhesive is no greater than about 0.006 mm. | 1,700 |
1,640 | 14,020,438 | 1,747 | A pneumatic vehicle tire having a radial carcass, an at least single-layer belt and a tread that is composed of two layers, a tread cap and a tread base, which are made from different rubber mixtures, in a radial direction, the tread base having a central portion and two lateral portions that extend at least in a radially outward direction from an axial perspective. The two lateral portions are made from a rubber mixture that has a lower dynamic modulus of elasticity E′ at 55 ° C. in accordance with DIN 53513 (measured at an extension of 8%) and a lower hysteresis than the central portion of the tread base for a lower rolling resistance without worsening the handling behavior of the vehicle tire. | 1. A pneumatic vehicle tire comprising:
a radial ply carcass; an at least single-layer belt and a tread, which is comprised in the radial direction of two layers made from different rubber compounds; and, a tread cap and a tread base; wherein the tread base viewed in the axial direction has at least directed radially outward, a central segment and two lateral segments; and, wherein the two lateral segments are made from a rubber compound that has a lower dynamic elastic modulus E′ at 55° C. according to DIN 53513 (measured at 8% extension) and a lower hysteresis than the central segment of the tread base. 2. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dynamic elastic modulus E′ at 55° C. according to DIN 53513 (measured at 8% extension) of the rubber compound of the two lateral segments is 35 to 80% of the dynamic elastic modulus E′ at 55° C. according to DIN 53513 (measured at 8% extension) of the rubber compound of the central segment of the tread base. 3. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dynamic elastic modulus E′ at 55° C. according to DIN 53513 (measured at 8% extension) of the rubber compound of the two lateral segments has a value of from 2.3 to 6.3 N/mm2. 4. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dynamic elastic modulus E′ at 55° C. according to DIN 53513 (measured at 8% extension) of the rubber compound of the central segment has a value of from 5.1 to 9.1 N/mm2. 5. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 1, wherein the loss factor tan (δ) at 55° C. according to DIN 53 513 (maximum value between 0 and 12% extension) of the rubber compound of the two lateral segments is 10 to 70% of the loss factor tan (δ) at 55° C. according to DIN 53 513 (maximum value between 0 and 12% extension) of the rubber compound of the central segment of the tread base. 6. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 1, wherein the loss factor tan (δ) at 55° C. according to DIN 53 513 (maximum value between 0 and 12% extension) of the rubber compound of the two lateral segments has a value of from 0.02 to 0.12. 7. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 1, wherein the loss factor tan (δ) at 55° C. according to DIN 53 513 (maximum value between 0 and 12% extension) of the rubber compound of the central segment has a value of from 0.1 to 0.3. 8. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 1, wherein the width of the central segment of the tread base is 20 to 80% of the total width of the tread base. 9. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 1, wherein the tread base has a thickness of 0.5 to 5 mm. 10. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 1, wherein the rubber compound of the two lateral segments has a filler content of less than 50 phr and the rubber compound of the central segment has a filler content of more than 55 phr. 11. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 1, wherein the rubber compound of the two lateral segments and the rubber compound of the central segment contain polymers with a glass transition temperature (Tg) of less than −55° C. 12. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 8, wherein the width of the central segment of the tread base is 40 to 70% of the total width of the tread base. 13. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 9, wherein the tread base has a thickness of 0.7 to 3 mm. | A pneumatic vehicle tire having a radial carcass, an at least single-layer belt and a tread that is composed of two layers, a tread cap and a tread base, which are made from different rubber mixtures, in a radial direction, the tread base having a central portion and two lateral portions that extend at least in a radially outward direction from an axial perspective. The two lateral portions are made from a rubber mixture that has a lower dynamic modulus of elasticity E′ at 55 ° C. in accordance with DIN 53513 (measured at an extension of 8%) and a lower hysteresis than the central portion of the tread base for a lower rolling resistance without worsening the handling behavior of the vehicle tire.1. A pneumatic vehicle tire comprising:
a radial ply carcass; an at least single-layer belt and a tread, which is comprised in the radial direction of two layers made from different rubber compounds; and, a tread cap and a tread base; wherein the tread base viewed in the axial direction has at least directed radially outward, a central segment and two lateral segments; and, wherein the two lateral segments are made from a rubber compound that has a lower dynamic elastic modulus E′ at 55° C. according to DIN 53513 (measured at 8% extension) and a lower hysteresis than the central segment of the tread base. 2. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dynamic elastic modulus E′ at 55° C. according to DIN 53513 (measured at 8% extension) of the rubber compound of the two lateral segments is 35 to 80% of the dynamic elastic modulus E′ at 55° C. according to DIN 53513 (measured at 8% extension) of the rubber compound of the central segment of the tread base. 3. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dynamic elastic modulus E′ at 55° C. according to DIN 53513 (measured at 8% extension) of the rubber compound of the two lateral segments has a value of from 2.3 to 6.3 N/mm2. 4. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dynamic elastic modulus E′ at 55° C. according to DIN 53513 (measured at 8% extension) of the rubber compound of the central segment has a value of from 5.1 to 9.1 N/mm2. 5. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 1, wherein the loss factor tan (δ) at 55° C. according to DIN 53 513 (maximum value between 0 and 12% extension) of the rubber compound of the two lateral segments is 10 to 70% of the loss factor tan (δ) at 55° C. according to DIN 53 513 (maximum value between 0 and 12% extension) of the rubber compound of the central segment of the tread base. 6. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 1, wherein the loss factor tan (δ) at 55° C. according to DIN 53 513 (maximum value between 0 and 12% extension) of the rubber compound of the two lateral segments has a value of from 0.02 to 0.12. 7. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 1, wherein the loss factor tan (δ) at 55° C. according to DIN 53 513 (maximum value between 0 and 12% extension) of the rubber compound of the central segment has a value of from 0.1 to 0.3. 8. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 1, wherein the width of the central segment of the tread base is 20 to 80% of the total width of the tread base. 9. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 1, wherein the tread base has a thickness of 0.5 to 5 mm. 10. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 1, wherein the rubber compound of the two lateral segments has a filler content of less than 50 phr and the rubber compound of the central segment has a filler content of more than 55 phr. 11. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 1, wherein the rubber compound of the two lateral segments and the rubber compound of the central segment contain polymers with a glass transition temperature (Tg) of less than −55° C. 12. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 8, wherein the width of the central segment of the tread base is 40 to 70% of the total width of the tread base. 13. The pneumatic vehicle tire as claimed in claim 9, wherein the tread base has a thickness of 0.7 to 3 mm. | 1,700 |
1,641 | 14,202,781 | 1,741 | A smokeless tobacco product configured for insertion into the mouth of a user of the product is provided, the tobacco product including a water-permeable pouch containing a tobacco formulation, the tobacco formulation including a tobacco material and a plurality of microcapsules dispersed within the tobacco material, the plurality of microcapsules including an outer shell encapsulating an internal payload. The internal payload may include an additive such as water, flavorants, binders, colorants, pH adjusters, buffering agents, fillers, disintegration aids, humectants, antioxidants, oral care ingredients, preservatives, additives derived from herbal or botanical sources, and mixtures thereof. Microencapsulated flavorants include tobacco-containing flavorants, such as tobacco extracts or a particulate tobacco material, sweeteners (e.g., sweeteners containing neotame), and vanillin (optionally in a complexed form). | 1. A smokeless tobacco product configured for insertion into the mouth of a user of the product, the tobacco product comprising a tobacco formulation and at least one encapsulated additive contained within the tobacco formulation, the encapsulated additive being in the form of a capsule comprising a rupturable and water-soluble solid outer shell encapsulating an internal liquid or gel payload, the payload comprising a flavorant. 2. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the tobacco formulation is contained within a water-permeable pouch. 3. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the flavorant is a tobacco-containing flavorant. 4. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 3, wherein the tobacco-containing flavorant comprises a tobacco extract or a particulate tobacco material. 5. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the flavorant is a sweetener. 6. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 5, wherein the sweetener comprises neotame. 7. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the flavorant is vanillin optionally in a complexed form. 8. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the payload comprises a flavorant that imparts a flavor selected from the group consisting of vanilla, coffee, chocolate, cream, mint, spearmint, eucalyptus, menthol, peppermint, wintergreen, lavender, cardamom, nutmeg, cinnamon, clove, cascarilla, sandalwood, honey, jasmine, ginger, anise, sage, licorice, lemon, orange, apple, peach, lime, cherry, strawberry, and combinations thereof. 9. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the outer shell is water-soluble under conditions of at least about 45 weight percent moisture, based on the total weight of the smokeless tobacco product. 10. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the encapsulated additive is in the form of microcapsules having a diameter of less than about 100 microns. 11. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the outer shell comprises gelatin. 12. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the outer shell is configured to dissolve during use of the smokeless tobacco product. 13. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, comprising a first set of capsules containing a flavorant and a second set of capsules containing a flavorant, wherein the outer shell of the capsules in the first set differs from the outer shell of the capsules in the second set. 14. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 13, wherein the outer shell of the first set is adapted to release the encapsulated flavorant upon initial introduction into the mouth of a user and the outer shell of the second set releases the encapsulated flavorant at a later time. 15. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the payload further comprises a non-aqueous diluting agent. | A smokeless tobacco product configured for insertion into the mouth of a user of the product is provided, the tobacco product including a water-permeable pouch containing a tobacco formulation, the tobacco formulation including a tobacco material and a plurality of microcapsules dispersed within the tobacco material, the plurality of microcapsules including an outer shell encapsulating an internal payload. The internal payload may include an additive such as water, flavorants, binders, colorants, pH adjusters, buffering agents, fillers, disintegration aids, humectants, antioxidants, oral care ingredients, preservatives, additives derived from herbal or botanical sources, and mixtures thereof. Microencapsulated flavorants include tobacco-containing flavorants, such as tobacco extracts or a particulate tobacco material, sweeteners (e.g., sweeteners containing neotame), and vanillin (optionally in a complexed form).1. A smokeless tobacco product configured for insertion into the mouth of a user of the product, the tobacco product comprising a tobacco formulation and at least one encapsulated additive contained within the tobacco formulation, the encapsulated additive being in the form of a capsule comprising a rupturable and water-soluble solid outer shell encapsulating an internal liquid or gel payload, the payload comprising a flavorant. 2. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the tobacco formulation is contained within a water-permeable pouch. 3. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the flavorant is a tobacco-containing flavorant. 4. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 3, wherein the tobacco-containing flavorant comprises a tobacco extract or a particulate tobacco material. 5. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the flavorant is a sweetener. 6. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 5, wherein the sweetener comprises neotame. 7. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the flavorant is vanillin optionally in a complexed form. 8. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the payload comprises a flavorant that imparts a flavor selected from the group consisting of vanilla, coffee, chocolate, cream, mint, spearmint, eucalyptus, menthol, peppermint, wintergreen, lavender, cardamom, nutmeg, cinnamon, clove, cascarilla, sandalwood, honey, jasmine, ginger, anise, sage, licorice, lemon, orange, apple, peach, lime, cherry, strawberry, and combinations thereof. 9. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the outer shell is water-soluble under conditions of at least about 45 weight percent moisture, based on the total weight of the smokeless tobacco product. 10. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the encapsulated additive is in the form of microcapsules having a diameter of less than about 100 microns. 11. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the outer shell comprises gelatin. 12. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the outer shell is configured to dissolve during use of the smokeless tobacco product. 13. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, comprising a first set of capsules containing a flavorant and a second set of capsules containing a flavorant, wherein the outer shell of the capsules in the first set differs from the outer shell of the capsules in the second set. 14. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 13, wherein the outer shell of the first set is adapted to release the encapsulated flavorant upon initial introduction into the mouth of a user and the outer shell of the second set releases the encapsulated flavorant at a later time. 15. The smokeless tobacco product of claim 1, wherein the payload further comprises a non-aqueous diluting agent. | 1,700 |
1,642 | 13,980,385 | 1,787 | There are provided a modified silicone compound prepared by reacting: (A) a siloxane diamine represented by the general formula (1); (B) a maleimide compound with at least two N-substituted maleimide groups in the molecular structure; and (C) an amine compound with an acidic substituent; and also provided a thermosetting resin composition, a prepreg, a laminated plate, and a printed wiring board that are formed by using this compound. The multi-layered printed wiring board produced by using the laminated plate formed by using the prepreg obtained from the modified silicone compound and the thermosetting resin composition of the present invention through laminate molding has an excellent glass transition temperature, coefficient of thermal expansion, copper foil adhesion, hygroscopicity, hygroscopic solder heat resistance, and copper-stuck solder heat resistance. Therefore, the multi-layered printed wiring board is useful as a highly integrated semiconductor package and a printed wiring board for an electronic device. | 1. A modified silicone compound prepared by reacting:
(A) a siloxane diamine represented by the general formula (1); (B) a maleimide compound with at least two N-substituted maleimide groups in the molecular structure; and (C) an amine compound with an acidic substituent represented by the general formula (2),
wherein a plurality of R1s each independently represent an alkyl group, a phenyl group, or a substituted phenyl group and may be the same as or the different from each other, a plurality of R2s each independently represent an alkyl group, a phenyl group, or a substituted phenyl group and may be the same as or the different from each other, R3 and R4 each independently represent an alkyl group, a phenyl group, or a substituted phenyl group, R5 and R6 each independently represent a divalent organic group, and n represents an integer of 2-50,
wherein R9 or a plurality of R9s each independently represent a hydroxyl, a carboxyl, or a sulfonic group that is an acidic substituent, R10 or a plurality of R10s each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group with 1-5 carbon atoms, and a halogen atom, x represents an integer of 1-5, y represents an integer of 0-4, and x+y=5. 2. A modified silicone compound prepared by reacting: (A) a siloxane diamine represented by the general formula (1); (B) a maleimide compound with at least two N-substituted maleimide groups in the molecular structure; (C) an amine compound with an acidic substituent represented by the general formula (2); and (D) an amine compound with at least two primary amino groups per molecule,
wherein a plurality of R1s each independently represent an alkyl group, a phenyl group, or a substituted phenyl group and may be the same as or the different from each other, a plurality of R2s each independently represent an alkyl group, a phenyl group, or a substituted phenyl group and may be the same as or the different from each other, R3 and R4 each independently represent an alkyl group, a phenyl group, or a substituted phenyl group, R5 and R6 each independently represent a divalent organic group, and n represents an integer of 2-50,
wherein R9 or a plurality of R9s each independently represent a hydroxyl, a carboxyl, or a sulfonic group that is an acidic substituent, R10 or a plurality of R10s each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group with 1-5 carbon atoms, and a halogen atom, x represents an integer of 1-5, y represents an integer of 0-4, and x+y=5. 3. A thermosetting resin composition comprising the modified silicone compound according to claim 1. 4. The thermosetting resin composition according to claim 3, further comprising an epoxy resin and/or a cyanate resin are contained as a thermosetting resin. 5. The thermosetting resin composition according to claim 3, further comprising an inorganic filler. 6. A prepreg formed by using the thermosetting resin composition according to claim 3. 7. A laminated plate formed by using the prepreg according to claim 6 through laminate molding. 8. A multi-layered printed wiring board produced by using the laminated plate according to claim 7. 9. A thermosetting resin composition comprising the modified silicone compound according to claim 2. 10. The thermosetting resin composition according to claim 9, further comprising an epoxy resin and/or a cyanate resin are contained as a thermosetting resin. 11. The thermosetting resin composition according to claim 9, further comprising an inorganic filler. 12. A prepreg formed by using the thermosetting resin composition according to claim 9. 13. A laminated plate formed by using the prepreg according to claim 12 through laminate molding. 14. A multi-layered printed wiring board produced by using the laminated plate according to claim 13. | There are provided a modified silicone compound prepared by reacting: (A) a siloxane diamine represented by the general formula (1); (B) a maleimide compound with at least two N-substituted maleimide groups in the molecular structure; and (C) an amine compound with an acidic substituent; and also provided a thermosetting resin composition, a prepreg, a laminated plate, and a printed wiring board that are formed by using this compound. The multi-layered printed wiring board produced by using the laminated plate formed by using the prepreg obtained from the modified silicone compound and the thermosetting resin composition of the present invention through laminate molding has an excellent glass transition temperature, coefficient of thermal expansion, copper foil adhesion, hygroscopicity, hygroscopic solder heat resistance, and copper-stuck solder heat resistance. Therefore, the multi-layered printed wiring board is useful as a highly integrated semiconductor package and a printed wiring board for an electronic device.1. A modified silicone compound prepared by reacting:
(A) a siloxane diamine represented by the general formula (1); (B) a maleimide compound with at least two N-substituted maleimide groups in the molecular structure; and (C) an amine compound with an acidic substituent represented by the general formula (2),
wherein a plurality of R1s each independently represent an alkyl group, a phenyl group, or a substituted phenyl group and may be the same as or the different from each other, a plurality of R2s each independently represent an alkyl group, a phenyl group, or a substituted phenyl group and may be the same as or the different from each other, R3 and R4 each independently represent an alkyl group, a phenyl group, or a substituted phenyl group, R5 and R6 each independently represent a divalent organic group, and n represents an integer of 2-50,
wherein R9 or a plurality of R9s each independently represent a hydroxyl, a carboxyl, or a sulfonic group that is an acidic substituent, R10 or a plurality of R10s each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group with 1-5 carbon atoms, and a halogen atom, x represents an integer of 1-5, y represents an integer of 0-4, and x+y=5. 2. A modified silicone compound prepared by reacting: (A) a siloxane diamine represented by the general formula (1); (B) a maleimide compound with at least two N-substituted maleimide groups in the molecular structure; (C) an amine compound with an acidic substituent represented by the general formula (2); and (D) an amine compound with at least two primary amino groups per molecule,
wherein a plurality of R1s each independently represent an alkyl group, a phenyl group, or a substituted phenyl group and may be the same as or the different from each other, a plurality of R2s each independently represent an alkyl group, a phenyl group, or a substituted phenyl group and may be the same as or the different from each other, R3 and R4 each independently represent an alkyl group, a phenyl group, or a substituted phenyl group, R5 and R6 each independently represent a divalent organic group, and n represents an integer of 2-50,
wherein R9 or a plurality of R9s each independently represent a hydroxyl, a carboxyl, or a sulfonic group that is an acidic substituent, R10 or a plurality of R10s each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group with 1-5 carbon atoms, and a halogen atom, x represents an integer of 1-5, y represents an integer of 0-4, and x+y=5. 3. A thermosetting resin composition comprising the modified silicone compound according to claim 1. 4. The thermosetting resin composition according to claim 3, further comprising an epoxy resin and/or a cyanate resin are contained as a thermosetting resin. 5. The thermosetting resin composition according to claim 3, further comprising an inorganic filler. 6. A prepreg formed by using the thermosetting resin composition according to claim 3. 7. A laminated plate formed by using the prepreg according to claim 6 through laminate molding. 8. A multi-layered printed wiring board produced by using the laminated plate according to claim 7. 9. A thermosetting resin composition comprising the modified silicone compound according to claim 2. 10. The thermosetting resin composition according to claim 9, further comprising an epoxy resin and/or a cyanate resin are contained as a thermosetting resin. 11. The thermosetting resin composition according to claim 9, further comprising an inorganic filler. 12. A prepreg formed by using the thermosetting resin composition according to claim 9. 13. A laminated plate formed by using the prepreg according to claim 12 through laminate molding. 14. A multi-layered printed wiring board produced by using the laminated plate according to claim 13. | 1,700 |
1,643 | 14,670,535 | 1,734 | The present disclosure relates to compounds including fluorine or chlorine, and methods for making these compounds. The compounds of the present disclosure are stable and permit long-term storage, while at the same time allowing for safely, easily and reversibly extraction of fluorine and/or chlorine therefrom. | 1. A compound of the formula comprising:
CsFn, wherein n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 2, 3, and 5. 2. A method comprising:
providing a source of CsFn, wherein n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 2, 3, and 5 heating the CsFn to a temperature from about 250° K to about 400° K; recovering F as the CsFn is heated; collecting CsF remaining after heating; and forming CsFn by adding additional F to the collected CsF. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the heating occurs at ambient pressure. 4. A method for forming CsFn, the method comprising:
inputting characterization information of a CsFn chemical structure and input parameters; generating a first generation of CsFn crystal structures from the characterization information using symmetrical initialization; optimizing the chemical structure of the first generation of CsFn crystal structures according to the input parameters; inputting the CsFn crystal structures of the optimized first generation into a niching algorithm to select an optimal group of CsFn crystal structures and a parent group of CsFn crystal structures based on a fitness function; producing a child group of CsFn crystal structures from the parent group of CsFn crystal structures using a variation operator; adding the child group of CsFn crystal structures to the optimal group of CsFn crystal structures to form a next generation of CsFn crystal structures; and repeating the optimizing through adding steps for a predetermined number of generations, wherein n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 2, 3, and 5. 5. A method for predicting an optimized surface structure of CsFn crystal structures, the method comprising:
inputting characterization information of a CsFn crystal structure and input parameters; generating a first convex hull of a first generation of surface structures of the CsFn crystal structure from characterization information using a docking algorithm; restricting the first generation of surface structures of the CsFn crystal structure based on a convex hull algorithm according to a user-defined chemical potential constraint and outputting a second convex hull of the first generation of surface structures of the CsFn crystal structure; optimizing the second convex hull of the first generation of surface structures of the CsFn crystal structure according to the input parameters; inputting the optimized second convex hull into a niching algorithm to select an optimal group of surface structures of the CsFn crystal structure and a parent group of surface structures of the CsFn crystal structure based on a fitness function; producing a child group of surface structures of the CsFn crystal structure from the parent group of surface structures of the CsFn crystal structure by applying a variation operator to an adatom layer of the surface structure of the first generation; adding the child group of surface structures of the CsFn crystal structure to the optimal group of surface structures of the CsFn crystal structure to form a second generation of surface structures of the CsFn crystal structure; and repeating the optimizing through adding steps for a predetermined number of generations, wherein n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 2, 3, and 5. | The present disclosure relates to compounds including fluorine or chlorine, and methods for making these compounds. The compounds of the present disclosure are stable and permit long-term storage, while at the same time allowing for safely, easily and reversibly extraction of fluorine and/or chlorine therefrom.1. A compound of the formula comprising:
CsFn, wherein n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 2, 3, and 5. 2. A method comprising:
providing a source of CsFn, wherein n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 2, 3, and 5 heating the CsFn to a temperature from about 250° K to about 400° K; recovering F as the CsFn is heated; collecting CsF remaining after heating; and forming CsFn by adding additional F to the collected CsF. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the heating occurs at ambient pressure. 4. A method for forming CsFn, the method comprising:
inputting characterization information of a CsFn chemical structure and input parameters; generating a first generation of CsFn crystal structures from the characterization information using symmetrical initialization; optimizing the chemical structure of the first generation of CsFn crystal structures according to the input parameters; inputting the CsFn crystal structures of the optimized first generation into a niching algorithm to select an optimal group of CsFn crystal structures and a parent group of CsFn crystal structures based on a fitness function; producing a child group of CsFn crystal structures from the parent group of CsFn crystal structures using a variation operator; adding the child group of CsFn crystal structures to the optimal group of CsFn crystal structures to form a next generation of CsFn crystal structures; and repeating the optimizing through adding steps for a predetermined number of generations, wherein n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 2, 3, and 5. 5. A method for predicting an optimized surface structure of CsFn crystal structures, the method comprising:
inputting characterization information of a CsFn crystal structure and input parameters; generating a first convex hull of a first generation of surface structures of the CsFn crystal structure from characterization information using a docking algorithm; restricting the first generation of surface structures of the CsFn crystal structure based on a convex hull algorithm according to a user-defined chemical potential constraint and outputting a second convex hull of the first generation of surface structures of the CsFn crystal structure; optimizing the second convex hull of the first generation of surface structures of the CsFn crystal structure according to the input parameters; inputting the optimized second convex hull into a niching algorithm to select an optimal group of surface structures of the CsFn crystal structure and a parent group of surface structures of the CsFn crystal structure based on a fitness function; producing a child group of surface structures of the CsFn crystal structure from the parent group of surface structures of the CsFn crystal structure by applying a variation operator to an adatom layer of the surface structure of the first generation; adding the child group of surface structures of the CsFn crystal structure to the optimal group of surface structures of the CsFn crystal structure to form a second generation of surface structures of the CsFn crystal structure; and repeating the optimizing through adding steps for a predetermined number of generations, wherein n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 2, 3, and 5. | 1,700 |
1,644 | 13,596,425 | 1,781 | Multilayered polymer films are configured so that successive constituent layer packets can be delaminated in continuous sheet form from the remaining film. The new films are compatible with known coextrusion manufacturing techniques, and can also be made without the use of adhesive layers between layer packets that are tailored to be individually peelable from the remainder of the film. Instead, combinations of polymer compositions are used to allow non-adhesive polymer layers to be combined in such a way that delamination of the film is likely to occur along a plurality of delamination surfaces corresponding to interfaces between particular pairs of layers for which the peel strength is reduced relative to the peel strength at other layer interfaces within the film. The absence of an adhesive between peelable layer packets results in the delamination being irreversible. | 1. A film comprising a stack of polymer layers, the polymer layers being organized into layer packets, each of the layer packets having a front major surface, a back major surface, and at least three of the polymer layers between the front and back major surfaces;
wherein for every pair of adjacent first and second layer packets in the stack, the first layer packet includes a backmost polymer layer that on one side thereof contacts an interior polymer layer of the first layer packet and that on an opposite side thereof contacts a frontmost polymer layer of the second layer packet, the backmost polymer layer having a weaker attachment to the frontmost polymer layer than to the interior polymer layer such that the first layer packet tends to irreversibly delaminate from the second layer packet along a delamination surface corresponding to an interface between the backmost polymer layer and the frontmost polymer layer; and wherein all of the polymer layers in the stack of polymer layers have respective polymer compositions that are coextrudable with each other. 2. The film of claim 1, wherein the stack of polymer layers includes polymer layers A, polymer layers B, and polymer layers C composed of different polymer compositions A, B, and C, respectively, and wherein the backmost polymer layers has the polymer composition C. 3. The film of claim 2, wherein the polymer composition C is a blend of propylene copolymer and styrenic block copolymer. 4. The film of claim 2, wherein the polymer composition C is a blend of propylene copolymer and an ethylene alpha olefin copolymer. 5. The film of claim 2, wherein the polymer composition C is a blend of propylene copolymer and an olefin block copolymer. 6. The film of claim 2, wherein the interior polymer layer has the polymer composition B, and wherein the frontmost polymer layer has the polymer composition A. 7. The film of claim 6, wherein the polymer composition C is a blend of propylene copolymer and styrenic block copolymer, and wherein the polymer composition B is an immiscible blend of copolyester and an olefin. 8. The film of claim 6, wherein the polymer composition C is a blend of propylene copolymer and styrenic block copolymer, the polymer composition B is an amorphous copolyester, and the polymer composition A is a semi-crystalline polyester. 9. The film of claim 6, wherein the polymer composition C is a blend of propylene copolymer and ethylene/octene copolymer, the polymer composition B is an amorphous copolyester, and the polymer composition A is a semi-crystalline polyester. 10. The film of claim 6, wherein the polymer composition C is a blend of propylene copolymer and olefin block copolymer, the polymer composition B is an amorphous copolyester, and the polymer composition A is a semi-crystalline polyester. 11. The film of claim 6, wherein the polymer composition C is at least partially miscible with the polymer composition B, and the polymer composition B is at least partially miscible with the polymer composition A, but the polymer composition C is not miscible with the polymer composition A. 12. The film of claim 1, wherein all of the polymer layers in the stack of polymer layers have respective polymer compositions that are melt processable at a temperature of 204 degrees C. (400 degrees F.) or greater. 13. The film of claim 1, wherein at least some of the polymer layers in the stack are oriented and have a birefringence of at least 0.05. 14. The film of claim 1, wherein none of the polymer layers in the stack are pressure sensitive adhesives. 15. The film of claim 14, wherein none of the polymer layers in the stack are adhesives. 16. The film of claim 1, wherein each of the layer packets in the stack has a thickness of no more than 2 mils (50 microns). 17. The film of claim 1, wherein the polymer layers are organized into at least N layer packets, where N is at least 5. 18. The film of claim 17, wherein N is at least 10, and wherein the film has an overall thickness of no more than 15 mils (380 microns). 19. The film of claim 17, wherein at least N−1 of the layer packets have a same number M of the polymer layers, wherein M is at least 3. 20. The film of claim 19, wherein the M polymer layers are arranged in a sequence that is the same for the N−1 layer packets. 21. The film of claim 1, wherein the attachment of the backmost polymer layer to the frontmost polymer layer is characterized by a peel force in a range from 2 to 100 grams per inch (0.8 to 38.6 N/m). 22. The film of claim 1, wherein the attachment of the backmost polymer layer to the frontmost polymer layer is characterized by a first peel force, and wherein the attachment of the backmost polymer layer to the interior polymer layer is characterized by a second peel force, and wherein the second peel force is at least two times the first peel force. 23. The film of claim 22, wherein the second peel force is at least three times the first peel force. 24. The film of claim 1, wherein the attachment of the backmost polymer layer to the frontmost polymer layer is characterized by a first peel force, and wherein the attachment of the frontmost polymer layer to the interior polymer layer is characterized by a third peel force, and wherein the third peel force is at least two times the first peel force. 25. The film of claim 24, wherein the third peel force is at least three times the first peel force. | Multilayered polymer films are configured so that successive constituent layer packets can be delaminated in continuous sheet form from the remaining film. The new films are compatible with known coextrusion manufacturing techniques, and can also be made without the use of adhesive layers between layer packets that are tailored to be individually peelable from the remainder of the film. Instead, combinations of polymer compositions are used to allow non-adhesive polymer layers to be combined in such a way that delamination of the film is likely to occur along a plurality of delamination surfaces corresponding to interfaces between particular pairs of layers for which the peel strength is reduced relative to the peel strength at other layer interfaces within the film. The absence of an adhesive between peelable layer packets results in the delamination being irreversible.1. A film comprising a stack of polymer layers, the polymer layers being organized into layer packets, each of the layer packets having a front major surface, a back major surface, and at least three of the polymer layers between the front and back major surfaces;
wherein for every pair of adjacent first and second layer packets in the stack, the first layer packet includes a backmost polymer layer that on one side thereof contacts an interior polymer layer of the first layer packet and that on an opposite side thereof contacts a frontmost polymer layer of the second layer packet, the backmost polymer layer having a weaker attachment to the frontmost polymer layer than to the interior polymer layer such that the first layer packet tends to irreversibly delaminate from the second layer packet along a delamination surface corresponding to an interface between the backmost polymer layer and the frontmost polymer layer; and wherein all of the polymer layers in the stack of polymer layers have respective polymer compositions that are coextrudable with each other. 2. The film of claim 1, wherein the stack of polymer layers includes polymer layers A, polymer layers B, and polymer layers C composed of different polymer compositions A, B, and C, respectively, and wherein the backmost polymer layers has the polymer composition C. 3. The film of claim 2, wherein the polymer composition C is a blend of propylene copolymer and styrenic block copolymer. 4. The film of claim 2, wherein the polymer composition C is a blend of propylene copolymer and an ethylene alpha olefin copolymer. 5. The film of claim 2, wherein the polymer composition C is a blend of propylene copolymer and an olefin block copolymer. 6. The film of claim 2, wherein the interior polymer layer has the polymer composition B, and wherein the frontmost polymer layer has the polymer composition A. 7. The film of claim 6, wherein the polymer composition C is a blend of propylene copolymer and styrenic block copolymer, and wherein the polymer composition B is an immiscible blend of copolyester and an olefin. 8. The film of claim 6, wherein the polymer composition C is a blend of propylene copolymer and styrenic block copolymer, the polymer composition B is an amorphous copolyester, and the polymer composition A is a semi-crystalline polyester. 9. The film of claim 6, wherein the polymer composition C is a blend of propylene copolymer and ethylene/octene copolymer, the polymer composition B is an amorphous copolyester, and the polymer composition A is a semi-crystalline polyester. 10. The film of claim 6, wherein the polymer composition C is a blend of propylene copolymer and olefin block copolymer, the polymer composition B is an amorphous copolyester, and the polymer composition A is a semi-crystalline polyester. 11. The film of claim 6, wherein the polymer composition C is at least partially miscible with the polymer composition B, and the polymer composition B is at least partially miscible with the polymer composition A, but the polymer composition C is not miscible with the polymer composition A. 12. The film of claim 1, wherein all of the polymer layers in the stack of polymer layers have respective polymer compositions that are melt processable at a temperature of 204 degrees C. (400 degrees F.) or greater. 13. The film of claim 1, wherein at least some of the polymer layers in the stack are oriented and have a birefringence of at least 0.05. 14. The film of claim 1, wherein none of the polymer layers in the stack are pressure sensitive adhesives. 15. The film of claim 14, wherein none of the polymer layers in the stack are adhesives. 16. The film of claim 1, wherein each of the layer packets in the stack has a thickness of no more than 2 mils (50 microns). 17. The film of claim 1, wherein the polymer layers are organized into at least N layer packets, where N is at least 5. 18. The film of claim 17, wherein N is at least 10, and wherein the film has an overall thickness of no more than 15 mils (380 microns). 19. The film of claim 17, wherein at least N−1 of the layer packets have a same number M of the polymer layers, wherein M is at least 3. 20. The film of claim 19, wherein the M polymer layers are arranged in a sequence that is the same for the N−1 layer packets. 21. The film of claim 1, wherein the attachment of the backmost polymer layer to the frontmost polymer layer is characterized by a peel force in a range from 2 to 100 grams per inch (0.8 to 38.6 N/m). 22. The film of claim 1, wherein the attachment of the backmost polymer layer to the frontmost polymer layer is characterized by a first peel force, and wherein the attachment of the backmost polymer layer to the interior polymer layer is characterized by a second peel force, and wherein the second peel force is at least two times the first peel force. 23. The film of claim 22, wherein the second peel force is at least three times the first peel force. 24. The film of claim 1, wherein the attachment of the backmost polymer layer to the frontmost polymer layer is characterized by a first peel force, and wherein the attachment of the frontmost polymer layer to the interior polymer layer is characterized by a third peel force, and wherein the third peel force is at least two times the first peel force. 25. The film of claim 24, wherein the third peel force is at least three times the first peel force. | 1,700 |
1,645 | 13,702,530 | 1,791 | Disclosed is a method for producing a defatted meat production comprising the steps of: heating ground fatty meat tissue to a temperature below the coagulation temperature of the fatty meat tissue, adding water or steam to the fatty meat tissue, separating the fatty meat tissue in a liquefied fat-containing portion and a defatted meat portion, recovering an aqueous phase from the liquefied fat-containing portion, and adding the aqueous phase to the defatted meat portion, wherein the aqueous phase is concentrated by removal of water prior to the addition to the defatted meat portion. The method increases the functionality of the defatted meat product and incorporates essential proteins and flavours in the final defatted meat product. | 1. A method for producing a defatted, non-coagulated meat product comprising the steps of:
heating ground fatty meat tissue to a temperature below the coagulation temperature of the fatty meat tissue, adding water or steam to the fatty meat tissue, separating the fatty meat tissue in a liquefied fat-containing portion and a defatted meat portion, recovering an aqueous phase from the liquefied fat-containing portion, and adding and mixing the aqueous phase to the defatted meat portion,
wherein the aqueous phase is concentrated by removal of water prior to the addition to the defatted meat portion and wherein the temperature of the aqueous phase is 50° C. or less. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the aqueous phase is achieved by evaporation or membrane filtration. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the evaporation is performed using an evaporator equipped with a scraped surface heat exchanger and operating at a vacuum giving a maximum evaporation temperature of 50° C. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the concentration is performed in an evaporator, typically a forced circulation flash evaporator, using a heating unit having a heating surface temperature of 50° C. or less. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the final amount of water in the defatted meat product is equal to or less than the initial amount of water in the fatty meat tissue. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of concentrating the aqueous phase comprises removal of at least 50% of the water from the aqueous phase. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heating of the ground fatty meat tissue is performed at a temperature below 50° C. 8. A plant for preparing a defatted non-coagulated meat product according to claim 1, comprising:
a heating unit for heating the ground fatty meat tissue to a temperature below the coagulation temperature of the fatty meat tissue, a means for adding water as tempered water or by direct steam injection, a first separating unit capable of separating the fatty meat tissue in a liquefied fat-containing portion and a defatted meat portion, a second separating unit capable of recovering an aqueous phase from the liquefied fat-containing portion, a device for mixing a defatted meat portion with an aqueous phase,
wherein a device for removing water is interspaced between the second separation unit and the device for mixing the defatted meat portion with the aqueous phase. 9. The plant according to claim 8, wherein the device for removing water from the aqueous phase is an evaporator and/or a membrane filter. 10. The plant according to claim 9, wherein the evaporator is a scraped surface heat exchanger. 11. The plant according to claim 10, wherein the first separation unit is a decanter centrifuge. 12. The plant according to claim 8, wherein the first and the second separation unit is combined in a single separation unit. 13. The plant according to claim 12, wherein the single separation unit is a 3 phase decanter centrifuge. 14. The plant according to claim 8, wherein the second separation unit is a vertical centrifuge. 15. The plant according to claim 8, wherein the device for removing water from the aqueous phase is capable of removing at least 50% of the water. | Disclosed is a method for producing a defatted meat production comprising the steps of: heating ground fatty meat tissue to a temperature below the coagulation temperature of the fatty meat tissue, adding water or steam to the fatty meat tissue, separating the fatty meat tissue in a liquefied fat-containing portion and a defatted meat portion, recovering an aqueous phase from the liquefied fat-containing portion, and adding the aqueous phase to the defatted meat portion, wherein the aqueous phase is concentrated by removal of water prior to the addition to the defatted meat portion. The method increases the functionality of the defatted meat product and incorporates essential proteins and flavours in the final defatted meat product.1. A method for producing a defatted, non-coagulated meat product comprising the steps of:
heating ground fatty meat tissue to a temperature below the coagulation temperature of the fatty meat tissue, adding water or steam to the fatty meat tissue, separating the fatty meat tissue in a liquefied fat-containing portion and a defatted meat portion, recovering an aqueous phase from the liquefied fat-containing portion, and adding and mixing the aqueous phase to the defatted meat portion,
wherein the aqueous phase is concentrated by removal of water prior to the addition to the defatted meat portion and wherein the temperature of the aqueous phase is 50° C. or less. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the aqueous phase is achieved by evaporation or membrane filtration. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the evaporation is performed using an evaporator equipped with a scraped surface heat exchanger and operating at a vacuum giving a maximum evaporation temperature of 50° C. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the concentration is performed in an evaporator, typically a forced circulation flash evaporator, using a heating unit having a heating surface temperature of 50° C. or less. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the final amount of water in the defatted meat product is equal to or less than the initial amount of water in the fatty meat tissue. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of concentrating the aqueous phase comprises removal of at least 50% of the water from the aqueous phase. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heating of the ground fatty meat tissue is performed at a temperature below 50° C. 8. A plant for preparing a defatted non-coagulated meat product according to claim 1, comprising:
a heating unit for heating the ground fatty meat tissue to a temperature below the coagulation temperature of the fatty meat tissue, a means for adding water as tempered water or by direct steam injection, a first separating unit capable of separating the fatty meat tissue in a liquefied fat-containing portion and a defatted meat portion, a second separating unit capable of recovering an aqueous phase from the liquefied fat-containing portion, a device for mixing a defatted meat portion with an aqueous phase,
wherein a device for removing water is interspaced between the second separation unit and the device for mixing the defatted meat portion with the aqueous phase. 9. The plant according to claim 8, wherein the device for removing water from the aqueous phase is an evaporator and/or a membrane filter. 10. The plant according to claim 9, wherein the evaporator is a scraped surface heat exchanger. 11. The plant according to claim 10, wherein the first separation unit is a decanter centrifuge. 12. The plant according to claim 8, wherein the first and the second separation unit is combined in a single separation unit. 13. The plant according to claim 12, wherein the single separation unit is a 3 phase decanter centrifuge. 14. The plant according to claim 8, wherein the second separation unit is a vertical centrifuge. 15. The plant according to claim 8, wherein the device for removing water from the aqueous phase is capable of removing at least 50% of the water. | 1,700 |
1,646 | 14,674,248 | 1,747 | A pneumatic tire includes a carcass reinforced by a carcass ply extending from a first bead to a second bead and a single belt ply disposed radially outward of the carcass ply in a crown portion of the pneumatic tire. The single belt ply includes a first group of cords oriented in a first direction relative to a centerline of the pneumatic tire and a second group of cords oriented in a second direction relative to the centerline of the pneumatic tire. | 1. A pneumatic tire comprising:
a carcass reinforced by a carcass ply extending from a first bead to a second bead; and a single belt ply disposed radially outward of the carcass ply in a crown portion of the pneumatic tire, the single belt ply comprising a first group of cords oriented in a first direction relative to a centerline of the pneumatic tire and a second group of cords oriented in a second direction relative to the centerline of the pneumatic tire. 2. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the first group of cords has a linear density value in the range between 1000 dtex to 4000 dtex. 3. The pneumatic tire of claim 2 wherein the first group of cords has a structure of one single polyamide/nylon core yarn and only two aramid wrap yarns. 4. The pneumatic tire of claim 3 wherein the first group of cords has an end count of cord ends per inch in the range between 15-32. 5. The pneumatic tire of claim 4 wherein the second group of cords has a linear density value in the range between 1000 dtex to 2000 dtex. 6. The pneumatic tire of claim 4 wherein the second group of cords has a linear density value in the range between 3000 dtex to 4000 dtex. 7. The pneumatic tire of claim 6 wherein the second group of cords has a structure of one single polyamide/nylon core yarn and only two aramid wrap yarns. 8. The pneumatic tire of claim 7 wherein the second group of cords has an end count of cord ends per inch in the range between 15-32. 9. A method for designing a pneumatic tire comprising:
replacing a first belt and a second belt with a single third belt, the third belt comprising a first group of cords oriented in a first direction relative to a centerline of the pneumatic tire and a second group of cords oriented in a second direction relative to the centerline of the pneumatic tire. | A pneumatic tire includes a carcass reinforced by a carcass ply extending from a first bead to a second bead and a single belt ply disposed radially outward of the carcass ply in a crown portion of the pneumatic tire. The single belt ply includes a first group of cords oriented in a first direction relative to a centerline of the pneumatic tire and a second group of cords oriented in a second direction relative to the centerline of the pneumatic tire.1. A pneumatic tire comprising:
a carcass reinforced by a carcass ply extending from a first bead to a second bead; and a single belt ply disposed radially outward of the carcass ply in a crown portion of the pneumatic tire, the single belt ply comprising a first group of cords oriented in a first direction relative to a centerline of the pneumatic tire and a second group of cords oriented in a second direction relative to the centerline of the pneumatic tire. 2. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the first group of cords has a linear density value in the range between 1000 dtex to 4000 dtex. 3. The pneumatic tire of claim 2 wherein the first group of cords has a structure of one single polyamide/nylon core yarn and only two aramid wrap yarns. 4. The pneumatic tire of claim 3 wherein the first group of cords has an end count of cord ends per inch in the range between 15-32. 5. The pneumatic tire of claim 4 wherein the second group of cords has a linear density value in the range between 1000 dtex to 2000 dtex. 6. The pneumatic tire of claim 4 wherein the second group of cords has a linear density value in the range between 3000 dtex to 4000 dtex. 7. The pneumatic tire of claim 6 wherein the second group of cords has a structure of one single polyamide/nylon core yarn and only two aramid wrap yarns. 8. The pneumatic tire of claim 7 wherein the second group of cords has an end count of cord ends per inch in the range between 15-32. 9. A method for designing a pneumatic tire comprising:
replacing a first belt and a second belt with a single third belt, the third belt comprising a first group of cords oriented in a first direction relative to a centerline of the pneumatic tire and a second group of cords oriented in a second direction relative to the centerline of the pneumatic tire. | 1,700 |
1,647 | 14,238,378 | 1,782 | A cable including a core, a strength member surrounding the inner metal tube, and an outer layer surrounding the first layer, wherein the outer layer includes a polycarbonate material. | 1. A cable, comprising:
a core; a first strength member surrounding said core; and an outer layer surrounding said strength member; wherein said outer layer comprises a polycarbonate material. 2. The cable of claim 1, wherein said strength member is a metal tube. 3. The cable of claim 2, wherein said outer layer comprises a polycarbonate based polyurethane. 4. The cable of claim 1, further comprising a second strength member surrounding said first strength member. 5. The cable of claim 4, wherein said outer layer comprises a polycarbonate based polyurethane. 6. The cable of claim 4, wherein said second strength member comprises a yarn. 7. The cable of claim 6, wherein said outer layer comprises a polycarbonate based polyurethane. 8. The cable of claim 4, wherein said second strength member comprises a first layer of metal wires. 9. The cable of claim 8, wherein said outer layer comprises a polycarbonate based polyurethane. 10. The cable of claim 6, wherein said second strength member comprises a second layer of metal wires. 11. The cable of claim 10, wherein said outer layer comprises a polycarbonate based polyurethane. 12. The cable of claim 4, further comprising an encapsulating jacket between said first strength member and said second strength member. 13. The cable of claim 5, further comprising an encapsulating jacket between said strength member and said second strength member. 12. The cable of claim 6, further comprising an encapsulating jacket between said strength member and said second strength member. 13. The cable of claim 7, further comprising an encapsulating jacket between said strength member and said second strength member. 14. The cable of claim 2, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. 15. The cable of claim 3, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. 16. The cable of claim 4, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. 17. The cable of claim 5, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. 18. The cable of claim 6, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. 19. The cable of claim 7, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. 20. The cable of claim 8, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. 21. The cable of claim 9, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. 22. The cable of claim 10, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. 23. The cable of claim 11, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. 24. The cable of claim 12, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. 25. The cable of claim 13, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. | A cable including a core, a strength member surrounding the inner metal tube, and an outer layer surrounding the first layer, wherein the outer layer includes a polycarbonate material.1. A cable, comprising:
a core; a first strength member surrounding said core; and an outer layer surrounding said strength member; wherein said outer layer comprises a polycarbonate material. 2. The cable of claim 1, wherein said strength member is a metal tube. 3. The cable of claim 2, wherein said outer layer comprises a polycarbonate based polyurethane. 4. The cable of claim 1, further comprising a second strength member surrounding said first strength member. 5. The cable of claim 4, wherein said outer layer comprises a polycarbonate based polyurethane. 6. The cable of claim 4, wherein said second strength member comprises a yarn. 7. The cable of claim 6, wherein said outer layer comprises a polycarbonate based polyurethane. 8. The cable of claim 4, wherein said second strength member comprises a first layer of metal wires. 9. The cable of claim 8, wherein said outer layer comprises a polycarbonate based polyurethane. 10. The cable of claim 6, wherein said second strength member comprises a second layer of metal wires. 11. The cable of claim 10, wherein said outer layer comprises a polycarbonate based polyurethane. 12. The cable of claim 4, further comprising an encapsulating jacket between said first strength member and said second strength member. 13. The cable of claim 5, further comprising an encapsulating jacket between said strength member and said second strength member. 12. The cable of claim 6, further comprising an encapsulating jacket between said strength member and said second strength member. 13. The cable of claim 7, further comprising an encapsulating jacket between said strength member and said second strength member. 14. The cable of claim 2, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. 15. The cable of claim 3, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. 16. The cable of claim 4, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. 17. The cable of claim 5, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. 18. The cable of claim 6, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. 19. The cable of claim 7, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. 20. The cable of claim 8, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. 21. The cable of claim 9, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. 22. The cable of claim 10, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. 23. The cable of claim 11, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. 24. The cable of claim 12, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. 25. The cable of claim 13, wherein said core comprises at least one of a metal tube with at least one optical fiber, an insulated electrical wire and an chemical injection tube. | 1,700 |
1,648 | 13,836,754 | 1,793 | A method of decarbonating fermented liquids in-line may comprise directing a carbonated malt-based liquid through a nozzle, and directing the carbonated malt-based liquid from the nozzle into a space maintained at a partial vacuum pressure. The method may further comprise maintaining the carbonated malt-based beverage in the space until substantially all of the carbon dioxide dissolved within the carbonated malt-based beverage has been removed to provide a non-carbonated liquid, and removing the non-carbonated liquid from the space at substantially the same rate that the carbonated malt-based liquid is directed into the space. | 1. A method of decarbonating fermented liquids in-line, the method comprising:
directing a carbonated cereal-based liquid through a nozzle; directing the carbonated malt-based liquid from the nozzle into a space; and maintaining the carbonated cereal-based beverage in the space until substantially all of the carbon dioxide dissolved within the carbonated cereal-based beverage has been removed to provide a non-carbonated liquid. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said cereal-based liquid comprises a malt-based liquid. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising maintaining said space at a partial vacuum pressure. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising removing the non-carbonated liquid from the space at substantially the same rate that the carbonated cereal-based liquid is directed into the space. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising removing the non-carbonated liquid from the space to a filler. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein directing the carbonated cereal-based liquid from the nozzle into the space comprises distributing the carbonated cereal-based liquid over a surface. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein directing the carbonated cereal-based liquid over the surface comprises directing the carbonated cereal-based liquid over a wall of a cylindrical vessel defining the space. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising heating the carbonated cereal-based liquid. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein heating the carbonated cereal-based liquid comprises heating the carbonated malt-based beverage to a temperature between about 35° C. and about 38° C. 10. The method of claim 3, wherein the space is maintained at an absolute pressure of about 10 kPa. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbonated cereal-based liquid comprises an ethyl alcohol content of at least 0.1% wt. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the carbonated cereal-based liquid comprises an ethyl alcohol content of at least 0.5% wt. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the carbonated cereal-based liquid comprises an ethyl alcohol content of at least 1% wt. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the carbonated cereal-based liquid comprises an ethyl alcohol content between about 3% wt and about 12% wt. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbonated cereal-based beverage comprises between about 3% wt malt extract solids and about 5.5% wt malt extract solids. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbonated cereal-based beverage comprises less than about 6 International Bitterness Units. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the carbonated cereal-based beverage comprises less than about 3 International Bitterness Units. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the carbonated cereal-based beverage comprises about zero International Bitterness Units. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-carbonated liquid removed from the space comprises a carbon dioxide level between about zero grams per liter and about 1.5 grams per liter. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-carbonated liquid removed from the space comprises a carbon dioxide level between about zero grams per liter and about 1.0 grams per liter. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-carbonated liquid removed from the space comprises a carbon dioxide level between about zero grams per liter and about 0.6 grams per liter. 22. A method of decarbonating fermented liquids in-line, the method comprising:
heating a carbonated malt-based liquid; directing a carbonated malt-based liquid through a nozzle; distributing the carbonated malt-based liquid over a surface within a space with the nozzle; maintaining the space at a partial vacuum pressure; maintaining the carbonated malt-based beverage in the space until substantially all of the carbon dioxide dissolved within the carbonated malt-based beverage has been removed to provide a non-carbonated liquid; and removing the non-carbonated liquid from the space to a filler at substantially the same rate that the carbonated malt-based liquid is directed into the space. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein heating the carbonated malt-based liquid comprises heating the carbonated malt-based beverage to a temperature between about 35° C. and about 38° C. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the non-carbonated liquid removed from the space comprises a carbon dioxide level between about zero grams per liter and about 1.5 grams per liter. 25. The method of claim 22, wherein the carbonated malt-based liquid comprises an ethyl alcohol content between about 3% wt and about 12% wt, and comprises between about 3% wt malt extract solids and about 5.5% wt malt extract solids. 26. The method of claim 22, wherein the carbonated malt-based beverage comprises less than about 6 International Bitterness Units. | A method of decarbonating fermented liquids in-line may comprise directing a carbonated malt-based liquid through a nozzle, and directing the carbonated malt-based liquid from the nozzle into a space maintained at a partial vacuum pressure. The method may further comprise maintaining the carbonated malt-based beverage in the space until substantially all of the carbon dioxide dissolved within the carbonated malt-based beverage has been removed to provide a non-carbonated liquid, and removing the non-carbonated liquid from the space at substantially the same rate that the carbonated malt-based liquid is directed into the space.1. A method of decarbonating fermented liquids in-line, the method comprising:
directing a carbonated cereal-based liquid through a nozzle; directing the carbonated malt-based liquid from the nozzle into a space; and maintaining the carbonated cereal-based beverage in the space until substantially all of the carbon dioxide dissolved within the carbonated cereal-based beverage has been removed to provide a non-carbonated liquid. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said cereal-based liquid comprises a malt-based liquid. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising maintaining said space at a partial vacuum pressure. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising removing the non-carbonated liquid from the space at substantially the same rate that the carbonated cereal-based liquid is directed into the space. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising removing the non-carbonated liquid from the space to a filler. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein directing the carbonated cereal-based liquid from the nozzle into the space comprises distributing the carbonated cereal-based liquid over a surface. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein directing the carbonated cereal-based liquid over the surface comprises directing the carbonated cereal-based liquid over a wall of a cylindrical vessel defining the space. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising heating the carbonated cereal-based liquid. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein heating the carbonated cereal-based liquid comprises heating the carbonated malt-based beverage to a temperature between about 35° C. and about 38° C. 10. The method of claim 3, wherein the space is maintained at an absolute pressure of about 10 kPa. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbonated cereal-based liquid comprises an ethyl alcohol content of at least 0.1% wt. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the carbonated cereal-based liquid comprises an ethyl alcohol content of at least 0.5% wt. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the carbonated cereal-based liquid comprises an ethyl alcohol content of at least 1% wt. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the carbonated cereal-based liquid comprises an ethyl alcohol content between about 3% wt and about 12% wt. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbonated cereal-based beverage comprises between about 3% wt malt extract solids and about 5.5% wt malt extract solids. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbonated cereal-based beverage comprises less than about 6 International Bitterness Units. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the carbonated cereal-based beverage comprises less than about 3 International Bitterness Units. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the carbonated cereal-based beverage comprises about zero International Bitterness Units. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-carbonated liquid removed from the space comprises a carbon dioxide level between about zero grams per liter and about 1.5 grams per liter. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-carbonated liquid removed from the space comprises a carbon dioxide level between about zero grams per liter and about 1.0 grams per liter. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-carbonated liquid removed from the space comprises a carbon dioxide level between about zero grams per liter and about 0.6 grams per liter. 22. A method of decarbonating fermented liquids in-line, the method comprising:
heating a carbonated malt-based liquid; directing a carbonated malt-based liquid through a nozzle; distributing the carbonated malt-based liquid over a surface within a space with the nozzle; maintaining the space at a partial vacuum pressure; maintaining the carbonated malt-based beverage in the space until substantially all of the carbon dioxide dissolved within the carbonated malt-based beverage has been removed to provide a non-carbonated liquid; and removing the non-carbonated liquid from the space to a filler at substantially the same rate that the carbonated malt-based liquid is directed into the space. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein heating the carbonated malt-based liquid comprises heating the carbonated malt-based beverage to a temperature between about 35° C. and about 38° C. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the non-carbonated liquid removed from the space comprises a carbon dioxide level between about zero grams per liter and about 1.5 grams per liter. 25. The method of claim 22, wherein the carbonated malt-based liquid comprises an ethyl alcohol content between about 3% wt and about 12% wt, and comprises between about 3% wt malt extract solids and about 5.5% wt malt extract solids. 26. The method of claim 22, wherein the carbonated malt-based beverage comprises less than about 6 International Bitterness Units. | 1,700 |
1,649 | 11,531,601 | 1,793 | A fully assembled frozen food product is provided which comprises a bread portion having a top portion and a bottom portion and having a filling between, and co-extensive with, the top and bottom portions, wherein the fully assembled frozen food product can be heated in a microwave oven to provide a heated food product which is then ready to be eaten, wherein the bread portion of the heated food product is not dried out and wherein the filling in the heated food product has an essentially uniform temperature. | 1. A fully assembled frozen food product comprising a fully baked or par-baked farinaceous portion having a top bun portion and a bottom bun portion and having a filling between, and co-extensive with, the top bun and bottom bun portions, wherein the fully baked or par-baked farinaceous portion has a water activity of about 0.9 to about 0.96, wherein the fully assembled frozen food product has a weight of at least about 6.5 ounces, wherein the fully assembled frozen food product has a frozen shelf life of at least about 120 days when sealed in a package, wherein the fully assembled frozen food product can be heated in a microwave oven to provide a heated food product which is then ready to be eaten, wherein the farinaceous portion of the heated food product is not dried out and wherein the filling of the heated food product has an essentially uniform temperature. 2. The fully assembled frozen food product of claim 1, wherein the food product is a sandwich. 3. The fully assembled frozen food product of claim 1, wherein the fully baked or par-baked farinaceous portion is prepared from a dough composition comprising, in baker's percentages, 100 percent flour, about 0.5 to about 5 percent compressed yeast, 0 to about 0.5 percent sodium stearoyl lactylate, about 0.5 to about 3 percent salt, about 4 to about 12 percent sweetener, 0 to about 0.5 percent calcium propionate, about 5 to about 15 percent oil, about 50 to about 68 percent water, about 0.1 to about 2 percent monoglycerides and diglycerides, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent lecithin, about 0.1 to about 1 percent xanthan gum, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent guar gum, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent methylcellulose, about 0.1 to about 0.5 percent diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, and 0 to about 1 percent spices, seasonings, and flavors. 4. The fully assembled frozen food product of claim 1, wherein the dough composition comprises, in Baker's percentages, 100 percent flour, about 2 to about 3 percent compressed yeast, about 0.3 to about 0.45 percent sodium stearoyl lactylate, about 0.75 to about 1.75 percent salt, about 6 to about 10 percent sweetener, about 0.4 to about 0.5 percent calcium propionate, about 9 to about 13 percent oil, about 55 to about 64 percent water, about 0.1 to about 1.5 percent monoglycerides and diglycerides, about 0.4 to about 0.6 percent lecithin, about 0.25 to about 0.45 percent xanthan gum, about 0.4 to about 0.6 percent guar gum, about 0.3 to about 0.6 percent methylcellulose, about 0.3 to about 0.6 percent diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, and about 0.1 to about 0.5 percent spices, seasonings, and flavors. 5. The fully assembled frozen food product of claim 2, wherein the fully baked or par-baked farinaceous portion is prepared from a dough composition comprising, in baker's percentages, 100 percent flour, about 0.5 to about 5 percent compressed yeast, 0 to about 0.5 percent sodium stearoyl lactylate, about 0.5 to about 3 percent salt, about 4 to about 12 percent sweetener, 0 to about 0.5 percent calcium propionate, about 5 to about 15 percent oil, about 50 to about 68 percent water, about 0.1 to about 2 percent monoglycerides and diglycerides, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent lecithin, about 0.1 to about 1 percent xanthan gum, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent guar gum, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent methylcellulose, about 0.1 to about 0.5 percent diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, and 0 to about 1 percent spices, seasonings, and flavors. 6. The fully assembled frozen food product of claim 2, wherein the dough composition comprises, in Baker's percentages, 100 percent flour, about 2 to about 3 percent compressed yeast, about 0.3 to about 0.45 percent sodium stearoyl lactylate, about 0.75 to about 1.75 percent salt, about 6 to about 10 percent sweetener, about 0.4 to about 0.5 percent calcium propionate, about 9 to about 13 percent oil, about 55 to about 64 percent water, about 0.1 to about 1.5 percent monoglycerides and diglycerides, about 0.4 to about 0.6 percent lecithin, about 0.25 to about 0.45 percent xanthan gum, about 0.4 to about 0.6 percent guar gum, about 0.3 to about 0.6 percent methylcellulose, about 0.3 to about 0.6 percent diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, and about 0.1 to about 0.5 percent spices, seasonings, and flavors. 7. A kit comprising (1) a fully assembled frozen sandwich product contained within a package and (2) a susceptor suitable for use in heating the fully assembled frozen sandwich product in a microwave oven, wherein the fully assembled frozen sandwich product comprises a fully baked or par-baked farinaceous portion having a top bun portion and a bottom bun portion and having a filling between, and co-extensive with, the top bun and bottom bun portions, wherein the fully baked or par-baked farinaceous portion has a water activity of about 0.9 to about 0.96, wherein the fully assembled frozen food product has a weight of at least about 6.5 ounces, wherein the fully assembled frozen sandwich product has a frozen shelf life of at least about 120 days when sealed in the package, wherein the fully assembled frozen sandwich product can be heated in a microwave oven using the susceptor to provide a heated sandwich product which is then ready to be eaten, wherein the fully baked or par-baked farinaceous portion of the heated sandwich product is not dried out and wherein the filling of the heated sandwich product has an essentially uniform temperature. 8. The kit of claim 7, wherein the fully baked or par-baked farinaceous portion is prepared from a dough composition comprising, in baker's percentages, 100 percent flour, about 0.5 to about 5 percent compressed yeast, 0 to about 0.5 percent sodium stearoyl lactylate, about 0.5 to about 3 percent salt, about 4 to about 12 percent sweetener, 0 to about 0.5 percent calcium propionate, about 5 to about 15 percent oil, about 50 to about 68 percent water, about 0.1 to about 2 percent monoglycerides and diglycerides, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent lecithin, about 0.1 to about 1 percent xanthan gum, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent guar gum, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent methylcellulose, about 0.1 to about 0.5 percent diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, and 0 to about 1 percent spices, seasonings, and flavors. 9. The kit of claim 7, wherein the dough composition comprises, in Baker's percentages, 100 percent flour, about 2 to about 3 percent compressed yeast, about 0.3 to about 0.45 percent sodium stearoyl lactylate, about 0.75 to about 1.75 percent salt, about 6 to about 10 percent sweetener, about 0.4 to about 0.5 percent calcium propionate, about 9 to about 13 percent oil, about 55 to about 64 percent water, about 0.1 to about 1.5 percent monoglycerides and diglycerides, about 0.4 to about 0.6 percent lecithin, about 0.25 to about 0.45 percent xanthan gum, about 0.4 to about 0.6 percent guar gum, about 0.3 to about 0.6 percent methylcellulose, about 0.3 to about 0.6 percent diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, and about 0.1 to about 0.5 percent spices, seasonings, and flavors. 10. The kit of claim 7, wherein the susceptor comprises a top susceptor and a bottom susceptor such that the fully assembled frozen sandwich product can be placed between the top susceptor and the bottom susceptor such that the bottom bun portion is in contact with the bottom susceptor and the top bun portion is in contact with the top susceptor when the fully assembled frozen sandwich product is heated in the microwave oven. 11. The kit of claim 8, wherein the susceptor comprises a top susceptor and a bottom susceptor such that the fully assembled frozen sandwich product can be placed between the top susceptor and the bottom susceptor such that the bottom bun portion is in contact with the bottom susceptor and the top bun portion is in contact with the top susceptor when the fully assembled frozen sandwich product is heated in the microwave oven. 12. The kit of claim 9, wherein the susceptor comprises a top susceptor and a bottom susceptor such that the fully assembled frozen sandwich product can be placed between the top susceptor and the bottom susceptor such that the bottom bun portion is in contact with the bottom susceptor and the top bun portion is in contact with the top susceptor when the fully assembled frozen sandwich product is heated in the microwave oven. 13. A fully baked or par-baked bread product, said fully baked or par-baked bread product is prepared from a dough composition comprising, in baker's percentages, 100 percent flour, about 0.5 to about 5 percent compressed yeast, 0 to about 0.5 percent sodium stearoyl lactylate, about 0.5 to about 3 percent salt, about 4 to about 12 percent sweetener, 0 to about 0.5 percent calcium propionate, about 5 to about 15 percent oil, about 50 to about 68 percent water, about 0.1 to about 2 percent monoglycerides and diglycerides, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent lecithin, about 0.1 to about 1 percent xanthan gum, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent guar gum, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent methylcellulose, about 0.1 to about 0.5 percent diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, and 0 to about 1 percent spices, seasonings, and flavors; wherein the fully baked or par-baked bread product is suitable for storage in a frozen state for at least about 120 days when stored in a package and can be heated in a microwave oven from the frozen state to provide a heated bread product with good organoleptic properties. 14. The fully baked or par-baked bread product of claim 13, wherein the fully baked or par-baked bread product is incorporated into a fully assembled frozen sandwich product comprising a fully baked or par-baked farinaceous portion having a top bun portion and a bottom bun portion and having a filling between, and co-extensive with, the top bun and bottom bun portions, wherein the fully assembled frozen sandwich product can be heated in a microwave oven to provide a heated sandwich product which is then ready to be eaten, wherein the fully assembled frozen food product has a weight of at least about 6.5 ounces, wherein the farinaceous portion of the heated sandwich product is not dried out and wherein the filling of the heated sandwich product has an essentially uniform temperature. 15. The fully baked or par-baked bread product of claim 13, wherein the dough composition comprises, in Baker's percentages, 100 percent flour, about 2 to about 3 percent compressed yeast, about 0.3 to about 0.45 percent sodium stearoyl lactylate, about 0.75 to about 1.75 percent salt, about 6 to about 10 percent sweetener, about 0.4 to about 0.5 percent calcium propionate, about 9 to about 13 percent oil, about 55 to about 64 percent water, about 0.1 to about 1.5 percent monoglycerides and diglycerides, about 0.4 to about 0.6 percent lecithin, about 0.25 to about 0.45 percent xanthan gum, about 0.4 to about 0.6 percent guar gum, about 0.3 to about 0.6 percent methylcellulose, about 0.3 to about 0.6 percent diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, and about 0.1 to about 0.5 percent spices, seasonings, and flavors. 16. The fully baked or par-baked bread product of claim 14, wherein the dough composition comprises, in Baker's percentages, 100 percent flour, about 2 to about 3 percent compressed yeast, about 0.3 to about 0.45 percent sodium stearoyl lactylate, about 0.75 to about 1.75 percent salt, about 6 to about 10 percent sweetener, about 0.4 to about 0.5 percent calcium propionate, about 9 to about 13 percent oil, about 55 to about 64 percent water, about 0.1 to about 1.5 percent monoglycerides and diglycerides, about 0.4 to about 0.6 percent lecithin, about 0.25 to about 0.45 percent xanthan gum, about 0.4 to about 0.6 percent guar gum, about 0.3 to about 0.6 percent methylcellulose, about 0.3 to about 0.6 percent diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, and about 0.1 to about 0.5 percent spices, seasonings, and flavors. | A fully assembled frozen food product is provided which comprises a bread portion having a top portion and a bottom portion and having a filling between, and co-extensive with, the top and bottom portions, wherein the fully assembled frozen food product can be heated in a microwave oven to provide a heated food product which is then ready to be eaten, wherein the bread portion of the heated food product is not dried out and wherein the filling in the heated food product has an essentially uniform temperature.1. A fully assembled frozen food product comprising a fully baked or par-baked farinaceous portion having a top bun portion and a bottom bun portion and having a filling between, and co-extensive with, the top bun and bottom bun portions, wherein the fully baked or par-baked farinaceous portion has a water activity of about 0.9 to about 0.96, wherein the fully assembled frozen food product has a weight of at least about 6.5 ounces, wherein the fully assembled frozen food product has a frozen shelf life of at least about 120 days when sealed in a package, wherein the fully assembled frozen food product can be heated in a microwave oven to provide a heated food product which is then ready to be eaten, wherein the farinaceous portion of the heated food product is not dried out and wherein the filling of the heated food product has an essentially uniform temperature. 2. The fully assembled frozen food product of claim 1, wherein the food product is a sandwich. 3. The fully assembled frozen food product of claim 1, wherein the fully baked or par-baked farinaceous portion is prepared from a dough composition comprising, in baker's percentages, 100 percent flour, about 0.5 to about 5 percent compressed yeast, 0 to about 0.5 percent sodium stearoyl lactylate, about 0.5 to about 3 percent salt, about 4 to about 12 percent sweetener, 0 to about 0.5 percent calcium propionate, about 5 to about 15 percent oil, about 50 to about 68 percent water, about 0.1 to about 2 percent monoglycerides and diglycerides, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent lecithin, about 0.1 to about 1 percent xanthan gum, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent guar gum, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent methylcellulose, about 0.1 to about 0.5 percent diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, and 0 to about 1 percent spices, seasonings, and flavors. 4. The fully assembled frozen food product of claim 1, wherein the dough composition comprises, in Baker's percentages, 100 percent flour, about 2 to about 3 percent compressed yeast, about 0.3 to about 0.45 percent sodium stearoyl lactylate, about 0.75 to about 1.75 percent salt, about 6 to about 10 percent sweetener, about 0.4 to about 0.5 percent calcium propionate, about 9 to about 13 percent oil, about 55 to about 64 percent water, about 0.1 to about 1.5 percent monoglycerides and diglycerides, about 0.4 to about 0.6 percent lecithin, about 0.25 to about 0.45 percent xanthan gum, about 0.4 to about 0.6 percent guar gum, about 0.3 to about 0.6 percent methylcellulose, about 0.3 to about 0.6 percent diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, and about 0.1 to about 0.5 percent spices, seasonings, and flavors. 5. The fully assembled frozen food product of claim 2, wherein the fully baked or par-baked farinaceous portion is prepared from a dough composition comprising, in baker's percentages, 100 percent flour, about 0.5 to about 5 percent compressed yeast, 0 to about 0.5 percent sodium stearoyl lactylate, about 0.5 to about 3 percent salt, about 4 to about 12 percent sweetener, 0 to about 0.5 percent calcium propionate, about 5 to about 15 percent oil, about 50 to about 68 percent water, about 0.1 to about 2 percent monoglycerides and diglycerides, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent lecithin, about 0.1 to about 1 percent xanthan gum, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent guar gum, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent methylcellulose, about 0.1 to about 0.5 percent diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, and 0 to about 1 percent spices, seasonings, and flavors. 6. The fully assembled frozen food product of claim 2, wherein the dough composition comprises, in Baker's percentages, 100 percent flour, about 2 to about 3 percent compressed yeast, about 0.3 to about 0.45 percent sodium stearoyl lactylate, about 0.75 to about 1.75 percent salt, about 6 to about 10 percent sweetener, about 0.4 to about 0.5 percent calcium propionate, about 9 to about 13 percent oil, about 55 to about 64 percent water, about 0.1 to about 1.5 percent monoglycerides and diglycerides, about 0.4 to about 0.6 percent lecithin, about 0.25 to about 0.45 percent xanthan gum, about 0.4 to about 0.6 percent guar gum, about 0.3 to about 0.6 percent methylcellulose, about 0.3 to about 0.6 percent diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, and about 0.1 to about 0.5 percent spices, seasonings, and flavors. 7. A kit comprising (1) a fully assembled frozen sandwich product contained within a package and (2) a susceptor suitable for use in heating the fully assembled frozen sandwich product in a microwave oven, wherein the fully assembled frozen sandwich product comprises a fully baked or par-baked farinaceous portion having a top bun portion and a bottom bun portion and having a filling between, and co-extensive with, the top bun and bottom bun portions, wherein the fully baked or par-baked farinaceous portion has a water activity of about 0.9 to about 0.96, wherein the fully assembled frozen food product has a weight of at least about 6.5 ounces, wherein the fully assembled frozen sandwich product has a frozen shelf life of at least about 120 days when sealed in the package, wherein the fully assembled frozen sandwich product can be heated in a microwave oven using the susceptor to provide a heated sandwich product which is then ready to be eaten, wherein the fully baked or par-baked farinaceous portion of the heated sandwich product is not dried out and wherein the filling of the heated sandwich product has an essentially uniform temperature. 8. The kit of claim 7, wherein the fully baked or par-baked farinaceous portion is prepared from a dough composition comprising, in baker's percentages, 100 percent flour, about 0.5 to about 5 percent compressed yeast, 0 to about 0.5 percent sodium stearoyl lactylate, about 0.5 to about 3 percent salt, about 4 to about 12 percent sweetener, 0 to about 0.5 percent calcium propionate, about 5 to about 15 percent oil, about 50 to about 68 percent water, about 0.1 to about 2 percent monoglycerides and diglycerides, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent lecithin, about 0.1 to about 1 percent xanthan gum, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent guar gum, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent methylcellulose, about 0.1 to about 0.5 percent diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, and 0 to about 1 percent spices, seasonings, and flavors. 9. The kit of claim 7, wherein the dough composition comprises, in Baker's percentages, 100 percent flour, about 2 to about 3 percent compressed yeast, about 0.3 to about 0.45 percent sodium stearoyl lactylate, about 0.75 to about 1.75 percent salt, about 6 to about 10 percent sweetener, about 0.4 to about 0.5 percent calcium propionate, about 9 to about 13 percent oil, about 55 to about 64 percent water, about 0.1 to about 1.5 percent monoglycerides and diglycerides, about 0.4 to about 0.6 percent lecithin, about 0.25 to about 0.45 percent xanthan gum, about 0.4 to about 0.6 percent guar gum, about 0.3 to about 0.6 percent methylcellulose, about 0.3 to about 0.6 percent diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, and about 0.1 to about 0.5 percent spices, seasonings, and flavors. 10. The kit of claim 7, wherein the susceptor comprises a top susceptor and a bottom susceptor such that the fully assembled frozen sandwich product can be placed between the top susceptor and the bottom susceptor such that the bottom bun portion is in contact with the bottom susceptor and the top bun portion is in contact with the top susceptor when the fully assembled frozen sandwich product is heated in the microwave oven. 11. The kit of claim 8, wherein the susceptor comprises a top susceptor and a bottom susceptor such that the fully assembled frozen sandwich product can be placed between the top susceptor and the bottom susceptor such that the bottom bun portion is in contact with the bottom susceptor and the top bun portion is in contact with the top susceptor when the fully assembled frozen sandwich product is heated in the microwave oven. 12. The kit of claim 9, wherein the susceptor comprises a top susceptor and a bottom susceptor such that the fully assembled frozen sandwich product can be placed between the top susceptor and the bottom susceptor such that the bottom bun portion is in contact with the bottom susceptor and the top bun portion is in contact with the top susceptor when the fully assembled frozen sandwich product is heated in the microwave oven. 13. A fully baked or par-baked bread product, said fully baked or par-baked bread product is prepared from a dough composition comprising, in baker's percentages, 100 percent flour, about 0.5 to about 5 percent compressed yeast, 0 to about 0.5 percent sodium stearoyl lactylate, about 0.5 to about 3 percent salt, about 4 to about 12 percent sweetener, 0 to about 0.5 percent calcium propionate, about 5 to about 15 percent oil, about 50 to about 68 percent water, about 0.1 to about 2 percent monoglycerides and diglycerides, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent lecithin, about 0.1 to about 1 percent xanthan gum, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent guar gum, about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent methylcellulose, about 0.1 to about 0.5 percent diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, and 0 to about 1 percent spices, seasonings, and flavors; wherein the fully baked or par-baked bread product is suitable for storage in a frozen state for at least about 120 days when stored in a package and can be heated in a microwave oven from the frozen state to provide a heated bread product with good organoleptic properties. 14. The fully baked or par-baked bread product of claim 13, wherein the fully baked or par-baked bread product is incorporated into a fully assembled frozen sandwich product comprising a fully baked or par-baked farinaceous portion having a top bun portion and a bottom bun portion and having a filling between, and co-extensive with, the top bun and bottom bun portions, wherein the fully assembled frozen sandwich product can be heated in a microwave oven to provide a heated sandwich product which is then ready to be eaten, wherein the fully assembled frozen food product has a weight of at least about 6.5 ounces, wherein the farinaceous portion of the heated sandwich product is not dried out and wherein the filling of the heated sandwich product has an essentially uniform temperature. 15. The fully baked or par-baked bread product of claim 13, wherein the dough composition comprises, in Baker's percentages, 100 percent flour, about 2 to about 3 percent compressed yeast, about 0.3 to about 0.45 percent sodium stearoyl lactylate, about 0.75 to about 1.75 percent salt, about 6 to about 10 percent sweetener, about 0.4 to about 0.5 percent calcium propionate, about 9 to about 13 percent oil, about 55 to about 64 percent water, about 0.1 to about 1.5 percent monoglycerides and diglycerides, about 0.4 to about 0.6 percent lecithin, about 0.25 to about 0.45 percent xanthan gum, about 0.4 to about 0.6 percent guar gum, about 0.3 to about 0.6 percent methylcellulose, about 0.3 to about 0.6 percent diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, and about 0.1 to about 0.5 percent spices, seasonings, and flavors. 16. The fully baked or par-baked bread product of claim 14, wherein the dough composition comprises, in Baker's percentages, 100 percent flour, about 2 to about 3 percent compressed yeast, about 0.3 to about 0.45 percent sodium stearoyl lactylate, about 0.75 to about 1.75 percent salt, about 6 to about 10 percent sweetener, about 0.4 to about 0.5 percent calcium propionate, about 9 to about 13 percent oil, about 55 to about 64 percent water, about 0.1 to about 1.5 percent monoglycerides and diglycerides, about 0.4 to about 0.6 percent lecithin, about 0.25 to about 0.45 percent xanthan gum, about 0.4 to about 0.6 percent guar gum, about 0.3 to about 0.6 percent methylcellulose, about 0.3 to about 0.6 percent diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, and about 0.1 to about 0.5 percent spices, seasonings, and flavors. | 1,700 |
1,650 | 14,247,761 | 1,783 | A process for preparing roofing granules includes forming kaolin clay into green granules and sintering the green granules at a temperature of at least 900 degrees Celsius to cure the green granules until the crystalline content of the sintered granules is at least ten percent as determined by x-ray diffraction. | 1. Synthetic roofing granules comprising at least one sintered aluminosilicate, the granules having a crystalline content of at least 70 percent as determined by x-ray diffraction. 2. Synthetic roofing granules according to claim 1 having a crystalline content of at least 90 percent. 3. Synthetic roofing granules according to claim 1 comprising sintered bauxite. 4. Synthetic roofing granules according to claim 1 comprising sintered kaolin clay. 5. Synthetic roofing granules according to claim 1 wherein the amorphous content is greater than about five percent. 6. Synthetic roofing granules according to claim 1 containing less than three percent silica. 7. A roofing product with high solar heat reflectance prepared according the process comprising:
(a) providing a ceramic-forming material comprising at least one aluminosilicate; (b) forming the ceramic-forming material into green granules; (c) sintering the green granules at a temperature of at least 900 degrees Celsius until the crystalline content of the sintered granules is at least ten percent as determined by x-ray diffraction; (d) providing a roofing material having an upper surface; and (e) applying the sintered granules to the upper surface of the roofing material. 8. A roofing product according to claim 7 wherein the roofing material is a roofing sheet. 9. A roofing product according to claim 8 wherein the roofing sheet is a bituminous roofing sheet. 10. A roofing product according to claim 7, wherein the green granules are sintered until the crystalline content of the granules is at least 70 percent. 11. A roofing product according to claim 10, wherein the granules are sintered at a temperature of at least 1450 degrees Celsius until the crystalline content of the granules is about 100 percent as determined by x-ray diffraction. 12. A roofing product according to claim 7, wherein the ceramic-forming material is formed into green granules by mixing the ceramic-forming material with a liquid to form a mixture, the mixture being formed into pellets, and the pellets being screened to provide green granules. 13. A roofing product according to claim 7, wherein the ceramic-forming material is formed into green granules having a predetermined particle-size distribution. 14. A roofing product according to claim 13 wherein the ceramic-forming material is formed into at least two different classes of green granules, each class of green granule being characterized by a predetermined average particle size, the green granules being sintered to provide at least two size classes of sintered granules. 15. A roofing product according to claim 7, wherein the shape of the granules and the granule particle-size distribution are selected to provide at least 85 percent surface coverage when the roofing granules are applied to the upper surface of the roofing material. 16. A roofing product according to claim 7 wherein the process further comprises selecting sintered granules from at least two different classes prior to applying the sintered granules in the upper surface of the roofing material, the sintered granules being selected to provide a predetermined surface coverage of the roofing material. 17. A roofing product according to claim 16 wherein at least two different classes of sintered granules are applied sequentially to the upper surface of the roofing material. 18. A bituminous roofing product according to claim 7 wherein the process further comprises applying conventional colored roofing granules to the roofing material. 19. A roofing product according to claim 7 wherein the process further comprises applying a liquid binder composition to the upper surface of the roofing material after the sintered granules have been applied, the liquid binder composition being selected from the group consisting of acrylic emulsions, acrylic solutions, thermoplastic polymers, fluoropolymer emulsions, epoxy resins, UV curable resins, radiation curable resins, alkaline metal silicates, sol-gel solutions, silicone resins, and silica binders. 20. A process for forming bituminous roofing products with high solar heat reflectance, the process comprising:
(a) providing a ceramic-forming material comprising at least one aluminosilicate; (b) providing base particles comprising material thermally stable up to a temperature of at least 900 degrees Celsius; (c) applying the ceramic-forming material to the base particles to form a green coating layer on the base particles to form green granules; (d) sintering the green granules at a temperature of at least 900 degrees Celsius until the crystalline content of the coating layer of the granules is at least ten percent as determined by x-ray diffraction; (e) providing a bituminous roofing sheet material having an upper surface; and (f) applying the sintered granules in the upper surface of a bituminous roofing sheet material. | A process for preparing roofing granules includes forming kaolin clay into green granules and sintering the green granules at a temperature of at least 900 degrees Celsius to cure the green granules until the crystalline content of the sintered granules is at least ten percent as determined by x-ray diffraction.1. Synthetic roofing granules comprising at least one sintered aluminosilicate, the granules having a crystalline content of at least 70 percent as determined by x-ray diffraction. 2. Synthetic roofing granules according to claim 1 having a crystalline content of at least 90 percent. 3. Synthetic roofing granules according to claim 1 comprising sintered bauxite. 4. Synthetic roofing granules according to claim 1 comprising sintered kaolin clay. 5. Synthetic roofing granules according to claim 1 wherein the amorphous content is greater than about five percent. 6. Synthetic roofing granules according to claim 1 containing less than three percent silica. 7. A roofing product with high solar heat reflectance prepared according the process comprising:
(a) providing a ceramic-forming material comprising at least one aluminosilicate; (b) forming the ceramic-forming material into green granules; (c) sintering the green granules at a temperature of at least 900 degrees Celsius until the crystalline content of the sintered granules is at least ten percent as determined by x-ray diffraction; (d) providing a roofing material having an upper surface; and (e) applying the sintered granules to the upper surface of the roofing material. 8. A roofing product according to claim 7 wherein the roofing material is a roofing sheet. 9. A roofing product according to claim 8 wherein the roofing sheet is a bituminous roofing sheet. 10. A roofing product according to claim 7, wherein the green granules are sintered until the crystalline content of the granules is at least 70 percent. 11. A roofing product according to claim 10, wherein the granules are sintered at a temperature of at least 1450 degrees Celsius until the crystalline content of the granules is about 100 percent as determined by x-ray diffraction. 12. A roofing product according to claim 7, wherein the ceramic-forming material is formed into green granules by mixing the ceramic-forming material with a liquid to form a mixture, the mixture being formed into pellets, and the pellets being screened to provide green granules. 13. A roofing product according to claim 7, wherein the ceramic-forming material is formed into green granules having a predetermined particle-size distribution. 14. A roofing product according to claim 13 wherein the ceramic-forming material is formed into at least two different classes of green granules, each class of green granule being characterized by a predetermined average particle size, the green granules being sintered to provide at least two size classes of sintered granules. 15. A roofing product according to claim 7, wherein the shape of the granules and the granule particle-size distribution are selected to provide at least 85 percent surface coverage when the roofing granules are applied to the upper surface of the roofing material. 16. A roofing product according to claim 7 wherein the process further comprises selecting sintered granules from at least two different classes prior to applying the sintered granules in the upper surface of the roofing material, the sintered granules being selected to provide a predetermined surface coverage of the roofing material. 17. A roofing product according to claim 16 wherein at least two different classes of sintered granules are applied sequentially to the upper surface of the roofing material. 18. A bituminous roofing product according to claim 7 wherein the process further comprises applying conventional colored roofing granules to the roofing material. 19. A roofing product according to claim 7 wherein the process further comprises applying a liquid binder composition to the upper surface of the roofing material after the sintered granules have been applied, the liquid binder composition being selected from the group consisting of acrylic emulsions, acrylic solutions, thermoplastic polymers, fluoropolymer emulsions, epoxy resins, UV curable resins, radiation curable resins, alkaline metal silicates, sol-gel solutions, silicone resins, and silica binders. 20. A process for forming bituminous roofing products with high solar heat reflectance, the process comprising:
(a) providing a ceramic-forming material comprising at least one aluminosilicate; (b) providing base particles comprising material thermally stable up to a temperature of at least 900 degrees Celsius; (c) applying the ceramic-forming material to the base particles to form a green coating layer on the base particles to form green granules; (d) sintering the green granules at a temperature of at least 900 degrees Celsius until the crystalline content of the coating layer of the granules is at least ten percent as determined by x-ray diffraction; (e) providing a bituminous roofing sheet material having an upper surface; and (f) applying the sintered granules in the upper surface of a bituminous roofing sheet material. | 1,700 |
1,651 | 12,667,551 | 1,761 | The invention relates to a method for modifying a polymer composition, to modified polymer compositions, to an article, preferably wire or cable, including said modified polymer composition, to a process for preparing an article, preferably a wire or cable, to the use of said modified polymer in one or more layers of a wire or cable, as well as to a compound for use as a radical generating agent for modifying a polymer composition. | 1. A polymer composition comprising
A) an unsaturated polymer, and B) a free radical generating compound
wherein the free radical forming agent is a compound of formula (I)
wherein
R1 and R1′ are each independently H, substituted or unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl; or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbyl;
wherein each of said substituted or unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl or aromatic hydrocarbyl optionally comprises one or more heteroatoms; and
wherein said substituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl or substituted aromatic hydrocarbyl comprises independently 1 to 4 substituents selected from a functional group, or saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group; or aromatic hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group;
R2, R2′, R3 and R3′ are each independently H, substituted or unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl; or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbyl;
wherein each of said substituted or unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl or aromatic hydrocarbyl optionally comprises one or more heteroatoms; and
wherein said substituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl or substituted aromatic hydrocarbyl comprises independently 1 to 4 substituents selected from a functional group, a saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group; or an aromatic hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group; or
R2 and R3 together with the carbon atom (C1) to which they are attached form an unsubstituted or substituted, saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring moiety of 3 to 14 C-atoms; unsubstituted or substituted saturated or partially unsaturated heteroring moiety of 3 to 14 ring atoms comprising 1 to 6 heteroatoms selected from O, N, P, S or Si; or unsubstituted or substituted aromatic ring moiety of 3 to 14 C-atoms optionally comprising 1 to 4 heteroatoms;
wherein said carbocyclic ring, heteroring or aromatic ring system is optionally fused with another ring system having 4 to 14 ring atoms; and
wherein said substituted carbocyclic ring, heteroring or aromatic ring system comprises 1 to 4 substituents selected independently from a functional group, saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group; or an aromatic hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group; or
R2′ and R3′ together with the carbon atom (C1′) to which they are attached form an unsubstituted or substituted saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring moiety of 3 to 14 C-atoms; unsubstituted or substituted saturated or partially unsaturated heteroring moiety of 3 to 14 ring atoms comprising 1 to 6 heteroatoms selected from O, N, P, S or Si; or unsubstituted or substituted aromatic ring moiety of 3 to 14 C-atoms optionally comprising 1 to 4 heteroatoms;
wherein said carbocyclic ring, heteroring or aromatic ring system is optionally fused with another ring system having 4 to 14 ring atoms; and
wherein said substituted carbocyclic ring, heteroring or aromatic ring system comprises 1 to 4 substituents selected independently from a functional group, a saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group; or an aromatic hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group; or
R2 and R2′ form together a bivalent substituted or unsubstituted saturated or partly unsaturated hydrocarbyl optionally containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms, wherein R2 is linked to C1 and R2′ to C1′, respectively, forming together with —C1—O—O—C1′— a substituted or unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring moiety of 3 to 14 C-atoms comprising optionally, in addition to said at least two O atoms, 1 to 4 further heteroatoms; wherein said carbocyclic ring or heteroring system is optionally fused with another ring system having 4-14 ring atoms;
or functional derivatives thereof;
with a proviso that at least two of R1, R2 and R3, and at least two of R1′, R2′ and R3′, respectively, are other than H or methyl. 2. A polymer composition as defined in claim 1 comprising
A) an unsaturated polymer, and B) a free radical generating compound
wherein the polymer composition contains carbon-carbon double bonds in an amount of at least 0.05 e.g. 0.1 or more, more preferably of 0.2 or more, and most preferably more than 0.37 carbon-carbon double bonds/1000 carbon atoms, and
wherein the free radical forming agent is a compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1. 3. A polymer composition as defined in claim 1 comprising
A) an unsaturated polymer, and B) a free radical generating compound
wherein the unsaturated polymer contains carbon-carbon double bonds in an amount of at least 0.05, e.g. 0.1 or more, more preferably of 0.2 or more, and most preferably more than 0.37 carbon-carbon double bonds/1000 carbon atoms, and
wherein the free radical forming agent is a compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1. 4. A compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1, wherein R2 and R3 together with carbon atom (C1) to which they are attached form an optionally substituted carbocyclic ring moiety of 3 to 12 ring C-atoms or an optionally substituted heteroring moiety of 3 to 12 ring atoms containing 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4, heteroatoms selected from O, N, P, S or Si, and wherein said carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system is optionally fused with another ring system having 4 to 14 ring atoms, preferably R2 and R3 together with carbon atom (C1) form a (C3-C12) carbocyclic ring moiety. 5. A compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1, wherein R2′ and R3′ together with carbon atom (C1′) to which they are attached form an optionally substituted carbocyclic ring moiety of 3 to 12 ring C-atoms or an optionally substituted heteroring moiety of 3 to 12 ring atoms containing 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4, heteroatoms selected from O, N, P, S or Si, and wherein said carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system is optionally fused with another ring system having 4 to 14 ring atoms, preferably R2′ and R3′ together with carbon atom (C1′) form a (C3-C12) carbocyclic ring moiety; 6. A compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1, wherein R2 and R3 together with carbon atom (C1) to which they are attached and/or wherein R2′ and R3′ together with carbon atom (C1′) to which they are attached form an optionally substituted, saturated or partially unsaturated mono- or bicyclic (C4-C14) carbocyclic ring, more preferably an optionally substituted, saturated monocyclic (C5-C8)carbocyclic ring. 7. A compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1, wherein the ring system formed by R2′ and R3′ together with the carbon atom (C1′) to which they are attached is same as the ring system formed by R2 and R3 together with the carbon atom (C1) to which they are attached; and
wherein R1 and R1′ each represents optionally substituted branched or straight chain, preferably unsubstituted straight chain, (C6-C30)alkyl or methyl, preferably wherein R1 and R1′ are identical. 8. A compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1,
wherein R2 and R3 together with carbon atom (C1) to which they are attached form an optionally substituted carbocyclic ring moiety of 3 to 12 ring C-atoms which is optionally fused with another ring system having 4 to 14 ring atoms, and wherein R2′ and R3′ together with carbon atom (C1′) to which they are attached form an optionally substituted carbocyclic ring moiety of 3 to 12 ring C-atoms which is optionally fused with another ring system having 4 to 14 ring atoms, and wherein the ring system formed by R2′ and R3′ together with the carbon atom (C1′) to which they are attached is the same as the ring system formed by R2 and R3 together with the carbon atom (C1) to which they are attached; and wherein R1 and R1′ each represents optionally substituted branched or straight chain, preferably unsubstituted straight chain, (C6-C30)alkyl or methyl. 9. A compound of formula (I) as claimed in claim 1, in which R1 and R1′ are same or different, preferably same, and each represents optionally substituted branched or straight chain, preferably unsubstituted straight chain, (C2-C30)alkyl, which is preferably (C6-C30)alkyl; or methyl, more preferably methyl; and
R2 and R3 together with C1 atom to which they are attached form an optionally substituted, saturated or partially unsaturated mono- or bicyclic (C4-C14)carbocyclic ring, preferably unsubstituted saturated monocyclic (C5-C8)carbocyclic ring; and R2′ and R3′ together with the carbon atom (C1′) to which they are attached form an optionally substituted, saturated or partially unsaturated mono- or bicyclic (C4-C14)carbocyclic ring, preferably unsubstituted saturated monocyclic (C5-C8)carbocyclic ring; whereby the ring system formed by R2 and R3 together with C1 is preferably identical to a ring system formed by R2′ and R3′ together with C1′. 10. A compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1, wherein R1, R2, R3, R1′, R2′ and R3′ each independently is optionally substituted mono- or multicyclic (C5-C14)aryl; optionally substituted mono- or multicyclic (C5-C14)heteroaryl; optionally substituted mono- or multicyclic (C4-C14)cycloalkyl; optionally substituted mono- or multicyclic (C4-C14)heterocyclyl; optionally substituted straight or branched chain (C1-C50)alkyl, preferably optionally substituted straight chain (C1-C30)alkyl; optionally substituted straight or branched chain (C1-C50)alkenyl or optionally substituted straight or branched chain (C1-C50)alkynyl, preferably straight chain (C1-C30)alkenyl or straight chain (C1-C30)alkynyl; optionally substituted straight or branched chain (C1-C50)heteroalkyl comprising 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from O, N, P, S or Si. 11. A compound of formula (I) as claimed in claim 10, wherein R2, R2′, R3 and R3′ are independently selected from unsubstituted straight chain (C1-C50)alkyl, preferably (C1-C30)alkyl, more preferably (C1-C20)alkyl, more preferably from C1-C12alkyl, more preferably from methyl or (C6-C12)alkyl. 12. A compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1, wherein R2 and R2′ are the same radical and, R3 and R3′ are the same radical. 13. A compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 9, wherein
R2 and R2′ are same and each represents methyl; or R2 and R2′ are same and each represents (C6-C30)alkyl. 14. A compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 10, wherein R3 and R3′ are same and each represents (C6-C30)alkyl. 15. A compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1, selected from wherein
R1 and R1′ are same or different, preferably same, and each represents optionally substituted, saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbyl of 5 to 14 ring atoms optionally containing 1 to 4 heteroring atoms selected from N, O, P, S or Si; or optionally substituted mono- or multicyclic (C5-C14)aryl, preferably unsubstituted monocyclic (C5-C7)aryl; or R1 and R1′ are same or different, preferably same, and each represents optionally substituted branched or straight chain, preferably unsubstituted straight chain, (C6-C30)alkyl or methyl. 16. A compound of formula (I) as claimed in claim 1, wherein R1 and R1′ are same and each represents methyl; and
R2 and R3 together with C1 atom to which they are attached form an optionally substituted, saturated or partially unsaturated mono- or bicyclic (C4-C14)carbocyclic ring, preferably unsubstituted saturated monocyclic (C5-C8)carbocyclic ring; and R2′ and R3′ together with the carbon atom (C1′) to which they are attached form an optionally substituted, saturated or partially unsaturated mono- or bicyclic (C4-C14)carbocyclic ring, preferably unsubstituted saturated monocyclic (C5-C8)carbocyclic ring; whereby the ring system formed by R2 and R3 together with C1 is preferably identical to a ring system formed by R2′ and R3′ together with C1′. 17. A compound as defined in claim 16 of formula (II)
wherein n is 0 to 3, and R4 and R4′ each independently represent a straight chain alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably methyl or straight chain alkyl group having 6 to 20, preferably 6 to 12, carbon atoms, more preferably methyl, and wherein one or both ring systems independently are unsubstituted or optionally substituted by 1 to 4 substituents. 18. A compound as defined in claim 10, wherein R1 and R1′ are both same and represent an optionally substituted, preferably unsubstituted, monocyclic (C5-C7)aryl;
R2 and R2′ are same and are both methyl; and R3 and R3′ are same and are both optionally substituted branched or straight chain (C6-C50)alkyl, more preferably unsubstituted straight chain (C6-C30)alkyl, such as (C6-C20)alkyl. 19. A compound as claimed in claim 18 of formula (III)
wherein Ar and Ar′ independently represent a phenyl, benzyl or naphthyl group optionally substituted by 1 to 4 substituents,
R4 and R4′ each are methyl; and
R5 and R5′ each independently represent a straight chain alkyl group having C6-30 carbon atoms, preferably 6 to 20, more preferably 6 to 12, carbon atoms. 20. A compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1, wherein said optional substitutents are each independently selected from —OH, —NR2, wherein each R is independently H or (C1-C12)alkyl, COR″, wherein R″ is i.a H, (C1-C12)alkyl or —NR2, wherein each R is as defined for —NR2, COOR″, wherein R is as defined for —COR″; halogen, such as —F, —Cl or —I; or alkoxy, saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group; or aromatic hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group. 21. A compound as claimed in claim 1 of formula (V)
wherein the compounds are selected from any of the alternatives (i) to (iii):
(i)—R1 and R1′ are each independently H, substituted or unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl;
wherein each of said substituted or unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl optionally comprises one or more heteroatoms;
wherein said substituted or unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl include (i) straight or branched chain saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyls, (ii) straight or branched chain saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyls which bear saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbyl and (iii) saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbyls;
wherein each of said saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbyl is independently a monocyclic or multicyclic ring system; and
wherein said substituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl comprise independently 1 to 4 substituents selected from a functional group, a saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group or aromatic hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group; and
R2, R2′, R3 and R3′ are each independently as defined above for R1 and R1′; or
(ii)—R1 and R1′ are each independently an optionally substituted, preferably unsubstituted, monocyclic (C5-C7)aryl, preferably phenyl,
wherein said substituted monocyclic (C5-C7)aryl comprises independently 1 to 4 substituents selected from a functional group, a saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group or aromatic hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group; and
R2 and R2′ are same and are both methyl; and
R3 and R3′ are each independently H, substituted or unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl as defined above under (i) for R1 and R1′; or
(iii) R1 and R1′ are each independently H, substituted or unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl as defined above under (i) for R1 and R1′; and
R2 and R3 together with the carbon atom (C1) to which they are attached form an unsubstituted or substituted saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring moiety of 3 to 14 C-atoms, preferably of 5 to 12 C atoms; or an unsubstituted or substituted saturated or partially unsaturated heteroring moiety of 3 to 14 ring atoms comprising 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4 heteroatoms, selected from O, N, P, S or Si;
wherein said carbocyclic ring or heteroring is optionally fused with another optionally substituted ring system having 4 to 14 ring atoms; and
wherein said substituted carbocyclic ring or heteroring system comprises 1 to 4 substituents selected independently from a functional group, or a saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group; and
R2′ and R3′ together with the carbon atom (C1′) to which they are attached form an unsubstituted or substituted saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring moiety of 3 to 14 C-atoms, preferably of 5 to 12 C atoms; an unsubstituted or substituted saturated or partially unsaturated heteroring moiety of 3 to 14 ring atoms comprising 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4 heteroatoms, selected from O, N, P, S or Si;
wherein said carbocyclic ring or heteroring system is optionally fused with another optionally substituted ring system having 4 to 14 ring atoms; and
wherein said substituted carbocyclic ring or heteroring system comprises 1 to 4 substituents selected independently from a functional group or a saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group,
with a proviso for alternatives (i) to (iii) that at least two of R1, R2 and R3, and at least two of R1′, R2′ and R3′, respectively, are other than H or methyl. 22. A compound of formula (V) as defined in claim 21, wherein the substituents R1, R2, R3, R1′, R2′ and R3′, in alternatives (i) to (iii) are as defined in any of the preceding claims 3 to 19 respectively to said alternatives (i) to (iii). 23. A compound as defined in claim 1 which is selected from any of
Di(1-methylcyclopentyl) peroxide Di-(1-methyl-1-phenylundecyl) peroxide Di-(1-methyl-1-phenylheptyl) peroxide or Di(1-methyl-cyclohexyl) peroxide. 24. A compound for use as a free radical generating agent which bears one or more moieties in its structure which are decomposable to a decomposition product in a free radical generating step, characterized in that said compound is selected from one or more of:
a compound, wherein said one or more decomposable moieties result in a CH4 content of less than 300 ppm (weight), preferably of less than 200 ppm (weight), preferably of less than 100 ppm (weight), more preferably of 0 to 50 ppm (weight), when determined according to a method as described in the description under “GC-analysis protocol”; or a compound without any such moiety that is decomposable to CH4 as said decomposition product; or any mixture thereof. 25. A compound as defined in claim 24 which is a compound according to claim 1. 26. A composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the unsaturated polymer is an unsaturated LDPE homopolymer or LDPE copolymer with one or more polyunsaturated comonomer(s), preferably one or more diene(s). 27. A polymer composition as defined in claim 1 which is in a form of (1) polymer powder, (2) polymer pellets or (3) a mixture of a polymer melt, whereby said (1) polymer powder or, preferably, (2) polymer pellets are optionally contained in a container. 28. A modified polymer composition in which the polymer composition of claim 1 is cross-linked by initiating a radical reaction in the polymer composition. 29. A process for crosslinking the polymer composition comprising initiating a radical reaction in the polymer composition as claimed in claim 1. 30. A crosslinkable cable which comprises a conductor which is surrounded by one or more layers comprising a polymer composition as claimed in claim 1. 31. A crosslinkable cable as defined in claim 30 which comprises at least an insulation layer which comprises a polymer composition as defined in claim 1. 32. A crosslinkable cable as defined in claim 30, which is selected from any of the following cables:
a low voltage cable comprising a conductor surrounded by an insulation layer and optionally a jacketing layer, wherein said insulation layer comprises a polymer composition as defined in claim 1 to 28; or a power cable comprising an electrical conductor surrounded by one or more layers comprising at least an inner semiconductive layer, insulation layer and an outer semiconductive layer, in that order, and optionally surrounded by a jacketing layer, wherein at least one of said layers comprises, a polymer composition as defined in claim 1 to 28. 33. A crosslinkable cable as defined in claim 30, which comprises at least one semiconductive layer comprising a polymer composition as defined in claim 1 to 28 34. A crosslinkable cable as defined in claim 30, which comprises a jacketing layer and optionally one or more layers selected from an insulation layer and semiconductive layer surrounded by said jacketing layer, wherein said jacketing layer comprises a polymer composition as defined in claim 1 to 28. 35. A process for producing a crosslinkable cable comprising step of applying one or more layers comprising a polymer composition on a conductor, characterized in that in said at least one layer a polymer composition as defined in claim 1 is used. 36. A process for crosslinking a cable by radical reaction, comprising:
applying one or more layers comprising a polymer composition as claimed in claim 1 on a conductor, and crosslinking by radical reaction said at least one layer. 37. The process of claim 36, wherein the crosslinked cable thus obtained is subjected to a further cooling step, wherein said crosslinked cable is cooled under pressurized conditions,
and, optionally, after said cooling step the crosslinked and cooled cable is subjected to one or more additional steps selected from:
a non-pressurized cooling step, wherein the crosslinked and cooled cable is further cooled in a cooling medium,
a recovering step, wherein the crosslinked cable is collected after the cooling step, preferably wound to a cable drum,
a degassing step, wherein the content of volatile decomposition products(s) is reduced or removed, optionally at ambient or in elevated temperature, from said crosslinked cable obtained from said cooling and optional recovery step, and/or
a finishing step, wherein the obtained crosslinked cable is finished in a conventional manner for further use. 38. A crosslinked cable obtainable by a process as defined in claim 35, preferably a crosslinked low voltage cable or a crosslinked power cable. | The invention relates to a method for modifying a polymer composition, to modified polymer compositions, to an article, preferably wire or cable, including said modified polymer composition, to a process for preparing an article, preferably a wire or cable, to the use of said modified polymer in one or more layers of a wire or cable, as well as to a compound for use as a radical generating agent for modifying a polymer composition.1. A polymer composition comprising
A) an unsaturated polymer, and B) a free radical generating compound
wherein the free radical forming agent is a compound of formula (I)
wherein
R1 and R1′ are each independently H, substituted or unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl; or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbyl;
wherein each of said substituted or unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl or aromatic hydrocarbyl optionally comprises one or more heteroatoms; and
wherein said substituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl or substituted aromatic hydrocarbyl comprises independently 1 to 4 substituents selected from a functional group, or saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group; or aromatic hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group;
R2, R2′, R3 and R3′ are each independently H, substituted or unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl; or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbyl;
wherein each of said substituted or unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl or aromatic hydrocarbyl optionally comprises one or more heteroatoms; and
wherein said substituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl or substituted aromatic hydrocarbyl comprises independently 1 to 4 substituents selected from a functional group, a saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group; or an aromatic hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group; or
R2 and R3 together with the carbon atom (C1) to which they are attached form an unsubstituted or substituted, saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring moiety of 3 to 14 C-atoms; unsubstituted or substituted saturated or partially unsaturated heteroring moiety of 3 to 14 ring atoms comprising 1 to 6 heteroatoms selected from O, N, P, S or Si; or unsubstituted or substituted aromatic ring moiety of 3 to 14 C-atoms optionally comprising 1 to 4 heteroatoms;
wherein said carbocyclic ring, heteroring or aromatic ring system is optionally fused with another ring system having 4 to 14 ring atoms; and
wherein said substituted carbocyclic ring, heteroring or aromatic ring system comprises 1 to 4 substituents selected independently from a functional group, saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group; or an aromatic hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group; or
R2′ and R3′ together with the carbon atom (C1′) to which they are attached form an unsubstituted or substituted saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring moiety of 3 to 14 C-atoms; unsubstituted or substituted saturated or partially unsaturated heteroring moiety of 3 to 14 ring atoms comprising 1 to 6 heteroatoms selected from O, N, P, S or Si; or unsubstituted or substituted aromatic ring moiety of 3 to 14 C-atoms optionally comprising 1 to 4 heteroatoms;
wherein said carbocyclic ring, heteroring or aromatic ring system is optionally fused with another ring system having 4 to 14 ring atoms; and
wherein said substituted carbocyclic ring, heteroring or aromatic ring system comprises 1 to 4 substituents selected independently from a functional group, a saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group; or an aromatic hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group; or
R2 and R2′ form together a bivalent substituted or unsubstituted saturated or partly unsaturated hydrocarbyl optionally containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms, wherein R2 is linked to C1 and R2′ to C1′, respectively, forming together with —C1—O—O—C1′— a substituted or unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring moiety of 3 to 14 C-atoms comprising optionally, in addition to said at least two O atoms, 1 to 4 further heteroatoms; wherein said carbocyclic ring or heteroring system is optionally fused with another ring system having 4-14 ring atoms;
or functional derivatives thereof;
with a proviso that at least two of R1, R2 and R3, and at least two of R1′, R2′ and R3′, respectively, are other than H or methyl. 2. A polymer composition as defined in claim 1 comprising
A) an unsaturated polymer, and B) a free radical generating compound
wherein the polymer composition contains carbon-carbon double bonds in an amount of at least 0.05 e.g. 0.1 or more, more preferably of 0.2 or more, and most preferably more than 0.37 carbon-carbon double bonds/1000 carbon atoms, and
wherein the free radical forming agent is a compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1. 3. A polymer composition as defined in claim 1 comprising
A) an unsaturated polymer, and B) a free radical generating compound
wherein the unsaturated polymer contains carbon-carbon double bonds in an amount of at least 0.05, e.g. 0.1 or more, more preferably of 0.2 or more, and most preferably more than 0.37 carbon-carbon double bonds/1000 carbon atoms, and
wherein the free radical forming agent is a compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1. 4. A compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1, wherein R2 and R3 together with carbon atom (C1) to which they are attached form an optionally substituted carbocyclic ring moiety of 3 to 12 ring C-atoms or an optionally substituted heteroring moiety of 3 to 12 ring atoms containing 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4, heteroatoms selected from O, N, P, S or Si, and wherein said carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system is optionally fused with another ring system having 4 to 14 ring atoms, preferably R2 and R3 together with carbon atom (C1) form a (C3-C12) carbocyclic ring moiety. 5. A compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1, wherein R2′ and R3′ together with carbon atom (C1′) to which they are attached form an optionally substituted carbocyclic ring moiety of 3 to 12 ring C-atoms or an optionally substituted heteroring moiety of 3 to 12 ring atoms containing 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4, heteroatoms selected from O, N, P, S or Si, and wherein said carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system is optionally fused with another ring system having 4 to 14 ring atoms, preferably R2′ and R3′ together with carbon atom (C1′) form a (C3-C12) carbocyclic ring moiety; 6. A compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1, wherein R2 and R3 together with carbon atom (C1) to which they are attached and/or wherein R2′ and R3′ together with carbon atom (C1′) to which they are attached form an optionally substituted, saturated or partially unsaturated mono- or bicyclic (C4-C14) carbocyclic ring, more preferably an optionally substituted, saturated monocyclic (C5-C8)carbocyclic ring. 7. A compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1, wherein the ring system formed by R2′ and R3′ together with the carbon atom (C1′) to which they are attached is same as the ring system formed by R2 and R3 together with the carbon atom (C1) to which they are attached; and
wherein R1 and R1′ each represents optionally substituted branched or straight chain, preferably unsubstituted straight chain, (C6-C30)alkyl or methyl, preferably wherein R1 and R1′ are identical. 8. A compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1,
wherein R2 and R3 together with carbon atom (C1) to which they are attached form an optionally substituted carbocyclic ring moiety of 3 to 12 ring C-atoms which is optionally fused with another ring system having 4 to 14 ring atoms, and wherein R2′ and R3′ together with carbon atom (C1′) to which they are attached form an optionally substituted carbocyclic ring moiety of 3 to 12 ring C-atoms which is optionally fused with another ring system having 4 to 14 ring atoms, and wherein the ring system formed by R2′ and R3′ together with the carbon atom (C1′) to which they are attached is the same as the ring system formed by R2 and R3 together with the carbon atom (C1) to which they are attached; and wherein R1 and R1′ each represents optionally substituted branched or straight chain, preferably unsubstituted straight chain, (C6-C30)alkyl or methyl. 9. A compound of formula (I) as claimed in claim 1, in which R1 and R1′ are same or different, preferably same, and each represents optionally substituted branched or straight chain, preferably unsubstituted straight chain, (C2-C30)alkyl, which is preferably (C6-C30)alkyl; or methyl, more preferably methyl; and
R2 and R3 together with C1 atom to which they are attached form an optionally substituted, saturated or partially unsaturated mono- or bicyclic (C4-C14)carbocyclic ring, preferably unsubstituted saturated monocyclic (C5-C8)carbocyclic ring; and R2′ and R3′ together with the carbon atom (C1′) to which they are attached form an optionally substituted, saturated or partially unsaturated mono- or bicyclic (C4-C14)carbocyclic ring, preferably unsubstituted saturated monocyclic (C5-C8)carbocyclic ring; whereby the ring system formed by R2 and R3 together with C1 is preferably identical to a ring system formed by R2′ and R3′ together with C1′. 10. A compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1, wherein R1, R2, R3, R1′, R2′ and R3′ each independently is optionally substituted mono- or multicyclic (C5-C14)aryl; optionally substituted mono- or multicyclic (C5-C14)heteroaryl; optionally substituted mono- or multicyclic (C4-C14)cycloalkyl; optionally substituted mono- or multicyclic (C4-C14)heterocyclyl; optionally substituted straight or branched chain (C1-C50)alkyl, preferably optionally substituted straight chain (C1-C30)alkyl; optionally substituted straight or branched chain (C1-C50)alkenyl or optionally substituted straight or branched chain (C1-C50)alkynyl, preferably straight chain (C1-C30)alkenyl or straight chain (C1-C30)alkynyl; optionally substituted straight or branched chain (C1-C50)heteroalkyl comprising 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from O, N, P, S or Si. 11. A compound of formula (I) as claimed in claim 10, wherein R2, R2′, R3 and R3′ are independently selected from unsubstituted straight chain (C1-C50)alkyl, preferably (C1-C30)alkyl, more preferably (C1-C20)alkyl, more preferably from C1-C12alkyl, more preferably from methyl or (C6-C12)alkyl. 12. A compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1, wherein R2 and R2′ are the same radical and, R3 and R3′ are the same radical. 13. A compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 9, wherein
R2 and R2′ are same and each represents methyl; or R2 and R2′ are same and each represents (C6-C30)alkyl. 14. A compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 10, wherein R3 and R3′ are same and each represents (C6-C30)alkyl. 15. A compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1, selected from wherein
R1 and R1′ are same or different, preferably same, and each represents optionally substituted, saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbyl of 5 to 14 ring atoms optionally containing 1 to 4 heteroring atoms selected from N, O, P, S or Si; or optionally substituted mono- or multicyclic (C5-C14)aryl, preferably unsubstituted monocyclic (C5-C7)aryl; or R1 and R1′ are same or different, preferably same, and each represents optionally substituted branched or straight chain, preferably unsubstituted straight chain, (C6-C30)alkyl or methyl. 16. A compound of formula (I) as claimed in claim 1, wherein R1 and R1′ are same and each represents methyl; and
R2 and R3 together with C1 atom to which they are attached form an optionally substituted, saturated or partially unsaturated mono- or bicyclic (C4-C14)carbocyclic ring, preferably unsubstituted saturated monocyclic (C5-C8)carbocyclic ring; and R2′ and R3′ together with the carbon atom (C1′) to which they are attached form an optionally substituted, saturated or partially unsaturated mono- or bicyclic (C4-C14)carbocyclic ring, preferably unsubstituted saturated monocyclic (C5-C8)carbocyclic ring; whereby the ring system formed by R2 and R3 together with C1 is preferably identical to a ring system formed by R2′ and R3′ together with C1′. 17. A compound as defined in claim 16 of formula (II)
wherein n is 0 to 3, and R4 and R4′ each independently represent a straight chain alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably methyl or straight chain alkyl group having 6 to 20, preferably 6 to 12, carbon atoms, more preferably methyl, and wherein one or both ring systems independently are unsubstituted or optionally substituted by 1 to 4 substituents. 18. A compound as defined in claim 10, wherein R1 and R1′ are both same and represent an optionally substituted, preferably unsubstituted, monocyclic (C5-C7)aryl;
R2 and R2′ are same and are both methyl; and R3 and R3′ are same and are both optionally substituted branched or straight chain (C6-C50)alkyl, more preferably unsubstituted straight chain (C6-C30)alkyl, such as (C6-C20)alkyl. 19. A compound as claimed in claim 18 of formula (III)
wherein Ar and Ar′ independently represent a phenyl, benzyl or naphthyl group optionally substituted by 1 to 4 substituents,
R4 and R4′ each are methyl; and
R5 and R5′ each independently represent a straight chain alkyl group having C6-30 carbon atoms, preferably 6 to 20, more preferably 6 to 12, carbon atoms. 20. A compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1, wherein said optional substitutents are each independently selected from —OH, —NR2, wherein each R is independently H or (C1-C12)alkyl, COR″, wherein R″ is i.a H, (C1-C12)alkyl or —NR2, wherein each R is as defined for —NR2, COOR″, wherein R is as defined for —COR″; halogen, such as —F, —Cl or —I; or alkoxy, saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group; or aromatic hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group. 21. A compound as claimed in claim 1 of formula (V)
wherein the compounds are selected from any of the alternatives (i) to (iii):
(i)—R1 and R1′ are each independently H, substituted or unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl;
wherein each of said substituted or unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl optionally comprises one or more heteroatoms;
wherein said substituted or unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl include (i) straight or branched chain saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyls, (ii) straight or branched chain saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyls which bear saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbyl and (iii) saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbyls;
wherein each of said saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbyl is independently a monocyclic or multicyclic ring system; and
wherein said substituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl comprise independently 1 to 4 substituents selected from a functional group, a saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group or aromatic hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group; and
R2, R2′, R3 and R3′ are each independently as defined above for R1 and R1′; or
(ii)—R1 and R1′ are each independently an optionally substituted, preferably unsubstituted, monocyclic (C5-C7)aryl, preferably phenyl,
wherein said substituted monocyclic (C5-C7)aryl comprises independently 1 to 4 substituents selected from a functional group, a saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group or aromatic hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group; and
R2 and R2′ are same and are both methyl; and
R3 and R3′ are each independently H, substituted or unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl as defined above under (i) for R1 and R1′; or
(iii) R1 and R1′ are each independently H, substituted or unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl as defined above under (i) for R1 and R1′; and
R2 and R3 together with the carbon atom (C1) to which they are attached form an unsubstituted or substituted saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring moiety of 3 to 14 C-atoms, preferably of 5 to 12 C atoms; or an unsubstituted or substituted saturated or partially unsaturated heteroring moiety of 3 to 14 ring atoms comprising 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4 heteroatoms, selected from O, N, P, S or Si;
wherein said carbocyclic ring or heteroring is optionally fused with another optionally substituted ring system having 4 to 14 ring atoms; and
wherein said substituted carbocyclic ring or heteroring system comprises 1 to 4 substituents selected independently from a functional group, or a saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group; and
R2′ and R3′ together with the carbon atom (C1′) to which they are attached form an unsubstituted or substituted saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring moiety of 3 to 14 C-atoms, preferably of 5 to 12 C atoms; an unsubstituted or substituted saturated or partially unsaturated heteroring moiety of 3 to 14 ring atoms comprising 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4 heteroatoms, selected from O, N, P, S or Si;
wherein said carbocyclic ring or heteroring system is optionally fused with another optionally substituted ring system having 4 to 14 ring atoms; and
wherein said substituted carbocyclic ring or heteroring system comprises 1 to 4 substituents selected independently from a functional group or a saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbyl optionally bearing a functional group,
with a proviso for alternatives (i) to (iii) that at least two of R1, R2 and R3, and at least two of R1′, R2′ and R3′, respectively, are other than H or methyl. 22. A compound of formula (V) as defined in claim 21, wherein the substituents R1, R2, R3, R1′, R2′ and R3′, in alternatives (i) to (iii) are as defined in any of the preceding claims 3 to 19 respectively to said alternatives (i) to (iii). 23. A compound as defined in claim 1 which is selected from any of
Di(1-methylcyclopentyl) peroxide Di-(1-methyl-1-phenylundecyl) peroxide Di-(1-methyl-1-phenylheptyl) peroxide or Di(1-methyl-cyclohexyl) peroxide. 24. A compound for use as a free radical generating agent which bears one or more moieties in its structure which are decomposable to a decomposition product in a free radical generating step, characterized in that said compound is selected from one or more of:
a compound, wherein said one or more decomposable moieties result in a CH4 content of less than 300 ppm (weight), preferably of less than 200 ppm (weight), preferably of less than 100 ppm (weight), more preferably of 0 to 50 ppm (weight), when determined according to a method as described in the description under “GC-analysis protocol”; or a compound without any such moiety that is decomposable to CH4 as said decomposition product; or any mixture thereof. 25. A compound as defined in claim 24 which is a compound according to claim 1. 26. A composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the unsaturated polymer is an unsaturated LDPE homopolymer or LDPE copolymer with one or more polyunsaturated comonomer(s), preferably one or more diene(s). 27. A polymer composition as defined in claim 1 which is in a form of (1) polymer powder, (2) polymer pellets or (3) a mixture of a polymer melt, whereby said (1) polymer powder or, preferably, (2) polymer pellets are optionally contained in a container. 28. A modified polymer composition in which the polymer composition of claim 1 is cross-linked by initiating a radical reaction in the polymer composition. 29. A process for crosslinking the polymer composition comprising initiating a radical reaction in the polymer composition as claimed in claim 1. 30. A crosslinkable cable which comprises a conductor which is surrounded by one or more layers comprising a polymer composition as claimed in claim 1. 31. A crosslinkable cable as defined in claim 30 which comprises at least an insulation layer which comprises a polymer composition as defined in claim 1. 32. A crosslinkable cable as defined in claim 30, which is selected from any of the following cables:
a low voltage cable comprising a conductor surrounded by an insulation layer and optionally a jacketing layer, wherein said insulation layer comprises a polymer composition as defined in claim 1 to 28; or a power cable comprising an electrical conductor surrounded by one or more layers comprising at least an inner semiconductive layer, insulation layer and an outer semiconductive layer, in that order, and optionally surrounded by a jacketing layer, wherein at least one of said layers comprises, a polymer composition as defined in claim 1 to 28. 33. A crosslinkable cable as defined in claim 30, which comprises at least one semiconductive layer comprising a polymer composition as defined in claim 1 to 28 34. A crosslinkable cable as defined in claim 30, which comprises a jacketing layer and optionally one or more layers selected from an insulation layer and semiconductive layer surrounded by said jacketing layer, wherein said jacketing layer comprises a polymer composition as defined in claim 1 to 28. 35. A process for producing a crosslinkable cable comprising step of applying one or more layers comprising a polymer composition on a conductor, characterized in that in said at least one layer a polymer composition as defined in claim 1 is used. 36. A process for crosslinking a cable by radical reaction, comprising:
applying one or more layers comprising a polymer composition as claimed in claim 1 on a conductor, and crosslinking by radical reaction said at least one layer. 37. The process of claim 36, wherein the crosslinked cable thus obtained is subjected to a further cooling step, wherein said crosslinked cable is cooled under pressurized conditions,
and, optionally, after said cooling step the crosslinked and cooled cable is subjected to one or more additional steps selected from:
a non-pressurized cooling step, wherein the crosslinked and cooled cable is further cooled in a cooling medium,
a recovering step, wherein the crosslinked cable is collected after the cooling step, preferably wound to a cable drum,
a degassing step, wherein the content of volatile decomposition products(s) is reduced or removed, optionally at ambient or in elevated temperature, from said crosslinked cable obtained from said cooling and optional recovery step, and/or
a finishing step, wherein the obtained crosslinked cable is finished in a conventional manner for further use. 38. A crosslinked cable obtainable by a process as defined in claim 35, preferably a crosslinked low voltage cable or a crosslinked power cable. | 1,700 |
1,652 | 14,683,419 | 1,783 | A coating including a structural matrix having a porosity and a solid lubricant that at least partially fills the porosity. | 1. A coating, comprising:
a structural matrix having a porosity; and a solid lubricant that at least partially fills said porosity. 2. The coating as recited in claim 1, wherein said structural matrix is reticulated. 3. The coating as recited in claim 1, wherein said porosity is between about 8%-40% open. 4. The coating as recited in claim 1, wherein said porosity is at least about 15% open. 5. The coating as recited in claim 1, wherein said structural matrix is manufactured of a nickel alloy. 6. The coating as recited in claim 5, wherein said structural matrix is about 0.03 inches thick. 7. The coating as recited in claim 1, wherein said structural matrix is manufactured of a cobalt alloy. 8. The coating as recited in claim 7, wherein said structural matrix is about 0.03 inches thick. 9. The coating as recited in claim 7, wherein said structural matrix is thermal sprayed. 10. The coating as recited in claim 9, wherein said structural matrix is between about 0.003-0.01 inches thick. 11. The coating as recited in claim 1, wherein said solid lubricant is mechanically retained within said structural matrix. 12. The coating as recited in claim 1, wherein said solid lubricant includes at least one of h-BN, CuO, ZnO, MgO, MnO2, and B2O3. 13. The coating as recited in claim 1, wherein said solid lubricant is vacuum impregnated into said structural matrix. 14. A method to manufacture a coating, comprising:
applying a structural matrix having a porosity to a substrate; and at least partially filling the porosity with a solid lubricant. 15. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein the applying includes thermal spraying. 16. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein the applying includes additive manufacturing. 17. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein the at least partially filling includes vacuum impregnation. 18. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein the at least partially filling includes forming a liquid suspension with the solid lubricant. 19. The method as recited in claim 18, further comprising applying a vacuum such that air in the pores is evacuated and replaced with the liquid suspension. 20. The method as recited in claim 19, wherein the at least partially filling includes adding a binder to the solid lubricant. | A coating including a structural matrix having a porosity and a solid lubricant that at least partially fills the porosity.1. A coating, comprising:
a structural matrix having a porosity; and a solid lubricant that at least partially fills said porosity. 2. The coating as recited in claim 1, wherein said structural matrix is reticulated. 3. The coating as recited in claim 1, wherein said porosity is between about 8%-40% open. 4. The coating as recited in claim 1, wherein said porosity is at least about 15% open. 5. The coating as recited in claim 1, wherein said structural matrix is manufactured of a nickel alloy. 6. The coating as recited in claim 5, wherein said structural matrix is about 0.03 inches thick. 7. The coating as recited in claim 1, wherein said structural matrix is manufactured of a cobalt alloy. 8. The coating as recited in claim 7, wherein said structural matrix is about 0.03 inches thick. 9. The coating as recited in claim 7, wherein said structural matrix is thermal sprayed. 10. The coating as recited in claim 9, wherein said structural matrix is between about 0.003-0.01 inches thick. 11. The coating as recited in claim 1, wherein said solid lubricant is mechanically retained within said structural matrix. 12. The coating as recited in claim 1, wherein said solid lubricant includes at least one of h-BN, CuO, ZnO, MgO, MnO2, and B2O3. 13. The coating as recited in claim 1, wherein said solid lubricant is vacuum impregnated into said structural matrix. 14. A method to manufacture a coating, comprising:
applying a structural matrix having a porosity to a substrate; and at least partially filling the porosity with a solid lubricant. 15. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein the applying includes thermal spraying. 16. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein the applying includes additive manufacturing. 17. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein the at least partially filling includes vacuum impregnation. 18. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein the at least partially filling includes forming a liquid suspension with the solid lubricant. 19. The method as recited in claim 18, further comprising applying a vacuum such that air in the pores is evacuated and replaced with the liquid suspension. 20. The method as recited in claim 19, wherein the at least partially filling includes adding a binder to the solid lubricant. | 1,700 |
1,653 | 14,288,986 | 1,741 | A substrate ion exchange system is provided for a multi-component ion exchange bath that minimizes stratification effects within the bath, along with methods of mixing such baths. The system includes a substrate having an outer region containing a plurality of substrate metal ions; an ion exchange bath with a first metal salt and a second metal salt; and a vessel for containing the ion exchange bath and the substrate. The system further includes a mixing apparatus configured to mix the bath such that the metal ion concentration associated with the first metal salt in the bath is substantially uniform within the vessel. The substrate metal ions are exchangeable with metal ions from the first and second metal salts. Further, the first and second metal salts are miscible and molten. | 1. A substrate ion exchange system, comprising:
a substrate having an outer region containing a plurality of substrate metal ions; an ion exchange bath that includes a first metal salt having a plurality of first metal ions at a first metal ion concentration and a second metal salt having a plurality of second metal ions at a second metal ion concentration; a vessel for containing the ion exchange bath and the substrate; and a mixing apparatus configured to mix the bath such that the first metal ion concentration in the bath is substantially uniform within the vessel, wherein the substrate metal ions are exchangeable with the plurality of first metal ions and the plurality of second metal ions, and further wherein the first and second metal salts are miscible and molten. 2. The substrate ion exchange system according to claim 1, wherein the mixing apparatus is further configured to increase the rate of dissolution of the first metal salt into the ion exchange bath. 3. The substrate ion exchange system according to claim 1, wherein the first and second metal salts differ in density by at least 25%. 4. The substrate ion exchange system according to claim 1, wherein the first metal salt is silver nitrate and the second metal salt is potassium nitrate. 5. The substrate ion exchange system according to claim 4, wherein the first metal ion concentration is 0.25% to 1% silver nitrate by weight. 6. The substrate ion exchange system according to claim 5, wherein the mixing apparatus is located substantially within the vessel and includes an impeller assembly. 7. The substrate ion exchange system according to claim 5, wherein the mixing apparatus is located substantially within the vessel and includes a sparging assembly. 8. The substrate ion exchange system according to claim 5, wherein the mixing apparatus is located substantially within the vessel and includes a mixing frame assembly. 9. The substrate ion exchange system according to claim 5, wherein the mixing apparatus includes a distributor basket configured to disperse the first metal salt into the bath. 10. The substrate ion exchange system according to claim 5, wherein the mixing apparatus includes an agitator assembly and a tank that are located external to the vessel, coupled to the bath and configured to mix the bath such that the first metal ion concentration in the bath is substantially uniform within the vessel. 11. The method of maintaining an ion exchange bath, comprising the steps:
providing a substrate having an outer region containing a plurality of substrate metal ions; preparing an ion exchange bath that includes a first metal salt having a plurality of first metal ions at a first metal ion concentration and a second metal salt having a plurality of second metal ions at a second metal ion concentration; providing a vessel for containing the ion exchange bath and the substrate; submersing the substrate in the ion exchange bath such that a portion of the plurality of substrate metal ions is exchanged with a portion of the plurality of first metal ions; and mixing the bath such that the first metal ion concentration in the bath is substantially uniform within the vessel, and wherein the first and second metal salts are miscible and molten. 12. The method of maintaining an ion exchange bath according to claim 11, wherein the step of mixing the bath is also conducted to increase the rate of dissolution of the first metal salt into the ion exchange bath. 13. The method of maintaining an ion exchange bath according to claim 11, wherein the first and second metal salts differ in density by at least 25%. 14. The method of maintaining an ion exchange bath according to claim 11, wherein the first metal salt is silver nitrate and the second metal salt is potassium nitrate. 15. The method of maintaining an ion exchange bath according to claim 14, wherein the first metal ion concentration is 0.25% to 1% silver nitrate by weight. 16. The method of maintaining an ion exchange bath according to claim 15, wherein the mixing step is conducted by mixing the bath with an impeller assembly. 17. The method of maintaining an ion exchange bath according to claim 15, wherein the mixing step is conducted by bubbling an inert gas through the bath with a sparging assembly. 18. The method of maintaining an ion exchange bath according to claim 15, wherein the mixing step is conducted by moving a mixing frame through the bath. 19. The method of maintaining an ion exchange bath according to claim 15, wherein the mixing step is conducted by moving a distributor basket assembly into the bath to disperse the first metal salt into the bath. 20. The method of maintaining an ion exchange bath according to claim 15, wherein the mixing step is conducted by receiving a portion of the bath in a tank located outside of the vessel and mixing the portion with an agitator assembly located within the tank. | A substrate ion exchange system is provided for a multi-component ion exchange bath that minimizes stratification effects within the bath, along with methods of mixing such baths. The system includes a substrate having an outer region containing a plurality of substrate metal ions; an ion exchange bath with a first metal salt and a second metal salt; and a vessel for containing the ion exchange bath and the substrate. The system further includes a mixing apparatus configured to mix the bath such that the metal ion concentration associated with the first metal salt in the bath is substantially uniform within the vessel. The substrate metal ions are exchangeable with metal ions from the first and second metal salts. Further, the first and second metal salts are miscible and molten.1. A substrate ion exchange system, comprising:
a substrate having an outer region containing a plurality of substrate metal ions; an ion exchange bath that includes a first metal salt having a plurality of first metal ions at a first metal ion concentration and a second metal salt having a plurality of second metal ions at a second metal ion concentration; a vessel for containing the ion exchange bath and the substrate; and a mixing apparatus configured to mix the bath such that the first metal ion concentration in the bath is substantially uniform within the vessel, wherein the substrate metal ions are exchangeable with the plurality of first metal ions and the plurality of second metal ions, and further wherein the first and second metal salts are miscible and molten. 2. The substrate ion exchange system according to claim 1, wherein the mixing apparatus is further configured to increase the rate of dissolution of the first metal salt into the ion exchange bath. 3. The substrate ion exchange system according to claim 1, wherein the first and second metal salts differ in density by at least 25%. 4. The substrate ion exchange system according to claim 1, wherein the first metal salt is silver nitrate and the second metal salt is potassium nitrate. 5. The substrate ion exchange system according to claim 4, wherein the first metal ion concentration is 0.25% to 1% silver nitrate by weight. 6. The substrate ion exchange system according to claim 5, wherein the mixing apparatus is located substantially within the vessel and includes an impeller assembly. 7. The substrate ion exchange system according to claim 5, wherein the mixing apparatus is located substantially within the vessel and includes a sparging assembly. 8. The substrate ion exchange system according to claim 5, wherein the mixing apparatus is located substantially within the vessel and includes a mixing frame assembly. 9. The substrate ion exchange system according to claim 5, wherein the mixing apparatus includes a distributor basket configured to disperse the first metal salt into the bath. 10. The substrate ion exchange system according to claim 5, wherein the mixing apparatus includes an agitator assembly and a tank that are located external to the vessel, coupled to the bath and configured to mix the bath such that the first metal ion concentration in the bath is substantially uniform within the vessel. 11. The method of maintaining an ion exchange bath, comprising the steps:
providing a substrate having an outer region containing a plurality of substrate metal ions; preparing an ion exchange bath that includes a first metal salt having a plurality of first metal ions at a first metal ion concentration and a second metal salt having a plurality of second metal ions at a second metal ion concentration; providing a vessel for containing the ion exchange bath and the substrate; submersing the substrate in the ion exchange bath such that a portion of the plurality of substrate metal ions is exchanged with a portion of the plurality of first metal ions; and mixing the bath such that the first metal ion concentration in the bath is substantially uniform within the vessel, and wherein the first and second metal salts are miscible and molten. 12. The method of maintaining an ion exchange bath according to claim 11, wherein the step of mixing the bath is also conducted to increase the rate of dissolution of the first metal salt into the ion exchange bath. 13. The method of maintaining an ion exchange bath according to claim 11, wherein the first and second metal salts differ in density by at least 25%. 14. The method of maintaining an ion exchange bath according to claim 11, wherein the first metal salt is silver nitrate and the second metal salt is potassium nitrate. 15. The method of maintaining an ion exchange bath according to claim 14, wherein the first metal ion concentration is 0.25% to 1% silver nitrate by weight. 16. The method of maintaining an ion exchange bath according to claim 15, wherein the mixing step is conducted by mixing the bath with an impeller assembly. 17. The method of maintaining an ion exchange bath according to claim 15, wherein the mixing step is conducted by bubbling an inert gas through the bath with a sparging assembly. 18. The method of maintaining an ion exchange bath according to claim 15, wherein the mixing step is conducted by moving a mixing frame through the bath. 19. The method of maintaining an ion exchange bath according to claim 15, wherein the mixing step is conducted by moving a distributor basket assembly into the bath to disperse the first metal salt into the bath. 20. The method of maintaining an ion exchange bath according to claim 15, wherein the mixing step is conducted by receiving a portion of the bath in a tank located outside of the vessel and mixing the portion with an agitator assembly located within the tank. | 1,700 |
1,654 | 14,558,234 | 1,725 | A battery module according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, a first array of battery cells along a first axis, and a second array of battery cells along a second axis. The battery cells of the first and second arrays each include axially facing walls. The battery module further includes a compression structure providing a heat exchanger. The compression structure is adjacent axially facing walls of a battery cell of the first array and a battery cell of the second array. | 1. A battery module, comprising:
a first array of battery cells along a first axis; a second array of battery cells along a second axis, the battery cells of the first and second arrays each including axially facing walls; and a compression structure providing a heat exchanger, the compression structure adjacent axially facing walls of a battery cell of the first array and a battery cell of the second array. 2. The battery module as recited in claim 1, wherein the battery module includes a base, the battery cells supported on the base. 3. The battery module as recited in claim 2, wherein the compression structure is a side compression structure extending upward from the base, the side compression structure extending along a length of the battery module. 4. The battery module as recited in claim 3, wherein the battery module includes a first side compression structure and a second side compression structure extending upward from opposed sides of the base. 5. The battery module as recited in claim 4, wherein the battery module includes a first end structure and a second end structure at opposed ends of the battery module, the first and second end structures extending between the first and second side compression structures. 6. The battery module as recited in claim 1, wherein the second axis is spaced apart from the first axis, the second axis parallel to the first axis. 7. The battery module as recited in claim 1, wherein the battery module includes third, fourth, and fifth arrays of battery cells, the compression structure adjacent axially facing walls of a battery cell of each of the third, fourth, and fifth arrays. 8. The battery module as recited in claim 1, wherein the compression structure includes a passageway for directing a fluid along the length of the battery module, the passageway including an inlet port for receiving the fluid from a fluid source and an outlet port for directing the fluid to a fluid return. 9. The battery module as recited in claim 8, wherein the compression structure includes a first longitudinal passageway portion, a second longitudinal passageway portion, and a turning portion between the first and second longitudinal passageway portions. 10. The battery module as recited in claim 9, wherein the first longitudinal passageway portion is between the inlet port and the turning portion, and wherein the second longitudinal passageway portion is between the turning portion and the outlet port. 11. A battery module, comprising:
a first array of battery cells extending along a first axis; a second array of battery cells extending along a second axis spaced apart from the first axis; and a compression structure adjacent a cell of the first array and a cell of the second array, the compression structure providing a heat exchanger. 12. The battery module as recited in claim 11, wherein the compression structure extends along a length of the battery module. 13. The battery module as recited in claim 11, wherein the compression structure includes a passageway for directing a fluid within the compression structure. 14. The battery module as recited in claim 11, wherein the compression structure includes at least one passageway for directing a fluid along the length of the battery module, the at least one passageway including an inlet port for receiving the fluid from a fluid source and an outlet port for directing the fluid to a fluid return. 15. The battery module as recited in claim 11, wherein the compression structure is a first side compression structure, and wherein the battery module includes a second side compression structure, the first and second arrays extending between the first and second side compression structures along the respective first and second axes. 16. The battery module as recited in claim 15, wherein the battery module includes a base, the battery cells supported on the base. 17. The battery module as recited in claim 16, wherein the first and second side compression structures extend upward from opposed sides of the base. 18. The battery module as recited in claim 17, wherein the battery module includes end structures extending between the first and second side compression structures. 19. A method, comprising:
establishing a flow of fluid within a passageway of a side compression structure of a battery module. 20. The method as recited in claim 19, wherein the battery module includes first and second arrays of battery cells extending along respective first and second axes, each of the battery cells including axially facing walls facing a respective one of the first and second axes, and wherein the side compression structure is adjacent axially facing walls of a battery cell of the first array and a battery cell of the second array. | A battery module according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, a first array of battery cells along a first axis, and a second array of battery cells along a second axis. The battery cells of the first and second arrays each include axially facing walls. The battery module further includes a compression structure providing a heat exchanger. The compression structure is adjacent axially facing walls of a battery cell of the first array and a battery cell of the second array.1. A battery module, comprising:
a first array of battery cells along a first axis; a second array of battery cells along a second axis, the battery cells of the first and second arrays each including axially facing walls; and a compression structure providing a heat exchanger, the compression structure adjacent axially facing walls of a battery cell of the first array and a battery cell of the second array. 2. The battery module as recited in claim 1, wherein the battery module includes a base, the battery cells supported on the base. 3. The battery module as recited in claim 2, wherein the compression structure is a side compression structure extending upward from the base, the side compression structure extending along a length of the battery module. 4. The battery module as recited in claim 3, wherein the battery module includes a first side compression structure and a second side compression structure extending upward from opposed sides of the base. 5. The battery module as recited in claim 4, wherein the battery module includes a first end structure and a second end structure at opposed ends of the battery module, the first and second end structures extending between the first and second side compression structures. 6. The battery module as recited in claim 1, wherein the second axis is spaced apart from the first axis, the second axis parallel to the first axis. 7. The battery module as recited in claim 1, wherein the battery module includes third, fourth, and fifth arrays of battery cells, the compression structure adjacent axially facing walls of a battery cell of each of the third, fourth, and fifth arrays. 8. The battery module as recited in claim 1, wherein the compression structure includes a passageway for directing a fluid along the length of the battery module, the passageway including an inlet port for receiving the fluid from a fluid source and an outlet port for directing the fluid to a fluid return. 9. The battery module as recited in claim 8, wherein the compression structure includes a first longitudinal passageway portion, a second longitudinal passageway portion, and a turning portion between the first and second longitudinal passageway portions. 10. The battery module as recited in claim 9, wherein the first longitudinal passageway portion is between the inlet port and the turning portion, and wherein the second longitudinal passageway portion is between the turning portion and the outlet port. 11. A battery module, comprising:
a first array of battery cells extending along a first axis; a second array of battery cells extending along a second axis spaced apart from the first axis; and a compression structure adjacent a cell of the first array and a cell of the second array, the compression structure providing a heat exchanger. 12. The battery module as recited in claim 11, wherein the compression structure extends along a length of the battery module. 13. The battery module as recited in claim 11, wherein the compression structure includes a passageway for directing a fluid within the compression structure. 14. The battery module as recited in claim 11, wherein the compression structure includes at least one passageway for directing a fluid along the length of the battery module, the at least one passageway including an inlet port for receiving the fluid from a fluid source and an outlet port for directing the fluid to a fluid return. 15. The battery module as recited in claim 11, wherein the compression structure is a first side compression structure, and wherein the battery module includes a second side compression structure, the first and second arrays extending between the first and second side compression structures along the respective first and second axes. 16. The battery module as recited in claim 15, wherein the battery module includes a base, the battery cells supported on the base. 17. The battery module as recited in claim 16, wherein the first and second side compression structures extend upward from opposed sides of the base. 18. The battery module as recited in claim 17, wherein the battery module includes end structures extending between the first and second side compression structures. 19. A method, comprising:
establishing a flow of fluid within a passageway of a side compression structure of a battery module. 20. The method as recited in claim 19, wherein the battery module includes first and second arrays of battery cells extending along respective first and second axes, each of the battery cells including axially facing walls facing a respective one of the first and second axes, and wherein the side compression structure is adjacent axially facing walls of a battery cell of the first array and a battery cell of the second array. | 1,700 |
1,655 | 14,434,247 | 1,765 | There is described a process for producing a free-rise polyurethane foam having a density of less than or equal to about 0.75 pcf. the the process comprises the steps of: (a) contacting: (i) an isocyanate, (ii) a first polyol comprising a first polymer chain consisting essentially of propylene oxide units and alkylene oxide units selected from ethylene oxide, butylene oxide and mixtures thereof in a weight ratio of propylene oxide units to alkylene oxide units in the range of from about 90:10 to about 25:75, the polymer chain being terminally capped with the ethylene oxide units, the first polyol having a primary hydroxyl content of at least about 70% based on the total hydroxyl content of the first polyol, (iii) water (iv) a surfactant and (v) a catalyst to form a foamable reaction mixture; and (b) expanding the foamable reaction mixture to produce the free-rise polyurethane foam. | 1. A process for producing a free-rise polyurethane foam having a density of less than or equal to about 0.75 pcf, the process comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting: (i) an isocyanate, (ii) a first polyol comprising a first polymer chain consisting essentially of propylene oxide units and alkylene oxide units selected from ethylene oxide, butylene oxide and mixtures thereof in a weight ratio of propylene oxide units to alkylene oxide units in the range of from about 90:10 to about 25:75, the polymer chain being terminally capped with the ethylene oxide units, the first polyol having a primary hydroxyl content of at least about 70% based on the total hydroxyl content of the first polyol, (iii) water (iv) a surfactant and (v) a catalyst to form a foamable reaction mixture; and (b) expanding the foamable reaction mixture to produce the free-rise polyurethane foam. 2. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the alkylene oxide units in the first polyol consist of propylene oxide. 3. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of propylene oxide units to alkylene oxide units in the first polyol is from about 90:10 to about 70:30. 4-5. (canceled) 6. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the primary hydroxyl content in the first polyol is at least about 75% based on the total hydroxyl content of the first polyol. 7-12. (canceled) 13. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the first polyol has a molecular weight in the range of from about 2,500 to about 15,000. 14-16. (canceled) 17. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the second polyol is present up to 40 weight percent of the total polyol content in the reaction mixture. 18-20. (canceled) 21. The process defined in claim 16, wherein the second polymer is present up to 20 weight percent of the total polyol content in the reaction mixture. 22. The process defined in claim 1, wherein OH functionality for polyol content in the reaction mixture is in the range of from about 2 to about 4. 23. The process defined in claim 1, wherein water is used in an amount of at least about 10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight polyol in the reaction mixture. 24-25. (canceled) 26. The process defined in claim 1, wherein water is used in an amount in the range of from about 17 parts by weight to about 35 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight polyol in the reaction mixture. 27. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the reaction mixture is substantially completely free of added CO2. 28. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the reaction mixture is substantially completely free of added organic blowing agents. 29. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the catalyst is an amine catalyst. 30. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the catalyst is used in an amount of up to about 1 part by weight per 100 parts by weight polyol in the reaction mixture. 31-32. (canceled) 33. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the catalyst is used in an amount in the range of from about 0.25 parts by weight to about 0.35 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight polyol in the reaction mixture. 34. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the isocyanate is used in an amount to provide an isocyanate index less than or equal to about 100. 35. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the isocyanate is used in an amount to provide an isocyanate index in the range of from about 45 to about 75. 36-37. (canceled) 38. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the reaction mixture further comprises a surfactant. 39. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the surfactant is used in an amount of up to about 5 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight polyol in the reaction mixture. 40-42. (canceled) 43. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the free-rise polyurethane foam has a density of in the range of from about 0.30 pcf to about 0.75 pcf. 44-47. (canceled) 48. A free-rise polyurethane foam produced by the process of claim 1. 49. A free-rise flexible polyurethane foam: (i) having a density less than or equal to about 0.75 pcf, (ii) having a low exotherm during production, and (iii) being substantially completely free of a metal catalyst. 50. The free-rise flexible polyurethane foam defined in claim 49, wherein the density is less than about 0.75 pcf. 51. The free-rise flexible polyurethane foam defined in claim 49, wherein the density is in the range from about 0.50 pcf to about 0.75 pcf. 52. The free-rise flexible polyurethane foam defined in claim 49, wherein the density is in the range from about 0.50 pcf to about 0.65 pcf. 53. The free-rise flexible polyurethane foam defined in claim 49, wherein the foam is substantially completely free of a tin catalyst. | There is described a process for producing a free-rise polyurethane foam having a density of less than or equal to about 0.75 pcf. the the process comprises the steps of: (a) contacting: (i) an isocyanate, (ii) a first polyol comprising a first polymer chain consisting essentially of propylene oxide units and alkylene oxide units selected from ethylene oxide, butylene oxide and mixtures thereof in a weight ratio of propylene oxide units to alkylene oxide units in the range of from about 90:10 to about 25:75, the polymer chain being terminally capped with the ethylene oxide units, the first polyol having a primary hydroxyl content of at least about 70% based on the total hydroxyl content of the first polyol, (iii) water (iv) a surfactant and (v) a catalyst to form a foamable reaction mixture; and (b) expanding the foamable reaction mixture to produce the free-rise polyurethane foam.1. A process for producing a free-rise polyurethane foam having a density of less than or equal to about 0.75 pcf, the process comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting: (i) an isocyanate, (ii) a first polyol comprising a first polymer chain consisting essentially of propylene oxide units and alkylene oxide units selected from ethylene oxide, butylene oxide and mixtures thereof in a weight ratio of propylene oxide units to alkylene oxide units in the range of from about 90:10 to about 25:75, the polymer chain being terminally capped with the ethylene oxide units, the first polyol having a primary hydroxyl content of at least about 70% based on the total hydroxyl content of the first polyol, (iii) water (iv) a surfactant and (v) a catalyst to form a foamable reaction mixture; and (b) expanding the foamable reaction mixture to produce the free-rise polyurethane foam. 2. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the alkylene oxide units in the first polyol consist of propylene oxide. 3. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of propylene oxide units to alkylene oxide units in the first polyol is from about 90:10 to about 70:30. 4-5. (canceled) 6. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the primary hydroxyl content in the first polyol is at least about 75% based on the total hydroxyl content of the first polyol. 7-12. (canceled) 13. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the first polyol has a molecular weight in the range of from about 2,500 to about 15,000. 14-16. (canceled) 17. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the second polyol is present up to 40 weight percent of the total polyol content in the reaction mixture. 18-20. (canceled) 21. The process defined in claim 16, wherein the second polymer is present up to 20 weight percent of the total polyol content in the reaction mixture. 22. The process defined in claim 1, wherein OH functionality for polyol content in the reaction mixture is in the range of from about 2 to about 4. 23. The process defined in claim 1, wherein water is used in an amount of at least about 10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight polyol in the reaction mixture. 24-25. (canceled) 26. The process defined in claim 1, wherein water is used in an amount in the range of from about 17 parts by weight to about 35 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight polyol in the reaction mixture. 27. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the reaction mixture is substantially completely free of added CO2. 28. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the reaction mixture is substantially completely free of added organic blowing agents. 29. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the catalyst is an amine catalyst. 30. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the catalyst is used in an amount of up to about 1 part by weight per 100 parts by weight polyol in the reaction mixture. 31-32. (canceled) 33. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the catalyst is used in an amount in the range of from about 0.25 parts by weight to about 0.35 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight polyol in the reaction mixture. 34. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the isocyanate is used in an amount to provide an isocyanate index less than or equal to about 100. 35. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the isocyanate is used in an amount to provide an isocyanate index in the range of from about 45 to about 75. 36-37. (canceled) 38. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the reaction mixture further comprises a surfactant. 39. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the surfactant is used in an amount of up to about 5 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight polyol in the reaction mixture. 40-42. (canceled) 43. The process defined in claim 1, wherein the free-rise polyurethane foam has a density of in the range of from about 0.30 pcf to about 0.75 pcf. 44-47. (canceled) 48. A free-rise polyurethane foam produced by the process of claim 1. 49. A free-rise flexible polyurethane foam: (i) having a density less than or equal to about 0.75 pcf, (ii) having a low exotherm during production, and (iii) being substantially completely free of a metal catalyst. 50. The free-rise flexible polyurethane foam defined in claim 49, wherein the density is less than about 0.75 pcf. 51. The free-rise flexible polyurethane foam defined in claim 49, wherein the density is in the range from about 0.50 pcf to about 0.75 pcf. 52. The free-rise flexible polyurethane foam defined in claim 49, wherein the density is in the range from about 0.50 pcf to about 0.65 pcf. 53. The free-rise flexible polyurethane foam defined in claim 49, wherein the foam is substantially completely free of a tin catalyst. | 1,700 |
1,656 | 14,196,741 | 1,794 | A stinger for a cathodic arc vapor deposition system includes a head with a reduced area contact interface. | 1. A stinger for a cathodic arc vapor deposition system comprising:
a head with a reduced area contact interface. 2. The stinger as recited in claim 1, wherein said reduced area contact interface defines a ring in cross-section. 3. The stinger as recited in claim 1, wherein said reduced area contact interface defines a button in cross-section. 4. The stinger as recited in claim 1, wherein said reduced area contact interface includes an air gap. 5. The stinger as recited in claim 4, wherein said reduced area contact interface includes an inner wall spaced from an outer wall, said outer wall is operable to define an effective contact area a cathode. 6. The stinger as recited in claim 1, wherein said head is manufactured of a copper alloy. 7. The stinger as recited in claim 1, wherein said head is water-cooled. 8. The stinger as recited in claim 1, wherein said head defines a first cross-sectional area, said reduced area contact interface defines a second cross-sectional area less than said first cross-sectional area. 9. The stinger as recited in claim 1, wherein said head is circular in cross-section. 10. The stinger as recited in claim 1, wherein said reduced area contact interface is operable to contact a cathode. 11. A cathodic arc vapor deposition system comprising:
a fixed support; and a contactor with a reduced area contact interface to retain a cathode between said fixed support and said reduced area contact interface. 12. The system as recited in claim 11, wherein said reduced area contact interface is manufactured of a copper alloy and said fixed support is manufactured of a stainless steel with isolative layers. 13. The system as recited in claim 11, wherein said contactor is water-cooled. 14. The system as recited in claim 11, wherein said reduced area contact interface defines a ring in cross-section. 15. The system as recited in claim 11, wherein said reduced area contact interface defines a button in cross-section. 16. The system as recited in claim 11, wherein said reduced area contact interface includes an air gap. 17. A method of cathodic arc vapor deposition comprising:
retaining a cathode with a reduced area contact interface that extends from a head of a contactor. 18. The method as recited in claim 17, further comprising:
water-cooling the head. 19. The method as recited in claim 17, further comprising:
retaining the cathode between the reduced area contact interface and a fixed support | A stinger for a cathodic arc vapor deposition system includes a head with a reduced area contact interface.1. A stinger for a cathodic arc vapor deposition system comprising:
a head with a reduced area contact interface. 2. The stinger as recited in claim 1, wherein said reduced area contact interface defines a ring in cross-section. 3. The stinger as recited in claim 1, wherein said reduced area contact interface defines a button in cross-section. 4. The stinger as recited in claim 1, wherein said reduced area contact interface includes an air gap. 5. The stinger as recited in claim 4, wherein said reduced area contact interface includes an inner wall spaced from an outer wall, said outer wall is operable to define an effective contact area a cathode. 6. The stinger as recited in claim 1, wherein said head is manufactured of a copper alloy. 7. The stinger as recited in claim 1, wherein said head is water-cooled. 8. The stinger as recited in claim 1, wherein said head defines a first cross-sectional area, said reduced area contact interface defines a second cross-sectional area less than said first cross-sectional area. 9. The stinger as recited in claim 1, wherein said head is circular in cross-section. 10. The stinger as recited in claim 1, wherein said reduced area contact interface is operable to contact a cathode. 11. A cathodic arc vapor deposition system comprising:
a fixed support; and a contactor with a reduced area contact interface to retain a cathode between said fixed support and said reduced area contact interface. 12. The system as recited in claim 11, wherein said reduced area contact interface is manufactured of a copper alloy and said fixed support is manufactured of a stainless steel with isolative layers. 13. The system as recited in claim 11, wherein said contactor is water-cooled. 14. The system as recited in claim 11, wherein said reduced area contact interface defines a ring in cross-section. 15. The system as recited in claim 11, wherein said reduced area contact interface defines a button in cross-section. 16. The system as recited in claim 11, wherein said reduced area contact interface includes an air gap. 17. A method of cathodic arc vapor deposition comprising:
retaining a cathode with a reduced area contact interface that extends from a head of a contactor. 18. The method as recited in claim 17, further comprising:
water-cooling the head. 19. The method as recited in claim 17, further comprising:
retaining the cathode between the reduced area contact interface and a fixed support | 1,700 |
1,657 | 14,517,640 | 1,748 | Apparatuses and methods based thereon are provided for mixing utilizing mixer inserts. A mixer insert may comprise an enclosing component adapted for application to an opening in a container to which the mixer insert is applied, to enclose a space in the container. The mixer insert may further comprise one or more mixing components, adapted to fit within the enclosed space when the enclosing component is applied to the opening in the container, with the one or more mixing components being configured to mix material placed within the enclosed space when the combination of the container and the mixer insert is subject to particular force or movement. | 1. A apparatus, comprising:
a mixer insert that comprises:
an enclosing component adapted for application to an opening in a container to which the mixer insert is applied, to enclose a space in the container; and
one or more mixing components, adapted to fit within the enclosed space when the enclosing component is applied to the opening in the container, wherein the one or more mixing components are configured to mix material placed within the enclosed space when the combination of the container and the mixer insert is subject to particular force or movement. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the force or movement comprises rolling the combination of the container and the mixer insert along a particular rolling axis. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the force or movement comprises rotating the combination of the container and the mixer insert back and forth, around a particular rotation axis. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the container comprises a cylindrical shaped object, opened at one circular end and closed on an opposite circular end; and the enclosing component comprises a circular shaped section that is adapted for application to the open circular. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the one or more mixing components comprises a blade. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the blade is twisted along the length of the blade. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, comprising one or more securing components for securing the mixer insert to the container. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the one or more securing components are incorporated into the mixer insert. 9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein each of the one or more securing components comprises a clamp or a clip based component. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, comprising a handling component adapted for enabling handling of the combination of the container and the mixer insert. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the handling component is incorporated into or attached to the mixer insert itself. 12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the handling component is configured to enable or support the application of the particular force or movement when mixing the material placed within the enclosed space. 13. A mixer insert, comprising:
an enclosing component adapted for application to an opening in a container to which the mixer insert is applied, to enclose a space in the container; and one or more mixing components, adapted to fit within the enclosed space when the enclosing component is applied to the opening in the container; wherein the one or more mixing components are configured to mix material placed within the enclosed space when the combination of the container and the mixer insert is subject to particular force or movement. 14. The mixer insert of claim 13, wherein the enclosing component comprises a circular shaped section that is adapted for application to containers having circular openings. 15. The mixer insert of claim 13, wherein each of the one or more mixing components comprises a blade. 16. The mixer insert of claim 15, wherein the blade is twisted along the length of the blade. 17. The mixer insert of claim 13, comprising one or more securing components for securing the mixer insert to the container. 18. The mixer insert of claim 17, wherein each of the one or more securing components comprises a clamp or a clip based component. 19. The mixer insert of claim 13, comprising a handling component adapted for enabling handling of the combination of the container and the mixer insert. 20. The mixer insert of claim 19, wherein the handling component is configured to enable or support the application of the particular force or movement when mixing the material placed within the enclosed space. | Apparatuses and methods based thereon are provided for mixing utilizing mixer inserts. A mixer insert may comprise an enclosing component adapted for application to an opening in a container to which the mixer insert is applied, to enclose a space in the container. The mixer insert may further comprise one or more mixing components, adapted to fit within the enclosed space when the enclosing component is applied to the opening in the container, with the one or more mixing components being configured to mix material placed within the enclosed space when the combination of the container and the mixer insert is subject to particular force or movement.1. A apparatus, comprising:
a mixer insert that comprises:
an enclosing component adapted for application to an opening in a container to which the mixer insert is applied, to enclose a space in the container; and
one or more mixing components, adapted to fit within the enclosed space when the enclosing component is applied to the opening in the container, wherein the one or more mixing components are configured to mix material placed within the enclosed space when the combination of the container and the mixer insert is subject to particular force or movement. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the force or movement comprises rolling the combination of the container and the mixer insert along a particular rolling axis. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the force or movement comprises rotating the combination of the container and the mixer insert back and forth, around a particular rotation axis. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the container comprises a cylindrical shaped object, opened at one circular end and closed on an opposite circular end; and the enclosing component comprises a circular shaped section that is adapted for application to the open circular. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the one or more mixing components comprises a blade. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the blade is twisted along the length of the blade. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, comprising one or more securing components for securing the mixer insert to the container. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the one or more securing components are incorporated into the mixer insert. 9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein each of the one or more securing components comprises a clamp or a clip based component. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, comprising a handling component adapted for enabling handling of the combination of the container and the mixer insert. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the handling component is incorporated into or attached to the mixer insert itself. 12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the handling component is configured to enable or support the application of the particular force or movement when mixing the material placed within the enclosed space. 13. A mixer insert, comprising:
an enclosing component adapted for application to an opening in a container to which the mixer insert is applied, to enclose a space in the container; and one or more mixing components, adapted to fit within the enclosed space when the enclosing component is applied to the opening in the container; wherein the one or more mixing components are configured to mix material placed within the enclosed space when the combination of the container and the mixer insert is subject to particular force or movement. 14. The mixer insert of claim 13, wherein the enclosing component comprises a circular shaped section that is adapted for application to containers having circular openings. 15. The mixer insert of claim 13, wherein each of the one or more mixing components comprises a blade. 16. The mixer insert of claim 15, wherein the blade is twisted along the length of the blade. 17. The mixer insert of claim 13, comprising one or more securing components for securing the mixer insert to the container. 18. The mixer insert of claim 17, wherein each of the one or more securing components comprises a clamp or a clip based component. 19. The mixer insert of claim 13, comprising a handling component adapted for enabling handling of the combination of the container and the mixer insert. 20. The mixer insert of claim 19, wherein the handling component is configured to enable or support the application of the particular force or movement when mixing the material placed within the enclosed space. | 1,700 |
1,658 | 14,192,416 | 1,711 | A device for removing liquid from a surface of a disc-like article comprises a spin chuck for holding and rotating a single disc-like article about an axis of rotation and a liquid dispenser for dispensing liquid onto the disc-like article. A first gas dispenser comprises at least one nozzle with at least one orifice for blowing gas onto the disc-like article, and a second gas dispenser comprises at least one nozzle with at least one orifice for blowing gas onto the disc-like article. A rotary arm moves the liquid dispenser and the second gas dispenser across the disc-like article so that the second gas dispenser and the liquid dispenser move to a point in a peripheral region of the spin chuck. The at least one nozzle of the second gas dispenser is elongated along a first horizontal line that defines an angle α of 5-20° relative to a second horizontal line connecting the center of the second gas dispenser and the rotation axis of the rotary arm. | 1. Device for removing liquid from a surface of a disc-like article, comprising a spin chuck for holding and rotating a single disc-like article about an axis of rotation, a liquid dispenser for dispensing liquid onto the disc-like article, a first gas dispenser comprising at least one nozzle with at least one orifice for blowing gas onto the disc-like article, a second gas dispenser comprising at least one nozzle with at least one orifice for blowing gas onto the disc-like article, a rotary arm for moving the liquid dispenser and the second gas dispenser across the disc-like article so that the second gas dispenser and the liquid dispenser move to a point in a peripheral region of the spin chuck, wherein the at least one nozzle of the second gas dispenser is elongated along a first horizontal line, said first horizontal line defining an angle α of 5-20° relative to a second horizontal line connecting the center of the second gas dispenser and the rotation axis of the rotary arm. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein said angle α is in a range from /2−3° to /2+3°, wherein is a range of angular movement of the rotary arm from a center of the spin chuck to a periphery of the spin chuck. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid dispenser and the first gas dispenser are aligned along a third horizontal line that is perpendicular to said second horizontal line. 4. The device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid dispenser, the first gas dispenser and the second gas dispenser are integrated into a multi-nozzle head mounted at a distal end of the rotary arm. 5. The device according to claim 1, wherein a sum of cross-sectional areas of the orifice(s) of the first gas dispenser is smaller than a sum of cross-sectional areas of the orifice(s) of the second gas dispenser. 6. The device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid dispenser and the second gas dispenser are positioned on the rotary arm so that the second gas dispenser follows the liquid dispenser as the liquid dispenser and the second gas dispenser are moved across the disc-like article. 7. The device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid dispenser and the first gas dispenser are positioned on the rotary arm so that the first gas dispenser follows the liquid dispenser as the liquid dispenser and the first gas dispenser are moved across the disc-like article. 8. The device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one orifice of the second gas dispenser is slit-shaped and elongated along said first horizontal line. 9. The device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one orifice of the second gas dispenser comprises two slit-shaped orifices, each of which is elongated along said first horizontal line. 10. The device according to claim 9, wherein said two slit-shaped orifices are aligned along said first horizontal line. 11. The device according to claim 1, wherein an outlet orifice of said liquid dispenser and said at least one orifice of said first gas dispenser are aligned along a third horizontal line, and wherein said first horizontal line forms an oblique angle with said third horizontal line. 12. The device according to claim 1, wherein said angle α is 8-15°, preferably 9-13° and more preferably 11°. 13. The device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one orifice of the second gas dispenser comprises two orifices, neither of which is elongated along said first horizontal line, said two orifices being aligned along said first horizontal line. 14. The device according to claim 1, wherein said rotary arm is configured to rotate about a vertical axis parallel to and offset from the axis of rotation of said spin chuck, so as to move said second gas dispenser along an arcuate path from the axis of rotation of said spin chuck to said point, and wherein, when said second gas dispenser is positioned at said point, said first horizontal line is substantially perpendicular to the radius of a circle centered on the axis of rotation of said spin chuck that passes through said point. 15. The device according to claim 1, wherein said first horizontal line forms an angle with a radius of rotation of said spin chuck that changes continuously as said second gas dispenser is moved across said spin chuck. 16. A method for removing liquid from a surface of a disc-like article, comprising:
rotating the disc-like article about an axis perpendicular to the disc-like article's main surface; supplying liquid onto the disc-like article when rotated, wherein the liquid is supplied from a supply port, which is moved across the substrate along an arcuate path beginning at or before a center and extending to a point in an edge region of the disc-like article; supplying a first gas flow through a first gas supply port onto the disc-like article; and supplying a second gas flow through a second gas supply port onto the disc-like article when rotated, wherein the second gas flow is supplied from a second gas supply port that is elongated along a first horizontal line, the first horizontal line defining an angle α of 5-20° with a second horizontal line connecting the center of the second gas dispenser and the rotation axis of the rotary arm. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein said supplying of the second gas flow starts after the first gas flow has started. 18. The method according to claim 16, wherein the second gas flow is started when an outer edge of the second gas supply port is at a distance to the center of the rotational movement of at least 20 mm. 19. The method according to claim 16, wherein the gas velocity v1 of the first gas flow is minimum 3 m/s. 20. The method according to claim 16, wherein a substance decreasing the surface tension of a removing liquid is applied either through the removing liquid or through at least the second gas flow or through both the removing liquid and at least the second gas flow. | A device for removing liquid from a surface of a disc-like article comprises a spin chuck for holding and rotating a single disc-like article about an axis of rotation and a liquid dispenser for dispensing liquid onto the disc-like article. A first gas dispenser comprises at least one nozzle with at least one orifice for blowing gas onto the disc-like article, and a second gas dispenser comprises at least one nozzle with at least one orifice for blowing gas onto the disc-like article. A rotary arm moves the liquid dispenser and the second gas dispenser across the disc-like article so that the second gas dispenser and the liquid dispenser move to a point in a peripheral region of the spin chuck. The at least one nozzle of the second gas dispenser is elongated along a first horizontal line that defines an angle α of 5-20° relative to a second horizontal line connecting the center of the second gas dispenser and the rotation axis of the rotary arm.1. Device for removing liquid from a surface of a disc-like article, comprising a spin chuck for holding and rotating a single disc-like article about an axis of rotation, a liquid dispenser for dispensing liquid onto the disc-like article, a first gas dispenser comprising at least one nozzle with at least one orifice for blowing gas onto the disc-like article, a second gas dispenser comprising at least one nozzle with at least one orifice for blowing gas onto the disc-like article, a rotary arm for moving the liquid dispenser and the second gas dispenser across the disc-like article so that the second gas dispenser and the liquid dispenser move to a point in a peripheral region of the spin chuck, wherein the at least one nozzle of the second gas dispenser is elongated along a first horizontal line, said first horizontal line defining an angle α of 5-20° relative to a second horizontal line connecting the center of the second gas dispenser and the rotation axis of the rotary arm. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein said angle α is in a range from /2−3° to /2+3°, wherein is a range of angular movement of the rotary arm from a center of the spin chuck to a periphery of the spin chuck. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid dispenser and the first gas dispenser are aligned along a third horizontal line that is perpendicular to said second horizontal line. 4. The device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid dispenser, the first gas dispenser and the second gas dispenser are integrated into a multi-nozzle head mounted at a distal end of the rotary arm. 5. The device according to claim 1, wherein a sum of cross-sectional areas of the orifice(s) of the first gas dispenser is smaller than a sum of cross-sectional areas of the orifice(s) of the second gas dispenser. 6. The device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid dispenser and the second gas dispenser are positioned on the rotary arm so that the second gas dispenser follows the liquid dispenser as the liquid dispenser and the second gas dispenser are moved across the disc-like article. 7. The device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid dispenser and the first gas dispenser are positioned on the rotary arm so that the first gas dispenser follows the liquid dispenser as the liquid dispenser and the first gas dispenser are moved across the disc-like article. 8. The device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one orifice of the second gas dispenser is slit-shaped and elongated along said first horizontal line. 9. The device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one orifice of the second gas dispenser comprises two slit-shaped orifices, each of which is elongated along said first horizontal line. 10. The device according to claim 9, wherein said two slit-shaped orifices are aligned along said first horizontal line. 11. The device according to claim 1, wherein an outlet orifice of said liquid dispenser and said at least one orifice of said first gas dispenser are aligned along a third horizontal line, and wherein said first horizontal line forms an oblique angle with said third horizontal line. 12. The device according to claim 1, wherein said angle α is 8-15°, preferably 9-13° and more preferably 11°. 13. The device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one orifice of the second gas dispenser comprises two orifices, neither of which is elongated along said first horizontal line, said two orifices being aligned along said first horizontal line. 14. The device according to claim 1, wherein said rotary arm is configured to rotate about a vertical axis parallel to and offset from the axis of rotation of said spin chuck, so as to move said second gas dispenser along an arcuate path from the axis of rotation of said spin chuck to said point, and wherein, when said second gas dispenser is positioned at said point, said first horizontal line is substantially perpendicular to the radius of a circle centered on the axis of rotation of said spin chuck that passes through said point. 15. The device according to claim 1, wherein said first horizontal line forms an angle with a radius of rotation of said spin chuck that changes continuously as said second gas dispenser is moved across said spin chuck. 16. A method for removing liquid from a surface of a disc-like article, comprising:
rotating the disc-like article about an axis perpendicular to the disc-like article's main surface; supplying liquid onto the disc-like article when rotated, wherein the liquid is supplied from a supply port, which is moved across the substrate along an arcuate path beginning at or before a center and extending to a point in an edge region of the disc-like article; supplying a first gas flow through a first gas supply port onto the disc-like article; and supplying a second gas flow through a second gas supply port onto the disc-like article when rotated, wherein the second gas flow is supplied from a second gas supply port that is elongated along a first horizontal line, the first horizontal line defining an angle α of 5-20° with a second horizontal line connecting the center of the second gas dispenser and the rotation axis of the rotary arm. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein said supplying of the second gas flow starts after the first gas flow has started. 18. The method according to claim 16, wherein the second gas flow is started when an outer edge of the second gas supply port is at a distance to the center of the rotational movement of at least 20 mm. 19. The method according to claim 16, wherein the gas velocity v1 of the first gas flow is minimum 3 m/s. 20. The method according to claim 16, wherein a substance decreasing the surface tension of a removing liquid is applied either through the removing liquid or through at least the second gas flow or through both the removing liquid and at least the second gas flow. | 1,700 |
1,659 | 13,862,184 | 1,799 | Enzyme-based diagnostic testing systems for detecting and quantifying at least one of the activity level or the concentration of an enzyme or a biochemical analyte in a biological sample. Such enzyme-based diagnostic testing systems can provide rapid, accurate, affordable laboratory-quality testing at the point of care. An enzyme-based diagnostic testing system may include a lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette that is configured for assaying an amount or activity of an enzyme in a sample or for enzymatically determining the concentration of an enzyme substrate in a sample. Additionally, the enzyme-based diagnostic testing systems may include testing devices (e.g., a smartphone or a similar remote computing device) having data collection and data analysis capabilities. Such testing devices may also include automated data reporting and decision support. | 1. An enzyme-based assay system, comprising:
a lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette having an enzymatically activated detectable label configured for assaying a reaction involving an enzyme and a substrate, the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette including a sample application zone in fluid communication with a test zone via a fluid transport matrix, wherein the enzymatically activated detectable label is immobilized in the test zone; a testing device that includes data collection and data analysis capabilities, the testing device including:
a testing apparatus configured to interface with the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette and position the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette in proximity to a light source and exclude external light and/or control illumination of the chromatographic assay cassette;
the light source being capable of transmitting at least one wavelength of light configured to yield a detectable signal from the enzymatically activated detectable label; and
a detector is positioned to capture the detectable signal from the enzymatically activated detectable label; and
an interpretive algorithm stored in a computer readable format and electronically coupled to the testing device, wherein the interpretive algorithm is configured to convert the detectable signal from the enzymatically activated detectable label to a numerical value for quantification of at least one of the amount or the activity of at least one enzyme in the sample or the amount of an enzyme substrate in the sample. 2. The enzyme-based assay system of claim 1, wherein enzyme is in a mobile phase and the substrate comprises a line of material immobilized in the test zone perpendicular to a flow direction through the fluid transport matrix. 3. The enzyme-based assay system of claim 1, wherein the enzymatically activated detectable label is coupled to the substrate and is cleavable in response to enzymatic cleavage of the substrate. 4. The enzyme-based assay system of claim 3, wherein quantification of the amount or the activity of the at least one enzyme in the sample includes a measurement of a loss of the enzymatically activated detectable label from the substrate as a function of time. 5. The enzyme-based assay system of claim 1, wherein the enzymatically activated detectable label is configured to develop a detectable signal in response to enzymatic cleavage of the substrate, and wherein the enzyme and the enzymatically activated detectable label are immobilized to the fluid transport matrix and the substrate is in a mobile phase. 6. The enzyme-based assay system of claim 1, wherein a product of enzymatic cleavage of the substrate interacts with a reporter to yield the enzymatically activated detectable signal. 7. The enzyme-based assay system of claim 1, wherein a product of enzymatic cleavage of the substrate is linked to development of the enzymatically activated detectable signal from a reporter through at least one additional enzymatic reaction. 8. The enzyme-based assay system of claim 7, wherein the at least one additional enzymatic reaction yields a product that interacts with the reporter to yield the enzymatically activated detectable signal. 9. The enzyme-based assay system of claim 1, wherein:
the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette further includes means for calibrating a response of the enzymatically activated detectable label to a reaction between the enzyme and the substrate, and the interpretive algorithm is further configured to (i) calculate a calibration curve and then (ii) convert the detectable signal from the enzymatically activated detectable label to a numerical value for quantification of the amount or the activity of at least one enzyme in the sample. 10. The enzyme-based assay system of claim 9, wherein the means includes a lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette that includes at least a first calibration standard and a second calibration standard configured to provide at least a two-point calibration curve. 11. The enzyme-based assay system of claim 9, wherein the means includes a lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette that includes a test strip and a separate calibration strip cassette, wherein the calibration strip includes an enzymatically activated detectable signal configured to provide a known response to a known amount of the enzyme. 12. The diagnostic test system of claim 1, wherein the testing device is selected from the group consisting of a digital camera device, a cellular phone, a smart phone, and a tablet computer. 13. The diagnostic test system of claim 1, wherein the light source is at least one of a camera flash, an autofocus illuminator, ambient light, sunlight, an LED light, an incandescent lamp, or a gas-discharge lamp. 14. The diagnostic test system of claim 13, wherein at least one focusing lens is interposed between the light source, the detector, and the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette. 15. The diagnostic test system of claim 13, wherein at least one wavelength filter is interposed between the light source and the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette. 16. The diagnostic test system of claim 13, wherein at least one light conducting fiber is interposed between the light source and the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette. 17. The diagnostic test system of claim 1, wherein the enzymatically activated detectable label includes at least one of colored beads, colloidal gold, colloidal silver, dyes, fluorescent dyes, an electrochemical detector, a conductivity detector, or quantum dots. 18. The diagnostic test system of claim 1, wherein the detectable signal includes at least one of emission, color intensity, reflectance, diffuse scattering, elastic light scattering, transmission, fluorescence, surface plasmon detection, Rayleigh scattering, electrochemical detection, conductivity, transmission, absorbance, magnetic, or acoustic. 19. A method, comprising:
providing a lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette having an enzymatically activated detectable label configured for assaying an enzymatic reaction involving an enzyme and a substrate and for quantification of at least one of the enzyme or the substrate, the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette including a sample application zone in fluid communication with a test zone via a fluid transport matrix, wherein the enzymatically activated detectable label is immobilized in the test zone; providing a testing device that includes data collection and data analysis capabilities, the testing device including:
a testing apparatus configured to interface with the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette and position the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette in proximity to a light source;
the light source being capable of transmitting at least one wavelength of light configured to yield a detectable signal from the enzymatically activated detectable label; and
a detector is positioned to capture the detectable signal from the enzymatically activated detectable label; applying a liquid sample to the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette, wherein the liquid sample includes at least one enzyme; inserting the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette into the testing apparatus; illuminating the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette to yield a detectable signal from the enzymatically activated detectable label;; and querying an interpretive algorithm stored in a computer readable format and electronically coupled to the testing device, wherein the interpretive algorithm is configured convert the detectable signal from the enzymatically activated detectable label to a numerical value for quantification of at least one of the amount or the activity of at least one enzyme in the sample or the amount of an enzyme substrate in the sample. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the enzymatically activated detectable label is coupled to the substrate and is cleavable in response to enzymatic cleavage of the substrate, and the method further comprises:
illuminating the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette to yield a first detectable signal from the enzymatically activated detectable label; allowing enzymatic cleavage of the enzymatically activated detectable label from the substrate to proceed for a period of time; illuminating the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette to yield a second detectable signal from the enzymatically activated detectable label, wherein the second detectable signal is reduced relative to the first detectable signal in proportion to the concentration or activity of the enzyme in the liquid sample. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the enzymatically activated detectable label is configured to develop a detectable signal in response to enzymatic cleavage of the substrate, and wherein the enzyme and the enzymatically activated detectable label are immobilized to the fluid transport matrix and the substrate is in a mobile phase. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein a product of enzymatic cleavage of the substrate interacts with the reporter to yield the enzymatically activated detectable signal. 23. The method of claim 19, wherein a product of enzymatic cleavage of the substrate is linked development of the enzymatically activated detectable signal from the reporter through at least one additional enzymatic reaction. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the at least one additional enzymatic reaction yields a product that interacts with the reporter to yield the enzymatically activated detectable signal. 25. The method of claim 19, wherein:
the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette further includes means for calibrating a response of the enzymatically activated detectable label to a reaction between the enzyme and the substrate, and the interpretive algorithm is further configured for (i) calculating a calibration curve and then (ii) converting the detectable signal from the enzymatically activated detectable label to a numerical value for quantification of the amount or the activity of at least one enzyme in the sample. | Enzyme-based diagnostic testing systems for detecting and quantifying at least one of the activity level or the concentration of an enzyme or a biochemical analyte in a biological sample. Such enzyme-based diagnostic testing systems can provide rapid, accurate, affordable laboratory-quality testing at the point of care. An enzyme-based diagnostic testing system may include a lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette that is configured for assaying an amount or activity of an enzyme in a sample or for enzymatically determining the concentration of an enzyme substrate in a sample. Additionally, the enzyme-based diagnostic testing systems may include testing devices (e.g., a smartphone or a similar remote computing device) having data collection and data analysis capabilities. Such testing devices may also include automated data reporting and decision support.1. An enzyme-based assay system, comprising:
a lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette having an enzymatically activated detectable label configured for assaying a reaction involving an enzyme and a substrate, the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette including a sample application zone in fluid communication with a test zone via a fluid transport matrix, wherein the enzymatically activated detectable label is immobilized in the test zone; a testing device that includes data collection and data analysis capabilities, the testing device including:
a testing apparatus configured to interface with the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette and position the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette in proximity to a light source and exclude external light and/or control illumination of the chromatographic assay cassette;
the light source being capable of transmitting at least one wavelength of light configured to yield a detectable signal from the enzymatically activated detectable label; and
a detector is positioned to capture the detectable signal from the enzymatically activated detectable label; and
an interpretive algorithm stored in a computer readable format and electronically coupled to the testing device, wherein the interpretive algorithm is configured to convert the detectable signal from the enzymatically activated detectable label to a numerical value for quantification of at least one of the amount or the activity of at least one enzyme in the sample or the amount of an enzyme substrate in the sample. 2. The enzyme-based assay system of claim 1, wherein enzyme is in a mobile phase and the substrate comprises a line of material immobilized in the test zone perpendicular to a flow direction through the fluid transport matrix. 3. The enzyme-based assay system of claim 1, wherein the enzymatically activated detectable label is coupled to the substrate and is cleavable in response to enzymatic cleavage of the substrate. 4. The enzyme-based assay system of claim 3, wherein quantification of the amount or the activity of the at least one enzyme in the sample includes a measurement of a loss of the enzymatically activated detectable label from the substrate as a function of time. 5. The enzyme-based assay system of claim 1, wherein the enzymatically activated detectable label is configured to develop a detectable signal in response to enzymatic cleavage of the substrate, and wherein the enzyme and the enzymatically activated detectable label are immobilized to the fluid transport matrix and the substrate is in a mobile phase. 6. The enzyme-based assay system of claim 1, wherein a product of enzymatic cleavage of the substrate interacts with a reporter to yield the enzymatically activated detectable signal. 7. The enzyme-based assay system of claim 1, wherein a product of enzymatic cleavage of the substrate is linked to development of the enzymatically activated detectable signal from a reporter through at least one additional enzymatic reaction. 8. The enzyme-based assay system of claim 7, wherein the at least one additional enzymatic reaction yields a product that interacts with the reporter to yield the enzymatically activated detectable signal. 9. The enzyme-based assay system of claim 1, wherein:
the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette further includes means for calibrating a response of the enzymatically activated detectable label to a reaction between the enzyme and the substrate, and the interpretive algorithm is further configured to (i) calculate a calibration curve and then (ii) convert the detectable signal from the enzymatically activated detectable label to a numerical value for quantification of the amount or the activity of at least one enzyme in the sample. 10. The enzyme-based assay system of claim 9, wherein the means includes a lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette that includes at least a first calibration standard and a second calibration standard configured to provide at least a two-point calibration curve. 11. The enzyme-based assay system of claim 9, wherein the means includes a lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette that includes a test strip and a separate calibration strip cassette, wherein the calibration strip includes an enzymatically activated detectable signal configured to provide a known response to a known amount of the enzyme. 12. The diagnostic test system of claim 1, wherein the testing device is selected from the group consisting of a digital camera device, a cellular phone, a smart phone, and a tablet computer. 13. The diagnostic test system of claim 1, wherein the light source is at least one of a camera flash, an autofocus illuminator, ambient light, sunlight, an LED light, an incandescent lamp, or a gas-discharge lamp. 14. The diagnostic test system of claim 13, wherein at least one focusing lens is interposed between the light source, the detector, and the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette. 15. The diagnostic test system of claim 13, wherein at least one wavelength filter is interposed between the light source and the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette. 16. The diagnostic test system of claim 13, wherein at least one light conducting fiber is interposed between the light source and the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette. 17. The diagnostic test system of claim 1, wherein the enzymatically activated detectable label includes at least one of colored beads, colloidal gold, colloidal silver, dyes, fluorescent dyes, an electrochemical detector, a conductivity detector, or quantum dots. 18. The diagnostic test system of claim 1, wherein the detectable signal includes at least one of emission, color intensity, reflectance, diffuse scattering, elastic light scattering, transmission, fluorescence, surface plasmon detection, Rayleigh scattering, electrochemical detection, conductivity, transmission, absorbance, magnetic, or acoustic. 19. A method, comprising:
providing a lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette having an enzymatically activated detectable label configured for assaying an enzymatic reaction involving an enzyme and a substrate and for quantification of at least one of the enzyme or the substrate, the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette including a sample application zone in fluid communication with a test zone via a fluid transport matrix, wherein the enzymatically activated detectable label is immobilized in the test zone; providing a testing device that includes data collection and data analysis capabilities, the testing device including:
a testing apparatus configured to interface with the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette and position the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette in proximity to a light source;
the light source being capable of transmitting at least one wavelength of light configured to yield a detectable signal from the enzymatically activated detectable label; and
a detector is positioned to capture the detectable signal from the enzymatically activated detectable label; applying a liquid sample to the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette, wherein the liquid sample includes at least one enzyme; inserting the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette into the testing apparatus; illuminating the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette to yield a detectable signal from the enzymatically activated detectable label;; and querying an interpretive algorithm stored in a computer readable format and electronically coupled to the testing device, wherein the interpretive algorithm is configured convert the detectable signal from the enzymatically activated detectable label to a numerical value for quantification of at least one of the amount or the activity of at least one enzyme in the sample or the amount of an enzyme substrate in the sample. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the enzymatically activated detectable label is coupled to the substrate and is cleavable in response to enzymatic cleavage of the substrate, and the method further comprises:
illuminating the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette to yield a first detectable signal from the enzymatically activated detectable label; allowing enzymatic cleavage of the enzymatically activated detectable label from the substrate to proceed for a period of time; illuminating the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette to yield a second detectable signal from the enzymatically activated detectable label, wherein the second detectable signal is reduced relative to the first detectable signal in proportion to the concentration or activity of the enzyme in the liquid sample. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the enzymatically activated detectable label is configured to develop a detectable signal in response to enzymatic cleavage of the substrate, and wherein the enzyme and the enzymatically activated detectable label are immobilized to the fluid transport matrix and the substrate is in a mobile phase. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein a product of enzymatic cleavage of the substrate interacts with the reporter to yield the enzymatically activated detectable signal. 23. The method of claim 19, wherein a product of enzymatic cleavage of the substrate is linked development of the enzymatically activated detectable signal from the reporter through at least one additional enzymatic reaction. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the at least one additional enzymatic reaction yields a product that interacts with the reporter to yield the enzymatically activated detectable signal. 25. The method of claim 19, wherein:
the lateral-flow chromatographic assay cassette further includes means for calibrating a response of the enzymatically activated detectable label to a reaction between the enzyme and the substrate, and the interpretive algorithm is further configured for (i) calculating a calibration curve and then (ii) converting the detectable signal from the enzymatically activated detectable label to a numerical value for quantification of the amount or the activity of at least one enzyme in the sample. | 1,700 |
1,660 | 13,974,718 | 1,793 | A process comprises concentrating a whey composition to at least about 75 weight % solids in one or more evaporators connected in series to form a concentrated whey composition, wherein at least one of the evaporators comprises an evaporator configured to agitate the whey composition within the at least one evaporator, crystallizing at least a portion of the lactose in the concentrated whey composition in a crystallization cascade comprising one or more crystallizing stages to form an at least partially-crystallized whey composition and drying the at least partially-crystallized whey composition to form a dried whey product. | 1. A process comprising:
concentrating a whey composition to at least about 75 weight % solids in one or more evaporators connected in series to form a concentrated whey composition, wherein at least one of the evaporators comprises an evaporator configured to agitate the whey composition within the at least one evaporator; crystallizing at least a portion of the lactose in the concentrated whey composition in a crystallization cascade comprising one or more crystallizing stages to form an at least partially-crystallized whey composition; and drying the at least partially-crystallized whey composition to form a dried whey product. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein a last evaporator of the series of one or more evaporators comprises the at least one evaporator configured to agitate the whey composition. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the drying comprises feeding the at least partially-crystallized whey composition into a fluid bed dryer and feeding air having a temperature higher than a feed temperature of the at least partially-crystallized whey composition into the fluid bed dryer at an air velocity sufficient to fluidize the mixture. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the drying does not comprise spray drying. 5. The process of claim 1, further comprising adding a neutralizing compound to the process that reacts with lactic acid to form a reaction product that is at least one of less hygroscopic than lactic acid and less soluble in water than lactic acid so that a mixture of the at least-partially crystallized whey composition and at least one of the neutralizing compound and the reaction product is formed. to form a mixture of the at least-partially crystallized whey composition and at least one of the neutralizing compound and a reaction product of the neutralizing compounds and lactic acid, wherein the neutralizing compound is a compound that reacts with at least a portion of the lactic acid in the whey composition to form a reaction product that is at least one of less hygroscopic than lactic acid and less soluble in water than lactic acid. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the crystallizing comprises crystallizing at least the portion of the lactose in the whey composition in a crystallization cascade comprising one or more crystallizing stages to form the at least partially-crystallized whey composition, and wherein adding the neutralizing compound comprises adding the neutralizing compound to a last stage of the one or more crystallizing stages of the crystallization cascade. 7. The process of claim 5, wherein the neutralizing compound comprises at least one of a multivalent hydroxide salt and a multivalent carbonate salt. 8. The process of claim 5, wherein the neutralizing compound comprises at least one of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), and magnesium carbonate (MgCO3). 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the crystallizing comprises mixing the whey composition in one or more mixers while cooling the whey composition in each of the one or more mixers to form the at least partially-crystallized whey composition. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the whey composition is less than about 70 weight % lactose on a dry basis. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the whey composition is greater than or equal to about 2.5 weight % lactic acid on a dry basis. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the whey composition is less than or equal to about 10 weight % protein on a dry basis. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the whey composition is greater than about 3 weight % galactose on a dry basis. 14. A process comprising:
providing or receiving a whey feed composition comprising less than about 70 weight % lactose on a dry basis and greater than or equal to about 2.5 weight % lactic acid on a dry basis; concentrating the whey feed composition to at least about 85 weight % total solids in a plurality of evaporators connected in series to form a concentrated whey composition, wherein a last evaporator in the series of evaporators comprises a swept-surface evaporator; cooling the concentrated whey composition in a crystallization cascade to crystallize at least a portion of the lactose in the concentrated whey composition, the crystallization cascade comprising a plurality of crystallizing stages connected in series to form an at least partially-crystallized whey composition; adding a neutralizing compound to the last stage in the series of crystallizing stages to form a mixture of the at least partially-crystallized whey and the neutralizing compound, wherein the neutralizing compound is a compound that reacts with at least a portion of lactic acid in the whey composition to form a reaction product that is at least one of less hygroscopic than lactic acid and less soluble in water than lactic acid; and drying the mixture to form a dried whey product. 15. The process of claim 14, wherein the crystallization cascade comprises:
mixing the concentrated whey composition in a first mixer while cooling the whey composition in the first mixer to a first temperature that is lower than a feed temperature of the whey composition to form an intermediate partially-crystallized whey composition; and mixing the intermediate partially-crystallized whey composition in a second mixer while cooling the intermediate partially-crystallized whey in the second mixer to a second temperature that is lower than the first temperature to form the at least partially-crystalized whey composition; wherein the neutralizing compound is added to the second mixer to form the mixture. 16. A system for processing a whey composition, the system comprising:
a supply system for supplying a whey composition; one or more evaporators connected in series, wherein at least one of the evaporators comprises an evaporator configured to agitate the whey composition within the at least one evaporator, the one or more evaporators configured to concentrate the whey composition to at least about 75 weight % solids to form a concentrated whey composition; a crystallization cascade including one or more crystallizing stages configured to crystallize at least a portion of the lactose in the concentrated whey composition to form an at least partially-crystallized whey composition; and a dryer configured to dry the mixture to form a dried product. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the whey composition is less than about 70 weight % lactose on a dry basis. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the whey composition is greater than or equal to about 2.5 weight % lactic acid on a dry basis. 19. The system of claim 16, wherein the whey composition is less than or equal to about 10 weight % protein on a dry basis. 20. The system of claim 16, wherein the whey composition is greater than about 3 weight % galactose on a dry basis. 21. The system of claim 16, wherein a last one of the series of the one or more evaporators comprises the at least one evaporator configured to agitate the whey composition. 22. The system of claim 16, wherein the dryer comprises a fluid bed dryer. 23. The system of claim 16, further comprising a feed line configured to add a neutralizing compound to the system that reacts with lactic acid to form a reaction product that is at least one of less hygroscopic than lactic acid and less soluble in water than lactic acid so that a mixture of the at least-partially crystallized whey composition and at least one of the neutralizing compound and the reaction product is formed. the crystallization cascade to form a mixture of the at least partially-crystallized whey and the neutralizing compound, wherein the neutralizing compound is a compound that reacts with at least a portion of lactic acid in the whey composition to form a reaction product that is at least one of less hygroscopic than lactic acid and less soluble in water than lactic acid. 24. The system of claim 23, wherein the neutralizing compound comprises at least one of a multivalent hydroxide salt and a multivalent carbonate salt. 25. The system of claim 23, wherein the neutralizing compound comprises at least one of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), and magnesium carbonate (MgCO3). | A process comprises concentrating a whey composition to at least about 75 weight % solids in one or more evaporators connected in series to form a concentrated whey composition, wherein at least one of the evaporators comprises an evaporator configured to agitate the whey composition within the at least one evaporator, crystallizing at least a portion of the lactose in the concentrated whey composition in a crystallization cascade comprising one or more crystallizing stages to form an at least partially-crystallized whey composition and drying the at least partially-crystallized whey composition to form a dried whey product.1. A process comprising:
concentrating a whey composition to at least about 75 weight % solids in one or more evaporators connected in series to form a concentrated whey composition, wherein at least one of the evaporators comprises an evaporator configured to agitate the whey composition within the at least one evaporator; crystallizing at least a portion of the lactose in the concentrated whey composition in a crystallization cascade comprising one or more crystallizing stages to form an at least partially-crystallized whey composition; and drying the at least partially-crystallized whey composition to form a dried whey product. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein a last evaporator of the series of one or more evaporators comprises the at least one evaporator configured to agitate the whey composition. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the drying comprises feeding the at least partially-crystallized whey composition into a fluid bed dryer and feeding air having a temperature higher than a feed temperature of the at least partially-crystallized whey composition into the fluid bed dryer at an air velocity sufficient to fluidize the mixture. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the drying does not comprise spray drying. 5. The process of claim 1, further comprising adding a neutralizing compound to the process that reacts with lactic acid to form a reaction product that is at least one of less hygroscopic than lactic acid and less soluble in water than lactic acid so that a mixture of the at least-partially crystallized whey composition and at least one of the neutralizing compound and the reaction product is formed. to form a mixture of the at least-partially crystallized whey composition and at least one of the neutralizing compound and a reaction product of the neutralizing compounds and lactic acid, wherein the neutralizing compound is a compound that reacts with at least a portion of the lactic acid in the whey composition to form a reaction product that is at least one of less hygroscopic than lactic acid and less soluble in water than lactic acid. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the crystallizing comprises crystallizing at least the portion of the lactose in the whey composition in a crystallization cascade comprising one or more crystallizing stages to form the at least partially-crystallized whey composition, and wherein adding the neutralizing compound comprises adding the neutralizing compound to a last stage of the one or more crystallizing stages of the crystallization cascade. 7. The process of claim 5, wherein the neutralizing compound comprises at least one of a multivalent hydroxide salt and a multivalent carbonate salt. 8. The process of claim 5, wherein the neutralizing compound comprises at least one of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), and magnesium carbonate (MgCO3). 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the crystallizing comprises mixing the whey composition in one or more mixers while cooling the whey composition in each of the one or more mixers to form the at least partially-crystallized whey composition. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the whey composition is less than about 70 weight % lactose on a dry basis. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the whey composition is greater than or equal to about 2.5 weight % lactic acid on a dry basis. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the whey composition is less than or equal to about 10 weight % protein on a dry basis. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the whey composition is greater than about 3 weight % galactose on a dry basis. 14. A process comprising:
providing or receiving a whey feed composition comprising less than about 70 weight % lactose on a dry basis and greater than or equal to about 2.5 weight % lactic acid on a dry basis; concentrating the whey feed composition to at least about 85 weight % total solids in a plurality of evaporators connected in series to form a concentrated whey composition, wherein a last evaporator in the series of evaporators comprises a swept-surface evaporator; cooling the concentrated whey composition in a crystallization cascade to crystallize at least a portion of the lactose in the concentrated whey composition, the crystallization cascade comprising a plurality of crystallizing stages connected in series to form an at least partially-crystallized whey composition; adding a neutralizing compound to the last stage in the series of crystallizing stages to form a mixture of the at least partially-crystallized whey and the neutralizing compound, wherein the neutralizing compound is a compound that reacts with at least a portion of lactic acid in the whey composition to form a reaction product that is at least one of less hygroscopic than lactic acid and less soluble in water than lactic acid; and drying the mixture to form a dried whey product. 15. The process of claim 14, wherein the crystallization cascade comprises:
mixing the concentrated whey composition in a first mixer while cooling the whey composition in the first mixer to a first temperature that is lower than a feed temperature of the whey composition to form an intermediate partially-crystallized whey composition; and mixing the intermediate partially-crystallized whey composition in a second mixer while cooling the intermediate partially-crystallized whey in the second mixer to a second temperature that is lower than the first temperature to form the at least partially-crystalized whey composition; wherein the neutralizing compound is added to the second mixer to form the mixture. 16. A system for processing a whey composition, the system comprising:
a supply system for supplying a whey composition; one or more evaporators connected in series, wherein at least one of the evaporators comprises an evaporator configured to agitate the whey composition within the at least one evaporator, the one or more evaporators configured to concentrate the whey composition to at least about 75 weight % solids to form a concentrated whey composition; a crystallization cascade including one or more crystallizing stages configured to crystallize at least a portion of the lactose in the concentrated whey composition to form an at least partially-crystallized whey composition; and a dryer configured to dry the mixture to form a dried product. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the whey composition is less than about 70 weight % lactose on a dry basis. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the whey composition is greater than or equal to about 2.5 weight % lactic acid on a dry basis. 19. The system of claim 16, wherein the whey composition is less than or equal to about 10 weight % protein on a dry basis. 20. The system of claim 16, wherein the whey composition is greater than about 3 weight % galactose on a dry basis. 21. The system of claim 16, wherein a last one of the series of the one or more evaporators comprises the at least one evaporator configured to agitate the whey composition. 22. The system of claim 16, wherein the dryer comprises a fluid bed dryer. 23. The system of claim 16, further comprising a feed line configured to add a neutralizing compound to the system that reacts with lactic acid to form a reaction product that is at least one of less hygroscopic than lactic acid and less soluble in water than lactic acid so that a mixture of the at least-partially crystallized whey composition and at least one of the neutralizing compound and the reaction product is formed. the crystallization cascade to form a mixture of the at least partially-crystallized whey and the neutralizing compound, wherein the neutralizing compound is a compound that reacts with at least a portion of lactic acid in the whey composition to form a reaction product that is at least one of less hygroscopic than lactic acid and less soluble in water than lactic acid. 24. The system of claim 23, wherein the neutralizing compound comprises at least one of a multivalent hydroxide salt and a multivalent carbonate salt. 25. The system of claim 23, wherein the neutralizing compound comprises at least one of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), and magnesium carbonate (MgCO3). | 1,700 |
1,661 | 13,498,311 | 1,793 | A process for whitening rice, comprising the steps of: moistening brown rice with a moistening agent, preferably comprising water and an additive selected from at least one of a sugar or a derivative thereof, including a sugar alcohol, and sodium chloride; and whitening the moistened brown rice, preferably immediately after the moistening step. | 1. A process for whitening rice, comprising the steps of:
moistening brown rice with a moistening agent comprising water and an additive comprising at least one of a sugar or a derivative thereof, including a sugar alcohol, and sodium chloride; and mechanically whitening the moistened brown rice after the moistening step. 2. (canceled) 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the moistening agent contains no enzyme. 4. (canceled) 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the moistening agent is 100% saturated with the additive at room temperature, at least 75% saturated with the additive at room temperature, at least 50% saturated with the additive at room temperature or at least 25% saturated with the additive at room temperature. 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the additive comprises less than 10 wt % of the moistening agent or less than 5 wt % of the moistening agent. 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the additive comprises a sugar. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein the additive comprises a sugar alcohol. 15. The process of claim 14, wherein the additive comprises sorbitol. 16. The process of claim 1, wherein the additive comprises sodium chloride. 17. The process of claim 1, wherein the moistening step comprises applying the moistening agent to the brown rice, such as by mixing together the brown rice and the moistening agent. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein the moistening agent is applied to the brown rice in a batch process, such as by mixing in a container. 19. The process of claim 17, wherein the moistening agent is applied to the brown rice in a continuous process, such as by mixing continuous feeds of the brown rice and the moistening agent. 20. The process of claim 17, wherein the moistening agent is applied as a spray or mist. 21. The process of claim 17, wherein the moistening agent is applied to the brown rice for less than 2 minutes, less than 1.5 minutes, less than 1 minute or about 1 minute. 22. (canceled) 23. (canceled) 24. (canceled) 25. The process of claim 1, wherein the step of whitening the moistened brown rice is performed immediately after the moistening step. 26. The process of claim 1, wherein the moistening step includes a rest period following application of the moistening agent to the brown rice. 27. The process of claim 26, wherein the rest period is less than 30 minutes, less than 10 minutes, less than 2 minutes, less than 1 minute or about 1 minute. 28. (canceled) 29. (canceled) 30. (canceled) 31. (canceled) 32. The process of claim 1, wherein the moistening agent is added to the brown rice in an amount of less than 2 wt %. 33. The process of claim 32, wherein the moistening agent is added to the brown rice in an amount of less than 1 wt %. 34. The process of claim 33, wherein the moistening agent is added to the brown rice in an amount of less than 0.5 wt %. 35. The process of claim 1, wherein no mechanical whitening step is performed prior to the moistening step. 36. The process of claim 1, wherein the step of whitening the moistened brown rice comprises milling the moistened brown rice. 37. (canceled) 38. The process of claim 1, wherein the whitening step is performed to achieve a whiteness of 40 Kett. 39. (canceled) 40. (canceled) 41. The process of claim 1, wherein the additive comprises a sugar derivative. | A process for whitening rice, comprising the steps of: moistening brown rice with a moistening agent, preferably comprising water and an additive selected from at least one of a sugar or a derivative thereof, including a sugar alcohol, and sodium chloride; and whitening the moistened brown rice, preferably immediately after the moistening step.1. A process for whitening rice, comprising the steps of:
moistening brown rice with a moistening agent comprising water and an additive comprising at least one of a sugar or a derivative thereof, including a sugar alcohol, and sodium chloride; and mechanically whitening the moistened brown rice after the moistening step. 2. (canceled) 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the moistening agent contains no enzyme. 4. (canceled) 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the moistening agent is 100% saturated with the additive at room temperature, at least 75% saturated with the additive at room temperature, at least 50% saturated with the additive at room temperature or at least 25% saturated with the additive at room temperature. 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the additive comprises less than 10 wt % of the moistening agent or less than 5 wt % of the moistening agent. 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the additive comprises a sugar. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein the additive comprises a sugar alcohol. 15. The process of claim 14, wherein the additive comprises sorbitol. 16. The process of claim 1, wherein the additive comprises sodium chloride. 17. The process of claim 1, wherein the moistening step comprises applying the moistening agent to the brown rice, such as by mixing together the brown rice and the moistening agent. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein the moistening agent is applied to the brown rice in a batch process, such as by mixing in a container. 19. The process of claim 17, wherein the moistening agent is applied to the brown rice in a continuous process, such as by mixing continuous feeds of the brown rice and the moistening agent. 20. The process of claim 17, wherein the moistening agent is applied as a spray or mist. 21. The process of claim 17, wherein the moistening agent is applied to the brown rice for less than 2 minutes, less than 1.5 minutes, less than 1 minute or about 1 minute. 22. (canceled) 23. (canceled) 24. (canceled) 25. The process of claim 1, wherein the step of whitening the moistened brown rice is performed immediately after the moistening step. 26. The process of claim 1, wherein the moistening step includes a rest period following application of the moistening agent to the brown rice. 27. The process of claim 26, wherein the rest period is less than 30 minutes, less than 10 minutes, less than 2 minutes, less than 1 minute or about 1 minute. 28. (canceled) 29. (canceled) 30. (canceled) 31. (canceled) 32. The process of claim 1, wherein the moistening agent is added to the brown rice in an amount of less than 2 wt %. 33. The process of claim 32, wherein the moistening agent is added to the brown rice in an amount of less than 1 wt %. 34. The process of claim 33, wherein the moistening agent is added to the brown rice in an amount of less than 0.5 wt %. 35. The process of claim 1, wherein no mechanical whitening step is performed prior to the moistening step. 36. The process of claim 1, wherein the step of whitening the moistened brown rice comprises milling the moistened brown rice. 37. (canceled) 38. The process of claim 1, wherein the whitening step is performed to achieve a whiteness of 40 Kett. 39. (canceled) 40. (canceled) 41. The process of claim 1, wherein the additive comprises a sugar derivative. | 1,700 |
1,662 | 13,669,208 | 1,766 | A modelling material contains a binder in the form of a plastisol, wherein the plastisol contains essentially PVC (polyvinyl chloride) and at least one phthalate-free plasticizer. The phthalate-free plasticizer is citric acid-based, adipic acid-based, or benzoate ester-based. The material contains 5% by weight to 95% by weight PVC; 5% by weight to 30% by weight phthalate-free plasticizer; 0% by weight to 10% by weight stabilizer;
0% by weight to 10% by weight co-stabilizer; 0% by weight to 75% by weight fillers; 0% by weight to 5% by weight coloring agent; and 0% by weight to 5% by weight other additives. | 1. A modeling material comprising:
a binder in the form of a plastisol, wherein the plastisol comprises PVC (polyvinyl chloride) and at least one phthalate-free plasticizer, whereby the material is hardenable at temperatures from 100-130° C. so as to be gelled after hardening, wherein the modeling material is free from phthalate plasticizers, comprising 15% by weight to 24% by weight of the at least one phthalate-free plasticizer. 2. The material according to claim 1, wherein the at least one phthalate-free plasticizer is selected from the group consisting of a citric acid-based plasticizer, an adipic acid-based plasticizer, and a benzoate ester-based plasticizer. 3. The material according to claim 1, wherein the at least one phthalate-free plasticizer is selected from the group consisting of acetyl tributyl citrate, tri-(2-ethylhexyl) acetyl citrate, trioctyl citrate, tridecyl citrate, tributyl citrate, trihexyl citrate, triethyl citrate, dioctyl adipate, diisodecyl adipate, diisononyl adipate, 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester, acetic acid ester of a mono glyceride, and benzoate. 4. A modeling material comprising:
a binder in the form of a plastisol, wherein the plastisol comprises PVC (polyvinyl chloride) and at least one phthalate-free plasticizer, whereby the material is hardened at temperatures from 100-130° C. so as to be cured after hardening, wherein the modeling material is free from phthalate plasticizers, comprising 15% by weight to 24% by weight of the at least one phthalate-free plasticizer, and further comprising a mixture of at least two of the plasticizers selected from the group consisting of acetyl tributyl citrate, tri-(2-ethylhexyl) acetyl citrate, trioctyl citrate, tridecyl citrate, tributyl citrate, trihexyl citrate, triethyl citrate, dioctyl adipate, diisodecyl adipate, diisononyl adipate, 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester, acetic acid ester of a mono glyceride, and benzoate. 5. The material according to claim 1, comprised of:
5% by weight to 85% by weight PVC; 0% by weight to 10% by weight stabilizer; 0% by weight to 10% by weight co-stabilizer; 0% by weight to 75% by weight fillers; 0% by weight to 5% by weight coloring agent; and 0% by weight to 5% by weight other additives. 6. The material according to claim 1, further comprising a fatty acid ester as a co-stabilizer. 7. The material according to claim 6, wherein the fatty acid ester is a long-chain fatty acid ester having a chain length greater than C12. 8. The material according to claim 6, wherein the fatty acid ester is comprised of a straight-chain fatty acid and an alcohol. 9. The material according to claim 6, wherein the co-stabilizer comprises one or more of the substances selected from the group consisting of epoxidized soybean oil, epoxidized oleic acid methyl ester, epoxidized linolic acid methyl ester, epoxidized linoleic acid methyl ester, epoxidized linoleic acid isopropyl ester, epoxidized rapeseed fatty acid methyl ester, epoxidized soybean fatty acid methyl ester, and epoxidized linseed fatty acid methyl ester. 10. The material according to claim 1, further comprising a filler. 11. The material according to claim 10, wherein the filler is an inorganic filler. 12. The material according to claim 11, wherein the filler comprises one or more substances selected from the group consisting of kaolin, talcum, chalk, silica gel, powdered clay, and a light filler. 13. The material according to claim 1, further comprising a coloring agent. 14. The material according to claim 13, wherein the coloring agent is a pigment. 15. The material according to claim 14, wherein the pigment is selected from the group consisting of an azo-free pigment, a special effect pigment, and an azo-free lake pigment. 16. An object made from a modeling material according to claim 1, wherein, after sculpting the modeling material, the modeling material is gelled by heating. | A modelling material contains a binder in the form of a plastisol, wherein the plastisol contains essentially PVC (polyvinyl chloride) and at least one phthalate-free plasticizer. The phthalate-free plasticizer is citric acid-based, adipic acid-based, or benzoate ester-based. The material contains 5% by weight to 95% by weight PVC; 5% by weight to 30% by weight phthalate-free plasticizer; 0% by weight to 10% by weight stabilizer;
0% by weight to 10% by weight co-stabilizer; 0% by weight to 75% by weight fillers; 0% by weight to 5% by weight coloring agent; and 0% by weight to 5% by weight other additives.1. A modeling material comprising:
a binder in the form of a plastisol, wherein the plastisol comprises PVC (polyvinyl chloride) and at least one phthalate-free plasticizer, whereby the material is hardenable at temperatures from 100-130° C. so as to be gelled after hardening, wherein the modeling material is free from phthalate plasticizers, comprising 15% by weight to 24% by weight of the at least one phthalate-free plasticizer. 2. The material according to claim 1, wherein the at least one phthalate-free plasticizer is selected from the group consisting of a citric acid-based plasticizer, an adipic acid-based plasticizer, and a benzoate ester-based plasticizer. 3. The material according to claim 1, wherein the at least one phthalate-free plasticizer is selected from the group consisting of acetyl tributyl citrate, tri-(2-ethylhexyl) acetyl citrate, trioctyl citrate, tridecyl citrate, tributyl citrate, trihexyl citrate, triethyl citrate, dioctyl adipate, diisodecyl adipate, diisononyl adipate, 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester, acetic acid ester of a mono glyceride, and benzoate. 4. A modeling material comprising:
a binder in the form of a plastisol, wherein the plastisol comprises PVC (polyvinyl chloride) and at least one phthalate-free plasticizer, whereby the material is hardened at temperatures from 100-130° C. so as to be cured after hardening, wherein the modeling material is free from phthalate plasticizers, comprising 15% by weight to 24% by weight of the at least one phthalate-free plasticizer, and further comprising a mixture of at least two of the plasticizers selected from the group consisting of acetyl tributyl citrate, tri-(2-ethylhexyl) acetyl citrate, trioctyl citrate, tridecyl citrate, tributyl citrate, trihexyl citrate, triethyl citrate, dioctyl adipate, diisodecyl adipate, diisononyl adipate, 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester, acetic acid ester of a mono glyceride, and benzoate. 5. The material according to claim 1, comprised of:
5% by weight to 85% by weight PVC; 0% by weight to 10% by weight stabilizer; 0% by weight to 10% by weight co-stabilizer; 0% by weight to 75% by weight fillers; 0% by weight to 5% by weight coloring agent; and 0% by weight to 5% by weight other additives. 6. The material according to claim 1, further comprising a fatty acid ester as a co-stabilizer. 7. The material according to claim 6, wherein the fatty acid ester is a long-chain fatty acid ester having a chain length greater than C12. 8. The material according to claim 6, wherein the fatty acid ester is comprised of a straight-chain fatty acid and an alcohol. 9. The material according to claim 6, wherein the co-stabilizer comprises one or more of the substances selected from the group consisting of epoxidized soybean oil, epoxidized oleic acid methyl ester, epoxidized linolic acid methyl ester, epoxidized linoleic acid methyl ester, epoxidized linoleic acid isopropyl ester, epoxidized rapeseed fatty acid methyl ester, epoxidized soybean fatty acid methyl ester, and epoxidized linseed fatty acid methyl ester. 10. The material according to claim 1, further comprising a filler. 11. The material according to claim 10, wherein the filler is an inorganic filler. 12. The material according to claim 11, wherein the filler comprises one or more substances selected from the group consisting of kaolin, talcum, chalk, silica gel, powdered clay, and a light filler. 13. The material according to claim 1, further comprising a coloring agent. 14. The material according to claim 13, wherein the coloring agent is a pigment. 15. The material according to claim 14, wherein the pigment is selected from the group consisting of an azo-free pigment, a special effect pigment, and an azo-free lake pigment. 16. An object made from a modeling material according to claim 1, wherein, after sculpting the modeling material, the modeling material is gelled by heating. | 1,700 |
1,663 | 14,526,480 | 1,788 | Roofing granules having a color coating layer are covered with a clear, transparent or translucent outer coating composition including a functional material, such nanoparticles of anatase titanium dioxide. | 1. Functionalized roofing granules comprising:
(a) base roofing granules having a first coating layer, the first coating layer including at least one coloring material; and (b) a cured clear or transparent outer coating layer comprising an outer coating binder and at least one photocatalytic functional material, wherein said photocatalytic functional material comprises at least one photocatalytic metal oxide selected from a group consisting of titanium oxide, copper oxide and zinc oxide. 2. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 1 wherein the outer coating binder is selected from the group consisting of binders including at least one alkali metal silicate, binders including at least one alkaline earth metal silicate, binders including colloidal silica, binders including at least one metal phosphate, binders including at least one titanate, binders including at least one zirconate, and binders including at least one organic polymer. 3. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 1 wherein the at least one photocatalytic functional material is a particulate having an average particle size less than 0.2 microns. 4. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 1 wherein the at least one photocatalytic functional particulate material has biocidal activity. 5. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 1 wherein the outer coating layer comprises a colloidal silica binder and photocatalytic anatase titanium dioxide dispersed in the binder. 6. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 2 wherein said binder is a binder including at least one organic polymer selected from the group consisting of polyurethane polymers, acrylic polymers, polyurea polymers, silicone polymers, siliconized polymers, and sulfourethane silanol-based polymers, and their respective copolymers or mixtures hereof. 7. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 1 wherein said binder comprises a vitreous silica material in which said photocatalytic functional material is dispersed. 8. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 7 wherein said vitreous silica material is a vitreous glaze formed from material selected from a vitreous flux, particulate silica glass, or a mixture thereof. 9. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 1 further comprising a second coating layer intermediate first coating layer and said outer coating layer. 10. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 9 wherein the second coating layer comprises silicon dioxide. 11. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 10 wherein the outer coating layer comprises a colloidal silica binder and photocatalytic anatase titanium dioxide dispersed in the binder. 12. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 1 wherein said at least one coloring material includes an organic compound or ligand. 13. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 1 wherein said photocatalytic functional material is photocatalytic anatase titanium dioxide. 14. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 10 wherein said at least one coloring material includes an organic compound or ligand. 15. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 10 wherein said photocatalytic functional material is photocatalytic anatase titanium dioxide. | Roofing granules having a color coating layer are covered with a clear, transparent or translucent outer coating composition including a functional material, such nanoparticles of anatase titanium dioxide.1. Functionalized roofing granules comprising:
(a) base roofing granules having a first coating layer, the first coating layer including at least one coloring material; and (b) a cured clear or transparent outer coating layer comprising an outer coating binder and at least one photocatalytic functional material, wherein said photocatalytic functional material comprises at least one photocatalytic metal oxide selected from a group consisting of titanium oxide, copper oxide and zinc oxide. 2. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 1 wherein the outer coating binder is selected from the group consisting of binders including at least one alkali metal silicate, binders including at least one alkaline earth metal silicate, binders including colloidal silica, binders including at least one metal phosphate, binders including at least one titanate, binders including at least one zirconate, and binders including at least one organic polymer. 3. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 1 wherein the at least one photocatalytic functional material is a particulate having an average particle size less than 0.2 microns. 4. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 1 wherein the at least one photocatalytic functional particulate material has biocidal activity. 5. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 1 wherein the outer coating layer comprises a colloidal silica binder and photocatalytic anatase titanium dioxide dispersed in the binder. 6. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 2 wherein said binder is a binder including at least one organic polymer selected from the group consisting of polyurethane polymers, acrylic polymers, polyurea polymers, silicone polymers, siliconized polymers, and sulfourethane silanol-based polymers, and their respective copolymers or mixtures hereof. 7. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 1 wherein said binder comprises a vitreous silica material in which said photocatalytic functional material is dispersed. 8. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 7 wherein said vitreous silica material is a vitreous glaze formed from material selected from a vitreous flux, particulate silica glass, or a mixture thereof. 9. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 1 further comprising a second coating layer intermediate first coating layer and said outer coating layer. 10. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 9 wherein the second coating layer comprises silicon dioxide. 11. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 10 wherein the outer coating layer comprises a colloidal silica binder and photocatalytic anatase titanium dioxide dispersed in the binder. 12. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 1 wherein said at least one coloring material includes an organic compound or ligand. 13. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 1 wherein said photocatalytic functional material is photocatalytic anatase titanium dioxide. 14. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 10 wherein said at least one coloring material includes an organic compound or ligand. 15. Functionalized roofing granules according to claim 10 wherein said photocatalytic functional material is photocatalytic anatase titanium dioxide. | 1,700 |
1,664 | 13,844,703 | 1,785 | Apparatus for recording data and method for making the same. In accordance with some embodiments, a magnetic layer is supported by a substrate and comprises a magnetic magnetic material, a non-magnetic material, and an energy assisted segregation material. The segregation material enhances segregation of the non-magnetic material into grain boundaries within the layer at an elevated, moderate energy level. | 1. An apparatus comprising:
a magnetic layer supported by a substrate, the magnetic layer comprising a magnetic material, a non-magnetic material, and an energy assisted segregation material adapted to enhance segregation of the non-magnetic material into grain boundaries within the layer at an elevated, moderate energy level. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the segregation material includes boron (B). 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the non-magnetic material includes chromium (Cr). 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the magnetic layer comprises a CoCrB alloy, and wherein B is the segregation material for Cr. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the magnetic layer further comprises a second non-magnetic material, the second non-magnetic material comprising an oxide. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the magnetic layer comprises a CoCrBPt-oxide, and wherein B is the segregation material for Cr. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the magnetic layer is a perpendicular data recording layer. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the elevated, moderate energy level comprises depositing the magnetic material, the non-magnetic material and the segregation material onto the substrate as the substrate is maintained at a temperature of from about 25° C. to about 220° C. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the elevated, moderate energy level comprises depositing the magnetic material, the non-magnetic material and the segregation material onto the substrate as the substrate is maintained at a temperature of from about 100° C. to about 200° C. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the elevated, moderate energy level comprises applying a bias voltage to the substrate during said depositing at a magnitude of from about 0V to about 500V. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the elevated, moderate energy level comprises applying a bias voltage to the substrate during said depositing at a magnitude of from about 200V to about 400V. 12. An apparatus comprising:
a magnetic layer supported by a substrate, the magnetic layer comprising a magnetic material, a non-magnetic material, and means for enhancing separation of the magnetic material into grains at an elevated, moderate energy level. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the means for enhancing separation comprises boron (B). 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the elevated, moderate energy level comprises depositing the magnetic material, the non-magnetic material and the B at a substrate temperature of less than about 220° C. and a substrate voltage magnitude of from about 0V to about 500V. 15. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the magnetic material comprises Co, the non-magnetic material comprises Cr and the means for enhancing separation comprises an energy assisted separation material. 16. A method comprising depositing on a substrate a magnetic layer comprising a magnetic material, a non-magnetic material and an energy assisted segregation material at an elevated, moderate energy level comprising a substrate temperature of from about 25° C. to about 220° C. and a substrate voltage magnitude of from about 0V to about 500V, wherein during said depositing step the segregation material enhances segregation of the non-magnetic material into grain boundaries within the layer. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the magnetic material comprises Co, the non-magnetic material comprises Cr and the separation enhancement material comprises B. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the depositing step further comprises depositing an oxide on the substrate. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the magnetic layer is a CGC layer. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the magnetic layer is a granular layer. | Apparatus for recording data and method for making the same. In accordance with some embodiments, a magnetic layer is supported by a substrate and comprises a magnetic magnetic material, a non-magnetic material, and an energy assisted segregation material. The segregation material enhances segregation of the non-magnetic material into grain boundaries within the layer at an elevated, moderate energy level.1. An apparatus comprising:
a magnetic layer supported by a substrate, the magnetic layer comprising a magnetic material, a non-magnetic material, and an energy assisted segregation material adapted to enhance segregation of the non-magnetic material into grain boundaries within the layer at an elevated, moderate energy level. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the segregation material includes boron (B). 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the non-magnetic material includes chromium (Cr). 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the magnetic layer comprises a CoCrB alloy, and wherein B is the segregation material for Cr. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the magnetic layer further comprises a second non-magnetic material, the second non-magnetic material comprising an oxide. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the magnetic layer comprises a CoCrBPt-oxide, and wherein B is the segregation material for Cr. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the magnetic layer is a perpendicular data recording layer. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the elevated, moderate energy level comprises depositing the magnetic material, the non-magnetic material and the segregation material onto the substrate as the substrate is maintained at a temperature of from about 25° C. to about 220° C. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the elevated, moderate energy level comprises depositing the magnetic material, the non-magnetic material and the segregation material onto the substrate as the substrate is maintained at a temperature of from about 100° C. to about 200° C. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the elevated, moderate energy level comprises applying a bias voltage to the substrate during said depositing at a magnitude of from about 0V to about 500V. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the elevated, moderate energy level comprises applying a bias voltage to the substrate during said depositing at a magnitude of from about 200V to about 400V. 12. An apparatus comprising:
a magnetic layer supported by a substrate, the magnetic layer comprising a magnetic material, a non-magnetic material, and means for enhancing separation of the magnetic material into grains at an elevated, moderate energy level. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the means for enhancing separation comprises boron (B). 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the elevated, moderate energy level comprises depositing the magnetic material, the non-magnetic material and the B at a substrate temperature of less than about 220° C. and a substrate voltage magnitude of from about 0V to about 500V. 15. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the magnetic material comprises Co, the non-magnetic material comprises Cr and the means for enhancing separation comprises an energy assisted separation material. 16. A method comprising depositing on a substrate a magnetic layer comprising a magnetic material, a non-magnetic material and an energy assisted segregation material at an elevated, moderate energy level comprising a substrate temperature of from about 25° C. to about 220° C. and a substrate voltage magnitude of from about 0V to about 500V, wherein during said depositing step the segregation material enhances segregation of the non-magnetic material into grain boundaries within the layer. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the magnetic material comprises Co, the non-magnetic material comprises Cr and the separation enhancement material comprises B. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the depositing step further comprises depositing an oxide on the substrate. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the magnetic layer is a CGC layer. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the magnetic layer is a granular layer. | 1,700 |
1,665 | 12,636,133 | 1,792 | Disclosed are packaged frozen precooked dough or batter-based food products and methods of heating the food products. The packaged precooked frozen dough or batter-based food products comprises one or more frozen precooked dough or batter-based food products that are encased in a pouch for heating. The pouch is sealed with the exception of the presence of two or more vent holes that function to release air or steam that may otherwise cause the food product to become soggy when they are heated in an oven. | 1. A packaged frozen precooked dough or batter-based food product comprising:
(a) one or more frozen precooked dough or batter-based food products; and (b) a heatable pouch that encases the one or more frozen precooked dough or batter-based food products; wherein the heatable pouch includes two or more vent holes that provide a vent area ratio ranging from about 0.00005 to about 0.1 (vent area m2/pouch area m2). 2. The food product of claim 1, wherein the frozen precooked dough or batter-based food products are selected from the group consisting of pancakes, fruit filled Danish, French toast, scones, muffins, waffles, breadsticks, donuts, pizza rolls and cinnamon rolls. 3. The food product of claim 1, wherein the pouch encases from about 2 to about 6 frozen dough or batter-based food products. 4. The food product of claim 1, wherein the heatable pouch comprises polyester or nylon. 5. The food product of claim 1, wherein the heatable pouch contains from about 20 or less vent holes. 6. The food product of claim 1, wherein the heatable pouch contains from about 6 to about 12 vent holes. 7. The food product of claim 1, wherein the vent holes have a shape that is circular, triangular, square, T-shaped, V-shaped, hexagonal, or linear. 8. The food product of claim 1, wherein the heatable pouch has a vent area ratio ranging from about 0.00005 to about 0.01 (vent area m2/pouch area m2). 9. The food product of claim 1, wherein the frozen precooked dough or batter-based food product can be heated in an oven to provide a heated dough or batter-based food product having a crust moisture content ranging from about 10% to about 60%. 10. The food product of claim 1, wherein the precooked dough or batter-based food product can be heated in an oven at a temperature ranging from about 325° F. (163° C.) to about 375° F. (191° C.) for a time period ranging from about 7 to about 15 minutes to form a heated dough or batter-based food product having a crust moisture content ranging from about 10% to about 60%. 11. A method of preparing a heated dough or batter-based food product from a frozen packaged dough or batter-based food product, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) providing one or more frozen precooked dough or batter-based food products encased in a heatable pouch; wherein the heatable pouch includes two or more vent holes that provide a vent area ratio ranging from about 0.00005 to about 0.1 (vent area m2/pouch area m2); and (b) heating the frozen precooked dough or batter-based food products in the heatable pouch in order to form a heated dough or batter-based food product. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the frozen precooked dough or batter-based food products are selected from the group consisting of pancakes, fruit filled Danish, French toast, scones muffins, waffles, donuts, breadsticks, pizza rolls, and cinnamon rolls. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the heatable pouch encases from 2 to 6 frozen dough or batter-based food products. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the heatable pouch comprises polyester or nylon. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the heatable pouch contains from about 20 or less vent holes. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the heatable pouch contains from about 6 to 12 vent holes. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the vent holes have a shape that is circular, triangular, square, T-shaped, V-shaped, hexagonal, or linear. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the heatable pouch has a vent area ratio ranging from about 0.00005 to about 0.01 (vent area m2/pouch area m2). 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the heated dough or batter-based food product has a moisture content ranging from about 10% to about 60%. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the heating step comprises heating at a temperature of about 325° F. (163° C.) to about 375° F. (191° C.) for a time period ranging from about 7 to about 15 minutes. 21. The method of claim 11, wherein the method further comprises the step of holding the heated dough or batter-based food product at a temperature ranging from about 120° F. (48.9° C.) to about 180° F. (82.2° C.) for a time period of about 30 to 240 minutes; wherein the heated dough or batter-based food product has a crust moisture content ranging from about 10% to about 60%. 22. A method of preparing a heated dough or batter-based food product from a frozen packaged dough or batter-based food product, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) providing one or more frozen precooked dough or batter-based food products encased in a heatable pouch; wherein the heatable pouch includes two or more vent holes that provide a vent area ratio ranging from about 0.00005 to about 0.1 (vent area m2/pouch area m2); (b) heating the frozen precooked dough or batter-based food products to a desired serving temperature in the heatable pouch in order to form a heated dough or batter-based food product; and (c) holding the heated dough or batter-based food products for a period of time at the serving temperature. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the serving temperature ranges from about 120° F. (48.9° C.) to about 180° F. (82.2° C.), and wherein the period of time ranges from about 30 to 240 minutes. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the heated dough or batter-based food products have a moisture content ranging from about 10% to about 60%. 25. A food product prepared in accordance with the method of claim 11. 26. A food product prepared in accordance with the method of claim 22. | Disclosed are packaged frozen precooked dough or batter-based food products and methods of heating the food products. The packaged precooked frozen dough or batter-based food products comprises one or more frozen precooked dough or batter-based food products that are encased in a pouch for heating. The pouch is sealed with the exception of the presence of two or more vent holes that function to release air or steam that may otherwise cause the food product to become soggy when they are heated in an oven.1. A packaged frozen precooked dough or batter-based food product comprising:
(a) one or more frozen precooked dough or batter-based food products; and (b) a heatable pouch that encases the one or more frozen precooked dough or batter-based food products; wherein the heatable pouch includes two or more vent holes that provide a vent area ratio ranging from about 0.00005 to about 0.1 (vent area m2/pouch area m2). 2. The food product of claim 1, wherein the frozen precooked dough or batter-based food products are selected from the group consisting of pancakes, fruit filled Danish, French toast, scones, muffins, waffles, breadsticks, donuts, pizza rolls and cinnamon rolls. 3. The food product of claim 1, wherein the pouch encases from about 2 to about 6 frozen dough or batter-based food products. 4. The food product of claim 1, wherein the heatable pouch comprises polyester or nylon. 5. The food product of claim 1, wherein the heatable pouch contains from about 20 or less vent holes. 6. The food product of claim 1, wherein the heatable pouch contains from about 6 to about 12 vent holes. 7. The food product of claim 1, wherein the vent holes have a shape that is circular, triangular, square, T-shaped, V-shaped, hexagonal, or linear. 8. The food product of claim 1, wherein the heatable pouch has a vent area ratio ranging from about 0.00005 to about 0.01 (vent area m2/pouch area m2). 9. The food product of claim 1, wherein the frozen precooked dough or batter-based food product can be heated in an oven to provide a heated dough or batter-based food product having a crust moisture content ranging from about 10% to about 60%. 10. The food product of claim 1, wherein the precooked dough or batter-based food product can be heated in an oven at a temperature ranging from about 325° F. (163° C.) to about 375° F. (191° C.) for a time period ranging from about 7 to about 15 minutes to form a heated dough or batter-based food product having a crust moisture content ranging from about 10% to about 60%. 11. A method of preparing a heated dough or batter-based food product from a frozen packaged dough or batter-based food product, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) providing one or more frozen precooked dough or batter-based food products encased in a heatable pouch; wherein the heatable pouch includes two or more vent holes that provide a vent area ratio ranging from about 0.00005 to about 0.1 (vent area m2/pouch area m2); and (b) heating the frozen precooked dough or batter-based food products in the heatable pouch in order to form a heated dough or batter-based food product. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the frozen precooked dough or batter-based food products are selected from the group consisting of pancakes, fruit filled Danish, French toast, scones muffins, waffles, donuts, breadsticks, pizza rolls, and cinnamon rolls. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the heatable pouch encases from 2 to 6 frozen dough or batter-based food products. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the heatable pouch comprises polyester or nylon. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the heatable pouch contains from about 20 or less vent holes. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the heatable pouch contains from about 6 to 12 vent holes. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the vent holes have a shape that is circular, triangular, square, T-shaped, V-shaped, hexagonal, or linear. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the heatable pouch has a vent area ratio ranging from about 0.00005 to about 0.01 (vent area m2/pouch area m2). 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the heated dough or batter-based food product has a moisture content ranging from about 10% to about 60%. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the heating step comprises heating at a temperature of about 325° F. (163° C.) to about 375° F. (191° C.) for a time period ranging from about 7 to about 15 minutes. 21. The method of claim 11, wherein the method further comprises the step of holding the heated dough or batter-based food product at a temperature ranging from about 120° F. (48.9° C.) to about 180° F. (82.2° C.) for a time period of about 30 to 240 minutes; wherein the heated dough or batter-based food product has a crust moisture content ranging from about 10% to about 60%. 22. A method of preparing a heated dough or batter-based food product from a frozen packaged dough or batter-based food product, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) providing one or more frozen precooked dough or batter-based food products encased in a heatable pouch; wherein the heatable pouch includes two or more vent holes that provide a vent area ratio ranging from about 0.00005 to about 0.1 (vent area m2/pouch area m2); (b) heating the frozen precooked dough or batter-based food products to a desired serving temperature in the heatable pouch in order to form a heated dough or batter-based food product; and (c) holding the heated dough or batter-based food products for a period of time at the serving temperature. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the serving temperature ranges from about 120° F. (48.9° C.) to about 180° F. (82.2° C.), and wherein the period of time ranges from about 30 to 240 minutes. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the heated dough or batter-based food products have a moisture content ranging from about 10% to about 60%. 25. A food product prepared in accordance with the method of claim 11. 26. A food product prepared in accordance with the method of claim 22. | 1,700 |
1,666 | 12,733,308 | 1,778 | Two or more sheets of one or more kinds of thermally weldable synthetic resin mesh, woven fabric, knitted fabric, and non-woven cloth are overlaid, and each of the overlaid sheets is welded together so that a prescribed protuberance of molten resin produced when press-welding along the welded part is formed toward a side of the welded part. | 1. A welded structure of synthetic resin material comprising:
two or more sheets selected from at least one of thermally weldable synthetic resin mesh, woven fabric, knitted fabric, and non-woven cloth, said sheets being laminated together, a welding portion of the sheets laminated together, and a protuberance of molten resin formed at one side of the welding portion produced when press-welding the sheets, said protuberance extending along the welding portion. 2. A fuel filter body with a bag-form, comprising:
two or more sheets selected from at least one of thermally weldable synthetic resin mesh, woven fabric, knitted fabric, and non-woven cloth as filter material, said sheets being laminated together and overlaid to have the bag-form, a welding portion of the sheets overlaid together to have the bag-form, and a protuberance of molten resin formed at one side of the welding portion produced when press-welding the sheets, said protuberance extending along the welding portion. 3. The fuel filter body according to claim 2, wherein the protuberance is formed at an inner side of the welding portion. 4. (canceled) 5. A welding method for forming a welded structure, comprising:
laminating two or more sheets selected from at least one of thermally weldable synthetic resin mesh, woven fabric, knitted fabric, and non-woven cloth, welding the two or more sheets by ultrasonic welding or high-frequency welding, and pushing the two or more sheets by a pair of welding jigs in between while welding to form a protuberance at one side of the sheets by molten resin produced when press-welding and escaped to a step part of one of the welding jigs. 6. A welding method according to claim 5, wherein the two or more sheets are further laminated together, and edge portions of the two or more sheets laminated together are welded to form a bag shape for a fuel filter. | Two or more sheets of one or more kinds of thermally weldable synthetic resin mesh, woven fabric, knitted fabric, and non-woven cloth are overlaid, and each of the overlaid sheets is welded together so that a prescribed protuberance of molten resin produced when press-welding along the welded part is formed toward a side of the welded part.1. A welded structure of synthetic resin material comprising:
two or more sheets selected from at least one of thermally weldable synthetic resin mesh, woven fabric, knitted fabric, and non-woven cloth, said sheets being laminated together, a welding portion of the sheets laminated together, and a protuberance of molten resin formed at one side of the welding portion produced when press-welding the sheets, said protuberance extending along the welding portion. 2. A fuel filter body with a bag-form, comprising:
two or more sheets selected from at least one of thermally weldable synthetic resin mesh, woven fabric, knitted fabric, and non-woven cloth as filter material, said sheets being laminated together and overlaid to have the bag-form, a welding portion of the sheets overlaid together to have the bag-form, and a protuberance of molten resin formed at one side of the welding portion produced when press-welding the sheets, said protuberance extending along the welding portion. 3. The fuel filter body according to claim 2, wherein the protuberance is formed at an inner side of the welding portion. 4. (canceled) 5. A welding method for forming a welded structure, comprising:
laminating two or more sheets selected from at least one of thermally weldable synthetic resin mesh, woven fabric, knitted fabric, and non-woven cloth, welding the two or more sheets by ultrasonic welding or high-frequency welding, and pushing the two or more sheets by a pair of welding jigs in between while welding to form a protuberance at one side of the sheets by molten resin produced when press-welding and escaped to a step part of one of the welding jigs. 6. A welding method according to claim 5, wherein the two or more sheets are further laminated together, and edge portions of the two or more sheets laminated together are welded to form a bag shape for a fuel filter. | 1,700 |
1,667 | 14,005,936 | 1,732 | A catalyst which comprises an amorphous support based on alumina, a C1-C4 dialkyl succinate, citric acid and optionally acetic acid, phosphorus and a hydrodehydrogenating function comprising at least one element from group VIII and at least one element from group VIB; the most intense bands comprised in the Raman spectrum of the catalyst are characteristic of Keggin heteropolyanions (974 and/or 990 cm −1 ), C1-C4 dialkyl succinate and citric acid (in particular 785 and 956 cm −1 ). Also a process for preparing said catalyst in which a catalytic precursor in the dried, calcined or regenerated state containing the elements of the hydrodehydrogenating function, and optionally phosphorus, is impregnated with an impregnation solution comprising at least one C1-C4 dialkyl succinate, citric acid and optionally at least one compound of phosphorus and optionally acetic acid, and is then dried. Further, the use of said catalyst in any hydrotreatment process. | 1. A catalyst comprising an amorphous support based on alumina, at least one C1-C4 dialkyl succinate, citric acid, phosphorus and a hydrodehydrogenating function comprising at least one element from group VIB and at least one element from group VIII, with the Raman spectrum of the catalyst comprising bands at 990 and/or 974 cm−1, characteristic of at least one Keggin heteropolyanion, the characteristic bands of said succinate and the principal characteristic bands of citric acid. 2. A catalyst according to claim 1, in which the dialkyl succinate is dimethyl succinate and in which the Raman spectrum of the catalyst has principal bands at 990 and/or 974 cm−1 characteristic of Keggin heteropolyanions, and at 853 cm−1, characteristic of dimethyl succinate and at 785 and 956 cm−1, characteristic of citric acid. 3. A catalyst according to claim 1, also comprising acetic acid the Raman spectrum of which includes a line at 896 cm−1, characteristic of acetic acid. 4. A catalyst according to claim 1, in which the dialkyl succinate is diethyl succinate, dibutyl succinate or diisopropyl succinate. 5. A catalyst according to claim 1, in which the support contains more than 25% by weight of alumina. 6. A catalyst according to claim 1, comprising a support constituted by alumina or constituted by silica-alumina. 7. A catalyst according to claim 1, also comprising boron and/or fluorine. 8. A catalyst according to claim 1, in which the hydrodehydrogenating function comprises molybdenum, nickel and/or cobalt. 9. A catalyst according to claim 1, which is sulphurized. 10. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, said process comprising the following steps in succession:
ab) preparing a catalytic precursor containing the elements of the hydrodehydrogenating function, and optionally phosphorus, said precursor having undergone a heat treatment; c) at least one step for impregnation with an impregnation solution comprising at least one C1-C4 dialkyl succinate, citric acid and at least one compound of phosphorus, if the phosphorus has not been introduced in totality by impregnation in step ab), and optionally, acetic acid; d) a step for maturation; e) a step for drying at a temperature of less than 200° C., without a subsequent calcining step. 11. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, said process comprising the following steps in succession:
a) at least one step for impregnation of an amorphous support based on alumina with at least one solution containing the elements of the hydrodehydrogenating function, and optionally phosphorus; b) drying at a temperature below 180° C. optionally followed by calcining at a temperature of at least 350° C., preferably in the range 420° C. to 520° C.; c) at least one step for impregnation with an impregnation solution comprising at least one C1-C4 dialkyl succinate, citric acid, at least one compound of phosphorus, if the phosphorus has not been introduced in its entirety in step a), and optionally acetic acid; d) a step for maturation; e) a step for drying at a temperature of less than 200° C., without a subsequent calcining step. 12. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, said process comprising the following steps in succession:
a′b′) regenerating spent catalyst comprising a hydrodehydrogenating function and optionally phosphorus; c) at least one step for impregnation with an impregnation solution comprising at least one C1-C4 dialkyl succinate, citric acid, optionally at least one compound of phosphorus if the phosphorus has not been introduced into the catalyst in its entirety in step a′b′), and optionally acetic acid; d) a step for maturation; e) a step for drying at a temperature of less than 200° C., without a subsequent calcining step. 13. A process according to claim 11, in which the whole of the hydrodehydrogenating function is introduced during step a). 14. A process according to claim 10, in which step c) is carried out in the presence of water and/or ethanol. 15. A process according to claim 10, in which the dialkyl succinate and citric acid are introduced into the impregnation solution of step c) in a quantity corresponding to a molar ratio of dialkyl succinate to the impregnated element(s) from group VIB of the catalytic precursor in the range 0.15 to 2 mole/mole, and in a molar ratio of citric acid to the impregnated element(s) from group VIB of the catalytic precursor in the range 0.05 to 5 mole/mole. 16. A process according to claim 15, in which the impregnation solution also contains acetic acid, the molar ratio of acetic acid to the impregnated element(s) from group VIB of the catalytic precursor is in the range 0.1 to 6 mole/mole, and the molar ratio of citric acid+acetic acid to the impregnated element(s) from group VIB of the catalytic precursor is in the range 0.15 to 6 mole/mole. 17. A process according to 10, in which step d) is carried out at a temperature of 17° C. to 50° C. 18. A process according to claim 10, in which step e) is carried out at a temperature of 80° C. to 180° C., without subsequent calcining. 19. A process according to claim 10, in which the quantity of phosphorus introduced by impregnation is in the range 0.1% to 20% by weight (expressed as the weight of oxide with respect to the catalytic precursor after heat treatment in step ab) or b)), the quantity of element(s) from group VIB is in the range 5% to 40% by weight (expressed as the weight of oxide with respect to the catalytic precursor after heat treatment in step ab) or b)), and the quantity of element(s) from group VIII is in the range 1% to 10% by weight (expressed as the weight of oxide with respect to the catalytic precursor after heat treatment in step ab) or b)). 20. A process according to claim 10, in which the product obtained at the end of step e) undergoes a sulphurization step. 21. A process for the hydrotreatment of hydrocarbon feeds in the presence of a catalyst in accordance with claim 1. 22. A process according to claim 21, in which the hydrotreatment is hydrodesulphurization, hydrodenitrogenation, hydrodemetallization, hydrogenation of aromatics or hydroconversion. 23. A process according to claim 22, in which the hydrotreatment is deep gas oil hydrodesulphurization. 24. A process for the hydrotreatment of hydrocarbon feeds in the presence of a catalyst prepared by the process of claim 10. | A catalyst which comprises an amorphous support based on alumina, a C1-C4 dialkyl succinate, citric acid and optionally acetic acid, phosphorus and a hydrodehydrogenating function comprising at least one element from group VIII and at least one element from group VIB; the most intense bands comprised in the Raman spectrum of the catalyst are characteristic of Keggin heteropolyanions (974 and/or 990 cm −1 ), C1-C4 dialkyl succinate and citric acid (in particular 785 and 956 cm −1 ). Also a process for preparing said catalyst in which a catalytic precursor in the dried, calcined or regenerated state containing the elements of the hydrodehydrogenating function, and optionally phosphorus, is impregnated with an impregnation solution comprising at least one C1-C4 dialkyl succinate, citric acid and optionally at least one compound of phosphorus and optionally acetic acid, and is then dried. Further, the use of said catalyst in any hydrotreatment process.1. A catalyst comprising an amorphous support based on alumina, at least one C1-C4 dialkyl succinate, citric acid, phosphorus and a hydrodehydrogenating function comprising at least one element from group VIB and at least one element from group VIII, with the Raman spectrum of the catalyst comprising bands at 990 and/or 974 cm−1, characteristic of at least one Keggin heteropolyanion, the characteristic bands of said succinate and the principal characteristic bands of citric acid. 2. A catalyst according to claim 1, in which the dialkyl succinate is dimethyl succinate and in which the Raman spectrum of the catalyst has principal bands at 990 and/or 974 cm−1 characteristic of Keggin heteropolyanions, and at 853 cm−1, characteristic of dimethyl succinate and at 785 and 956 cm−1, characteristic of citric acid. 3. A catalyst according to claim 1, also comprising acetic acid the Raman spectrum of which includes a line at 896 cm−1, characteristic of acetic acid. 4. A catalyst according to claim 1, in which the dialkyl succinate is diethyl succinate, dibutyl succinate or diisopropyl succinate. 5. A catalyst according to claim 1, in which the support contains more than 25% by weight of alumina. 6. A catalyst according to claim 1, comprising a support constituted by alumina or constituted by silica-alumina. 7. A catalyst according to claim 1, also comprising boron and/or fluorine. 8. A catalyst according to claim 1, in which the hydrodehydrogenating function comprises molybdenum, nickel and/or cobalt. 9. A catalyst according to claim 1, which is sulphurized. 10. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, said process comprising the following steps in succession:
ab) preparing a catalytic precursor containing the elements of the hydrodehydrogenating function, and optionally phosphorus, said precursor having undergone a heat treatment; c) at least one step for impregnation with an impregnation solution comprising at least one C1-C4 dialkyl succinate, citric acid and at least one compound of phosphorus, if the phosphorus has not been introduced in totality by impregnation in step ab), and optionally, acetic acid; d) a step for maturation; e) a step for drying at a temperature of less than 200° C., without a subsequent calcining step. 11. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, said process comprising the following steps in succession:
a) at least one step for impregnation of an amorphous support based on alumina with at least one solution containing the elements of the hydrodehydrogenating function, and optionally phosphorus; b) drying at a temperature below 180° C. optionally followed by calcining at a temperature of at least 350° C., preferably in the range 420° C. to 520° C.; c) at least one step for impregnation with an impregnation solution comprising at least one C1-C4 dialkyl succinate, citric acid, at least one compound of phosphorus, if the phosphorus has not been introduced in its entirety in step a), and optionally acetic acid; d) a step for maturation; e) a step for drying at a temperature of less than 200° C., without a subsequent calcining step. 12. A process for preparing a catalyst according to claim 1, said process comprising the following steps in succession:
a′b′) regenerating spent catalyst comprising a hydrodehydrogenating function and optionally phosphorus; c) at least one step for impregnation with an impregnation solution comprising at least one C1-C4 dialkyl succinate, citric acid, optionally at least one compound of phosphorus if the phosphorus has not been introduced into the catalyst in its entirety in step a′b′), and optionally acetic acid; d) a step for maturation; e) a step for drying at a temperature of less than 200° C., without a subsequent calcining step. 13. A process according to claim 11, in which the whole of the hydrodehydrogenating function is introduced during step a). 14. A process according to claim 10, in which step c) is carried out in the presence of water and/or ethanol. 15. A process according to claim 10, in which the dialkyl succinate and citric acid are introduced into the impregnation solution of step c) in a quantity corresponding to a molar ratio of dialkyl succinate to the impregnated element(s) from group VIB of the catalytic precursor in the range 0.15 to 2 mole/mole, and in a molar ratio of citric acid to the impregnated element(s) from group VIB of the catalytic precursor in the range 0.05 to 5 mole/mole. 16. A process according to claim 15, in which the impregnation solution also contains acetic acid, the molar ratio of acetic acid to the impregnated element(s) from group VIB of the catalytic precursor is in the range 0.1 to 6 mole/mole, and the molar ratio of citric acid+acetic acid to the impregnated element(s) from group VIB of the catalytic precursor is in the range 0.15 to 6 mole/mole. 17. A process according to 10, in which step d) is carried out at a temperature of 17° C. to 50° C. 18. A process according to claim 10, in which step e) is carried out at a temperature of 80° C. to 180° C., without subsequent calcining. 19. A process according to claim 10, in which the quantity of phosphorus introduced by impregnation is in the range 0.1% to 20% by weight (expressed as the weight of oxide with respect to the catalytic precursor after heat treatment in step ab) or b)), the quantity of element(s) from group VIB is in the range 5% to 40% by weight (expressed as the weight of oxide with respect to the catalytic precursor after heat treatment in step ab) or b)), and the quantity of element(s) from group VIII is in the range 1% to 10% by weight (expressed as the weight of oxide with respect to the catalytic precursor after heat treatment in step ab) or b)). 20. A process according to claim 10, in which the product obtained at the end of step e) undergoes a sulphurization step. 21. A process for the hydrotreatment of hydrocarbon feeds in the presence of a catalyst in accordance with claim 1. 22. A process according to claim 21, in which the hydrotreatment is hydrodesulphurization, hydrodenitrogenation, hydrodemetallization, hydrogenation of aromatics or hydroconversion. 23. A process according to claim 22, in which the hydrotreatment is deep gas oil hydrodesulphurization. 24. A process for the hydrotreatment of hydrocarbon feeds in the presence of a catalyst prepared by the process of claim 10. | 1,700 |
1,668 | 12,670,154 | 1,727 | A method for manufacturing a battery assembly provided by the present invention includes a step of measuring a stacking direction length of a stacked body including a predetermined number of unit cells ( 12 ) constituting a battery assembly ( 10 ) and arranged in the stacking direction; and a step of bundling a body ( 20 ) to be bundled that includes the stacked body. Here, the body to be bundled is provided with length adjusting means ( 40 ) for converging a spread in stacking direction length. The bundling step is implemented by setting the length adjusting means according to the stacking direction length of the stacked body, so that a length of the battery assembly in the stacking direction is a stipulated length (LT) and a bundling pressure of the body to be bundled is a stipulated pressure. | 1-13. (canceled) 14. A method for manufacturing a battery assembly in which a predetermined number of unit cells are arranged with a constant stacking pitch in a stacking direction, comprising the steps of:
constructing a plurality of unit cells of the same shape, each unit cell including an electrode body in which a positive electrode sheet and a negative electrode sheet are laminated together with a separator sheet, a container that accommodates the electrode body and an electrolyte, and a positive electrode terminal and a negative electrode terminal that are electrically connected to the positive electrode and the negative electrode and are disposed outside the container; forming a body to be bundled that includes the predetermined number of unit cells arranged in the stacking direction; and bundling the body to be bundled so that a length of the battery assembly in the stacking direction is a stipulated length LT and a bundling pressure of the body to be bundled is a stipulated pressure P, wherein the step of constructing the plurality of unit cells includes a processing in which a lamination direction thickness of an electrode body of a standard configuration that is predicted from the sheet thickness of the positive electrode sheet, negative electrode sheet, and separator sheet to be used to form the electrode body is compared with a stipulated electrode body thickness E, and the electrode body is formed to match the stipulated electrode body thickness E by increasing or decreasing the amount of the separator sheet used with respect to the standard configuration. 15. The battery assembly manufacturing method according to claim 14, wherein
the electrode body is a wound electrode body in which the laminated sheets are wound; the electrode body of the standard configuration has a configuration in which only the separator sheet is extra wound at the winding end of the electrode body; and the electrode body is formed to match the stipulated electrode body thickness E by increasing or decreasing the number of winding turns of the separator sheet at the winding end. 16. The battery assembly manufacturing method according to claim 14, wherein
the electrode body is formed by selecting one, or two or more of positive electrode sheets, negative electrode sheets, and separator sheets to be used to form the electrode bodies from a plurality of positive electrode sheets, a plurality of negative electrode sheets, and a plurality of separator sheets that have been classified into a plurality of thickness ranks based on the sheet thickness, and by using the selected positive electrode sheets, negative electrode sheets, and separator sheets; and the sheets to be used to form the electrode bodies are selected from one, or two or more thickness ranks from among the plurality of thickness ranks, so that the sum total of representative values of the thickness ranks to which these sheets belong is a stipulated thickness ST. 17. The battery assembly manufacturing method according to claim 14, wherein
the body to be bundled is formed by: measuring the stacking direction thickness for each of the plurality of unit cells; classifying the plurality of unit cells into a plurality of thickness ranks with mutually different thickness ranges based on the stacking direction thickness; and selecting a predetermined number of unit cells from one, or two or more thickness ranks from among the plurality of thickness ranks so that a sum total of representative values of thickness ranks to which the unit cells belong is a stipulated length RT, the body to be bundled including the selected unit cells arranged in the stacking direction. 18. The battery assembly manufacturing method according to claim 14, further comprising
a step of measuring a stacking direction length L1 of the stacked body, wherein the body to be bundled includes length adjusting means for converging a spread in stacking direction length L1, and the bundling step is implemented by setting the length adjusting means according to the stacking direction length L1. 19. A battery assembly in which a predetermined number of unit cells are arranged with a constant stacking pitch in a stacking direction, each unit cell including an electrode body in which a positive electrode sheet and a negative electrode sheet are laminated together with a separator sheet, a container that accommodates the electrode body and an electrolyte, and a positive electrode terminal and a negative electrode terminal that are electrically connected to the positive electrode and the negative electrode and are disposed outside the container, wherein
a body to be bundled that includes the predetermined number of unit cells arranged in the stacking direction is bundled so that a length of the battery assembly in the stacking direction is a stipulated length LT and a bundling pressure of the body to be bundled is a stipulated pressure P; and the electrode body is formed to match a stipulated electrode body thickness E by comparing a lamination direction thickness of an electrode body of a standard configuration that is predicted from the sheet thickness of the positive electrode sheet, negative electrode sheet, and separator sheet to be used to form the electrode body, with the stipulated electrode body thickness E, and by increasing or decreasing the amount of the separator sheet used with respect to the standard configuration. 20. The battery assembly according to claim 19, wherein
the electrode body is a wound electrode body in which the laminated sheets are wound; the electrode body of the standard configuration has a configuration in which only the separator sheet is extra wound at the winding end of the electrode body; and the electrode body is formed to match the stipulated electrode body thickness E by increasing or decreasing the number of winding turns of the separator sheet at the winding end. 21. The battery assembly according to claim 19, wherein
a plurality of unit cells of the same shape are bundled; the plurality of unit cells are electrically connected to each other by successively connecting a positive electrode terminal of one of adjacent unit cells to a negative electrode terminal of the other of the adjacent unit cells with a connection tool; and a distance between the positive and negative electrode terminals of any two unit cells connected by the connection tool is made constant by making uniform a thickness of bodies accommodated inside the unit cells, and connection tools of the same predetermined shape are thus used as the connection tools. 22. The battery assembly according to claim 21, wherein
the electrode body is a wound electrode body in which the laminated sheets are wound, and has a configuration in which only the separator sheet is extra wound at the winding end of the wound electrode body; and a distance between the positive and negative electrode terminals of any two unit cells connected by the connection tool is made constant by increasing or decreasing the number of winding turns of the separator sheet at the winding end in each unit cell. 23. A vehicle provided with the battery assembly according to claim 19. | A method for manufacturing a battery assembly provided by the present invention includes a step of measuring a stacking direction length of a stacked body including a predetermined number of unit cells ( 12 ) constituting a battery assembly ( 10 ) and arranged in the stacking direction; and a step of bundling a body ( 20 ) to be bundled that includes the stacked body. Here, the body to be bundled is provided with length adjusting means ( 40 ) for converging a spread in stacking direction length. The bundling step is implemented by setting the length adjusting means according to the stacking direction length of the stacked body, so that a length of the battery assembly in the stacking direction is a stipulated length (LT) and a bundling pressure of the body to be bundled is a stipulated pressure.1-13. (canceled) 14. A method for manufacturing a battery assembly in which a predetermined number of unit cells are arranged with a constant stacking pitch in a stacking direction, comprising the steps of:
constructing a plurality of unit cells of the same shape, each unit cell including an electrode body in which a positive electrode sheet and a negative electrode sheet are laminated together with a separator sheet, a container that accommodates the electrode body and an electrolyte, and a positive electrode terminal and a negative electrode terminal that are electrically connected to the positive electrode and the negative electrode and are disposed outside the container; forming a body to be bundled that includes the predetermined number of unit cells arranged in the stacking direction; and bundling the body to be bundled so that a length of the battery assembly in the stacking direction is a stipulated length LT and a bundling pressure of the body to be bundled is a stipulated pressure P, wherein the step of constructing the plurality of unit cells includes a processing in which a lamination direction thickness of an electrode body of a standard configuration that is predicted from the sheet thickness of the positive electrode sheet, negative electrode sheet, and separator sheet to be used to form the electrode body is compared with a stipulated electrode body thickness E, and the electrode body is formed to match the stipulated electrode body thickness E by increasing or decreasing the amount of the separator sheet used with respect to the standard configuration. 15. The battery assembly manufacturing method according to claim 14, wherein
the electrode body is a wound electrode body in which the laminated sheets are wound; the electrode body of the standard configuration has a configuration in which only the separator sheet is extra wound at the winding end of the electrode body; and the electrode body is formed to match the stipulated electrode body thickness E by increasing or decreasing the number of winding turns of the separator sheet at the winding end. 16. The battery assembly manufacturing method according to claim 14, wherein
the electrode body is formed by selecting one, or two or more of positive electrode sheets, negative electrode sheets, and separator sheets to be used to form the electrode bodies from a plurality of positive electrode sheets, a plurality of negative electrode sheets, and a plurality of separator sheets that have been classified into a plurality of thickness ranks based on the sheet thickness, and by using the selected positive electrode sheets, negative electrode sheets, and separator sheets; and the sheets to be used to form the electrode bodies are selected from one, or two or more thickness ranks from among the plurality of thickness ranks, so that the sum total of representative values of the thickness ranks to which these sheets belong is a stipulated thickness ST. 17. The battery assembly manufacturing method according to claim 14, wherein
the body to be bundled is formed by: measuring the stacking direction thickness for each of the plurality of unit cells; classifying the plurality of unit cells into a plurality of thickness ranks with mutually different thickness ranges based on the stacking direction thickness; and selecting a predetermined number of unit cells from one, or two or more thickness ranks from among the plurality of thickness ranks so that a sum total of representative values of thickness ranks to which the unit cells belong is a stipulated length RT, the body to be bundled including the selected unit cells arranged in the stacking direction. 18. The battery assembly manufacturing method according to claim 14, further comprising
a step of measuring a stacking direction length L1 of the stacked body, wherein the body to be bundled includes length adjusting means for converging a spread in stacking direction length L1, and the bundling step is implemented by setting the length adjusting means according to the stacking direction length L1. 19. A battery assembly in which a predetermined number of unit cells are arranged with a constant stacking pitch in a stacking direction, each unit cell including an electrode body in which a positive electrode sheet and a negative electrode sheet are laminated together with a separator sheet, a container that accommodates the electrode body and an electrolyte, and a positive electrode terminal and a negative electrode terminal that are electrically connected to the positive electrode and the negative electrode and are disposed outside the container, wherein
a body to be bundled that includes the predetermined number of unit cells arranged in the stacking direction is bundled so that a length of the battery assembly in the stacking direction is a stipulated length LT and a bundling pressure of the body to be bundled is a stipulated pressure P; and the electrode body is formed to match a stipulated electrode body thickness E by comparing a lamination direction thickness of an electrode body of a standard configuration that is predicted from the sheet thickness of the positive electrode sheet, negative electrode sheet, and separator sheet to be used to form the electrode body, with the stipulated electrode body thickness E, and by increasing or decreasing the amount of the separator sheet used with respect to the standard configuration. 20. The battery assembly according to claim 19, wherein
the electrode body is a wound electrode body in which the laminated sheets are wound; the electrode body of the standard configuration has a configuration in which only the separator sheet is extra wound at the winding end of the electrode body; and the electrode body is formed to match the stipulated electrode body thickness E by increasing or decreasing the number of winding turns of the separator sheet at the winding end. 21. The battery assembly according to claim 19, wherein
a plurality of unit cells of the same shape are bundled; the plurality of unit cells are electrically connected to each other by successively connecting a positive electrode terminal of one of adjacent unit cells to a negative electrode terminal of the other of the adjacent unit cells with a connection tool; and a distance between the positive and negative electrode terminals of any two unit cells connected by the connection tool is made constant by making uniform a thickness of bodies accommodated inside the unit cells, and connection tools of the same predetermined shape are thus used as the connection tools. 22. The battery assembly according to claim 21, wherein
the electrode body is a wound electrode body in which the laminated sheets are wound, and has a configuration in which only the separator sheet is extra wound at the winding end of the wound electrode body; and a distance between the positive and negative electrode terminals of any two unit cells connected by the connection tool is made constant by increasing or decreasing the number of winding turns of the separator sheet at the winding end in each unit cell. 23. A vehicle provided with the battery assembly according to claim 19. | 1,700 |
1,669 | 14,453,493 | 1,799 | A method for sterilizing a cyanoacrylate composition comprises exposing it to microwaves. The method can further comprise post-heating the composition after microwave exposure, and/or cooling the composition after post-heating it. In addition, a system for sterilizing a cyanoacrylate composition comprises a sterilizing chamber, a microwave generator. The system can further comprise an infrared thermometer, a post-heating chamber, a heater thermometer, a cooling mechanism, and/or a belt. In some embodiments, the belt is configured to move sample vials containing cyanoacrylate to and from the sterilizing chamber, and to and from the post-heating chamber. | 1. A method of sterilizing cyanoacrylate, the method comprising:
providing a first container comprising a first cyanoacrylate composition; moving the first container along a first pathway into a microwave chamber; exposing the first cyanoacrylate composition within the microwave chamber to microwave energy with a power of between about 0.1 kW to about 12 kW and at a temperature of less than about 190° C. for no more than about 30 seconds, such that a Bacillus subtilis count in the composition does not exceed 10−6; and moving the first container along a second pathway out of the microwave chamber. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein moving the first container along the second pathway out of the microwave chamber comprises moving the first container into an oven, and
wherein the method further comprises:
post-heating the composition in the oven for about 1 second to about 30 seconds; and
substantially immediately after post-heating the composition, cooling the composition. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
providing a second container comprising a second cyanoacrylate composition; moving the second container along the first pathway into the microwave chamber; exposing the second cyanoacrylate composition within the microwave chamber to microwave energy with a power of between about 0.1 kW to about 12 kW and at a temperature of less than about 190° C. for no more than about 30 seconds, such that a Bacillus subtilis count in the composition does not exceed 10−6; and moving the second container along the second pathway out of the microwave chamber, wherein moving the second container along the first pathway into the microwave oven occurs after moving the first container along the second pathway out of the microwave chamber. 4. A method of sterilizing cyanoacrylate, the method comprising:
exposing a cyanoacrylate composition to microwaves with a power of about 0.1 kW to about 12 kW, at temperature of about 50° C. to about 190° C., for a time period of no more than about 30 seconds, such that a Bacillus subtilis count in the composition does not exceed 10−6. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the microwave generator is configured to output a sterilization power ranging from about 0.5 kW to about 2 kW. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the microwave generator is configured to output a sterilization power of about 0.6 kW. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the microwave generator is configured to output a sterilization power of about 1.6 kW. 8. The method of claim 4, wherein the temperature is at about or above 173° C. 9. The method of claim 4, wherein the time period is no longer than about 9 seconds. 10. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
substantially immediately after exposing the composition to microwaves, moving the composition to an oven; and post-heating the composition in the oven. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein post-heating comprises post-heating the composition in the oven for no longer than about 30 seconds. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein post-heating comprises post-heating the composition in the oven for about 2 seconds to 3 seconds. 13. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
substantially immediately after post-heating the composition, cooling the composition. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein cooling the composition comprises cooling the composition in a cooling chamber, in a water bath, in a chemical cooling bath, or with a fan. 15. A system for sterilizing a cyanoacrylate, the system comprising:
a sterilizing chamber; a microwave generator coupled to the sterilizing chamber; a belt configured to move the sample to and from the sterilizing chamber; and a processing system in electronic communication with the microwave generator and the belt. 16. The system of claim 15, further comprising an infrared thermometer configured to monitor a temperature of the sample in the sterilizing chamber. 17. The system of claim 15, further comprising a post-heating chamber. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the post-heating chamber comprises an oven. 19. The system of claim 15, further comprising a cooling mechanism. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the cooling mechanism is a cooling chamber, a fan, a water bath, or a chemical cooling bath. | A method for sterilizing a cyanoacrylate composition comprises exposing it to microwaves. The method can further comprise post-heating the composition after microwave exposure, and/or cooling the composition after post-heating it. In addition, a system for sterilizing a cyanoacrylate composition comprises a sterilizing chamber, a microwave generator. The system can further comprise an infrared thermometer, a post-heating chamber, a heater thermometer, a cooling mechanism, and/or a belt. In some embodiments, the belt is configured to move sample vials containing cyanoacrylate to and from the sterilizing chamber, and to and from the post-heating chamber.1. A method of sterilizing cyanoacrylate, the method comprising:
providing a first container comprising a first cyanoacrylate composition; moving the first container along a first pathway into a microwave chamber; exposing the first cyanoacrylate composition within the microwave chamber to microwave energy with a power of between about 0.1 kW to about 12 kW and at a temperature of less than about 190° C. for no more than about 30 seconds, such that a Bacillus subtilis count in the composition does not exceed 10−6; and moving the first container along a second pathway out of the microwave chamber. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein moving the first container along the second pathway out of the microwave chamber comprises moving the first container into an oven, and
wherein the method further comprises:
post-heating the composition in the oven for about 1 second to about 30 seconds; and
substantially immediately after post-heating the composition, cooling the composition. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
providing a second container comprising a second cyanoacrylate composition; moving the second container along the first pathway into the microwave chamber; exposing the second cyanoacrylate composition within the microwave chamber to microwave energy with a power of between about 0.1 kW to about 12 kW and at a temperature of less than about 190° C. for no more than about 30 seconds, such that a Bacillus subtilis count in the composition does not exceed 10−6; and moving the second container along the second pathway out of the microwave chamber, wherein moving the second container along the first pathway into the microwave oven occurs after moving the first container along the second pathway out of the microwave chamber. 4. A method of sterilizing cyanoacrylate, the method comprising:
exposing a cyanoacrylate composition to microwaves with a power of about 0.1 kW to about 12 kW, at temperature of about 50° C. to about 190° C., for a time period of no more than about 30 seconds, such that a Bacillus subtilis count in the composition does not exceed 10−6. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the microwave generator is configured to output a sterilization power ranging from about 0.5 kW to about 2 kW. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the microwave generator is configured to output a sterilization power of about 0.6 kW. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the microwave generator is configured to output a sterilization power of about 1.6 kW. 8. The method of claim 4, wherein the temperature is at about or above 173° C. 9. The method of claim 4, wherein the time period is no longer than about 9 seconds. 10. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
substantially immediately after exposing the composition to microwaves, moving the composition to an oven; and post-heating the composition in the oven. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein post-heating comprises post-heating the composition in the oven for no longer than about 30 seconds. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein post-heating comprises post-heating the composition in the oven for about 2 seconds to 3 seconds. 13. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
substantially immediately after post-heating the composition, cooling the composition. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein cooling the composition comprises cooling the composition in a cooling chamber, in a water bath, in a chemical cooling bath, or with a fan. 15. A system for sterilizing a cyanoacrylate, the system comprising:
a sterilizing chamber; a microwave generator coupled to the sterilizing chamber; a belt configured to move the sample to and from the sterilizing chamber; and a processing system in electronic communication with the microwave generator and the belt. 16. The system of claim 15, further comprising an infrared thermometer configured to monitor a temperature of the sample in the sterilizing chamber. 17. The system of claim 15, further comprising a post-heating chamber. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the post-heating chamber comprises an oven. 19. The system of claim 15, further comprising a cooling mechanism. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the cooling mechanism is a cooling chamber, a fan, a water bath, or a chemical cooling bath. | 1,700 |
1,670 | 14,038,444 | 1,741 | Method of manufacturing a cut stem with increased filling capacity comprises tearing a rod-like stem material having a water content of 20 to 50% by weight, shredding the torn rod-like stem material, and subjecting the rod-like cut stem material to expansion treatment. | 1. A cut stem manufacturing method comprising:
tearing a rod-like stem material having a water content of 20 to 50% by weight; shredding the torn rod-like stem material; and subjecting the rod-like cut stem material to expansion treatment. 2. The cut stem manufacturing method according to claim 1, further comprising:
wetting and swelling the rod-like stem material after the shredding and before the subjecting the expansion treatment. 3. The cut stem manufacturing method according to claim 2, wherein
the wetting and swelling is performed such that the rod-like stem material has a water content of 15 to 50% by weight. 4. A cut stem manufacturing apparatus comprising:
first and second rollers which include outer peripheral surfaces opposed to each other at a fixed space therebetween, and include axes arranged horizontally or almost horizontally, the first and second rollers rotating in a feed direction, the first roller rotating at a peripheral velocity greater than a peripheral velocity of the second roller; a material supplying device to supply a rod-like stem material with a water content of 20 to 50% by weight from above to a space between the first and second rollers; a cutter which shreds the rod-like stem material fed from the first and second rollers; and expansion means configured to expand the rod-like cut stem material. 5. The cut stem manufacturing apparatus according to claim 4, wherein
the first and second rollers have respective smooth outer peripheral surfaces. 6. The cut stem manufacturing apparatus according to claim 4, wherein
the first and second rollers have respective outer peripheral surfaces, on each of which a plurality of cogs are formed along an axial direction. 7. The cut stem manufacturing apparatus according to claim 4, wherein
the first and second rollers have respective outer peripheral surfaces, in each of which a plurality of grooves are formed along an axial direction. 8. The cut stem manufacturing apparatus according to claim 4, wherein
a ratio of a peripheral velocity of the first roller to a peripheral velocity of the second roller ranges from 1.2:1 to 5:1. 9. The cut stem manufacturing apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising:
respective scrappers which are arranged close to respective lower parts of the first and second rollers. 10. The cut stem manufacturing apparatus according to claim 4, wherein
the expansion means is a drier. 11. The cut stem manufacturing apparatus according to claim 10, wherein
the drier is a drier in which superheated steam stream or heated air stream circulates. 12. The cut stem manufacturing apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising:
means for wetting and swelling the rod-like cut stem material. 13. The cut stem manufacturing apparatus according to claim 12, wherein
the wetting swelling means performs treatment such that the rod-like cut stem material has a water content of 15 to 50% by weight. 14. A cut stem comprising:
spongy fiber tissue derived from internal tissue, which includes an integument existing on a part of a surface thereof; and fluffy fibers formed on at least part of the surface of the spongy fiber tissue excluding the integument. 15. The cut stem according to claim 14, wherein the cut stem has a water content of 3 to 15% by weight. | Method of manufacturing a cut stem with increased filling capacity comprises tearing a rod-like stem material having a water content of 20 to 50% by weight, shredding the torn rod-like stem material, and subjecting the rod-like cut stem material to expansion treatment.1. A cut stem manufacturing method comprising:
tearing a rod-like stem material having a water content of 20 to 50% by weight; shredding the torn rod-like stem material; and subjecting the rod-like cut stem material to expansion treatment. 2. The cut stem manufacturing method according to claim 1, further comprising:
wetting and swelling the rod-like stem material after the shredding and before the subjecting the expansion treatment. 3. The cut stem manufacturing method according to claim 2, wherein
the wetting and swelling is performed such that the rod-like stem material has a water content of 15 to 50% by weight. 4. A cut stem manufacturing apparatus comprising:
first and second rollers which include outer peripheral surfaces opposed to each other at a fixed space therebetween, and include axes arranged horizontally or almost horizontally, the first and second rollers rotating in a feed direction, the first roller rotating at a peripheral velocity greater than a peripheral velocity of the second roller; a material supplying device to supply a rod-like stem material with a water content of 20 to 50% by weight from above to a space between the first and second rollers; a cutter which shreds the rod-like stem material fed from the first and second rollers; and expansion means configured to expand the rod-like cut stem material. 5. The cut stem manufacturing apparatus according to claim 4, wherein
the first and second rollers have respective smooth outer peripheral surfaces. 6. The cut stem manufacturing apparatus according to claim 4, wherein
the first and second rollers have respective outer peripheral surfaces, on each of which a plurality of cogs are formed along an axial direction. 7. The cut stem manufacturing apparatus according to claim 4, wherein
the first and second rollers have respective outer peripheral surfaces, in each of which a plurality of grooves are formed along an axial direction. 8. The cut stem manufacturing apparatus according to claim 4, wherein
a ratio of a peripheral velocity of the first roller to a peripheral velocity of the second roller ranges from 1.2:1 to 5:1. 9. The cut stem manufacturing apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising:
respective scrappers which are arranged close to respective lower parts of the first and second rollers. 10. The cut stem manufacturing apparatus according to claim 4, wherein
the expansion means is a drier. 11. The cut stem manufacturing apparatus according to claim 10, wherein
the drier is a drier in which superheated steam stream or heated air stream circulates. 12. The cut stem manufacturing apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising:
means for wetting and swelling the rod-like cut stem material. 13. The cut stem manufacturing apparatus according to claim 12, wherein
the wetting swelling means performs treatment such that the rod-like cut stem material has a water content of 15 to 50% by weight. 14. A cut stem comprising:
spongy fiber tissue derived from internal tissue, which includes an integument existing on a part of a surface thereof; and fluffy fibers formed on at least part of the surface of the spongy fiber tissue excluding the integument. 15. The cut stem according to claim 14, wherein the cut stem has a water content of 3 to 15% by weight. | 1,700 |
1,671 | 14,363,355 | 1,771 | The present disclosure provides a lubricating oil concentrate containing an ethoxylated ether amine and a base oil. The lubricating oil concentrate is capable of forming a stable, low foaming emulsion when added to an aqueous medium and may be useful in metalworking and cleaning fluids. | 1. A water-miscible lubricating oil concentrate comprising (i) an ethoxylated ether amine having the formula (I)
where R=a straight chain or branched alkyl group having from 8 to 22 carbon atoms;
n=an integer from 2 to 30;
x=an integer from 1 to 29; and
y=an integer from 1 to 30; and
(ii) a base oil 2. The water-miscible lubricating oil concentrate of claim 1, wherein R=a straight chain or branched alkyl group having from 12 to 16 carbon atoms. 3. The water-miscible lubricating oil concentrate of claim 1, wherein y=an integer from 2 to 6. 4. The water-miscible lubricating oil concentrate of claim 1, wherein n=an integer from 5 to 20 and x=an integer from 4 to 19. 5. The water-miscible lubricating oil concentrate of claim 1, wherein the base oil is a petroleum-based oil. 6. The water-miscible lubricating oil concentrate of claim 5, wherein the petroleum-based oil is selected from naphthalenic oil, paraffinic oil, crude oil, diesel oil, mineral seal oil, kerosene, fuel oil, white oil and aromatic oil. 7. The water-miscible lubricating oil concentrate of claim 1, further comprising additives. 8. A method of preparing a water-miscible lubricating oil concentrate comprising admixing an ethoxylated ether amine having the formula (I)
where R=a straight chain or branched alkyl group having from 8 to 22 carbon atoms;
n=an integer from 2 to 30;
x=an integer from 1 to 29; and
y=an integer from 1 to 30 with a base oil 9. A stable, low foaming aqueous emulsion comprising the water-miscible lubricating oil concentrate of claim 1 and water. 10. A metalworking or cleaning fluid comprising an aqueous emulsion wherein the aqueous emulsion comprises an oil phase dispersed in a continuous aqueous medium, the oil phase comprising the lubricating oil concentrate of claim 1 and the aqueous medium comprising water. | The present disclosure provides a lubricating oil concentrate containing an ethoxylated ether amine and a base oil. The lubricating oil concentrate is capable of forming a stable, low foaming emulsion when added to an aqueous medium and may be useful in metalworking and cleaning fluids.1. A water-miscible lubricating oil concentrate comprising (i) an ethoxylated ether amine having the formula (I)
where R=a straight chain or branched alkyl group having from 8 to 22 carbon atoms;
n=an integer from 2 to 30;
x=an integer from 1 to 29; and
y=an integer from 1 to 30; and
(ii) a base oil 2. The water-miscible lubricating oil concentrate of claim 1, wherein R=a straight chain or branched alkyl group having from 12 to 16 carbon atoms. 3. The water-miscible lubricating oil concentrate of claim 1, wherein y=an integer from 2 to 6. 4. The water-miscible lubricating oil concentrate of claim 1, wherein n=an integer from 5 to 20 and x=an integer from 4 to 19. 5. The water-miscible lubricating oil concentrate of claim 1, wherein the base oil is a petroleum-based oil. 6. The water-miscible lubricating oil concentrate of claim 5, wherein the petroleum-based oil is selected from naphthalenic oil, paraffinic oil, crude oil, diesel oil, mineral seal oil, kerosene, fuel oil, white oil and aromatic oil. 7. The water-miscible lubricating oil concentrate of claim 1, further comprising additives. 8. A method of preparing a water-miscible lubricating oil concentrate comprising admixing an ethoxylated ether amine having the formula (I)
where R=a straight chain or branched alkyl group having from 8 to 22 carbon atoms;
n=an integer from 2 to 30;
x=an integer from 1 to 29; and
y=an integer from 1 to 30 with a base oil 9. A stable, low foaming aqueous emulsion comprising the water-miscible lubricating oil concentrate of claim 1 and water. 10. A metalworking or cleaning fluid comprising an aqueous emulsion wherein the aqueous emulsion comprises an oil phase dispersed in a continuous aqueous medium, the oil phase comprising the lubricating oil concentrate of claim 1 and the aqueous medium comprising water. | 1,700 |
1,672 | 14,283,449 | 1,743 | A connector ( 900 ) for fluid conduit includes a connector body ( 901 ) having a lumen ( 902 ) passing along a longitudinal axis ( 903 ), and a luer access port ( 800 ) extending distally along a transverse axis ( 905 ). The luer access port ( 800 ) is made from a thermoplastic elastomer ( 500 ) having a domed interior portion ( 501 ) and a stair-stepped perimeter ( 502 ) that is coupled to a cylindrical wall ( 600 ). The thermoplastic elastomer ( 500 ) and cylindrical wall ( 600 ) can be integrally coupled in an insert molding process. | 1. A method of manufacturing a luer access port with an insert molding process, comprising:
forming a first portion of the luer access port in a mold by injecting a first material into a cavity of the mold; the first portion comprising one of a stair-stepped elastomer membrane or a luer access port body; removing at least one tooling component from the cavity, thereby creating additional cavity space; and forming a second portion of the luer access port by injecting a second material into the cavity about the stair-stepped elastomer membrane to form the luer access port; the second portion comprising another of the stair-stepped elastomer membrane or the luer access port body; and the first material comprising one of an elastomer or a thermoplastic, and the second material comprising another of the elastomer or the thermoplastic. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
providing a connector body having a first lumen extending along a longitudinal axis and a second lumen extending along a transverse axis and intersecting the first lumen; and coupling the luer access port to the connector body about the transverse axis. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising cutting an incision in the elastomer. 4. The method of claim 2, the providing further comprising providing a tubular connection member having the first lumen passing therethrough. 5. The method of claim 4, the tubular connection member further comprising a male conduit connector and a female conduit receiver, the luer access port coupled to a waist of the tubular connection member disposed between two side portions, the two side portions each having a height greater than the waist. 6. The method of claim 5, the height of a highest of the two side portions greater or equal to a waist height of the waist, plus a port height of the luer access port. 7. The method of claim 5, one or more of the waist and the two side portions having a cross-sectional shape that is non-cylindrical. 8. The method of claim 6, the waist having a waist width that is greater than the waist height. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the waist width less than or equal to 0.250 inches, the waist height less than or equal to 0.200 inches, and the port height less than or equal to 0.200 inches. 10. The method of claim 5, a surface area spanning the waist and the two side portions is smooth. 11. The method of claim 5, the waist and two side portions defining a port support region having an hourglass appearance. | A connector ( 900 ) for fluid conduit includes a connector body ( 901 ) having a lumen ( 902 ) passing along a longitudinal axis ( 903 ), and a luer access port ( 800 ) extending distally along a transverse axis ( 905 ). The luer access port ( 800 ) is made from a thermoplastic elastomer ( 500 ) having a domed interior portion ( 501 ) and a stair-stepped perimeter ( 502 ) that is coupled to a cylindrical wall ( 600 ). The thermoplastic elastomer ( 500 ) and cylindrical wall ( 600 ) can be integrally coupled in an insert molding process.1. A method of manufacturing a luer access port with an insert molding process, comprising:
forming a first portion of the luer access port in a mold by injecting a first material into a cavity of the mold; the first portion comprising one of a stair-stepped elastomer membrane or a luer access port body; removing at least one tooling component from the cavity, thereby creating additional cavity space; and forming a second portion of the luer access port by injecting a second material into the cavity about the stair-stepped elastomer membrane to form the luer access port; the second portion comprising another of the stair-stepped elastomer membrane or the luer access port body; and the first material comprising one of an elastomer or a thermoplastic, and the second material comprising another of the elastomer or the thermoplastic. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
providing a connector body having a first lumen extending along a longitudinal axis and a second lumen extending along a transverse axis and intersecting the first lumen; and coupling the luer access port to the connector body about the transverse axis. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising cutting an incision in the elastomer. 4. The method of claim 2, the providing further comprising providing a tubular connection member having the first lumen passing therethrough. 5. The method of claim 4, the tubular connection member further comprising a male conduit connector and a female conduit receiver, the luer access port coupled to a waist of the tubular connection member disposed between two side portions, the two side portions each having a height greater than the waist. 6. The method of claim 5, the height of a highest of the two side portions greater or equal to a waist height of the waist, plus a port height of the luer access port. 7. The method of claim 5, one or more of the waist and the two side portions having a cross-sectional shape that is non-cylindrical. 8. The method of claim 6, the waist having a waist width that is greater than the waist height. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the waist width less than or equal to 0.250 inches, the waist height less than or equal to 0.200 inches, and the port height less than or equal to 0.200 inches. 10. The method of claim 5, a surface area spanning the waist and the two side portions is smooth. 11. The method of claim 5, the waist and two side portions defining a port support region having an hourglass appearance. | 1,700 |
1,673 | 14,254,973 | 1,768 | A dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor is a mixture containing an organic material A and an organic material B. The organic material A includes at least two kinds of organic material components A1, A2, . . . having reactive groups (for example, OH, NCO) that cross-link each other. The organic material B does not have a reactive site capable of reacting with the organic material A and has a dielectric loss tan δ of 0.3% or less at a temperature of 125° C. The mixture has a glass transition temperature of 130° C. or higher and preferably 280° C. or lower. | 1. A dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor, the dielectric resin composition comprising:
a mixture containing a first organic material and a second organic material, wherein the first organic material includes at least two kinds of organic material components, each having reactive groups that cross-link with each other; the second organic material does not have a reactive site that reacts with the first organic material and has a dielectric loss tan δ of 0.3% or less at a temperature of 125° C.; and the mixture has a glass transition temperature of 130° C. or higher. 2. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the first organic material and the second organic material both have an aromatic ring. 3. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the glass transition temperature is 130° C. or higher and 280° C. or lower. 4. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 1, wherein a blending ratio of the second organic material based on 100 parts by weight of a sum of the first and second organic materials is 20 parts by weight or more and 80 parts by weight or less. 5. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the first organic material and the second organic material are soluble in a common organic solvent. 6. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 1, wherein at least one kind among the at least two kinds of organic material components constituting the first organic material and the second organic material has a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 or more. 7. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 6, wherein the first organic material comprises polyacetal and polyisocyanate, and the second organic material is at least one of polycarbonate, polyphenylene ether, polysulfone, and polyarylate. 8. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 7, wherein the polyacetal is polyvinylacetoacetal. 9. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 8, wherein the polyisocyanate is tolylenediisocyanate. 10. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 7, wherein the polyisocyanate is tolylenediisocyanate. 11. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the first organic material comprises polyacetal and polyisocyanate, and the second organic material is at least one of polycarbonate, polyphenylene ether, polysulfone, and polyarylate. 12. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 11, wherein the polyacetal is polyvinylacetoacetal. 13. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 12, wherein the polyisocyanate is tolylenediisocyanate. 14. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 11, wherein the polyisocyanate is tolylenediisocyanate. 15. A film capacitor comprising:
a dielectric resin film obtained by curing the dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 1; and first and second counter electrodes that oppose each other with the dielectric resin film interposed therebetween. 16. The film capacitor according to claim 15, wherein the first organic material and the second organic material both have an aromatic ring. 17. The film capacitor according to claim 15, wherein the glass transition temperature is 130° C. or higher and 280° C. or lower. 18. The film capacitor according to claim 15, wherein a blending ratio of the second organic material based on 100 parts by weight of a sum of the first and second organic materials is 20 parts by weight or more and 80 parts by weight or less. 19. The film capacitor according to claim 15, wherein the first organic material and the second organic material are soluble in a common organic solvent. 20. The film capacitor according to claim 15, wherein at least one kind among the at least two kinds of organic material components constituting the first organic material and the second organic material has a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 or more. | A dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor is a mixture containing an organic material A and an organic material B. The organic material A includes at least two kinds of organic material components A1, A2, . . . having reactive groups (for example, OH, NCO) that cross-link each other. The organic material B does not have a reactive site capable of reacting with the organic material A and has a dielectric loss tan δ of 0.3% or less at a temperature of 125° C. The mixture has a glass transition temperature of 130° C. or higher and preferably 280° C. or lower.1. A dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor, the dielectric resin composition comprising:
a mixture containing a first organic material and a second organic material, wherein the first organic material includes at least two kinds of organic material components, each having reactive groups that cross-link with each other; the second organic material does not have a reactive site that reacts with the first organic material and has a dielectric loss tan δ of 0.3% or less at a temperature of 125° C.; and the mixture has a glass transition temperature of 130° C. or higher. 2. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the first organic material and the second organic material both have an aromatic ring. 3. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the glass transition temperature is 130° C. or higher and 280° C. or lower. 4. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 1, wherein a blending ratio of the second organic material based on 100 parts by weight of a sum of the first and second organic materials is 20 parts by weight or more and 80 parts by weight or less. 5. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the first organic material and the second organic material are soluble in a common organic solvent. 6. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 1, wherein at least one kind among the at least two kinds of organic material components constituting the first organic material and the second organic material has a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 or more. 7. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 6, wherein the first organic material comprises polyacetal and polyisocyanate, and the second organic material is at least one of polycarbonate, polyphenylene ether, polysulfone, and polyarylate. 8. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 7, wherein the polyacetal is polyvinylacetoacetal. 9. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 8, wherein the polyisocyanate is tolylenediisocyanate. 10. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 7, wherein the polyisocyanate is tolylenediisocyanate. 11. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the first organic material comprises polyacetal and polyisocyanate, and the second organic material is at least one of polycarbonate, polyphenylene ether, polysulfone, and polyarylate. 12. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 11, wherein the polyacetal is polyvinylacetoacetal. 13. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 12, wherein the polyisocyanate is tolylenediisocyanate. 14. The dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 11, wherein the polyisocyanate is tolylenediisocyanate. 15. A film capacitor comprising:
a dielectric resin film obtained by curing the dielectric resin composition for a film capacitor according to claim 1; and first and second counter electrodes that oppose each other with the dielectric resin film interposed therebetween. 16. The film capacitor according to claim 15, wherein the first organic material and the second organic material both have an aromatic ring. 17. The film capacitor according to claim 15, wherein the glass transition temperature is 130° C. or higher and 280° C. or lower. 18. The film capacitor according to claim 15, wherein a blending ratio of the second organic material based on 100 parts by weight of a sum of the first and second organic materials is 20 parts by weight or more and 80 parts by weight or less. 19. The film capacitor according to claim 15, wherein the first organic material and the second organic material are soluble in a common organic solvent. 20. The film capacitor according to claim 15, wherein at least one kind among the at least two kinds of organic material components constituting the first organic material and the second organic material has a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 or more. | 1,700 |
1,674 | 13,510,830 | 1,713 | A process for removing a bulk material layer from a substrate and planarizing the exposed surface by CMP by (1) providing an CMP agent exhibiting at the end of the chemical mechanical polishing, without the addition of supplementary materials, the same SER as at its start and a lower MRR than at its start,—an SER which is lower than the initial SER and an MRR which is the same or essentially the same as the initial MRR or a lower SER and a lower MRR than at its start; (2) contacting the surface of the bulk material layer with the CMP agent; (3) the CMP of the bulk material layer with the CMP agent; and (4) continuing the CMP until all material residuals are removed from the exposed surface; and a CMP agent and their use for manufacturing electrical and optical devices. | 1. A process, comprising:
(1) contacting a surface of a bulk material layer of a substrate with an aqueous chemical mechanical polishing agent exhibiting at the end of a chemical mechanical polishing, without addition of any supplementary material;
the same or essentially the same static etch rate SER as at a start of the chemical mechanical polishing, and a lower material removal rate MRR than at the start of the chemical mechanical polishing;
a lower static etch rate SER than at the start of the chemical mechanical polishing, and the same or essentially the same material removal rate MRR as at the start of the chemical mechanical polishing; or
a lower static etch rate SER and a lower material removal rate MRR than at the start of the chemical mechanical polishing;
(2) chemically and mechanically polishing the bulk material layer with the aqueous chemical mechanical polishing agent while:
an initial SER of the chemical polishing agent remains the same or essentially the same, and an initial MRR of the chemical polishing agent decreases;
the initial SER decreases, and the initial MRR remains the same or essentially the same; or
the initial SER and the initial MRR both decrease,
until a bulk metal layer is removed and a substrate surface is exposed; and
(3) continuing chemical mechanical polishing with the chemical mechanical polishing agent
until all material residuals are removed from the exposed surface. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the aqueous chemical mechanical polishing agent comprises
(a1) a component capable of exhibiting in an aqueous phase, without addition of any supplementary material, a change of at least one chemical property, physical property, or both; and (a2) at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of a component initially present in the aqueous phase and a component generated in the aqueous phase during the process. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the change of the at least one chemical and/or physical property (a1) is triggered by at least one stimulus selected from the group consisting of
(i) a change of pH, temperature or concentration of the at least one addition component (a2) in the aqueous phase, (ii) exposure to a magnetic field, an electric field and electromagnetic radiation, (iii) exposure to mechanical stress, and (iv) a combination of at least two of the said stimuli. 4. The process of claim 3, wherein the change of the at least one chemical and/or physical property (a1) is triggered by
(i) a change of pH, temperature or concentration of the at least one additional component (a2) in the aqueous phase, or (iv) a combination of at least two of the said stimuli. 5. The process of claim 3, wherein the change of the at least one chemical and/or physical property (a1) corresponds to a change of the component (a1) morphology, structure, solubility or functionality, or a combination of at least two of the said changes. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the change of the at least one chemical and/or physical property (a1) corresponds to a change of hydrodynamic volume, shape or solvation state of molecules of the component (a1), absorption or desorption of the at least one additional component (a2) by the component (a1), chemical reaction of the component (a1) with the at least one additional component (a2), complexation of the at least one additional component (a2) by the component (a1) or a combination of at least two of the said changes. 7. The process of claim 3, wherein the additional component (a2) is at least one selected from the group consisting of an acid, a base and a metal ion. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein the change of the at least one chemical and/or physical property (a1) is effected by complexation of the metal ion (a2) by the component (a1). 9. The process of claim 9, wherein the component (a1) has a lower critical solution temperature LCST or an upper critical solution temperature UCST. 10. The process of claim 9, wherein the change of the at least one chemical and/or physical property (a1) occurs at the LCST or the UCST. 11. The process of claim 9, wherein the LCST or the UCST is in the range of from 30 to 90° C. 12. The process of claim 2, wherein the component (a1) is selected from the group consisting of a material soluble in an aqueous phase of the chemical mechanical polishing agent and a material insoluble in the aqueous phase of the chemical mechanical polishing agent. 13. The process of claim 12, wherein the component (a1) is selected from the group consisting of a dispersed oligomer, a dissolved oligomer, a dispersed polymer, and a dissolved polymer. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the component (a1) is selected from the group consisting of:
a poly(N-alkylacrylamide), a poly(methyl vinyl ether), a poly(N-vinyl caprolactam), a poly(N-ethyl oxazoline), an elastine-like oligopeptide, an elastine-like polypeptide, a poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide); a copolymer of at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic anhydride acrylamide, methacrylamide, a vinyl aromatic, an N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate and methacrylate; and a polyether comprising at least one chain of copolymerized ethylene oxide and at least one alkylene oxide having at least 3 carbon atoms to the moiety, said chain having a statistical, alternating, or block form. 15. The process of claim 14, wherein the component (a1) comprises a reactive functional group which reacts with or complexes at least one of the additional component (a2). 16. The process of claim 1, wherein the bulk material of the bulk material layer is selected from the group consisting of a dielectric material and an electrically conductive material. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein:
the bulk material is the electrically conductive material; and the electrically conductive material is a metal having a standard reduction potential E0>−0.1 V for the half-reaction MMn++n e−, such that n=integer of from 1 to 4 and e− is an electron. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein the metal is copper. 19. The process of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a metal pattern embedded in its surface. 20. The process of claim 1, wherein the aqueous chemical mechanical polishing agent comprises:
(a1) a component selected from the group consisting of
a copolymer formed from at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic anhydride acrylamide, methacrylamide, a vinyl aromatic, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate and methacrylate, and
a polyether comprising a chain of at least one copolymerized ethylene oxide and at least one copolymerized alkylene oxide having at least 3 carbon atoms, said chain having a statistical, alternating, or block distribution; and
(a2) an additional component, with the exception of a polymer having a mean particle size d50 of 76 nm as measured by HPPS dynamic light scattering prepared by:
Charging under nitrogen 1500 g of deionized water and 4.5 g of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide to a reaction flask,
heating contents of the reaction flask up to 70° C.,
charging, at this temperature, 0.68 g 2,2′-azo-(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride to the reaction flask,
simultaneously starting a monomer feed consisting of 630 g of deionized water, 391.5 g styrene, 60 g of methacrylamide as a 15% solution in water, 4.5 g of divinylbenzene, and 2.48 g of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and continually feeding it for 1.5 hours,
starting, at the same time, an initiator feed containing 170 g of deionized water and 2.3 g of 2,2′-azo-(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride and continually feeding it to the reaction flask for 2.5 hours,
starting after 1.5 hours from the start of the first monomer feed, a second monomer feed consisting of 255 g of deionized water, 13.5 g of 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, 0.9 g of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and 31.5 g of styrene and continually feeding it to the reaction flask during 30 minutes,
post-polymerizing the obtained reaction mixture for 2 hours at 70° C. and then cooling it down to room temperature, and
thereby obtaining a dispersion of solid polymeric particles with a solids content of 15% by weight. 21. An aqueous chemical mechanical polishing agent (A), comprising:
(a1) a component (a1) selected from the group consisting of:
a copolymer formed from at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic anhydride acrylamide, methacrylamide, a vinyl aromatic, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate, and methacrylate; and
a polyether comprising a chain of at least one copolymerized ethylene oxide and at least one copolymerized alkylene oxide having at least 3 carbon atoms, said chain having a statistical, alternating, or block distribution; and
(a2) an additional component; with the exception of a polymer having a mean particle size d50 of 76 nm as measured by HPPS dynamic light scattering prepared by:
Charging under nitrogen 1500 g of deionized water and 4.5 g of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide to a reaction flask,
heating the contents of the flask up to 70° C.,
charging, at this temperature, 0.68 g 2,2′-azo-(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride to the reaction flask,
simultaneously starting a monomer feed consisting of 630 g of deionized water, 391.5 g styrene, 60 g of methacrylamide as a 15% solution in water, 4.5 g of divinylbenzene, and 2.48 g of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and continually feeding it for 1.5 hours,
starting, at the same time, an initiator feed containing 170 g of deionized water and 2.3 g of 2,2′-azo-(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride and continually feeding it to the reaction flask for 2.5 hours,
starting after 1.5 hours from the start of the first monomer feed, a second monomer feed consisting of 255 g of deionized water, 13.5 g of 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, 0.9 g of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and 31.5 g of styrene and continually feeding it to the reaction flask during 30 minutes,
post-polymerizing the obtained reaction mixture for 2 hours at 70° C. and then cooling it down to room temperature,
thereby obtaining a dispersion of solid polymeric particles with a solids content of 15% by weight. 22. The aqueous chemical mechanical polishing agent of claim 21, wherein the additional component (a2) is at least one selected from the group consisting of an organic abrasion particle, an inorganic abrasion particle, a hybrid organic-inorganic abrasive particle, an oxidizing agent, a passivating agent, a complexing agent, a chelating agent, a fictive agent, a stabilizing agent, a pH-adjusting agent, a buffering agent, a rheology agent, a surfactant, a metal cation and an organic solvent. 23. An electrical or optical device obtained by the process of claim 1. | A process for removing a bulk material layer from a substrate and planarizing the exposed surface by CMP by (1) providing an CMP agent exhibiting at the end of the chemical mechanical polishing, without the addition of supplementary materials, the same SER as at its start and a lower MRR than at its start,—an SER which is lower than the initial SER and an MRR which is the same or essentially the same as the initial MRR or a lower SER and a lower MRR than at its start; (2) contacting the surface of the bulk material layer with the CMP agent; (3) the CMP of the bulk material layer with the CMP agent; and (4) continuing the CMP until all material residuals are removed from the exposed surface; and a CMP agent and their use for manufacturing electrical and optical devices.1. A process, comprising:
(1) contacting a surface of a bulk material layer of a substrate with an aqueous chemical mechanical polishing agent exhibiting at the end of a chemical mechanical polishing, without addition of any supplementary material;
the same or essentially the same static etch rate SER as at a start of the chemical mechanical polishing, and a lower material removal rate MRR than at the start of the chemical mechanical polishing;
a lower static etch rate SER than at the start of the chemical mechanical polishing, and the same or essentially the same material removal rate MRR as at the start of the chemical mechanical polishing; or
a lower static etch rate SER and a lower material removal rate MRR than at the start of the chemical mechanical polishing;
(2) chemically and mechanically polishing the bulk material layer with the aqueous chemical mechanical polishing agent while:
an initial SER of the chemical polishing agent remains the same or essentially the same, and an initial MRR of the chemical polishing agent decreases;
the initial SER decreases, and the initial MRR remains the same or essentially the same; or
the initial SER and the initial MRR both decrease,
until a bulk metal layer is removed and a substrate surface is exposed; and
(3) continuing chemical mechanical polishing with the chemical mechanical polishing agent
until all material residuals are removed from the exposed surface. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the aqueous chemical mechanical polishing agent comprises
(a1) a component capable of exhibiting in an aqueous phase, without addition of any supplementary material, a change of at least one chemical property, physical property, or both; and (a2) at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of a component initially present in the aqueous phase and a component generated in the aqueous phase during the process. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the change of the at least one chemical and/or physical property (a1) is triggered by at least one stimulus selected from the group consisting of
(i) a change of pH, temperature or concentration of the at least one addition component (a2) in the aqueous phase, (ii) exposure to a magnetic field, an electric field and electromagnetic radiation, (iii) exposure to mechanical stress, and (iv) a combination of at least two of the said stimuli. 4. The process of claim 3, wherein the change of the at least one chemical and/or physical property (a1) is triggered by
(i) a change of pH, temperature or concentration of the at least one additional component (a2) in the aqueous phase, or (iv) a combination of at least two of the said stimuli. 5. The process of claim 3, wherein the change of the at least one chemical and/or physical property (a1) corresponds to a change of the component (a1) morphology, structure, solubility or functionality, or a combination of at least two of the said changes. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the change of the at least one chemical and/or physical property (a1) corresponds to a change of hydrodynamic volume, shape or solvation state of molecules of the component (a1), absorption or desorption of the at least one additional component (a2) by the component (a1), chemical reaction of the component (a1) with the at least one additional component (a2), complexation of the at least one additional component (a2) by the component (a1) or a combination of at least two of the said changes. 7. The process of claim 3, wherein the additional component (a2) is at least one selected from the group consisting of an acid, a base and a metal ion. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein the change of the at least one chemical and/or physical property (a1) is effected by complexation of the metal ion (a2) by the component (a1). 9. The process of claim 9, wherein the component (a1) has a lower critical solution temperature LCST or an upper critical solution temperature UCST. 10. The process of claim 9, wherein the change of the at least one chemical and/or physical property (a1) occurs at the LCST or the UCST. 11. The process of claim 9, wherein the LCST or the UCST is in the range of from 30 to 90° C. 12. The process of claim 2, wherein the component (a1) is selected from the group consisting of a material soluble in an aqueous phase of the chemical mechanical polishing agent and a material insoluble in the aqueous phase of the chemical mechanical polishing agent. 13. The process of claim 12, wherein the component (a1) is selected from the group consisting of a dispersed oligomer, a dissolved oligomer, a dispersed polymer, and a dissolved polymer. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the component (a1) is selected from the group consisting of:
a poly(N-alkylacrylamide), a poly(methyl vinyl ether), a poly(N-vinyl caprolactam), a poly(N-ethyl oxazoline), an elastine-like oligopeptide, an elastine-like polypeptide, a poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide); a copolymer of at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic anhydride acrylamide, methacrylamide, a vinyl aromatic, an N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate and methacrylate; and a polyether comprising at least one chain of copolymerized ethylene oxide and at least one alkylene oxide having at least 3 carbon atoms to the moiety, said chain having a statistical, alternating, or block form. 15. The process of claim 14, wherein the component (a1) comprises a reactive functional group which reacts with or complexes at least one of the additional component (a2). 16. The process of claim 1, wherein the bulk material of the bulk material layer is selected from the group consisting of a dielectric material and an electrically conductive material. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein:
the bulk material is the electrically conductive material; and the electrically conductive material is a metal having a standard reduction potential E0>−0.1 V for the half-reaction MMn++n e−, such that n=integer of from 1 to 4 and e− is an electron. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein the metal is copper. 19. The process of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a metal pattern embedded in its surface. 20. The process of claim 1, wherein the aqueous chemical mechanical polishing agent comprises:
(a1) a component selected from the group consisting of
a copolymer formed from at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic anhydride acrylamide, methacrylamide, a vinyl aromatic, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate and methacrylate, and
a polyether comprising a chain of at least one copolymerized ethylene oxide and at least one copolymerized alkylene oxide having at least 3 carbon atoms, said chain having a statistical, alternating, or block distribution; and
(a2) an additional component, with the exception of a polymer having a mean particle size d50 of 76 nm as measured by HPPS dynamic light scattering prepared by:
Charging under nitrogen 1500 g of deionized water and 4.5 g of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide to a reaction flask,
heating contents of the reaction flask up to 70° C.,
charging, at this temperature, 0.68 g 2,2′-azo-(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride to the reaction flask,
simultaneously starting a monomer feed consisting of 630 g of deionized water, 391.5 g styrene, 60 g of methacrylamide as a 15% solution in water, 4.5 g of divinylbenzene, and 2.48 g of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and continually feeding it for 1.5 hours,
starting, at the same time, an initiator feed containing 170 g of deionized water and 2.3 g of 2,2′-azo-(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride and continually feeding it to the reaction flask for 2.5 hours,
starting after 1.5 hours from the start of the first monomer feed, a second monomer feed consisting of 255 g of deionized water, 13.5 g of 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, 0.9 g of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and 31.5 g of styrene and continually feeding it to the reaction flask during 30 minutes,
post-polymerizing the obtained reaction mixture for 2 hours at 70° C. and then cooling it down to room temperature, and
thereby obtaining a dispersion of solid polymeric particles with a solids content of 15% by weight. 21. An aqueous chemical mechanical polishing agent (A), comprising:
(a1) a component (a1) selected from the group consisting of:
a copolymer formed from at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic anhydride acrylamide, methacrylamide, a vinyl aromatic, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate, and methacrylate; and
a polyether comprising a chain of at least one copolymerized ethylene oxide and at least one copolymerized alkylene oxide having at least 3 carbon atoms, said chain having a statistical, alternating, or block distribution; and
(a2) an additional component; with the exception of a polymer having a mean particle size d50 of 76 nm as measured by HPPS dynamic light scattering prepared by:
Charging under nitrogen 1500 g of deionized water and 4.5 g of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide to a reaction flask,
heating the contents of the flask up to 70° C.,
charging, at this temperature, 0.68 g 2,2′-azo-(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride to the reaction flask,
simultaneously starting a monomer feed consisting of 630 g of deionized water, 391.5 g styrene, 60 g of methacrylamide as a 15% solution in water, 4.5 g of divinylbenzene, and 2.48 g of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and continually feeding it for 1.5 hours,
starting, at the same time, an initiator feed containing 170 g of deionized water and 2.3 g of 2,2′-azo-(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride and continually feeding it to the reaction flask for 2.5 hours,
starting after 1.5 hours from the start of the first monomer feed, a second monomer feed consisting of 255 g of deionized water, 13.5 g of 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, 0.9 g of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and 31.5 g of styrene and continually feeding it to the reaction flask during 30 minutes,
post-polymerizing the obtained reaction mixture for 2 hours at 70° C. and then cooling it down to room temperature,
thereby obtaining a dispersion of solid polymeric particles with a solids content of 15% by weight. 22. The aqueous chemical mechanical polishing agent of claim 21, wherein the additional component (a2) is at least one selected from the group consisting of an organic abrasion particle, an inorganic abrasion particle, a hybrid organic-inorganic abrasive particle, an oxidizing agent, a passivating agent, a complexing agent, a chelating agent, a fictive agent, a stabilizing agent, a pH-adjusting agent, a buffering agent, a rheology agent, a surfactant, a metal cation and an organic solvent. 23. An electrical or optical device obtained by the process of claim 1. | 1,700 |
1,675 | 14,624,794 | 1,741 | A method for forming a T zc gradient in a silica-titania glass article is provided. The method includes contacting a first surface of the glass article with a surface of a first heating module of a heating apparatus and contacting a second surface of the glass article with a surface of a second heating module of the heating apparatus. The method further includes raising the temperature of the first heating module to a first temperature, raising the temperature of the second heating module to a second temperature, and maintaining the first heating module at the first temperature and the second heating module at the second temperature for a predetermined period of time to form a thermal gradient through the glass article, the first temperature being greater than the second temperature. The method also includes cooling the glass article to form a T zc gradient through the thickness of the glass article. | 1. A method for forming a zero crossover temperature (Tzc) gradient in a silica-titania glass article, the method comprising:
contacting a first surface of the glass article with a surface of a first heating module of a heating apparatus; contacting a second surface of the glass article with a surface of a second heating module of the heating apparatus; raising the temperature of the first heating module to a first temperature to heat the first surface of the glass article; raising the temperature of the second heating module to a second temperature to heat the second surface of the glass article, wherein the first temperature is greater than the second temperature; maintaining the first heating module at the first temperature and the second heating module at the second temperature for a predetermined period of time to form a thermal gradient through the glass article; and cooling the glass article at a predetermined cooling rate to form a Tzc gradient through the thickness of the glass article. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the glass article has a first Tzc gradient prior to contacting the first and second surfaces of the glass article, and wherein cooling the glass article at a predetermined cooling rate forms a second Tzc gradient through the thickness of the glass article. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second temperatures are less than the annealing temperature of the glass article. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the first and second temperatures are between about 50° C. and about 150° C. less than the annealing temperature of the glass article. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein maintaining the first heating module at the first temperature and the second heating module at the second temperature for a predetermined period of time comprises maintaining for a period of between about 5.0 hours and about 300 hours. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein cooling the glass article at a predetermined cooling rate comprises cooling at a cooling rate of between about 1.0° C. and about 50° C. per hour. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the glass article comprises between about 5.0 wt. % and about 15 wt. % titania. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the glass article comprises between about 5.0 wt. % and about 10 wt. % titania. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the glass article further comprises at least one dopant selected from the group consisting of fluorine, OH, oxides of aluminum, boron, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, lithium and niobium and combinations thereof. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the glass article having the Tzc gradient comprises a plurality of layers having different titania concentrations. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the plurality of layers comprises between about 5.0 wt. % and about 15 wt. % titania. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the plurality of layers comprises between about 5.0 wt. % and about 10 wt. % titania. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the plurality of layers comprises a sequence of layers from the layer having the highest titania concentration to the layer having the lowest titania concentration. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the first surface of the glass article comprises the layer having the highest titania concentration and the second surface of the glass article comprises the layer having the lowest titania concentration. 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to raising the temperature of the first and second heating modules, placing the glass article and the heating apparatus in a furnace and raising the temperature of the furnace. 16. The method of claim 15, comprising raising the temperature of the furnace to a temperature of less than the annealing temperature of the glass article. 17. The method of claim 16, comprising raising the temperature of the furnace to between about 50° C. and about 150° C. less than the annealing temperature of the glass article. 18. An apparatus for forming a zero crossover temperature (Tzc) gradient in a silica-titania glass article, the apparatus comprising:
a first heating module comprising a plurality of heating elements within the first heating module; and a second heating module comprising a plurality of heating elements within the second heating module, wherein the apparatus is configured to raise the temperature of the first heating module to a first temperature to heat a first surface of a glass article and to raise the temperature of the second heating module to a second temperature to heat a second surface of the glass article, wherein the first temperature is greater than the second temperature. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the heating elements in the first heating module are configured to form a uniform temperature in the first heating module, and wherein the heating elements in the second heating module are configured to form a uniform temperature in the second heating module. 20. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the first and second heating modules comprise a plurality of heating elements in a linear configuration, wherein each heating element is separated from at least one other of the plurality of heating elements by a distance. | A method for forming a T zc gradient in a silica-titania glass article is provided. The method includes contacting a first surface of the glass article with a surface of a first heating module of a heating apparatus and contacting a second surface of the glass article with a surface of a second heating module of the heating apparatus. The method further includes raising the temperature of the first heating module to a first temperature, raising the temperature of the second heating module to a second temperature, and maintaining the first heating module at the first temperature and the second heating module at the second temperature for a predetermined period of time to form a thermal gradient through the glass article, the first temperature being greater than the second temperature. The method also includes cooling the glass article to form a T zc gradient through the thickness of the glass article.1. A method for forming a zero crossover temperature (Tzc) gradient in a silica-titania glass article, the method comprising:
contacting a first surface of the glass article with a surface of a first heating module of a heating apparatus; contacting a second surface of the glass article with a surface of a second heating module of the heating apparatus; raising the temperature of the first heating module to a first temperature to heat the first surface of the glass article; raising the temperature of the second heating module to a second temperature to heat the second surface of the glass article, wherein the first temperature is greater than the second temperature; maintaining the first heating module at the first temperature and the second heating module at the second temperature for a predetermined period of time to form a thermal gradient through the glass article; and cooling the glass article at a predetermined cooling rate to form a Tzc gradient through the thickness of the glass article. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the glass article has a first Tzc gradient prior to contacting the first and second surfaces of the glass article, and wherein cooling the glass article at a predetermined cooling rate forms a second Tzc gradient through the thickness of the glass article. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second temperatures are less than the annealing temperature of the glass article. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the first and second temperatures are between about 50° C. and about 150° C. less than the annealing temperature of the glass article. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein maintaining the first heating module at the first temperature and the second heating module at the second temperature for a predetermined period of time comprises maintaining for a period of between about 5.0 hours and about 300 hours. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein cooling the glass article at a predetermined cooling rate comprises cooling at a cooling rate of between about 1.0° C. and about 50° C. per hour. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the glass article comprises between about 5.0 wt. % and about 15 wt. % titania. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the glass article comprises between about 5.0 wt. % and about 10 wt. % titania. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the glass article further comprises at least one dopant selected from the group consisting of fluorine, OH, oxides of aluminum, boron, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, lithium and niobium and combinations thereof. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the glass article having the Tzc gradient comprises a plurality of layers having different titania concentrations. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the plurality of layers comprises between about 5.0 wt. % and about 15 wt. % titania. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the plurality of layers comprises between about 5.0 wt. % and about 10 wt. % titania. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the plurality of layers comprises a sequence of layers from the layer having the highest titania concentration to the layer having the lowest titania concentration. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the first surface of the glass article comprises the layer having the highest titania concentration and the second surface of the glass article comprises the layer having the lowest titania concentration. 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to raising the temperature of the first and second heating modules, placing the glass article and the heating apparatus in a furnace and raising the temperature of the furnace. 16. The method of claim 15, comprising raising the temperature of the furnace to a temperature of less than the annealing temperature of the glass article. 17. The method of claim 16, comprising raising the temperature of the furnace to between about 50° C. and about 150° C. less than the annealing temperature of the glass article. 18. An apparatus for forming a zero crossover temperature (Tzc) gradient in a silica-titania glass article, the apparatus comprising:
a first heating module comprising a plurality of heating elements within the first heating module; and a second heating module comprising a plurality of heating elements within the second heating module, wherein the apparatus is configured to raise the temperature of the first heating module to a first temperature to heat a first surface of a glass article and to raise the temperature of the second heating module to a second temperature to heat a second surface of the glass article, wherein the first temperature is greater than the second temperature. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the heating elements in the first heating module are configured to form a uniform temperature in the first heating module, and wherein the heating elements in the second heating module are configured to form a uniform temperature in the second heating module. 20. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the first and second heating modules comprise a plurality of heating elements in a linear configuration, wherein each heating element is separated from at least one other of the plurality of heating elements by a distance. | 1,700 |
1,676 | 14,824,735 | 1,788 | A sheet of heat shrink laminated composite for use creating repair patches for repairing or building up a surface formed of a composite material such as fiberglass-reinforced plastic. The sheet includes first and second layers of a heat-curable adhesive. The sheet includes a reinforcement layer sandwiched between the first and second layers of the adhesive. The sheet further includes a pressure application layer, which is formed of a heat-activated shrink wrap film, abutting an outer surface of the first layer of the adhesive. The reinforcement layer may include a sheet of a porous fabric or cloth, which may be fibers of carbon or glass such as unidirectional e-glass fibers. The adhesive is cured when heated to a temperature in a curing temperature range, and the shrink wrap film is activated when heated to a temperature in an activation temperature range that overlaps the curing temperature range of the adhesive. | 1. A multi-layer sheet for use in repairing and building up a surface formed of a composite material, comprising:
a first layer comprising a resin; a second layer comprising the resin; a reinforcement layer sandwiched between the first and second layers of the resin; and a pressure application layer comprising a heat-activated shrink wrap film abutting a surface of the first layer of the resin opposite the reinforcement layer. 2. The multi-layer sheet of claim 1, wherein the resin comprises an adhesive and wherein the reinforcement layer comprises a sheet of a porous fabric or cloth. 3. The multi-layer sheet of claim 2, wherein the fabric or cloth comprises fibers of glass or carbon. 4. The multi-layer sheet of claim 3, wherein the fibers are glass fibers including unidirectional e-glass fibers. 5. The multi-layer sheet of claim 2, wherein the adhesive is cured with temperatures in a curing temperature range having a minimum temperature greater than 150° F. and wherein the heat-activated shrink wrap film has an activation temperature range at least partially overlapping the curing temperature range of the adhesive. 6. The multi-layer sheet of claim 5, wherein the adhesive comprises an epoxy adhesive. 7. The multi-layer sheet of claim 5, wherein the minimum temperature is greater than about 200° F. and wherein the activation temperature range overlaps the curing temperature range for at least 20 degrees. 8. The multi-layer sheet of claim 5, wherein the adhesive has a curing time period and wherein the heat-activated shrink wrap film has a shrink time that is in the curing time period. 9. The multi-layer sheet of claim 1, wherein the first and second layers of the resin have a thickness that is at least one half of a thickness of the reinforcement layer. 10. The multi-layer sheet of claim 9, wherein the thickness of the first and second layers of the resin is equal to one half of the thickness of the reinforcement layer. 11. The multi-layer sheet of claim 1, wherein the heat-activated shrink wrap film comprises a polyolefin shrink wrap film. 12. A laminate for field repair of damaged surfaces, comprising:
first and second films of an adhesive reacting when heated to a temperature in a first temperature range; a porous fabric layer between the first and second films of heat activated adhesive; and a heat shrink film, wherein the first film of the heat activated adhesive is sandwiched between the heat shrink film and the porous fabric layer, wherein the heat activated adhesive is activated to shrink and apply pressure on the first film of the heat activated adhesive when heated to a temperature in a second temperature range that overlaps with the first temperature range, and wherein the first and second films, the porous fabric layer, and the heat shrink film are laminated into a unitary sheet. 13. The laminate of claim 12, wherein, when the adhesive is heated to the temperature in the first temperature range for a curing time period, the first and second films infuse the porous fabric layer to form a layer of composite material. 14. The laminate of claim 13, wherein the porous fabric layer comprises a fabric including glass, carbon, or Kevlar fibers. 15. The laminate of claim 13, wherein the adhesive comprises an epoxy film and wherein the first and second films each have a thickness of at least about 50 percent of a thickness of the porous fabric layer. 16. A method for repairing a surface formed of a composite material, comprising:
applying a repair patch over the surface, wherein the repair patch comprises an outer film of a heat-activated adhesive, an inner film of a heat-activated adhesive, a reinforcement layer comprising sandwiched between the inner and outer films of the heat-activated adhesive, and a heat shrink film covering the outer film of the heat-activated adhesive and further wherein the applying of the repair patch comprises placing the inner film of the heat-activated adhesive in contact with the surface formed of the composite material; and for a period of time in a curing time range for the heat-activated adhesive, heating the repair patch to a temperature in a curing temperature range for the heat-activated adhesive. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the heat shrink film has an activation temperature range overlapping with the curing temperature range, whereby the heat shrink film shrinks when the repair patch is heated to the temperature in the curing temperature range for the heat-activated adhesive. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the heat-activated adhesive comprises an epoxy adhesive and the curing temperature range is defined by a minimum temperature of 200° F. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the surface is curved and wherein the curing time range for the heat-activated adhesive is defined by a minimum time of about 2 minutes. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the reinforcement layer comprises a porous fabric or cloth formed of fibers of glass, fiberglass, carbon, or Kevlar. | A sheet of heat shrink laminated composite for use creating repair patches for repairing or building up a surface formed of a composite material such as fiberglass-reinforced plastic. The sheet includes first and second layers of a heat-curable adhesive. The sheet includes a reinforcement layer sandwiched between the first and second layers of the adhesive. The sheet further includes a pressure application layer, which is formed of a heat-activated shrink wrap film, abutting an outer surface of the first layer of the adhesive. The reinforcement layer may include a sheet of a porous fabric or cloth, which may be fibers of carbon or glass such as unidirectional e-glass fibers. The adhesive is cured when heated to a temperature in a curing temperature range, and the shrink wrap film is activated when heated to a temperature in an activation temperature range that overlaps the curing temperature range of the adhesive.1. A multi-layer sheet for use in repairing and building up a surface formed of a composite material, comprising:
a first layer comprising a resin; a second layer comprising the resin; a reinforcement layer sandwiched between the first and second layers of the resin; and a pressure application layer comprising a heat-activated shrink wrap film abutting a surface of the first layer of the resin opposite the reinforcement layer. 2. The multi-layer sheet of claim 1, wherein the resin comprises an adhesive and wherein the reinforcement layer comprises a sheet of a porous fabric or cloth. 3. The multi-layer sheet of claim 2, wherein the fabric or cloth comprises fibers of glass or carbon. 4. The multi-layer sheet of claim 3, wherein the fibers are glass fibers including unidirectional e-glass fibers. 5. The multi-layer sheet of claim 2, wherein the adhesive is cured with temperatures in a curing temperature range having a minimum temperature greater than 150° F. and wherein the heat-activated shrink wrap film has an activation temperature range at least partially overlapping the curing temperature range of the adhesive. 6. The multi-layer sheet of claim 5, wherein the adhesive comprises an epoxy adhesive. 7. The multi-layer sheet of claim 5, wherein the minimum temperature is greater than about 200° F. and wherein the activation temperature range overlaps the curing temperature range for at least 20 degrees. 8. The multi-layer sheet of claim 5, wherein the adhesive has a curing time period and wherein the heat-activated shrink wrap film has a shrink time that is in the curing time period. 9. The multi-layer sheet of claim 1, wherein the first and second layers of the resin have a thickness that is at least one half of a thickness of the reinforcement layer. 10. The multi-layer sheet of claim 9, wherein the thickness of the first and second layers of the resin is equal to one half of the thickness of the reinforcement layer. 11. The multi-layer sheet of claim 1, wherein the heat-activated shrink wrap film comprises a polyolefin shrink wrap film. 12. A laminate for field repair of damaged surfaces, comprising:
first and second films of an adhesive reacting when heated to a temperature in a first temperature range; a porous fabric layer between the first and second films of heat activated adhesive; and a heat shrink film, wherein the first film of the heat activated adhesive is sandwiched between the heat shrink film and the porous fabric layer, wherein the heat activated adhesive is activated to shrink and apply pressure on the first film of the heat activated adhesive when heated to a temperature in a second temperature range that overlaps with the first temperature range, and wherein the first and second films, the porous fabric layer, and the heat shrink film are laminated into a unitary sheet. 13. The laminate of claim 12, wherein, when the adhesive is heated to the temperature in the first temperature range for a curing time period, the first and second films infuse the porous fabric layer to form a layer of composite material. 14. The laminate of claim 13, wherein the porous fabric layer comprises a fabric including glass, carbon, or Kevlar fibers. 15. The laminate of claim 13, wherein the adhesive comprises an epoxy film and wherein the first and second films each have a thickness of at least about 50 percent of a thickness of the porous fabric layer. 16. A method for repairing a surface formed of a composite material, comprising:
applying a repair patch over the surface, wherein the repair patch comprises an outer film of a heat-activated adhesive, an inner film of a heat-activated adhesive, a reinforcement layer comprising sandwiched between the inner and outer films of the heat-activated adhesive, and a heat shrink film covering the outer film of the heat-activated adhesive and further wherein the applying of the repair patch comprises placing the inner film of the heat-activated adhesive in contact with the surface formed of the composite material; and for a period of time in a curing time range for the heat-activated adhesive, heating the repair patch to a temperature in a curing temperature range for the heat-activated adhesive. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the heat shrink film has an activation temperature range overlapping with the curing temperature range, whereby the heat shrink film shrinks when the repair patch is heated to the temperature in the curing temperature range for the heat-activated adhesive. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the heat-activated adhesive comprises an epoxy adhesive and the curing temperature range is defined by a minimum temperature of 200° F. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the surface is curved and wherein the curing time range for the heat-activated adhesive is defined by a minimum time of about 2 minutes. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the reinforcement layer comprises a porous fabric or cloth formed of fibers of glass, fiberglass, carbon, or Kevlar. | 1,700 |
1,677 | 13,593,317 | 1,791 | The invention provides a process of preparing baked bread by baking a farinaceous dough, said process comprising incorporating into the dough a combination of two or more enzymes including:
maltogenic amylase in an amount of 750-75,000 maltogenic amylase units (MAU) per kg of flour, said maltogenic amylase having an optimum temperature above 50° C.; amyloglucosidase in an amount of 0.01-3.0 amyloglucosidase units (AGU) per unit of MAU activity
The combination of maltogenic amylase and amyloglucoside is a very effective anti-staling agent. | 1. A process of preparing baked bread, comprising:
(a) incorporating into farinaceous dough a combination of two or more enzymes comprising:
(i) maltogenic amylase in an amount of 750-75,000 maltogenic amylase units (MAU) per kg of flour, said maltogenic amylase having an optimum temperature above 50° C.; and
(ii) amyloglucosidase in an amount of 0.01-3.0 amyloglucosidase units (AGU) per unit of MAU activity; and,
(b) baking the dough. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the amyloglucosidase is a polypeptide that is encoded by a DNA sequence that is found in a fungus strain of Aspergillus niger 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the amyloglucosidase has an optimum pH in the range of 1.5-5.5. 4. The process according to claim 3, wherein the amyloglucosidase has an optimum pH in the range of 2.0-4.5. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the amyloglucosidase is incorporated in the dough in an amount of 40-40,000 AGU per kg of flour. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the amyloglucosidase is incorporated in the dough in an amount of 0.05-0.50 AGU per unit of MAU activity. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the optimum temperature of the amyloglucosidase is at least 10° C. lower than the optimum temperature of the maltogenic amylase. 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the maltogenic amylase has an optimum temperature in the range of 55-90° C. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the maltogenic amylase is a polypeptide that is encoded by a DNA sequence that is found in a strain of Geobacillus stearothermophilus. 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the dough is a mixed rye/wheat flour dough. 11. The process according to claim 1, wherein the dough is prepared by combining flour, water, yeast, the maltogenic amylase, the amyloglucosidase and optionally other bakery ingredients. 12. The process according to claim 11, wherein the dough is fermented prior to baking. 13. The process according to claim 1, wherein the farinaceous dough is baked at a temperature in excess of 180° C. 14. The process according to claim 1, preparing the dough by incorporating a bread improver into the dough, said bread improver comprising a combination of two or more enzymes comprising:
(a) maltogenic amylase in an amount of 7,500-75,000,000 maltogenic amylase units (MAU) per kg of dry matter, said maltogenic amylase having an optimum temperature above 50° C.; and (b) amyloglucosidase in an amount of 0.01-3.0 amyloglucosidase units (AGU) per unit of MAU activity. 15. The process according to claim 14, wherein the bread improver is a powder or a granulate having a mass weighted average particle size in the range of 10-1000 μm. 16. Bread obtained by a process according to claim 1. | The invention provides a process of preparing baked bread by baking a farinaceous dough, said process comprising incorporating into the dough a combination of two or more enzymes including:
maltogenic amylase in an amount of 750-75,000 maltogenic amylase units (MAU) per kg of flour, said maltogenic amylase having an optimum temperature above 50° C.; amyloglucosidase in an amount of 0.01-3.0 amyloglucosidase units (AGU) per unit of MAU activity
The combination of maltogenic amylase and amyloglucoside is a very effective anti-staling agent.1. A process of preparing baked bread, comprising:
(a) incorporating into farinaceous dough a combination of two or more enzymes comprising:
(i) maltogenic amylase in an amount of 750-75,000 maltogenic amylase units (MAU) per kg of flour, said maltogenic amylase having an optimum temperature above 50° C.; and
(ii) amyloglucosidase in an amount of 0.01-3.0 amyloglucosidase units (AGU) per unit of MAU activity; and,
(b) baking the dough. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the amyloglucosidase is a polypeptide that is encoded by a DNA sequence that is found in a fungus strain of Aspergillus niger 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the amyloglucosidase has an optimum pH in the range of 1.5-5.5. 4. The process according to claim 3, wherein the amyloglucosidase has an optimum pH in the range of 2.0-4.5. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the amyloglucosidase is incorporated in the dough in an amount of 40-40,000 AGU per kg of flour. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the amyloglucosidase is incorporated in the dough in an amount of 0.05-0.50 AGU per unit of MAU activity. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the optimum temperature of the amyloglucosidase is at least 10° C. lower than the optimum temperature of the maltogenic amylase. 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the maltogenic amylase has an optimum temperature in the range of 55-90° C. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the maltogenic amylase is a polypeptide that is encoded by a DNA sequence that is found in a strain of Geobacillus stearothermophilus. 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the dough is a mixed rye/wheat flour dough. 11. The process according to claim 1, wherein the dough is prepared by combining flour, water, yeast, the maltogenic amylase, the amyloglucosidase and optionally other bakery ingredients. 12. The process according to claim 11, wherein the dough is fermented prior to baking. 13. The process according to claim 1, wherein the farinaceous dough is baked at a temperature in excess of 180° C. 14. The process according to claim 1, preparing the dough by incorporating a bread improver into the dough, said bread improver comprising a combination of two or more enzymes comprising:
(a) maltogenic amylase in an amount of 7,500-75,000,000 maltogenic amylase units (MAU) per kg of dry matter, said maltogenic amylase having an optimum temperature above 50° C.; and (b) amyloglucosidase in an amount of 0.01-3.0 amyloglucosidase units (AGU) per unit of MAU activity. 15. The process according to claim 14, wherein the bread improver is a powder or a granulate having a mass weighted average particle size in the range of 10-1000 μm. 16. Bread obtained by a process according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
1,678 | 13,544,164 | 1,773 | An anti-counterfeiting mechanism for a filter element to specifically, and preferably uniquely, identify a filter with a conductive pattern or path of conductive materials preferably either embedded (thin film circuit) under the surface, or over molded on, a portion of the filter. The conductive materials are preferably positioned at the filter end cap. The resistance of the filter element is an identifier that is preferably associated with the OEM manufacturer's labeling (such as product number) and/or other branding of the component. This electrical resistance signature permits rapid identification of counterfeit filters. | 1. A filter end cap with a predetermined electrical resistance signature resulting from a thin film circuit formed on a polymer substrate of the filter end cap. 2. The filter end cap of claim 1, wherein the thin film circuit is formed by applying nanoparticles on the polymer substrate, and wherein the nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, gold, CNTs, mCNTs, and nano-graphene platelets. 3. The filter end cap of claim 2, wherein the thin film circuit results from injection overmolding of the thin film circuit having an embedded resistive path into the filter end cap. 4. The filter end cap of claim 3, further including at least two terminals protruding from the filter end cap. 5. The filter end cap of claim 1, wherein the thin film circuit includes an injection overmolded copper wire in the filter end cap and further includes at least two terminals protruding from the filter end cap, wherein the copper wire is electrically connected to the terminals. 6. The filter end cap of claim 1, wherein the thin film circuit includes a coating of conductive nanoparticles applied to an external surface of the filter end cap. 7. The filter end cap of claim 6, wherein the coating improves the conductivity of the filter end cap just above the conductivity of the polymer substrate, and wherein the conductivity is improved by less than ten (10) percent. 8. The filter end cap of claim 6, wherein the external surface of the filter end cap includes at least two spaced apart positions for measuring the electrical resistance signature. 9. A replaceable filter element having a pre-determined externally measurable electrical resistance signature of a circuit that includes a conductive path extending along at least a portion of the filter element. 10. The replaceable filter element of claim 9, wherein at least a portion of the conductive path traces along an end cap of the filter element. 11. The replaceable filter element of claim 10, wherein the circuit is a thin film circuit including nanoparticles on a polymer substrate of the end cap. 12. The replaceable filter element of claim 11, wherein the thin film circuit includes an injection overmolded copper wire in the end cap, and wherein the copper wire is electrically connected to at least two terminals protruding from the end cap. 13. The replaceable filter element of claim 10, wherein the circuit is a thin film circuit including a coating of conductive nanoparticles on an external surface of the end cap, and wherein the nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, gold, CNTs, mCNTs, and nano-graphene platelets. 14. The replaceable filter element of claim 9, wherein at least a portion of the conductive path traces along a filtration media. 15. The replaceable filter element of claim 14, wherein at least a portion of the conductive path is embedded within the filtration media, and wherein at least a portion of the filtration media is colored red. 16. The replaceable filter element of claim 14, wherein another portion of the conductive path traces along at least a portion of an end cap of the filter element. 17. The replaceable filter element of claim 16, wherein the electrical resistance signature is a first electrical resistance signature measured at a first position and a second position spaced apart from the first position, the filter element further including a second electrical resistance signature measured at a third position and a fourth position in which at least one of the third position and the fourth position is different from the first position and the second position, and wherein the second electrical resistance signature is different than the first electrical resistance signature. 18. The replaceable filter element of claim 9, wherein the electrical resistance signature is a first electrical resistance signature measured at a first position and a second position spaced apart from the first position, the filter element further including a second electrical resistance signature measured at a third position and a fourth position in which at least one of the third position and the fourth position is different from the first position and the second position, and wherein the second electrical resistance signature is different than the first electrical resistance signature. 19. A filter element having an anti-counterfeit mechanism that includes an electrical resistance signature formed by a conductive pattern adjacent to a polymer portion of the filter element. 20. The filter element of claim 19, wherein the polymer portion is over molded to cover at least a portion of a thin film circuit formed by the conductive pattern that is electrically connected to at least two terminals protruding from the polymer portion. 21. The filter element of claim 20 in combination with a filter head, the filter head including at least one sensor positioned to electrically connect to at least one of the terminals, wherein the at least one sensor is electrically connected to an ECM and the ECM is programmed to preclude operation of a corresponding engine unless the electrical resistance signature measured substantially matches that in a pre-existing database stored in the ECM. 22. The filter element of claim 19, wherein the conductive pattern includes a nanoparticle coating on an external surface of the filter element, and wherein the coating increases the conductivity above the conductivity of the polymer portion. 23. The filter element of claim 22 in combination with a filter head, the filter head including at least one sensor positioned to electrically connect to at least two spaced apart positions of the coating to measure the electrical resistance signature. 24. The filter element of claim 19, wherein the polymer portion of the filter element is a first polymer portion, and wherein the conductive pattern is a second polymer portion, the second polymer portion being a conductive polymeric compound having a different conductivity than the first polymer portion. 25. The filter element of claim 24, wherein at least a part of the second polymer portion defines a curved shape, and wherein the second polymer portion extends continuously from a first measurement position to a second measurement position. 26. The filter element of claim 25 in combination with a filter head, the filter head including at least one sensor positioned to electrically connect to the first measurement position and the second measurement position. 27. The replaceable filter element of claim 19, wherein the electrical resistance signature is a first electrical resistance signature measured at a first position and a second position spaced apart from the first position, the filter element further including a second electrical resistance signature measured at a third position and a fourth position in which at least one of the third position and the fourth position is different from the first position and the second position, and wherein the second electrical resistance signature is different than the first electrical resistance signature. | An anti-counterfeiting mechanism for a filter element to specifically, and preferably uniquely, identify a filter with a conductive pattern or path of conductive materials preferably either embedded (thin film circuit) under the surface, or over molded on, a portion of the filter. The conductive materials are preferably positioned at the filter end cap. The resistance of the filter element is an identifier that is preferably associated with the OEM manufacturer's labeling (such as product number) and/or other branding of the component. This electrical resistance signature permits rapid identification of counterfeit filters.1. A filter end cap with a predetermined electrical resistance signature resulting from a thin film circuit formed on a polymer substrate of the filter end cap. 2. The filter end cap of claim 1, wherein the thin film circuit is formed by applying nanoparticles on the polymer substrate, and wherein the nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, gold, CNTs, mCNTs, and nano-graphene platelets. 3. The filter end cap of claim 2, wherein the thin film circuit results from injection overmolding of the thin film circuit having an embedded resistive path into the filter end cap. 4. The filter end cap of claim 3, further including at least two terminals protruding from the filter end cap. 5. The filter end cap of claim 1, wherein the thin film circuit includes an injection overmolded copper wire in the filter end cap and further includes at least two terminals protruding from the filter end cap, wherein the copper wire is electrically connected to the terminals. 6. The filter end cap of claim 1, wherein the thin film circuit includes a coating of conductive nanoparticles applied to an external surface of the filter end cap. 7. The filter end cap of claim 6, wherein the coating improves the conductivity of the filter end cap just above the conductivity of the polymer substrate, and wherein the conductivity is improved by less than ten (10) percent. 8. The filter end cap of claim 6, wherein the external surface of the filter end cap includes at least two spaced apart positions for measuring the electrical resistance signature. 9. A replaceable filter element having a pre-determined externally measurable electrical resistance signature of a circuit that includes a conductive path extending along at least a portion of the filter element. 10. The replaceable filter element of claim 9, wherein at least a portion of the conductive path traces along an end cap of the filter element. 11. The replaceable filter element of claim 10, wherein the circuit is a thin film circuit including nanoparticles on a polymer substrate of the end cap. 12. The replaceable filter element of claim 11, wherein the thin film circuit includes an injection overmolded copper wire in the end cap, and wherein the copper wire is electrically connected to at least two terminals protruding from the end cap. 13. The replaceable filter element of claim 10, wherein the circuit is a thin film circuit including a coating of conductive nanoparticles on an external surface of the end cap, and wherein the nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, gold, CNTs, mCNTs, and nano-graphene platelets. 14. The replaceable filter element of claim 9, wherein at least a portion of the conductive path traces along a filtration media. 15. The replaceable filter element of claim 14, wherein at least a portion of the conductive path is embedded within the filtration media, and wherein at least a portion of the filtration media is colored red. 16. The replaceable filter element of claim 14, wherein another portion of the conductive path traces along at least a portion of an end cap of the filter element. 17. The replaceable filter element of claim 16, wherein the electrical resistance signature is a first electrical resistance signature measured at a first position and a second position spaced apart from the first position, the filter element further including a second electrical resistance signature measured at a third position and a fourth position in which at least one of the third position and the fourth position is different from the first position and the second position, and wherein the second electrical resistance signature is different than the first electrical resistance signature. 18. The replaceable filter element of claim 9, wherein the electrical resistance signature is a first electrical resistance signature measured at a first position and a second position spaced apart from the first position, the filter element further including a second electrical resistance signature measured at a third position and a fourth position in which at least one of the third position and the fourth position is different from the first position and the second position, and wherein the second electrical resistance signature is different than the first electrical resistance signature. 19. A filter element having an anti-counterfeit mechanism that includes an electrical resistance signature formed by a conductive pattern adjacent to a polymer portion of the filter element. 20. The filter element of claim 19, wherein the polymer portion is over molded to cover at least a portion of a thin film circuit formed by the conductive pattern that is electrically connected to at least two terminals protruding from the polymer portion. 21. The filter element of claim 20 in combination with a filter head, the filter head including at least one sensor positioned to electrically connect to at least one of the terminals, wherein the at least one sensor is electrically connected to an ECM and the ECM is programmed to preclude operation of a corresponding engine unless the electrical resistance signature measured substantially matches that in a pre-existing database stored in the ECM. 22. The filter element of claim 19, wherein the conductive pattern includes a nanoparticle coating on an external surface of the filter element, and wherein the coating increases the conductivity above the conductivity of the polymer portion. 23. The filter element of claim 22 in combination with a filter head, the filter head including at least one sensor positioned to electrically connect to at least two spaced apart positions of the coating to measure the electrical resistance signature. 24. The filter element of claim 19, wherein the polymer portion of the filter element is a first polymer portion, and wherein the conductive pattern is a second polymer portion, the second polymer portion being a conductive polymeric compound having a different conductivity than the first polymer portion. 25. The filter element of claim 24, wherein at least a part of the second polymer portion defines a curved shape, and wherein the second polymer portion extends continuously from a first measurement position to a second measurement position. 26. The filter element of claim 25 in combination with a filter head, the filter head including at least one sensor positioned to electrically connect to the first measurement position and the second measurement position. 27. The replaceable filter element of claim 19, wherein the electrical resistance signature is a first electrical resistance signature measured at a first position and a second position spaced apart from the first position, the filter element further including a second electrical resistance signature measured at a third position and a fourth position in which at least one of the third position and the fourth position is different from the first position and the second position, and wherein the second electrical resistance signature is different than the first electrical resistance signature. | 1,700 |
1,679 | 13,810,918 | 1,767 | A (per)fluoroelastomer composition having improved plasma resistance comprising at least one (per)fluoroelastomer [fluoroelastomer (A)] and from 0.1 to 50 weight parts per 100 parts by weight of said fluoroelastomer (A) of alkaline-earth metal carbonate particles [particles (P)]. Each particle comprises a core consisting essentially of at least one alkaline-earth metal carbonate and a shell consisting essentially of at least one Group IV transition metal compound. | 1. A (per)fluoroelastomer composition comprising:
at least one (per)fluoroelastomer [fluoroelastomer (A)]; and (A) of alkaline-earth metal carbonate particles [particles (P)], each said-particle comprising: (a) a core consisting essentially of at least one alkaline-earth metal carbonate; and (b) a shell consisting essentially of at least one Group IV transition metal compound. 2. The (per)fluoroelastomer composition of claim 1, wherein said fluoroelastomer (A) comprises recurring units derived from at least one (per)fluorinated monomer selected from the group consisting of:
C2-C8 fluoro- and/or perfluoroolefins; C2-C8 hydrogenated monofluoroolefins; (per)fluoroalkylethylenes complying with formula CH2═CH—Rf0, wherein Rf0 is a C1-C6 (per)fluoroalkyl or a C1-C6 (per)fluorooxyalkyl having one or more ether groups; chloro- and/or bromo- and/or iodo-C2-C6 fluoroolefins; fluoroalkylvinylethers complying with formula CF2═CFORf1 wherein Rf1 is a C1-C6 fluoro- or perfluoroalkyl; hydrofluoroalkylvinylethers complying with formula CH2=CFORf1 wherein Rf1 is a C1-C6 fluoro- or perfluoroalkyl; fluoro-oxyalkylvinylethers complying with formula CF2=CFOX0, wherein X0 is a C1-C12 oxyalkyl, or a C1-C12 (per)fluorooxyalkyl having one or more ether groups, like perfluoro 2 propoxy propyl; fluoroalkyl-methoxy-vinylethers complying with formula CF2═CFOCF2ORf2 wherein Rf2 is a C1-C6 fluoro- or perfluoroalkyl or a C1-C6 (per)fluorooxyalkyl having one or more ether groups; functional fluoro-alkylvinylethers complying with formula CF2═CFOY0, wherein Y0 is a C1-C12 alkyl or (per)fluoroalkyl, or a C1-C12 oxyalkyl or a C1-C12 (per)fluorooxyalkyl, said Y0 group comprising a carboxylic or sulfonic acid group, in its acid, acid halide or salt form; fluorodioxoles, of formula:
wherein each of Rf3, Rf4, Rf5, Rf6, equal or different each other, is independently selected from the group consisting of a fluorine atom, a C1-C6 fluoro- or per(halo)fluoroalkyl, optionally comprising one or more oxygen atom. 3. The (per)fluoroelastomer composition of claim 1, wherein (per)fluoroelastomer (A) is selected from the group consisting of:
(1) VDF-based copolymers, in which VDF is copolymerized with at least one comonomer selected from the group consisting of: (a) C2-C8 perfluoroolefins; (b) hydrogen-containing C2-C8 olefins; (c) C2-C8 chloro and/or bromo and/or iodo-fluoroolefins; (d) (per)fluoroalkylvinylethers (PAVE) of formula CF2═CFORf, wherein Rf is a C1-C6 (per)fluoroalkyl group; (e) (per)fluoro-oxy-alkylvinylethers of formula CF2═CFOX, wherein X is a C1-C12 ((per)fluoro)-oxyalkyl comprising catenary oxygen atoms; (f) (per)fluorodioxoles having formula:
wherein Rf3, Rf4, Rf5, Rf6, equal or different from each other, are independently selected from the group consisting of fluorine atoms and C1-C6 (per)fluoroalkyl groups, optionally comprising one or more than one oxygen atom;
(g) (per)fluoro-methoxy-vinylethers (MOVE, hereinafter) having formula:
CFX2═CX2OCF2OR″f
wherein R″f is selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 (per)fluoroalkyls, linear or branched; C5-C6 cyclic (per)fluoroalkyls; and C2-C6 (per)fluorooxyalkyls, linear or branched, comprising from 1 to 3 catenary oxygen atoms, and X2═F, H;
(h) C2-C8 non-fluorinated olefins (OI), for example ethylene and propylene; and
(2) TFE-based copolymers, wherein TFE is copolymerized with at least one comonomer selected from the group consisting of classes (c), (d), (e), (g), (h) as above detailed and:
(i) perfluorovinyl ethers containing cyanide groups. 4. The (per)fluoroelastomer composition of claim 1, wherein the fluoroelastomer (A) comprises recurring units derived from a bis-olefin [bis-olefin (OF)] having general formula:
wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6, equal or different from each other, are H or C1-C5 alkyl; Z is a linear or branched Ci-C18 alkylene or cycloalkylene radical, optionally containing oxygen atoms, or a (per)fluoropolyoxyalkylene radical. 5. The (per)fluoroelastomer composition of claim 4, wherein said bis-olefin (OF) is selected from the group consisting of those complying with formulae (OF-1), (OF-2) and (OF-3):
wherein j is an integer between 2 and 10, and 8, and R1, R2, R3, R4, equal or different from each other, are H, F or C1-5 alkyl or (per)fluoroalkyl group;
wherein each of A, equal or different from each other and at each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, and H; each of B, equal or different from each other and at each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, H and ORB, wherein RB is a branched or straight chain alkyl radical which can be partially, substantially or completely fluorinated or chlorinated; E is a divalent group having 2 to 10 linkages;
wherein E, A and B have the same meaning as above defined; R5, R6, R7, equal or different from each other, are H, F or C1-5 alkyl or (per)fluoroalkyl group. 6. The (per)fluoroelastomer composition of claim 1, wherein the particles (P) comprise a core consisting essentially of at least one carbonate selected from the group consisting of magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, strontium carbonate, barium carbonate, and mixtures thereof. 7. The (per)fluoroelastomer composition of claim 1, wherein the particles (P) comprise a shell consisting of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of titanium compounds, zirconium compounds, hafnium compounds and mixtures thereof. 8. The (per)fluoroelastomer composition of claim 1, wherein the Group IV transition metal compound of the shell is a titanium compound, and wherein said shell comprises TiO2, in amorphous and/or crystalline form. 9. A method for fabricating shaped articles, comprising using the (per)fluoroelastomer composition of claim 1. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the (per)fluoroelastomer composition is fabricated by moulding, calendering, or extrusion, into the desired shaped article, which is subjected to vulcanization during the processing itself and/or in a subsequent step. 11. Cured articles obtained from by means of ionic curing, peroxide curing and/or mixed curing from the (per)fluoroelastomer composition of claim 1. 12. A method of using the cured articles of claim 11 in semiconductors manufacturing devices. | A (per)fluoroelastomer composition having improved plasma resistance comprising at least one (per)fluoroelastomer [fluoroelastomer (A)] and from 0.1 to 50 weight parts per 100 parts by weight of said fluoroelastomer (A) of alkaline-earth metal carbonate particles [particles (P)]. Each particle comprises a core consisting essentially of at least one alkaline-earth metal carbonate and a shell consisting essentially of at least one Group IV transition metal compound.1. A (per)fluoroelastomer composition comprising:
at least one (per)fluoroelastomer [fluoroelastomer (A)]; and (A) of alkaline-earth metal carbonate particles [particles (P)], each said-particle comprising: (a) a core consisting essentially of at least one alkaline-earth metal carbonate; and (b) a shell consisting essentially of at least one Group IV transition metal compound. 2. The (per)fluoroelastomer composition of claim 1, wherein said fluoroelastomer (A) comprises recurring units derived from at least one (per)fluorinated monomer selected from the group consisting of:
C2-C8 fluoro- and/or perfluoroolefins; C2-C8 hydrogenated monofluoroolefins; (per)fluoroalkylethylenes complying with formula CH2═CH—Rf0, wherein Rf0 is a C1-C6 (per)fluoroalkyl or a C1-C6 (per)fluorooxyalkyl having one or more ether groups; chloro- and/or bromo- and/or iodo-C2-C6 fluoroolefins; fluoroalkylvinylethers complying with formula CF2═CFORf1 wherein Rf1 is a C1-C6 fluoro- or perfluoroalkyl; hydrofluoroalkylvinylethers complying with formula CH2=CFORf1 wherein Rf1 is a C1-C6 fluoro- or perfluoroalkyl; fluoro-oxyalkylvinylethers complying with formula CF2=CFOX0, wherein X0 is a C1-C12 oxyalkyl, or a C1-C12 (per)fluorooxyalkyl having one or more ether groups, like perfluoro 2 propoxy propyl; fluoroalkyl-methoxy-vinylethers complying with formula CF2═CFOCF2ORf2 wherein Rf2 is a C1-C6 fluoro- or perfluoroalkyl or a C1-C6 (per)fluorooxyalkyl having one or more ether groups; functional fluoro-alkylvinylethers complying with formula CF2═CFOY0, wherein Y0 is a C1-C12 alkyl or (per)fluoroalkyl, or a C1-C12 oxyalkyl or a C1-C12 (per)fluorooxyalkyl, said Y0 group comprising a carboxylic or sulfonic acid group, in its acid, acid halide or salt form; fluorodioxoles, of formula:
wherein each of Rf3, Rf4, Rf5, Rf6, equal or different each other, is independently selected from the group consisting of a fluorine atom, a C1-C6 fluoro- or per(halo)fluoroalkyl, optionally comprising one or more oxygen atom. 3. The (per)fluoroelastomer composition of claim 1, wherein (per)fluoroelastomer (A) is selected from the group consisting of:
(1) VDF-based copolymers, in which VDF is copolymerized with at least one comonomer selected from the group consisting of: (a) C2-C8 perfluoroolefins; (b) hydrogen-containing C2-C8 olefins; (c) C2-C8 chloro and/or bromo and/or iodo-fluoroolefins; (d) (per)fluoroalkylvinylethers (PAVE) of formula CF2═CFORf, wherein Rf is a C1-C6 (per)fluoroalkyl group; (e) (per)fluoro-oxy-alkylvinylethers of formula CF2═CFOX, wherein X is a C1-C12 ((per)fluoro)-oxyalkyl comprising catenary oxygen atoms; (f) (per)fluorodioxoles having formula:
wherein Rf3, Rf4, Rf5, Rf6, equal or different from each other, are independently selected from the group consisting of fluorine atoms and C1-C6 (per)fluoroalkyl groups, optionally comprising one or more than one oxygen atom;
(g) (per)fluoro-methoxy-vinylethers (MOVE, hereinafter) having formula:
CFX2═CX2OCF2OR″f
wherein R″f is selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 (per)fluoroalkyls, linear or branched; C5-C6 cyclic (per)fluoroalkyls; and C2-C6 (per)fluorooxyalkyls, linear or branched, comprising from 1 to 3 catenary oxygen atoms, and X2═F, H;
(h) C2-C8 non-fluorinated olefins (OI), for example ethylene and propylene; and
(2) TFE-based copolymers, wherein TFE is copolymerized with at least one comonomer selected from the group consisting of classes (c), (d), (e), (g), (h) as above detailed and:
(i) perfluorovinyl ethers containing cyanide groups. 4. The (per)fluoroelastomer composition of claim 1, wherein the fluoroelastomer (A) comprises recurring units derived from a bis-olefin [bis-olefin (OF)] having general formula:
wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6, equal or different from each other, are H or C1-C5 alkyl; Z is a linear or branched Ci-C18 alkylene or cycloalkylene radical, optionally containing oxygen atoms, or a (per)fluoropolyoxyalkylene radical. 5. The (per)fluoroelastomer composition of claim 4, wherein said bis-olefin (OF) is selected from the group consisting of those complying with formulae (OF-1), (OF-2) and (OF-3):
wherein j is an integer between 2 and 10, and 8, and R1, R2, R3, R4, equal or different from each other, are H, F or C1-5 alkyl or (per)fluoroalkyl group;
wherein each of A, equal or different from each other and at each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, and H; each of B, equal or different from each other and at each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, H and ORB, wherein RB is a branched or straight chain alkyl radical which can be partially, substantially or completely fluorinated or chlorinated; E is a divalent group having 2 to 10 linkages;
wherein E, A and B have the same meaning as above defined; R5, R6, R7, equal or different from each other, are H, F or C1-5 alkyl or (per)fluoroalkyl group. 6. The (per)fluoroelastomer composition of claim 1, wherein the particles (P) comprise a core consisting essentially of at least one carbonate selected from the group consisting of magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, strontium carbonate, barium carbonate, and mixtures thereof. 7. The (per)fluoroelastomer composition of claim 1, wherein the particles (P) comprise a shell consisting of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of titanium compounds, zirconium compounds, hafnium compounds and mixtures thereof. 8. The (per)fluoroelastomer composition of claim 1, wherein the Group IV transition metal compound of the shell is a titanium compound, and wherein said shell comprises TiO2, in amorphous and/or crystalline form. 9. A method for fabricating shaped articles, comprising using the (per)fluoroelastomer composition of claim 1. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the (per)fluoroelastomer composition is fabricated by moulding, calendering, or extrusion, into the desired shaped article, which is subjected to vulcanization during the processing itself and/or in a subsequent step. 11. Cured articles obtained from by means of ionic curing, peroxide curing and/or mixed curing from the (per)fluoroelastomer composition of claim 1. 12. A method of using the cured articles of claim 11 in semiconductors manufacturing devices. | 1,700 |
1,680 | 14,773,849 | 1,768 | The present invention provides a polycarbonate composition which contains polycarbonate, a thermoplastic polyester, a graft copolymer, polylactic acid. The inventive composition exhibits low smoke generation. | 1. A thermoplastic molding composition comprising:
A) 50 to 98 parts by weight (pbw) aromatic poly(ester)carbonate having a weight-average molecular weight of at least 25,000; B) 1 to 30 parts by weight of thermoplastic polyester; C) 1 to 20 parts per hundred parts resin (phr) of graft (co)polymer having a core-shell morphology, including a grafted shell that contains polymerized alkyl(meth)acrylate and a composite rubber core that contains interpenetrated and inseparable polyorganosiloxane and poly(meth)alkyl acrylate components, wherein said core is in the form of particles having median particle size of 0.05 to 5 microns and glass transition temperature below 0° C., and wherein weight ratio of polyorganosiloxane/poly(meth)alkylacrylate/rigid shell is 70-90/5-15/5-15; and D) 1 to 30 parts by weight of polylactic acid. 2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the aromatic poly(ester)carbonate is a homopolycarbonate based on bisphenol A. 3. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said B) is polytrimethylene terephthalate. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein alkyl(meth)acrylate is butylacrylate. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio in said C) is 75-85/7-12/7-12. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio is in said C) is 80/10/10. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the median particle size of said C) is 0.1 to 2 microns. 8. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said boron compound is zinc borate. 9. The composition according to claim 1 further containing at least one member selected from the group consisting of lubricant, mold-release agent, nucleating agent, antistatic, thermal stabilizer, hydrolytical stabilizer, light stabilizer, colorant, pigment, filler, reinforcing agent, flameproofing agent other than component E), and flameproofing synergist. | The present invention provides a polycarbonate composition which contains polycarbonate, a thermoplastic polyester, a graft copolymer, polylactic acid. The inventive composition exhibits low smoke generation.1. A thermoplastic molding composition comprising:
A) 50 to 98 parts by weight (pbw) aromatic poly(ester)carbonate having a weight-average molecular weight of at least 25,000; B) 1 to 30 parts by weight of thermoplastic polyester; C) 1 to 20 parts per hundred parts resin (phr) of graft (co)polymer having a core-shell morphology, including a grafted shell that contains polymerized alkyl(meth)acrylate and a composite rubber core that contains interpenetrated and inseparable polyorganosiloxane and poly(meth)alkyl acrylate components, wherein said core is in the form of particles having median particle size of 0.05 to 5 microns and glass transition temperature below 0° C., and wherein weight ratio of polyorganosiloxane/poly(meth)alkylacrylate/rigid shell is 70-90/5-15/5-15; and D) 1 to 30 parts by weight of polylactic acid. 2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the aromatic poly(ester)carbonate is a homopolycarbonate based on bisphenol A. 3. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said B) is polytrimethylene terephthalate. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein alkyl(meth)acrylate is butylacrylate. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio in said C) is 75-85/7-12/7-12. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio is in said C) is 80/10/10. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the median particle size of said C) is 0.1 to 2 microns. 8. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said boron compound is zinc borate. 9. The composition according to claim 1 further containing at least one member selected from the group consisting of lubricant, mold-release agent, nucleating agent, antistatic, thermal stabilizer, hydrolytical stabilizer, light stabilizer, colorant, pigment, filler, reinforcing agent, flameproofing agent other than component E), and flameproofing synergist. | 1,700 |
1,681 | 13,992,466 | 1,794 | A hard, wear resistant coating and a method of forming the coating on a substrate to be exposed to hydrocarbons is provided. A substrate is provided in a chamber. A film is deposited onto the substrate by physical vapor deposition (PVD), where the film includes a bulk layer and an outer termination layer. The deposition of the termination layer is mitigated. The termination layer is removed from the film, leaving the remaining bulk layer disposed over the substrate. And when the substrate is exposed to hydrocarbons in an environment having wear additives, friction modifiers, or naturally occurring compounds, a durable tribological layer is formed on an outer surface of the bulk layer to create a coating having low friction and anti-wear properties. | 1. A method of forming a coating on a substrate to be exposed to hydrocarbons, the method comprising:
providing a substrate in a chamber; depositing a film onto the substrate by physical vapor deposition (PVD), the film including a bulk layer and an outer termination layer; mitigating the deposition of the termination layer; and removing the termination layer from the film, leaving the remaining bulk layer disposed over the substrate; wherein when the substrate is exposed to hydrocarbons in an environment having at least one of wear additives, friction modifiers and naturally occurring compounds, a durable tribological layer is formed on an outer surface of the bulk layer to create a coating having low friction and anti-wear properties. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
providing at least one cathode in the chamber, the at least one cathode containing at least one soft metal and at least one hard metal. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the at least one soft metal is selected from a group consisting essentially of:
copper, nickel, indium, tin, gallium, bismuth, silver, gold, platinum, lead, palladium, antimony and zinc. 4. The method of claim 2 wherein the at least one hard metal is selected from a group consisting essentially of:
molybdenum, chromium, titanium, vanadium, tungsten, niobium, halfnium, zirconium, iron, aluminum, silicon and yttrium. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising providing a cathode in the chamber comprising 70 to 97 wt. % molybdenum and 3 to 30 wt. % copper. 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
providing an inert gas in the chamber; and
providing a reactive gas in the chamber. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the inert gas includes argon and the reactive gas includes nitrogen. 8. The method of claim 7 further comprises providing a gas ratio of about 60 to 70% argon to about 30 to 40% nitrogen. 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising transferring a portion of the durable tribological layer to a counterface. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein PVD comprises a magnetron sputtering process. 11. The method of claim 10 further comprising applying a bias voltage of −75 to −200 V to the substrate and applying a voltage of −100 to −1000 V to a cathode. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein the magnetron sputtering process is performed at a temperature of 100 to 500 C. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein mitigating the deposition of the termination layer further comprises decreasing a total mass of the substrate relative to a volume within the chamber. 14. The method of claim 1 wherein mitigating the deposition of the termination layer further comprises decreasing a total mass of a substrate supporting mechanism relative to a volume within the chamber. 15. The method of claim 1 wherein mitigating the deposition of the termination layer further comprises utilizing a switching power supply provided to a cathode for increasing deposition energy. 16. The method of claim 1 wherein mitigating the deposition of the termination layer further comprises utilizing a pulsing power supply provided to a cathode for increasing deposition energy. 17. The method of claim 1 wherein mitigating the deposition of the termination layer further comprises increasing ionization of the bulk coating during deposition for increasing deposition energy. 18. The method of claim 1 wherein mitigating the deposition of the termination layer further comprises increasing ionization of the bulk coating during deposition for forming a more dense bulk coating having smaller grain size. 19. The method of claim 1 wherein mitigating the deposition of the termination layer further comprises increasing a density of a cathode. 20. The method of claim 1 wherein mitigating the deposition of the termination layer further comprises providing separate heating during the deposition process. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein removing the termination layer further comprises polishing the termination layer of the film having a thickness of 100 to 400 nm. 22. The method of claim 19 wherein polishing further comprises rotating a member having a surface covering with a diamond paste disposed thereon, the diamond paste having a particle size of 0.1 to 5 μm. 23. The method of claim 19 wherein polishing further comprises rotating a member having a fabric surface covering with a particle size of 0.1 to 5 μm. 24. The method of claim 1 wherein removing the termination layer further comprises chemical stripping the termination layer of the film having a thickness of 100 to 400 nm. 25. A hard, wear resistant bulk coating deposited on a substrate, the bulk coating comprising:
a hard molybdenum-nitride having a grain size of 5 to 100 nm; and copper distributed in a boundary film surrounding the molybendum-nitride grains; wherein the bulk coating has a hardness of at least 2,000 Vickers (HV) and is capable of scavenging, concentrating and chemically bonding with at least one of additives, modifiers and naturally occurring compounds within a surrounding environment to form a continuously replenishing tribological layer between the bulk coating and a counterface. 26. The bulk coating of claim 25 wherein the tribological layer allows for a bulk reduction in such additives and modifiers required to be added to hydrocarbons without reduction in the durability and preservation of the formed tribological layer. 27. The bulk coating of claim 25 wherein the molybdenum-nitride comprises at least one of MoN, Mo2N and Mo. 28. The bulk coating of claim 25 wherein the bulk coating and the tribological layer collectively form a coating having a coefficient of friction of 0.01 to 0.08. 29. The bulk coating of claim 25 further comprising 50 to 99.7 wt. % molybdenum-nitride and 0.1 to 50 wt. % copper. 30. The bulk coating of claim 25 wherein the bulk coating has a thickness of 0.3 to 5.0 μm. 31. The bulk coating of claim 25 wherein the additives include wear preventatives including Low and Extreme Pressure additives. 32. The bulk coating of claim 25 wherein the additives include friction modifiers. 33. The bulk coating of claim 25 wherein the tribological layer chemical bond further comprises at least one of strong ionic bonds and covalent bonds. 34. An article comprising:
a body having a substrate surface; a bulk coating deposited on the substrate surface and made up of 50 to 99.7 wt. % molybdenum-nitride and 0.1 to 50 wt. % copper, the bulk coating having a hardness of at least 2,000 Vickers (HV); and a tribological layer formed between the bulk coating and an adjacent counterface, the tribological layer formed by chemically bonding between the bulk coating and at least one of additives, modifiers and naturally occurring compounds within a surrounding environment, wherein the tribological layer is adapted for continuous replenishment. | A hard, wear resistant coating and a method of forming the coating on a substrate to be exposed to hydrocarbons is provided. A substrate is provided in a chamber. A film is deposited onto the substrate by physical vapor deposition (PVD), where the film includes a bulk layer and an outer termination layer. The deposition of the termination layer is mitigated. The termination layer is removed from the film, leaving the remaining bulk layer disposed over the substrate. And when the substrate is exposed to hydrocarbons in an environment having wear additives, friction modifiers, or naturally occurring compounds, a durable tribological layer is formed on an outer surface of the bulk layer to create a coating having low friction and anti-wear properties.1. A method of forming a coating on a substrate to be exposed to hydrocarbons, the method comprising:
providing a substrate in a chamber; depositing a film onto the substrate by physical vapor deposition (PVD), the film including a bulk layer and an outer termination layer; mitigating the deposition of the termination layer; and removing the termination layer from the film, leaving the remaining bulk layer disposed over the substrate; wherein when the substrate is exposed to hydrocarbons in an environment having at least one of wear additives, friction modifiers and naturally occurring compounds, a durable tribological layer is formed on an outer surface of the bulk layer to create a coating having low friction and anti-wear properties. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
providing at least one cathode in the chamber, the at least one cathode containing at least one soft metal and at least one hard metal. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the at least one soft metal is selected from a group consisting essentially of:
copper, nickel, indium, tin, gallium, bismuth, silver, gold, platinum, lead, palladium, antimony and zinc. 4. The method of claim 2 wherein the at least one hard metal is selected from a group consisting essentially of:
molybdenum, chromium, titanium, vanadium, tungsten, niobium, halfnium, zirconium, iron, aluminum, silicon and yttrium. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising providing a cathode in the chamber comprising 70 to 97 wt. % molybdenum and 3 to 30 wt. % copper. 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
providing an inert gas in the chamber; and
providing a reactive gas in the chamber. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the inert gas includes argon and the reactive gas includes nitrogen. 8. The method of claim 7 further comprises providing a gas ratio of about 60 to 70% argon to about 30 to 40% nitrogen. 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising transferring a portion of the durable tribological layer to a counterface. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein PVD comprises a magnetron sputtering process. 11. The method of claim 10 further comprising applying a bias voltage of −75 to −200 V to the substrate and applying a voltage of −100 to −1000 V to a cathode. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein the magnetron sputtering process is performed at a temperature of 100 to 500 C. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein mitigating the deposition of the termination layer further comprises decreasing a total mass of the substrate relative to a volume within the chamber. 14. The method of claim 1 wherein mitigating the deposition of the termination layer further comprises decreasing a total mass of a substrate supporting mechanism relative to a volume within the chamber. 15. The method of claim 1 wherein mitigating the deposition of the termination layer further comprises utilizing a switching power supply provided to a cathode for increasing deposition energy. 16. The method of claim 1 wherein mitigating the deposition of the termination layer further comprises utilizing a pulsing power supply provided to a cathode for increasing deposition energy. 17. The method of claim 1 wherein mitigating the deposition of the termination layer further comprises increasing ionization of the bulk coating during deposition for increasing deposition energy. 18. The method of claim 1 wherein mitigating the deposition of the termination layer further comprises increasing ionization of the bulk coating during deposition for forming a more dense bulk coating having smaller grain size. 19. The method of claim 1 wherein mitigating the deposition of the termination layer further comprises increasing a density of a cathode. 20. The method of claim 1 wherein mitigating the deposition of the termination layer further comprises providing separate heating during the deposition process. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein removing the termination layer further comprises polishing the termination layer of the film having a thickness of 100 to 400 nm. 22. The method of claim 19 wherein polishing further comprises rotating a member having a surface covering with a diamond paste disposed thereon, the diamond paste having a particle size of 0.1 to 5 μm. 23. The method of claim 19 wherein polishing further comprises rotating a member having a fabric surface covering with a particle size of 0.1 to 5 μm. 24. The method of claim 1 wherein removing the termination layer further comprises chemical stripping the termination layer of the film having a thickness of 100 to 400 nm. 25. A hard, wear resistant bulk coating deposited on a substrate, the bulk coating comprising:
a hard molybdenum-nitride having a grain size of 5 to 100 nm; and copper distributed in a boundary film surrounding the molybendum-nitride grains; wherein the bulk coating has a hardness of at least 2,000 Vickers (HV) and is capable of scavenging, concentrating and chemically bonding with at least one of additives, modifiers and naturally occurring compounds within a surrounding environment to form a continuously replenishing tribological layer between the bulk coating and a counterface. 26. The bulk coating of claim 25 wherein the tribological layer allows for a bulk reduction in such additives and modifiers required to be added to hydrocarbons without reduction in the durability and preservation of the formed tribological layer. 27. The bulk coating of claim 25 wherein the molybdenum-nitride comprises at least one of MoN, Mo2N and Mo. 28. The bulk coating of claim 25 wherein the bulk coating and the tribological layer collectively form a coating having a coefficient of friction of 0.01 to 0.08. 29. The bulk coating of claim 25 further comprising 50 to 99.7 wt. % molybdenum-nitride and 0.1 to 50 wt. % copper. 30. The bulk coating of claim 25 wherein the bulk coating has a thickness of 0.3 to 5.0 μm. 31. The bulk coating of claim 25 wherein the additives include wear preventatives including Low and Extreme Pressure additives. 32. The bulk coating of claim 25 wherein the additives include friction modifiers. 33. The bulk coating of claim 25 wherein the tribological layer chemical bond further comprises at least one of strong ionic bonds and covalent bonds. 34. An article comprising:
a body having a substrate surface; a bulk coating deposited on the substrate surface and made up of 50 to 99.7 wt. % molybdenum-nitride and 0.1 to 50 wt. % copper, the bulk coating having a hardness of at least 2,000 Vickers (HV); and a tribological layer formed between the bulk coating and an adjacent counterface, the tribological layer formed by chemically bonding between the bulk coating and at least one of additives, modifiers and naturally occurring compounds within a surrounding environment, wherein the tribological layer is adapted for continuous replenishment. | 1,700 |
1,682 | 14,880,038 | 1,711 | A windshield wiper includes a support structure, a scrubbing wiper assembly, and a motor. The scrubbing wiper assembly is slidably attached to the support structure and has a central longitudinal axis extending in the elongate direction between a first end and a spaced apart second end. The scrubbing wiper assembly includes a slider element and a wiper blade rigidly secured to the slider element. The motor is mounted to the support structure and is engaged with the slider element to reciprocally move the scrubbing wiper blade along the central longitudinal axis. The reciprocation can impart a linear torque to the slider element. Methods of cleaning and polishing a windshield using a windshield wiper are also included. | 1. A windshield wiper comprising:
a support structure; a scrubbing wiper assembly slidably attached to the support structure, the scrubbing wiper assembly having a central longitudinal axis extending in the elongate direction between a first end and a spaced apart second end, the scrubbing wiper assembly comprising:
a slider element; and
a scrubbing wiper blade rigidly secured to the slider element; and
a motor mounted to the support structure, the motor engaged with the slider element to reciprocally move the scrubbing wiper assembly along the central longitudinal axis and to impart a linear torque to the slider element. 2. The windshield wiper recited in claim 1, wherein the windshield wiper is configured such that when used on a windshield, the torque imparted to the slider element causes the slider element to ripple. 3. The windshield wiper recited in claim 2, wherein the ripple occurs along the entire length of the slider element. 4. The windshield wiper recited in claim 1, wherein the scrubbing wiper blade is rigidly secured to the slider element and has opposing sides extending upward from a contact surface, and wherein the scrubbing wiper blade is adapted to reciprocally move in response to engagement of the motor. 5. The windshield wiper recited in claim 4, wherein during use of the windshield wiper on a windshield, the scrubbing wiper assembly is configured such that one of the sides of the scrubbing wiper blade contacts the windshield during lateral movement of the windshield wiper in one direction and the other side of the scrubbing wiper blade contacts the windshield during lateral movement of the windshield wiper in the opposite direction, the reciprocating motion of the scrubbing wiper blade causing the side of the scrubbing wiper blade contacting the windshield to scrub the windshield. 6. The windshield wiper recited in claim 4, further comprising a plurality of scrubber elements extending outward from one or both opposing sides of the scrubbing wiper blade, the scrubber elements being spaced apart along the longitudinal axis so as to form channels between adjacent scrubber elements. 7. A method of cleaning a windshield, the method comprising:
moving a windshield wiper laterally across the windshield, the windshield wiper comprising a scrubbing wiper assembly slidably attached to a windshield wiper support structure, the scrubbing wiper assembly comprising a wiper blade attached to a slider element; spraying a fluid onto the windshield; and reciprocating the scrubbing wiper assembly as the windshield wiper moves laterally across the windshield, the reciprocation causing that the slider element and wiper blade to ripple so that the fluid passes between the wiper blade and the windshield as the wiper blade moves across the windshield. 8. The method recited in claim 7, wherein the ripple occurs along the entire length of the wiper blade 9. The method recited in claim 7, wherein the ripple occurs in directions orthogonal to and parallel to the windshield. 10. The method recited in claim 7, wherein reciprocating the scrubbing assembly causes a linear torque to be imparted to the slider element and the linear torque causes the slider element and wiper blade to ripple. 11. The method recited in claim 7, wherein the fluid forms a lubricating layer between the wiper blade and the windshield. 12. The method recited in claim 7, wherein the fluid removes materials trapped between the wiper blade and the windshield. 13. The method recited in claim 7, wherein the fluid is washer fluid. 14. The method recited in claim 7, wherein the method is part of a cleaning cycle, and wherein the fluid remains on the windshield during the duration of the cleaning cycle. 15. The method recited in claim 14, wherein the fluid acts as both a solvent and a lubricator during the cleaning cycle. 16. The method recited in claim 7, wherein the fluid remains on the windshield as the wiper blade moves laterally across the windshield so that the fluid traps dust particles from the atmosphere and forms a polishing compound, and wherein the movement of the wiper blade across the windshield causes the formed polishing compound to fill a scratch on the windshield, the method further comprising:
repeatedly reciprocating the scrubbing wiper assembly and moving the windshield wiper laterally across the windshield after the formed polishing compound has filled the scratch, so as to cause the polishing compound within the scratch to be ground down each time the wiper blade passes over the scratch, until the polishing compound is ground down to the level of the top surface of the windshield. 17. A method of removing a scratch in a windshield, the method comprising:
spraying a fluid onto a top surface of the windshield; moving a windshield wiper laterally across the windshield, the windshield wiper comprising a wiper blade, the fluid remaining on the windshield as the wiper blade moves across the windshield so that the fluid traps dust particles from the atmosphere and forms a polishing compound, the movement of the wiper blade across the windshield causing the formed polishing compound to fill the scratch on the windshield; and repeatedly moving the windshield wiper laterally across the windshield while reciprocating the wiper blade after the formed polishing compound has filled the scratch, so as to grind down the polishing compound within the scratch each time the wiper blade passes over the scratch, until the polishing compound is ground down to the level of the top surface of the windshield. 18. The method recited in claim 17, wherein reciprocating the wiper blade causes wiper blade to ripple so that the fluid passes between the wiper blade and the windshield as the wiper blade moves across the windshield. 19. The method recited in claim 17, wherein the fluid is washer fluid. 20. The method recited in claim 17, wherein the fluid is water. | A windshield wiper includes a support structure, a scrubbing wiper assembly, and a motor. The scrubbing wiper assembly is slidably attached to the support structure and has a central longitudinal axis extending in the elongate direction between a first end and a spaced apart second end. The scrubbing wiper assembly includes a slider element and a wiper blade rigidly secured to the slider element. The motor is mounted to the support structure and is engaged with the slider element to reciprocally move the scrubbing wiper blade along the central longitudinal axis. The reciprocation can impart a linear torque to the slider element. Methods of cleaning and polishing a windshield using a windshield wiper are also included.1. A windshield wiper comprising:
a support structure; a scrubbing wiper assembly slidably attached to the support structure, the scrubbing wiper assembly having a central longitudinal axis extending in the elongate direction between a first end and a spaced apart second end, the scrubbing wiper assembly comprising:
a slider element; and
a scrubbing wiper blade rigidly secured to the slider element; and
a motor mounted to the support structure, the motor engaged with the slider element to reciprocally move the scrubbing wiper assembly along the central longitudinal axis and to impart a linear torque to the slider element. 2. The windshield wiper recited in claim 1, wherein the windshield wiper is configured such that when used on a windshield, the torque imparted to the slider element causes the slider element to ripple. 3. The windshield wiper recited in claim 2, wherein the ripple occurs along the entire length of the slider element. 4. The windshield wiper recited in claim 1, wherein the scrubbing wiper blade is rigidly secured to the slider element and has opposing sides extending upward from a contact surface, and wherein the scrubbing wiper blade is adapted to reciprocally move in response to engagement of the motor. 5. The windshield wiper recited in claim 4, wherein during use of the windshield wiper on a windshield, the scrubbing wiper assembly is configured such that one of the sides of the scrubbing wiper blade contacts the windshield during lateral movement of the windshield wiper in one direction and the other side of the scrubbing wiper blade contacts the windshield during lateral movement of the windshield wiper in the opposite direction, the reciprocating motion of the scrubbing wiper blade causing the side of the scrubbing wiper blade contacting the windshield to scrub the windshield. 6. The windshield wiper recited in claim 4, further comprising a plurality of scrubber elements extending outward from one or both opposing sides of the scrubbing wiper blade, the scrubber elements being spaced apart along the longitudinal axis so as to form channels between adjacent scrubber elements. 7. A method of cleaning a windshield, the method comprising:
moving a windshield wiper laterally across the windshield, the windshield wiper comprising a scrubbing wiper assembly slidably attached to a windshield wiper support structure, the scrubbing wiper assembly comprising a wiper blade attached to a slider element; spraying a fluid onto the windshield; and reciprocating the scrubbing wiper assembly as the windshield wiper moves laterally across the windshield, the reciprocation causing that the slider element and wiper blade to ripple so that the fluid passes between the wiper blade and the windshield as the wiper blade moves across the windshield. 8. The method recited in claim 7, wherein the ripple occurs along the entire length of the wiper blade 9. The method recited in claim 7, wherein the ripple occurs in directions orthogonal to and parallel to the windshield. 10. The method recited in claim 7, wherein reciprocating the scrubbing assembly causes a linear torque to be imparted to the slider element and the linear torque causes the slider element and wiper blade to ripple. 11. The method recited in claim 7, wherein the fluid forms a lubricating layer between the wiper blade and the windshield. 12. The method recited in claim 7, wherein the fluid removes materials trapped between the wiper blade and the windshield. 13. The method recited in claim 7, wherein the fluid is washer fluid. 14. The method recited in claim 7, wherein the method is part of a cleaning cycle, and wherein the fluid remains on the windshield during the duration of the cleaning cycle. 15. The method recited in claim 14, wherein the fluid acts as both a solvent and a lubricator during the cleaning cycle. 16. The method recited in claim 7, wherein the fluid remains on the windshield as the wiper blade moves laterally across the windshield so that the fluid traps dust particles from the atmosphere and forms a polishing compound, and wherein the movement of the wiper blade across the windshield causes the formed polishing compound to fill a scratch on the windshield, the method further comprising:
repeatedly reciprocating the scrubbing wiper assembly and moving the windshield wiper laterally across the windshield after the formed polishing compound has filled the scratch, so as to cause the polishing compound within the scratch to be ground down each time the wiper blade passes over the scratch, until the polishing compound is ground down to the level of the top surface of the windshield. 17. A method of removing a scratch in a windshield, the method comprising:
spraying a fluid onto a top surface of the windshield; moving a windshield wiper laterally across the windshield, the windshield wiper comprising a wiper blade, the fluid remaining on the windshield as the wiper blade moves across the windshield so that the fluid traps dust particles from the atmosphere and forms a polishing compound, the movement of the wiper blade across the windshield causing the formed polishing compound to fill the scratch on the windshield; and repeatedly moving the windshield wiper laterally across the windshield while reciprocating the wiper blade after the formed polishing compound has filled the scratch, so as to grind down the polishing compound within the scratch each time the wiper blade passes over the scratch, until the polishing compound is ground down to the level of the top surface of the windshield. 18. The method recited in claim 17, wherein reciprocating the wiper blade causes wiper blade to ripple so that the fluid passes between the wiper blade and the windshield as the wiper blade moves across the windshield. 19. The method recited in claim 17, wherein the fluid is washer fluid. 20. The method recited in claim 17, wherein the fluid is water. | 1,700 |
1,683 | 14,457,711 | 1,771 | A fuel composition is disclosed comprising a major amount of hydrocarbons boiling in the diesel range and an effective deposit-controlling amount of at least one stability additive or at least one antioxidant additive or mixtures thereof, and wherein the fuel composition contains no more than 30 ppm of active detergent additive or active dispersant additive or mixtures thereof. | 1. A fuel composition comprising a major amount of hydrocarbons boiling in the diesel range and an effective deposit-controlling amount of at least one stability additive or at least one antioxidant additive or mixtures thereof, and wherein the fuel composition contains no more than 30 ppm of active detergent additive or active dispersant additive or mixtures thereof. 2. The fuel composition according to claim 1, wherein the fuel composition contains no more than 20 ppm of active detergent additive or active dispersant additive or mixtures thereof. 3. The fuel composition according to claim 1, wherein the fuel composition contains about 10 to 200 weight ppm of the stability additive. 4. The fuel composition according to claim 3, wherein the fuel composition contains about 100 to 200 weight ppm of the stability additive. 5. The fuel composition according to claim 1, wherein the stability additive is an amine-phenolic resin. 6. A method of reducing injector deposits in a direct injection diesel engine comprising supplying a fuel composition comprising a major amount of hydrocarbons boiling in the diesel range and an effective deposit-controlling amount of at least one stability additive or at least one antioxidant additive or mixtures thereof, and wherein the fuel composition contains no more than 30 ppm of active detergent additive or active dispersant additive or mixtures thereof to an internal combustion engine. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the fuel composition contains no more than 20 ppm of active detergent additive or active dispersant additive or mixtures thereof. 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein the fuel composition contains about 10 to 200 weight ppm of the stability additive. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the fuel composition contains about 100 to 200 weight ppm of the stability additive. 10. The method according to claim 6, wherein the stability additive is an amine-phenolic resin. | A fuel composition is disclosed comprising a major amount of hydrocarbons boiling in the diesel range and an effective deposit-controlling amount of at least one stability additive or at least one antioxidant additive or mixtures thereof, and wherein the fuel composition contains no more than 30 ppm of active detergent additive or active dispersant additive or mixtures thereof.1. A fuel composition comprising a major amount of hydrocarbons boiling in the diesel range and an effective deposit-controlling amount of at least one stability additive or at least one antioxidant additive or mixtures thereof, and wherein the fuel composition contains no more than 30 ppm of active detergent additive or active dispersant additive or mixtures thereof. 2. The fuel composition according to claim 1, wherein the fuel composition contains no more than 20 ppm of active detergent additive or active dispersant additive or mixtures thereof. 3. The fuel composition according to claim 1, wherein the fuel composition contains about 10 to 200 weight ppm of the stability additive. 4. The fuel composition according to claim 3, wherein the fuel composition contains about 100 to 200 weight ppm of the stability additive. 5. The fuel composition according to claim 1, wherein the stability additive is an amine-phenolic resin. 6. A method of reducing injector deposits in a direct injection diesel engine comprising supplying a fuel composition comprising a major amount of hydrocarbons boiling in the diesel range and an effective deposit-controlling amount of at least one stability additive or at least one antioxidant additive or mixtures thereof, and wherein the fuel composition contains no more than 30 ppm of active detergent additive or active dispersant additive or mixtures thereof to an internal combustion engine. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the fuel composition contains no more than 20 ppm of active detergent additive or active dispersant additive or mixtures thereof. 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein the fuel composition contains about 10 to 200 weight ppm of the stability additive. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the fuel composition contains about 100 to 200 weight ppm of the stability additive. 10. The method according to claim 6, wherein the stability additive is an amine-phenolic resin. | 1,700 |
1,684 | 14,368,118 | 1,788 | The present invention provides an adhesive tape composition and an adhesive tape prepared from same. Based on the total weight of the adhesive tape composition, the adhesive tape composition comprises: 25-75 wt. % of an acrylate monomer; 20-70 wt. % of an epoxy resin; 0.001-3 wt. % of a free radical photoinitiator; 0-10 wt. % of a fumed silica; and 0.02-5 wt. % of a cationic thermal initiator. According to the present invention, an adhesive tape having a room temperature retention time as long as 6 months that can be cured at low temperature such as 80 degree C. can be produced from the adhesive tape composition. | 1. A bonding tape composition, based on the total weight of the bonding tape composition, comprising:
25-75 percent by weight of an acrylate monomer; 20-70 percent by weight of an epoxy resin; 0.001-3 percent by weight of a radical photo-initiator; 0-10 percent by weight of a fumed silica; and 0.02-5 percent by weight of a cationic thermal initiator. 2. The bonding tape composition according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate monomer has a solubility parameter in a range of 9.3 to 13.5. 3. The bonding tape composition according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate monomer is one or more selected from the group consisting of tert-butyl acrylate, phenoxyethyl acrylate, isobornyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyl-3-phenoxypropyl acrylate, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, and N-vinylcaprolactam. 4. The bonding tape composition according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate has an epoxy equivalent in a range of 150 to 600. 5. The bonding tape composition according to claim 1, wherein the radical photo-initiator is one or more selected from the group consisting of 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl acetophenone, 1-hydroxylcyclohexylphenylmethanone, 2-hydroxyl-2-methyl-1-phenylpropane-1-one, 2-isopropylthioxanthone, 4-isopropylthioxanthone, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide, and bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphine oxide. 6. The bonding tape composition according to claim 1, wherein the bonding tape composition comprises 3-5 percent by weight of the fumed silica. 7. The bonding tape composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the cationic thermal initiator is one or more selected from the group consisting of hexafluoroantimonates and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. 8. The bonding tape composition according to claim 1, wherein the bonding tape composition has a viscosity in a range of 500 to 23000 cPs. 9. A bonding tape prepared by coating a bonding tape composition according to claim 1 in liquid form onto a releasing material and curing the bonding tape composition by irradiating ultraviolet light. 10. The bonding tape according to claim 9, wherein the releasing material is releasing paper or releasing film. 11. The bonding tape according to claim 9, wherein the bonding tape has a thickness of 8-250 μm. | The present invention provides an adhesive tape composition and an adhesive tape prepared from same. Based on the total weight of the adhesive tape composition, the adhesive tape composition comprises: 25-75 wt. % of an acrylate monomer; 20-70 wt. % of an epoxy resin; 0.001-3 wt. % of a free radical photoinitiator; 0-10 wt. % of a fumed silica; and 0.02-5 wt. % of a cationic thermal initiator. According to the present invention, an adhesive tape having a room temperature retention time as long as 6 months that can be cured at low temperature such as 80 degree C. can be produced from the adhesive tape composition.1. A bonding tape composition, based on the total weight of the bonding tape composition, comprising:
25-75 percent by weight of an acrylate monomer; 20-70 percent by weight of an epoxy resin; 0.001-3 percent by weight of a radical photo-initiator; 0-10 percent by weight of a fumed silica; and 0.02-5 percent by weight of a cationic thermal initiator. 2. The bonding tape composition according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate monomer has a solubility parameter in a range of 9.3 to 13.5. 3. The bonding tape composition according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate monomer is one or more selected from the group consisting of tert-butyl acrylate, phenoxyethyl acrylate, isobornyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyl-3-phenoxypropyl acrylate, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, and N-vinylcaprolactam. 4. The bonding tape composition according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate has an epoxy equivalent in a range of 150 to 600. 5. The bonding tape composition according to claim 1, wherein the radical photo-initiator is one or more selected from the group consisting of 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl acetophenone, 1-hydroxylcyclohexylphenylmethanone, 2-hydroxyl-2-methyl-1-phenylpropane-1-one, 2-isopropylthioxanthone, 4-isopropylthioxanthone, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide, and bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphine oxide. 6. The bonding tape composition according to claim 1, wherein the bonding tape composition comprises 3-5 percent by weight of the fumed silica. 7. The bonding tape composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the cationic thermal initiator is one or more selected from the group consisting of hexafluoroantimonates and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. 8. The bonding tape composition according to claim 1, wherein the bonding tape composition has a viscosity in a range of 500 to 23000 cPs. 9. A bonding tape prepared by coating a bonding tape composition according to claim 1 in liquid form onto a releasing material and curing the bonding tape composition by irradiating ultraviolet light. 10. The bonding tape according to claim 9, wherein the releasing material is releasing paper or releasing film. 11. The bonding tape according to claim 9, wherein the bonding tape has a thickness of 8-250 μm. | 1,700 |
1,685 | 14,219,058 | 1,772 | The invention concerns a process for the conversion of a paraffinic feed produced from renewable resources, to the exclusion of paraffinic feeds obtained by a process employing a step for upgrading by the Fischer-Tropsch pathway, said process employing a catalyst comprising at least one hydrodehydrogenating metal, used alone or as a mixture, and a support comprising at least one Nu-10 zeolite and at least one silica-alumina, said process being carried out at a temperature in the range 150° C. to 500° C., at a pressure in the range 0.1 MPa to 15 MPa, at an hourly space velocity in the range 0.1 to 10 h −1 and in the presence of a total quantity of hydrogen mixed with the feed such that the hydrogen/feed ratio is in the range 70 to 2000 Nm 3 /m 3 of feed. | 1. A process for the conversion of a paraffinic feed constituted by hydrocarbons containing in the range 9 to 25 carbon atoms, said paraffinic feed being produced from renewable resources, to the exclusion of paraffinic feeds obtained by a process employing a step for upgrading by the Fischer-Tropsch pathway, said process employing a catalyst comprising at least one hydrodehydrogenating metal selected from the group formed by metals from group VIB and from group VIII of the periodic classification of the elements, used alone or as a mixture, and a support comprising at least one Nu-10 zeolite and at least one silica-alumina, said process operating at a temperature in the range 150° C. to 500° C., at a pressure in the range 0.1 MPa to 15 MPa, at an hourly space velocity in the range 0.1 to 10 h−1 and in the presence of a total quantity of hydrogen mixed with the feed such that the hydrogen/feed ratio is in the range 70 to 2000 Nm3/m3 of feed. 2. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which said paraffinic feed is constituted by hydrocarbons containing in the range 10 to 22 carbon atoms. 3. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which said paraffinic feed is produced from renewable resources selected from vegetable oils, oils from algae or algals, fish oils and fats of animal or vegetable origin, or mixtures of such feeds. 4. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which said process in accordance with the invention is a hydroisomerization process. 5. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which the elements from group VIII are selected from cobalt, nickel, platinum and palladium, used alone or as a mixture. 6. The process as claimed in claim 5, in which the quantity of noble metal of said catalyst is in the range 0.01% to 5% by weight with respect to the total mass of said catalyst. 7. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which the elements from group VIB are selected from tungsten and molybdenum, used alone or as a mixture. 8. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which the quantity of metal from group VIB is in the range 5% to 40% by weight of oxide with respect to the total mass of said catalyst, and the quantity of non-noble metal from group VIII is in the range 0.5% to 10% by weight of oxide with respect to the total mass of said catalyst. 9. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which the silica-alumina used in the support for said catalyst contains a quantity of more than 5% by weight and less than or equal to 95% by weight of silica and has the following textural characteristics:
a mean pore diameter, measured by mercury porosimetry, in the range 20 to 140 Å; a total pore volume, measured by mercury porosimetry, in the range 0.1 mL/g to 0.5 mL/g; a total pore volume, measured by nitrogen porosimetry, in the range 0.1 mL/g to 0.5 mL/g; a BET specific surface area in the range 100 to 550 m2/g; a pore volume, measured by mercury porosimetry, included in pores with a diameter of more than 140 Å, of less than 0.1 mL/g; a pore volume, measured by mercury porosimetry, included in pores with a diameter of more than 500 Å, of less than 0.1 mL/g; an X ray diffraction pattern which contains at least the principal characteristic peaks of at least one of the transition aluminas included in the group composed of alpha, rho, chi, eta, gamma, kappa, theta and delta aluminas. 10. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which said catalyst contains a binder, said binder being selected from the group formed by alumina, silica, clays, titanium oxide, boron oxide and zirconia, used alone or as a mixture. 11. The process as claimed in claim 10, in which said catalyst comprises 5% to 98% by weight of binder with respect to the total mass of said catalyst. 12. The process as claimed in claim 10, in which said catalyst comprises a total quantity of Nu-10 zeolite and silica-alumina in the range 1.5% to 94.5% by weight with respect to the total mass of said catalyst, the quantity by weight of Nu-10 zeolite being less than the content by weight of silica-alumina. 13. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which said catalyst does not contain binder. 14. The process as claimed in claim 13, in which said catalyst comprises a total quantity of Nu-10 zeolite and silica-alumina of at least 50% by weight with respect to the total mass of said catalyst. 15. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which said process is carried out at a temperature in the range 150° C. to 450° C., at a pressure in the range 0.2 to 15 MPa, at an hourly space velocity in the range 0.2 to 7 h−1 and in the presence of a total quantity of hydrogen mixed with the feed such that the hydrogen/feed ratio is in the range 100 to 1500 normal m3 of hydrogen per m3 of feed. | The invention concerns a process for the conversion of a paraffinic feed produced from renewable resources, to the exclusion of paraffinic feeds obtained by a process employing a step for upgrading by the Fischer-Tropsch pathway, said process employing a catalyst comprising at least one hydrodehydrogenating metal, used alone or as a mixture, and a support comprising at least one Nu-10 zeolite and at least one silica-alumina, said process being carried out at a temperature in the range 150° C. to 500° C., at a pressure in the range 0.1 MPa to 15 MPa, at an hourly space velocity in the range 0.1 to 10 h −1 and in the presence of a total quantity of hydrogen mixed with the feed such that the hydrogen/feed ratio is in the range 70 to 2000 Nm 3 /m 3 of feed.1. A process for the conversion of a paraffinic feed constituted by hydrocarbons containing in the range 9 to 25 carbon atoms, said paraffinic feed being produced from renewable resources, to the exclusion of paraffinic feeds obtained by a process employing a step for upgrading by the Fischer-Tropsch pathway, said process employing a catalyst comprising at least one hydrodehydrogenating metal selected from the group formed by metals from group VIB and from group VIII of the periodic classification of the elements, used alone or as a mixture, and a support comprising at least one Nu-10 zeolite and at least one silica-alumina, said process operating at a temperature in the range 150° C. to 500° C., at a pressure in the range 0.1 MPa to 15 MPa, at an hourly space velocity in the range 0.1 to 10 h−1 and in the presence of a total quantity of hydrogen mixed with the feed such that the hydrogen/feed ratio is in the range 70 to 2000 Nm3/m3 of feed. 2. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which said paraffinic feed is constituted by hydrocarbons containing in the range 10 to 22 carbon atoms. 3. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which said paraffinic feed is produced from renewable resources selected from vegetable oils, oils from algae or algals, fish oils and fats of animal or vegetable origin, or mixtures of such feeds. 4. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which said process in accordance with the invention is a hydroisomerization process. 5. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which the elements from group VIII are selected from cobalt, nickel, platinum and palladium, used alone or as a mixture. 6. The process as claimed in claim 5, in which the quantity of noble metal of said catalyst is in the range 0.01% to 5% by weight with respect to the total mass of said catalyst. 7. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which the elements from group VIB are selected from tungsten and molybdenum, used alone or as a mixture. 8. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which the quantity of metal from group VIB is in the range 5% to 40% by weight of oxide with respect to the total mass of said catalyst, and the quantity of non-noble metal from group VIII is in the range 0.5% to 10% by weight of oxide with respect to the total mass of said catalyst. 9. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which the silica-alumina used in the support for said catalyst contains a quantity of more than 5% by weight and less than or equal to 95% by weight of silica and has the following textural characteristics:
a mean pore diameter, measured by mercury porosimetry, in the range 20 to 140 Å; a total pore volume, measured by mercury porosimetry, in the range 0.1 mL/g to 0.5 mL/g; a total pore volume, measured by nitrogen porosimetry, in the range 0.1 mL/g to 0.5 mL/g; a BET specific surface area in the range 100 to 550 m2/g; a pore volume, measured by mercury porosimetry, included in pores with a diameter of more than 140 Å, of less than 0.1 mL/g; a pore volume, measured by mercury porosimetry, included in pores with a diameter of more than 500 Å, of less than 0.1 mL/g; an X ray diffraction pattern which contains at least the principal characteristic peaks of at least one of the transition aluminas included in the group composed of alpha, rho, chi, eta, gamma, kappa, theta and delta aluminas. 10. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which said catalyst contains a binder, said binder being selected from the group formed by alumina, silica, clays, titanium oxide, boron oxide and zirconia, used alone or as a mixture. 11. The process as claimed in claim 10, in which said catalyst comprises 5% to 98% by weight of binder with respect to the total mass of said catalyst. 12. The process as claimed in claim 10, in which said catalyst comprises a total quantity of Nu-10 zeolite and silica-alumina in the range 1.5% to 94.5% by weight with respect to the total mass of said catalyst, the quantity by weight of Nu-10 zeolite being less than the content by weight of silica-alumina. 13. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which said catalyst does not contain binder. 14. The process as claimed in claim 13, in which said catalyst comprises a total quantity of Nu-10 zeolite and silica-alumina of at least 50% by weight with respect to the total mass of said catalyst. 15. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which said process is carried out at a temperature in the range 150° C. to 450° C., at a pressure in the range 0.2 to 15 MPa, at an hourly space velocity in the range 0.2 to 7 h−1 and in the presence of a total quantity of hydrogen mixed with the feed such that the hydrogen/feed ratio is in the range 100 to 1500 normal m3 of hydrogen per m3 of feed. | 1,700 |
1,686 | 14,515,958 | 1,715 | Methods are provided for deposition of films comprising manganese on surfaces using metal coordination complexes comprising an amidoimino-based ligand. Certain methods comprise exposing a substrate surface to a manganese precursor, and exposing the substrate surface to a co-reagent. | 1. A method of depositing a metal-containing film, the method comprising
exposing a substrate surface to a metal precursor having a structure represented by formula (I):
wherein R1, R2, R2′ and R3 are each independently hydrogen, branched or unbranched, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 allyl, or C6-C10 aryl, M is a metal selected from groups 7-10 on the periodic table and copper and L comprises one or more ligands; and
exposing the substrate surface to a co-reagent. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein R2 is not hydrogen and R2′ is hydrogen. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein R2′ is hydrogen and each of R1, R2 and R3 is independently methyl, isopropyl or t-butyl. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal precursor is homoleptic. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein L comprises a DAD, amd or allyl ligand. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal comprises manganese, cobalt, nickel or copper. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the metal precursor comprises:
wherein R7, R8, R9, and R10 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aryl, R11, R12, and R13 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aryl, and R14, R14′, R15, R16, and R16′ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, and silyl. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate surface is exposed to the co-reagent and the manganese precursor simultaneously or substantially simultaneously. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the co-reagent comprises a reductant, and a film consisting essentially of the metal is produced. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the co-reagent comprises ammonia or an amine, and a film comprising manganese nitride is produced. 11. A method of depositing a metal-containing film, the method comprising
exposing a substrate surface to a metal precursor having a structure represented by formula (IA):
wherein R1, R2, R2′, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R6′ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aryl, M is a metal selected from groups 7-10 on the periodic table and copper and L comprises one or more ligands; and
exposing the substrate surface to a co-reagent. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein R2 and/or R6 are not hydrogen and R2′ and/or R6′ is hydrogen. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein R2′ is hydrogen and each of R1, R2 and R3 is independently methyl, isopropyl or t-butyl. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the metal comprises manganese, cobalt, nickel or copper. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the substrate surface is exposed to the co-reagent and the manganese precursor simultaneously or substantially simultaneously. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the substrate surface is exposed to the co-reagent and the manganese precursor sequentially or substantially sequentially. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the co-reagent comprises a reductant, and a film consisting essentially of the metal is produced. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the co-reagent comprises ammonia or an amine, and a film comprising manganese nitride is produced. 19. A film deposited by the method of claim 11. 20. A method of depositing a manganese-containing film, the method comprising
exposing a substrate surface to a manganese precursor having a structure represented by:
wherein R1, R2, R2′, R3, R7, R8, R9, and R10 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aryl, R11, R12, and R13 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aryl, and R14, R14′, R15, R16, and R16′ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, and silyl; and
exposing the substrate surface to ammonia to produce a film comprising manganese nitride. | Methods are provided for deposition of films comprising manganese on surfaces using metal coordination complexes comprising an amidoimino-based ligand. Certain methods comprise exposing a substrate surface to a manganese precursor, and exposing the substrate surface to a co-reagent.1. A method of depositing a metal-containing film, the method comprising
exposing a substrate surface to a metal precursor having a structure represented by formula (I):
wherein R1, R2, R2′ and R3 are each independently hydrogen, branched or unbranched, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 allyl, or C6-C10 aryl, M is a metal selected from groups 7-10 on the periodic table and copper and L comprises one or more ligands; and
exposing the substrate surface to a co-reagent. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein R2 is not hydrogen and R2′ is hydrogen. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein R2′ is hydrogen and each of R1, R2 and R3 is independently methyl, isopropyl or t-butyl. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal precursor is homoleptic. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein L comprises a DAD, amd or allyl ligand. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal comprises manganese, cobalt, nickel or copper. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the metal precursor comprises:
wherein R7, R8, R9, and R10 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aryl, R11, R12, and R13 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aryl, and R14, R14′, R15, R16, and R16′ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, and silyl. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate surface is exposed to the co-reagent and the manganese precursor simultaneously or substantially simultaneously. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the co-reagent comprises a reductant, and a film consisting essentially of the metal is produced. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the co-reagent comprises ammonia or an amine, and a film comprising manganese nitride is produced. 11. A method of depositing a metal-containing film, the method comprising
exposing a substrate surface to a metal precursor having a structure represented by formula (IA):
wherein R1, R2, R2′, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R6′ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aryl, M is a metal selected from groups 7-10 on the periodic table and copper and L comprises one or more ligands; and
exposing the substrate surface to a co-reagent. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein R2 and/or R6 are not hydrogen and R2′ and/or R6′ is hydrogen. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein R2′ is hydrogen and each of R1, R2 and R3 is independently methyl, isopropyl or t-butyl. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the metal comprises manganese, cobalt, nickel or copper. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the substrate surface is exposed to the co-reagent and the manganese precursor simultaneously or substantially simultaneously. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the substrate surface is exposed to the co-reagent and the manganese precursor sequentially or substantially sequentially. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the co-reagent comprises a reductant, and a film consisting essentially of the metal is produced. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the co-reagent comprises ammonia or an amine, and a film comprising manganese nitride is produced. 19. A film deposited by the method of claim 11. 20. A method of depositing a manganese-containing film, the method comprising
exposing a substrate surface to a manganese precursor having a structure represented by:
wherein R1, R2, R2′, R3, R7, R8, R9, and R10 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aryl, R11, R12, and R13 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aryl, and R14, R14′, R15, R16, and R16′ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, and silyl; and
exposing the substrate surface to ammonia to produce a film comprising manganese nitride. | 1,700 |
1,687 | 14,402,757 | 1,724 | Provided is a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which the following are housed in a battery case: a nonaqueous electrolyte, a boron atom-containing oxalato complex compound, and an electrode assembly in which a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material are disposed facing each other. Here, a coat containing boron atoms originating from the oxalato complex compound is formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material, and the amount B M (μg/cm 2 ) of the boron atom as measured based on inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopic analysis and the intensity B A for a tricoordinate boron atom as measured based on x-ray absorption fine structure analysis satisfy 0.5≦B A /B M ≦1.0. | 1. A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which
an electrode assembly in which a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material are disposed facing each other, a nonaqueous electrolyte, and a boron (B) atom-containing oxalato complex compound are housed in a battery case, wherein a coat containing boron (B) atoms that originate from the oxalato complex compound is formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material, and the ratio on the surface of the negative electrode active material between an amount BM (μg/cm2) of the boron atom, as measured based on inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and an intensity BA for a tricoordinate boron (B) atom, as measured based on x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis, is 0.5≦BA/BM≦1.0. 2. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein an amount of addition of the boron (B) atom-containing oxalato complex compound is at least 3 μmol/g and not more than 200 μmol/g with reference to the negative electrode active material. 3. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according claim 1, wherein the boron (B) atom-containing oxalato complex compound is lithium bis(oxalato)borate. 4. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the negative electrode active material is a particulate and a specific surface area of this particulate negative electrode active material based on a BET method is at least 1 m2/g and not more than 10 m2/g. 5. A method of producing a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, the method comprising:
fabricating a battery by housing, in a battery case, a nonaqueous electrolyte, a boron (B) atom-containing oxalato complex compound, and an electrode assembly in which a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material are disposed facing each other; and forming, on the surface of the negative electrode active material, a coat containing boron (B) atoms that originate from the oxalato complex compound, by carrying out a charging process such that a voltage between the positive electrode and the negative electrode reaches a prescribed value, wherein the charging rate in the charging process is set at at least 1.5 C and not more than 5 C. 6. The production method according to claim 5, wherein the charging process includes:
a first charging process of charging for a prescribed amount of time at a prescribed charging rate set within the charging rate range; and a second charging process of charging to a prescribed voltage at a charging rate that is higher than that in the first charging process. 7. The production method according to claim 6, wherein the charging rate in the second charging process is set at a value that is at least 1.5-times and not more than 3-times the charging rate in the first charging process. 8. The production method according to claim 5, wherein an amount of addition of the boron (B) atom-containing oxalato complex compound is set at at least 3 μmol/g and not more than 200 μmol/g with reference to the negative electrode active material. 9. The production method according to claim 5, wherein at least lithium bis(oxalato)borate is used as the oxalato complex compound. 10. The production method according to claim 5, wherein a particulate negative electrode active material having a specific surface area based on a BET method of at least 1 m2/g and not more than 10 m2/g is used as the negative electrode active material. 11. A battery pack comprising a combination of a plurality of nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries according to claim 1. 12. (canceled) | Provided is a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which the following are housed in a battery case: a nonaqueous electrolyte, a boron atom-containing oxalato complex compound, and an electrode assembly in which a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material are disposed facing each other. Here, a coat containing boron atoms originating from the oxalato complex compound is formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material, and the amount B M (μg/cm 2 ) of the boron atom as measured based on inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopic analysis and the intensity B A for a tricoordinate boron atom as measured based on x-ray absorption fine structure analysis satisfy 0.5≦B A /B M ≦1.0.1. A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which
an electrode assembly in which a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material are disposed facing each other, a nonaqueous electrolyte, and a boron (B) atom-containing oxalato complex compound are housed in a battery case, wherein a coat containing boron (B) atoms that originate from the oxalato complex compound is formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material, and the ratio on the surface of the negative electrode active material between an amount BM (μg/cm2) of the boron atom, as measured based on inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and an intensity BA for a tricoordinate boron (B) atom, as measured based on x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis, is 0.5≦BA/BM≦1.0. 2. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein an amount of addition of the boron (B) atom-containing oxalato complex compound is at least 3 μmol/g and not more than 200 μmol/g with reference to the negative electrode active material. 3. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according claim 1, wherein the boron (B) atom-containing oxalato complex compound is lithium bis(oxalato)borate. 4. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the negative electrode active material is a particulate and a specific surface area of this particulate negative electrode active material based on a BET method is at least 1 m2/g and not more than 10 m2/g. 5. A method of producing a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, the method comprising:
fabricating a battery by housing, in a battery case, a nonaqueous electrolyte, a boron (B) atom-containing oxalato complex compound, and an electrode assembly in which a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material are disposed facing each other; and forming, on the surface of the negative electrode active material, a coat containing boron (B) atoms that originate from the oxalato complex compound, by carrying out a charging process such that a voltage between the positive electrode and the negative electrode reaches a prescribed value, wherein the charging rate in the charging process is set at at least 1.5 C and not more than 5 C. 6. The production method according to claim 5, wherein the charging process includes:
a first charging process of charging for a prescribed amount of time at a prescribed charging rate set within the charging rate range; and a second charging process of charging to a prescribed voltage at a charging rate that is higher than that in the first charging process. 7. The production method according to claim 6, wherein the charging rate in the second charging process is set at a value that is at least 1.5-times and not more than 3-times the charging rate in the first charging process. 8. The production method according to claim 5, wherein an amount of addition of the boron (B) atom-containing oxalato complex compound is set at at least 3 μmol/g and not more than 200 μmol/g with reference to the negative electrode active material. 9. The production method according to claim 5, wherein at least lithium bis(oxalato)borate is used as the oxalato complex compound. 10. The production method according to claim 5, wherein a particulate negative electrode active material having a specific surface area based on a BET method of at least 1 m2/g and not more than 10 m2/g is used as the negative electrode active material. 11. A battery pack comprising a combination of a plurality of nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries according to claim 1. 12. (canceled) | 1,700 |
1,688 | 13,854,003 | 1,777 | A microfilter comprising a polymer layer formed from photo-definable dry film, and a plurality of apertures each extending through the polymer layer. A microfilter comprising two or more polymer layers formed from photo-definable dry film, and a plurality of apertures or open areas each extending through the polymer layer. Methods of forming apertures in one or more layers of photo-definable dry film are also disclosed. Filter holder designs and methods appropriate to hold microfilters to collect the rare cells and to perform of assays in the filter holder are provided. Microfiltration chip designs and methods appropriate to collect the rare cells and to perform assays in the microfluidic chips are provided. The invention also describes the use of the microfilter, filter holder and microfilter chips to collect rare cells from body fluids and perform assays, and these rare cells can be used for medical and biological research applications. | 1-26. (canceled) 27. A filtration device comprising:
an inlet layer including a first volume and a first inlet layer opening to said first volume; a filter structure including a polymer filter layer having a first filter surface and a second filter surface diametrically opposite to said first filter surface; and an outlet layer including a second volume and a first outlet layer opening to said second volume, wherein said first filter surface is exposed to said first volume, said second filter surface is exposed to said second filter volume, and at least a filtered portion of a sample entering said first inlet layer opening, passes from said first volume to said second volume via said filter layer and exits said second volume via said first outlet layer opening. 28. The filtration device of claim 27, further comprising:
a top layer covering at least a portion of said first volume opposite said first surface of said filter layer; and a base layer covering at least a portion of said second volume opposite said second surface of said filter layer. 29. The filtration device of claim 28, wherein:
said top layer includes a first top opening and a second top opening; said first top opening communicatively connected with said first inlet top layer opening; said top layer includes a top outlet layer opening communicatively connected with said second top opening; said filter layer includes a first filter layer opening communicatively connected with said top outlet layer opening; said sample interring said first volume via said first inlet layer opening; and an unfiltered portion of said sample exits said top outlet opening connected with second top opening in the first volume, and at least a filtered portion of a sample entering said first inlet layer opening, passes from said first volume to said second volume via said filter layer and exits said second volume via said first outlet layer opening. 30. The filtration device of claim 27, wherein the polymer filter comprises photo-definable dry film. 31. The filtration device of claim 30, wherein the photo-definable dry film comprises epoxy-based photo-definable dry film. 32. The filtration device of claim 27, further comprising a coating of one or more elements on first filter surface of the first polymer layer. 33. The filtration device of claim 32, wherein said elements include analyte recognition elements. 34. The filtration device of claim 27, wherein said inlet layer includes a second inlet layer opening to said first volume. 35. The filtration device of claim 27, wherein the filter structure comprises a plurality of filter layers in a stacked formation. 36. A filtration method comprising:
configuring a filtration device comprising:
an inlet layer including a first volume and a first inlet layer opening to said first volume;
a filter structure including a polymer filter layer having a first filter surface and a second filter surface diametrically opposite to said first filter surface; and
an outlet layer including a second volume and a first outlet layer opening to said second volume,
wherein said first filter surface is exposed to said first volume,
said second filter surface is exposed to said second filter volume; and
passing a liquid sample into said first inlet layer opening whereby at least a filtered portion of a sample entering said first inlet layer opening passes through apertures in the filter from said first volume to said second volume via said filter layer and exits said second volume via said first outlet layer opening, and wherein the apertures are sized to essentially allow passage of a first type of component in the fluid and to substantially prevent passage of a second type of component in the fluid. 37. The filtration method of claim 36, wherein said filtration device further comprises:
a top layer covering at least a portion of said first volume opposite said first surface of said filter layer; and a base layer covering at least a portion of said second volume opposite said second surface of said filter layer. 38. The filtration method of claim 37, wherein:
said top layer includes a first top opening and a second top opening; said first top opening communicatively connected with said first inlet top layer opening; said top layer includes a top outlet layer opening communicatively connected with said second top opening; said filter layer includes a first filter layer opening communicatively connected with said top outlet layer opening; said sample interring said first volume via said-first inlet layer opening; and an unfiltered portion of said sample exits said top outlet opening connected with second top opening in the first volume, and at least a filtered portion of a sample entering said first inlet layer opening, passes from said first volume to said second volume via said filter layer and exits said second volume via said first outlet layer opening. 39. The method of claim 36, wherein the polymer filter comprises a photo-definable dry film filter. 40. The method of claim 36, wherein the photo-definable dry film comprises epoxy-based photo-definable dry film. 41. The method of claim 36, further comprising:
performing, on the captured second component, one or more of identification, immunofluorescence staining, enumeration, cell lysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization, mRNA in situ hybridization, other molecular characterizations, immunohistochemistry, histopathological staining, flow cytometry, image analysis, enzymatic assays, gene expression profiling analysis, erythrocyte deformability, white blood cell reactions, efficacy tests of therapeutics, culturing of enriched cells, and therapeutic use of enriched rare cells, and separation from the microfilter. 42. The method of claim 36, wherein the first filter surface includes a coating of one or more elements on at least one surface of the microfilter. 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the elements comprise analyte recognition elements configured to capture components in the fluid. 44. The filtration method of claim 36, wherein the filter structure comprises a plurality of filter layers in a stacked formation. 45. A method of configuring a filtration device comprising:
providing an inlet layer including a first volume and a first inlet layer opening to said first volume; providing a filter structure including a polymer filter layer having a first filter surface and a second filter surface diametrically opposite to said first filter surface; and providing an outlet layer including a second volume and a first outlet layer opening to said second volume, wherein said first filter surface is exposed to said first volume, said second filter surface is exposed to said second filter volume, and at least a filtered portion of a sample entering said first inlet layer opening, passes from said first volume to said second volume via said filter layer and exits said second volume via said first outlet layer opening. 46. The method of claim 45, further comprising:
providing a top layer covering at least a portion of said first volume opposite said first surface of said filter layer; and providing a base layer covering at least a portion of said second volume opposite said second surface of said filter layer. 47. The method of claim 36, wherein the liquid comprises a body fluid comprising at least one of the group consisting of blood, urine, cerebral spinal fluid and saliva. 48. The method of claim 36, wherein the liquid comprises water. 49. The method of claim 36, wherein the liquid contains disbursed components from bone marrow, tumor tissue, and other tissue. 50. The method of claim 36, wherein said second component comprises at least one of circulating tumor cells, circulating endothelial cells, stem cells, stromal cells, epithelial cells, non-hematopoietic cells, fetal cells, nucleated red blood cells, trophoblstic cells, macrophages, circulating cancer associated macrophage-like cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition cells, blood cells, processed tissue sample cells, white blood cells, T-cells, B-cells, and tumor cells from bone marrow. 51. The method of claim 36, wherein said second component comprises at least one of leukocytes, T-cells and B-cells, and the liquid sample is blood. | A microfilter comprising a polymer layer formed from photo-definable dry film, and a plurality of apertures each extending through the polymer layer. A microfilter comprising two or more polymer layers formed from photo-definable dry film, and a plurality of apertures or open areas each extending through the polymer layer. Methods of forming apertures in one or more layers of photo-definable dry film are also disclosed. Filter holder designs and methods appropriate to hold microfilters to collect the rare cells and to perform of assays in the filter holder are provided. Microfiltration chip designs and methods appropriate to collect the rare cells and to perform assays in the microfluidic chips are provided. The invention also describes the use of the microfilter, filter holder and microfilter chips to collect rare cells from body fluids and perform assays, and these rare cells can be used for medical and biological research applications.1-26. (canceled) 27. A filtration device comprising:
an inlet layer including a first volume and a first inlet layer opening to said first volume; a filter structure including a polymer filter layer having a first filter surface and a second filter surface diametrically opposite to said first filter surface; and an outlet layer including a second volume and a first outlet layer opening to said second volume, wherein said first filter surface is exposed to said first volume, said second filter surface is exposed to said second filter volume, and at least a filtered portion of a sample entering said first inlet layer opening, passes from said first volume to said second volume via said filter layer and exits said second volume via said first outlet layer opening. 28. The filtration device of claim 27, further comprising:
a top layer covering at least a portion of said first volume opposite said first surface of said filter layer; and a base layer covering at least a portion of said second volume opposite said second surface of said filter layer. 29. The filtration device of claim 28, wherein:
said top layer includes a first top opening and a second top opening; said first top opening communicatively connected with said first inlet top layer opening; said top layer includes a top outlet layer opening communicatively connected with said second top opening; said filter layer includes a first filter layer opening communicatively connected with said top outlet layer opening; said sample interring said first volume via said first inlet layer opening; and an unfiltered portion of said sample exits said top outlet opening connected with second top opening in the first volume, and at least a filtered portion of a sample entering said first inlet layer opening, passes from said first volume to said second volume via said filter layer and exits said second volume via said first outlet layer opening. 30. The filtration device of claim 27, wherein the polymer filter comprises photo-definable dry film. 31. The filtration device of claim 30, wherein the photo-definable dry film comprises epoxy-based photo-definable dry film. 32. The filtration device of claim 27, further comprising a coating of one or more elements on first filter surface of the first polymer layer. 33. The filtration device of claim 32, wherein said elements include analyte recognition elements. 34. The filtration device of claim 27, wherein said inlet layer includes a second inlet layer opening to said first volume. 35. The filtration device of claim 27, wherein the filter structure comprises a plurality of filter layers in a stacked formation. 36. A filtration method comprising:
configuring a filtration device comprising:
an inlet layer including a first volume and a first inlet layer opening to said first volume;
a filter structure including a polymer filter layer having a first filter surface and a second filter surface diametrically opposite to said first filter surface; and
an outlet layer including a second volume and a first outlet layer opening to said second volume,
wherein said first filter surface is exposed to said first volume,
said second filter surface is exposed to said second filter volume; and
passing a liquid sample into said first inlet layer opening whereby at least a filtered portion of a sample entering said first inlet layer opening passes through apertures in the filter from said first volume to said second volume via said filter layer and exits said second volume via said first outlet layer opening, and wherein the apertures are sized to essentially allow passage of a first type of component in the fluid and to substantially prevent passage of a second type of component in the fluid. 37. The filtration method of claim 36, wherein said filtration device further comprises:
a top layer covering at least a portion of said first volume opposite said first surface of said filter layer; and a base layer covering at least a portion of said second volume opposite said second surface of said filter layer. 38. The filtration method of claim 37, wherein:
said top layer includes a first top opening and a second top opening; said first top opening communicatively connected with said first inlet top layer opening; said top layer includes a top outlet layer opening communicatively connected with said second top opening; said filter layer includes a first filter layer opening communicatively connected with said top outlet layer opening; said sample interring said first volume via said-first inlet layer opening; and an unfiltered portion of said sample exits said top outlet opening connected with second top opening in the first volume, and at least a filtered portion of a sample entering said first inlet layer opening, passes from said first volume to said second volume via said filter layer and exits said second volume via said first outlet layer opening. 39. The method of claim 36, wherein the polymer filter comprises a photo-definable dry film filter. 40. The method of claim 36, wherein the photo-definable dry film comprises epoxy-based photo-definable dry film. 41. The method of claim 36, further comprising:
performing, on the captured second component, one or more of identification, immunofluorescence staining, enumeration, cell lysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization, mRNA in situ hybridization, other molecular characterizations, immunohistochemistry, histopathological staining, flow cytometry, image analysis, enzymatic assays, gene expression profiling analysis, erythrocyte deformability, white blood cell reactions, efficacy tests of therapeutics, culturing of enriched cells, and therapeutic use of enriched rare cells, and separation from the microfilter. 42. The method of claim 36, wherein the first filter surface includes a coating of one or more elements on at least one surface of the microfilter. 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the elements comprise analyte recognition elements configured to capture components in the fluid. 44. The filtration method of claim 36, wherein the filter structure comprises a plurality of filter layers in a stacked formation. 45. A method of configuring a filtration device comprising:
providing an inlet layer including a first volume and a first inlet layer opening to said first volume; providing a filter structure including a polymer filter layer having a first filter surface and a second filter surface diametrically opposite to said first filter surface; and providing an outlet layer including a second volume and a first outlet layer opening to said second volume, wherein said first filter surface is exposed to said first volume, said second filter surface is exposed to said second filter volume, and at least a filtered portion of a sample entering said first inlet layer opening, passes from said first volume to said second volume via said filter layer and exits said second volume via said first outlet layer opening. 46. The method of claim 45, further comprising:
providing a top layer covering at least a portion of said first volume opposite said first surface of said filter layer; and providing a base layer covering at least a portion of said second volume opposite said second surface of said filter layer. 47. The method of claim 36, wherein the liquid comprises a body fluid comprising at least one of the group consisting of blood, urine, cerebral spinal fluid and saliva. 48. The method of claim 36, wherein the liquid comprises water. 49. The method of claim 36, wherein the liquid contains disbursed components from bone marrow, tumor tissue, and other tissue. 50. The method of claim 36, wherein said second component comprises at least one of circulating tumor cells, circulating endothelial cells, stem cells, stromal cells, epithelial cells, non-hematopoietic cells, fetal cells, nucleated red blood cells, trophoblstic cells, macrophages, circulating cancer associated macrophage-like cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition cells, blood cells, processed tissue sample cells, white blood cells, T-cells, B-cells, and tumor cells from bone marrow. 51. The method of claim 36, wherein said second component comprises at least one of leukocytes, T-cells and B-cells, and the liquid sample is blood. | 1,700 |
1,689 | 12,717,461 | 1,787 | A method of making a composite light diffusing panel including at least spaced apart lites with a fabric layer applied to an inner surface of at least one of said lites, involves applying a transparent adhesive to the layer of fabric or the lite(s), firmly applying the layer of fabric onto the lite(s) to avoid wrinkling fabric, curing the adhesive to bond the fabric to the lite(s), and assembling the lites to form the light diffusing panel. In this way, a functionally useful product can be obtained that does not suffer from wrinkling and other distracting effects. | 1. A composite light diffusing panel comprising at least spaced apart lites with a light transmissive fabric layer applied to an inner surface of at least one of said lites, wherein said layer of fabric is glued to said at least one lite with a light transmissive adhesive applied at a density of between 0.5 and 2 g/sq.ft. 2. A composite light diffusing panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein said light transmissive adhesive is has a density of about 0.5 g/sq.ft. 3. A composite light diffusing panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein said adhesive is a water based pressure sensitive acrylic based adhesive. 4. A composite light diffusing panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein said adhesive is a UV curable adhesive. 5. A composite light diffusing panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein said adhesive contains colors or pigments to form a pattern. 6. A composite light diffusing panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein said lites are made of glass. 7. A composite light diffusing panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein said lites are separated by a transparent insulating matrix. 8. A composite light diffusing panel as claimed in claim 7, wherein said transparent insulating matrix is honeycomb insulation. 9. A composite light diffusing panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein said fabric comprises a fiber glass veil. | A method of making a composite light diffusing panel including at least spaced apart lites with a fabric layer applied to an inner surface of at least one of said lites, involves applying a transparent adhesive to the layer of fabric or the lite(s), firmly applying the layer of fabric onto the lite(s) to avoid wrinkling fabric, curing the adhesive to bond the fabric to the lite(s), and assembling the lites to form the light diffusing panel. In this way, a functionally useful product can be obtained that does not suffer from wrinkling and other distracting effects.1. A composite light diffusing panel comprising at least spaced apart lites with a light transmissive fabric layer applied to an inner surface of at least one of said lites, wherein said layer of fabric is glued to said at least one lite with a light transmissive adhesive applied at a density of between 0.5 and 2 g/sq.ft. 2. A composite light diffusing panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein said light transmissive adhesive is has a density of about 0.5 g/sq.ft. 3. A composite light diffusing panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein said adhesive is a water based pressure sensitive acrylic based adhesive. 4. A composite light diffusing panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein said adhesive is a UV curable adhesive. 5. A composite light diffusing panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein said adhesive contains colors or pigments to form a pattern. 6. A composite light diffusing panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein said lites are made of glass. 7. A composite light diffusing panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein said lites are separated by a transparent insulating matrix. 8. A composite light diffusing panel as claimed in claim 7, wherein said transparent insulating matrix is honeycomb insulation. 9. A composite light diffusing panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein said fabric comprises a fiber glass veil. | 1,700 |
1,690 | 14,269,628 | 1,795 | A pretreatment composition and a method for pretreating a metal substrate is disclosed. The method comprises:
(a) pretreating the metal substrate with a Group IV(b) metal ion, followed by (b) treating the substrate of (a) with a composition comprising:
(i) a Group IV(b) metal ion, (ii) a copper ion, (iii) a fluoride ion, and (iv) an organophosphonic acid, followed by
(c) electrodepositing a cationic electrodepositable composition on the metal substrate. | 1. A composition for treating a metal substrate comprising:
(a) a Group IV(b) metal ion, (b) a copper ion, (c) a fluoride ion, and (d) an organophosphonic acid. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein (a) is derived from a zirconium compound or mixtures of zirconium compounds. 3. The composition of claim 1 in which (c) is derived from the group comprising HF, NH4F, NH4HF2, NaF and NaHF2. 4. The composition of claim 1 in which the organophosphonic acid is a monophosphonic acid. 5. The composition of claim 1 in which the organo group of the organophosphonic acid has 6 or less carbon atoms. 6. The composition of claim 1 in which the organo group of the organophosphonic acid has from 2 to 4 carbon atoms. 7. The composition of claim 1 in which (a) is present in the composition in amounts of 50 to 300 parts per million (ppm) based on elemental metal and on total weight of the composition. 8. The composition of claim 1 in which (b) is present in the composition in amounts of 5 to 40 ppm based on elemental copper and on total weight of the composition. 9. The composition of claim 1 in which (c) is present in the composition in amounts of 50 to 200 ppm based on elemental fluorine and on total weight of the composition. 10. The composition of claim 1 in which (d) is present in the composition in amounts of 15 to 50 ppm based on elemental phosphorus and on total weight of the composition. 11. A method for coating a metal substrate comprising:
(a) pretreating the metal substrate with a Group IV(b) metal ion, followed by (b) treating the substrate of (a) with a composition comprising:
(i) a Group IV(b) metal ion,
(ii) a copper ion,
(iii) a fluoride ion, and
(iv) an organophosphonic acid, followed by
(c) electrodepositing a cationic electrodepositable composition on the substrate of (b). 12. The method of claim 11 in which the Group IV(b) metal ion of (a) is derived from a zirconium compound or mixture of zirconium compounds. 13. The method of claim 12 in which the Group IV(b) metal ion of (a) is present in an aqueous composition in amounts of 50 to 300 ppm based on elemental Group IV(b) metal and on the total weight of the composition. 14. The method of claim 11 in which the Group IV(b) metal ion of (b) (i) is derived from a zirconium compound or mixtures of zirconium compounds. 15. The method of claim 11 in which the organophosphonic acid is a monophosphonic acid. 16. The method of claim 11 in which the organo group of the organophosphonic acid has 6 or less carbon atoms. 17. The method of claim 11 in which the organo group of the organophosphonic acid has from 2 to 4 carbon atoms. 18. The method of claim 11 in which (b) (i) is present in the composition in amounts of 50 to 300 ppm based on elemental Group IV(b) metal and on total weight of the composition. 19. The method of claim 11 in which (b) (ii) is present in the composition in amounts of 5 to 40 ppm based on elemental copper and on total weight of the composition. 20. The method of claim 11 in which (b) (iii) is present in the composition in amounts of 50 to 200 ppm based on elemental fluorine and on total weight of the composition. 21. The method of claim 11 in which (b) (iv) is present in the composition in amounts of 15 to 50 ppm based on elemental phosphorus and on total weight of the composition. | A pretreatment composition and a method for pretreating a metal substrate is disclosed. The method comprises:
(a) pretreating the metal substrate with a Group IV(b) metal ion, followed by (b) treating the substrate of (a) with a composition comprising:
(i) a Group IV(b) metal ion, (ii) a copper ion, (iii) a fluoride ion, and (iv) an organophosphonic acid, followed by
(c) electrodepositing a cationic electrodepositable composition on the metal substrate.1. A composition for treating a metal substrate comprising:
(a) a Group IV(b) metal ion, (b) a copper ion, (c) a fluoride ion, and (d) an organophosphonic acid. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein (a) is derived from a zirconium compound or mixtures of zirconium compounds. 3. The composition of claim 1 in which (c) is derived from the group comprising HF, NH4F, NH4HF2, NaF and NaHF2. 4. The composition of claim 1 in which the organophosphonic acid is a monophosphonic acid. 5. The composition of claim 1 in which the organo group of the organophosphonic acid has 6 or less carbon atoms. 6. The composition of claim 1 in which the organo group of the organophosphonic acid has from 2 to 4 carbon atoms. 7. The composition of claim 1 in which (a) is present in the composition in amounts of 50 to 300 parts per million (ppm) based on elemental metal and on total weight of the composition. 8. The composition of claim 1 in which (b) is present in the composition in amounts of 5 to 40 ppm based on elemental copper and on total weight of the composition. 9. The composition of claim 1 in which (c) is present in the composition in amounts of 50 to 200 ppm based on elemental fluorine and on total weight of the composition. 10. The composition of claim 1 in which (d) is present in the composition in amounts of 15 to 50 ppm based on elemental phosphorus and on total weight of the composition. 11. A method for coating a metal substrate comprising:
(a) pretreating the metal substrate with a Group IV(b) metal ion, followed by (b) treating the substrate of (a) with a composition comprising:
(i) a Group IV(b) metal ion,
(ii) a copper ion,
(iii) a fluoride ion, and
(iv) an organophosphonic acid, followed by
(c) electrodepositing a cationic electrodepositable composition on the substrate of (b). 12. The method of claim 11 in which the Group IV(b) metal ion of (a) is derived from a zirconium compound or mixture of zirconium compounds. 13. The method of claim 12 in which the Group IV(b) metal ion of (a) is present in an aqueous composition in amounts of 50 to 300 ppm based on elemental Group IV(b) metal and on the total weight of the composition. 14. The method of claim 11 in which the Group IV(b) metal ion of (b) (i) is derived from a zirconium compound or mixtures of zirconium compounds. 15. The method of claim 11 in which the organophosphonic acid is a monophosphonic acid. 16. The method of claim 11 in which the organo group of the organophosphonic acid has 6 or less carbon atoms. 17. The method of claim 11 in which the organo group of the organophosphonic acid has from 2 to 4 carbon atoms. 18. The method of claim 11 in which (b) (i) is present in the composition in amounts of 50 to 300 ppm based on elemental Group IV(b) metal and on total weight of the composition. 19. The method of claim 11 in which (b) (ii) is present in the composition in amounts of 5 to 40 ppm based on elemental copper and on total weight of the composition. 20. The method of claim 11 in which (b) (iii) is present in the composition in amounts of 50 to 200 ppm based on elemental fluorine and on total weight of the composition. 21. The method of claim 11 in which (b) (iv) is present in the composition in amounts of 15 to 50 ppm based on elemental phosphorus and on total weight of the composition. | 1,700 |
1,691 | 13,876,675 | 1,725 | The disclosure relates to a method for clamping a lithium ion accumulator, which has a lithium ion accumulator cell stack having a top surface, a base surface opposite the top surface and a peripheral surface having four side surfaces, and at least two prismatic lithium ion accumulator cells. The lithium ion accumulator cell stack is clamped by at least one tension strap apparatus which is arranged and tensioned in the region of the peripheral surface, the ends of the tension strap meanwhile being kept free of tension. While free of tension, the ends of the tension strap are connected to each other directly or indirectly by using one or two plates, which are arranged on a side surface or two mutually opposite side surfaces of the peripheral surface. The disclosure further relates to a lithium ion accumulator and a motor vehicle having a lithium ion accumulator. | 1. A method for clamping a lithium ion accumulator comprising a lithium ion accumulator cell stack having a top surface, a base surface opposite the top surface, and a circumferential surface having four side surfaces, and at least two prismatic lithium ion accumulator cells, the method comprising:
clamping the lithium ion accumulator cell stack with at least one tension strap apparatus, wherein the at least one tension strap apparatus includes a first end and a second end, and wherein the at least one tension strap apparatus is positioned and tensioned in a region of the circumferential surface; keeping the first end and the second end of the at least one tension strap apparatus in a tension-free state; and connecting the first end and the second end of the at least one tension strap apparatus to each other directly or indirectly, during the tension-free state, using one or two plates which are positioned on one side surface or two mutually opposite side surfaces of the circumferential surface. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
compressing the lithium ion accumulator cell stack before or during the tensioning of the at least one tension strap apparatus. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the direct or indirect connection of the first end and the second end of the at least one tension strap apparatus is produced by at least one of a welded joint, a screw connection, and a clamping connection. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
the at least one tension strap apparatus defines a first passage opening and a second passage opening, a device is configured to engage the first passage opening and the second passage opening to tension the at least one tension strap apparatus, and a first region of the at least one tension strap apparatus located between the first passage opening and the first end remains free of tension, and a second region of the at least one tension strap apparatus located between the second passage opening and the second end remains free of tension. 5. A lithium ion accumulator comprising:
a lithium ion accumulator cell stack including a top surface, a base surface opposite the top surface, and a circumferential surface having four side surfaces, and two prismatic lithium ion accumulator cells; and at least one tensioned tension strap apparatus positioned in a region of the circumferential surface; wherein the at least one tensioned tension strap apparatus includes a first end and a second end, wherein the first end and the second end are connected to each other directly or by one or two plates which are positioned on one side surface or two mutually opposite side surfaces of the circumferential surface, and wherein the at least one tensioned tension strap apparatus defines (i) a first passage opening located in a first region of the first end, and (ii) a second passage opening located in a second region of the second end. 6. The lithium ion accumulator as claimed in claim 5, wherein the first end and the second end of the at least one tensioned tension strap apparatus are configured to be connected by at least one of a welded joint, a screw connection, and a clamping connection. 7. The lithium ion accumulator as claimed in claim 5, wherein hobs lift the at least one tensioned tension strap apparatus from the circumferential surface of the accumulator stack at least at a connecting point of the first end and the second end. 8. The lithium ion accumulator as claimed in claim 5, wherein the at least one tensioned tension strap apparatus is connected at least at the first end and the second end to the plate or the plates. 9. The lithium ion accumulator as claimed in claim 5, wherein the lithium ion accumulator cell stack includes six of the prismatic lithium ion accumulator cells. 10. A motor vehicle comprising:
an electric drive motor configured to drive the motor vehicle; and a lithium ion accumulator connected to the electric drive motor, wherein the lithium ion accumulator includes
a lithium ion accumulator cell stack including a top surface, a base surface opposite the top surface, and a circumferential surface having four side surfaces, and two prismatic lithium ion accumulator cells, and
at least one tensioned tension strap apparatus positioned in a region of the circumferential surface,
wherein the at least one tensioned tension strap apparatus includes a first end and a second end, wherein the first end and the second end are connected to each other directly or by one or two plates which are configured to be positioned on one side surface or two mutually opposite side surfaces of the circumferential surface, and wherein the at least one tensioned tension strap apparatus defines a first passage opening located in a first region of the first end and a second passage opening located in a second region of the second end. | The disclosure relates to a method for clamping a lithium ion accumulator, which has a lithium ion accumulator cell stack having a top surface, a base surface opposite the top surface and a peripheral surface having four side surfaces, and at least two prismatic lithium ion accumulator cells. The lithium ion accumulator cell stack is clamped by at least one tension strap apparatus which is arranged and tensioned in the region of the peripheral surface, the ends of the tension strap meanwhile being kept free of tension. While free of tension, the ends of the tension strap are connected to each other directly or indirectly by using one or two plates, which are arranged on a side surface or two mutually opposite side surfaces of the peripheral surface. The disclosure further relates to a lithium ion accumulator and a motor vehicle having a lithium ion accumulator.1. A method for clamping a lithium ion accumulator comprising a lithium ion accumulator cell stack having a top surface, a base surface opposite the top surface, and a circumferential surface having four side surfaces, and at least two prismatic lithium ion accumulator cells, the method comprising:
clamping the lithium ion accumulator cell stack with at least one tension strap apparatus, wherein the at least one tension strap apparatus includes a first end and a second end, and wherein the at least one tension strap apparatus is positioned and tensioned in a region of the circumferential surface; keeping the first end and the second end of the at least one tension strap apparatus in a tension-free state; and connecting the first end and the second end of the at least one tension strap apparatus to each other directly or indirectly, during the tension-free state, using one or two plates which are positioned on one side surface or two mutually opposite side surfaces of the circumferential surface. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
compressing the lithium ion accumulator cell stack before or during the tensioning of the at least one tension strap apparatus. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the direct or indirect connection of the first end and the second end of the at least one tension strap apparatus is produced by at least one of a welded joint, a screw connection, and a clamping connection. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
the at least one tension strap apparatus defines a first passage opening and a second passage opening, a device is configured to engage the first passage opening and the second passage opening to tension the at least one tension strap apparatus, and a first region of the at least one tension strap apparatus located between the first passage opening and the first end remains free of tension, and a second region of the at least one tension strap apparatus located between the second passage opening and the second end remains free of tension. 5. A lithium ion accumulator comprising:
a lithium ion accumulator cell stack including a top surface, a base surface opposite the top surface, and a circumferential surface having four side surfaces, and two prismatic lithium ion accumulator cells; and at least one tensioned tension strap apparatus positioned in a region of the circumferential surface; wherein the at least one tensioned tension strap apparatus includes a first end and a second end, wherein the first end and the second end are connected to each other directly or by one or two plates which are positioned on one side surface or two mutually opposite side surfaces of the circumferential surface, and wherein the at least one tensioned tension strap apparatus defines (i) a first passage opening located in a first region of the first end, and (ii) a second passage opening located in a second region of the second end. 6. The lithium ion accumulator as claimed in claim 5, wherein the first end and the second end of the at least one tensioned tension strap apparatus are configured to be connected by at least one of a welded joint, a screw connection, and a clamping connection. 7. The lithium ion accumulator as claimed in claim 5, wherein hobs lift the at least one tensioned tension strap apparatus from the circumferential surface of the accumulator stack at least at a connecting point of the first end and the second end. 8. The lithium ion accumulator as claimed in claim 5, wherein the at least one tensioned tension strap apparatus is connected at least at the first end and the second end to the plate or the plates. 9. The lithium ion accumulator as claimed in claim 5, wherein the lithium ion accumulator cell stack includes six of the prismatic lithium ion accumulator cells. 10. A motor vehicle comprising:
an electric drive motor configured to drive the motor vehicle; and a lithium ion accumulator connected to the electric drive motor, wherein the lithium ion accumulator includes
a lithium ion accumulator cell stack including a top surface, a base surface opposite the top surface, and a circumferential surface having four side surfaces, and two prismatic lithium ion accumulator cells, and
at least one tensioned tension strap apparatus positioned in a region of the circumferential surface,
wherein the at least one tensioned tension strap apparatus includes a first end and a second end, wherein the first end and the second end are connected to each other directly or by one or two plates which are configured to be positioned on one side surface or two mutually opposite side surfaces of the circumferential surface, and wherein the at least one tensioned tension strap apparatus defines a first passage opening located in a first region of the first end and a second passage opening located in a second region of the second end. | 1,700 |
1,692 | 13,989,194 | 1,782 | Thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer microneedles ( 100 ) are described. | 1. A device comprising a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer microneedle. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the microneedle comprises mesogens that are molecularly aligned by an anisotropy factor in the range of from greater than 0.3 up to 1.0. 3. The device of claim 1 further comprising a base, wherein the microneedle is integral with and protrudes from the base, further wherein at least a portion of the mesogens are flow aligned. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein at least about 30% of the mesogens are flow aligned. 5. The device of claim 2, wherein at least about 10% of the mesogens are flow aligned, with the remainder of the mesogens having a relatively isotropic orientation state. 6. The device of claim 1 wherein the microneedle comprises a tip and a base, and wherein the microneedle has a bending moment as measured at 15% of the distance from the tip to the base of from 30,000 to 60,000 mN-μm. 7. The device of claim 1 wherein the microneedle comprises a tip and a base, and wherein the microneedle has a bending moment as measured at 60% of the distance from the tip to the base of from 85,000 to 105,000 mN-μm. 8. The device of claim 1 wherein the microneedle has a buckling force of from 0.2 to 0.5 N. 9. The device of claim 2 wherein the molecularly aligned mesogen-containing area of the microneedle has an elastic modulus of from 6 to 8 Gpa. 10. The device of claim 2, wherein the microneedle further comprises an area where the mesogens are substantially isotropic. 11. The device of claim 10 wherein the isotropic area has an elastic modulus of from 4 to 6 Gpa. 12. The device of claim 1, wherein the microneedle has a Hermans orientation function value of from 0.4 to 0.8. 13. The device of claim 1 wherein the thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer is a main chain thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer microneedle. 14. The device of claim 1 wherein the thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer is a main chain polyester thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer microneedle. 15. A device comprising an array of liquid crystalline polymer microneedles wherein the microneedles have a depth of penetration of from 50 to 120 microns using 2 pounds of force for 10 seconds. 16. A device comprising an array of liquid crystalline polymer microneedles wherein the microneedles have a depth of penetration of from 50 to 150 microns using 3 pounds of force for 10 seconds. 17. A device comprising an array of liquid crystalline polymer microneedles wherein the microneedles have a penetration efficiency of 70% or higher using 3 pounds of force for 10 seconds. | Thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer microneedles ( 100 ) are described.1. A device comprising a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer microneedle. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the microneedle comprises mesogens that are molecularly aligned by an anisotropy factor in the range of from greater than 0.3 up to 1.0. 3. The device of claim 1 further comprising a base, wherein the microneedle is integral with and protrudes from the base, further wherein at least a portion of the mesogens are flow aligned. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein at least about 30% of the mesogens are flow aligned. 5. The device of claim 2, wherein at least about 10% of the mesogens are flow aligned, with the remainder of the mesogens having a relatively isotropic orientation state. 6. The device of claim 1 wherein the microneedle comprises a tip and a base, and wherein the microneedle has a bending moment as measured at 15% of the distance from the tip to the base of from 30,000 to 60,000 mN-μm. 7. The device of claim 1 wherein the microneedle comprises a tip and a base, and wherein the microneedle has a bending moment as measured at 60% of the distance from the tip to the base of from 85,000 to 105,000 mN-μm. 8. The device of claim 1 wherein the microneedle has a buckling force of from 0.2 to 0.5 N. 9. The device of claim 2 wherein the molecularly aligned mesogen-containing area of the microneedle has an elastic modulus of from 6 to 8 Gpa. 10. The device of claim 2, wherein the microneedle further comprises an area where the mesogens are substantially isotropic. 11. The device of claim 10 wherein the isotropic area has an elastic modulus of from 4 to 6 Gpa. 12. The device of claim 1, wherein the microneedle has a Hermans orientation function value of from 0.4 to 0.8. 13. The device of claim 1 wherein the thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer is a main chain thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer microneedle. 14. The device of claim 1 wherein the thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer is a main chain polyester thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer microneedle. 15. A device comprising an array of liquid crystalline polymer microneedles wherein the microneedles have a depth of penetration of from 50 to 120 microns using 2 pounds of force for 10 seconds. 16. A device comprising an array of liquid crystalline polymer microneedles wherein the microneedles have a depth of penetration of from 50 to 150 microns using 3 pounds of force for 10 seconds. 17. A device comprising an array of liquid crystalline polymer microneedles wherein the microneedles have a penetration efficiency of 70% or higher using 3 pounds of force for 10 seconds. | 1,700 |
1,693 | 14,888,556 | 1,788 | Adhesive articles and release liners are described. The release liners include nonadhesive components such as nonadhesive particulates along their release face. Upon incorporation in an adhesive article and exposure of an adhesive face thereof, at least a portion of the nonadhesive components are carried along the adhesive face. The release liners also include a deformable layer. The inclusion of the deformable layer in the release liner and the inclusion of the nonadhesive components in the adhesive region imparts repositionable or slidability characteristics to the article. | 1. An adhesive article comprising:
an adhesive assembly including a substrate defining a first face and a second face oppositely directed from the first face, and adhesive disposed on at least one of the first face and the second face thereby defining an adhesive face; a release liner assembly including a release liner substrate defining a first face and an oppositely directed second face, a deformable layer disposed on one of the first face and the second face of the release liner substrate, and a release coating disposed on the deformable layer thereby defining a release face; and an effective amount of nonadhesive components disposed along the release face. 2. The adhesive article of claim 1 wherein the adhesive face of the adhesive assembly is in contact with the release face of the release liner assembly, and at least a portion of the nonadhesive components is disposed between the adhesive face and the release face. 3. The adhesive article of claim 1 wherein the release liner assembly includes a polymeric layer along one of the faces of the release liner substrate opposite the face upon which the deformable layer is disposed. 4. The adhesive article of claim 3 wherein the polymeric layer includes polypropylene. 5. The adhesive article of claim 3 wherein the polymeric layer defines a plurality of microperforations. 6. The adhesive article of claim 3 wherein the polymeric layer is disposed on the release liner substrate at a coat weight of from 10 g/m2 to 30 g/m2. 7. The adhesive article of claim 1 wherein the release liner substrate includes paper. 8. The adhesive article of claim 1 wherein the deformable layer includes polyethylene. 9. The adhesive article of claim 1 wherein the deformable layer includes one or more polymeric resins and is disposed on the release liner substrate at a coat weight of from 15 g/m2 to 40 g/m2. 10. The adhesive article of claim 1 wherein the release coating includes at least one silicone agent. 11. The adhesive article of claim 1 wherein the adhesive is a pressure sensitive adhesive. 12. The adhesive article of claim 1 wherein the adhesive assembly substrate includes at least one polymeric material. 13. The adhesive article of claim 1 wherein the nonadhesive components include at least one material selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes, polyvinyl chlorides, polyacrylates, acetates, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polystyrenes, and combinations thereof. 14. The adhesive article of claim 1 wherein the nonadhesive component includes an ink composition. 15. The adhesive article of claim 1 wherein the overall thickness of the adhesive article is within a range of from 50 to 5,000 microns. 16. The adhesive article of claim 15 wherein the overall thickness of the adhesive article is about 2,032 microns. 17. The adhesive article of claim 15 wherein the overall thickness of the adhesive article is about 3,175 microns. 18. A method of imparting repositionable characteristics to an adhesive assembly including a substrate and a layer of adhesive disposed on the substrate, the adhesive layer defining an adhesive face, the method comprising:
providing a release liner assembly including a release liner substrate defining a first face and an oppositely directed second face, a deformable layer disposed along at least one of the first and second faces of the release liner, and a release coating disposed along the deformable layer thereby defining a release face; disposing an effective amount of nonadhesive component(s) on the release face; contacting the release face of the release liner with the adhesive face of the adhesively assembly; and whereby upon separating the release liner from the adhesive assembly to thereby expose the adhesive face, at least a portion of the nonadhesive component(s) is disposed along the adhesive face. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the release liner assembly includes a polymeric layer long one of the faces of the release liner substrate opposite the face upon which the deformable layer is disposed. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the polymeric layer includes polypropylene. 21. The method of claim 19 wherein the polymeric layer defines a plurality of microperforations. 22. The method of claim 19 wherein the polymeric layer is disposed on the release liner substrate at a coat weight of from 10 g/m2 to 30 g/m2. 23. The method of claim 18 wherein the release liner substrate includes paper. 24. The method of claim 18 wherein the deformable layer includes polyethylene. 25. The method of claim 18 wherein the deformable layer includes one or more polymeric resins and is disposed on the release liner substrate at a coat weight of from 15 g/m2 to 40 g/m2. 26. The method of claim 18 wherein the release coating includes at least one silicone agent. 27. The method of claim 18 wherein the adhesive is a pressure sensitive adhesive. 28. The method of claim 18 wherein the adhesive assembly substrate includes at least one polymeric material. 29. The method of claim 18 wherein the nonadhesive components include at least one material selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes, polyvinyl chlorides, polyacrylates, acetates, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polystyrenes, and combinations thereof. 30. The method of claim 18 wherein the nonadhesive component includes an ink composition. 31. The method of claim 18, wherein the release line is embossed. 32. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of embossing the carrier web to create and embossed pattern. 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the adhesive layer after removing the release liner has a patterned configuration or topography comprising recessed areas. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein quantities of nonadhesive material randomly distributed along and/or partially embedded in the surface of the adhesive layer after removing the release liner. 35. A method of producing a repositionable adhesive article, the adhesive article including (i) an adhesive substrate, (ii) an adhesive layer disposed along the adhesive substrate and defining an adhesive face, and (iii) a release liner having a release substrate, a deformable layer disposed along the release substrate, and a release coating on the deformable layer defining a release face, the method comprising:
providing an effective amount of nonadhesive components along at least one of the adhesive face and the release face; and contacting the adhesive face with the release face to thereby produce a repositionable adhesive article. 36. The method of claim 35 wherein the release liner includes a polymeric layer along one of the faces of the release substrate opposite the face upon which the deformable layer is disposed. 37. The method of claim 35 wherein the polymeric layer includes polypropylene. 38. The method of claim 36 wherein the polymeric layer defines a plurality of microperforations. 39. The method of claim 36 wherein the polymeric layer is disposed on the release liner substrate at a coat weight of from 10 g/m2 to 30 g/m2. 40. The method of claim 34 wherein the release liner substrate includes paper. 41. The method of claim 35 wherein the deformable layer includes polyethylene. 42. The method of claim 35 wherein the deformable layer includes one or more polymeric resins and is disposed on the release liner substrate at a coat weight of from 15 g/m2 to 40 g/m2. 43. The method of claim 35 wherein the release coating includes at least one silicone agent. 44. The method of claim 35 wherein the adhesive is a pressure sensitive adhesive. 45. The method of claim 35 wherein the adhesive assembly substrate includes at least one polymeric material. 46. The method of claim 35 wherein the nonadhesive components include at least one material selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes, polyvinyl chlorides, polyacrylates, acetates, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polystyrenes, and combinations thereof. 47. The method of claim 30 wherein the nonadhesive component includes an ink composition. 48. The method of claim 35, wherein the release liner is embossed. 49. The method of claim 35 further comprising the step of embossing the carrier web to create an embossed pattern. 50. The adhesive article of claim 1, wherein the release liner is embossed. | Adhesive articles and release liners are described. The release liners include nonadhesive components such as nonadhesive particulates along their release face. Upon incorporation in an adhesive article and exposure of an adhesive face thereof, at least a portion of the nonadhesive components are carried along the adhesive face. The release liners also include a deformable layer. The inclusion of the deformable layer in the release liner and the inclusion of the nonadhesive components in the adhesive region imparts repositionable or slidability characteristics to the article.1. An adhesive article comprising:
an adhesive assembly including a substrate defining a first face and a second face oppositely directed from the first face, and adhesive disposed on at least one of the first face and the second face thereby defining an adhesive face; a release liner assembly including a release liner substrate defining a first face and an oppositely directed second face, a deformable layer disposed on one of the first face and the second face of the release liner substrate, and a release coating disposed on the deformable layer thereby defining a release face; and an effective amount of nonadhesive components disposed along the release face. 2. The adhesive article of claim 1 wherein the adhesive face of the adhesive assembly is in contact with the release face of the release liner assembly, and at least a portion of the nonadhesive components is disposed between the adhesive face and the release face. 3. The adhesive article of claim 1 wherein the release liner assembly includes a polymeric layer along one of the faces of the release liner substrate opposite the face upon which the deformable layer is disposed. 4. The adhesive article of claim 3 wherein the polymeric layer includes polypropylene. 5. The adhesive article of claim 3 wherein the polymeric layer defines a plurality of microperforations. 6. The adhesive article of claim 3 wherein the polymeric layer is disposed on the release liner substrate at a coat weight of from 10 g/m2 to 30 g/m2. 7. The adhesive article of claim 1 wherein the release liner substrate includes paper. 8. The adhesive article of claim 1 wherein the deformable layer includes polyethylene. 9. The adhesive article of claim 1 wherein the deformable layer includes one or more polymeric resins and is disposed on the release liner substrate at a coat weight of from 15 g/m2 to 40 g/m2. 10. The adhesive article of claim 1 wherein the release coating includes at least one silicone agent. 11. The adhesive article of claim 1 wherein the adhesive is a pressure sensitive adhesive. 12. The adhesive article of claim 1 wherein the adhesive assembly substrate includes at least one polymeric material. 13. The adhesive article of claim 1 wherein the nonadhesive components include at least one material selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes, polyvinyl chlorides, polyacrylates, acetates, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polystyrenes, and combinations thereof. 14. The adhesive article of claim 1 wherein the nonadhesive component includes an ink composition. 15. The adhesive article of claim 1 wherein the overall thickness of the adhesive article is within a range of from 50 to 5,000 microns. 16. The adhesive article of claim 15 wherein the overall thickness of the adhesive article is about 2,032 microns. 17. The adhesive article of claim 15 wherein the overall thickness of the adhesive article is about 3,175 microns. 18. A method of imparting repositionable characteristics to an adhesive assembly including a substrate and a layer of adhesive disposed on the substrate, the adhesive layer defining an adhesive face, the method comprising:
providing a release liner assembly including a release liner substrate defining a first face and an oppositely directed second face, a deformable layer disposed along at least one of the first and second faces of the release liner, and a release coating disposed along the deformable layer thereby defining a release face; disposing an effective amount of nonadhesive component(s) on the release face; contacting the release face of the release liner with the adhesive face of the adhesively assembly; and whereby upon separating the release liner from the adhesive assembly to thereby expose the adhesive face, at least a portion of the nonadhesive component(s) is disposed along the adhesive face. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the release liner assembly includes a polymeric layer long one of the faces of the release liner substrate opposite the face upon which the deformable layer is disposed. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the polymeric layer includes polypropylene. 21. The method of claim 19 wherein the polymeric layer defines a plurality of microperforations. 22. The method of claim 19 wherein the polymeric layer is disposed on the release liner substrate at a coat weight of from 10 g/m2 to 30 g/m2. 23. The method of claim 18 wherein the release liner substrate includes paper. 24. The method of claim 18 wherein the deformable layer includes polyethylene. 25. The method of claim 18 wherein the deformable layer includes one or more polymeric resins and is disposed on the release liner substrate at a coat weight of from 15 g/m2 to 40 g/m2. 26. The method of claim 18 wherein the release coating includes at least one silicone agent. 27. The method of claim 18 wherein the adhesive is a pressure sensitive adhesive. 28. The method of claim 18 wherein the adhesive assembly substrate includes at least one polymeric material. 29. The method of claim 18 wherein the nonadhesive components include at least one material selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes, polyvinyl chlorides, polyacrylates, acetates, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polystyrenes, and combinations thereof. 30. The method of claim 18 wherein the nonadhesive component includes an ink composition. 31. The method of claim 18, wherein the release line is embossed. 32. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of embossing the carrier web to create and embossed pattern. 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the adhesive layer after removing the release liner has a patterned configuration or topography comprising recessed areas. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein quantities of nonadhesive material randomly distributed along and/or partially embedded in the surface of the adhesive layer after removing the release liner. 35. A method of producing a repositionable adhesive article, the adhesive article including (i) an adhesive substrate, (ii) an adhesive layer disposed along the adhesive substrate and defining an adhesive face, and (iii) a release liner having a release substrate, a deformable layer disposed along the release substrate, and a release coating on the deformable layer defining a release face, the method comprising:
providing an effective amount of nonadhesive components along at least one of the adhesive face and the release face; and contacting the adhesive face with the release face to thereby produce a repositionable adhesive article. 36. The method of claim 35 wherein the release liner includes a polymeric layer along one of the faces of the release substrate opposite the face upon which the deformable layer is disposed. 37. The method of claim 35 wherein the polymeric layer includes polypropylene. 38. The method of claim 36 wherein the polymeric layer defines a plurality of microperforations. 39. The method of claim 36 wherein the polymeric layer is disposed on the release liner substrate at a coat weight of from 10 g/m2 to 30 g/m2. 40. The method of claim 34 wherein the release liner substrate includes paper. 41. The method of claim 35 wherein the deformable layer includes polyethylene. 42. The method of claim 35 wherein the deformable layer includes one or more polymeric resins and is disposed on the release liner substrate at a coat weight of from 15 g/m2 to 40 g/m2. 43. The method of claim 35 wherein the release coating includes at least one silicone agent. 44. The method of claim 35 wherein the adhesive is a pressure sensitive adhesive. 45. The method of claim 35 wherein the adhesive assembly substrate includes at least one polymeric material. 46. The method of claim 35 wherein the nonadhesive components include at least one material selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes, polyvinyl chlorides, polyacrylates, acetates, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polystyrenes, and combinations thereof. 47. The method of claim 30 wherein the nonadhesive component includes an ink composition. 48. The method of claim 35, wherein the release liner is embossed. 49. The method of claim 35 further comprising the step of embossing the carrier web to create an embossed pattern. 50. The adhesive article of claim 1, wherein the release liner is embossed. | 1,700 |
1,694 | 14,490,750 | 1,766 | A polyamide resin which comprises a diamine unit containing 70 mol % or more of a paraxylylenediamine unit and a dicarboxylic acid unit containing 70 mol % or more of a linear aliphatic dicarboxylic acid unit having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, and which has a phosphorus atom concentration of from 50 to 1,000 ppm and a YI value of 10 or less in the color difference test in accordance with JIS-K-7105. | 1-7. (canceled) 8. A method for producing a polyamide resin, comprising performing melt polycondensation of a diamine component comprising 70 mol % or more of paraxylylenediamine and a dicarboxylic acid component comprising 70 mol % or more of a linear aliphatic dicarboxylic acid having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms,
wherein the melt polycondensation is attained in the presence of a phosphorus atom-containing compound (A), wherein the phosphorus atom-containing compound (A) is at least one selected from the group consisting of an alkaline earth metal hypophosphite, an alkali metal phosphite, an alkaline earth metal phosphite, an alkali metal phosphate, an alkaline earth metal phosphate, an alkali metal pyrophosphate, an alkaline earth metal pyrophosphate, an alkali metal metaphosphate and an alkaline earth metal metaphosphate, wherein the resin comprises a diamine unit comprising 70 mol % or more of a paraxylylenediamine unit and a dicarboxylic acid unit comprising 70 mol % or more of a linear aliphatic dicarboxylic acid unit having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, and the resin has a phosphorous atom concentration of from 50 to 1,000 ppm and a YI value of 10 or less in a color difference test in accordance with JIS-K-7105. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the compound (A) is at least one selected from the group consisting of calcium hypophosphite, magnesium hypophosphite, calcium phosphite, and calcium dihydrogen phosphate. 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the melt polycondensation is attained in the presence of the compound (A) and a polymerization speed regulating agent (B), and a molar ratio of the agent (B) to the phosphorus atom of compound (A) ([molar amount of agent (B)]/[molar amount of phosphorus atom of compound (A)]) in the polycondensation system is from 0.3 to 1.0. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the polymerization speed regulating agent (B) is at least one selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal hydroxide, an alkaline earth metal hydroxide, an alkali metal acetate and an alkaline earth metal acetate. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the polymerization speed regulating agent (B) is at least one selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, sodium acetate and potassium acetate. 13. A molded article, comprising the polyamide resin produced by the method according to claim 8. 14-17. (canceled) 18. The method according to claim 10, wherein the molar ratio of agent (B) to the phosphorous atom of compound (A) is from 0.5 to 0.9. 19. The method according to claim 8, wherein the linear aliphatic dicarboxylic acid component is at least one selected from the group consisting of adipic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, undecane-diacid and dodecane-diacid. 20. The method according to claim 8, wherein the linear aliphatic dicarboxylic acid is at least one selected from the group consisting of sebacic acid and azelaic acid. 21. The method according to claim 8, wherein the diamine component comprises 90 mol % or more of a paraxylylenediamine and the dicarboxylic acid component comprises 90 mol % or more of at least one selected from the group consisting of sebacic acid and azelaic acid. 22. A molded article, comprising a polyamide composition comprising 100 parts by mass of the polyamide resin produced by the method according to claim 8, and 0.01 to 2 parts by mass of a crystal nucleating agent. | A polyamide resin which comprises a diamine unit containing 70 mol % or more of a paraxylylenediamine unit and a dicarboxylic acid unit containing 70 mol % or more of a linear aliphatic dicarboxylic acid unit having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, and which has a phosphorus atom concentration of from 50 to 1,000 ppm and a YI value of 10 or less in the color difference test in accordance with JIS-K-7105.1-7. (canceled) 8. A method for producing a polyamide resin, comprising performing melt polycondensation of a diamine component comprising 70 mol % or more of paraxylylenediamine and a dicarboxylic acid component comprising 70 mol % or more of a linear aliphatic dicarboxylic acid having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms,
wherein the melt polycondensation is attained in the presence of a phosphorus atom-containing compound (A), wherein the phosphorus atom-containing compound (A) is at least one selected from the group consisting of an alkaline earth metal hypophosphite, an alkali metal phosphite, an alkaline earth metal phosphite, an alkali metal phosphate, an alkaline earth metal phosphate, an alkali metal pyrophosphate, an alkaline earth metal pyrophosphate, an alkali metal metaphosphate and an alkaline earth metal metaphosphate, wherein the resin comprises a diamine unit comprising 70 mol % or more of a paraxylylenediamine unit and a dicarboxylic acid unit comprising 70 mol % or more of a linear aliphatic dicarboxylic acid unit having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, and the resin has a phosphorous atom concentration of from 50 to 1,000 ppm and a YI value of 10 or less in a color difference test in accordance with JIS-K-7105. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the compound (A) is at least one selected from the group consisting of calcium hypophosphite, magnesium hypophosphite, calcium phosphite, and calcium dihydrogen phosphate. 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the melt polycondensation is attained in the presence of the compound (A) and a polymerization speed regulating agent (B), and a molar ratio of the agent (B) to the phosphorus atom of compound (A) ([molar amount of agent (B)]/[molar amount of phosphorus atom of compound (A)]) in the polycondensation system is from 0.3 to 1.0. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the polymerization speed regulating agent (B) is at least one selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal hydroxide, an alkaline earth metal hydroxide, an alkali metal acetate and an alkaline earth metal acetate. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the polymerization speed regulating agent (B) is at least one selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, sodium acetate and potassium acetate. 13. A molded article, comprising the polyamide resin produced by the method according to claim 8. 14-17. (canceled) 18. The method according to claim 10, wherein the molar ratio of agent (B) to the phosphorous atom of compound (A) is from 0.5 to 0.9. 19. The method according to claim 8, wherein the linear aliphatic dicarboxylic acid component is at least one selected from the group consisting of adipic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, undecane-diacid and dodecane-diacid. 20. The method according to claim 8, wherein the linear aliphatic dicarboxylic acid is at least one selected from the group consisting of sebacic acid and azelaic acid. 21. The method according to claim 8, wherein the diamine component comprises 90 mol % or more of a paraxylylenediamine and the dicarboxylic acid component comprises 90 mol % or more of at least one selected from the group consisting of sebacic acid and azelaic acid. 22. A molded article, comprising a polyamide composition comprising 100 parts by mass of the polyamide resin produced by the method according to claim 8, and 0.01 to 2 parts by mass of a crystal nucleating agent. | 1,700 |
1,695 | 14,763,017 | 1,793 | A shelf stable, brownie product. The brownie avoids off tastes and staling, due to reducing the likelihood of recrystallization of sugars and oils, but managing the moisture in the brownie, the fat level, the protein level, and the level and type of sweetener used. | 1. A shelf stable, baked, brownie formed from a batter comprising:
11-14 wt % flour; 40-50% sweetener comprising sucrose, corn syrup and fructose, present in a ratio of 2.5-3.5/0.5-1.5/0.05-0.15; 14.5-16.5% whole egg; and shortening,
the baked brownie having a moisture level of about 16%. 2. The brownie of claim 1 wherein the corn syrup has a DE of 42. 3. The brownie of claim 1, wherein the sucrose is powdered sugar. 4. The brownie of claim 1, wherein the fructose is crystalline fructose. 5. The brownie of claim 1, wherein the sucrose, corn syrup and fructose are present in a ratio of 3/1/0.1. 6. The brownie of claim 1, wherein the sucrose, corn syrup and fructose are present as 70-80%, 20-30% and 0.5-5%, respectively, of the sweetener. 7. The brownie of claim 1, wherein the batter further comprises cocoa. 8. The brownie of claim 1, wherein the batter comprises about 15% whole egg. 9. The brownie of claim 8, wherein the egg comprises liquid albumin. 10. The brownie of claim 1, wherein the shortening comprises mobile and crystalline fat at room temperature, and a consistency which is pliable at room temperature. 11. The brownie of claim 1, wherein the batter further comprises a moisture-retaining ingredient comprising humectant(s), hydrocolloid(s), gel(s) and/or gum(s). 12. The brownie of claim 11, wherein the moisture-retaining ingredient is gellan gum. 13. The brownie of claim 1, wherein the baked brownie has a density of about 1 gram/cc. 14. The brownie of claim 1 having a shelf life of at least 1 month. 15. The brownie of claim 14 having a shelf life of at least 3 months. 16. The brownie of claim 15 having a shelf life of at least 6 months. 17. The brownie of claim 1, the batter comprising:
12-13 wt % flour; 43-44% sweetener comprising sucrose, corn syrup and crystalline fructose, present in a ratio of 2.5-3.5/0.5-1.5/0.05-0.15; and 15-16% egg protein. 18. A brownie batter comprising:
11-14 wt % flour; 40-50% sweetener comprising powdered sucrose, corn syrup and crystalline fructose, present in a ratio of 2.5-3.5/0.5-1.5/0.05-0.15; and 14.5-16.5% whole egg. 19. The batter of claim 18 further comprising cocoa. 20. The batter of claim 18, wherein the powdered sucrose, corn syrup and crystalline fructose are present in a ratio of 3/1/0.1. 21. The batter of claim 18 comprising about 15% whole egg. 22. The batter of claim 18, wherein the egg comprises liquid albumin. 23. The batter of claim 18 further comprising a moisture-retaining ingredient comprising humectant(s), hydrocolloid(s), gel(s) and/or gum(s). 24. The batter of claim 23, wherein the moisture-retaining ingredient is gellan gum. | A shelf stable, brownie product. The brownie avoids off tastes and staling, due to reducing the likelihood of recrystallization of sugars and oils, but managing the moisture in the brownie, the fat level, the protein level, and the level and type of sweetener used.1. A shelf stable, baked, brownie formed from a batter comprising:
11-14 wt % flour; 40-50% sweetener comprising sucrose, corn syrup and fructose, present in a ratio of 2.5-3.5/0.5-1.5/0.05-0.15; 14.5-16.5% whole egg; and shortening,
the baked brownie having a moisture level of about 16%. 2. The brownie of claim 1 wherein the corn syrup has a DE of 42. 3. The brownie of claim 1, wherein the sucrose is powdered sugar. 4. The brownie of claim 1, wherein the fructose is crystalline fructose. 5. The brownie of claim 1, wherein the sucrose, corn syrup and fructose are present in a ratio of 3/1/0.1. 6. The brownie of claim 1, wherein the sucrose, corn syrup and fructose are present as 70-80%, 20-30% and 0.5-5%, respectively, of the sweetener. 7. The brownie of claim 1, wherein the batter further comprises cocoa. 8. The brownie of claim 1, wherein the batter comprises about 15% whole egg. 9. The brownie of claim 8, wherein the egg comprises liquid albumin. 10. The brownie of claim 1, wherein the shortening comprises mobile and crystalline fat at room temperature, and a consistency which is pliable at room temperature. 11. The brownie of claim 1, wherein the batter further comprises a moisture-retaining ingredient comprising humectant(s), hydrocolloid(s), gel(s) and/or gum(s). 12. The brownie of claim 11, wherein the moisture-retaining ingredient is gellan gum. 13. The brownie of claim 1, wherein the baked brownie has a density of about 1 gram/cc. 14. The brownie of claim 1 having a shelf life of at least 1 month. 15. The brownie of claim 14 having a shelf life of at least 3 months. 16. The brownie of claim 15 having a shelf life of at least 6 months. 17. The brownie of claim 1, the batter comprising:
12-13 wt % flour; 43-44% sweetener comprising sucrose, corn syrup and crystalline fructose, present in a ratio of 2.5-3.5/0.5-1.5/0.05-0.15; and 15-16% egg protein. 18. A brownie batter comprising:
11-14 wt % flour; 40-50% sweetener comprising powdered sucrose, corn syrup and crystalline fructose, present in a ratio of 2.5-3.5/0.5-1.5/0.05-0.15; and 14.5-16.5% whole egg. 19. The batter of claim 18 further comprising cocoa. 20. The batter of claim 18, wherein the powdered sucrose, corn syrup and crystalline fructose are present in a ratio of 3/1/0.1. 21. The batter of claim 18 comprising about 15% whole egg. 22. The batter of claim 18, wherein the egg comprises liquid albumin. 23. The batter of claim 18 further comprising a moisture-retaining ingredient comprising humectant(s), hydrocolloid(s), gel(s) and/or gum(s). 24. The batter of claim 23, wherein the moisture-retaining ingredient is gellan gum. | 1,700 |
1,696 | 13,391,466 | 1,781 | The invention relates to a substrate ( 10 ), especially a transparent glass substrate, provided with a thin-film multilayer comprising an alternation of “n” metallic functional layers ( 40, 80, 120 ) especially of functional layers based on silver or a metal alloy containing silver, and of “(n+1)” antireflection coatings ( 20, 60, 100, 140 ), with n being an integer ≧3, each antireflection coating comprising at least one antireflection layer ( 24, 64, 104, 144 ), so that each functional layer ( 40, 80, 120 ) is positioned between two antireflection coatings ( 20, 60, 100, 140 ), characterized in that the thickness e x of each functional layer ( 80, 120 ) is less than the thickness of the preceding functional layer in the direction of the substrate ( 10 ) and is such that: e x =α e x−1 , with:
x which is the row of the functional layer starting from the substrate ( 10 ), x−1 which is the row of the preceding functional layer in the direction of the substrate ( 10 ), α which is a number such that 0.5≦α<1, and preferably 0.5≦α≦0.95, or even 0.6≦α≦0.95, and the thickness of the first metallic functional layer starting from the substrate is such that: 10≦e 1 ≦18 in nm, and preferably 11≦e 1 ≦15 in nm. | 1. A substrate, comprising, on a surface of the substrate, a thin-film multilayer comprising an alternation of:
(i) at least three metallic functional layers; and (ii) one more antireflection coating than a total number of metallic functional layers, wherein each antireflection coating comprises an antireflection layer, so that each metallic functional layer is positioned between two antireflection coatings, and wherein a thickness, ex, of each metallic functional layer is less than a thickness of a preceding metallic functional layer in a direction of the substrate and satisfies:
e x =α e x−1,
wherein:
x is a row of the functional layer, numbered from the substrate surface;
x−1 is a row of the preceding metallic functional layer in the direction of the substrate;
α satisfies an equation: 0.5≦α<1; and
a thickness of first metallic functional layer, e1, contacting the substrate surface satisfies an equation: 10≦e1≦18 in nm. 2. The substrate of claim 1, α is different for each metallic functional layer of row 2 and higher. 3. The substrate of claim 1, wherein a last layer of a first antireflection coating subjacent to a first metallic functional layer from the surface of the substrate is a wetting layer comprising a crystalline oxide, optionally doped with another element, and
the first antireflection coating comprises a smoothing layer comprising a non-crystalline mixed oxide, which contacts the superjacent wetting layer. 4. The substrate of claim 3, wherein the thickness e26 of the smoothing layer is around ⅙ of a thickness of the first antireflection coating and around half a thickness of the first metallic functional layer. 5. The substrate of claim 1, wherein a total thickness of the metallic functional layers is greater than 30 nm. 6. The substrate of claim 1, wherein the antireflection coatings each comprise a layer comprising silicon nitride, optionally doped with another element. 7. The substrate of claim 1, wherein a last layer of each antireflection coating subjacent to a metallic functional layer is a wetting layer comprising a crystalline oxide, optionally doped with another element. 8. The substrate of claim 7, wherein at least one antireflection coating subjacent to a metallic functional layer comprises a smoothing layer comprising a non-crystalline mixed oxide, which contacts a superjacent wetting layer. 9. A glazing unit, comprising:
a substrate of claim 1; and optionally, a second substrate. 10. The substrate of claim 1, being suitable for use as a heated transparent coating of a heated glazing unit; or a transparent electrode of an electrochromic glazing unit, a lighting device, a display device, a photovoltaic, or a panel. 11. The substrate of claim 1, which is a transparent glass substrate. 12. The substrate of claim 1, wherein the metallic functional layers comprise silver or a metal alloy comprising silver. 13. The substrate of claim 1, wherein α satisfies an equation: 0.55≦α≦0.95. 14. The substrate of claim 1, wherein α satisfies an equation: 0.6≦α≦0.95. 15. The substrate of claim 1, wherein the thickness e1 satisfies an equation: 11≦e1≦15 in nm. 16. The substrate of claim 3, wherein the last layer of the first antireflection coating is a wetting layer comprising is a wetting layer comprising crystalline zinc oxide, optionally doped with aluminum. 17. The substrate of claim 5, wherein a total thickness of the metallic functional layers is between 30 and 60 nm, including these values. 18. The substrate of claim 5, wherein thin-film multilayer comprises three metallic functional layers and a total thickness of the metallic functional layers is between 35 and 50 nm. 19. The substrate of claim 5, wherein thin-film multilayer comprises four metallic functional layers and a total thickness of the metallic functional layers is between 40 and 60 nm. 20. The substrate of claim 7, wherein the last layer of each antireflection coating subjacent to a metallic functional layer is a wetting layer comprising crystalline zinc oxide, optionally doped with aluminum. | The invention relates to a substrate ( 10 ), especially a transparent glass substrate, provided with a thin-film multilayer comprising an alternation of “n” metallic functional layers ( 40, 80, 120 ) especially of functional layers based on silver or a metal alloy containing silver, and of “(n+1)” antireflection coatings ( 20, 60, 100, 140 ), with n being an integer ≧3, each antireflection coating comprising at least one antireflection layer ( 24, 64, 104, 144 ), so that each functional layer ( 40, 80, 120 ) is positioned between two antireflection coatings ( 20, 60, 100, 140 ), characterized in that the thickness e x of each functional layer ( 80, 120 ) is less than the thickness of the preceding functional layer in the direction of the substrate ( 10 ) and is such that: e x =α e x−1 , with:
x which is the row of the functional layer starting from the substrate ( 10 ), x−1 which is the row of the preceding functional layer in the direction of the substrate ( 10 ), α which is a number such that 0.5≦α<1, and preferably 0.5≦α≦0.95, or even 0.6≦α≦0.95, and the thickness of the first metallic functional layer starting from the substrate is such that: 10≦e 1 ≦18 in nm, and preferably 11≦e 1 ≦15 in nm.1. A substrate, comprising, on a surface of the substrate, a thin-film multilayer comprising an alternation of:
(i) at least three metallic functional layers; and (ii) one more antireflection coating than a total number of metallic functional layers, wherein each antireflection coating comprises an antireflection layer, so that each metallic functional layer is positioned between two antireflection coatings, and wherein a thickness, ex, of each metallic functional layer is less than a thickness of a preceding metallic functional layer in a direction of the substrate and satisfies:
e x =α e x−1,
wherein:
x is a row of the functional layer, numbered from the substrate surface;
x−1 is a row of the preceding metallic functional layer in the direction of the substrate;
α satisfies an equation: 0.5≦α<1; and
a thickness of first metallic functional layer, e1, contacting the substrate surface satisfies an equation: 10≦e1≦18 in nm. 2. The substrate of claim 1, α is different for each metallic functional layer of row 2 and higher. 3. The substrate of claim 1, wherein a last layer of a first antireflection coating subjacent to a first metallic functional layer from the surface of the substrate is a wetting layer comprising a crystalline oxide, optionally doped with another element, and
the first antireflection coating comprises a smoothing layer comprising a non-crystalline mixed oxide, which contacts the superjacent wetting layer. 4. The substrate of claim 3, wherein the thickness e26 of the smoothing layer is around ⅙ of a thickness of the first antireflection coating and around half a thickness of the first metallic functional layer. 5. The substrate of claim 1, wherein a total thickness of the metallic functional layers is greater than 30 nm. 6. The substrate of claim 1, wherein the antireflection coatings each comprise a layer comprising silicon nitride, optionally doped with another element. 7. The substrate of claim 1, wherein a last layer of each antireflection coating subjacent to a metallic functional layer is a wetting layer comprising a crystalline oxide, optionally doped with another element. 8. The substrate of claim 7, wherein at least one antireflection coating subjacent to a metallic functional layer comprises a smoothing layer comprising a non-crystalline mixed oxide, which contacts a superjacent wetting layer. 9. A glazing unit, comprising:
a substrate of claim 1; and optionally, a second substrate. 10. The substrate of claim 1, being suitable for use as a heated transparent coating of a heated glazing unit; or a transparent electrode of an electrochromic glazing unit, a lighting device, a display device, a photovoltaic, or a panel. 11. The substrate of claim 1, which is a transparent glass substrate. 12. The substrate of claim 1, wherein the metallic functional layers comprise silver or a metal alloy comprising silver. 13. The substrate of claim 1, wherein α satisfies an equation: 0.55≦α≦0.95. 14. The substrate of claim 1, wherein α satisfies an equation: 0.6≦α≦0.95. 15. The substrate of claim 1, wherein the thickness e1 satisfies an equation: 11≦e1≦15 in nm. 16. The substrate of claim 3, wherein the last layer of the first antireflection coating is a wetting layer comprising is a wetting layer comprising crystalline zinc oxide, optionally doped with aluminum. 17. The substrate of claim 5, wherein a total thickness of the metallic functional layers is between 30 and 60 nm, including these values. 18. The substrate of claim 5, wherein thin-film multilayer comprises three metallic functional layers and a total thickness of the metallic functional layers is between 35 and 50 nm. 19. The substrate of claim 5, wherein thin-film multilayer comprises four metallic functional layers and a total thickness of the metallic functional layers is between 40 and 60 nm. 20. The substrate of claim 7, wherein the last layer of each antireflection coating subjacent to a metallic functional layer is a wetting layer comprising crystalline zinc oxide, optionally doped with aluminum. | 1,700 |
1,697 | 14,234,367 | 1,766 | A nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber composition containing a nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber (A) having a Mooney viscosity [ML 1+4 , 100° C.] of 50 to 200, a nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber (B) having a Mooney viscosity [ML 1+4 , 100° C.] of 5 to 45, and staple fibers (C) having an average fiber length of 0.1 to 12 mm is provided. According to the present invention, a nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber composition which can give cross-linked rubber which is extremely high in tensile stress and is excellent in low heat buildup property and has good workability can be provided. | 1. A nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber composition containing a nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber (A) having a Mooney viscosity [ML1+4, 100° C.] of 50 to 200, a nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber (B) having a Mooney viscosity [ML1+4, 100° C.] of 5 to 45, and staple fibers (C) having an average fiber length of 0.1 to 12 mm. 2. The nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1 wherein said nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber (A) and said nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber (B) both have iodine values of 120 or less. 3. The nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1 containing a nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber (B) in 5 to 75 wt % with respect to 100 wt % of the total of said nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber (A) and said nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber (B). 4. The nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1 containing said staple fibers (C) in 0.1 to 50 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the total of said nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber (A) and said nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber (B). 5. The nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1 further containing an α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid metal salt (D). 6. A cross-linkable nitrile rubber composition which comprises the nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1 in which a cross-linking agent is contained. 7. A cross-linked rubber obtained by cross-linking the cross-linkable nitrile rubber composition as set forth in claim 6. | A nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber composition containing a nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber (A) having a Mooney viscosity [ML 1+4 , 100° C.] of 50 to 200, a nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber (B) having a Mooney viscosity [ML 1+4 , 100° C.] of 5 to 45, and staple fibers (C) having an average fiber length of 0.1 to 12 mm is provided. According to the present invention, a nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber composition which can give cross-linked rubber which is extremely high in tensile stress and is excellent in low heat buildup property and has good workability can be provided.1. A nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber composition containing a nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber (A) having a Mooney viscosity [ML1+4, 100° C.] of 50 to 200, a nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber (B) having a Mooney viscosity [ML1+4, 100° C.] of 5 to 45, and staple fibers (C) having an average fiber length of 0.1 to 12 mm. 2. The nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1 wherein said nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber (A) and said nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber (B) both have iodine values of 120 or less. 3. The nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1 containing a nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber (B) in 5 to 75 wt % with respect to 100 wt % of the total of said nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber (A) and said nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber (B). 4. The nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1 containing said staple fibers (C) in 0.1 to 50 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the total of said nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber (A) and said nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber (B). 5. The nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1 further containing an α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid metal salt (D). 6. A cross-linkable nitrile rubber composition which comprises the nitrile group-containing highly saturated copolymer rubber composition as set forth in claim 1 in which a cross-linking agent is contained. 7. A cross-linked rubber obtained by cross-linking the cross-linkable nitrile rubber composition as set forth in claim 6. | 1,700 |
1,698 | 13,949,414 | 1,724 | Use of a selectively conducting anode component in solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells can reduce the degradation associated with repeated startup and shutdown, but unfortunately can also adversely affect a cell's tolerance to voltage reversal. Use of a carbon sublayer in such cells can improve the tolerance to voltage reversal, but can adversely affect cell performance. However, employing an appropriate selection of selectively conducting material and carbon sublayer, in which the carbon sublayer is in contact with the side of the anode opposite the solid polymer electrolyte, can provide for cells that exhibit acceptable behaviour in every regard. A suitable selectively conducting material comprises platinum deposited on tin oxide. | 1. A solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising a solid polymer electrolyte, a cathode, and anode components connected in series electrically wherein:
i) the anode components comprise an anode, an anode gas diffusion layer, and a selectively conducting component; ii) the selectively conducting component comprises a selectively conducting material; and iii) the electrical resistance of the selectively conducting component in the presence of hydrogen is more than 100 times lower than the electrical resistance in the presence of air; characterized in that the anode components comprise a carbon sublayer in contact with the side of the anode opposite the solid polymer electrolyte; and the selectively conducting material and carbon sublayer are selected such that the fuel cell voltage is greater than about 0.5 V when operating at 1.5 A/cm2. 2. The fuel cell of claim 1 wherein the electrical resistance of the selectively conducting component in the presence of hydrogen is more than 1000 times lower than the electrical resistance in the presence of air. 3. The fuel cell of claim 1 wherein the selectively conducting material comprises a noble metal deposited on a metal oxide. 4. The fuel cell of claim 3 wherein the selectively conducting material comprises platinum deposited on tin oxide. 5. The fuel cell of claim 4 wherein the selectively conducting material comprises about 1% Pt—SnO2. 6. The fuel cell of claim 1 wherein the selectively conducting component is incorporated as a layer on the side of the anode gas diffusion layer adjacent the carbon sublayer. 7. The fuel cell of claim 1 wherein the selectively conducting component is incorporated as a layer on the side of the anode gas diffusion layer opposite the carbon sublayer. 8. The fuel cell of claim 1 wherein the thickness of the selectively conducting component is in the range from about 10 to about 15 micrometers. 9. The fuel cell of claim 1 wherein the carbon sublayer comprises acetylene black or synthetic graphite. 10. The fuel cell of claim 1 wherein the thickness of the carbon sublayer is in the range from about 3 to about 10 micrometers. 11. A method for increasing the tolerance of a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell to voltage reversal, the solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising a solid polymer electrolyte, a cathode, and anode components connected in series electrically wherein:
i) the anode components comprise an anode, an anode gas diffusion layer, and a selectively conducting component; ii) the selectively conducting component comprises a selectively conducting material; and iii) the electrical resistance of the selectively conducting component in the presence of hydrogen is more than 100 times lower than the electrical resistance in the presence of air; and the method comprising:
incorporating a carbon sublayer in contact with the side of the anode opposite the solid polymer electrolyte; and
selecting the selectively conducting material and carbon sublayer such that the fuel cell voltage is greater than about 0.5 V when operating at 1.5 A/cm2. 12. The method of claim 11 comprising selecting a noble metal deposited on a metal oxide for the selectively conducting material. 13. The method of claim 11 comprising incorporating the selectively conducting component as a layer on the side of the anode gas diffusion layer adjacent the carbon sublayer. 14. A fuel cell stack comprising the fuel cell of claim 1. 15. A vehicle comprising a traction power supply comprising the fuel cell stack of claim 14. | Use of a selectively conducting anode component in solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells can reduce the degradation associated with repeated startup and shutdown, but unfortunately can also adversely affect a cell's tolerance to voltage reversal. Use of a carbon sublayer in such cells can improve the tolerance to voltage reversal, but can adversely affect cell performance. However, employing an appropriate selection of selectively conducting material and carbon sublayer, in which the carbon sublayer is in contact with the side of the anode opposite the solid polymer electrolyte, can provide for cells that exhibit acceptable behaviour in every regard. A suitable selectively conducting material comprises platinum deposited on tin oxide.1. A solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising a solid polymer electrolyte, a cathode, and anode components connected in series electrically wherein:
i) the anode components comprise an anode, an anode gas diffusion layer, and a selectively conducting component; ii) the selectively conducting component comprises a selectively conducting material; and iii) the electrical resistance of the selectively conducting component in the presence of hydrogen is more than 100 times lower than the electrical resistance in the presence of air; characterized in that the anode components comprise a carbon sublayer in contact with the side of the anode opposite the solid polymer electrolyte; and the selectively conducting material and carbon sublayer are selected such that the fuel cell voltage is greater than about 0.5 V when operating at 1.5 A/cm2. 2. The fuel cell of claim 1 wherein the electrical resistance of the selectively conducting component in the presence of hydrogen is more than 1000 times lower than the electrical resistance in the presence of air. 3. The fuel cell of claim 1 wherein the selectively conducting material comprises a noble metal deposited on a metal oxide. 4. The fuel cell of claim 3 wherein the selectively conducting material comprises platinum deposited on tin oxide. 5. The fuel cell of claim 4 wherein the selectively conducting material comprises about 1% Pt—SnO2. 6. The fuel cell of claim 1 wherein the selectively conducting component is incorporated as a layer on the side of the anode gas diffusion layer adjacent the carbon sublayer. 7. The fuel cell of claim 1 wherein the selectively conducting component is incorporated as a layer on the side of the anode gas diffusion layer opposite the carbon sublayer. 8. The fuel cell of claim 1 wherein the thickness of the selectively conducting component is in the range from about 10 to about 15 micrometers. 9. The fuel cell of claim 1 wherein the carbon sublayer comprises acetylene black or synthetic graphite. 10. The fuel cell of claim 1 wherein the thickness of the carbon sublayer is in the range from about 3 to about 10 micrometers. 11. A method for increasing the tolerance of a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell to voltage reversal, the solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising a solid polymer electrolyte, a cathode, and anode components connected in series electrically wherein:
i) the anode components comprise an anode, an anode gas diffusion layer, and a selectively conducting component; ii) the selectively conducting component comprises a selectively conducting material; and iii) the electrical resistance of the selectively conducting component in the presence of hydrogen is more than 100 times lower than the electrical resistance in the presence of air; and the method comprising:
incorporating a carbon sublayer in contact with the side of the anode opposite the solid polymer electrolyte; and
selecting the selectively conducting material and carbon sublayer such that the fuel cell voltage is greater than about 0.5 V when operating at 1.5 A/cm2. 12. The method of claim 11 comprising selecting a noble metal deposited on a metal oxide for the selectively conducting material. 13. The method of claim 11 comprising incorporating the selectively conducting component as a layer on the side of the anode gas diffusion layer adjacent the carbon sublayer. 14. A fuel cell stack comprising the fuel cell of claim 1. 15. A vehicle comprising a traction power supply comprising the fuel cell stack of claim 14. | 1,700 |
1,699 | 14,392,110 | 1,785 | The invention provides a glazing for minimising or preventing bird collisions with windows or other glazings. The glazing comprises at least one substrate, an antireflection coating, and a UV reflectance coating. The antireflection coating is between the UV reflectance coating and the substrate. The UV reflectance coating is provided in a patterned arrangement comprising a plurality of separate elements, each element being spaced apart from a neighbouring element. | 1-20. (canceled) 21. A glazing for minimising or preventing bird collisions with windows or other glazings, the glazing comprising at least one substrate, an antireflection coating, and a UV reflectance coating, the antireflection coating being between the UV reflectance coating and the substrate, wherein the UV reflectance coating is provided in a patterned arrangement comprising a plurality of separate elements, each element being spaced apart from a neighbouring element. 22. The glazing as claimed in claim 21, wherein the patterned arrangement has at least one line of symmetry. 23. The glazing as claimed in claim 21, wherein the patterned arrangement comprises a plurality of stripes. 24. The glazing as claimed in claim 23, wherein said stripes are equidistantly spaced apart from one another. 25. The glazing as claimed in claim 23, wherein a plurality of substantially 2.5 cm wide UV reflecting stripes of said reflectance coating are provided, each said stripe being separated by a substantially 7.5 cm antireflection coating stripe. 26. The glazing as claimed in claim 21, wherein the antireflection coating is provided adjacent the substrate. 27. The glazing as claimed in claim 21, wherein the UV reflectance coating is deposited on an exterior facing surface of the substrate. 28. The glazing as claimed in claim 21, wherein the antireflection coating is provided on a surface #1 of the substrate, and a plurality of patterned areas of UV reflectance coating are provided directly on top of said antireflection coating. 29. A glazing for minimising or preventing bird collisions with windows or other glazings, the glazing comprising at least one substrate, an antireflection coating, and a UV reflectance coating, wherein the UV reflectance coating is provided in a patterned arrangement comprising a plurality of separate elements, and the antireflection coating is provided on a different surface of the substrate to that on which the UV reflectance coating is provided. 30. An insulated glazing unit for minimising or preventing bird collisions with windows or other glazings, comprising a first sheet of glazing material, a second sheet of glazing material, at least one antireflection coating, and at least one UV reflectance coating, wherein the UV reflectance coating is provided in a patterned arrangement comprising a plurality of separate elements, and said antireflection coating is between said UV reflectance coating and either the first and/or second sheet of glazing material. 31. The insulated glazing unit as claimed in claim 30, wherein the antireflection coating is provided on a surface #1 of the unit and a second antireflection coating is provided on a surface #4, wherein the UV reflectance coating is provided on top of the antireflection coating on surface #1. 32. An insulated glazing unit for minimising or preventing bird collisions with windows or other glazings, comprising a first sheet of glazing material, a second sheet of glazing material, at least one antireflection coating, and at least one UV reflectance coating, wherein the UV reflectance coating is provided in a patterned arrangement comprising a plurality of separate elements, and said antireflection coating is provided on a surface of the first and/or second sheet different to that on which said UV reflectance coating is provided. 33. An insulated glazing unit for minimising or preventing bird collisions with windows or other glazings, comprising a first sheet of glazing material, a second sheet of glazing material, a third sheet of glazing material, at least one antireflection coating, and at least one UV reflectance coating, wherein the UV reflectance coating is provided in a patterned arrangement comprising a plurality of separate elements, and the antireflection coating is between the UV reflectance coating and either the first and/or second sheet, and/or the third sheet of glazing material. 34. The glazing or glazing unit as claimed in claim 21, wherein the UV reflectance coating comprises titanium dioxide having a geometric thickness of between substantially 10-50 nm thick. 35. The glazing as claimed in any claim 21, wherein the or each antireflection coating comprises SnOx and/or SiO2. 36. The glazing as claimed in claim 35, wherein said antireflection coating comprises a plurality of layers, said layers comprising: a first layer comprising tin oxide; a second layer comprising silicon oxide; a third layer comprising fluorine doped tin oxide; and a fourth layer comprising a silicon oxide. 37. The glazing as claimed in claim 36, wherein the UV reflectance coating is provided on the fourth layer of the antireflection coating. 38. The method of manufacturing a glazing for minimising or preventing bird collisions with windows or other glazings; the method comprising the following steps:
a) providing at least one substrate; b) depositing at least one antireflection coating on a surface of the substrate; and c) depositing at least one UV reflectance coating in a patterned arrangement, the patterned arrangement comprising a plurality of separate elements, over the or each antireflection coating. 39. The method as claimed in claim 38, wherein step (b) is carried out using a chemical vapour deposition process. | The invention provides a glazing for minimising or preventing bird collisions with windows or other glazings. The glazing comprises at least one substrate, an antireflection coating, and a UV reflectance coating. The antireflection coating is between the UV reflectance coating and the substrate. The UV reflectance coating is provided in a patterned arrangement comprising a plurality of separate elements, each element being spaced apart from a neighbouring element.1-20. (canceled) 21. A glazing for minimising or preventing bird collisions with windows or other glazings, the glazing comprising at least one substrate, an antireflection coating, and a UV reflectance coating, the antireflection coating being between the UV reflectance coating and the substrate, wherein the UV reflectance coating is provided in a patterned arrangement comprising a plurality of separate elements, each element being spaced apart from a neighbouring element. 22. The glazing as claimed in claim 21, wherein the patterned arrangement has at least one line of symmetry. 23. The glazing as claimed in claim 21, wherein the patterned arrangement comprises a plurality of stripes. 24. The glazing as claimed in claim 23, wherein said stripes are equidistantly spaced apart from one another. 25. The glazing as claimed in claim 23, wherein a plurality of substantially 2.5 cm wide UV reflecting stripes of said reflectance coating are provided, each said stripe being separated by a substantially 7.5 cm antireflection coating stripe. 26. The glazing as claimed in claim 21, wherein the antireflection coating is provided adjacent the substrate. 27. The glazing as claimed in claim 21, wherein the UV reflectance coating is deposited on an exterior facing surface of the substrate. 28. The glazing as claimed in claim 21, wherein the antireflection coating is provided on a surface #1 of the substrate, and a plurality of patterned areas of UV reflectance coating are provided directly on top of said antireflection coating. 29. A glazing for minimising or preventing bird collisions with windows or other glazings, the glazing comprising at least one substrate, an antireflection coating, and a UV reflectance coating, wherein the UV reflectance coating is provided in a patterned arrangement comprising a plurality of separate elements, and the antireflection coating is provided on a different surface of the substrate to that on which the UV reflectance coating is provided. 30. An insulated glazing unit for minimising or preventing bird collisions with windows or other glazings, comprising a first sheet of glazing material, a second sheet of glazing material, at least one antireflection coating, and at least one UV reflectance coating, wherein the UV reflectance coating is provided in a patterned arrangement comprising a plurality of separate elements, and said antireflection coating is between said UV reflectance coating and either the first and/or second sheet of glazing material. 31. The insulated glazing unit as claimed in claim 30, wherein the antireflection coating is provided on a surface #1 of the unit and a second antireflection coating is provided on a surface #4, wherein the UV reflectance coating is provided on top of the antireflection coating on surface #1. 32. An insulated glazing unit for minimising or preventing bird collisions with windows or other glazings, comprising a first sheet of glazing material, a second sheet of glazing material, at least one antireflection coating, and at least one UV reflectance coating, wherein the UV reflectance coating is provided in a patterned arrangement comprising a plurality of separate elements, and said antireflection coating is provided on a surface of the first and/or second sheet different to that on which said UV reflectance coating is provided. 33. An insulated glazing unit for minimising or preventing bird collisions with windows or other glazings, comprising a first sheet of glazing material, a second sheet of glazing material, a third sheet of glazing material, at least one antireflection coating, and at least one UV reflectance coating, wherein the UV reflectance coating is provided in a patterned arrangement comprising a plurality of separate elements, and the antireflection coating is between the UV reflectance coating and either the first and/or second sheet, and/or the third sheet of glazing material. 34. The glazing or glazing unit as claimed in claim 21, wherein the UV reflectance coating comprises titanium dioxide having a geometric thickness of between substantially 10-50 nm thick. 35. The glazing as claimed in any claim 21, wherein the or each antireflection coating comprises SnOx and/or SiO2. 36. The glazing as claimed in claim 35, wherein said antireflection coating comprises a plurality of layers, said layers comprising: a first layer comprising tin oxide; a second layer comprising silicon oxide; a third layer comprising fluorine doped tin oxide; and a fourth layer comprising a silicon oxide. 37. The glazing as claimed in claim 36, wherein the UV reflectance coating is provided on the fourth layer of the antireflection coating. 38. The method of manufacturing a glazing for minimising or preventing bird collisions with windows or other glazings; the method comprising the following steps:
a) providing at least one substrate; b) depositing at least one antireflection coating on a surface of the substrate; and c) depositing at least one UV reflectance coating in a patterned arrangement, the patterned arrangement comprising a plurality of separate elements, over the or each antireflection coating. 39. The method as claimed in claim 38, wherein step (b) is carried out using a chemical vapour deposition process. | 1,700 |
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