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1,500 | 15,196,748 | 1,793 | A process for producing dairy products with a defined lactose content is suggested, comprising the following steps:
(a) Ultrafiltration of a starting milk for producing a first permeate P 1 and a first retentate R 1; (b) Nanofiltration of the first permeate P 1 for producing a second perorate P 2 and a second retentate R 2; (c) Hydrolysis of the second retentate R 2 while adding lactase; (d) Mixing the first retentate R 1 with such an amount of the second permeate P 2 and the hydrolysis product of step (c) each that a standardized dairy product is obtained, the content of proteins and minerals of which corresponds to the one of the starting milk. | 1. A process for producing lactose-free dairy products, comprising the following steps:
subiecting a starting milk to ultrafiltration for producing a first permeate P1 and a first retentate R1; (b) subjecting said first permeate P1 to nanofiltration for producing a second permeate P2 and a second retentate R2; (c) hyrdrolyzing said second retentate R2 while adding actase; and (d) mixing said first retentate R1 with an amount of the second permeate P2 and the hydrolysis product of step (c) each such that a standardized dairy product is obtained, the content of proteins and minerals of which corresponds to the one of the starting milk. 2. The process of claim 1, comprising applying in step (c) an amount of lactase such that the amount of lactase still contained in the product is completely broken down into glucose and galactose. 3. The process of claim 1, a further comprising the step of:
(e) hydrolyzing the standardized dairy product of step (d) while adding an amount of lactase such that the residual amount of lactose still contained in the product is completely broken down into glucose and galactose. 4. The process of claim 1, comprising using as the starting milk, whole milk, skimmed milk or standard milk. 5. The process of claim at least claim 1, comprising applying a starting milk having a lactose content in the range of about 3 to about 5 wt %. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein ultrafiltration is performed using a membrane having a pore diameter of about 1,000 to about 50,000 Dalton. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein ultrafiltration is performed with a volume dilution factor in the range of 5 to about 20. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein ultrafiltration is performed with a volume dilution factor in the range of 8 to about 18. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein ultrafiltration is performed at temperatures in the range of about 4 to about 25 ° C. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein nanofiltration is performed using a membrane having a pore diameter in the range of about 100 to about 1,000 Dalton. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein nanofiltration is performed at temperatures in the range of about 4 to about 25 C. 12. The process of claim 1, comprising adding an amount of the hydrolysis product to the first retentate R1 such that a concentration of glucose and galactose of together of about 1.0 to about 3.5 wt %—based on the resulting standard milk—is obtained. 13. The process of claim 12, comprising adding such an amount of the hydrolysis product to the first retentate R1 such that a concentration of glucose and galactose together of about 1 to about 3.0 wt %—based on the resulting standard milk is obtained. 14. The process of claim 1, comprising adding an amount of the second permeate P2 to the first retentate R1 such that a mineral concentration of about 0.6 to about 1.0 wt %—based on the resulting standard milk—is obtained. 15. The process of claim 1, comprising adding an amount of the second permeate P2 to the first retentate R1 such that by this dilution a protein concentration of about 3.5 to about 4.0 wt %—based on the resulting standard milk—is obtained. | A process for producing dairy products with a defined lactose content is suggested, comprising the following steps:
(a) Ultrafiltration of a starting milk for producing a first permeate P 1 and a first retentate R 1; (b) Nanofiltration of the first permeate P 1 for producing a second perorate P 2 and a second retentate R 2; (c) Hydrolysis of the second retentate R 2 while adding lactase; (d) Mixing the first retentate R 1 with such an amount of the second permeate P 2 and the hydrolysis product of step (c) each that a standardized dairy product is obtained, the content of proteins and minerals of which corresponds to the one of the starting milk.1. A process for producing lactose-free dairy products, comprising the following steps:
subiecting a starting milk to ultrafiltration for producing a first permeate P1 and a first retentate R1; (b) subjecting said first permeate P1 to nanofiltration for producing a second permeate P2 and a second retentate R2; (c) hyrdrolyzing said second retentate R2 while adding actase; and (d) mixing said first retentate R1 with an amount of the second permeate P2 and the hydrolysis product of step (c) each such that a standardized dairy product is obtained, the content of proteins and minerals of which corresponds to the one of the starting milk. 2. The process of claim 1, comprising applying in step (c) an amount of lactase such that the amount of lactase still contained in the product is completely broken down into glucose and galactose. 3. The process of claim 1, a further comprising the step of:
(e) hydrolyzing the standardized dairy product of step (d) while adding an amount of lactase such that the residual amount of lactose still contained in the product is completely broken down into glucose and galactose. 4. The process of claim 1, comprising using as the starting milk, whole milk, skimmed milk or standard milk. 5. The process of claim at least claim 1, comprising applying a starting milk having a lactose content in the range of about 3 to about 5 wt %. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein ultrafiltration is performed using a membrane having a pore diameter of about 1,000 to about 50,000 Dalton. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein ultrafiltration is performed with a volume dilution factor in the range of 5 to about 20. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein ultrafiltration is performed with a volume dilution factor in the range of 8 to about 18. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein ultrafiltration is performed at temperatures in the range of about 4 to about 25 ° C. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein nanofiltration is performed using a membrane having a pore diameter in the range of about 100 to about 1,000 Dalton. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein nanofiltration is performed at temperatures in the range of about 4 to about 25 C. 12. The process of claim 1, comprising adding an amount of the hydrolysis product to the first retentate R1 such that a concentration of glucose and galactose of together of about 1.0 to about 3.5 wt %—based on the resulting standard milk—is obtained. 13. The process of claim 12, comprising adding such an amount of the hydrolysis product to the first retentate R1 such that a concentration of glucose and galactose together of about 1 to about 3.0 wt %—based on the resulting standard milk is obtained. 14. The process of claim 1, comprising adding an amount of the second permeate P2 to the first retentate R1 such that a mineral concentration of about 0.6 to about 1.0 wt %—based on the resulting standard milk—is obtained. 15. The process of claim 1, comprising adding an amount of the second permeate P2 to the first retentate R1 such that by this dilution a protein concentration of about 3.5 to about 4.0 wt %—based on the resulting standard milk—is obtained. | 1,700 |
1,501 | 14,193,198 | 1,733 | An article and a method for forming the article are disclosed. The article includes an equiaxed grain structure and a composition. The composition includes, by weight percent, about 6.0% to about 9.0% aluminum, up to about 0.5% titanium, about 2.5% to about 4.5% tantalum, about 10.0% to about 12.5% chromium, about 5.0% to about 10.0% cobalt, about 0.30% to about 0.80% molybdenum, about 2.0% to about 5.0% tungsten, up to about 1.0% silicon, about 0.35% to about 0.60% hafnium, about 0.005% to about 0.010% boron, about 0.06% to about 0.10% carbon, up to about 0.02% zirconium, up to about 0.1% lanthanum, up to about 0.03% yttrium, and balance nickel and incidental impurities. Rhenium, if present, is a trace element. The method for forming the article includes providing the composition having up to about 0.01% rhenium and forming the article. | 1. An article comprising an equiaxed grain structure and a composition, wherein the composition comprises, by weight percent:
about 6.0% to about 9.0% aluminum (Al); up to about 0.5% titanium (Ti); about 2.5% to about 4.5% tantalum (Ta); about 10.0% to about 12.5% chromium (Cr); about 5.0% to about 10.0% cobalt (Co); about 0.30% to about 0.80% molybdenum (Mo); about 2.0% to about 5.0% tungsten (W); up to about 1.0% silicon (Si); about 0.35% to about 0.60% hafnium (Hf); about 0.005% to about 0.010% boron (B); about 0.06% to about 0.10% carbon (C); up to about 0.02% zirconium (Zr); up to about 0.1% lanthanum (La); up to about 0.03% yttrium (Y); and balance nickel (Ni) and incidental impurities, and wherein rhenium (Re), if present, is a trace element. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the trace element rhenium (Re) is present in an amount of less than about 0.01%, by weight, of the composition. 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the about 2.5% to about 4.5% tantalum (Ta) is replaced completely or partially by niobium (Nb) on a 1:1 molar basis. 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises, by weight percent:
about 6.2% to about 6.5% aluminum (Al); up to about 0.04% titanium (Ti); about 3.9% to about 4.3% tantalum (Ta); about 12.0% to about 12.5% chromium (Cr); about 7.0% to about 8.0% cobalt (Co); about 0.40% to about 0.75% molybdenum (Mo); about 4.7% to about 5.1% tungsten (W); about 0.08% to about 0.12% silicon (Si); about 0.47% to about 0.53% hafnium (Hf); about 0.005% to about 0.010% boron (B); about 0.06% to about 0.10% carbon (C); up to about 0.02% zirconium (Zr); up to about 0.1% lanthanum (La); up to about 0.03% yttrium (Y); up to about 0.01% rhenium (Re); and balance nickel (Ni); and incidental impurities. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the article is a hot gas path component of a gas turbine or an aviation engine, and wherein the hot gas path component is subjected to temperatures of at least about 2,000° F. 6. The article of claim 5, wherein the hot gas path component is selected from the group consisting of a blade, a vane, a nozzle, a seal and a stationary shroud. 7. The article of claim 1, wherein the composition is highly castable. 8. The article of claim 1, wherein the composition of the article has an oxidation resistance, the oxidation resistance being about 2 to about 4 times greater than a corresponding oxidation resistance exhibited by a corresponding composition of R108. 9. The article of claim 1, wherein the composition of the article has a low-cycle fatigue lifetime, the low-cycle fatigue lifetime being about 18% to about 22% greater than a corresponding low-cycle fatigue lifetime exhibited by a corresponding composition of N2Re. 10. The article of claim 1, wherein the composition of the article has a creep lifetime, the creep lifetime being about 2.0 to about 2.5 times greater than a corresponding creep lifetime exhibited by a corresponding composition of N2Re. 11. The article of claim 1, wherein the composition of the article has a hot corrosion resistance, the hot corrosion resistance being about 1.5 to about 2.5 times greater than a corresponding hot corrosion resistance exhibited by a corresponding composition of R108. 12. A method for forming an article, comprising:
providing a composition comprising, by weight percent:
about 6.0% to about 9.0% aluminum (Al);
up to about 0.5% titanium (Ti);
about 2.5% to about 4.5% tantalum (Ta);
about 10.0% to about 12.5% chromium (Cr);
about 5.0% to about 10.0% cobalt (Co);
about 0.30% to about 0.80% molybdenum (Mo);
about 2.0% to about 5.0% tungsten (W);
up to about 1.0% silicon (Si);
about 0.35% to about 0.60% hafnium (Hf);
about 0.005% to about 0.010% boron (B);
about 0.06% to about 0.10% carbon (C);
up to about 0.02% zirconium (Zr);
up to about 0.1% lanthanum (La);
up to about 0.03% yttrium (Y);
up to about 0.01% rhenium (Re); and
balance nickel (Ni) and incidental impurities; and
forming the article, wherein the article comprises an equiaxed grain structure. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the about 2.5% to about 4.5% tantalum (Ta) is replaced completely or partially by niobium (Nb) on a 1:1 molar basis. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the composition further comprises, by weight percent:
about 6.2% to about 6.5% aluminum (Al); up to about 0.04% titanium (Ti); about 3.9% to about 4.3% tantalum (Ta); about 12.0% to about 12.5% chromium (Cr); about 7.0% to about 8.0% cobalt (Co); about 0.40% to about 0.75% molybdenum (Mo); about 4.7% to about 5.1% tungsten (W); about 0.08% to about 0.12% silicon (Si); about 0.47% to about 0.53% hafnium (Hf); about 0.005% to about 0.010% boron (B); about 0.06% to about 0.10% carbon (C); up to about 0.02% zirconium (Zr); up to about 0.1% lanthanum (La); up to about 0.03% yttrium (Y); up to about 0.01% rhenium (Re); and balance nickel (Ni); and incidental impurities. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the article is a hot gas path component of a gas turbine or an aviation engine, and wherein the hot gas path component is subjected to temperatures of at least about 2,000° F. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the hot gas path component is selected from the group consisting of a blade, a vane, a nozzle, a seal and a stationary shroud. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein forming the article comprises casting, powder metallurgy or three-dimensional additive machining. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein forming the article comprises casting. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein casting comprises precision investment casting with variable pressure control. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein precision investment casting with variable pressure control comprises:
a surface re-melting pressure of 10−3 atmospheres; and an inert gas casting pressure of about 10−2 atmospheres to about 10−1 atmospheres. | An article and a method for forming the article are disclosed. The article includes an equiaxed grain structure and a composition. The composition includes, by weight percent, about 6.0% to about 9.0% aluminum, up to about 0.5% titanium, about 2.5% to about 4.5% tantalum, about 10.0% to about 12.5% chromium, about 5.0% to about 10.0% cobalt, about 0.30% to about 0.80% molybdenum, about 2.0% to about 5.0% tungsten, up to about 1.0% silicon, about 0.35% to about 0.60% hafnium, about 0.005% to about 0.010% boron, about 0.06% to about 0.10% carbon, up to about 0.02% zirconium, up to about 0.1% lanthanum, up to about 0.03% yttrium, and balance nickel and incidental impurities. Rhenium, if present, is a trace element. The method for forming the article includes providing the composition having up to about 0.01% rhenium and forming the article.1. An article comprising an equiaxed grain structure and a composition, wherein the composition comprises, by weight percent:
about 6.0% to about 9.0% aluminum (Al); up to about 0.5% titanium (Ti); about 2.5% to about 4.5% tantalum (Ta); about 10.0% to about 12.5% chromium (Cr); about 5.0% to about 10.0% cobalt (Co); about 0.30% to about 0.80% molybdenum (Mo); about 2.0% to about 5.0% tungsten (W); up to about 1.0% silicon (Si); about 0.35% to about 0.60% hafnium (Hf); about 0.005% to about 0.010% boron (B); about 0.06% to about 0.10% carbon (C); up to about 0.02% zirconium (Zr); up to about 0.1% lanthanum (La); up to about 0.03% yttrium (Y); and balance nickel (Ni) and incidental impurities, and wherein rhenium (Re), if present, is a trace element. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the trace element rhenium (Re) is present in an amount of less than about 0.01%, by weight, of the composition. 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the about 2.5% to about 4.5% tantalum (Ta) is replaced completely or partially by niobium (Nb) on a 1:1 molar basis. 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises, by weight percent:
about 6.2% to about 6.5% aluminum (Al); up to about 0.04% titanium (Ti); about 3.9% to about 4.3% tantalum (Ta); about 12.0% to about 12.5% chromium (Cr); about 7.0% to about 8.0% cobalt (Co); about 0.40% to about 0.75% molybdenum (Mo); about 4.7% to about 5.1% tungsten (W); about 0.08% to about 0.12% silicon (Si); about 0.47% to about 0.53% hafnium (Hf); about 0.005% to about 0.010% boron (B); about 0.06% to about 0.10% carbon (C); up to about 0.02% zirconium (Zr); up to about 0.1% lanthanum (La); up to about 0.03% yttrium (Y); up to about 0.01% rhenium (Re); and balance nickel (Ni); and incidental impurities. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the article is a hot gas path component of a gas turbine or an aviation engine, and wherein the hot gas path component is subjected to temperatures of at least about 2,000° F. 6. The article of claim 5, wherein the hot gas path component is selected from the group consisting of a blade, a vane, a nozzle, a seal and a stationary shroud. 7. The article of claim 1, wherein the composition is highly castable. 8. The article of claim 1, wherein the composition of the article has an oxidation resistance, the oxidation resistance being about 2 to about 4 times greater than a corresponding oxidation resistance exhibited by a corresponding composition of R108. 9. The article of claim 1, wherein the composition of the article has a low-cycle fatigue lifetime, the low-cycle fatigue lifetime being about 18% to about 22% greater than a corresponding low-cycle fatigue lifetime exhibited by a corresponding composition of N2Re. 10. The article of claim 1, wherein the composition of the article has a creep lifetime, the creep lifetime being about 2.0 to about 2.5 times greater than a corresponding creep lifetime exhibited by a corresponding composition of N2Re. 11. The article of claim 1, wherein the composition of the article has a hot corrosion resistance, the hot corrosion resistance being about 1.5 to about 2.5 times greater than a corresponding hot corrosion resistance exhibited by a corresponding composition of R108. 12. A method for forming an article, comprising:
providing a composition comprising, by weight percent:
about 6.0% to about 9.0% aluminum (Al);
up to about 0.5% titanium (Ti);
about 2.5% to about 4.5% tantalum (Ta);
about 10.0% to about 12.5% chromium (Cr);
about 5.0% to about 10.0% cobalt (Co);
about 0.30% to about 0.80% molybdenum (Mo);
about 2.0% to about 5.0% tungsten (W);
up to about 1.0% silicon (Si);
about 0.35% to about 0.60% hafnium (Hf);
about 0.005% to about 0.010% boron (B);
about 0.06% to about 0.10% carbon (C);
up to about 0.02% zirconium (Zr);
up to about 0.1% lanthanum (La);
up to about 0.03% yttrium (Y);
up to about 0.01% rhenium (Re); and
balance nickel (Ni) and incidental impurities; and
forming the article, wherein the article comprises an equiaxed grain structure. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the about 2.5% to about 4.5% tantalum (Ta) is replaced completely or partially by niobium (Nb) on a 1:1 molar basis. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the composition further comprises, by weight percent:
about 6.2% to about 6.5% aluminum (Al); up to about 0.04% titanium (Ti); about 3.9% to about 4.3% tantalum (Ta); about 12.0% to about 12.5% chromium (Cr); about 7.0% to about 8.0% cobalt (Co); about 0.40% to about 0.75% molybdenum (Mo); about 4.7% to about 5.1% tungsten (W); about 0.08% to about 0.12% silicon (Si); about 0.47% to about 0.53% hafnium (Hf); about 0.005% to about 0.010% boron (B); about 0.06% to about 0.10% carbon (C); up to about 0.02% zirconium (Zr); up to about 0.1% lanthanum (La); up to about 0.03% yttrium (Y); up to about 0.01% rhenium (Re); and balance nickel (Ni); and incidental impurities. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the article is a hot gas path component of a gas turbine or an aviation engine, and wherein the hot gas path component is subjected to temperatures of at least about 2,000° F. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the hot gas path component is selected from the group consisting of a blade, a vane, a nozzle, a seal and a stationary shroud. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein forming the article comprises casting, powder metallurgy or three-dimensional additive machining. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein forming the article comprises casting. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein casting comprises precision investment casting with variable pressure control. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein precision investment casting with variable pressure control comprises:
a surface re-melting pressure of 10−3 atmospheres; and an inert gas casting pressure of about 10−2 atmospheres to about 10−1 atmospheres. | 1,700 |
1,502 | 14,640,835 | 1,762 | The invention relates to a primer, comprising a mixture dissolved or dispersed in one or more solvents, the mixture composed of
a copolymer obtained through copolymerization, preferably free-radical copolymerization, of vinylcaprolactam and/or vinylpyrrolidone, and one or more of the following monomers: a) an acrylic acid ester of a linear primary alcohol containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms in the alkyl group of the alcohol, b) an acrylic acid ester of a branched, non-cyclic alcohol having 4 to 12 carbon atoms in the alkyl group of the alcohol, c) acrylic acid,
one or more organofunctional silanes.
Such primer provides reliable and excellent adhesion between pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes and hydrophilic surfaces, in particular glass. The adhesion-promoting effect is retained even when the primer additionally contains functional fillers. | 1. A primer, comprising a mixture dissolved or dispersed in one or more solvents, the mixture comprising:
one or more organofunctional silanes; and, a copolymer obtained through copolymerization, preferably free-radical copolymerization, of vinylcaprolactam and/or vinylpyrrolidone, and one or more of the following monomers: a) an acrylic acid ester of a linear primary alcohol containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms in the alkyl group of the alcohol, b) an acrylic acid ester of a branched, non-cyclic alcohol having 4 to 12 carbon atoms in the alkyl group of the alcohol, c) acrylic acid. 2. A primer according to claim 1 wherein the copolymer is a pressure-sensitive adhesive. 3. A primer according to claim 1, wherein the copolymer contains additionally up to 10 percent by weight of additional copolymerizable monomers, based on the sum of the monomers. 4. A primer according to claim 1 wherein in that the copolymer contains a maximum of 50 weight-percent, preferably a maximum of 40 weight-percent, of vinylcaprolactam and/or vinylpyrrolidone, based on the sum of all monomers of the copolymer contains. 5. A primer according to claim 1 wherein in that the copolymer contains at least 10 weight-percent, preferably at least 20 weight-percent, of vinylcaprolactam and/or vinylpyrrolidone, based on the sum of all monomers of the copolymer. 6. A primer according to claim 1 wherein the copolymer contains a maximum of 20 weight-percent, preferably a maximum of 10 weight-percent, particularly preferred 0 weight-percent, of acrylic acid, based on the sum of all monomers of the copolymer. 7. A primer according to claim 1 wherein one of the monomers from which the copolymer is constructed is butyl acrylate. 8. A primer according to claim 1 wherein the organofunctional silane is glycidoxy-functional. 9. A primer according to claim 1 wherein the organofunctional silane is amino-functional or vinyl-functional. 10. A primer according to claim 1 wherein the solvent is isopropanol or another alcohol or contains isopropanol or another alcohol. 11. A primer according to claim 1 wherein the concentration of the copolymer of the mixture dissolved or dispersed in the one or more solvents is higher than the concentration of the one or more organo functional silanes. 12. A primer according to claim 1 wherein the concentration of the copolymer of the mixture dissolved or dispersed in the one or more solvents is between and including 1.0 weight-percent and including 30.0 weight-percent. 13. A primer according to claim 1 wherein the mixture additionally contains one or more fluorescent brighteners. 14. A method of preparing an adhesion-promoting layer, preferably for the preparation of an adhesion-promoting layer containing functional fillers, which method comprises the step of:
providing a primer according to claim 1. 15. A method for producing an adhesion-promoting layer on a substrate, comprising applying a primer according to claim 1 on a substrate and letting the one or more solvents evaporate. 16. A primer according to claim 12, wherein the concentration of the copolymer of the mixture dissolved or dispersed in the one or more solvents is between and including 2.0 weight-percent and including 20.0 weight-percent. 17. A primer according to claim 16, wherein the concentration of the copolymer of the mixture dissolved or dispersed in the one or more solvents is between and including 3.0 weight-percent and including 10.0 weight-percent. | The invention relates to a primer, comprising a mixture dissolved or dispersed in one or more solvents, the mixture composed of
a copolymer obtained through copolymerization, preferably free-radical copolymerization, of vinylcaprolactam and/or vinylpyrrolidone, and one or more of the following monomers: a) an acrylic acid ester of a linear primary alcohol containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms in the alkyl group of the alcohol, b) an acrylic acid ester of a branched, non-cyclic alcohol having 4 to 12 carbon atoms in the alkyl group of the alcohol, c) acrylic acid,
one or more organofunctional silanes.
Such primer provides reliable and excellent adhesion between pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes and hydrophilic surfaces, in particular glass. The adhesion-promoting effect is retained even when the primer additionally contains functional fillers.1. A primer, comprising a mixture dissolved or dispersed in one or more solvents, the mixture comprising:
one or more organofunctional silanes; and, a copolymer obtained through copolymerization, preferably free-radical copolymerization, of vinylcaprolactam and/or vinylpyrrolidone, and one or more of the following monomers: a) an acrylic acid ester of a linear primary alcohol containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms in the alkyl group of the alcohol, b) an acrylic acid ester of a branched, non-cyclic alcohol having 4 to 12 carbon atoms in the alkyl group of the alcohol, c) acrylic acid. 2. A primer according to claim 1 wherein the copolymer is a pressure-sensitive adhesive. 3. A primer according to claim 1, wherein the copolymer contains additionally up to 10 percent by weight of additional copolymerizable monomers, based on the sum of the monomers. 4. A primer according to claim 1 wherein in that the copolymer contains a maximum of 50 weight-percent, preferably a maximum of 40 weight-percent, of vinylcaprolactam and/or vinylpyrrolidone, based on the sum of all monomers of the copolymer contains. 5. A primer according to claim 1 wherein in that the copolymer contains at least 10 weight-percent, preferably at least 20 weight-percent, of vinylcaprolactam and/or vinylpyrrolidone, based on the sum of all monomers of the copolymer. 6. A primer according to claim 1 wherein the copolymer contains a maximum of 20 weight-percent, preferably a maximum of 10 weight-percent, particularly preferred 0 weight-percent, of acrylic acid, based on the sum of all monomers of the copolymer. 7. A primer according to claim 1 wherein one of the monomers from which the copolymer is constructed is butyl acrylate. 8. A primer according to claim 1 wherein the organofunctional silane is glycidoxy-functional. 9. A primer according to claim 1 wherein the organofunctional silane is amino-functional or vinyl-functional. 10. A primer according to claim 1 wherein the solvent is isopropanol or another alcohol or contains isopropanol or another alcohol. 11. A primer according to claim 1 wherein the concentration of the copolymer of the mixture dissolved or dispersed in the one or more solvents is higher than the concentration of the one or more organo functional silanes. 12. A primer according to claim 1 wherein the concentration of the copolymer of the mixture dissolved or dispersed in the one or more solvents is between and including 1.0 weight-percent and including 30.0 weight-percent. 13. A primer according to claim 1 wherein the mixture additionally contains one or more fluorescent brighteners. 14. A method of preparing an adhesion-promoting layer, preferably for the preparation of an adhesion-promoting layer containing functional fillers, which method comprises the step of:
providing a primer according to claim 1. 15. A method for producing an adhesion-promoting layer on a substrate, comprising applying a primer according to claim 1 on a substrate and letting the one or more solvents evaporate. 16. A primer according to claim 12, wherein the concentration of the copolymer of the mixture dissolved or dispersed in the one or more solvents is between and including 2.0 weight-percent and including 20.0 weight-percent. 17. A primer according to claim 16, wherein the concentration of the copolymer of the mixture dissolved or dispersed in the one or more solvents is between and including 3.0 weight-percent and including 10.0 weight-percent. | 1,700 |
1,503 | 14,396,649 | 1,793 | The present invention relates to a process for production of a sterile aqueous formulation comprising water-soluble vitamins. Such a formulation is useful as a premix for the production of food, feed and personal care products. Furthermore the invention is also related to such sterile aqueous formulations as well as the use of them in the production of food, feed or personal care products, which are pasteurized. | 1. A process for production of a sterile aqueous formulation wherein the aqueous formulation comprises
(i) at least 20 g/l of vitamin C, and (ii) at least 10 g/l of at least one further water-soluble vitamin, and (iii) water, and wherein the process is characterized in that the aqueous formulation is filtered by using a filter with a pore size of ≧0.22 μm. 2. Process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous formulation comprises 20 g/l to 50 g/l of vitamin C. 3. Process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous formulation comprises at least 30 g/l-60 g/l of at least one further water-soluble vitamin. 4. Process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous formulation comprises at least 20 g/l of vitamin C and at least 10 g/l of at least one water-soluble vitamin chosen from the group consisting of vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B5, vitamin B6, vitamin B7, vitamin B9 and vitamin B12. 5. Process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous formulation comprises further ingredients. 6. A sterile aqueous formulation wherein the formulation comprises
(i) at least 20 g/l of vitamin C, and (ii) at least 10 g/l of at least one further water-soluble vitamin, and (iii) water, and wherein the formulation only comprises particles with a particle size of less than 0.22 μm. 7. A formulation according to claim 6, wherein the formulation comprises 20 g/l to 50 g/l of vitamin C. 8. A formulation according to claim 6, wherein the formulation comprises at least 10 g/l of at least one water-soluble vitamin chosen from the group consisting of vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B5, vitamin B6, vitamin B7, vitamin B9 and vitamin B12, and at least 20 g/l of vitamin C. 9. A formulation according to claim 6, wherein the formulation comprises at least one auxiliary agent. 10. Use of a formulation of claim 6 in the process of production of pasteurized food, feed and/or personal care product wherein the formulation is added to the product after pasteurization. 11. Pasteurized food, feed or personal products comprising a formulation of claim 6. | The present invention relates to a process for production of a sterile aqueous formulation comprising water-soluble vitamins. Such a formulation is useful as a premix for the production of food, feed and personal care products. Furthermore the invention is also related to such sterile aqueous formulations as well as the use of them in the production of food, feed or personal care products, which are pasteurized.1. A process for production of a sterile aqueous formulation wherein the aqueous formulation comprises
(i) at least 20 g/l of vitamin C, and (ii) at least 10 g/l of at least one further water-soluble vitamin, and (iii) water, and wherein the process is characterized in that the aqueous formulation is filtered by using a filter with a pore size of ≧0.22 μm. 2. Process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous formulation comprises 20 g/l to 50 g/l of vitamin C. 3. Process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous formulation comprises at least 30 g/l-60 g/l of at least one further water-soluble vitamin. 4. Process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous formulation comprises at least 20 g/l of vitamin C and at least 10 g/l of at least one water-soluble vitamin chosen from the group consisting of vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B5, vitamin B6, vitamin B7, vitamin B9 and vitamin B12. 5. Process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous formulation comprises further ingredients. 6. A sterile aqueous formulation wherein the formulation comprises
(i) at least 20 g/l of vitamin C, and (ii) at least 10 g/l of at least one further water-soluble vitamin, and (iii) water, and wherein the formulation only comprises particles with a particle size of less than 0.22 μm. 7. A formulation according to claim 6, wherein the formulation comprises 20 g/l to 50 g/l of vitamin C. 8. A formulation according to claim 6, wherein the formulation comprises at least 10 g/l of at least one water-soluble vitamin chosen from the group consisting of vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B5, vitamin B6, vitamin B7, vitamin B9 and vitamin B12, and at least 20 g/l of vitamin C. 9. A formulation according to claim 6, wherein the formulation comprises at least one auxiliary agent. 10. Use of a formulation of claim 6 in the process of production of pasteurized food, feed and/or personal care product wherein the formulation is added to the product after pasteurization. 11. Pasteurized food, feed or personal products comprising a formulation of claim 6. | 1,700 |
1,504 | 14,369,026 | 1,765 | A composition is provided, comprising microcapsules,
wherein said microcapsules comprise a core and an outer shell, wherein said core comprises one or more water-insoluble compound having melting point above 15° C., and wherein said outer shell comprises one or more amino resin that is a reaction product of reactants comprising (a) one or more monomer polyamine, (b) one or more aldehyde, and (c) one or more compound (c) selected from the group consisting of additive diamines, additive diols, additive amino-alcohols, and mixtures thereof. | 1. A composition comprising microcapsules,
wherein said microcapsules comprise a core and an outer shell, and wherein said outer shell comprises one or more amino resin that is a reaction product of reactants comprising (a) one or more monomer polyamine, (b) one or more aldehyde, and (c) one or more compound (c) selected from the group consisting of additive diamines, additive diols, additive amino-alcohols, and mixtures thereof. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein said water-insoluble compound is a biocide. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein said core comprises one or more water-insoluble compound having melting point above 15° C. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein said monomer polyamine comprises urea and melamine. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein said compound (c) is selected from the group consisting of alkyl diols, ether diols, alkyl diamines, diamines in which two amine groups are attached to a skeleton that is made of two or more alkyl groups attached to each other through a bridge having structure —NH—, and mixtures thereof. 6. A method of making the composition of claim 1, comprising the steps of
(i) making a dispersion (I) of said water-insoluble compound in water, (ii) making one or more amino prepolymer (II), (iii) making a mixture (III) comprising said dispersion (I), said compound (c), and said amino prepolymer (II), and (iv) performing a reaction in said mixture (III) to form said amino resin. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising the step:
(v) after said step (iv), spray drying said dispersion (I). | A composition is provided, comprising microcapsules,
wherein said microcapsules comprise a core and an outer shell, wherein said core comprises one or more water-insoluble compound having melting point above 15° C., and wherein said outer shell comprises one or more amino resin that is a reaction product of reactants comprising (a) one or more monomer polyamine, (b) one or more aldehyde, and (c) one or more compound (c) selected from the group consisting of additive diamines, additive diols, additive amino-alcohols, and mixtures thereof.1. A composition comprising microcapsules,
wherein said microcapsules comprise a core and an outer shell, and wherein said outer shell comprises one or more amino resin that is a reaction product of reactants comprising (a) one or more monomer polyamine, (b) one or more aldehyde, and (c) one or more compound (c) selected from the group consisting of additive diamines, additive diols, additive amino-alcohols, and mixtures thereof. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein said water-insoluble compound is a biocide. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein said core comprises one or more water-insoluble compound having melting point above 15° C. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein said monomer polyamine comprises urea and melamine. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein said compound (c) is selected from the group consisting of alkyl diols, ether diols, alkyl diamines, diamines in which two amine groups are attached to a skeleton that is made of two or more alkyl groups attached to each other through a bridge having structure —NH—, and mixtures thereof. 6. A method of making the composition of claim 1, comprising the steps of
(i) making a dispersion (I) of said water-insoluble compound in water, (ii) making one or more amino prepolymer (II), (iii) making a mixture (III) comprising said dispersion (I), said compound (c), and said amino prepolymer (II), and (iv) performing a reaction in said mixture (III) to form said amino resin. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising the step:
(v) after said step (iv), spray drying said dispersion (I). | 1,700 |
1,505 | 14,094,921 | 1,713 | Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) compositions and methods for planarizing a nickel phosphorus (NiP) substrate are described. A NiP CMP method comprises abrading a surface of the substrate with a CMP composition. The CMP composition comprises a colloidal silica abrasive suspended in an aqueous carrier having a pH of less than 2, and containing a primary oxidizing agent comprising hydrogen peroxide, a secondary oxidizing agent comprising a metal ion capable of reversible oxidation and reduction in the presence of NiP and hydrogen peroxide, a chelating agent, and glycine. The chelating agent comprises two or three carboxylic acid substituents capable of chelating to the metal ion of the secondary oxidizing agent. | 1. A chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) method for planarizing a nickel phosphorus (NiP) substrate, the method comprising abrading a surface of the substrate with a CMP composition; the CMP composition comprising a particulate abrasive suspended in an aqueous carrier having a pH of less than 2, and containing an oxidizing agent, a metal ion catalyst capable of reversible oxidation and reduction in the presence of NiP and the oxidizer, a catalyst stabilizing agent, and optionally, a Ni complexing agent; wherein the stabilizing agent comprises two or three carboxylic acid substituents capable of chelating to the metal ion catalyst. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the pH of the composition is less than 1.5. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the metal ion catalyst comprises at least one ion selected from the group consisting of ions of iron, cobalt, copper, europium, manganese, rhenium, molybdenum, iridium and tungsten. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the metal ion catalyst is an iron ion. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the iron ion comprises Fe3+. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalyst stabilizing agent is selected from the group consisting of oxalic acid, citric acid, malonic acid, and a combination of two or more thereof. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalyst stabilizing agent is selected from the group consisting of oxalic acid, citric acid, malonic acid, and a combination of two or more thereof; and the metal ion catalyst comprises Fe+3. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalyst stabilizing agent comprises malonic acid. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the particulate abrasive is colloidal silica. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the colloidal silica is present in the CMP composition at a concentration of about 1 to about 20 percent by weight (wt %). 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the metal ion catalyst is present in the CMP composition at a concentration of about 50 to about 150 parts-per-million (ppm). 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the oxidizing agent is present in the CMP composition at a concentration of about 0.3 to about 1.8 wt %. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein the stabilizing agent is present in the CMP composition at a concentration of about 0.04 to about 0.2 wt %. 14. The method of claim 1 wherein the CMP composition includes to Ni complexing agent, and wherein the Ni complexing agent is selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, histidine, nitriloacetic acid, iminodiacetic acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, lactic acid, glutaric acid, maleic acid, gluconic acid, malonic acid, glycolic acid and mixtures thereof. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the Ni complexing agent is glycine. 16. The method of claim 1 wherein Ni complexing agent is present in the CMP composition at a concentration of about 0.3 to about 1 wt %. 17. The method of claim 1 wherein the abrading is accomplished in conjunction with a polishing pad in a CMP polishing apparatus. 18. A chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) composition suitable for planarizing a NiP substrate, the composition comprising a particulate abrasive suspended in an aqueous carrier having a pH of less than 2, hydrogen peroxide, a metal ion catalyst capable of reversible oxidation and reduction in the presence of NiP and hydrogen peroxide, a catalyst stabilizing agent, and a Ni complexing agent; wherein the catalyst stabilizing agent comprises two or three carboxylic acid substituents. 19. The CMP composition of claim 18 wherein the pH of the composition is less than 1.5. 20. The CMP composition of claim 18 wherein the metal ion comprises at least one ion selected from the group consisting of ions of iron, cobalt, copper, europium, manganese, rhenium, molybdenum, iridium and tungsten. 21. The CMP composition of claim 20 wherein the metal ion comprises an iron ion. 22. The composition of claim 21 wherein the iron ion is Fe3+. 23. The CMP composition of claim 18 wherein the catalyst stabilizing agent is selected from the group consisting of oxalic acid, citric acid, malonic acid, and a combination of two or more thereof. 24. The CMP composition of claim 18 wherein the catalyst stabilizing agent comprises malonic acid. 25. The CMP composition of claim 18 wherein the colloidal silica is present in the CMP composition at a concentration of about 1 to about 50 wt. %. 26. The CMP composition of claim 18 wherein the metal ion catalyst is present in the CMP composition at a concentration of about 1 to about 2500 ppm. 27. The CMP composition of claim 18 wherein the hydrogen peroxide is present in the CMP composition at a concentration of about 0.3 to about 7.5 wt %. 28. The CMP composition of claim 18 wherein the Ni complexing agent is present in the CMP composition at a concentration of about 0.3 to about 15 wt %. | Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) compositions and methods for planarizing a nickel phosphorus (NiP) substrate are described. A NiP CMP method comprises abrading a surface of the substrate with a CMP composition. The CMP composition comprises a colloidal silica abrasive suspended in an aqueous carrier having a pH of less than 2, and containing a primary oxidizing agent comprising hydrogen peroxide, a secondary oxidizing agent comprising a metal ion capable of reversible oxidation and reduction in the presence of NiP and hydrogen peroxide, a chelating agent, and glycine. The chelating agent comprises two or three carboxylic acid substituents capable of chelating to the metal ion of the secondary oxidizing agent.1. A chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) method for planarizing a nickel phosphorus (NiP) substrate, the method comprising abrading a surface of the substrate with a CMP composition; the CMP composition comprising a particulate abrasive suspended in an aqueous carrier having a pH of less than 2, and containing an oxidizing agent, a metal ion catalyst capable of reversible oxidation and reduction in the presence of NiP and the oxidizer, a catalyst stabilizing agent, and optionally, a Ni complexing agent; wherein the stabilizing agent comprises two or three carboxylic acid substituents capable of chelating to the metal ion catalyst. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the pH of the composition is less than 1.5. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the metal ion catalyst comprises at least one ion selected from the group consisting of ions of iron, cobalt, copper, europium, manganese, rhenium, molybdenum, iridium and tungsten. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the metal ion catalyst is an iron ion. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the iron ion comprises Fe3+. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalyst stabilizing agent is selected from the group consisting of oxalic acid, citric acid, malonic acid, and a combination of two or more thereof. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalyst stabilizing agent is selected from the group consisting of oxalic acid, citric acid, malonic acid, and a combination of two or more thereof; and the metal ion catalyst comprises Fe+3. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalyst stabilizing agent comprises malonic acid. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the particulate abrasive is colloidal silica. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the colloidal silica is present in the CMP composition at a concentration of about 1 to about 20 percent by weight (wt %). 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the metal ion catalyst is present in the CMP composition at a concentration of about 50 to about 150 parts-per-million (ppm). 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the oxidizing agent is present in the CMP composition at a concentration of about 0.3 to about 1.8 wt %. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein the stabilizing agent is present in the CMP composition at a concentration of about 0.04 to about 0.2 wt %. 14. The method of claim 1 wherein the CMP composition includes to Ni complexing agent, and wherein the Ni complexing agent is selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, histidine, nitriloacetic acid, iminodiacetic acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, lactic acid, glutaric acid, maleic acid, gluconic acid, malonic acid, glycolic acid and mixtures thereof. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the Ni complexing agent is glycine. 16. The method of claim 1 wherein Ni complexing agent is present in the CMP composition at a concentration of about 0.3 to about 1 wt %. 17. The method of claim 1 wherein the abrading is accomplished in conjunction with a polishing pad in a CMP polishing apparatus. 18. A chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) composition suitable for planarizing a NiP substrate, the composition comprising a particulate abrasive suspended in an aqueous carrier having a pH of less than 2, hydrogen peroxide, a metal ion catalyst capable of reversible oxidation and reduction in the presence of NiP and hydrogen peroxide, a catalyst stabilizing agent, and a Ni complexing agent; wherein the catalyst stabilizing agent comprises two or three carboxylic acid substituents. 19. The CMP composition of claim 18 wherein the pH of the composition is less than 1.5. 20. The CMP composition of claim 18 wherein the metal ion comprises at least one ion selected from the group consisting of ions of iron, cobalt, copper, europium, manganese, rhenium, molybdenum, iridium and tungsten. 21. The CMP composition of claim 20 wherein the metal ion comprises an iron ion. 22. The composition of claim 21 wherein the iron ion is Fe3+. 23. The CMP composition of claim 18 wherein the catalyst stabilizing agent is selected from the group consisting of oxalic acid, citric acid, malonic acid, and a combination of two or more thereof. 24. The CMP composition of claim 18 wherein the catalyst stabilizing agent comprises malonic acid. 25. The CMP composition of claim 18 wherein the colloidal silica is present in the CMP composition at a concentration of about 1 to about 50 wt. %. 26. The CMP composition of claim 18 wherein the metal ion catalyst is present in the CMP composition at a concentration of about 1 to about 2500 ppm. 27. The CMP composition of claim 18 wherein the hydrogen peroxide is present in the CMP composition at a concentration of about 0.3 to about 7.5 wt %. 28. The CMP composition of claim 18 wherein the Ni complexing agent is present in the CMP composition at a concentration of about 0.3 to about 15 wt %. | 1,700 |
1,506 | 14,648,801 | 1,764 | Masterbatch comprising a dimeric and/or trimeric cyclic ketone peroxide dispersed in a polymeric matrix with a porosity, expressed as percentage of voids on the volume of the matrix, of 0.1-80 vol %, wherein said masterbatch comprises, per 100 g of polymeric matrix, 1-30 g dimeric and/or trimeric cyclic ketone peroxide and less than 0.20 g saturated hydrocarbons with 17-51 carbon atoms. | 1. A masterbatch comprising a dimeric and/or trimeric cyclic ketone peroxide dispersed in a polymeric matrix with a porosity, expressed as percentage of voids on the volume of the matrix, of 0.1-80 vol %, wherein said masterbatch comprises, per 100 g of polymeric matrix, 1-30 g dimeric and/or trimeric cyclic ketone peroxide and less than 0.20 g saturated hydrocarbons with 17-51 carbon atoms. 2. The asterbatch according to claim 1, comprising, per 100 g of a polymeric matrix, less than 0.15 g saturated hydrocarbons with 17-51 carbon atoms. 3. The masterbatch according to claim 2, comprising, per 100 g of a polymeric matrix, less than 0.10 g saturated hydrocarbons with 17-51 carbon atoms. 4. The masterbatch according to claim 1, wherein the dimeric cyclic ketone peroxide has a structure according to formula (I) and the trimeric cyclic ketone peroxide has a structure according to formula (II):
wherein R1-R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, C3-C20 cycloalkyl, C6-C20 aryl, C7-C20 aralkyl, and C7-C20 alkaryl, which groups may include linear or branched alkyl moieties; and each of R1-R6 may optionally be substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkoxy, linear or branched alkyl, aryloxy, ester, carboxy, nitrile, and amido. 5. The masterbatch according to claim 4, wherein the cyclic ketone peroxide is 3,6,9-triethyl-3,6,9-trimethyl-1,4,7-triperoxonane. 6. The masterbatch according to claim 1, wherein the masterbatch comprises 4-18 g of dimeric and/or trimeric cyclic ketone peroxide per 100 g of polymeric matrix. 7. The masterbatch according to claim 1, wherein the polymeric matrix has a porosity of 10-60 vol %. 8. The masterbatch according to claim 1, wherein the polymeric matrix consists of at least 50 wt % of polypropylene, polyethylene, ethylene vinyl acetate polymer or any mixtures thereof. 9. The masterbatch according to claim 8, wherein the polymer is polymerization reactor grade or extruded porous grade. 10. The masterbatch according to claim 1, wherein the masterbatch further comprises one or more peroxides or hydroperoxides. 11. A process for the preparation of a masterbatch according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
(i) providing a polymeric matrix with a porosity, expressed as percentage of voids on the volume of the matrix, of 0.1-80 vol % and (ii) impregnating said polymeric matrix with a formulation comprising dimeric and/or trimeric cyclic ketone peroxide and one or more solvents. 12. A method for the modification of a polymer, comprising the step of adding the masterbatch according to claim 1 to a polymer. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the modification involves cracking of polypropylene homopolymers and/or copolymers of propylene and ethylene. 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the modification involves the introduction of long chain branches or crosslinking, of polyethylenes. | Masterbatch comprising a dimeric and/or trimeric cyclic ketone peroxide dispersed in a polymeric matrix with a porosity, expressed as percentage of voids on the volume of the matrix, of 0.1-80 vol %, wherein said masterbatch comprises, per 100 g of polymeric matrix, 1-30 g dimeric and/or trimeric cyclic ketone peroxide and less than 0.20 g saturated hydrocarbons with 17-51 carbon atoms.1. A masterbatch comprising a dimeric and/or trimeric cyclic ketone peroxide dispersed in a polymeric matrix with a porosity, expressed as percentage of voids on the volume of the matrix, of 0.1-80 vol %, wherein said masterbatch comprises, per 100 g of polymeric matrix, 1-30 g dimeric and/or trimeric cyclic ketone peroxide and less than 0.20 g saturated hydrocarbons with 17-51 carbon atoms. 2. The asterbatch according to claim 1, comprising, per 100 g of a polymeric matrix, less than 0.15 g saturated hydrocarbons with 17-51 carbon atoms. 3. The masterbatch according to claim 2, comprising, per 100 g of a polymeric matrix, less than 0.10 g saturated hydrocarbons with 17-51 carbon atoms. 4. The masterbatch according to claim 1, wherein the dimeric cyclic ketone peroxide has a structure according to formula (I) and the trimeric cyclic ketone peroxide has a structure according to formula (II):
wherein R1-R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, C3-C20 cycloalkyl, C6-C20 aryl, C7-C20 aralkyl, and C7-C20 alkaryl, which groups may include linear or branched alkyl moieties; and each of R1-R6 may optionally be substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkoxy, linear or branched alkyl, aryloxy, ester, carboxy, nitrile, and amido. 5. The masterbatch according to claim 4, wherein the cyclic ketone peroxide is 3,6,9-triethyl-3,6,9-trimethyl-1,4,7-triperoxonane. 6. The masterbatch according to claim 1, wherein the masterbatch comprises 4-18 g of dimeric and/or trimeric cyclic ketone peroxide per 100 g of polymeric matrix. 7. The masterbatch according to claim 1, wherein the polymeric matrix has a porosity of 10-60 vol %. 8. The masterbatch according to claim 1, wherein the polymeric matrix consists of at least 50 wt % of polypropylene, polyethylene, ethylene vinyl acetate polymer or any mixtures thereof. 9. The masterbatch according to claim 8, wherein the polymer is polymerization reactor grade or extruded porous grade. 10. The masterbatch according to claim 1, wherein the masterbatch further comprises one or more peroxides or hydroperoxides. 11. A process for the preparation of a masterbatch according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
(i) providing a polymeric matrix with a porosity, expressed as percentage of voids on the volume of the matrix, of 0.1-80 vol % and (ii) impregnating said polymeric matrix with a formulation comprising dimeric and/or trimeric cyclic ketone peroxide and one or more solvents. 12. A method for the modification of a polymer, comprising the step of adding the masterbatch according to claim 1 to a polymer. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the modification involves cracking of polypropylene homopolymers and/or copolymers of propylene and ethylene. 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the modification involves the introduction of long chain branches or crosslinking, of polyethylenes. | 1,700 |
1,507 | 14,368,954 | 1,712 | The present invention includes the steps of (A) forming a solution containing zinc into mist and spraying the solution formed into mist onto a substrate under no vacuum to form a metal oxide film on the substrate, and (B) irradiating the metal oxide film with ultraviolet rays to decrease a resistance of the metal oxide film. Further, the step (B) includes the steps of (B-1) determining, in accordance with a film thickness of the metal oxide film, wavelengths of the ultraviolet rays to be radiated, and (B-2) irradiating the metal oxide film with the ultraviolet rays having the wavelengths determined in said step (B-1). | 1. A method for producing metal oxide film, the method comprising:
(A) spraying a mist of a solution comprising zinc onto a substrate at atmospheric pressure to form a metal oxide film on said substrate; and (B) irradiating said metal oxide film with ultraviolet rays,
wherein (B) comprises:
(B-1) determining, in accordance with the film thickness of said metal oxide film, the wavelength of said ultraviolet rays to be radiated; and
(B-2) irradiating said metal oxide film with said ultraviolet rays at the wavelength determined in (B-1). 2. The method for producing metal oxide film according to claim 1, wherein (B-1) selects the wavelength with a larger value as the wavelength for irradiation in B-2 as said metal oxide film thickness increases. 3. The method for producing metal oxide film according to claim 1, wherein when the thickness of said metal oxide film is less than 590 nm the wavelength for irradiation is at least 254 nm. 4. The method for producing metal oxide film according to claim 1, wherein when the thickness of said metal oxide film is greater than 590 nm the wavelength for irradiation is at least 365 nm. 5. The method for producing metal oxide film according to claim 1, further comprising
(C) heating said metal oxide film,
wherein (B) is performed after (C). 6. A metal oxide film, produced by the method of claim 1. 7. A metal oxide film, produced by the method of claim 5. 8. The method for producing a metal oxide film according to claim 1, wherein when the thickness of said metal oxide film is equal to 590 nm, the wavelength for irradiation is at least 254 nm and/or at least 365 nm. | The present invention includes the steps of (A) forming a solution containing zinc into mist and spraying the solution formed into mist onto a substrate under no vacuum to form a metal oxide film on the substrate, and (B) irradiating the metal oxide film with ultraviolet rays to decrease a resistance of the metal oxide film. Further, the step (B) includes the steps of (B-1) determining, in accordance with a film thickness of the metal oxide film, wavelengths of the ultraviolet rays to be radiated, and (B-2) irradiating the metal oxide film with the ultraviolet rays having the wavelengths determined in said step (B-1).1. A method for producing metal oxide film, the method comprising:
(A) spraying a mist of a solution comprising zinc onto a substrate at atmospheric pressure to form a metal oxide film on said substrate; and (B) irradiating said metal oxide film with ultraviolet rays,
wherein (B) comprises:
(B-1) determining, in accordance with the film thickness of said metal oxide film, the wavelength of said ultraviolet rays to be radiated; and
(B-2) irradiating said metal oxide film with said ultraviolet rays at the wavelength determined in (B-1). 2. The method for producing metal oxide film according to claim 1, wherein (B-1) selects the wavelength with a larger value as the wavelength for irradiation in B-2 as said metal oxide film thickness increases. 3. The method for producing metal oxide film according to claim 1, wherein when the thickness of said metal oxide film is less than 590 nm the wavelength for irradiation is at least 254 nm. 4. The method for producing metal oxide film according to claim 1, wherein when the thickness of said metal oxide film is greater than 590 nm the wavelength for irradiation is at least 365 nm. 5. The method for producing metal oxide film according to claim 1, further comprising
(C) heating said metal oxide film,
wherein (B) is performed after (C). 6. A metal oxide film, produced by the method of claim 1. 7. A metal oxide film, produced by the method of claim 5. 8. The method for producing a metal oxide film according to claim 1, wherein when the thickness of said metal oxide film is equal to 590 nm, the wavelength for irradiation is at least 254 nm and/or at least 365 nm. | 1,700 |
1,508 | 14,209,110 | 1,731 | The invention provides a polishing composition comprising silica, an aminophosphonic acid, a polysaccharide, a tetraalkylammonium salt, a bicarbonate salt, an azole ring, and water, wherein the polishing composition has a pH of about 7 to about 11. The invention further provides a method of polishing a substrate with the polishing composition. | 1. A chemical-mechanical polishing composition consisting essentially of:
(a) about 0.5 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of silica, (b) about 0.005 wt % to about 2 wt. % of one or more aminophosphonic acids, (c) about 0.001 wt. % to about 0.1 wt. % of one or more polysaccharides, (d) about 0.05 wt. % to about 5 wt. % of one or more tetraalkylammonium salts, (e) about 0.01 wt. % to about 2 wt. % of a bicarbonate salt, (f) about 0.005 wt. % to about 2 wt. % of one or more compounds comprising an azole ring, (g) optionally potassium hydroxide, and (h) water,
wherein the polishing composition has a pH of about 7 to about 11. 2. The polishing composition of claim 1, wherein the silica is wet-process silica. 3. The polishing composition of claim 1, wherein the polishing composition contains about 0.1 wt. % to about 1 wt % of one or more aminophosphonic acids 4. The polishing composition of claim 3, wherein the aminophosphonic acid is selected from the group consisting of ethylenediaminetetra(methylene phosphonic acid), amino tri(methylene phosphonic acid), diethylenetriaminepenta(methylene phosphonic acid), and combinations thereof. 5. The polishing composition of claim 4, wherein the aminophosphonic acid is amino tri(methylene phosphonic acid). 6. The polishing composition of claim 1, wherein the polysaccharide is hydroxyethylcellulose. 7. The polishing composition of claim 6, wherein the hydroxyethylcellulose has a molecular weight of about 25,000 daltons to about 100,000 daltons. 8. The polishing composition of claim 1, wherein the compound comprising an azole ring is a triazole compound. 9. The polishing composition of claim 1, wherein potassium hydroxide is present in the polishing composition. | The invention provides a polishing composition comprising silica, an aminophosphonic acid, a polysaccharide, a tetraalkylammonium salt, a bicarbonate salt, an azole ring, and water, wherein the polishing composition has a pH of about 7 to about 11. The invention further provides a method of polishing a substrate with the polishing composition.1. A chemical-mechanical polishing composition consisting essentially of:
(a) about 0.5 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of silica, (b) about 0.005 wt % to about 2 wt. % of one or more aminophosphonic acids, (c) about 0.001 wt. % to about 0.1 wt. % of one or more polysaccharides, (d) about 0.05 wt. % to about 5 wt. % of one or more tetraalkylammonium salts, (e) about 0.01 wt. % to about 2 wt. % of a bicarbonate salt, (f) about 0.005 wt. % to about 2 wt. % of one or more compounds comprising an azole ring, (g) optionally potassium hydroxide, and (h) water,
wherein the polishing composition has a pH of about 7 to about 11. 2. The polishing composition of claim 1, wherein the silica is wet-process silica. 3. The polishing composition of claim 1, wherein the polishing composition contains about 0.1 wt. % to about 1 wt % of one or more aminophosphonic acids 4. The polishing composition of claim 3, wherein the aminophosphonic acid is selected from the group consisting of ethylenediaminetetra(methylene phosphonic acid), amino tri(methylene phosphonic acid), diethylenetriaminepenta(methylene phosphonic acid), and combinations thereof. 5. The polishing composition of claim 4, wherein the aminophosphonic acid is amino tri(methylene phosphonic acid). 6. The polishing composition of claim 1, wherein the polysaccharide is hydroxyethylcellulose. 7. The polishing composition of claim 6, wherein the hydroxyethylcellulose has a molecular weight of about 25,000 daltons to about 100,000 daltons. 8. The polishing composition of claim 1, wherein the compound comprising an azole ring is a triazole compound. 9. The polishing composition of claim 1, wherein potassium hydroxide is present in the polishing composition. | 1,700 |
1,509 | 14,128,318 | 1,723 | Compositions of discrete carbon nanotubes for improved performance lead acid batteries. Further disclosed is a method to form a lead-acid battery with discrete carbon nanotubes. | 1. A composition for lead-acid battery construction comprising:
a plurality of discrete carbon nanotube fibers, the nanotubes having an aspect ratio of about 10 to about 500, and an oxidation level from about 1 weight percent to about 15 weight percents; wherein the discrete carbon nanotubes are open ended. 2. (canceled) 3. The composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one surfactant or dispersing aid, wherein the surfactant or dispersing aid contains a sulfate moiety. 4. The composition of claim 1, further comprising water, wherein the nanotube fibers are dispersed in the water to form an expander material or battery paste. 5. The composition of claim 3, wherein the surfactant or dispersing aid is a sulfonated polymer selected from the group consisting of: ligno-sulfonate, sulfonated polystyrene, and combinations thereof. 6. A material for a battery paste for a lead-acid battery, comprising:
a plurality of discrete carbon nanotube fibers having an aspect ratio of about 10 to about 500, and an oxidation level from about 1 weight percent to about 15 weight percents; an organic material; an inorganic salt; and a non-fiber carbon moiety. 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the inorganic salt is selected from the group consisting of: barium sulfate, lead sulfate, calcium sulfate, and tin oxide. 8. The composition of claim 6, wherein the non-fiber carbon moiety is selected from the group consisting of: carbon black, graphite, and graphene. 9. A process for producing a lead-acid battery material, comprising the steps of:
(a) selecting discrete carbon nanotube fibers having an aspect ratio from 10 to 500; (b) selecting discrete carbon nanotube fibers having an oxidation level from 1-15% by weight; (c) selecting discrete carbon nanotubes having at least a portion of open-ended tubes; (d) blending the fibers with a liquid to form a liquid/fiber mixture; (e) combining the liquid/fiber mixture with a sulfonated polymer; (f) adjusting the pH to a desired level; (g) combining the liquid/fiber mixture with at least one surfactant; (h) agitating the liquid/fiber mixture to a degree sufficient to disperse the fibers to form a liquid/dispersed fiber mixture; (i) combining the liquid/dispersed fiber mixture with at least one inorganic salt to form a fiber/salt mixture; (j) combining a non-fiber carbon moiety with the fiber/salt mixture to form a fiber/non-fiber carbon mixture; (k) drying the fiber/non-fiber carbon mixture; and (l) combining the fiber/non-fiber carbon mixture with lead containing components to form a battery paste mix. 10. A battery, comprising:
the material of claim 1. 11. The composition of claim 1, further comprising conducting polymers selected from the group consisting of: polyaniline, polyphenylene vinylene, polyvinylpyrollidone, polyacetylene polythiophene, polyphenylene sulfide, and blends, copolymers, or derivatives thereof. 12. A battery paste, comprising:
the material of claim 1; wherein the battery paste exhibits at least 10% improved adhesion to carbon/lead electrodes, lead electrodes, or carbon electrodes, than pastes without carbon nanotubes. 13. A battery, comprising:
the material of claim 1; wherein the battery paste exhibits a 10% or greater increase in ion transport at any temperature for a given electrolyte concentration compared to a battery without carbon nanotubes at the same electrolyte concentration and temperature. 14. A negative electrode for an energy storage device, comprising:
a current collector; a corrosion-resistant conductive coating secured to at least one face of the current collector; a sheet comprising carbon particles and discrete carbon nanotube fibers comprising 1-15 percent by weight of oxidized species with aspect ratio of from about 10 to about 500, said sheet adhered to the corrosion-resistant conductive coating; a tab portion extending from a side of the negative electrode; a lug comprising a lead or lead alloy that encapsulates the tab portion; and a cast-on strap comprising lead or lead alloy above the lug and encapsulating at least part of the lug. 15. A lead-acid battery, comprising:
the composition of claim 1; wherein at least one electrode comprises a battery paste having a concentration gradient of the composition of claim 1 through the thickness of the battery paste. 16. The lead-acid battery of claim 15, wherein the highest concentration of the composition of claim 1 is at the surface of the current collector or at the surface of the separator. 17. The use of the lead-acid battery composition of claim 1 in vehicles equipped with energy regenerative braking systems or start-stop technology for improved fuel efficiency. 18. The use of the lead-acid battery composition of claim 1 in uninterrupted power supplies and power smoothing. | Compositions of discrete carbon nanotubes for improved performance lead acid batteries. Further disclosed is a method to form a lead-acid battery with discrete carbon nanotubes.1. A composition for lead-acid battery construction comprising:
a plurality of discrete carbon nanotube fibers, the nanotubes having an aspect ratio of about 10 to about 500, and an oxidation level from about 1 weight percent to about 15 weight percents; wherein the discrete carbon nanotubes are open ended. 2. (canceled) 3. The composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one surfactant or dispersing aid, wherein the surfactant or dispersing aid contains a sulfate moiety. 4. The composition of claim 1, further comprising water, wherein the nanotube fibers are dispersed in the water to form an expander material or battery paste. 5. The composition of claim 3, wherein the surfactant or dispersing aid is a sulfonated polymer selected from the group consisting of: ligno-sulfonate, sulfonated polystyrene, and combinations thereof. 6. A material for a battery paste for a lead-acid battery, comprising:
a plurality of discrete carbon nanotube fibers having an aspect ratio of about 10 to about 500, and an oxidation level from about 1 weight percent to about 15 weight percents; an organic material; an inorganic salt; and a non-fiber carbon moiety. 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the inorganic salt is selected from the group consisting of: barium sulfate, lead sulfate, calcium sulfate, and tin oxide. 8. The composition of claim 6, wherein the non-fiber carbon moiety is selected from the group consisting of: carbon black, graphite, and graphene. 9. A process for producing a lead-acid battery material, comprising the steps of:
(a) selecting discrete carbon nanotube fibers having an aspect ratio from 10 to 500; (b) selecting discrete carbon nanotube fibers having an oxidation level from 1-15% by weight; (c) selecting discrete carbon nanotubes having at least a portion of open-ended tubes; (d) blending the fibers with a liquid to form a liquid/fiber mixture; (e) combining the liquid/fiber mixture with a sulfonated polymer; (f) adjusting the pH to a desired level; (g) combining the liquid/fiber mixture with at least one surfactant; (h) agitating the liquid/fiber mixture to a degree sufficient to disperse the fibers to form a liquid/dispersed fiber mixture; (i) combining the liquid/dispersed fiber mixture with at least one inorganic salt to form a fiber/salt mixture; (j) combining a non-fiber carbon moiety with the fiber/salt mixture to form a fiber/non-fiber carbon mixture; (k) drying the fiber/non-fiber carbon mixture; and (l) combining the fiber/non-fiber carbon mixture with lead containing components to form a battery paste mix. 10. A battery, comprising:
the material of claim 1. 11. The composition of claim 1, further comprising conducting polymers selected from the group consisting of: polyaniline, polyphenylene vinylene, polyvinylpyrollidone, polyacetylene polythiophene, polyphenylene sulfide, and blends, copolymers, or derivatives thereof. 12. A battery paste, comprising:
the material of claim 1; wherein the battery paste exhibits at least 10% improved adhesion to carbon/lead electrodes, lead electrodes, or carbon electrodes, than pastes without carbon nanotubes. 13. A battery, comprising:
the material of claim 1; wherein the battery paste exhibits a 10% or greater increase in ion transport at any temperature for a given electrolyte concentration compared to a battery without carbon nanotubes at the same electrolyte concentration and temperature. 14. A negative electrode for an energy storage device, comprising:
a current collector; a corrosion-resistant conductive coating secured to at least one face of the current collector; a sheet comprising carbon particles and discrete carbon nanotube fibers comprising 1-15 percent by weight of oxidized species with aspect ratio of from about 10 to about 500, said sheet adhered to the corrosion-resistant conductive coating; a tab portion extending from a side of the negative electrode; a lug comprising a lead or lead alloy that encapsulates the tab portion; and a cast-on strap comprising lead or lead alloy above the lug and encapsulating at least part of the lug. 15. A lead-acid battery, comprising:
the composition of claim 1; wherein at least one electrode comprises a battery paste having a concentration gradient of the composition of claim 1 through the thickness of the battery paste. 16. The lead-acid battery of claim 15, wherein the highest concentration of the composition of claim 1 is at the surface of the current collector or at the surface of the separator. 17. The use of the lead-acid battery composition of claim 1 in vehicles equipped with energy regenerative braking systems or start-stop technology for improved fuel efficiency. 18. The use of the lead-acid battery composition of claim 1 in uninterrupted power supplies and power smoothing. | 1,700 |
1,510 | 13,630,776 | 1,795 | Various methods and systems are provided for electrochemical digestion of organic molecules. In one example, among others, a method includes providing an electrolyte fluid including organic molecules between the electrodes of a reaction vessel and applying a voltage wave shape to the electrodes of the reaction vessel to digest the organic molecules. No separator exists between the electrodes of the reaction vessel. In another example, a system for digesting organic molecules includes a reaction vessel, an electrolyte fluid including the organic molecules, and a power source. The reaction vessel includes a plurality of electrodes where no separator exists between the electrodes. The electrolyte fluid is provided between the plurality of electrodes of the reaction vessel and the power source can applies a voltage wave shape to the electrodes of the reaction vessel to digest the organic molecules. | 1. A method, comprising:
providing an electrolyte fluid including organic molecules to a reaction vessel, the electrolyte fluid provided between electrodes of the reaction vessel where no separator exists between the electrodes; and applying a voltage wave shape to the electrodes of the reaction vessel to digest the organic molecules. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the electrolyte fluid includes inducing flow of the electrolyte fluid between the electrodes of the reaction vessel. 3. The method of claim 2, comprising adjusting the flow of the electrolyte fluid to improve digestion of the organic molecules. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the electrolyte fluid recirculates between the electrodes of the reaction vessel and through a fluid reservoir. 5. The method of claim 4, comprising obtaining a sample of electrolyte fluid from the fluid reservoir. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising adding ozone to the electrolyte fluid. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the voltage wave shape is a stepped square wave with a duty cycle. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the duty cycle of the voltage wave shape is in the range from 50% to 100%. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the duty cycle of the voltage wave shape is in the range from 80% to 100%. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the duty cycle of the voltage wave shape is 100%. 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the voltage wave shape is a stepped square wave with a frequency less than 1 Hz. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein the voltage wave shape is a stepped square wave with a frequency less than 1 mHz. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte fluid includes charge-carrying ions. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein a charge carrier is dissolved sodium chloride (NaCl) with a concentration of 2% or less. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein a charge carrier is dissolved potassium hydroxide (KOH) with a concentration of 2% or less. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein a charge carrier is dissolved sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with a concentration of 2% or less. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic molecules include cellulose. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic molecules include polysaccharides. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic molecules include lignin. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic molecules include hemicellulose. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic molecules include proteins. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic molecules include algae. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic molecules include a virus. 24. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic molecules include bacterium. 25. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic molecules are within wastewater. 26. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte fluid is less than 50 degrees Celsius. 27. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte fluid is less than 30 degrees Celsius. 28. A system for digesting organic molecules, comprising:
a reaction vessel including a plurality of electrodes where no separator exists between the electrodes; an electrolyte fluid including the organic molecules, the electrolyte fluid provided between the plurality of electrodes of the reaction vessel; and a power source configured to apply a voltage wave shape to the electrodes of the reaction vessel to digest the organic molecules. 29. The system of claim 28, further comprising means for inducing flow of the electrolyte fluid between the electrodes of the reaction vessel. 30. The system of claim 19, wherein ozone is added to the electrolyte fluid. 31. The system of claim 28, wherein the power source applies a stepped square wave voltage with a duty cycle greater than 50%. 32. The system of claim 21, wherein the voltage wave shape is a stepped square wave with a frequency less than 1 Hz. 33. The system of claim 21, wherein the voltage wave shape is a stepped square wave with a frequency less than 1 mHz 34. The system of claim 28, wherein the plurality of electrodes include planar electrodes. 35. The system of claim 28, wherein the plurality of electrodes include two monofunctional electrodes. 36. The system of claim 35, wherein the plurality of electrodes further include at least one bifunctional electrode between the two monofunctional electrodes, the plurality of electrodes defining a plurality of cells in the reaction vessel. 37. The system of claim 36, wherein the power source applies the voltage wave shape to the two monofunctional electrodes. 38. The system of claim 36, wherein the plurality of cells form parallel flow paths for the electrolyte fluid. 39. The system of claim 35, wherein the plurality of electrodes includes a first set of electrodes in series with a second set of electrodes. 40. The system of claim 39, further comprising a second reaction vessel in series with the first reaction vessel. | Various methods and systems are provided for electrochemical digestion of organic molecules. In one example, among others, a method includes providing an electrolyte fluid including organic molecules between the electrodes of a reaction vessel and applying a voltage wave shape to the electrodes of the reaction vessel to digest the organic molecules. No separator exists between the electrodes of the reaction vessel. In another example, a system for digesting organic molecules includes a reaction vessel, an electrolyte fluid including the organic molecules, and a power source. The reaction vessel includes a plurality of electrodes where no separator exists between the electrodes. The electrolyte fluid is provided between the plurality of electrodes of the reaction vessel and the power source can applies a voltage wave shape to the electrodes of the reaction vessel to digest the organic molecules.1. A method, comprising:
providing an electrolyte fluid including organic molecules to a reaction vessel, the electrolyte fluid provided between electrodes of the reaction vessel where no separator exists between the electrodes; and applying a voltage wave shape to the electrodes of the reaction vessel to digest the organic molecules. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the electrolyte fluid includes inducing flow of the electrolyte fluid between the electrodes of the reaction vessel. 3. The method of claim 2, comprising adjusting the flow of the electrolyte fluid to improve digestion of the organic molecules. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the electrolyte fluid recirculates between the electrodes of the reaction vessel and through a fluid reservoir. 5. The method of claim 4, comprising obtaining a sample of electrolyte fluid from the fluid reservoir. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising adding ozone to the electrolyte fluid. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the voltage wave shape is a stepped square wave with a duty cycle. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the duty cycle of the voltage wave shape is in the range from 50% to 100%. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the duty cycle of the voltage wave shape is in the range from 80% to 100%. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the duty cycle of the voltage wave shape is 100%. 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the voltage wave shape is a stepped square wave with a frequency less than 1 Hz. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein the voltage wave shape is a stepped square wave with a frequency less than 1 mHz. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte fluid includes charge-carrying ions. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein a charge carrier is dissolved sodium chloride (NaCl) with a concentration of 2% or less. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein a charge carrier is dissolved potassium hydroxide (KOH) with a concentration of 2% or less. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein a charge carrier is dissolved sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with a concentration of 2% or less. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic molecules include cellulose. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic molecules include polysaccharides. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic molecules include lignin. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic molecules include hemicellulose. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic molecules include proteins. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic molecules include algae. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic molecules include a virus. 24. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic molecules include bacterium. 25. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic molecules are within wastewater. 26. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte fluid is less than 50 degrees Celsius. 27. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte fluid is less than 30 degrees Celsius. 28. A system for digesting organic molecules, comprising:
a reaction vessel including a plurality of electrodes where no separator exists between the electrodes; an electrolyte fluid including the organic molecules, the electrolyte fluid provided between the plurality of electrodes of the reaction vessel; and a power source configured to apply a voltage wave shape to the electrodes of the reaction vessel to digest the organic molecules. 29. The system of claim 28, further comprising means for inducing flow of the electrolyte fluid between the electrodes of the reaction vessel. 30. The system of claim 19, wherein ozone is added to the electrolyte fluid. 31. The system of claim 28, wherein the power source applies a stepped square wave voltage with a duty cycle greater than 50%. 32. The system of claim 21, wherein the voltage wave shape is a stepped square wave with a frequency less than 1 Hz. 33. The system of claim 21, wherein the voltage wave shape is a stepped square wave with a frequency less than 1 mHz 34. The system of claim 28, wherein the plurality of electrodes include planar electrodes. 35. The system of claim 28, wherein the plurality of electrodes include two monofunctional electrodes. 36. The system of claim 35, wherein the plurality of electrodes further include at least one bifunctional electrode between the two monofunctional electrodes, the plurality of electrodes defining a plurality of cells in the reaction vessel. 37. The system of claim 36, wherein the power source applies the voltage wave shape to the two monofunctional electrodes. 38. The system of claim 36, wherein the plurality of cells form parallel flow paths for the electrolyte fluid. 39. The system of claim 35, wherein the plurality of electrodes includes a first set of electrodes in series with a second set of electrodes. 40. The system of claim 39, further comprising a second reaction vessel in series with the first reaction vessel. | 1,700 |
1,511 | 14,566,909 | 1,761 | Disclosed are personal care cleansing compositions including:
a) water; b) up to about 10 wt %, based on the total weight of the personal care cleansing composition, of a surfactant selected from the group consisting of an anionic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, a nonionic/anionic surfactant mixture, and combinations thereof; c) a rheology modifying polymer; d) a cationic-substituted guar; and e) a copolymer of acrylamidopropyltrimonium chloride and acrylamide;
wherein the personal care cleansing composition is sulfate-free or substantially sulfate-free; and their use in personal care, such as hair care, is also disclosed. | 1. A personal care cleansing composition comprising:
a) water; b) up to about 10 wt %, based on the total weight of the personal care cleansing composition, of a surfactant selected from the group consisting of an anionic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, a nonionic/anionic surfactant mixture, and combinations thereof; c) a rheology modifying polymer; d) a cationic-substituted guar; and e) a copolymer of acrylamidopropyltrimonium chloride and acrylamide, wherein the personal care cleansing composition is sulfate-free or substantially sulfate-free. 2. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the anionic surfactant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of an ammonium, alkali or alkali earth salt of: a sulfonate, a sulfosuccinate, a carboxylate, a sarcosinate, an isethionate, a sulfoacetate; and combinations thereof. 3. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the amphoteric surfactant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of coco amido propyl betaine, cocoamido hydroxyl sultaine, cocamphoacetate, sodium methyl cocoyl taurate, and combinations thereof. 4. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the nonionic surfactant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of an alkyl glucoside, cocoamide monoethanolamine, cocoamide diethanolamine, a glycerol alkyl ester, polyethylene glycol, and combinations thereof. 5. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 2, wherein the anionic surfactant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate, disodium laureth sulfosuccinate, sodium laureth-5 (13) carboxylate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, sodium cocoyl isethionate, sodium lauryl sulfoacetate, and combinations thereof. 6. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the rheology modifying polymer comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl-Guar, hydroxymethylhydroxyethylcellulose, and combinations thereof. 7. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 6, wherein the rheology modifying polymer comprises hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. 8. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the rheology modifying polymer comprises hydroxypropylmethylcellulose having a methoxyl content between about 26 and about 32 wt %, a hydroxypropyl content between about 6 and about 12 wt %, and a viscosity between about 40 and about 16000 mPas. 9. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the cationic-substituted guar has a degree of cationic substitution of about 0.1 to about 0.4, and an average molecular weight from about 800,000 to about 1,800,000 Dalton. 10. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the cationic-substituted guar is a guar substituted with at least one cationic moiety selected from compounds having the formula:
AB; wherein A, independently, is selected from a linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl radical; B, independently, is selected from S+R1R2X−, N+R1R2R3X−, P+R1R2R3X−, wherein R1, R2, and R3, independently, are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and linear and branched C1-C24 alkyl, and X−is an anion. 11. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 10, wherein A comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of 3-halo-2-hydroxypropyl group; 2,3-epoxy propyl group; and combinations thereof. 12. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 10, wherein the at least one cationic moiety is substituted on a hydroxy group of the guar. 13. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the cationic-substituted guar is guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride. 14. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the copolymer has a charge density of about 0.75 to about 3.0, and an average molecular weight from about 1,000,000 to about 2,000,000 Dalton. 15. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the rheology modifying polymer is present in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1.5 wt %, based on the total weight of the personal care cleansing composition. 16. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the cationic-substituted guar is present in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 1.5 wt %, based on the total weight of the personal care cleansing composition. 17. The personal care cleansing composition of claim, 1 wherein the copolymer is present in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.25 wt %, based on the total weight of the personal care cleansing composition. 18. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1 further comprising a metal halide, wherein the personal care cleansing composition has a higher viscosity as compared to an identical composition not including such metal halide. 19. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1 having a % transparency less than about 50% at a water dilution ranging from about 2.5 to about 5 (volume water: volume personal care cleansing composition), as measured by a spectrophotometer. 20. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1 having a foam height of at least about 85 mm after 300 seconds. | Disclosed are personal care cleansing compositions including:
a) water; b) up to about 10 wt %, based on the total weight of the personal care cleansing composition, of a surfactant selected from the group consisting of an anionic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, a nonionic/anionic surfactant mixture, and combinations thereof; c) a rheology modifying polymer; d) a cationic-substituted guar; and e) a copolymer of acrylamidopropyltrimonium chloride and acrylamide;
wherein the personal care cleansing composition is sulfate-free or substantially sulfate-free; and their use in personal care, such as hair care, is also disclosed.1. A personal care cleansing composition comprising:
a) water; b) up to about 10 wt %, based on the total weight of the personal care cleansing composition, of a surfactant selected from the group consisting of an anionic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, a nonionic/anionic surfactant mixture, and combinations thereof; c) a rheology modifying polymer; d) a cationic-substituted guar; and e) a copolymer of acrylamidopropyltrimonium chloride and acrylamide, wherein the personal care cleansing composition is sulfate-free or substantially sulfate-free. 2. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the anionic surfactant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of an ammonium, alkali or alkali earth salt of: a sulfonate, a sulfosuccinate, a carboxylate, a sarcosinate, an isethionate, a sulfoacetate; and combinations thereof. 3. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the amphoteric surfactant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of coco amido propyl betaine, cocoamido hydroxyl sultaine, cocamphoacetate, sodium methyl cocoyl taurate, and combinations thereof. 4. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the nonionic surfactant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of an alkyl glucoside, cocoamide monoethanolamine, cocoamide diethanolamine, a glycerol alkyl ester, polyethylene glycol, and combinations thereof. 5. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 2, wherein the anionic surfactant comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate, disodium laureth sulfosuccinate, sodium laureth-5 (13) carboxylate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, sodium cocoyl isethionate, sodium lauryl sulfoacetate, and combinations thereof. 6. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the rheology modifying polymer comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl-Guar, hydroxymethylhydroxyethylcellulose, and combinations thereof. 7. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 6, wherein the rheology modifying polymer comprises hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. 8. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the rheology modifying polymer comprises hydroxypropylmethylcellulose having a methoxyl content between about 26 and about 32 wt %, a hydroxypropyl content between about 6 and about 12 wt %, and a viscosity between about 40 and about 16000 mPas. 9. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the cationic-substituted guar has a degree of cationic substitution of about 0.1 to about 0.4, and an average molecular weight from about 800,000 to about 1,800,000 Dalton. 10. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the cationic-substituted guar is a guar substituted with at least one cationic moiety selected from compounds having the formula:
AB; wherein A, independently, is selected from a linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl radical; B, independently, is selected from S+R1R2X−, N+R1R2R3X−, P+R1R2R3X−, wherein R1, R2, and R3, independently, are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and linear and branched C1-C24 alkyl, and X−is an anion. 11. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 10, wherein A comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of 3-halo-2-hydroxypropyl group; 2,3-epoxy propyl group; and combinations thereof. 12. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 10, wherein the at least one cationic moiety is substituted on a hydroxy group of the guar. 13. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the cationic-substituted guar is guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride. 14. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the copolymer has a charge density of about 0.75 to about 3.0, and an average molecular weight from about 1,000,000 to about 2,000,000 Dalton. 15. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the rheology modifying polymer is present in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1.5 wt %, based on the total weight of the personal care cleansing composition. 16. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1, wherein the cationic-substituted guar is present in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 1.5 wt %, based on the total weight of the personal care cleansing composition. 17. The personal care cleansing composition of claim, 1 wherein the copolymer is present in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.25 wt %, based on the total weight of the personal care cleansing composition. 18. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1 further comprising a metal halide, wherein the personal care cleansing composition has a higher viscosity as compared to an identical composition not including such metal halide. 19. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1 having a % transparency less than about 50% at a water dilution ranging from about 2.5 to about 5 (volume water: volume personal care cleansing composition), as measured by a spectrophotometer. 20. The personal care cleansing composition of claim 1 having a foam height of at least about 85 mm after 300 seconds. | 1,700 |
1,512 | 14,007,488 | 1,795 | Provided is an anode for electrowinning in a sulfuric acid based electrolytic solution. The anode produces oxygen at a lower potential than a lead electrode, lead alloy electrode, and coated titanium electrode, thereby enabling electrowinning to be performed at a reduced electrolytic voltage and the electric power consumption rate of a desired metal to be reduced. The anode is also available as an anode for electrowinning various types of metals in volume with efficiency. The anode is employed for electrowinning in a sulfuric acid based electrolytic solution and adopted such that a catalyst layer containing amorphous ruthenium oxide and amorphous tantalum oxide is formed on a conductive substrate. | 1. An anode comprising:
a conductive substrate, and a catalytic layer comprising amorphous ruthenium oxide and amorphous tantalum oxide disposed on the conductive substrate. 2. The anode of claim 1, which is suitable for use in a process of electrowinning in a sulfuric acid based electrolytic solution, wherein the electrowinning is performed at an electrolytic voltage reduced by 0.02 V or greater when compared to an anode with a catalytic layer of amorphous iridium oxide and amorphous tantalum oxide disposed on a conductive substrate, or wherein the electrowinning is performed at an electrolytic voltage reduced by 0.05 V or greater when compared to an anode with a catalytic layer of crystalline ruthenium oxide and amorphous tantalum oxide disposed on a conductive substrate. 3. (canceled) 4. The anode of claim 1, wherein a molar ratio between ruthenium and tantalum in the catalytic layer is 30:70. 5. The anode of claim 1, further comprising an intermediate layer between the catalytic layer and the conductive substrate. 6. The anode of claim 5, wherein the intermediate layer comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of tantalum, niobium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, and platinum, or comprises an alloy of the metal. 7. The anode of claim 5, wherein the intermediate layer comprises crystalline iridium oxide and amorphous tantalum oxide. 8. (canceled) 9. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 1 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 10. (canceled) 11. The anode of claim 2, wherein a molar ratio between ruthenium and tantalum in the catalytic layer is 30:70. 12. The anode of claim 2, further comprising an intermediate layer between the catalytic layer and the conductive substrate. 13. The anode of claim 4, further comprising an intermediate layer between the catalytic layer and the conductive substrate. 14. The anode of claim 11, further comprising an intermediate layer between the catalytic layer and the conductive substrate. 15. The anode of claim 12, wherein the intermediate layer comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of tantalum, niobium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, and platinum, or comprises an alloy of the metal. 16. The anode of claim 13, wherein the intermediate layer comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of tantalum, niobium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, and platinum, or comprises an alloy of the metal. 17. The anode of claim 14, wherein the intermediate layer comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of tantalum, niobium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, and platinum, or comprises an alloy of the metal. 18. The anode of claim 12, wherein the intermediate layer comprises crystalline iridium oxide and amorphous tantalum oxide. 19. The anode of claim 13, wherein the intermediate layer comprises crystalline iridium oxide and amorphous tantalum oxide. 20. The anode of claim 14, wherein the intermediate layer comprises crystalline iridium oxide and amorphous tantalum oxide. 21. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 2 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 22. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 4 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 23. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 5 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 24. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 6 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 25. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 7 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 26. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 11 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 27. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 12 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 28. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 13 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 29. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 14 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 30. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 15 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 31. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 16 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 32. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 17 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 33. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 18 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 34. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 19 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 35. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 20 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 36. An anode comprising:
a conductive substrate, and a catalytic layer consisting of amorphous ruthenium oxide and amorphous tantalum oxide disposed on the conductive substrate. | Provided is an anode for electrowinning in a sulfuric acid based electrolytic solution. The anode produces oxygen at a lower potential than a lead electrode, lead alloy electrode, and coated titanium electrode, thereby enabling electrowinning to be performed at a reduced electrolytic voltage and the electric power consumption rate of a desired metal to be reduced. The anode is also available as an anode for electrowinning various types of metals in volume with efficiency. The anode is employed for electrowinning in a sulfuric acid based electrolytic solution and adopted such that a catalyst layer containing amorphous ruthenium oxide and amorphous tantalum oxide is formed on a conductive substrate.1. An anode comprising:
a conductive substrate, and a catalytic layer comprising amorphous ruthenium oxide and amorphous tantalum oxide disposed on the conductive substrate. 2. The anode of claim 1, which is suitable for use in a process of electrowinning in a sulfuric acid based electrolytic solution, wherein the electrowinning is performed at an electrolytic voltage reduced by 0.02 V or greater when compared to an anode with a catalytic layer of amorphous iridium oxide and amorphous tantalum oxide disposed on a conductive substrate, or wherein the electrowinning is performed at an electrolytic voltage reduced by 0.05 V or greater when compared to an anode with a catalytic layer of crystalline ruthenium oxide and amorphous tantalum oxide disposed on a conductive substrate. 3. (canceled) 4. The anode of claim 1, wherein a molar ratio between ruthenium and tantalum in the catalytic layer is 30:70. 5. The anode of claim 1, further comprising an intermediate layer between the catalytic layer and the conductive substrate. 6. The anode of claim 5, wherein the intermediate layer comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of tantalum, niobium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, and platinum, or comprises an alloy of the metal. 7. The anode of claim 5, wherein the intermediate layer comprises crystalline iridium oxide and amorphous tantalum oxide. 8. (canceled) 9. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 1 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 10. (canceled) 11. The anode of claim 2, wherein a molar ratio between ruthenium and tantalum in the catalytic layer is 30:70. 12. The anode of claim 2, further comprising an intermediate layer between the catalytic layer and the conductive substrate. 13. The anode of claim 4, further comprising an intermediate layer between the catalytic layer and the conductive substrate. 14. The anode of claim 11, further comprising an intermediate layer between the catalytic layer and the conductive substrate. 15. The anode of claim 12, wherein the intermediate layer comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of tantalum, niobium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, and platinum, or comprises an alloy of the metal. 16. The anode of claim 13, wherein the intermediate layer comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of tantalum, niobium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, and platinum, or comprises an alloy of the metal. 17. The anode of claim 14, wherein the intermediate layer comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of tantalum, niobium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, and platinum, or comprises an alloy of the metal. 18. The anode of claim 12, wherein the intermediate layer comprises crystalline iridium oxide and amorphous tantalum oxide. 19. The anode of claim 13, wherein the intermediate layer comprises crystalline iridium oxide and amorphous tantalum oxide. 20. The anode of claim 14, wherein the intermediate layer comprises crystalline iridium oxide and amorphous tantalum oxide. 21. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 2 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 22. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 4 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 23. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 5 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 24. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 6 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 25. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 7 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 26. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 11 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 27. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 12 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 28. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 13 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 29. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 14 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 30. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 15 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 31. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 16 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 32. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 17 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 33. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 18 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 34. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 19 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 35. A method for electrowinning, comprising:
contacting the anode of claim 20 with an electrolytic solution comprising sulfuric acid and a desired metal, and extracting the desired metal from the electrolytic solution. 36. An anode comprising:
a conductive substrate, and a catalytic layer consisting of amorphous ruthenium oxide and amorphous tantalum oxide disposed on the conductive substrate. | 1,700 |
1,513 | 14,721,139 | 1,725 | A vehicle climate control system includes a cooling system including a chiller, a coolant circuit, a refrigerant circuit, a pump, and a compressor. The coolant circuit bypasses the chiller. The refrigerant circuit incorporates the chiller. The pump is configured to move coolant through the coolant circuit. The compressor is configured to move refrigerant through the refrigerant circuit. The vehicle climate control system also includes a controller configured to, in response to a temperature of a battery exceeding a threshold while the pump is moving fluid through the coolant circuit, activate the chiller and the compressor. | 1. A vehicle climate control system comprising:
a cooling system including a chiller, a coolant circuit selectively incorporating or bypassing the chiller, a refrigerant circuit incorporating the chiller, a pump configured to move coolant through the coolant circuit, and a compressor configured to move refrigerant through the refrigerant circuit; and a controller configured to, in response to a temperature of a battery exceeding a threshold while the pump is moving fluid through the coolant circuit, activate the chiller and the compressor. 2. The climate control system of claim 1 further comprising a radiator disposed within the coolant circuit and configured to cool the coolant moving there through. 3. The climate control system of claim 2 further comprising a fan disposed within the coolant circuit and configured to direct air over the radiator, wherein the controller is further configured to activate the fan in response to a temperature of the coolant falling below the threshold. 4. The climate control system of claim 1, further comprising a heater disposed within the coolant circuit, wherein the controller is further configured to deactivate the chiller and activate the heater in response to a temperature of the battery falling below another threshold while the coolant is moving through the coolant circuit. 5. The climate control system of claim 1, wherein the cooling system further includes another refrigerant circuit bypassing the chiller and incorporating an evaporator, wherein the compressor is configured to move refrigerant through the refrigerant circuits based on whether a request for cabin cooling is present. 6. A thermal management method comprising:
in response to a temperature of a battery exceeding a threshold while a pump moves coolant through a coolant circuit that bypasses a chiller, altering an activation state of valving such that the coolant circuit incorporates the chiller and activating the chiller while a compressor moves refrigerant through a refrigerant circuit that also incorporates the chiller. 7. The thermal management method of claim 6 further comprising, in response to the temperature falling below the threshold, deactivating the compressor and activating a fan configured to blow air across a radiator disposed within the coolant circuit. 8. The thermal management method of claim 6 further comprising, in response to the temperature exceeding another threshold, activating an evaporator and altering an activation state of valving such that the refrigerant circuit also incorporates the evaporator. 9. The thermal management method of claim 6 further comprising, in response to the temperature falling below another threshold, activating a heater disposed within the coolant circuit and altering an activation state of valving such that the coolant circuit bypasses a radiator. 10. A vehicle comprising:
a fraction battery; a thermal management system including a radiator, chiller, valve, and pump configured to move coolant through a coolant circuit selectively incorporating one of the radiator and chiller based on a position of the valve; and a controller configured to, in response to a temperature of the coolant traversing a threshold resulting in a battery temperature adjustment demand while the position of the valve is such that the coolant circuit incorporates the radiator and bypasses the chiller, re-position the valve such that the coolant circuit bypasses the radiator and incorporates the chiller. 11. The vehicle of claim 10 wherein the thermal management system further includes an evaporator, condenser, second valve, and compressor configured to move refrigerant through a refrigerant circuit selectively incorporating one of the chiller and evaporator based on a position of the second valve. 12. The vehicle of claim 11 wherein the controller is further configured to, in response to the temperature exceeding another threshold resulting in a battery temperature adjustment demand while the position of the second valve is such that the refrigerant circuit incorporates the evaporator and bypasses the chiller, re-position the second valve such that the refrigerant circuit bypasses the evaporator and incorporates the chiller. 13. The vehicle of claim 11 further comprising a third valve disposed within the refrigerant circuit, wherein the controller is further configured to position the third valve to incorporate the chiller and evaporator in the refrigerant circuit while the coolant moves through the coolant circuit based on a cabin temperature adjustment demand. 14. The vehicle of claim 13, wherein the controller is further configured to, in response to the temperature of the coolant exceeding another threshold resulting in a cabin temperature adjustment demand while the refrigerant moves through the refrigerant circuit and the position of the second valve is such that the refrigerant circuit bypasses the evaporator and incorporates the chiller, alter a position of the second valve to incorporate the evaporator in the refrigerant circuit. 15. The vehicle of claim 13, wherein the controller is further configured to, in response to the temperature of the coolant traversing the threshold, modulate a position of the third valve to adjust cooling capacity of the chiller. | A vehicle climate control system includes a cooling system including a chiller, a coolant circuit, a refrigerant circuit, a pump, and a compressor. The coolant circuit bypasses the chiller. The refrigerant circuit incorporates the chiller. The pump is configured to move coolant through the coolant circuit. The compressor is configured to move refrigerant through the refrigerant circuit. The vehicle climate control system also includes a controller configured to, in response to a temperature of a battery exceeding a threshold while the pump is moving fluid through the coolant circuit, activate the chiller and the compressor.1. A vehicle climate control system comprising:
a cooling system including a chiller, a coolant circuit selectively incorporating or bypassing the chiller, a refrigerant circuit incorporating the chiller, a pump configured to move coolant through the coolant circuit, and a compressor configured to move refrigerant through the refrigerant circuit; and a controller configured to, in response to a temperature of a battery exceeding a threshold while the pump is moving fluid through the coolant circuit, activate the chiller and the compressor. 2. The climate control system of claim 1 further comprising a radiator disposed within the coolant circuit and configured to cool the coolant moving there through. 3. The climate control system of claim 2 further comprising a fan disposed within the coolant circuit and configured to direct air over the radiator, wherein the controller is further configured to activate the fan in response to a temperature of the coolant falling below the threshold. 4. The climate control system of claim 1, further comprising a heater disposed within the coolant circuit, wherein the controller is further configured to deactivate the chiller and activate the heater in response to a temperature of the battery falling below another threshold while the coolant is moving through the coolant circuit. 5. The climate control system of claim 1, wherein the cooling system further includes another refrigerant circuit bypassing the chiller and incorporating an evaporator, wherein the compressor is configured to move refrigerant through the refrigerant circuits based on whether a request for cabin cooling is present. 6. A thermal management method comprising:
in response to a temperature of a battery exceeding a threshold while a pump moves coolant through a coolant circuit that bypasses a chiller, altering an activation state of valving such that the coolant circuit incorporates the chiller and activating the chiller while a compressor moves refrigerant through a refrigerant circuit that also incorporates the chiller. 7. The thermal management method of claim 6 further comprising, in response to the temperature falling below the threshold, deactivating the compressor and activating a fan configured to blow air across a radiator disposed within the coolant circuit. 8. The thermal management method of claim 6 further comprising, in response to the temperature exceeding another threshold, activating an evaporator and altering an activation state of valving such that the refrigerant circuit also incorporates the evaporator. 9. The thermal management method of claim 6 further comprising, in response to the temperature falling below another threshold, activating a heater disposed within the coolant circuit and altering an activation state of valving such that the coolant circuit bypasses a radiator. 10. A vehicle comprising:
a fraction battery; a thermal management system including a radiator, chiller, valve, and pump configured to move coolant through a coolant circuit selectively incorporating one of the radiator and chiller based on a position of the valve; and a controller configured to, in response to a temperature of the coolant traversing a threshold resulting in a battery temperature adjustment demand while the position of the valve is such that the coolant circuit incorporates the radiator and bypasses the chiller, re-position the valve such that the coolant circuit bypasses the radiator and incorporates the chiller. 11. The vehicle of claim 10 wherein the thermal management system further includes an evaporator, condenser, second valve, and compressor configured to move refrigerant through a refrigerant circuit selectively incorporating one of the chiller and evaporator based on a position of the second valve. 12. The vehicle of claim 11 wherein the controller is further configured to, in response to the temperature exceeding another threshold resulting in a battery temperature adjustment demand while the position of the second valve is such that the refrigerant circuit incorporates the evaporator and bypasses the chiller, re-position the second valve such that the refrigerant circuit bypasses the evaporator and incorporates the chiller. 13. The vehicle of claim 11 further comprising a third valve disposed within the refrigerant circuit, wherein the controller is further configured to position the third valve to incorporate the chiller and evaporator in the refrigerant circuit while the coolant moves through the coolant circuit based on a cabin temperature adjustment demand. 14. The vehicle of claim 13, wherein the controller is further configured to, in response to the temperature of the coolant exceeding another threshold resulting in a cabin temperature adjustment demand while the refrigerant moves through the refrigerant circuit and the position of the second valve is such that the refrigerant circuit bypasses the evaporator and incorporates the chiller, alter a position of the second valve to incorporate the evaporator in the refrigerant circuit. 15. The vehicle of claim 13, wherein the controller is further configured to, in response to the temperature of the coolant traversing the threshold, modulate a position of the third valve to adjust cooling capacity of the chiller. | 1,700 |
1,514 | 15,026,501 | 1,793 | [Problem to be Solved] It is intended to provide a method for producing instant noodles having supple texture by having soft surface and a moderately elastic core, and such instant noodles.
[Solution] Raw noodle strings prepared from a noodle dough kneaded with a powder fat or oil and/or powder emulsifier are treated with superheated steam, followed by the drying of the noodle strings, or pH adjustment, heat sterilization, and full sealing. In this way, the present invention provides a method for producing instant noodles having supple texture by having soft surface and a moderately elastic core. | 1. A method for producing instant noodles, comprising a superheated steam treatment step of treating, with superheated steam, raw noodle strings prepared from a noodle dough containing 0.5 to 6.0 wt % of a fat or oil and/or an emulsifier that is in a solid powder form at ordinary temperature with respect to the weight of a main raw material powder, wherein
the temperature of the superheated steam to which the raw noodle strings are exposed is 120 to 200° C. 2. The method for producing instant noodles according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the powder fat or oil contained is 1.0 to 3.0 wt % with respect to the weight of a main raw material powder. 3. The method for producing instant noodles according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the superheated steam to which the raw noodle strings are exposed in the superheated steam treatment step is 130 to 180° C. 4. (canceled) 5. The method for producing instant noodles according to claim 1, wherein the time during which the superheated steam contacts with the raw noodle strings in the superheated steam treatment step is 15 to 60 seconds. 6. The method for producing instant noodles according to claim 1, further comprising, after the superheated steam treatment step, a drying step of drying the noodle strings that have undergone the superheated steam treatment step by a fry drying process, a hot-air drying process, a high-temperature hot-air drying process, a superheated steam drying process, a microwave drying process, or a freeze dry process, or a combination thereof. 7. The method for producing fresh type instant noodles according to claim 1, wherein the instant noodles are fresh type instant noodles, and the method comprises, after the superheated steam treatment step, the step of subjecting the noodle strings that have undergone the superheated steam treatment step to pH adjustment, full sealing, and heat sterilization. 8. Instant noodles produced by a production method according to claim 1. | [Problem to be Solved] It is intended to provide a method for producing instant noodles having supple texture by having soft surface and a moderately elastic core, and such instant noodles.
[Solution] Raw noodle strings prepared from a noodle dough kneaded with a powder fat or oil and/or powder emulsifier are treated with superheated steam, followed by the drying of the noodle strings, or pH adjustment, heat sterilization, and full sealing. In this way, the present invention provides a method for producing instant noodles having supple texture by having soft surface and a moderately elastic core.1. A method for producing instant noodles, comprising a superheated steam treatment step of treating, with superheated steam, raw noodle strings prepared from a noodle dough containing 0.5 to 6.0 wt % of a fat or oil and/or an emulsifier that is in a solid powder form at ordinary temperature with respect to the weight of a main raw material powder, wherein
the temperature of the superheated steam to which the raw noodle strings are exposed is 120 to 200° C. 2. The method for producing instant noodles according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the powder fat or oil contained is 1.0 to 3.0 wt % with respect to the weight of a main raw material powder. 3. The method for producing instant noodles according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the superheated steam to which the raw noodle strings are exposed in the superheated steam treatment step is 130 to 180° C. 4. (canceled) 5. The method for producing instant noodles according to claim 1, wherein the time during which the superheated steam contacts with the raw noodle strings in the superheated steam treatment step is 15 to 60 seconds. 6. The method for producing instant noodles according to claim 1, further comprising, after the superheated steam treatment step, a drying step of drying the noodle strings that have undergone the superheated steam treatment step by a fry drying process, a hot-air drying process, a high-temperature hot-air drying process, a superheated steam drying process, a microwave drying process, or a freeze dry process, or a combination thereof. 7. The method for producing fresh type instant noodles according to claim 1, wherein the instant noodles are fresh type instant noodles, and the method comprises, after the superheated steam treatment step, the step of subjecting the noodle strings that have undergone the superheated steam treatment step to pH adjustment, full sealing, and heat sterilization. 8. Instant noodles produced by a production method according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
1,515 | 13,422,314 | 1,776 | A pressure filter for treating liquor suspensions of a cellulose pulp mill, the pressure filter including a container having tubular filtering elements suspended in a horizontal plate, through which elements filtrate flows and the interior of which communicates with a filtrate chamber located above. The filtering elements collect on their outer surface precipitate that is arranged to be periodically removed by making the filtrate in the filtrate chamber travel counter-currently through the filtration surface of the filtering elements. The filtering elements are cleaned by wash liquid passing from the filtrate chamber into the filtering elements and through their filtration surface. The interior of the filtering elements is provided with a flow distributor above the middle of a filtering element for distributing the flow from the filtrate chamber onto the filtration surface of the filtering element. | 1. A pressure filter for treating liquor suspensions at a chemical pulp mill, said filter comprising:
a container with an inlet conduit configured to be coupled to a source of pressurized feeding liquor and an outlet conduit configured to discharge a thickened suspension; a substantially horizontal plate covering an upper portion of the container; a plurality of filtering elements suspended down from the horizontal plate, wherein the filtering elements each include a porous tubular section, a bottom, an open top and an interior chamber configured to receive filtrate from the container; a filtrate chamber above the substantially horizontal plate and impervious to fluid flowing directly from the container into the filtrate chamber, wherein the open top of each of the filtering elements is in fluid communication with the filtrate chamber, and the filtrate chamber includes a filtrate outlet conduit, and a flow distributor configured to be positioned in the interior chamber of each of the filtering elements and at an elevation above a middle elevation of the filtering element, wherein the flow distributor is configured to create a backpressure in the interior chamber of the filtering elements to the wash flow from the filtrate chamber. 2. The pressure filter according to claim 1, wherein the flow distributor includes a circular plate having a diameter substantially smaller than an inner diameter of the interior chamber of each filtering element, wherein at least a partially annular opening is between the perimeter of the circular plate and the interior chamber. 3. The pressure filter according to claim 1 wherein the flow distributor includes a plate and an elongated leg, wherein the leg extends from the plate to a bottom of the filtering element. 4. The pressure filter according to claim 1 wherein the flow distributor includes a substantially circular plate and protrusions extending radially from a perimeter of the plate, wherein the protrusions are arranged symmetrically around the plate. 5. A flow distributor for a pressure filter wherein said filter includes a container with an inlet conduit configured to be coupled to a source of pressurized feeding liquor and an outlet conduit configured to discharge a thickened suspension; a substantially horizontal plate covering an upper portion of the container; a plurality of filtering elements suspended down from the horizontal plate, wherein the filtering elements each include a porous tubular section, a bottom, an open top and an interior chamber configured to receive filtrate from the container, and a filtrate chamber above the substantially horizontal plate and impervious to fluid flowing directly from the container into the filtrate chamber, wherein the open top of each of the filtering elements is in fluid communication with the filtrate chamber, and the filtrate chamber includes a filtrate outlet conduit, and the flow distributor comprises:
a center body configured to be positioned in the interior chamber of each of the filtering elements and at an elevation above a middle elevation of the filtering element, wherein the center body is configured to create a backpressure in the interior chamber of the filtering elements to the wash flow from the filtrate chamber. 6. The flow distributor according to claim 5, wherein the center body includes a circular plate having a diameter substantially smaller than an inner diameter of the interior chamber of each filtering element, wherein at least a partially annular opening is between the perimeter of the circular plate and the interior chamber. 7. The flow distributor according to claim 5 further comprising an elongated leg, wherein the leg extends from the center body to a bottom of the filtering element. 8. The flow distributor according to claim 5 wherein the center body includes a substantially circular plate and protrusions extending radially from a perimeter of the plate, wherein the protrusions are arranged symmetrically around the plate. 9. A method for a pressure filter including a filter container, a substantially horizontal plate, filtering elements hanging from the plate and filtrate container above the horizontal plate, the method comprising:
pumping a liquor suspension generated by a chemical pulp mill into the filter container; passing filtrate liquor from the liquor suspension through porous tubular walls of each of the filtering elements and into an interior chamber in each of the filtering elements; moving the filtrate liquor from the interior chambers of the filtering elements into the filtrate container and out through a discharge of the filtrate container; caking a precipitate on an outer surface of the tubular walls as the filtrate liquor passes through the walls; discharging a thickened liquor suspension from a discharge of the filter container; periodically washing the filtering elements by ceasing the pumping of the liquor suspension into the filter container and injecting a wash liquid into the filtrate container to cause the wash liquid to flow from the filtrate container down into the interior chamber of each of the filter elements and through the porous tubular walls to dislodge the cake of precipitate the outer surface of the tubular walls, and distributing the flow wash liquid in each of the interior chambers by a flow distributor positioned in each of the interior chambers at an elevation above a mid-elevation of the interior chamber. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the liquor suspension includes lime milk. 11. The method of claim 9 wherein the distribution includes the flow distributor creating a back pressure in the flow wash liquid above the flow distributor. 12. The method of claim 9 further comprising positioning the flow distributor in each of the interior chambers by seating a distal end of a rod at a bottom of the interior chamber and the rod supports the flow distributor at the elevation above the mid-elevation. 13. The method of claim 9 further comprising positioning a respective one of the flow distributors in each of the interior chambers only during the washing step. 14. The method of claim 9 further comprising positioning a respective one of the flow distributors in each of the interior chambers during the washing step and while the liquor is pumped into the filter container. | A pressure filter for treating liquor suspensions of a cellulose pulp mill, the pressure filter including a container having tubular filtering elements suspended in a horizontal plate, through which elements filtrate flows and the interior of which communicates with a filtrate chamber located above. The filtering elements collect on their outer surface precipitate that is arranged to be periodically removed by making the filtrate in the filtrate chamber travel counter-currently through the filtration surface of the filtering elements. The filtering elements are cleaned by wash liquid passing from the filtrate chamber into the filtering elements and through their filtration surface. The interior of the filtering elements is provided with a flow distributor above the middle of a filtering element for distributing the flow from the filtrate chamber onto the filtration surface of the filtering element.1. A pressure filter for treating liquor suspensions at a chemical pulp mill, said filter comprising:
a container with an inlet conduit configured to be coupled to a source of pressurized feeding liquor and an outlet conduit configured to discharge a thickened suspension; a substantially horizontal plate covering an upper portion of the container; a plurality of filtering elements suspended down from the horizontal plate, wherein the filtering elements each include a porous tubular section, a bottom, an open top and an interior chamber configured to receive filtrate from the container; a filtrate chamber above the substantially horizontal plate and impervious to fluid flowing directly from the container into the filtrate chamber, wherein the open top of each of the filtering elements is in fluid communication with the filtrate chamber, and the filtrate chamber includes a filtrate outlet conduit, and a flow distributor configured to be positioned in the interior chamber of each of the filtering elements and at an elevation above a middle elevation of the filtering element, wherein the flow distributor is configured to create a backpressure in the interior chamber of the filtering elements to the wash flow from the filtrate chamber. 2. The pressure filter according to claim 1, wherein the flow distributor includes a circular plate having a diameter substantially smaller than an inner diameter of the interior chamber of each filtering element, wherein at least a partially annular opening is between the perimeter of the circular plate and the interior chamber. 3. The pressure filter according to claim 1 wherein the flow distributor includes a plate and an elongated leg, wherein the leg extends from the plate to a bottom of the filtering element. 4. The pressure filter according to claim 1 wherein the flow distributor includes a substantially circular plate and protrusions extending radially from a perimeter of the plate, wherein the protrusions are arranged symmetrically around the plate. 5. A flow distributor for a pressure filter wherein said filter includes a container with an inlet conduit configured to be coupled to a source of pressurized feeding liquor and an outlet conduit configured to discharge a thickened suspension; a substantially horizontal plate covering an upper portion of the container; a plurality of filtering elements suspended down from the horizontal plate, wherein the filtering elements each include a porous tubular section, a bottom, an open top and an interior chamber configured to receive filtrate from the container, and a filtrate chamber above the substantially horizontal plate and impervious to fluid flowing directly from the container into the filtrate chamber, wherein the open top of each of the filtering elements is in fluid communication with the filtrate chamber, and the filtrate chamber includes a filtrate outlet conduit, and the flow distributor comprises:
a center body configured to be positioned in the interior chamber of each of the filtering elements and at an elevation above a middle elevation of the filtering element, wherein the center body is configured to create a backpressure in the interior chamber of the filtering elements to the wash flow from the filtrate chamber. 6. The flow distributor according to claim 5, wherein the center body includes a circular plate having a diameter substantially smaller than an inner diameter of the interior chamber of each filtering element, wherein at least a partially annular opening is between the perimeter of the circular plate and the interior chamber. 7. The flow distributor according to claim 5 further comprising an elongated leg, wherein the leg extends from the center body to a bottom of the filtering element. 8. The flow distributor according to claim 5 wherein the center body includes a substantially circular plate and protrusions extending radially from a perimeter of the plate, wherein the protrusions are arranged symmetrically around the plate. 9. A method for a pressure filter including a filter container, a substantially horizontal plate, filtering elements hanging from the plate and filtrate container above the horizontal plate, the method comprising:
pumping a liquor suspension generated by a chemical pulp mill into the filter container; passing filtrate liquor from the liquor suspension through porous tubular walls of each of the filtering elements and into an interior chamber in each of the filtering elements; moving the filtrate liquor from the interior chambers of the filtering elements into the filtrate container and out through a discharge of the filtrate container; caking a precipitate on an outer surface of the tubular walls as the filtrate liquor passes through the walls; discharging a thickened liquor suspension from a discharge of the filter container; periodically washing the filtering elements by ceasing the pumping of the liquor suspension into the filter container and injecting a wash liquid into the filtrate container to cause the wash liquid to flow from the filtrate container down into the interior chamber of each of the filter elements and through the porous tubular walls to dislodge the cake of precipitate the outer surface of the tubular walls, and distributing the flow wash liquid in each of the interior chambers by a flow distributor positioned in each of the interior chambers at an elevation above a mid-elevation of the interior chamber. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the liquor suspension includes lime milk. 11. The method of claim 9 wherein the distribution includes the flow distributor creating a back pressure in the flow wash liquid above the flow distributor. 12. The method of claim 9 further comprising positioning the flow distributor in each of the interior chambers by seating a distal end of a rod at a bottom of the interior chamber and the rod supports the flow distributor at the elevation above the mid-elevation. 13. The method of claim 9 further comprising positioning a respective one of the flow distributors in each of the interior chambers only during the washing step. 14. The method of claim 9 further comprising positioning a respective one of the flow distributors in each of the interior chambers during the washing step and while the liquor is pumped into the filter container. | 1,700 |
1,516 | 14,704,135 | 1,789 | An absorbent article comprising a nonwoven fibrous structure comprising a plurality of synthetic fibers. The synthetic fibers may be associated with one or more hydrophilizing agents. A process for making the nonwoven fibrous structure involves association of the synthetic fibers with one or more hydrophilizing agents. | 1. A method for making a fibrous substrate, the method comprising:
depositing from a headbox onto a Fourdrinier wire a slurry comprising cellulosic fibers, from 10% to 30% synthetic fibers, and from 40 ppm to about 50 ppm of a hydrophilizing agent to form an embryonic web, wherein at least one of the synthetic fibers forms a durable association with the hydophilizing agent; de-watering the embryonic web to form a web having a consistency of at least 50% consistency; adhering the web to a surface of a Yankee dryer; and creping the web off of the Yankee dryer after the web reaches a consistency of at least 90%. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the synthetic fibers are CoPET/PET bicomponent fibers. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said cellulosic fibers comprise Northern Softwood Kraft fibers. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said cellulosic fibers comprise Eucalyptus fibers. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said de-watering step is accomplished at least partially by vacuum assisted drainage. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said de-watering step is accomplished at least partially by through air drying. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said embryonic web is transferred to a photo-polymer fabric. | An absorbent article comprising a nonwoven fibrous structure comprising a plurality of synthetic fibers. The synthetic fibers may be associated with one or more hydrophilizing agents. A process for making the nonwoven fibrous structure involves association of the synthetic fibers with one or more hydrophilizing agents.1. A method for making a fibrous substrate, the method comprising:
depositing from a headbox onto a Fourdrinier wire a slurry comprising cellulosic fibers, from 10% to 30% synthetic fibers, and from 40 ppm to about 50 ppm of a hydrophilizing agent to form an embryonic web, wherein at least one of the synthetic fibers forms a durable association with the hydophilizing agent; de-watering the embryonic web to form a web having a consistency of at least 50% consistency; adhering the web to a surface of a Yankee dryer; and creping the web off of the Yankee dryer after the web reaches a consistency of at least 90%. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the synthetic fibers are CoPET/PET bicomponent fibers. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said cellulosic fibers comprise Northern Softwood Kraft fibers. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said cellulosic fibers comprise Eucalyptus fibers. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said de-watering step is accomplished at least partially by vacuum assisted drainage. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said de-watering step is accomplished at least partially by through air drying. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said embryonic web is transferred to a photo-polymer fabric. | 1,700 |
1,517 | 14,234,062 | 1,778 | A filter assembly having a hollow body defining a flow passage between its ends, a porous filter media disposed obliquely across the flow passage between the ends. In one form the filter media is a stainless steel mesh screen overmolded into the body. | 1. A filter assembly comprising:
a hollow body defining a flow passage between its ends; a porous filter media extending across said flow path disposed obliquely in said hollow body between its ends. 2. A filter assembly as claimed in claim 1 wherein said porous filter media has an oblong shape. 3. A filter assembly as claimed in claim 2 wherein said filter media has a dimension along said flow passage that exceeds the dimension across said flow passage. 4. A filter assembly as claimed in claim 3, wherein said assembly is symmetrical between its ends. 5. A filter assembly as claimed in claim 3 wherein said body is tubular and said filter media has a minor axis the same as the diameter of said flow passage of said tubular body and a major axis having a length that exceeds the diameter of said flow passage of said tubular body. 6. A filter assembly as claimed in claim 4, wherein said hollow body includes separate molded elements connected together to form a flow passage. 7. A filter assembly as claimed in claim 6 wherein said separate molded elements are connected together by friction welding or spin welding. 8. A coupling filter for a fluid system comprising:
a hollow tubular body defining
a flow path between its ends;
a porous filter media disposed between said ends of said body extending obliquely across said fluid flow path. 9. A coupling filter as claimed in claim 5 wherein said body defines a coupling having an exterior barb at each end. 10. A coupling filter as claimed in claim 8 wherein said body defines an exterior abutment spaced between said barbs at said ends. 11. A coupling filter as claimed in claim 8 wherein said filter media comprises a molded plastic element. 12. A coupling filter as claimed in claim 11 wherein said filter media is overmolded into said wall of said plastic tubular member. 13. A coupling filter as claimed in claim 8 wherein said filter media comprises a stainless steel mesh. 14. A coupling filter as claimed in claim 13 wherein said filter media is overmolded into said wall of said plastic tubular member. 15. A coupling filter as claimed in claim 14 wherein said filter media has a dimension along said flow passage that exceeds the dimension across said flow passage. 16. A coupling filter as claimed in claim 15 wherein said filter media has a minor axis the same as the diameter of said flow passage of said tubular body and a major axis having a length that exceeds the diameter of said flow passage of said tubular body. 17. A coupling filter as claimed in claim 8 wherein said filter coupling is symmetrical between its ends. 18. A coupling filter as claimed in claim 14 wherein said filter coupling is symmetrical between its ends. 19. A method of making a coupling filter having a hollow tubular body defining a flow passage between its ends and a porous filter media disposed in the flow passage between said overmolding said filter media into said body obliquely across said flow passage. 20. A method of making a coupling filter as claimed in claim 19 further comprising providing a stainless steel mesh filter media, overmolding said stainless steel mesh filter media into said hollow tubular body. | A filter assembly having a hollow body defining a flow passage between its ends, a porous filter media disposed obliquely across the flow passage between the ends. In one form the filter media is a stainless steel mesh screen overmolded into the body.1. A filter assembly comprising:
a hollow body defining a flow passage between its ends; a porous filter media extending across said flow path disposed obliquely in said hollow body between its ends. 2. A filter assembly as claimed in claim 1 wherein said porous filter media has an oblong shape. 3. A filter assembly as claimed in claim 2 wherein said filter media has a dimension along said flow passage that exceeds the dimension across said flow passage. 4. A filter assembly as claimed in claim 3, wherein said assembly is symmetrical between its ends. 5. A filter assembly as claimed in claim 3 wherein said body is tubular and said filter media has a minor axis the same as the diameter of said flow passage of said tubular body and a major axis having a length that exceeds the diameter of said flow passage of said tubular body. 6. A filter assembly as claimed in claim 4, wherein said hollow body includes separate molded elements connected together to form a flow passage. 7. A filter assembly as claimed in claim 6 wherein said separate molded elements are connected together by friction welding or spin welding. 8. A coupling filter for a fluid system comprising:
a hollow tubular body defining
a flow path between its ends;
a porous filter media disposed between said ends of said body extending obliquely across said fluid flow path. 9. A coupling filter as claimed in claim 5 wherein said body defines a coupling having an exterior barb at each end. 10. A coupling filter as claimed in claim 8 wherein said body defines an exterior abutment spaced between said barbs at said ends. 11. A coupling filter as claimed in claim 8 wherein said filter media comprises a molded plastic element. 12. A coupling filter as claimed in claim 11 wherein said filter media is overmolded into said wall of said plastic tubular member. 13. A coupling filter as claimed in claim 8 wherein said filter media comprises a stainless steel mesh. 14. A coupling filter as claimed in claim 13 wherein said filter media is overmolded into said wall of said plastic tubular member. 15. A coupling filter as claimed in claim 14 wherein said filter media has a dimension along said flow passage that exceeds the dimension across said flow passage. 16. A coupling filter as claimed in claim 15 wherein said filter media has a minor axis the same as the diameter of said flow passage of said tubular body and a major axis having a length that exceeds the diameter of said flow passage of said tubular body. 17. A coupling filter as claimed in claim 8 wherein said filter coupling is symmetrical between its ends. 18. A coupling filter as claimed in claim 14 wherein said filter coupling is symmetrical between its ends. 19. A method of making a coupling filter having a hollow tubular body defining a flow passage between its ends and a porous filter media disposed in the flow passage between said overmolding said filter media into said body obliquely across said flow passage. 20. A method of making a coupling filter as claimed in claim 19 further comprising providing a stainless steel mesh filter media, overmolding said stainless steel mesh filter media into said hollow tubular body. | 1,700 |
1,518 | 13,702,885 | 1,787 | To provide a technique of improving adhesion of a resin molded article including a polyalkylene terephthalate resin to a silicon adhesive. A polyalkylene terephthalate resin is used in which an aromatic dicarboxylic acid excluding terephthalic acid, and/or an ester compound thereof is subjected to copolymerization as a modified component, and the content of the modified component relative to the total dicarboxylic acid component is at least 13 mol % and no more than 35 mol %. It is preferable if the modified polyalkylene terephthalate resin is a modified polybutylene terephthalate resin, and the aromatic dicarboxylic acid and/or an ester compound thereof is isophthalic acid and/or an ester compound thereof. | 1. A modified polyalkylene terephthalate resin for improving adhesion wherein an aromatic dicarboxylic acid excluding terephthalic acid, and/or an ester compound thereof is subjected to copolymerization as a modified component, the content of the modified component relative to the total dicarboxylic acid component is at least 13 mol % and no more than 35 mol %. 2. The modified polyalkylene terephthalate resin for improving adhesion according to claim 1, wherein the modified polyalkylene terephthalate resin is a modified polybutylene terephthalate resin. 3. The modified polyalkylene terephthalate resin for improving adhesion according to claim 1, wherein the aromatic dicarboxylic acid and/or the ester compound thereof is isophthalic acid and/or an ester compound thereof. 4. A resin molded article formed from the modified polyalkylene terephthalate resin composition for improving adhesion according to claim 1. 5. A bonded article in which a pair of the resin molded articles is adhered through a silicon adhesive,
wherein at least one of the pair of resin molded articles is the resin molded article according to claim 4. | To provide a technique of improving adhesion of a resin molded article including a polyalkylene terephthalate resin to a silicon adhesive. A polyalkylene terephthalate resin is used in which an aromatic dicarboxylic acid excluding terephthalic acid, and/or an ester compound thereof is subjected to copolymerization as a modified component, and the content of the modified component relative to the total dicarboxylic acid component is at least 13 mol % and no more than 35 mol %. It is preferable if the modified polyalkylene terephthalate resin is a modified polybutylene terephthalate resin, and the aromatic dicarboxylic acid and/or an ester compound thereof is isophthalic acid and/or an ester compound thereof.1. A modified polyalkylene terephthalate resin for improving adhesion wherein an aromatic dicarboxylic acid excluding terephthalic acid, and/or an ester compound thereof is subjected to copolymerization as a modified component, the content of the modified component relative to the total dicarboxylic acid component is at least 13 mol % and no more than 35 mol %. 2. The modified polyalkylene terephthalate resin for improving adhesion according to claim 1, wherein the modified polyalkylene terephthalate resin is a modified polybutylene terephthalate resin. 3. The modified polyalkylene terephthalate resin for improving adhesion according to claim 1, wherein the aromatic dicarboxylic acid and/or the ester compound thereof is isophthalic acid and/or an ester compound thereof. 4. A resin molded article formed from the modified polyalkylene terephthalate resin composition for improving adhesion according to claim 1. 5. A bonded article in which a pair of the resin molded articles is adhered through a silicon adhesive,
wherein at least one of the pair of resin molded articles is the resin molded article according to claim 4. | 1,700 |
1,519 | 14,008,815 | 1,723 | The present invention provides a battery capable of suppressing or avoiding degradation of a positive electrode due to heat applied in thermal welding of separators, and of preventing short circuit through the welded portions. A battery ( 10 ) of the present invention includes a packaged positive electrode ( 40 ) made by placing a positive electrode ( 50 ) in a package formed by joining at least part of end portions of a separator ( 60 ) together by thermal welding; and a negative electrode ( 30 ) being larger than the positive electrode ( 50 ) and stacked on the packaged positive electrode ( 40 ). Welded portions of the separator ( 60 ) formed by the thermal welding are provided outside an outer periphery of the negative electrode ( 30 ), when seen in a stacking direction. | 1. A battery comprising:
a packaged positive electrode made by placing a positive electrode in a package formed by joining at least part of end portions of a separator together by thermal welding; and a negative electrode stacked on the packaged positive electrode, the negative electrode being larger than the positive electrode, wherein welded portions of the separator formed by the thermal welding are provided outside an outer periphery of the negative electrode, when seen in a stacking direction. 2. The battery according to claim 1, wherein
inside the packaged positive electrode, an outer surface of the positive electrode is bonded to an inner surface of the separator with an adhesive member. 3. A battery manufacturing method comprising:
a first step of forming a packaged positive electrode by sandwiching a positive electrode between two separators and joining at least part of end portions of the respective separators together by thermal welding; and a second step of stacking a negative electrode larger than the positive electrode on the packaged positive electrode, wherein in the first step, the end portions of the respective separators are thermally welded in advance at positions away from the positive electrode so that welded portions of the separators formed by the thermal welding are provided outside an outer periphery of the negative electrode when the negative electrode is stacked in the later second step. 4. The battery manufacturing method according to claim 3, wherein
to sandwich the positive electrode between the separators in the first step, a center line of the positive electrode is detected, and the center line is aligned with center lines of the separators. 5. The battery manufacturing method according claim 3, wherein
the packaged positive electrode forms a package by joining at least part of end portions of two separators together by thermal welding. 6. The battery manufacturing method according to claim 3, wherein
the packaged positive electrode forms a package by folding a single separator and joining at least part of overlapped end portions of the separator together by thermal welding. 7. A packaged electrode made by placing a first electrode in a package formed by joining at least part of edges of a separator together by thermal welding, wherein
welded portions of the edges of the separator formed by the thermal welding are arranged such that, when a second electrode, which is larger than and different in polarity from the first electrode, is stacked on the packaged electrode, the welded portions are provided outside an outer periphery of the second electrode, when seen in a stacking direction. 8. The packaged electrode according to claim 7, wherein
inside the package, an outer surface of the first electrode is bonded to an inner surface of the separator with an adhesive member. 9. The battery manufacturing method according to claim 4, wherein
the packaged positive electrode forms a package by folding a single separator and joining at least part of overlapped end portions of the separator together by thermal welding. | The present invention provides a battery capable of suppressing or avoiding degradation of a positive electrode due to heat applied in thermal welding of separators, and of preventing short circuit through the welded portions. A battery ( 10 ) of the present invention includes a packaged positive electrode ( 40 ) made by placing a positive electrode ( 50 ) in a package formed by joining at least part of end portions of a separator ( 60 ) together by thermal welding; and a negative electrode ( 30 ) being larger than the positive electrode ( 50 ) and stacked on the packaged positive electrode ( 40 ). Welded portions of the separator ( 60 ) formed by the thermal welding are provided outside an outer periphery of the negative electrode ( 30 ), when seen in a stacking direction.1. A battery comprising:
a packaged positive electrode made by placing a positive electrode in a package formed by joining at least part of end portions of a separator together by thermal welding; and a negative electrode stacked on the packaged positive electrode, the negative electrode being larger than the positive electrode, wherein welded portions of the separator formed by the thermal welding are provided outside an outer periphery of the negative electrode, when seen in a stacking direction. 2. The battery according to claim 1, wherein
inside the packaged positive electrode, an outer surface of the positive electrode is bonded to an inner surface of the separator with an adhesive member. 3. A battery manufacturing method comprising:
a first step of forming a packaged positive electrode by sandwiching a positive electrode between two separators and joining at least part of end portions of the respective separators together by thermal welding; and a second step of stacking a negative electrode larger than the positive electrode on the packaged positive electrode, wherein in the first step, the end portions of the respective separators are thermally welded in advance at positions away from the positive electrode so that welded portions of the separators formed by the thermal welding are provided outside an outer periphery of the negative electrode when the negative electrode is stacked in the later second step. 4. The battery manufacturing method according to claim 3, wherein
to sandwich the positive electrode between the separators in the first step, a center line of the positive electrode is detected, and the center line is aligned with center lines of the separators. 5. The battery manufacturing method according claim 3, wherein
the packaged positive electrode forms a package by joining at least part of end portions of two separators together by thermal welding. 6. The battery manufacturing method according to claim 3, wherein
the packaged positive electrode forms a package by folding a single separator and joining at least part of overlapped end portions of the separator together by thermal welding. 7. A packaged electrode made by placing a first electrode in a package formed by joining at least part of edges of a separator together by thermal welding, wherein
welded portions of the edges of the separator formed by the thermal welding are arranged such that, when a second electrode, which is larger than and different in polarity from the first electrode, is stacked on the packaged electrode, the welded portions are provided outside an outer periphery of the second electrode, when seen in a stacking direction. 8. The packaged electrode according to claim 7, wherein
inside the package, an outer surface of the first electrode is bonded to an inner surface of the separator with an adhesive member. 9. The battery manufacturing method according to claim 4, wherein
the packaged positive electrode forms a package by folding a single separator and joining at least part of overlapped end portions of the separator together by thermal welding. | 1,700 |
1,520 | 13,839,978 | 1,788 | Synthesized base resin compositions that include a raw resin and a maleimide and/or bismaleimide monomer as well as compounded varnishes that include a raw resin or synthesized base resin as well as a monomer, flame retardant and initiator as well as prepregs and laminates made using the synthesized base resin and compounded varnishes. | 1. A varnish composition comprising:
from about 30 to about 80% by dry weight of a base resin selected from a raw resin, a synthesized base resin and combinations thereof; from about 1 to about 30% at least one monomer of mono maleimide, bismaleimide or a combination of mono maleimide and bismaleimide monomers; a flame retardant; and an initiator. 2. The varnish composition of claim 1 wherein the base resin is present in an amount ranging from about 40 to 70% by dry weight. 3. The varnish composition of claim 1 wherein the base resin is an unsaturated polyolefin polymer. 4. The varnish composition of claim 3 wherein the unsaturated polyolefin polymer is selected from the group consisting of polybutadiene, polyisoprene, copolymers of butadiene and styrenic monomers, triblock copolymers of butadiene/styrene/divinylbenzene and combinations thereof. 5. The varnish composition of claim 1 wherein the base resin is a synthesized base resin. 6. The varnish composition of claim 5 wherein the synthesized base resin the product of the synthesis of an admixture of ingredients comprising:
i. from about 1 to about 99 wt % of at least one unsaturated polyolefin polymer; and
ii. from about 1 to about 50% of at least one monomer of a mono maleimide or a bismaleimide or a combination thereof; 7. The varnish composition of claim 6 wherein unsaturated polyolefin polymer has a molecular weight of from about 1000 to about 5000. 8. The varnish composition of claim 6 wherein the at least one monomer of a mono maleimide or a bismaleimide or a combination thereof is selected from the group consisting of N-phenyl-maleimide; N-phenyl-methylmaleimide; N-phenyl-chloromaleimide; N-p-chlorophenyl-maleimide; N-p-methoxyphenyl-maleimide; N-p-methylphenyl-maleimide; N-p-nitrophenyl-maleimide; N-p-phenoxyphenyl-maleimide; N-p-phenylaminophenyl-maleimide; N-p-phenoxycarbonylphenyl-maleimide; 1-maleimido-4-acetoxysuccinimido-benzene; 4-maleimido-4′-acetoxysuccinimido-diphenylmethane; 4-maleimido-4′-acetoxysuccinimido-diphenyl ether; 4-maleimido-4′-acetamido-diphenyl ether; 2-maleimido-6-acetamido-pyridine; 4-maleimido-4′-acetamido-diphenylmethane and N-p-phenylcarbonylphenyl-maleimideN-ethylmaleimide, N-2,6-xylylmaleimide, N-cyclohexylmaleimide, N-2,3-xylylmaleimide, xylyl maleimide, 2,6-xylenemaleimide, 4,4′-bismaleimidodiphenylmethane and combinations thereof. 9. The varnish composition of claim 6 wherein the synthesized base resin includes from about 30 to about 70 wt % of an unsaturated polyolefin polymer and from about 5 to about 35 wt % of the at least one monomer of a mono maleimide or a bismaleimide or a combination thereof 10. The varnish composition of claim 6 wherein the admixture of ingredients further includes a reactive monomer. 11. The varnish composition of claim 10 wherein the reactive monomer is selected from styrene, bromo-styrene, dibromostyrene, divinylbenzene, pentabromobenzyl acrylate, trivinylcyclohexane, triallyl isocyanurate, triallyl cyanurate, triacrylate isocyanurate and combinations thereof. 12. The varnish composition of claim 11 wherein the admixture of ingredients includes two or more reactive monomers. 13. The varnish composition of claim 10 wherein the reactive monomer is a soluble brominated reactive monomer. 14. The varnish composition of claim 6 further including an adhesion promoter. 15. The varnish composition of claim 14 wherein the adhesion promoter is included in the admixture of ingredients. 16. The varnish composition of claim 14 wherein the adhesion promoter is an ingredient of the varnish composition that is separate from the base resin. 17. The varnish composition of claim 6 wherein the synthesized base resin unsaturated polyolefin polymer ingredient is a copolymer of butadiene-styrene. 18. The varnish composition of claim 6 wherein the synthesized base resin monomer ingredient is a mono maleimide. 19. The varnish composition of claim 1 wherein the at least one monomer of mono maleimide, bismaleimide or a combination of mono maleimide and bismaleimide monomers is present in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 20% by dry weight. 20. The varnish composition of claim 1 wherein the monomer of mono maleimide, bismaleimide or a combination of mono maleimide and bismaleimide monomers is selected from the group consisting of N-phenyl-maleimide; N-phenyl-methylmaleimide; N-phenyl-chloromaleimide; N-p-chlorophenyl-maleimide; N-p-methoxyphenyl-maleimide; N-p-methylphenyl-maleimide; N-p-nitrophenyl-maleimide; N-p-phenoxyphenyl-maleimide; N-p-phenylaminophenyl-maleimide; N-p-phenoxycarbonylphenyl-maleimide; 1-maleimido-4-acetoxysuccinimido-benzene; 4-maleimido-4′-acetoxysuccinimido-diphenylmethane; 4-maleimido-4′-acetoxysuccinimido-diphenyl ether; 4-maleimido-4′-acetamido-diphenyl ether; 2-maleimido-6-acetamido-pyridine; 4-maleimido-4′-acetamido-diphenylmethane and N-p-phenylcarbonylphenyl-maleimideN-ethylmaleimide, N-2,6-xylylmaleimide, N-cyclohexylmaleimide, N-2,3-xylylmaleimide, xylyl maleimide, 2,6-xylenemaleimide, 4,4′-bismaleimidodiphenylmethane and combinations thereof. 21. The varnish composition of claim 1 wherein the flame retardant is present in the composition in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 50 wt %. 22. The varnish composition of claim 1 wherein the flame retardant is decabromodiphenylethane ethylenebistetrabromophthalimide, decabromodiphenyl oxide, brominated polystyrene and combinations thereof. 23. The varnish composition of claim 1 including at least one filler. 24. The varnish composition of claim 1 further including a reactive monomer. 25. The varnish composition of claim 1 including:
from about 40 to about 60 wt % of a copolymer of polybutadiene/styrene/divinylbenzene;
from about 1 to about 30 wt % of a monomer of bismaleimide selected from the group consisting of N,N′-ethylene-bis-maleimide; N,N′-hexamethylene-bis-maleimide; N,N′-meta-phenylene-bis-maleimide; N,N′-para-phenylene-bis-maleimide; N,N′-4,4′-biphenylene-bis-maleimide; N,N′-4,4′-diphenylmethane-bis-maleimide; N,N′-4,4′-(diphenyl ether)-bis-maleimide; N,N′-4,4′-(diphenyl sulfide)-bis-maleimide; N,N′-m-phenylenebismaleimide, 4,4′-diphenylmethanebismaleimide, N,N′-(4-methyl-m-phenylene)-bismaleimide, polyphenylmethanebismaleimide; N,N′-4,4′-diphenylsulfone-bis-maleimide; N,N′-4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane-bis-maleimide; N,N′-.alpha.,.alpha.′-4,4′-dimethylenecyclohexane-bis-maleimide; N,N′-meta-xylylene-bis-maleimide; N,N′-para-xylylene-bis-maleimide; N,N′-4,4′-(1,1-diphenylcyclohexane)-bis-maleimide; N,N′-4,4′-diphenylmethane-bis-chloromaleimide; N,N′-4,4′-(1,1-diphenylpropane)-bis-maleimide; N,N′-4,4′-(1,1,1-triphenylethane)-bis-maleimide; N,N′-4,4′-triphenylmethane-bis-maleimide; N,N′-3,5-triazole-1,2,4-bis-maleimide; N,N′-dodecamethylene-bis-maleimide; N,N′-(2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene)-bis-maleimide; N,N′-4,4′-diphenylmethane-bis-citraconimide; 1,2-bis-(2-maleimidoethoxy)-ethane; 1,3-bis-(3-maleimidopropoxy)-propane; N,N′-4,4′-benzophenone-bis-maleimide; N,N′-pyridine-2,6-diyl-bis-maleimide; N,N′-naphthylene-1,5-bis-maleimide; N,N′-cyclohexylene-1,4-bis-maleimide; N,N′-5-methylphenylene-1,3-bis-maleimide or N,N′-5-methoxyphenylene-1,3-bis-maleimide;
a flame retardant; and
a polymerization initiator. 26. A prepreg comprising the at least partially cured varnish composition of claim 1. 27. The prepreg of claim 28 wherein the prepreg includes a varnish composition impregnated woven glass fabric core material. 28. A copper foil sheet coated on at least one side with the varnish composition of claim 1. 29. A multiple layer laminate including laminate including as at least one layer, the fully cured prepreg of claim 31. 30. A printed circuit board including as at least one layer, the fully cured prepreg of claim 31. | Synthesized base resin compositions that include a raw resin and a maleimide and/or bismaleimide monomer as well as compounded varnishes that include a raw resin or synthesized base resin as well as a monomer, flame retardant and initiator as well as prepregs and laminates made using the synthesized base resin and compounded varnishes.1. A varnish composition comprising:
from about 30 to about 80% by dry weight of a base resin selected from a raw resin, a synthesized base resin and combinations thereof; from about 1 to about 30% at least one monomer of mono maleimide, bismaleimide or a combination of mono maleimide and bismaleimide monomers; a flame retardant; and an initiator. 2. The varnish composition of claim 1 wherein the base resin is present in an amount ranging from about 40 to 70% by dry weight. 3. The varnish composition of claim 1 wherein the base resin is an unsaturated polyolefin polymer. 4. The varnish composition of claim 3 wherein the unsaturated polyolefin polymer is selected from the group consisting of polybutadiene, polyisoprene, copolymers of butadiene and styrenic monomers, triblock copolymers of butadiene/styrene/divinylbenzene and combinations thereof. 5. The varnish composition of claim 1 wherein the base resin is a synthesized base resin. 6. The varnish composition of claim 5 wherein the synthesized base resin the product of the synthesis of an admixture of ingredients comprising:
i. from about 1 to about 99 wt % of at least one unsaturated polyolefin polymer; and
ii. from about 1 to about 50% of at least one monomer of a mono maleimide or a bismaleimide or a combination thereof; 7. The varnish composition of claim 6 wherein unsaturated polyolefin polymer has a molecular weight of from about 1000 to about 5000. 8. The varnish composition of claim 6 wherein the at least one monomer of a mono maleimide or a bismaleimide or a combination thereof is selected from the group consisting of N-phenyl-maleimide; N-phenyl-methylmaleimide; N-phenyl-chloromaleimide; N-p-chlorophenyl-maleimide; N-p-methoxyphenyl-maleimide; N-p-methylphenyl-maleimide; N-p-nitrophenyl-maleimide; N-p-phenoxyphenyl-maleimide; N-p-phenylaminophenyl-maleimide; N-p-phenoxycarbonylphenyl-maleimide; 1-maleimido-4-acetoxysuccinimido-benzene; 4-maleimido-4′-acetoxysuccinimido-diphenylmethane; 4-maleimido-4′-acetoxysuccinimido-diphenyl ether; 4-maleimido-4′-acetamido-diphenyl ether; 2-maleimido-6-acetamido-pyridine; 4-maleimido-4′-acetamido-diphenylmethane and N-p-phenylcarbonylphenyl-maleimideN-ethylmaleimide, N-2,6-xylylmaleimide, N-cyclohexylmaleimide, N-2,3-xylylmaleimide, xylyl maleimide, 2,6-xylenemaleimide, 4,4′-bismaleimidodiphenylmethane and combinations thereof. 9. The varnish composition of claim 6 wherein the synthesized base resin includes from about 30 to about 70 wt % of an unsaturated polyolefin polymer and from about 5 to about 35 wt % of the at least one monomer of a mono maleimide or a bismaleimide or a combination thereof 10. The varnish composition of claim 6 wherein the admixture of ingredients further includes a reactive monomer. 11. The varnish composition of claim 10 wherein the reactive monomer is selected from styrene, bromo-styrene, dibromostyrene, divinylbenzene, pentabromobenzyl acrylate, trivinylcyclohexane, triallyl isocyanurate, triallyl cyanurate, triacrylate isocyanurate and combinations thereof. 12. The varnish composition of claim 11 wherein the admixture of ingredients includes two or more reactive monomers. 13. The varnish composition of claim 10 wherein the reactive monomer is a soluble brominated reactive monomer. 14. The varnish composition of claim 6 further including an adhesion promoter. 15. The varnish composition of claim 14 wherein the adhesion promoter is included in the admixture of ingredients. 16. The varnish composition of claim 14 wherein the adhesion promoter is an ingredient of the varnish composition that is separate from the base resin. 17. The varnish composition of claim 6 wherein the synthesized base resin unsaturated polyolefin polymer ingredient is a copolymer of butadiene-styrene. 18. The varnish composition of claim 6 wherein the synthesized base resin monomer ingredient is a mono maleimide. 19. The varnish composition of claim 1 wherein the at least one monomer of mono maleimide, bismaleimide or a combination of mono maleimide and bismaleimide monomers is present in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 20% by dry weight. 20. The varnish composition of claim 1 wherein the monomer of mono maleimide, bismaleimide or a combination of mono maleimide and bismaleimide monomers is selected from the group consisting of N-phenyl-maleimide; N-phenyl-methylmaleimide; N-phenyl-chloromaleimide; N-p-chlorophenyl-maleimide; N-p-methoxyphenyl-maleimide; N-p-methylphenyl-maleimide; N-p-nitrophenyl-maleimide; N-p-phenoxyphenyl-maleimide; N-p-phenylaminophenyl-maleimide; N-p-phenoxycarbonylphenyl-maleimide; 1-maleimido-4-acetoxysuccinimido-benzene; 4-maleimido-4′-acetoxysuccinimido-diphenylmethane; 4-maleimido-4′-acetoxysuccinimido-diphenyl ether; 4-maleimido-4′-acetamido-diphenyl ether; 2-maleimido-6-acetamido-pyridine; 4-maleimido-4′-acetamido-diphenylmethane and N-p-phenylcarbonylphenyl-maleimideN-ethylmaleimide, N-2,6-xylylmaleimide, N-cyclohexylmaleimide, N-2,3-xylylmaleimide, xylyl maleimide, 2,6-xylenemaleimide, 4,4′-bismaleimidodiphenylmethane and combinations thereof. 21. The varnish composition of claim 1 wherein the flame retardant is present in the composition in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 50 wt %. 22. The varnish composition of claim 1 wherein the flame retardant is decabromodiphenylethane ethylenebistetrabromophthalimide, decabromodiphenyl oxide, brominated polystyrene and combinations thereof. 23. The varnish composition of claim 1 including at least one filler. 24. The varnish composition of claim 1 further including a reactive monomer. 25. The varnish composition of claim 1 including:
from about 40 to about 60 wt % of a copolymer of polybutadiene/styrene/divinylbenzene;
from about 1 to about 30 wt % of a monomer of bismaleimide selected from the group consisting of N,N′-ethylene-bis-maleimide; N,N′-hexamethylene-bis-maleimide; N,N′-meta-phenylene-bis-maleimide; N,N′-para-phenylene-bis-maleimide; N,N′-4,4′-biphenylene-bis-maleimide; N,N′-4,4′-diphenylmethane-bis-maleimide; N,N′-4,4′-(diphenyl ether)-bis-maleimide; N,N′-4,4′-(diphenyl sulfide)-bis-maleimide; N,N′-m-phenylenebismaleimide, 4,4′-diphenylmethanebismaleimide, N,N′-(4-methyl-m-phenylene)-bismaleimide, polyphenylmethanebismaleimide; N,N′-4,4′-diphenylsulfone-bis-maleimide; N,N′-4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane-bis-maleimide; N,N′-.alpha.,.alpha.′-4,4′-dimethylenecyclohexane-bis-maleimide; N,N′-meta-xylylene-bis-maleimide; N,N′-para-xylylene-bis-maleimide; N,N′-4,4′-(1,1-diphenylcyclohexane)-bis-maleimide; N,N′-4,4′-diphenylmethane-bis-chloromaleimide; N,N′-4,4′-(1,1-diphenylpropane)-bis-maleimide; N,N′-4,4′-(1,1,1-triphenylethane)-bis-maleimide; N,N′-4,4′-triphenylmethane-bis-maleimide; N,N′-3,5-triazole-1,2,4-bis-maleimide; N,N′-dodecamethylene-bis-maleimide; N,N′-(2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene)-bis-maleimide; N,N′-4,4′-diphenylmethane-bis-citraconimide; 1,2-bis-(2-maleimidoethoxy)-ethane; 1,3-bis-(3-maleimidopropoxy)-propane; N,N′-4,4′-benzophenone-bis-maleimide; N,N′-pyridine-2,6-diyl-bis-maleimide; N,N′-naphthylene-1,5-bis-maleimide; N,N′-cyclohexylene-1,4-bis-maleimide; N,N′-5-methylphenylene-1,3-bis-maleimide or N,N′-5-methoxyphenylene-1,3-bis-maleimide;
a flame retardant; and
a polymerization initiator. 26. A prepreg comprising the at least partially cured varnish composition of claim 1. 27. The prepreg of claim 28 wherein the prepreg includes a varnish composition impregnated woven glass fabric core material. 28. A copper foil sheet coated on at least one side with the varnish composition of claim 1. 29. A multiple layer laminate including laminate including as at least one layer, the fully cured prepreg of claim 31. 30. A printed circuit board including as at least one layer, the fully cured prepreg of claim 31. | 1,700 |
1,521 | 13,823,084 | 1,794 | An oxygen concentrator is for generating a flow of oxygen by electrolysis of atmospheric humidity. It comprises a cathode ( 24 ) and an anode ( 26 ) contacting opposite sides of a proton-conducting membrane ( 12 ). A catalytic apparatus ( 14 ) comprises a diffusion layer ( 28 ) which spaces a catalyst ( 30 ) from the cathode. The cathode and the catalytic apparatus are contained within a cathode chamber which comprises a ventilation means ( 44 ) for allowing a controlled flow of air to the catalyst. In operation water is electrolysed at the anode and hydrogen generated at the cathode flows through the diffusion layer to the catalyst, where it reacts with atmospheric oxygen to form water which flows back to the proton-conducting membrane for further electrolysis. | 1. An oxygen concentrator comprising;
a proton-conducting membrane; a cathode contacting a first side of the membrane; an anode contacting a second side of the membrane; a catalytic apparatus comprising a catalyst and a diffusion layer, the diffusion layer spacing the catalyst from the cathode; and a housing defining a cathode chamber, the catalytic apparatus being contained within the cathode chamber and the housing comprising a ventilation means for allowing air to flow to the catalyst. 2. An oxygen concentrator according to claim 1, in which the ventilation means is arranged to control the flow of air into or through the cathode chamber. 3. An oxygen concentrator according to claim 1 or 2, in which the ventilation means allows ventilation of the cathode chamber between predetermined upper and/or lower limits. 4. An oxygen concentrator according to claim 3, in which ventilation above the predetermined lower limit allows sufficient atmospheric oxygen to reach the catalyst to react with more than 90%, preferably more than 95% and particularly preferably more than 99%, of hydrogen generated at the cathode during use of the concentrator. 5. An oxygen concentrator according to claim 3 or 4, in which ventilation below the predetermined upper limit allows less than 15%, preferably less than 5%, and particularly preferably less than 1%, of water generated at the catalyst by reaction of hydrogen with atmospheric oxygen to be carried away from the catalyst by the ventilating airflow. 6. An oxygen concentrator according to claim 3, 4, or 5, in which ventilation below the predetermined upper limit allows more than 85%, preferably more than 95%, and particularly preferably more than 99%, of water generated by reaction of hydrogen with atmospheric oxygen at the catalyst to pass through the diffusion layer to the cathode and the proton-conducting membrane. 7. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, in which the ventilation means comprises one or more vents defined through a wall of the housing. 8. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, in which the area of the catalyst and of the cathode are between 150 mm2 and 2000 mm2, preferably between 300 mm2 and 1000 mm2, and particularly preferably between 400 mm2 and 600 mm2. 9. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, in which the catalyst is substantially planar, and the cathode chamber has a depth, measured perpendicular to the plane of the catalyst, of between 0.4 mm and 10 mm, preferably between 0.5 mm and 7 mm, and particularly preferably between 0.6 mm and 3 mm. 10. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, in which the catalyst is substantially planar and has a lateral dimension, and in which the cathode chamber has a depth, measured perpendicular to the plane of the catalyst, of between 0.1 and 0.015 times, and preferably of between 0.04 and 0.02 times, the lateral dimension. 11. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, in which the catalyst has a lateral dimension of between 10 mm and 50 mm. 12. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, in which the ventilation means comprises one or more vents defined through a wall of the housing and in which the total area of the vent or vents is between 7 mm2 and 80 mm2, preferably between 10 mm2 and 40 mm2 and particularly preferably between 12 mm2 and 20 mm2. 13. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, in which the ventilation means comprises one or more vents defined through a wall of the housing and in which the area of the catalyst is between 10 and 70 times, preferably between 25 and 55 times, and particularly preferably between 30 and 45 times, the total area of the vent or vents. 14. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim in which the ventilation means comprises one or more vents defined through a wall of the housing and in which the area of the cathode is between 10 and 70 times, preferably between 25 and 55 times, and particularly preferably between 30 and 45 times, the total area of the vent or vents. 15. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, for operation at a current density between 50 Am−2 and 250 Am−2, preferably between 75 Am−2 and 200 Am−2 and particularly preferably between 100 Am−2 and 150 Am−2. 16. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, for operation at a voltage of between 0.75V and 2V, preferably between 1V and 1.5V, and particularly preferably about 1.2V. 17. An oxygen concentrator according to any of claims 1 to 15, for operation at a voltage of between 0.75V and 2V, preferably between 0.8V and 1.2V, and particularly preferably at about 1.0V. 18. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, for producing a flow of oxygen gas from the anode of less than 30 ml/hour (measured at atmospheric or ambient pressure) for each 500 mm2 of the area of the anode. 19. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, in which the cathode and/or the anode are in the form of layers coated onto opposite sides of the proton-conducting membrane. 20. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, in which the catalyst is in the form of a layer coated onto the diffusion layer. 21. An oxygen concentrator according to claim 1, 19 or 20, in which the catalyst, the diffusion layer, the cathode, the proton-conducting membrane and the anode are in the form of two or more layers pressed together. 22. An oxygen concentrator according to claim 21, in which the layers are pressed together between a cathode-side conducting sheet and an anode-side conducting sheet for the supply of electric current to the layers. 23. An oxygen concentrator according to claim 21 or 22, in which a pressure of more than 0.5 MPa, preferably more than 0.8 MPa, and particularly preferably more than 0.9 MPa is applied to press the layers together. 24. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, in which the catalyst, the diffusion layer, the cathode, the proton-conducting membrane and the anode area in the form of two or more layers pressed together by a pressure which is applied by retaining the layers within the housing, stacked together with a compressed layer of a compressible, preferably resilient, material. 25. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, in which a continuous oxygen flow of at least 24 l/hr/m2 of the area of the catalyst can be produced, measured at NTP, when a constant current density is applied to the oxygen concentrator in air of equal to or greater than 35% relative humidity. 26. An oxygen concentrator according to claim 25, in which the constant current density is less than 150 Am−2 or 120 Am2, or preferably about 110 Am−2. 27. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, which does not have a water reservoir. 28. An oxygen supply unit comprising an oxygen concentrator as defined in any preceding claim, a power supply such as a rechargeable battery, and an oxygen outlet coupled to an anode side of the oxygen concentrator. 29. An oxygen supply unit according to claim 28, which is wearable or ambulatory and is couplable to a hyperbaric dressing. 30. An oxygen supply unit according to claim 28 or 29, in which the power supply supplies a predetermined current to the oxygen concentrator and switches to a stand-by condition if the voltage required to drive the predetermined current rises above a predetermined voltage level. 31. An oxygen supply unit according to claim 30, in which the predetermined current corresponds to a current density across the catalyst or the MEA equal to or less than 150 Am−2 or 120 Am−2, or preferably of about 100 Am−2. 32. An oxygen supply unit according to claim 30 or 31, in which the predetermined voltage level is 2.0V, or 1.5V, or 1.2V. 33. A method for concentrating oxygen from air, comprising the steps of;
providing a cathode and an anode on opposite sides of a proton-conducting membrane, a diffusion layer adjacent to the cathode and a catalyst spaced from the cathode by the diffusion layer; allowing access of air to the catalyst through a ventilation means; passing a current between the cathode and the anode to electrolyse water derived from humidity in the air and from the catalyst, to produce hydrogen at the cathode and oxygen at the anode; and reacting the hydrogen with atmospheric oxygen at the catalyst to produce water, to pass through the diffusion layer to the cathode for further electrolysis; in which the ventilation means controls the access of air to the catalyst between predetermined upper and lower ventilation rates. 34. A method according to claim 33, for electrolysing water derived only from humidity in the air and from the catalyst. 35. An oxygen concentrator substantially as described herein with reference to the drawings. 36. An oxygen supply unit substantially as described herein with reference to the drawings. 37. A method for concentrating oxygen substantially as described herein with reference to the drawings. | An oxygen concentrator is for generating a flow of oxygen by electrolysis of atmospheric humidity. It comprises a cathode ( 24 ) and an anode ( 26 ) contacting opposite sides of a proton-conducting membrane ( 12 ). A catalytic apparatus ( 14 ) comprises a diffusion layer ( 28 ) which spaces a catalyst ( 30 ) from the cathode. The cathode and the catalytic apparatus are contained within a cathode chamber which comprises a ventilation means ( 44 ) for allowing a controlled flow of air to the catalyst. In operation water is electrolysed at the anode and hydrogen generated at the cathode flows through the diffusion layer to the catalyst, where it reacts with atmospheric oxygen to form water which flows back to the proton-conducting membrane for further electrolysis.1. An oxygen concentrator comprising;
a proton-conducting membrane; a cathode contacting a first side of the membrane; an anode contacting a second side of the membrane; a catalytic apparatus comprising a catalyst and a diffusion layer, the diffusion layer spacing the catalyst from the cathode; and a housing defining a cathode chamber, the catalytic apparatus being contained within the cathode chamber and the housing comprising a ventilation means for allowing air to flow to the catalyst. 2. An oxygen concentrator according to claim 1, in which the ventilation means is arranged to control the flow of air into or through the cathode chamber. 3. An oxygen concentrator according to claim 1 or 2, in which the ventilation means allows ventilation of the cathode chamber between predetermined upper and/or lower limits. 4. An oxygen concentrator according to claim 3, in which ventilation above the predetermined lower limit allows sufficient atmospheric oxygen to reach the catalyst to react with more than 90%, preferably more than 95% and particularly preferably more than 99%, of hydrogen generated at the cathode during use of the concentrator. 5. An oxygen concentrator according to claim 3 or 4, in which ventilation below the predetermined upper limit allows less than 15%, preferably less than 5%, and particularly preferably less than 1%, of water generated at the catalyst by reaction of hydrogen with atmospheric oxygen to be carried away from the catalyst by the ventilating airflow. 6. An oxygen concentrator according to claim 3, 4, or 5, in which ventilation below the predetermined upper limit allows more than 85%, preferably more than 95%, and particularly preferably more than 99%, of water generated by reaction of hydrogen with atmospheric oxygen at the catalyst to pass through the diffusion layer to the cathode and the proton-conducting membrane. 7. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, in which the ventilation means comprises one or more vents defined through a wall of the housing. 8. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, in which the area of the catalyst and of the cathode are between 150 mm2 and 2000 mm2, preferably between 300 mm2 and 1000 mm2, and particularly preferably between 400 mm2 and 600 mm2. 9. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, in which the catalyst is substantially planar, and the cathode chamber has a depth, measured perpendicular to the plane of the catalyst, of between 0.4 mm and 10 mm, preferably between 0.5 mm and 7 mm, and particularly preferably between 0.6 mm and 3 mm. 10. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, in which the catalyst is substantially planar and has a lateral dimension, and in which the cathode chamber has a depth, measured perpendicular to the plane of the catalyst, of between 0.1 and 0.015 times, and preferably of between 0.04 and 0.02 times, the lateral dimension. 11. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, in which the catalyst has a lateral dimension of between 10 mm and 50 mm. 12. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, in which the ventilation means comprises one or more vents defined through a wall of the housing and in which the total area of the vent or vents is between 7 mm2 and 80 mm2, preferably between 10 mm2 and 40 mm2 and particularly preferably between 12 mm2 and 20 mm2. 13. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, in which the ventilation means comprises one or more vents defined through a wall of the housing and in which the area of the catalyst is between 10 and 70 times, preferably between 25 and 55 times, and particularly preferably between 30 and 45 times, the total area of the vent or vents. 14. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim in which the ventilation means comprises one or more vents defined through a wall of the housing and in which the area of the cathode is between 10 and 70 times, preferably between 25 and 55 times, and particularly preferably between 30 and 45 times, the total area of the vent or vents. 15. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, for operation at a current density between 50 Am−2 and 250 Am−2, preferably between 75 Am−2 and 200 Am−2 and particularly preferably between 100 Am−2 and 150 Am−2. 16. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, for operation at a voltage of between 0.75V and 2V, preferably between 1V and 1.5V, and particularly preferably about 1.2V. 17. An oxygen concentrator according to any of claims 1 to 15, for operation at a voltage of between 0.75V and 2V, preferably between 0.8V and 1.2V, and particularly preferably at about 1.0V. 18. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, for producing a flow of oxygen gas from the anode of less than 30 ml/hour (measured at atmospheric or ambient pressure) for each 500 mm2 of the area of the anode. 19. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, in which the cathode and/or the anode are in the form of layers coated onto opposite sides of the proton-conducting membrane. 20. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, in which the catalyst is in the form of a layer coated onto the diffusion layer. 21. An oxygen concentrator according to claim 1, 19 or 20, in which the catalyst, the diffusion layer, the cathode, the proton-conducting membrane and the anode are in the form of two or more layers pressed together. 22. An oxygen concentrator according to claim 21, in which the layers are pressed together between a cathode-side conducting sheet and an anode-side conducting sheet for the supply of electric current to the layers. 23. An oxygen concentrator according to claim 21 or 22, in which a pressure of more than 0.5 MPa, preferably more than 0.8 MPa, and particularly preferably more than 0.9 MPa is applied to press the layers together. 24. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, in which the catalyst, the diffusion layer, the cathode, the proton-conducting membrane and the anode area in the form of two or more layers pressed together by a pressure which is applied by retaining the layers within the housing, stacked together with a compressed layer of a compressible, preferably resilient, material. 25. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, in which a continuous oxygen flow of at least 24 l/hr/m2 of the area of the catalyst can be produced, measured at NTP, when a constant current density is applied to the oxygen concentrator in air of equal to or greater than 35% relative humidity. 26. An oxygen concentrator according to claim 25, in which the constant current density is less than 150 Am−2 or 120 Am2, or preferably about 110 Am−2. 27. An oxygen concentrator according to any preceding claim, which does not have a water reservoir. 28. An oxygen supply unit comprising an oxygen concentrator as defined in any preceding claim, a power supply such as a rechargeable battery, and an oxygen outlet coupled to an anode side of the oxygen concentrator. 29. An oxygen supply unit according to claim 28, which is wearable or ambulatory and is couplable to a hyperbaric dressing. 30. An oxygen supply unit according to claim 28 or 29, in which the power supply supplies a predetermined current to the oxygen concentrator and switches to a stand-by condition if the voltage required to drive the predetermined current rises above a predetermined voltage level. 31. An oxygen supply unit according to claim 30, in which the predetermined current corresponds to a current density across the catalyst or the MEA equal to or less than 150 Am−2 or 120 Am−2, or preferably of about 100 Am−2. 32. An oxygen supply unit according to claim 30 or 31, in which the predetermined voltage level is 2.0V, or 1.5V, or 1.2V. 33. A method for concentrating oxygen from air, comprising the steps of;
providing a cathode and an anode on opposite sides of a proton-conducting membrane, a diffusion layer adjacent to the cathode and a catalyst spaced from the cathode by the diffusion layer; allowing access of air to the catalyst through a ventilation means; passing a current between the cathode and the anode to electrolyse water derived from humidity in the air and from the catalyst, to produce hydrogen at the cathode and oxygen at the anode; and reacting the hydrogen with atmospheric oxygen at the catalyst to produce water, to pass through the diffusion layer to the cathode for further electrolysis; in which the ventilation means controls the access of air to the catalyst between predetermined upper and lower ventilation rates. 34. A method according to claim 33, for electrolysing water derived only from humidity in the air and from the catalyst. 35. An oxygen concentrator substantially as described herein with reference to the drawings. 36. An oxygen supply unit substantially as described herein with reference to the drawings. 37. A method for concentrating oxygen substantially as described herein with reference to the drawings. | 1,700 |
1,522 | 13,509,325 | 1,762 | A device, method, system, operating method, component and composition are disclosed for preventing deposits of a disposal agent, e.g., where a multi-component paint having two or more components such as a paint component and a hardener component, is employed, for example in a coating installation. Exemplary illustrations include a receiving device for disposal agent, e.g., for disposal agent from cleaning and/or rinsing processes of an application apparatus, comprising at least one inlet opening for introducing the disposal agent, and an outlet opening for removing the disposal agent. Furthermore, at least one loading means may be provided in order to load the receiving device with a loading agent, which may at least delay a deposition of disposal agent on or in the receiving device. | 1. A method, comprising:
using a blocking agent to react with at least one component of a multi-component paint system, wherein the multi-component paint system includes at least one paint component and at least one hardener component, thereby least delaying a hardening of the multi-component paint system in a coating installation for motor vehicle body parts. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the blocking agent is selected from a group consisting of: monofunctional molecules, at least one amine, at least one alcohol, lower alcohol, ethanol, propanol, at least one isomer of propanol, butanol, at least one isomer of butanol, a reactive substance, and an organic acid chloride. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the blocking agent is provided to react with the at least one hardener component of the multi-component paint system. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the blocking agent flows through, coats or fills at least one of:
a coating installation component, an application robot; an application apparatus; an atomizer; a bell cup; a mixer for mixing the multi-component paint system; a cleaning apparatus for cleaning an application apparatus; a colour changer; a return line; a receiving device for disposal agent; a discharge line for discharging disposal agent from the receiving device; a circulation line for returning disposal agent already discharged from the receiving device to the receiving device. 5. (canceled) 6. A coating installation component, having a blocking agent in order to at least delay hardening of a multi-component paint system on or in the coating installation component, the multi-component paint system including at least one paint component and at least one hardener component. 7. The coating installation component according to claim 6, comprising at least one of:
an application robot; an application apparatus; an atomizer; a bell cup; a mixer for mixing the multi-component paint system; a cleaning apparatus for cleaning an application apparatus; a colour changer; a return line; a receiving device for disposal agent; a discharge line for discharging disposal agent from the receiving device; a circulation line for returning disposal agent already discharged from the receiving device to the receiving device. 8. The coating installation component according to claim 7, wherein the blocking agent coats, fills or flows through at least one of
the application robot; the application apparatus; the atomizer; the bell cup; the mixer for mixing the multi-component paint system; the cleaning apparatus for cleaning an application apparatus; the colour changer; the receiving device for disposal agent; the discharge line for discharging the disposal agent from the receiving device; the circulation line for returning disposal agent already discharged from the receiving device to the receiving device 9. The coating installation component according to claim 6, wherein the blocking agent is selected from a group comprising: monofunctional molecules, at least one amine, at least one alcohol, lower alcohol, ethanol, propanol, at least one isomer of propanol, butanol, at least one isomer of butanol, a reactive substance, organic acid chloride. 10. The coating installation component according to claim 6, wherein the blocking agent is provided to react with the at least one hardener component of the multi-component paint system. 11. A composition, comprising a multi-component paint system and a blocking agent in order to at least delay hardening of the multi-component paint system, wherein the multi-component paint system includes at least one paint component and at least one hardener component. 12. The composition according to claim 11, wherein the blocking agent is selected from a group comprising: monofunctional molecules, at least one amine, at least one alcohol, lower alcohol, ethanol, propanol, at least one isomer of propanol, butanol, at least one isomer of butanol, a reactive substance, organic acid chloride. 13. The composition according to claim 12, further comprising an agent selected from a group comprising: a rinsing agent, a cleaning agent, a solvent, a solubilizer for mixing the blocking agent with at least one of the rinsing agent, the cleaning agent and the solvent. 14. The composition according to claim 11, wherein the blocking agent is provided to react with the hardener component of the multi-component paint system. 15. The composition according to claim 11, wherein
the blocking agent is added in the form of monofunctional molecules to at least one of a rinsing agent, cleaning agent and solvent at a dosage of 10-50%; and/or the blocking agent is added in the form of a reactive substance to at least one of a rinsing agent, cleaning agent and solvent at a dosage of 1-5%. 16. A receiving device for disposal agent from cleaning or rinsing processes of an application apparatus, comprising:
at least one inlet opening to introduce the disposal agent; and an outlet opening to discharge the disposal agent; and at least one loading device provided in order to load the receiving device with a loading agent, which at least delays deposition of disposal agent on or in the receiving device. 17. The receiving device according to claim 16, wherein the at least one loading device is provided to be coupled to at least one of:
an application apparatus; an atomizer, a colour changer; a return line; a circulation line of a disposal system; a supply for at least one of rinsing agent, cleaning agent and solvent; a supply for blocking agent, which at least delays hardening of disposal agent, in order to be supplied with at least one of the loading agent and the disposal agent. 18. The receiving device according to claim 16, wherein
the loading agent is selected from a group comprising: rinsing agent, cleaning agent, solvent, blocking agent, which at least delays hardening of disposal agent, disposal agent already discharged from the receiving device. 19. The receiving device according to claim 16, comprising
a cylindrical or funnel-shaped first body; a cylindrical or funnel-shaped second body, on which the outlet opening is arranged; and a cylindrical or funnel-shaped third body. 20. The receiving device according to claim 19, wherein
the at least one inlet opening is provided to introduce the disposal agent into the first body; or the at least one inlet opening is provided to introduce the disposal agent into an intermediate space between the second body and the third body. 21. The receiving device according to claim 19, comprising at least one of the following features:
the third body has a larger diameter than the first body; the second body has a larger diameter than the first body and the third body (30; 30′), at least in sections; the third body surrounds the first body at least partially in order to form an intermediate space between the third body and the first body; the second body surrounds the third body at least partially in order to form an intermediate space between the second body and the third body; the first body and the second body are spaced apart from each other to form an intermediate space between the first body and the second body; the second body and the third body are spaced apart from each other to form an intermediate space between the second body and the third body; the intermediate space between the second body and the third body is dimensioned to ensure sufficient de-aeration of the air introduced with at least one of the disposal agent and the loading agent; the intermediate space between the second body and the third body is dimensioned to be able to collect most of at least one of the disposal agent and the loading agent; the intermediate space between the second body and the third body is between 100 mm and 300 mm wide. 22. The receiving device according to claim 19, wherein
the at least one inlet opening; the outlet opening; the first body; the second body; the third body
are arranged essentially coaxially to each other. 23. The receiving device according to claim 19, wherein the at least one loading device is configured and arranged in such a manner that
the sections of at least one of the second body and the third body, which come into contact with disposal agent, which is introduced via the at least one inlet opening are loaded with the loading agent. 24. The receiving device according to claim 16, wherein the at least one loading device is configured and arranged to introduce at least one of the loading agent and the disposal agent
into the receiving device in such a manner that cyclone separation of the disposal agent is achieved. 25. The receiving device according to claim 19, wherein the at least one loading device is positioned
at an upper end section of the third body; at an upper end section of the second body; 26. The receiving device according to claim 19, wherein
the third body is provided to be coupled to a cleaning apparatus for cleaning the application apparatus; and the first body is provided in such a manner that the application apparatus can introduce the disposal agent directly into the inlet opening. 27. The receiving device according to claim 16, wherein a plurality of loading devices are provided. 28. The receiving device according to claim 19, wherein
a plurality of loading devices; the first body; the second body; and the third body
form an essentially rotationally symmetrical unit. 29. The receiving device according to claim 16, wherein the receiving device is positioned below a grating or below a grating level of a disposal system for a coating installation for motor vehicle body parts within range of a painting robot. 30. The receiving device according to claim 16, wherein the receiving device is provided to receive disposal agent from the rinsing or cleaning processes
of an atomizer; and at least one of a colour changer and a return line. 31. A method for receiving disposal agent from cleaning or rinsing processes of an application apparatus, comprising:
introducing the disposal agent into a receiving device; and discharging the disposal agent from the receiving device; wherein at least one loading device loads the receiving device with a loading agent, in order to at least delay deposition of disposal agent on or in the receiving device. 32. The method according to claim 31, wherein the at least one loading device is supplied with at least one of the loading agent and the disposal agent (E) from at least one of:
an application apparatus; an atomizer; a colour changer; a return line; a circulation line of a disposal system; a supply for at least one of a rinsing agent, cleaning agent and a solvent; a supply for blocking agent, which at least delays hardening of disposal agent. 33. The method according to claim 31, wherein the loading agent is selected from the group comprising: rinsing agent, cleaning agent, solvent, blocking agent, which at least delays hardening of disposal agent, disposal agent already discharged from the receiving device. 34. The method according to claim 31, wherein
disposal agent is sprayed directly into the receiving device by an atomizer, or disposal agent is introduced into a cleaning apparatus for cleaning an atomizer which is upstream of the receiving device, from where it is then conducted to the receiving device; and disposal agent is introduced into the receiving device from at least one of a colour changer and a return line. 35. The method according to claim 31, wherein
the loading agent is introduced into the receiving device in such a manner that the sections of the receiving device, which come into contact with disposal agent, which is introduced via the at least one inlet opening are loaded with the loading agent; or at least one of the loading agent and the disposal agent is introduced into the receiving device in such a manner that a cyclone separation of the disposal agent is achieved. 36. (canceled) | A device, method, system, operating method, component and composition are disclosed for preventing deposits of a disposal agent, e.g., where a multi-component paint having two or more components such as a paint component and a hardener component, is employed, for example in a coating installation. Exemplary illustrations include a receiving device for disposal agent, e.g., for disposal agent from cleaning and/or rinsing processes of an application apparatus, comprising at least one inlet opening for introducing the disposal agent, and an outlet opening for removing the disposal agent. Furthermore, at least one loading means may be provided in order to load the receiving device with a loading agent, which may at least delay a deposition of disposal agent on or in the receiving device.1. A method, comprising:
using a blocking agent to react with at least one component of a multi-component paint system, wherein the multi-component paint system includes at least one paint component and at least one hardener component, thereby least delaying a hardening of the multi-component paint system in a coating installation for motor vehicle body parts. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the blocking agent is selected from a group consisting of: monofunctional molecules, at least one amine, at least one alcohol, lower alcohol, ethanol, propanol, at least one isomer of propanol, butanol, at least one isomer of butanol, a reactive substance, and an organic acid chloride. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the blocking agent is provided to react with the at least one hardener component of the multi-component paint system. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the blocking agent flows through, coats or fills at least one of:
a coating installation component, an application robot; an application apparatus; an atomizer; a bell cup; a mixer for mixing the multi-component paint system; a cleaning apparatus for cleaning an application apparatus; a colour changer; a return line; a receiving device for disposal agent; a discharge line for discharging disposal agent from the receiving device; a circulation line for returning disposal agent already discharged from the receiving device to the receiving device. 5. (canceled) 6. A coating installation component, having a blocking agent in order to at least delay hardening of a multi-component paint system on or in the coating installation component, the multi-component paint system including at least one paint component and at least one hardener component. 7. The coating installation component according to claim 6, comprising at least one of:
an application robot; an application apparatus; an atomizer; a bell cup; a mixer for mixing the multi-component paint system; a cleaning apparatus for cleaning an application apparatus; a colour changer; a return line; a receiving device for disposal agent; a discharge line for discharging disposal agent from the receiving device; a circulation line for returning disposal agent already discharged from the receiving device to the receiving device. 8. The coating installation component according to claim 7, wherein the blocking agent coats, fills or flows through at least one of
the application robot; the application apparatus; the atomizer; the bell cup; the mixer for mixing the multi-component paint system; the cleaning apparatus for cleaning an application apparatus; the colour changer; the receiving device for disposal agent; the discharge line for discharging the disposal agent from the receiving device; the circulation line for returning disposal agent already discharged from the receiving device to the receiving device 9. The coating installation component according to claim 6, wherein the blocking agent is selected from a group comprising: monofunctional molecules, at least one amine, at least one alcohol, lower alcohol, ethanol, propanol, at least one isomer of propanol, butanol, at least one isomer of butanol, a reactive substance, organic acid chloride. 10. The coating installation component according to claim 6, wherein the blocking agent is provided to react with the at least one hardener component of the multi-component paint system. 11. A composition, comprising a multi-component paint system and a blocking agent in order to at least delay hardening of the multi-component paint system, wherein the multi-component paint system includes at least one paint component and at least one hardener component. 12. The composition according to claim 11, wherein the blocking agent is selected from a group comprising: monofunctional molecules, at least one amine, at least one alcohol, lower alcohol, ethanol, propanol, at least one isomer of propanol, butanol, at least one isomer of butanol, a reactive substance, organic acid chloride. 13. The composition according to claim 12, further comprising an agent selected from a group comprising: a rinsing agent, a cleaning agent, a solvent, a solubilizer for mixing the blocking agent with at least one of the rinsing agent, the cleaning agent and the solvent. 14. The composition according to claim 11, wherein the blocking agent is provided to react with the hardener component of the multi-component paint system. 15. The composition according to claim 11, wherein
the blocking agent is added in the form of monofunctional molecules to at least one of a rinsing agent, cleaning agent and solvent at a dosage of 10-50%; and/or the blocking agent is added in the form of a reactive substance to at least one of a rinsing agent, cleaning agent and solvent at a dosage of 1-5%. 16. A receiving device for disposal agent from cleaning or rinsing processes of an application apparatus, comprising:
at least one inlet opening to introduce the disposal agent; and an outlet opening to discharge the disposal agent; and at least one loading device provided in order to load the receiving device with a loading agent, which at least delays deposition of disposal agent on or in the receiving device. 17. The receiving device according to claim 16, wherein the at least one loading device is provided to be coupled to at least one of:
an application apparatus; an atomizer, a colour changer; a return line; a circulation line of a disposal system; a supply for at least one of rinsing agent, cleaning agent and solvent; a supply for blocking agent, which at least delays hardening of disposal agent, in order to be supplied with at least one of the loading agent and the disposal agent. 18. The receiving device according to claim 16, wherein
the loading agent is selected from a group comprising: rinsing agent, cleaning agent, solvent, blocking agent, which at least delays hardening of disposal agent, disposal agent already discharged from the receiving device. 19. The receiving device according to claim 16, comprising
a cylindrical or funnel-shaped first body; a cylindrical or funnel-shaped second body, on which the outlet opening is arranged; and a cylindrical or funnel-shaped third body. 20. The receiving device according to claim 19, wherein
the at least one inlet opening is provided to introduce the disposal agent into the first body; or the at least one inlet opening is provided to introduce the disposal agent into an intermediate space between the second body and the third body. 21. The receiving device according to claim 19, comprising at least one of the following features:
the third body has a larger diameter than the first body; the second body has a larger diameter than the first body and the third body (30; 30′), at least in sections; the third body surrounds the first body at least partially in order to form an intermediate space between the third body and the first body; the second body surrounds the third body at least partially in order to form an intermediate space between the second body and the third body; the first body and the second body are spaced apart from each other to form an intermediate space between the first body and the second body; the second body and the third body are spaced apart from each other to form an intermediate space between the second body and the third body; the intermediate space between the second body and the third body is dimensioned to ensure sufficient de-aeration of the air introduced with at least one of the disposal agent and the loading agent; the intermediate space between the second body and the third body is dimensioned to be able to collect most of at least one of the disposal agent and the loading agent; the intermediate space between the second body and the third body is between 100 mm and 300 mm wide. 22. The receiving device according to claim 19, wherein
the at least one inlet opening; the outlet opening; the first body; the second body; the third body
are arranged essentially coaxially to each other. 23. The receiving device according to claim 19, wherein the at least one loading device is configured and arranged in such a manner that
the sections of at least one of the second body and the third body, which come into contact with disposal agent, which is introduced via the at least one inlet opening are loaded with the loading agent. 24. The receiving device according to claim 16, wherein the at least one loading device is configured and arranged to introduce at least one of the loading agent and the disposal agent
into the receiving device in such a manner that cyclone separation of the disposal agent is achieved. 25. The receiving device according to claim 19, wherein the at least one loading device is positioned
at an upper end section of the third body; at an upper end section of the second body; 26. The receiving device according to claim 19, wherein
the third body is provided to be coupled to a cleaning apparatus for cleaning the application apparatus; and the first body is provided in such a manner that the application apparatus can introduce the disposal agent directly into the inlet opening. 27. The receiving device according to claim 16, wherein a plurality of loading devices are provided. 28. The receiving device according to claim 19, wherein
a plurality of loading devices; the first body; the second body; and the third body
form an essentially rotationally symmetrical unit. 29. The receiving device according to claim 16, wherein the receiving device is positioned below a grating or below a grating level of a disposal system for a coating installation for motor vehicle body parts within range of a painting robot. 30. The receiving device according to claim 16, wherein the receiving device is provided to receive disposal agent from the rinsing or cleaning processes
of an atomizer; and at least one of a colour changer and a return line. 31. A method for receiving disposal agent from cleaning or rinsing processes of an application apparatus, comprising:
introducing the disposal agent into a receiving device; and discharging the disposal agent from the receiving device; wherein at least one loading device loads the receiving device with a loading agent, in order to at least delay deposition of disposal agent on or in the receiving device. 32. The method according to claim 31, wherein the at least one loading device is supplied with at least one of the loading agent and the disposal agent (E) from at least one of:
an application apparatus; an atomizer; a colour changer; a return line; a circulation line of a disposal system; a supply for at least one of a rinsing agent, cleaning agent and a solvent; a supply for blocking agent, which at least delays hardening of disposal agent. 33. The method according to claim 31, wherein the loading agent is selected from the group comprising: rinsing agent, cleaning agent, solvent, blocking agent, which at least delays hardening of disposal agent, disposal agent already discharged from the receiving device. 34. The method according to claim 31, wherein
disposal agent is sprayed directly into the receiving device by an atomizer, or disposal agent is introduced into a cleaning apparatus for cleaning an atomizer which is upstream of the receiving device, from where it is then conducted to the receiving device; and disposal agent is introduced into the receiving device from at least one of a colour changer and a return line. 35. The method according to claim 31, wherein
the loading agent is introduced into the receiving device in such a manner that the sections of the receiving device, which come into contact with disposal agent, which is introduced via the at least one inlet opening are loaded with the loading agent; or at least one of the loading agent and the disposal agent is introduced into the receiving device in such a manner that a cyclone separation of the disposal agent is achieved. 36. (canceled) | 1,700 |
1,523 | 14,794,026 | 1,747 | A system intended to be employed for therapeutic purposes incorporates an active ingredient (e.g., a source of nicotine). Representative forms of nicotine include free base (e.g., as a mixture of nicotine and microcrystalline cellulose), a nicotine salt (e.g., as nicotine bitartrate) and nicotine polacrilex. The system preferably comprises a lozenge incorporating the active ingredient, adapted to provide oral administration of nicotine. The lozenge is in contact with a substrate (e.g., hollow tube) that can be manipulated within the mouth of the user (e.g., the hollow tube can be drawn upon to simulate the inhalation of cigarette smoke). As such, the active ingredient is administered and the user is able to experience certain other physiological sensations. The composition is useful for treatment of central nervous system conditions, diseases, and disorders, and can be used as a nicotine replacement therapy. | 1. A system for the administration of a therapeutic composition, the system comprising:
a substrate portion having an upstream end and a downstream end, the upstream end allowing for passage of drawn atmospheric air into the substrate and the downstream end adapted for positioning into a user's mouth for draw upon the substrate and inhalation of atmospheric air by the user, a lozenge portion incorporating a source of active ingredient in a pharmaceutically acceptable form, the lozenge portion providing for oral ingestion of the active ingredient, the lozenge portion and the substrate portion being physically separate from one another but in contact with each other, the lozenge being positioned at the downstream end of the substrate, and the lozenge and substrate portions being positioned so that the lozenge portion and a portion of the substrate portion can be located in the user's mouth during use, to provide for delivery of active ingredient from the lozenge and drawn air through the substrate. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the active ingredient is a nicotinic compound. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the nicotinic compound is selected from the group consisting of nicotine in free base form, salt form, complexed form, and solvated form. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the substrate portion is non-ingestible. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the substrate portion has a length from upstream end to downstream end of about 60 mm to about 110 mm. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the substrate portion is tubular and has a cross-sectional diameter of about 5 mm to about 10 mm. 7. The system of claim 1 wherein the substrate portion has the form of a hollow tube. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the substrate portion has the form of a rod comprising an air permeable material. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the air permeable material comprises cellulose acetate tow or gathered non-woven polypropylene web. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the rod is wrapped in a longitudinally-extending circumscribing paper wrap. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the substrate portion has the form of a hollow tube having a plug of air permeable material disposed therein. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the air permeable material comprises non-woven cellulose acetate fiber, cotton fibers, or open-cell foam. 13. The system of claim 1, further comprising an active ingredient incorporated within the substrate portion. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the lozenge portion and substrate portion are in intimate contact. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the lozenge portion and substrate portion are maintained in contact by friction fit between a surface of the lozenge portion and a surface of the substrate portion. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein the lozenge portion is positioned such that the downstream end of the lozenge portion is positioned downstream of the extreme downstream end of the substrate portion. 17. The system of claim 1, wherein the lozenge portion is positioned such that both ends of the lozenge portion are positioned upstream of the extreme downstream end of the substrate portion. 18. The system of claim 1, wherein the lozenge portion is positioned such that the downstream end of the lozenge portion is aligned with the extreme downstream end of the substrate portion. 19. The systems of claim 1, wherein the lozenge portion has a longitudinally extending length of about 4 mm to about 11 mm. 20. The system of claim 1, wherein the lozenge portion has a longitudinally extending length that is less than about 25 percent of the total length of the substrate. 21. The system of claim 1, wherein the lozenge portion has a volume of about 500 mm3 to about 2000 mm3. 22. The system of claim 1, wherein the lozenge portion has a generally cylindrical shape possessing a passageway therethrough. 23. A method of treating or delaying the progression of a condition, disease, or disorder responsive to activation of nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptors in a human subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of active ingredient in the form of the system of claim 1 to said human subject. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein said administering comprises administering the system to a human subject as a smoking cessation aid. | A system intended to be employed for therapeutic purposes incorporates an active ingredient (e.g., a source of nicotine). Representative forms of nicotine include free base (e.g., as a mixture of nicotine and microcrystalline cellulose), a nicotine salt (e.g., as nicotine bitartrate) and nicotine polacrilex. The system preferably comprises a lozenge incorporating the active ingredient, adapted to provide oral administration of nicotine. The lozenge is in contact with a substrate (e.g., hollow tube) that can be manipulated within the mouth of the user (e.g., the hollow tube can be drawn upon to simulate the inhalation of cigarette smoke). As such, the active ingredient is administered and the user is able to experience certain other physiological sensations. The composition is useful for treatment of central nervous system conditions, diseases, and disorders, and can be used as a nicotine replacement therapy.1. A system for the administration of a therapeutic composition, the system comprising:
a substrate portion having an upstream end and a downstream end, the upstream end allowing for passage of drawn atmospheric air into the substrate and the downstream end adapted for positioning into a user's mouth for draw upon the substrate and inhalation of atmospheric air by the user, a lozenge portion incorporating a source of active ingredient in a pharmaceutically acceptable form, the lozenge portion providing for oral ingestion of the active ingredient, the lozenge portion and the substrate portion being physically separate from one another but in contact with each other, the lozenge being positioned at the downstream end of the substrate, and the lozenge and substrate portions being positioned so that the lozenge portion and a portion of the substrate portion can be located in the user's mouth during use, to provide for delivery of active ingredient from the lozenge and drawn air through the substrate. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the active ingredient is a nicotinic compound. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the nicotinic compound is selected from the group consisting of nicotine in free base form, salt form, complexed form, and solvated form. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the substrate portion is non-ingestible. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the substrate portion has a length from upstream end to downstream end of about 60 mm to about 110 mm. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the substrate portion is tubular and has a cross-sectional diameter of about 5 mm to about 10 mm. 7. The system of claim 1 wherein the substrate portion has the form of a hollow tube. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the substrate portion has the form of a rod comprising an air permeable material. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the air permeable material comprises cellulose acetate tow or gathered non-woven polypropylene web. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the rod is wrapped in a longitudinally-extending circumscribing paper wrap. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the substrate portion has the form of a hollow tube having a plug of air permeable material disposed therein. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the air permeable material comprises non-woven cellulose acetate fiber, cotton fibers, or open-cell foam. 13. The system of claim 1, further comprising an active ingredient incorporated within the substrate portion. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the lozenge portion and substrate portion are in intimate contact. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the lozenge portion and substrate portion are maintained in contact by friction fit between a surface of the lozenge portion and a surface of the substrate portion. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein the lozenge portion is positioned such that the downstream end of the lozenge portion is positioned downstream of the extreme downstream end of the substrate portion. 17. The system of claim 1, wherein the lozenge portion is positioned such that both ends of the lozenge portion are positioned upstream of the extreme downstream end of the substrate portion. 18. The system of claim 1, wherein the lozenge portion is positioned such that the downstream end of the lozenge portion is aligned with the extreme downstream end of the substrate portion. 19. The systems of claim 1, wherein the lozenge portion has a longitudinally extending length of about 4 mm to about 11 mm. 20. The system of claim 1, wherein the lozenge portion has a longitudinally extending length that is less than about 25 percent of the total length of the substrate. 21. The system of claim 1, wherein the lozenge portion has a volume of about 500 mm3 to about 2000 mm3. 22. The system of claim 1, wherein the lozenge portion has a generally cylindrical shape possessing a passageway therethrough. 23. A method of treating or delaying the progression of a condition, disease, or disorder responsive to activation of nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptors in a human subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of active ingredient in the form of the system of claim 1 to said human subject. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein said administering comprises administering the system to a human subject as a smoking cessation aid. | 1,700 |
1,524 | 13,880,929 | 1,733 | Hot-rolled or cold-rolled steel plate, method for manufacturing same and use thereof in the automotive industry
A hot-rolled or cold-rolled steel plate, characterized in that its composition is in weight percentages: 0.6%≦C≦0.9%; 17%≦Mn≦22%; 0.2%≦Al≦0.9%; 0.2%≦Si≦1.1% with 0.85%≦Al+Si≦1.9%; 1.2%≦Cu≦1.9%; S≦0.030%; P≦0.080%; N≦0.1%; optionally: Nb≦0.25% and preferably comprised between 0.070 and 0.25%; V≦0.5% and preferably comprised between 0.050 and 0.5%; Ti≦0.5%, and preferably comprised between 0.040 and 0.5%; Ni≦2%; trace amounts Cr≦2%, preferably≦1%; B≦0.010%, and preferably, comprised between 0.0005% and 0.010%; the remainder being iron and impurities resulting from the production.
A method for manufacturing this plate, the use of this plate in the automotive industry. | 1. A hot-rolled or cold-rolled steel plate comprising in weight percent:
0.6%≦C≦0.9%; 17%≦Mn≦22%; 0.2%≦Al≦0.9%; 0.2%≦Si≦1.1%; with 0.85%≦Al+Si≦1.9%; 1.2%≦Cu <1.9%; S≦0.030%; P≦0.080%; N≦0.1%; and
the remainder being iron and impurities resulting from the production. 2. The plate according to claim 1, comprising 0.4%≦Al≦0.8%. 3. The plate according to claim 1, comprising 0.2%≦Si≦0.6%. 4. The plate according to claim 1, comprising 17%≦Mn≦18%. 5. The plate according to claim 1, wherein the steel plate comprises grains having an average size less than or equal to 5 μm. 6. The plate according to claim 1, wherein the steel plate comprises less than or equal to 1.5% surface fraction of its precipitated carbides. 7. The plate according to claim 1, wherein the steel plate further comprises a Zn or Zn alloy coating obtained by electro-galvanization. 8. A method for manufacturing a steel plate, characterized in that:
comprising elaborating and casting into a slab a semi-finished steel product in a steel having the a composition according to claim 1; heating the semi-finished product to a temperature ranging from 1,100 to 1,300 ° C.; hot-rolling the semi-finished product that results in a hot-rolled plate, wherein the temperature of said semi-finished product at the end of rolling is at least 890° C.; fast quenching the hot-rolled semi-finished product at a rate of at least 40° C./s, while observing a delay between the end of the rolling and the beginning of the quenching such that the point defined by said delay and said temperature at the end of rolling, is located within an area defined by a diagram of ABCD′E′F′A, and wherein the metal is cooled in the open air during said delay; and and said winding the hot-rolled plate at a temperature of less than or equal to 580° C. 9. The method for manufacturing a steel plate according to claim 8, wherein the wound hot-rolled plate is unwound, and at least one cold-rolling/annealing cycle is applied to the unwound plate to obtain a cold-rolled plate. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein after said cold-rolling/annealing cycle(s), cold deformation at a reduction level of less than or equal to 30% is applied to said cold-rolled plate. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the cold deformation is achieved through a method of work-hardening rolling, leveling under traction with alternating flexure or simple drawing. 12. A method of manufacturing sheets for automotive use comprising applying the hot-rolled or cold-rolled plate according to claim 1. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the plate is used under conditions that may cause corrosion under stress. 14. The plate according to claim 1, wherein the steel plate further comprises
Nb≦0.25%; V≦0.5%; Ti≦0.5%; Ni≦2%; trace amounts≦Cr≦2%; B≦0.010%. 15. The plate according to claim 14, wherein the steel plate comprises the following
Nb in a range between 0.070 and 0.25%; V in a range between 0.050 and 0.5%; Ti in a range between 0.040 and 0.5%; Cr≦1%; and B in the range between 0.0005% and 010%. 16. The method of claim 8, wherein the area defined by the diagram is ABCDEFA. | Hot-rolled or cold-rolled steel plate, method for manufacturing same and use thereof in the automotive industry
A hot-rolled or cold-rolled steel plate, characterized in that its composition is in weight percentages: 0.6%≦C≦0.9%; 17%≦Mn≦22%; 0.2%≦Al≦0.9%; 0.2%≦Si≦1.1% with 0.85%≦Al+Si≦1.9%; 1.2%≦Cu≦1.9%; S≦0.030%; P≦0.080%; N≦0.1%; optionally: Nb≦0.25% and preferably comprised between 0.070 and 0.25%; V≦0.5% and preferably comprised between 0.050 and 0.5%; Ti≦0.5%, and preferably comprised between 0.040 and 0.5%; Ni≦2%; trace amounts Cr≦2%, preferably≦1%; B≦0.010%, and preferably, comprised between 0.0005% and 0.010%; the remainder being iron and impurities resulting from the production.
A method for manufacturing this plate, the use of this plate in the automotive industry.1. A hot-rolled or cold-rolled steel plate comprising in weight percent:
0.6%≦C≦0.9%; 17%≦Mn≦22%; 0.2%≦Al≦0.9%; 0.2%≦Si≦1.1%; with 0.85%≦Al+Si≦1.9%; 1.2%≦Cu <1.9%; S≦0.030%; P≦0.080%; N≦0.1%; and
the remainder being iron and impurities resulting from the production. 2. The plate according to claim 1, comprising 0.4%≦Al≦0.8%. 3. The plate according to claim 1, comprising 0.2%≦Si≦0.6%. 4. The plate according to claim 1, comprising 17%≦Mn≦18%. 5. The plate according to claim 1, wherein the steel plate comprises grains having an average size less than or equal to 5 μm. 6. The plate according to claim 1, wherein the steel plate comprises less than or equal to 1.5% surface fraction of its precipitated carbides. 7. The plate according to claim 1, wherein the steel plate further comprises a Zn or Zn alloy coating obtained by electro-galvanization. 8. A method for manufacturing a steel plate, characterized in that:
comprising elaborating and casting into a slab a semi-finished steel product in a steel having the a composition according to claim 1; heating the semi-finished product to a temperature ranging from 1,100 to 1,300 ° C.; hot-rolling the semi-finished product that results in a hot-rolled plate, wherein the temperature of said semi-finished product at the end of rolling is at least 890° C.; fast quenching the hot-rolled semi-finished product at a rate of at least 40° C./s, while observing a delay between the end of the rolling and the beginning of the quenching such that the point defined by said delay and said temperature at the end of rolling, is located within an area defined by a diagram of ABCD′E′F′A, and wherein the metal is cooled in the open air during said delay; and and said winding the hot-rolled plate at a temperature of less than or equal to 580° C. 9. The method for manufacturing a steel plate according to claim 8, wherein the wound hot-rolled plate is unwound, and at least one cold-rolling/annealing cycle is applied to the unwound plate to obtain a cold-rolled plate. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein after said cold-rolling/annealing cycle(s), cold deformation at a reduction level of less than or equal to 30% is applied to said cold-rolled plate. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the cold deformation is achieved through a method of work-hardening rolling, leveling under traction with alternating flexure or simple drawing. 12. A method of manufacturing sheets for automotive use comprising applying the hot-rolled or cold-rolled plate according to claim 1. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the plate is used under conditions that may cause corrosion under stress. 14. The plate according to claim 1, wherein the steel plate further comprises
Nb≦0.25%; V≦0.5%; Ti≦0.5%; Ni≦2%; trace amounts≦Cr≦2%; B≦0.010%. 15. The plate according to claim 14, wherein the steel plate comprises the following
Nb in a range between 0.070 and 0.25%; V in a range between 0.050 and 0.5%; Ti in a range between 0.040 and 0.5%; Cr≦1%; and B in the range between 0.0005% and 010%. 16. The method of claim 8, wherein the area defined by the diagram is ABCDEFA. | 1,700 |
1,525 | 14,369,237 | 1,733 | A grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, on which magnetic domain refining treatment by strain application has been performed, has an insulating coating with excellent insulation properties and corrosion resistance. In a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, linear strain having been applied thereto by irradiation with a high-energy beam, the linear strain extending in a direction that intersects a rolling direction of the steel sheet, an area ratio of irradiation marks within an irradiation region of the high-energy beam is 2% or more and 20% or less, an area ratio of protrusions with a diameter of 1.5 μm or more within a surrounding portion of the irradiation mark is 60% or less, and an area ratio of exposed portions of steel substrate in the irradiation mark is 90% or less. | 1-9. (canceled) 10. A grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, linear strain having been applied thereto by irradiation with a high-energy beam, the linear strain extending in a direction that intersects a rolling direction of the steel sheet, wherein
an area ratio of an irradiation mark within an irradiation region of the high-energy beam is 2% or more and 20% or less, an area ratio of a protrusion with a diameter of 1.5 μm or more within a surrounding portion of the irradiation mark is 60% or less, and an area ratio of an exposed portion of steel substrate in the irradiation mark is 90% or less. 11. The grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 10, comprising an insulating coating formed after irradiation with the high-energy beam. 12. The grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 10, wherein the direction in which the linear strain extends forms an angle of 30° or less with a direction orthogonal to the rolling direction of the steel sheet. 13. The grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 11, wherein the direction in which the linear strain extends forms an angle of 30° or less with a direction orthogonal to the rolling direction of the steel sheet. 14. A grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, linear strain having been applied thereto by irradiation with a high-energy beam, the linear strain extending in a direction that intersects a rolling direction of the steel sheet, wherein
an area ratio of an irradiation mark within an irradiation region of the high-energy beam exceeds 20%, an area ratio of a protrusion with a diameter of 1.5 μm or more within a surrounding portion of the irradiation mark is 60% or less, an area ratio of an exposed portion of steel substrate in the irradiation mark is 30% or more and 90% or less, and an insulating coating is formed after the irradiation with the high-energy beam. 15. A method of manufacturing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet comprising:
in manufacturing the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 10 by applying, to a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing, linear strain extending in a direction that intersects a rolling direction of the steel sheet, applying the linear strain by irradiating, with a continuous laser, a surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing. 16. A method of manufacturing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet comprising:
in manufacturing the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 10 by applying, to a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing, linear strain extending in a direction that intersects a rolling direction of the steel sheet, applying the linear strain by irradiating, with an electron beam, a surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing. 17. A method of manufacturing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet comprising:
in manufacturing the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 14 by applying, to a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing, linear strain extending in a direction that intersects a rolling direction of the steel sheet, applying the linear strain by irradiating, with a continuous laser, a surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing. 18. A method of manufacturing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet comprising:
in manufacturing the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 14 by applying, to a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing, linear strain extending in a direction that intersects a rolling direction of the steel sheet, applying the linear strain by irradiating, with an electron beam, a surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing. 19. The method according to claim 15, comprising:
subjecting a cold-rolled sheet for grain-oriented electrical steel to primary recrystallization annealing and then final annealing; and irradiating the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing with the high-energy beam, wherein the cold-rolled sheet is subjected to nitriding treatment during or after the primary recrystallization annealing. 20. The method according to claim 16, comprising:
subjecting a cold-rolled sheet for grain-oriented electrical steel to primary recrystallization annealing and then final annealing; and irradiating the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing with the high-energy beam, wherein the cold-rolled sheet is subjected to nitriding treatment during or after the primary recrystallization annealing. 21. The method according to claim 17, comprising:
subjecting a cold-rolled sheet for grain-oriented electrical steel to primary recrystallization annealing and then final annealing; and irradiating the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing with the high-energy beam, wherein the cold-rolled sheet is subjected to nitriding treatment during or after the primary recrystallization annealing. 22. The method according to claim 18, comprising:
subjecting a cold-rolled sheet for grain-oriented electrical steel to primary recrystallization annealing and then final annealing; and irradiating the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing with the high-energy beam, wherein the cold-rolled sheet is subjected to nitriding treatment during or after the primary recrystallization annealing. | A grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, on which magnetic domain refining treatment by strain application has been performed, has an insulating coating with excellent insulation properties and corrosion resistance. In a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, linear strain having been applied thereto by irradiation with a high-energy beam, the linear strain extending in a direction that intersects a rolling direction of the steel sheet, an area ratio of irradiation marks within an irradiation region of the high-energy beam is 2% or more and 20% or less, an area ratio of protrusions with a diameter of 1.5 μm or more within a surrounding portion of the irradiation mark is 60% or less, and an area ratio of exposed portions of steel substrate in the irradiation mark is 90% or less.1-9. (canceled) 10. A grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, linear strain having been applied thereto by irradiation with a high-energy beam, the linear strain extending in a direction that intersects a rolling direction of the steel sheet, wherein
an area ratio of an irradiation mark within an irradiation region of the high-energy beam is 2% or more and 20% or less, an area ratio of a protrusion with a diameter of 1.5 μm or more within a surrounding portion of the irradiation mark is 60% or less, and an area ratio of an exposed portion of steel substrate in the irradiation mark is 90% or less. 11. The grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 10, comprising an insulating coating formed after irradiation with the high-energy beam. 12. The grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 10, wherein the direction in which the linear strain extends forms an angle of 30° or less with a direction orthogonal to the rolling direction of the steel sheet. 13. The grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 11, wherein the direction in which the linear strain extends forms an angle of 30° or less with a direction orthogonal to the rolling direction of the steel sheet. 14. A grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, linear strain having been applied thereto by irradiation with a high-energy beam, the linear strain extending in a direction that intersects a rolling direction of the steel sheet, wherein
an area ratio of an irradiation mark within an irradiation region of the high-energy beam exceeds 20%, an area ratio of a protrusion with a diameter of 1.5 μm or more within a surrounding portion of the irradiation mark is 60% or less, an area ratio of an exposed portion of steel substrate in the irradiation mark is 30% or more and 90% or less, and an insulating coating is formed after the irradiation with the high-energy beam. 15. A method of manufacturing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet comprising:
in manufacturing the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 10 by applying, to a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing, linear strain extending in a direction that intersects a rolling direction of the steel sheet, applying the linear strain by irradiating, with a continuous laser, a surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing. 16. A method of manufacturing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet comprising:
in manufacturing the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 10 by applying, to a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing, linear strain extending in a direction that intersects a rolling direction of the steel sheet, applying the linear strain by irradiating, with an electron beam, a surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing. 17. A method of manufacturing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet comprising:
in manufacturing the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 14 by applying, to a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing, linear strain extending in a direction that intersects a rolling direction of the steel sheet, applying the linear strain by irradiating, with a continuous laser, a surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing. 18. A method of manufacturing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet comprising:
in manufacturing the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to claim 14 by applying, to a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing, linear strain extending in a direction that intersects a rolling direction of the steel sheet, applying the linear strain by irradiating, with an electron beam, a surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing. 19. The method according to claim 15, comprising:
subjecting a cold-rolled sheet for grain-oriented electrical steel to primary recrystallization annealing and then final annealing; and irradiating the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing with the high-energy beam, wherein the cold-rolled sheet is subjected to nitriding treatment during or after the primary recrystallization annealing. 20. The method according to claim 16, comprising:
subjecting a cold-rolled sheet for grain-oriented electrical steel to primary recrystallization annealing and then final annealing; and irradiating the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing with the high-energy beam, wherein the cold-rolled sheet is subjected to nitriding treatment during or after the primary recrystallization annealing. 21. The method according to claim 17, comprising:
subjecting a cold-rolled sheet for grain-oriented electrical steel to primary recrystallization annealing and then final annealing; and irradiating the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing with the high-energy beam, wherein the cold-rolled sheet is subjected to nitriding treatment during or after the primary recrystallization annealing. 22. The method according to claim 18, comprising:
subjecting a cold-rolled sheet for grain-oriented electrical steel to primary recrystallization annealing and then final annealing; and irradiating the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet after final annealing with the high-energy beam, wherein the cold-rolled sheet is subjected to nitriding treatment during or after the primary recrystallization annealing. | 1,700 |
1,526 | 14,680,347 | 1,773 | A water discharge dechlorinator unit includes a body having a first end adapted to be removably coupled to a water hydrant, such as a fire hydrant. The body defines a water passageway between an inlet and an outlet thereof. A chamber is in fluid communication with the water passageway and configured for reception of dechlorinating material therein, such as chlorine neutralizing tablets, whereby water from the fire hydrant passes from the water passageway and over the dechlorinating material in the chamber so as to neutralize chlorine in the water before it is discharged from the unit. | 1. A fire hydrant water discharge dechlorinator unit, comprising:
a body having a first end adapted to be removably coupled to a fire hydrant, the body defining a water passageway between an inlet and an outlet thereof; and a chamber in fluid communication with the water passageway and configured for reception of dechlorinating material therein, whereby water from the fire hydrant passes from the water passageway and over the dechlorinating material in the chamber so as to neutralize chlorine in the water before it is discharged from the body. 2. The dechlorinator unit of claim 1, including a diffuser disposed in the water passageway. 3. The dechlorinator unit of claim 1, wherein the chamber extends from a barrel of the body in a direction generally non-parallel to the water passageway. 4. The dechlorinator unit of claim 3, wherein the chamber includes a multi-diameter water aperture defining a water inlet and outlet of the chamber. 5. The dechlorinator unit of claim 4, wherein a first portion of the aperture adjacent the water passageway of the body is of a smaller diameter than a second portion of the aperture adjacent to the chamber, whereby a venturi fluid flow is created by the aperture. 6. The dechlorinator unit of claim 1, wherein the body includes an internally threaded swivel attachable to the fire hydrant outlet. 7. The dechlorinator unit of claim 5, including a coupling attached to the swivel at one end thereof and to a barrel of the body at a generally opposite end thereof. 8. The dechlorinator unit of claim 6, including a diffuser plate associated with the swivel. 9. The dechlorinator unit of claim 2, including a diffuser in the water passageway before the chamber and a second diffuser in the water passageway after the chamber. 10. The dechlorinator unit of claim 1, including a cap removably attached to the chamber for manually inserting and removing dechlorinating material within the chamber. 11. The dechlorinator unit of claim 10, wherein the dechlorinator material comprises at least one tablet comprised of chlorine neutralizing material. 12. The dechlorinator unit of claim 1, including a water discharge directing nozzle rotatably attached to the body at the outlet thereof. 13. A fire hydrant water discharge dechlorinator unit, comprising:
a swivel having a first end adapted to be removably coupled to a fire hydrant; a coupling having a first end attached to a second end of the swivel; a barrel attached to a second end of the coupling, the barrel defining a water passageway between an inlet and outlet thereof; a chamber extending from the barrel intermediate the inlet and outlet of the barrel in a direction generally non-parallel to the water passageway of the barrel, the chamber having a multi-diameter aperture in fluid communication with the water passageway of the barrel, the chamber configured for reception of dechlorinating material therein such that water is drawn into the chamber and passes over the dechlorinating material and returns to the water passageway of the barrel so as to neutralize chlorine in the water before it is discharged from the dechlorinator unit; and a diffuser disposed between the fire hydrant connection and a discharge outlet of the dechlorinator unit. 14. The dechlorinator unit of claim 13, wherein a first portion of the chamber aperture adjacent the water passageway of the body is of a smaller diameter than a second portion of the aperture adjacent to the chamber, whereby a venturi fluid flow is created by the aperture. 15. The dechlorinator unit of claim 13, including a diffuser plate associated with the swivel. 16. The dechlorinator unit of claim 13, including a diffuser in the water passageway before the chamber and a second diffuser in the water passageway after the chamber. 17. The dechlorinator unit of claim 13, including a cap removably attached to the chamber for manually inserting and removing dechlorinating material within the chamber. 18. The dechlorinator unit of claim 17, wherein the dechlorinator material comprises at least one tablet comprised of chlorine neutralizing material. 19. The dechlorinator unit of claim 13, including a water discharge directing nozzle rotatably attached to the body at the outlet thereof. | A water discharge dechlorinator unit includes a body having a first end adapted to be removably coupled to a water hydrant, such as a fire hydrant. The body defines a water passageway between an inlet and an outlet thereof. A chamber is in fluid communication with the water passageway and configured for reception of dechlorinating material therein, such as chlorine neutralizing tablets, whereby water from the fire hydrant passes from the water passageway and over the dechlorinating material in the chamber so as to neutralize chlorine in the water before it is discharged from the unit.1. A fire hydrant water discharge dechlorinator unit, comprising:
a body having a first end adapted to be removably coupled to a fire hydrant, the body defining a water passageway between an inlet and an outlet thereof; and a chamber in fluid communication with the water passageway and configured for reception of dechlorinating material therein, whereby water from the fire hydrant passes from the water passageway and over the dechlorinating material in the chamber so as to neutralize chlorine in the water before it is discharged from the body. 2. The dechlorinator unit of claim 1, including a diffuser disposed in the water passageway. 3. The dechlorinator unit of claim 1, wherein the chamber extends from a barrel of the body in a direction generally non-parallel to the water passageway. 4. The dechlorinator unit of claim 3, wherein the chamber includes a multi-diameter water aperture defining a water inlet and outlet of the chamber. 5. The dechlorinator unit of claim 4, wherein a first portion of the aperture adjacent the water passageway of the body is of a smaller diameter than a second portion of the aperture adjacent to the chamber, whereby a venturi fluid flow is created by the aperture. 6. The dechlorinator unit of claim 1, wherein the body includes an internally threaded swivel attachable to the fire hydrant outlet. 7. The dechlorinator unit of claim 5, including a coupling attached to the swivel at one end thereof and to a barrel of the body at a generally opposite end thereof. 8. The dechlorinator unit of claim 6, including a diffuser plate associated with the swivel. 9. The dechlorinator unit of claim 2, including a diffuser in the water passageway before the chamber and a second diffuser in the water passageway after the chamber. 10. The dechlorinator unit of claim 1, including a cap removably attached to the chamber for manually inserting and removing dechlorinating material within the chamber. 11. The dechlorinator unit of claim 10, wherein the dechlorinator material comprises at least one tablet comprised of chlorine neutralizing material. 12. The dechlorinator unit of claim 1, including a water discharge directing nozzle rotatably attached to the body at the outlet thereof. 13. A fire hydrant water discharge dechlorinator unit, comprising:
a swivel having a first end adapted to be removably coupled to a fire hydrant; a coupling having a first end attached to a second end of the swivel; a barrel attached to a second end of the coupling, the barrel defining a water passageway between an inlet and outlet thereof; a chamber extending from the barrel intermediate the inlet and outlet of the barrel in a direction generally non-parallel to the water passageway of the barrel, the chamber having a multi-diameter aperture in fluid communication with the water passageway of the barrel, the chamber configured for reception of dechlorinating material therein such that water is drawn into the chamber and passes over the dechlorinating material and returns to the water passageway of the barrel so as to neutralize chlorine in the water before it is discharged from the dechlorinator unit; and a diffuser disposed between the fire hydrant connection and a discharge outlet of the dechlorinator unit. 14. The dechlorinator unit of claim 13, wherein a first portion of the chamber aperture adjacent the water passageway of the body is of a smaller diameter than a second portion of the aperture adjacent to the chamber, whereby a venturi fluid flow is created by the aperture. 15. The dechlorinator unit of claim 13, including a diffuser plate associated with the swivel. 16. The dechlorinator unit of claim 13, including a diffuser in the water passageway before the chamber and a second diffuser in the water passageway after the chamber. 17. The dechlorinator unit of claim 13, including a cap removably attached to the chamber for manually inserting and removing dechlorinating material within the chamber. 18. The dechlorinator unit of claim 17, wherein the dechlorinator material comprises at least one tablet comprised of chlorine neutralizing material. 19. The dechlorinator unit of claim 13, including a water discharge directing nozzle rotatably attached to the body at the outlet thereof. | 1,700 |
1,527 | 12,647,821 | 1,716 | An improved gas deposition chamber includes a hollow gas deposition volume formed with a volume expanding top portion and a substantially constant volume cylindrical middle portion. The hollow gas deposition volume may include a volume reducing lower portion. An aerodynamically shaped substrate support chuck is disposed inside gas deposition chamber with a substrate support surface positioned in the constant volume cylindrical middle portion. The volume expanding top portion reduces gas flow velocity between gas input ports and the substrate support surface. The aerodynamic shape of the substrate support chuck reduces drag and helps to promote laminar flow over the substrate support surface. The volume reducing lower portion helps to increase gas flow velocity after the gas has past the substrate support surface. The improved gas deposition chamber is configurable to 200 mm diameter semiconductor wafers using ALD and or PALD coating cycles. An improved coating method includes expanding process gases inside the deposition chamber prior to the process gas reaching surfaces of a substrate being coated. The method further includes compressing the process gases inside the deposition chamber after the process gas has flowed past surfaces of the substrate being coated. | 1. A gas deposition chamber for depositing solid material layers onto substrates supported therein comprising:
an external chamber wall disposed along a longitudinal axis and formed to surround a hollow gas deposition volume comprising a volume expanding top portion and a substantially constant volume cylindrical middle portion; a top circular aperture axially centered by the longitudinal axis for providing access to the volume expanding top portion and a plasma source flange surrounding the top circular aperture; a substrate support chuck comprising a circular substrate support surface supported inside the cylindrical middle portion of the hollow gas deposition volume with the circular substrate support surface axially centered by and substantially orthogonal to the longitudinal axis; a bottom circular aperture axially centered by the longitudinal axis for providing access to the cylindrical middle portion of the hollow gas deposition volume wherein the external chamber wall includes a trap flange surrounding the bottom circular aperture and further wherein a diameter of the bottom circular aperture is larger than a diameter of the circular substrate support surface; a load port aperture passing through the external chamber wall to the cylindrical middle portion; and, a precursor input port passing through the external chamber wall proximate to the top circular aperture for delivering a gas flow into the volume expanding top portion of the hollow gas deposition volume. 2. The gas deposition chamber of claim 1 further comprising at least one heating element disposed to heat the circular substrate support surface to a gas deposition temperature. 3. The gas deposition chamber of claim 2 wherein the substrate support chuck further comprises an aerodynamically formed outer shell attached to the circular substrate support surface for reducing aerodynamic drag of the substrate support chuck. 4. The gas deposition chamber of claim 3 wherein the aerodynamically formed outer shell comprises a hemispherical shell with an axial center that is substantially coaxial with the axial center of the circular substrate support surface. 5. The gas deposition chamber of claim 3 wherein the aerodynamically formed outer shell comprises a parabolic shell with a parabolic focus that is substantially coaxial with the axial center of the circular substrate support surface. 6. The gas deposition chamber of claim 3 wherein the aerodynamically formed outer shell comprises a right circular cone with an axis that is substantially coincident with the axial center of the circular substrate support surface. 7. The gas deposition chamber of claim 3 wherein a circumferential edge of the circular substrate support surface is formed with a radius to reduce aerodynamic drag of the substrate support chuck. 8. The gas deposition chamber of claim 7 further comprising two or more hollow tubes fixedly attached to the outer shell and to a support structure and extending from inside the outer shell to outside the external chamber wall for fixedly supporting the substrate support chuck inside the middle portion of the hollow gas deposition volume and for providing at least one conduit that extends form outside the hollow gas deposition volume to inside the outer shell. 9. The gas deposition chamber of claim 1 wherein the substrate support chuck further comprises:
a substrate support element movable with respect to the circular substrate support surface for separating the substrate from the substrate support surface and for supporting the substrate vertically separated from the substrate support surface; and, a lifting mechanism attached to the substrate support element and housed inside the substrate support chuck for raising and lowering the substrate support element with respect to the substrate support surface in response to electrical commands. 10. The gas deposition chamber of claim 1 further comprising a load port attached to the external chamber wall surrounding the load port aperture and a load port gate attached to the load port, wherein the load port gate can be opened to pass a substrate through the load port and the load port aperture and the load port gate can be closed to gas seal the load port. 11. The gas deposition chamber of claim 9 further comprising:
a load port attached to the external chamber wall surrounding the load port aperture; a load port gate attached to the load port wherein the load port gate can be opened to pass a substrate through the load port and the load port aperture and the load port gate can be closed to gas seal the load port; a load port aperture cover movably disposed inside the load port for covering the load port aperture when the load port gate is closed; and, a shuttle mechanism for moving the load port cover to a first position to uncover the load port when the load port gate is opened and to a second position to cover the load port when the load port gate is closed. 12. The gas deposition chamber of claim 11 further comprising an inert gas inlet port passing through the load port for delivering inert gas into the load port between the load port aperture cover and the load port gate. 13. The gas deposition chamber of claim 1 wherein the external chamber wall surrounding the volume expanding top portion comprises a truncated one-sheet hyperboloid of revolution having a center coincident with the longitudinal axis and having a transverse axis coplanar with the top circular aperture. 14. The gas deposition chamber of claim 1 wherein the external chamber wall surrounding the volume expanding top portion is formed with a constant radius (R). 15. The gas deposition chamber of claim 1 wherein the external chamber wall surrounding the volume expanding top portion comprises a truncated cone formed with an axial center coaxial with the longitudinal axis. 16. The gas deposition chamber of claim 1 wherein the precursor input port is disposed to delivers the gas flow along an axis that is rotated 45-degree angle with respect to the longitudinal axis. 17. The gas deposition chamber of claim 16 further comprising a plasma source attached to the plasma flange for delivering charged plasma gases into the hollow gas deposition chamber through the top circular aperture. 18. The gas deposition chamber of claim 17 further comprising a trap assembly attached to the trap flange for trapping selected components of outflow gases exiting through the bottom circular aperture. 19. The gas deposition chamber of claim 18 further comprising a vacuum pump fluidly interconnected with an exit port of the trap assembly for drawing outflow gas from the hollow gas deposition chamber through the trap assembly. 20. The gas deposition chamber of claim 19 further comprising a stop valve disposed between the vacuum pump and the trap assembly. 21. The gas deposition chamber of claim 20 further comprising heating elements disposed to heat the external chamber wall to a desired operating temperature. 22. The gas deposition chamber of claim 21 further comprising a load lock chamber connected to the load port and a load port gate associated with the load lock chamber. 23. The gas deposition chamber of claim 1 wherein the middle cylindrical portion comprises a cylindrical ring portion and the external chamber wall is shaped to form a volume reducing lower portion of the gas deposition chamber that extends from the cylindrical ring portion to the bottom circular aperture. 24. A method for coating a substrate with a solid material layer comprising the steps of:
supporting the substrate on substrate support surface disposed in a substantially constant volume middle portion of a hollow gas deposition volume; introducing a first process gas into a volume expanding top portion of the hollow gas deposition volume and allowing the first process gas to expand in volume prior to impinging surfaces of the substrate; drawing the process gas out of the hollow deposition chamber through a exit port wherein the exit port is positioned opposed to the volume expanding top portion of the hollow gas deposition volume; removing substantially all of the first process gas from the hollow gas deposition volume while delivering an flow of inert gas into the hollow gas deposition volume; introducing a second process gas into the volume expanding top portion of the hollow gas deposition volume and allowing the second process gas to expand in volume prior to impinging surfaces of the substrate; and, removing substantially all of the second process gas from the hollow gas deposition volume while delivering an flow of inert gas into the hollow gas deposition volume. 25. The method of claim 24 wherein one of the first and the second process gases comprises a charged plasma gas. 26. The method of claim 25 wherein another of the first and the second process gases comprises a precursor gas. 27. The method of claim 26 wherein the hollow gas deposition volume further comprising a volume reducing bottom portion reducing the volume of the hollow deposition chamber between the substantially constant volume middle portion and the exit port further comprising step of reducing the volume of each of the first and the second process gasses as they pass between the substrate support surface and the exit port. 28. The method of claim 27 further comprising the step of preventing eddy current formation proximate to the substrate support surface by forming the substrate surface on a drag reducing aerodynamically shaped substrate support chuck. 29. A gas deposition system having a front face and a plurality of non-front faces comprising:
a frame for supporting elements of the gas deposition system; a first gas deposition chamber supported on the frame comprising an external chamber wall disposed along a longitudinal axis and formed to surround a hollow gas deposition volume comprising a volume expanding top portion and a substantially constant volume cylindrical middle portion; a first aerodynamically shaped substrate support chuck disposed inside the first gas deposition chamber for supporting a first substrate in the substantially constant volume cylindrical middle portion; a first substrate load port aperture passing through the external chamber wall of the first gas deposition chamber for providing access for loading the first substrate onto the first substrate support surface; and, a gas panel, a vacuum system and an electronic controller and associated user interface each supported on the frame and interfaced with the first gas deposition chamber for performing gas deposition cycles suitable for coating surfaces of the first substrate. 30. The gas deposition chamber of claim 29 further comprising:
a second substantially identical gas deposition chamber supported on the frame; a second substantially identical aerodynamically shaped substrate support chuck disposed inside the second gas deposition chamber for supporting a second substrate thereon a second substrate load port aperture passing through the external chamber wall of the second gas deposition chamber from the front face for providing access for loading the second substrate onto the second substrate support surface; and, wherein the gas panel, the vacuum system and the electronic controller are interfaced with the second gas deposition chamber for performing gas deposition cycles suitable for coating surfaces of the second substrate simultaneously and independently from performing gas deposition cycles suitable for coating exposed surfaces of the first substrate. 31. The gas deposition system of claim 29 wherein the user interface is accessible from a face other than the front face. 32. The gas deposition system of claim 29 wherein the user interface is accessible the front face. 33. The gas deposition system of claim 30 wherein the user interface comprises an independent user interface associated with each of the first and the second deposition chamber. 34. The gas disposition system of claim 33 further comprising one or more service interfaces in communication with the electronic controller and for independently performing service operations. 35. The gas deposition system of claim 29 further comprising:
a load lock vacuum chamber supported on the frame and a load lock gate that can be opened to load a substrate into the load lock port and closed to gas seal the load lock chamber; a load port extending between the load lock vacuum chamber and the first substrate load port aperture; a gate valve disposed in the load port for alternately opening the load port and gas sealing the load port; a substrate holder movable between the load lock chamber and the first gas deposition chamber for advancing a substrate form the load lock chamber to the first gas deposition chamber. | An improved gas deposition chamber includes a hollow gas deposition volume formed with a volume expanding top portion and a substantially constant volume cylindrical middle portion. The hollow gas deposition volume may include a volume reducing lower portion. An aerodynamically shaped substrate support chuck is disposed inside gas deposition chamber with a substrate support surface positioned in the constant volume cylindrical middle portion. The volume expanding top portion reduces gas flow velocity between gas input ports and the substrate support surface. The aerodynamic shape of the substrate support chuck reduces drag and helps to promote laminar flow over the substrate support surface. The volume reducing lower portion helps to increase gas flow velocity after the gas has past the substrate support surface. The improved gas deposition chamber is configurable to 200 mm diameter semiconductor wafers using ALD and or PALD coating cycles. An improved coating method includes expanding process gases inside the deposition chamber prior to the process gas reaching surfaces of a substrate being coated. The method further includes compressing the process gases inside the deposition chamber after the process gas has flowed past surfaces of the substrate being coated.1. A gas deposition chamber for depositing solid material layers onto substrates supported therein comprising:
an external chamber wall disposed along a longitudinal axis and formed to surround a hollow gas deposition volume comprising a volume expanding top portion and a substantially constant volume cylindrical middle portion; a top circular aperture axially centered by the longitudinal axis for providing access to the volume expanding top portion and a plasma source flange surrounding the top circular aperture; a substrate support chuck comprising a circular substrate support surface supported inside the cylindrical middle portion of the hollow gas deposition volume with the circular substrate support surface axially centered by and substantially orthogonal to the longitudinal axis; a bottom circular aperture axially centered by the longitudinal axis for providing access to the cylindrical middle portion of the hollow gas deposition volume wherein the external chamber wall includes a trap flange surrounding the bottom circular aperture and further wherein a diameter of the bottom circular aperture is larger than a diameter of the circular substrate support surface; a load port aperture passing through the external chamber wall to the cylindrical middle portion; and, a precursor input port passing through the external chamber wall proximate to the top circular aperture for delivering a gas flow into the volume expanding top portion of the hollow gas deposition volume. 2. The gas deposition chamber of claim 1 further comprising at least one heating element disposed to heat the circular substrate support surface to a gas deposition temperature. 3. The gas deposition chamber of claim 2 wherein the substrate support chuck further comprises an aerodynamically formed outer shell attached to the circular substrate support surface for reducing aerodynamic drag of the substrate support chuck. 4. The gas deposition chamber of claim 3 wherein the aerodynamically formed outer shell comprises a hemispherical shell with an axial center that is substantially coaxial with the axial center of the circular substrate support surface. 5. The gas deposition chamber of claim 3 wherein the aerodynamically formed outer shell comprises a parabolic shell with a parabolic focus that is substantially coaxial with the axial center of the circular substrate support surface. 6. The gas deposition chamber of claim 3 wherein the aerodynamically formed outer shell comprises a right circular cone with an axis that is substantially coincident with the axial center of the circular substrate support surface. 7. The gas deposition chamber of claim 3 wherein a circumferential edge of the circular substrate support surface is formed with a radius to reduce aerodynamic drag of the substrate support chuck. 8. The gas deposition chamber of claim 7 further comprising two or more hollow tubes fixedly attached to the outer shell and to a support structure and extending from inside the outer shell to outside the external chamber wall for fixedly supporting the substrate support chuck inside the middle portion of the hollow gas deposition volume and for providing at least one conduit that extends form outside the hollow gas deposition volume to inside the outer shell. 9. The gas deposition chamber of claim 1 wherein the substrate support chuck further comprises:
a substrate support element movable with respect to the circular substrate support surface for separating the substrate from the substrate support surface and for supporting the substrate vertically separated from the substrate support surface; and, a lifting mechanism attached to the substrate support element and housed inside the substrate support chuck for raising and lowering the substrate support element with respect to the substrate support surface in response to electrical commands. 10. The gas deposition chamber of claim 1 further comprising a load port attached to the external chamber wall surrounding the load port aperture and a load port gate attached to the load port, wherein the load port gate can be opened to pass a substrate through the load port and the load port aperture and the load port gate can be closed to gas seal the load port. 11. The gas deposition chamber of claim 9 further comprising:
a load port attached to the external chamber wall surrounding the load port aperture; a load port gate attached to the load port wherein the load port gate can be opened to pass a substrate through the load port and the load port aperture and the load port gate can be closed to gas seal the load port; a load port aperture cover movably disposed inside the load port for covering the load port aperture when the load port gate is closed; and, a shuttle mechanism for moving the load port cover to a first position to uncover the load port when the load port gate is opened and to a second position to cover the load port when the load port gate is closed. 12. The gas deposition chamber of claim 11 further comprising an inert gas inlet port passing through the load port for delivering inert gas into the load port between the load port aperture cover and the load port gate. 13. The gas deposition chamber of claim 1 wherein the external chamber wall surrounding the volume expanding top portion comprises a truncated one-sheet hyperboloid of revolution having a center coincident with the longitudinal axis and having a transverse axis coplanar with the top circular aperture. 14. The gas deposition chamber of claim 1 wherein the external chamber wall surrounding the volume expanding top portion is formed with a constant radius (R). 15. The gas deposition chamber of claim 1 wherein the external chamber wall surrounding the volume expanding top portion comprises a truncated cone formed with an axial center coaxial with the longitudinal axis. 16. The gas deposition chamber of claim 1 wherein the precursor input port is disposed to delivers the gas flow along an axis that is rotated 45-degree angle with respect to the longitudinal axis. 17. The gas deposition chamber of claim 16 further comprising a plasma source attached to the plasma flange for delivering charged plasma gases into the hollow gas deposition chamber through the top circular aperture. 18. The gas deposition chamber of claim 17 further comprising a trap assembly attached to the trap flange for trapping selected components of outflow gases exiting through the bottom circular aperture. 19. The gas deposition chamber of claim 18 further comprising a vacuum pump fluidly interconnected with an exit port of the trap assembly for drawing outflow gas from the hollow gas deposition chamber through the trap assembly. 20. The gas deposition chamber of claim 19 further comprising a stop valve disposed between the vacuum pump and the trap assembly. 21. The gas deposition chamber of claim 20 further comprising heating elements disposed to heat the external chamber wall to a desired operating temperature. 22. The gas deposition chamber of claim 21 further comprising a load lock chamber connected to the load port and a load port gate associated with the load lock chamber. 23. The gas deposition chamber of claim 1 wherein the middle cylindrical portion comprises a cylindrical ring portion and the external chamber wall is shaped to form a volume reducing lower portion of the gas deposition chamber that extends from the cylindrical ring portion to the bottom circular aperture. 24. A method for coating a substrate with a solid material layer comprising the steps of:
supporting the substrate on substrate support surface disposed in a substantially constant volume middle portion of a hollow gas deposition volume; introducing a first process gas into a volume expanding top portion of the hollow gas deposition volume and allowing the first process gas to expand in volume prior to impinging surfaces of the substrate; drawing the process gas out of the hollow deposition chamber through a exit port wherein the exit port is positioned opposed to the volume expanding top portion of the hollow gas deposition volume; removing substantially all of the first process gas from the hollow gas deposition volume while delivering an flow of inert gas into the hollow gas deposition volume; introducing a second process gas into the volume expanding top portion of the hollow gas deposition volume and allowing the second process gas to expand in volume prior to impinging surfaces of the substrate; and, removing substantially all of the second process gas from the hollow gas deposition volume while delivering an flow of inert gas into the hollow gas deposition volume. 25. The method of claim 24 wherein one of the first and the second process gases comprises a charged plasma gas. 26. The method of claim 25 wherein another of the first and the second process gases comprises a precursor gas. 27. The method of claim 26 wherein the hollow gas deposition volume further comprising a volume reducing bottom portion reducing the volume of the hollow deposition chamber between the substantially constant volume middle portion and the exit port further comprising step of reducing the volume of each of the first and the second process gasses as they pass between the substrate support surface and the exit port. 28. The method of claim 27 further comprising the step of preventing eddy current formation proximate to the substrate support surface by forming the substrate surface on a drag reducing aerodynamically shaped substrate support chuck. 29. A gas deposition system having a front face and a plurality of non-front faces comprising:
a frame for supporting elements of the gas deposition system; a first gas deposition chamber supported on the frame comprising an external chamber wall disposed along a longitudinal axis and formed to surround a hollow gas deposition volume comprising a volume expanding top portion and a substantially constant volume cylindrical middle portion; a first aerodynamically shaped substrate support chuck disposed inside the first gas deposition chamber for supporting a first substrate in the substantially constant volume cylindrical middle portion; a first substrate load port aperture passing through the external chamber wall of the first gas deposition chamber for providing access for loading the first substrate onto the first substrate support surface; and, a gas panel, a vacuum system and an electronic controller and associated user interface each supported on the frame and interfaced with the first gas deposition chamber for performing gas deposition cycles suitable for coating surfaces of the first substrate. 30. The gas deposition chamber of claim 29 further comprising:
a second substantially identical gas deposition chamber supported on the frame; a second substantially identical aerodynamically shaped substrate support chuck disposed inside the second gas deposition chamber for supporting a second substrate thereon a second substrate load port aperture passing through the external chamber wall of the second gas deposition chamber from the front face for providing access for loading the second substrate onto the second substrate support surface; and, wherein the gas panel, the vacuum system and the electronic controller are interfaced with the second gas deposition chamber for performing gas deposition cycles suitable for coating surfaces of the second substrate simultaneously and independently from performing gas deposition cycles suitable for coating exposed surfaces of the first substrate. 31. The gas deposition system of claim 29 wherein the user interface is accessible from a face other than the front face. 32. The gas deposition system of claim 29 wherein the user interface is accessible the front face. 33. The gas deposition system of claim 30 wherein the user interface comprises an independent user interface associated with each of the first and the second deposition chamber. 34. The gas disposition system of claim 33 further comprising one or more service interfaces in communication with the electronic controller and for independently performing service operations. 35. The gas deposition system of claim 29 further comprising:
a load lock vacuum chamber supported on the frame and a load lock gate that can be opened to load a substrate into the load lock port and closed to gas seal the load lock chamber; a load port extending between the load lock vacuum chamber and the first substrate load port aperture; a gate valve disposed in the load port for alternately opening the load port and gas sealing the load port; a substrate holder movable between the load lock chamber and the first gas deposition chamber for advancing a substrate form the load lock chamber to the first gas deposition chamber. | 1,700 |
1,528 | 12,987,261 | 1,721 | Double groove diffraction gratings are used in combination with various types of photoelectrodes including dye-sensitized and organic photoelectrodes to increase absorption efficiency as well as to provide one or more of a variety of functions including transparency and reflectivity. | 1. A solar cell comprising:
a light-absorbing layer; first and second electrodes of opposite polarity for deriving electrical energy from the absorbing layer; and a double groove diffraction grating for coupling only a first order component of normal incident light into the absorbing layer. 2. A solar cell as defined in claim 1 wherein the absorbing layer is dye sensitized. 3. A solar cell as defined in claim 1 wherein the absorbing layer is organic; 4. A solar cell as defined in claim 1 wherein the absorbing layer has parallel incident and opposite sides, said diffraction grating being located relative to the absorbing layer for coupling normal incident light only into the incident side. 5. A solar cell as defined in claim 4 wherein the thickness of the absorbing layer is such as to cause normal incident light entering said incident side to exit said opposite side after at least one full reflective excursion. 6. A solar cell as defined in claim 4 further comprising a reflective metal layer located adjacent said opposite side. 7. A solar cell comprising:
a light-absorbing layer having parallel incident and opposite sides; first and second electrodes for deriving electrical energy from the absorbing layer; and first and second double grooved diffraction gratings, one of said diffraction gratings being oriented to couple only a first order component of normal incident light into the absorbing layer, the other of said double groove gratings being associated with said opposite side to couple reflections of said coupled first order component out of the absorbing layer but only after multiple reflections through the absorbing layer. 8. A solar cell comprising:
a first electrode layer; a second electrode layer; a photoelectrode layer; a cell structure containing said electrode layers and an electrolyte; and a double groove diffraction grating for coupling only a first order component of normal incident light into the photoelectrode layer. 9. A solar cell as defined in claim 8 wherein the photoelectrode layer is dye sensitized. 10. An organic solar cell comprising:
an organic light absorbing layer having first and second parallel opposite sides; a first metal electrode bonded to one of said opposite sides; a second metal electrode bonded to the opposite side; and a glass layer containing a double groove grating disposed onto the opposite side of the second metal electrode for coupling only a first order component of normal incident light through the glass layer in the second metal electrode layer into the light absorbing layer whereby the first order component of normal incident light transits the organic absorbing layer multiple times due to internal reflection. | Double groove diffraction gratings are used in combination with various types of photoelectrodes including dye-sensitized and organic photoelectrodes to increase absorption efficiency as well as to provide one or more of a variety of functions including transparency and reflectivity.1. A solar cell comprising:
a light-absorbing layer; first and second electrodes of opposite polarity for deriving electrical energy from the absorbing layer; and a double groove diffraction grating for coupling only a first order component of normal incident light into the absorbing layer. 2. A solar cell as defined in claim 1 wherein the absorbing layer is dye sensitized. 3. A solar cell as defined in claim 1 wherein the absorbing layer is organic; 4. A solar cell as defined in claim 1 wherein the absorbing layer has parallel incident and opposite sides, said diffraction grating being located relative to the absorbing layer for coupling normal incident light only into the incident side. 5. A solar cell as defined in claim 4 wherein the thickness of the absorbing layer is such as to cause normal incident light entering said incident side to exit said opposite side after at least one full reflective excursion. 6. A solar cell as defined in claim 4 further comprising a reflective metal layer located adjacent said opposite side. 7. A solar cell comprising:
a light-absorbing layer having parallel incident and opposite sides; first and second electrodes for deriving electrical energy from the absorbing layer; and first and second double grooved diffraction gratings, one of said diffraction gratings being oriented to couple only a first order component of normal incident light into the absorbing layer, the other of said double groove gratings being associated with said opposite side to couple reflections of said coupled first order component out of the absorbing layer but only after multiple reflections through the absorbing layer. 8. A solar cell comprising:
a first electrode layer; a second electrode layer; a photoelectrode layer; a cell structure containing said electrode layers and an electrolyte; and a double groove diffraction grating for coupling only a first order component of normal incident light into the photoelectrode layer. 9. A solar cell as defined in claim 8 wherein the photoelectrode layer is dye sensitized. 10. An organic solar cell comprising:
an organic light absorbing layer having first and second parallel opposite sides; a first metal electrode bonded to one of said opposite sides; a second metal electrode bonded to the opposite side; and a glass layer containing a double groove grating disposed onto the opposite side of the second metal electrode for coupling only a first order component of normal incident light through the glass layer in the second metal electrode layer into the light absorbing layer whereby the first order component of normal incident light transits the organic absorbing layer multiple times due to internal reflection. | 1,700 |
1,529 | 13,542,878 | 1,721 | A photovoltaic module assembly can comprise a photovoltaic cell; a transparent first layer comprising a plastic material, wherein the first layer has a first layer first surface and a first layer second surface; a second layer, wherein the second layer has a second layer first surface and a second layer second surface, wherein the photovoltaic cell is between the first layer second surface and the second layer first surface; and a cured layer between the first layer second surface and the second layer first surface, wherein the cured layer is a liquid having a viscosity of less than or equal to 1,500 centipoise before curing. | 1. A photovoltaic module assembly, comprising:
a photovoltaic cell; a transparent first layer comprising a plastic material, wherein the first layer has a first layer first surface and a first layer second surface; a second layer, wherein the second layer has a second layer first surface and a second layer second surface, wherein the photovoltaic cell is between the first layer second surface and the second layer first surface; and a cured layer between the first layer second surface and the second layer first surface, wherein the cured layer is a fluid having a viscosity of less than or equal to 1,500 centipoise before curing. 2. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 1, further comprising a connecting layer disposed between and in physical contact with the first layer second surface and the second layer first surface, wherein the connecting layer forms a gap between the first layer first surface and the second layer second surface. 3. A photovoltaic module assembly, comprising:
a photovoltaic cell; a transparent first layer comprising a plastic material, wherein the first layer has a first layer first surface and a first layer second surface; a second layer comprising a plastic material, wherein the second layer has a second layer first surface and a second layer second surface, wherein the photovoltaic cell is between the first layer second surface and the second layer first surface; a connecting layer disposed between the first layer second surface and the second layer first surface, wherein the connecting layer forms a gap between the first layer first surface and the second layer second surface, wherein the photovoltaic cell is in the connecting layer; and a cured layer in the gap, between the first layer and the photovoltaic cell. 4. The photovoltaic module assembly of any of claims 3, wherein the cured layer comprises a room temperature vulcanize filling. 5. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 4, wherein the room temperature vulcanize filling comprises a silicone room temperature vulcanize and/or a silicone thermoset elastomer. 6. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 3, wherein the cured layer is a fluid having a viscosity of less than or equal to 1,500 centipoise before curing. 7. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 3, further comprising a coating disposed on the first layer first surface and/or on the second layer second surface, wherein the coating comprises a silicone hard coat, a plasma coating, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing. 8. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 3, wherein the first layer and/or the second layer comprises polycarbonate. 9. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 3, wherein the second layer comprises a multiwall sheet. 10. A method of making a photovoltaic module assembly, comprising:
disposing a photovoltaic cell between a first layer having a first layer first surface and a first layer second surface and a second layer having a second layer first surface and a second layer second surface, wherein the first layer is transparent and comprises a plastic material and wherein the second layer comprises a plastic material; and inserting a liquid filling between the first layer and the second layer, wherein the liquid filling has a viscosity of less than or equal to 1,500 centipoise before curing; and curing the liquid filling. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising attaching the first layer to the second layer with a connecting layer forming a gap therebetween, wherein the connecting layer is disposed between and in physical contact with the first layer second surface and the second layer first surface. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the liquid filling comprises a room temperature vulcanize filling. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the liquid filling comprises a silicone room temperature vulcanize. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the first layer comprises a filling opening. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the first layer comprises an outgassing opening. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising closing the filling opening and/or the outgassing opening after the liquid filling is inserted. 17. The method of claim 10, further comprising embedding electrical components of the photovoltaic cell into the connecting layer before the liquid filling is inserted. 18. A photovoltaic module assembly, comprising:
a photovoltaic cell; a transparent first layer comprising a first layer plastic material; a second layer comprising a second layer plastic material, wherein the photovoltaic cell is between the first layer and the second layer; and a fluid layer between the first layer and the photovoltaic cell, wherein the fluid layer has a viscosity of 0 to 1,000 centipoise. 19. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 18, wherein the fluid layer comprises silicon oil. 20. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 18, further comprising a coating disposed on the first layer and/or on the second layer, wherein the coating comprises a silicon hard coat, a plasma coating, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing. 21. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 18, wherein the first layer and/or the second layer comprise polycarbonate. 22. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 21, wherein the second layer comprises a blend of polyphenylene ether and polystyrene. 23. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 18, wherein the refractive index of the first layer is within 15% of the refractive index of the fluid layer. 24. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 18, wherein the assembly has a total weight of 5 to 10 kilograms per square meter. 25. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 18, further comprising a junction box, controllers, cables, and a micro-inverter in the second layer. 26. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 18, wherein the photovoltaic cells are adhered to the second layer by a support selected from the group consisting of silicon gel pads, integrated support studs molded on the second layer, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing. 27. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 18, further comprising a second fluid layer between the second layer and the photovoltaic cell. 28. A method of making a photovoltaic module assembly, comprising:
disposing a photovoltaic cell between a first layer and a second layer, wherein the first layer is transparent and comprises a plastic material and wherein the second layer comprises a plastic material; and disposing a fluid layer between the first layer and the photovoltaic cell, wherein the fluid layer has a viscosity of 0 to 1,000 centipoise. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the fluid layer comprises silicon oil. 30. The method of claim 28, further comprising incorporating a junction box, controllers, cables, and a micro-inverter in the second layer. | A photovoltaic module assembly can comprise a photovoltaic cell; a transparent first layer comprising a plastic material, wherein the first layer has a first layer first surface and a first layer second surface; a second layer, wherein the second layer has a second layer first surface and a second layer second surface, wherein the photovoltaic cell is between the first layer second surface and the second layer first surface; and a cured layer between the first layer second surface and the second layer first surface, wherein the cured layer is a liquid having a viscosity of less than or equal to 1,500 centipoise before curing.1. A photovoltaic module assembly, comprising:
a photovoltaic cell; a transparent first layer comprising a plastic material, wherein the first layer has a first layer first surface and a first layer second surface; a second layer, wherein the second layer has a second layer first surface and a second layer second surface, wherein the photovoltaic cell is between the first layer second surface and the second layer first surface; and a cured layer between the first layer second surface and the second layer first surface, wherein the cured layer is a fluid having a viscosity of less than or equal to 1,500 centipoise before curing. 2. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 1, further comprising a connecting layer disposed between and in physical contact with the first layer second surface and the second layer first surface, wherein the connecting layer forms a gap between the first layer first surface and the second layer second surface. 3. A photovoltaic module assembly, comprising:
a photovoltaic cell; a transparent first layer comprising a plastic material, wherein the first layer has a first layer first surface and a first layer second surface; a second layer comprising a plastic material, wherein the second layer has a second layer first surface and a second layer second surface, wherein the photovoltaic cell is between the first layer second surface and the second layer first surface; a connecting layer disposed between the first layer second surface and the second layer first surface, wherein the connecting layer forms a gap between the first layer first surface and the second layer second surface, wherein the photovoltaic cell is in the connecting layer; and a cured layer in the gap, between the first layer and the photovoltaic cell. 4. The photovoltaic module assembly of any of claims 3, wherein the cured layer comprises a room temperature vulcanize filling. 5. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 4, wherein the room temperature vulcanize filling comprises a silicone room temperature vulcanize and/or a silicone thermoset elastomer. 6. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 3, wherein the cured layer is a fluid having a viscosity of less than or equal to 1,500 centipoise before curing. 7. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 3, further comprising a coating disposed on the first layer first surface and/or on the second layer second surface, wherein the coating comprises a silicone hard coat, a plasma coating, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing. 8. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 3, wherein the first layer and/or the second layer comprises polycarbonate. 9. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 3, wherein the second layer comprises a multiwall sheet. 10. A method of making a photovoltaic module assembly, comprising:
disposing a photovoltaic cell between a first layer having a first layer first surface and a first layer second surface and a second layer having a second layer first surface and a second layer second surface, wherein the first layer is transparent and comprises a plastic material and wherein the second layer comprises a plastic material; and inserting a liquid filling between the first layer and the second layer, wherein the liquid filling has a viscosity of less than or equal to 1,500 centipoise before curing; and curing the liquid filling. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising attaching the first layer to the second layer with a connecting layer forming a gap therebetween, wherein the connecting layer is disposed between and in physical contact with the first layer second surface and the second layer first surface. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the liquid filling comprises a room temperature vulcanize filling. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the liquid filling comprises a silicone room temperature vulcanize. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the first layer comprises a filling opening. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the first layer comprises an outgassing opening. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising closing the filling opening and/or the outgassing opening after the liquid filling is inserted. 17. The method of claim 10, further comprising embedding electrical components of the photovoltaic cell into the connecting layer before the liquid filling is inserted. 18. A photovoltaic module assembly, comprising:
a photovoltaic cell; a transparent first layer comprising a first layer plastic material; a second layer comprising a second layer plastic material, wherein the photovoltaic cell is between the first layer and the second layer; and a fluid layer between the first layer and the photovoltaic cell, wherein the fluid layer has a viscosity of 0 to 1,000 centipoise. 19. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 18, wherein the fluid layer comprises silicon oil. 20. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 18, further comprising a coating disposed on the first layer and/or on the second layer, wherein the coating comprises a silicon hard coat, a plasma coating, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing. 21. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 18, wherein the first layer and/or the second layer comprise polycarbonate. 22. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 21, wherein the second layer comprises a blend of polyphenylene ether and polystyrene. 23. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 18, wherein the refractive index of the first layer is within 15% of the refractive index of the fluid layer. 24. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 18, wherein the assembly has a total weight of 5 to 10 kilograms per square meter. 25. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 18, further comprising a junction box, controllers, cables, and a micro-inverter in the second layer. 26. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 18, wherein the photovoltaic cells are adhered to the second layer by a support selected from the group consisting of silicon gel pads, integrated support studs molded on the second layer, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing. 27. The photovoltaic module assembly of claim 18, further comprising a second fluid layer between the second layer and the photovoltaic cell. 28. A method of making a photovoltaic module assembly, comprising:
disposing a photovoltaic cell between a first layer and a second layer, wherein the first layer is transparent and comprises a plastic material and wherein the second layer comprises a plastic material; and disposing a fluid layer between the first layer and the photovoltaic cell, wherein the fluid layer has a viscosity of 0 to 1,000 centipoise. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the fluid layer comprises silicon oil. 30. The method of claim 28, further comprising incorporating a junction box, controllers, cables, and a micro-inverter in the second layer. | 1,700 |
1,530 | 14,025,347 | 1,789 | A metalized fabric ( 10 ) is disclosed a first layer ( 15 ) of clear thermoplastic material, a second layer ( 16 ) of vaporized aluminum material (metalized layer), a third layer ( 17 ) of thermoplastic material, and a fourth layer ( 18 ) of lofted billow spunbond thermoplastic material. The four layers are sealed together in a pattern that forms a series, matrix or field of large pillowed areas or regions ( 20 ) surrounded at four sides by smaller pillowed regions ( 21 ). The seals ( 23 ) are non-continuous or fragmented, as they are formed by several unjoined segments ( 24 ) which provide a less stiff feel to the metalized fabric. | 1. A metalized fabric comprising:
a first layer of a thermoplastic material; a second layer of a vaporized metal material overlaying said first layer; a third layer of a thermoplastic material overlaying said second layer opposite said first layer, and a fourth layer of a lofted spunbond thermoplastic material overlaying said third layer opposite said second layer. 2. The metalized fabric of claim 1 wherein said first layer, said second layer, said third layer and said fourth layer are bonded together along seals. 3. The metalized fabric of claim 2 wherein said seals form a series of pillowed areas. 4. The metalized fabric of claim 3 wherein said seals are fragmented seals. 5. The metalized fabric of claim 1 wherein said first layer of thermoplastic material is a first layer of polyethylene material. 6. The metalized fabric of claim 5 wherein said third layer of thermoplastic material is a third layer of polyethylene material. 7. The metalized fabric of claim 6 wherein said fourth layer of a lofted spunbond thermoplastic material is a fourth layer of a lofted spunbond polypropylene material. 8. A metalized fabric comprising:
a first layer of thermoplastic material having an exterior surface and an interior surface; a second layer of vaporized aluminum material coupled to said interior surface of said first layer of thermoplastic material; a third layer of thermoplastic material coupled to said second layer of vaporized aluminum material opposite said first layer of thermoplastic material; and a fourth layer of billowed spunbond thermoplastic material coupled to said third layer of thermoplastic material opposite said second layer of vaporized aluminum material. 9. The metalized fabric of claim 8 wherein said first layer, said second layer, said third layer and said fourth layer are coupled together through seals. 10. The metalized fabric of claim 9 wherein said seals form a series of lofted areas. 11. The metalized fabric of claim 10 wherein said seals are fragmented seals. 12. A method of manufacturing a metalized fabric comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a first layer of a thermoplastic material; (b) providing a second layer of a vaporized metal material; (c) providing a third layer of a thermoplastic material; (d) providing a fourth layer of thermoplastic material, and (e) bonding the first layer, second layer, third layer and fourth layer together to form a. field of lofted, billowed area within the fourth layer of polypropylene material. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein step (e) the seals are fragmented seals. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein step (d) the fourth layer of a thermoplastic material is a lofted spunbond polypropylene material. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein step (a) the first layer of a thermoplastic material is a polyethylene material. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein step (c) the third layer of a thermoplastic material is a polyethylene material. | A metalized fabric ( 10 ) is disclosed a first layer ( 15 ) of clear thermoplastic material, a second layer ( 16 ) of vaporized aluminum material (metalized layer), a third layer ( 17 ) of thermoplastic material, and a fourth layer ( 18 ) of lofted billow spunbond thermoplastic material. The four layers are sealed together in a pattern that forms a series, matrix or field of large pillowed areas or regions ( 20 ) surrounded at four sides by smaller pillowed regions ( 21 ). The seals ( 23 ) are non-continuous or fragmented, as they are formed by several unjoined segments ( 24 ) which provide a less stiff feel to the metalized fabric.1. A metalized fabric comprising:
a first layer of a thermoplastic material; a second layer of a vaporized metal material overlaying said first layer; a third layer of a thermoplastic material overlaying said second layer opposite said first layer, and a fourth layer of a lofted spunbond thermoplastic material overlaying said third layer opposite said second layer. 2. The metalized fabric of claim 1 wherein said first layer, said second layer, said third layer and said fourth layer are bonded together along seals. 3. The metalized fabric of claim 2 wherein said seals form a series of pillowed areas. 4. The metalized fabric of claim 3 wherein said seals are fragmented seals. 5. The metalized fabric of claim 1 wherein said first layer of thermoplastic material is a first layer of polyethylene material. 6. The metalized fabric of claim 5 wherein said third layer of thermoplastic material is a third layer of polyethylene material. 7. The metalized fabric of claim 6 wherein said fourth layer of a lofted spunbond thermoplastic material is a fourth layer of a lofted spunbond polypropylene material. 8. A metalized fabric comprising:
a first layer of thermoplastic material having an exterior surface and an interior surface; a second layer of vaporized aluminum material coupled to said interior surface of said first layer of thermoplastic material; a third layer of thermoplastic material coupled to said second layer of vaporized aluminum material opposite said first layer of thermoplastic material; and a fourth layer of billowed spunbond thermoplastic material coupled to said third layer of thermoplastic material opposite said second layer of vaporized aluminum material. 9. The metalized fabric of claim 8 wherein said first layer, said second layer, said third layer and said fourth layer are coupled together through seals. 10. The metalized fabric of claim 9 wherein said seals form a series of lofted areas. 11. The metalized fabric of claim 10 wherein said seals are fragmented seals. 12. A method of manufacturing a metalized fabric comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a first layer of a thermoplastic material; (b) providing a second layer of a vaporized metal material; (c) providing a third layer of a thermoplastic material; (d) providing a fourth layer of thermoplastic material, and (e) bonding the first layer, second layer, third layer and fourth layer together to form a. field of lofted, billowed area within the fourth layer of polypropylene material. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein step (e) the seals are fragmented seals. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein step (d) the fourth layer of a thermoplastic material is a lofted spunbond polypropylene material. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein step (a) the first layer of a thermoplastic material is a polyethylene material. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein step (c) the third layer of a thermoplastic material is a polyethylene material. | 1,700 |
1,531 | 11,724,377 | 1,793 | A process of producing a frozen sheeted dough, which can be prepared without using stress-free sheeting process and transferred directly from the freezer to oven without a proofing step. The process comprises mixing the dough ingredients comprising yeast and chemical leavening agents; resting the dough to form air cell structure; subjecting the dough to high stress sheeting compressions and freezing the dough. The frozen dough can be directly transferred to an oven without a proofing step. The resulting baked product has desirable texture and taste. | 1. A method for making a frozen, sheeted dough comprising the steps of:
(a) mixing flour, a lipid source, chemical leavening agents, yeast, cheese or cheese substitute, dough conditioners and shortening chips having a Mettler Dropping Point of between 130° and 170° F., (b) resting the dough for 5-50 minutes at 70° F.-80° F.; (c) subjecting the rested dough to a high stress sheeting process comprising 2 to 5 compression steps such that the height of the dough is reduced by at least 80% after the high stress sheeting process; and (d) freezing the dough. Wherein the chemical leavening agents primarily react during baking and wherein the frozen dough increases in height by at least 100% after baking over the frozen dough height. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the number of compressions is three. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the level of cheese or cheese substitute is between 1-4%. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the chemical leavening agents are encapsulated such that the agents are not released during steps (a) though (d). 5. The method of claim 6, wherein the flour is wheat flour or potato flour or combinations thereof. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the type of yeast is selected from the group consisting of: cream yeast, compressed yeast, active dry yeast, baker's yeast, protected active dry yeast, frozen yeast and combinations thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the chemical leavening agent is a delayed action leavening agent. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the chemical leavening agent is double acting combination of fast acting leavening agent and a slow acting leavening agent. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the lipid source is an emulsified oil, a vegetable oil or a flavored oil. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the dough further comprises flavoring and/or coloring agents. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the dough further comprises sweeteners comprising sugars in the range of 1-5%, or artificial sweeteners. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising 1.5 to 2% bread crumb product. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the dough product is topped with a topping or flavoring prior to freezing the dough. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the shortening chips are added between 30 seconds and 3 minutes prior to the end of the mixing step. 15. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of rolling the sheeted dough end to end before freezing. 16. The method of claim 15 further comprising applying a flavoring paste on one side of the sheeted dough prior to rolling end to end. 17. The method of claim 16 further comprising brushing with oil or shortening prior to applying the flavoring paste. 18. A frozen, sheeted, non-laminated dough product made by the process of claim 1. 19. A method for making a baked product; wherein a frozen, sheeted, non-laminated dough made by the process of claim 1 is placed directly in the oven from the freezer without a thawing period. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the oven is a convection oven or a microwave oven. | A process of producing a frozen sheeted dough, which can be prepared without using stress-free sheeting process and transferred directly from the freezer to oven without a proofing step. The process comprises mixing the dough ingredients comprising yeast and chemical leavening agents; resting the dough to form air cell structure; subjecting the dough to high stress sheeting compressions and freezing the dough. The frozen dough can be directly transferred to an oven without a proofing step. The resulting baked product has desirable texture and taste.1. A method for making a frozen, sheeted dough comprising the steps of:
(a) mixing flour, a lipid source, chemical leavening agents, yeast, cheese or cheese substitute, dough conditioners and shortening chips having a Mettler Dropping Point of between 130° and 170° F., (b) resting the dough for 5-50 minutes at 70° F.-80° F.; (c) subjecting the rested dough to a high stress sheeting process comprising 2 to 5 compression steps such that the height of the dough is reduced by at least 80% after the high stress sheeting process; and (d) freezing the dough. Wherein the chemical leavening agents primarily react during baking and wherein the frozen dough increases in height by at least 100% after baking over the frozen dough height. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the number of compressions is three. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the level of cheese or cheese substitute is between 1-4%. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the chemical leavening agents are encapsulated such that the agents are not released during steps (a) though (d). 5. The method of claim 6, wherein the flour is wheat flour or potato flour or combinations thereof. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the type of yeast is selected from the group consisting of: cream yeast, compressed yeast, active dry yeast, baker's yeast, protected active dry yeast, frozen yeast and combinations thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the chemical leavening agent is a delayed action leavening agent. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the chemical leavening agent is double acting combination of fast acting leavening agent and a slow acting leavening agent. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the lipid source is an emulsified oil, a vegetable oil or a flavored oil. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the dough further comprises flavoring and/or coloring agents. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the dough further comprises sweeteners comprising sugars in the range of 1-5%, or artificial sweeteners. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising 1.5 to 2% bread crumb product. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the dough product is topped with a topping or flavoring prior to freezing the dough. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the shortening chips are added between 30 seconds and 3 minutes prior to the end of the mixing step. 15. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of rolling the sheeted dough end to end before freezing. 16. The method of claim 15 further comprising applying a flavoring paste on one side of the sheeted dough prior to rolling end to end. 17. The method of claim 16 further comprising brushing with oil or shortening prior to applying the flavoring paste. 18. A frozen, sheeted, non-laminated dough product made by the process of claim 1. 19. A method for making a baked product; wherein a frozen, sheeted, non-laminated dough made by the process of claim 1 is placed directly in the oven from the freezer without a thawing period. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the oven is a convection oven or a microwave oven. | 1,700 |
1,532 | 14,539,408 | 1,783 | A transparent conductor including a Group 5 transition metal and boron, wherein the compound has a layered structure. | 1. A transparent conductor comprising:
a compound comprising a Group 5 transition metal and boron, wherein the compound has a layered structure. 2. The transparent conductor of claim 1, wherein the compound is represented by the following Chemical Formula 1:
MxBy Chemical Formula 1
wherein, in Chemical Formula 1, M is vanadium, niobium, tantalum, or a combination thereof, B is boron, and x and y are stoichiometric ratios of M and B. 3. The transparent conductor of claim 2, wherein x and y of Chemical Formula 1 satisfy x≦y. 4. The transparent conductor of claim 2, wherein a ratio of the x and y of Chemical Formula 1 is about 2:3, about 3:4, about 1:1, about 1:2, or about 5:6. 5. The transparent conductor of claim 2, wherein the compound comprises V2B3, Nb2B3, Ta2B3, V3B4, Nb3B4, Ta3B4, VB, NbB, TaB, VB2, NbB2, TaB2, V5B6, Nb5B6, Ta5B6, or a combination thereof. 6. The transparent conductor of claim 1, wherein the layered structure comprises a plurality of unit crystal layers. 7. The transparent conductor of claim 6, wherein each unit crystal layer comprises:
an upper layer and a lower layer, each consisting of the Group 5 transition metal; and boron disposed between the upper layer and the lower layer. 8. The transparent conductor of claim 6, wherein the plurality of unit crystal layers comprises a unit crystal layer consisting of the transition metal of Group 5 alternately disposed with a unit crystal layer consisting of the boron to form the layered structure. 9. The transparent conductor of claim 6, wherein the unit crystal layers have an interlayer bonding force of less than 0.45 electron volts per Angstrom. 10. The transparent conductor of claim 1, wherein a product of an extinction coefficient at a wavelength of 550 nanometers and specific resistance is less than 25 at 25° C. 11. The transparent conductor of claim 1, which has sheet resistance of less than 200 ohms per square and a light transmittance of greater than or equal to 90 percent. 12. The transparent conductor of claim 1, wherein the compound is in a form of a plurality of nanosheets having a thickness of less than or equal to about 10 nanometers,
wherein the nanosheets contact one another and provide an electrical connection. 13. The transparent conductor of claim 1, wherein the compound is exfoliable. 14. The transparent conductor of claim 1, which has a thickness of less than or equal to about 100 nanometers. 15. An electronic device including the transparent conductor of claim 1. 16. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the electronic device is a flat panel display, a touch panel screen, a solar cell, an e-window, a heat mirror, or a transparent transistor. | A transparent conductor including a Group 5 transition metal and boron, wherein the compound has a layered structure.1. A transparent conductor comprising:
a compound comprising a Group 5 transition metal and boron, wherein the compound has a layered structure. 2. The transparent conductor of claim 1, wherein the compound is represented by the following Chemical Formula 1:
MxBy Chemical Formula 1
wherein, in Chemical Formula 1, M is vanadium, niobium, tantalum, or a combination thereof, B is boron, and x and y are stoichiometric ratios of M and B. 3. The transparent conductor of claim 2, wherein x and y of Chemical Formula 1 satisfy x≦y. 4. The transparent conductor of claim 2, wherein a ratio of the x and y of Chemical Formula 1 is about 2:3, about 3:4, about 1:1, about 1:2, or about 5:6. 5. The transparent conductor of claim 2, wherein the compound comprises V2B3, Nb2B3, Ta2B3, V3B4, Nb3B4, Ta3B4, VB, NbB, TaB, VB2, NbB2, TaB2, V5B6, Nb5B6, Ta5B6, or a combination thereof. 6. The transparent conductor of claim 1, wherein the layered structure comprises a plurality of unit crystal layers. 7. The transparent conductor of claim 6, wherein each unit crystal layer comprises:
an upper layer and a lower layer, each consisting of the Group 5 transition metal; and boron disposed between the upper layer and the lower layer. 8. The transparent conductor of claim 6, wherein the plurality of unit crystal layers comprises a unit crystal layer consisting of the transition metal of Group 5 alternately disposed with a unit crystal layer consisting of the boron to form the layered structure. 9. The transparent conductor of claim 6, wherein the unit crystal layers have an interlayer bonding force of less than 0.45 electron volts per Angstrom. 10. The transparent conductor of claim 1, wherein a product of an extinction coefficient at a wavelength of 550 nanometers and specific resistance is less than 25 at 25° C. 11. The transparent conductor of claim 1, which has sheet resistance of less than 200 ohms per square and a light transmittance of greater than or equal to 90 percent. 12. The transparent conductor of claim 1, wherein the compound is in a form of a plurality of nanosheets having a thickness of less than or equal to about 10 nanometers,
wherein the nanosheets contact one another and provide an electrical connection. 13. The transparent conductor of claim 1, wherein the compound is exfoliable. 14. The transparent conductor of claim 1, which has a thickness of less than or equal to about 100 nanometers. 15. An electronic device including the transparent conductor of claim 1. 16. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the electronic device is a flat panel display, a touch panel screen, a solar cell, an e-window, a heat mirror, or a transparent transistor. | 1,700 |
1,533 | 13,867,361 | 1,793 | Suggested are liquid flavour substance mixtures, comprising
(a) 10 to 25% by weight oil-soluble aroma emulsions or aroma concentrates,
(b) 15 to 25% by weight inorganic salts,
(c) 6 to 12% by weight water-soluble constituents,
(d) 2 to 10% by weight water-insoluble constituents and dyes,
(e) 0.1 to 6% by weight hydrocolloids and emulsifiers and
(f) ad 100% by weight water,
with the proviso that the aroma emulsions forming component (a), which, in turn, comprise
(a1) 0.1 to 40% by weight oil-soluble aromatic compounds,
(a2) 5 to 20% by weight stabilizers,
(a3) 0 to 1% by weight preservatives and
(a4) ad 100% by weight water. | 1. Liquid aroma and flavouring compositions, comprising
(a) 10 to 25% by weight oil-soluble aroma emulsions or aroma concentrates, (b) 15 to 25% by weight inorganic salts, (c) 6 to 12% by weight water-soluble constituents, (d) 2 to 10% by weight water-insoluble constituents and dyes, (e) 0.1 to 6% by weight hydrocolloids and emulsifiers, and (f) ad 100% by weight water, with the proviso that the aroma emulsions forming component (a), which, in turn, comprise (a1) 0.1 to 40% by weight oil-soluble aromatic compounds, (a2) 5 to 20% by weight stabilizers, (a3) 0 to 1% by weight preservatives and (a4) ad 100% by weight water 2. Compositions according to claim 1, wherein the aroma emulsions, as component (a1), comprise oil-soluble aromatic compounds which are selected from the group consisting of essential oils of the group of aromatics and terpenes. 3. Compositions according to claim 1, wherein the aroma emulsions, as component (a2), comprise polysaccharides which are selected from the group consisting of gum arabic, pectin, xanthan gum, modified starch and the mixtures thereof. 4. Compositions according to claim 1, wherein they comprise, as component (b), inorganic salts which are selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride and potassium chloride and the mixtures thereof. 5. Compositions according to claim 1 4, wherein they comprise, as component (c), water-soluble constituents which are selected from the group consisting of plant and herb extracts, sweeteners and flavour enhancers. 6. Compositions according to claim 1, wherein characterized in that they comprise, as component (d), water-insoluble constituents which are selected from the group consisting of dietary fibres, pigments and dyes. 7. Compositions according to claim 1, wherein they comprise, as component (e), hydrocolloids which are selected from the group consisting of gum arabic, pectin, xanthan gum, galactomannans, guar gum, carob bean gum, gellan gum, CMC and the mixtures thereof. 8. A process for the production of liquid aroma and flavouring compositions, whereby
(i) a first aqueous aroma emulsion is produced by processing
(a1) 0.1 to 40% by weight oil-soluble aromatic compounds,
(a2) 5 to 20% by weight stabilizers and
(a3) 0 to 1% by weight preservatives
in ad 100% by weight water applying strong shearing forces to obtain a homogeneous emulsion, and
(ii) (a) 10 to 25% by weight of the aroma emulsions or aroma concentrates previously produced are processed
(b) 15 to 25% by weight inorganic salts,
(c) 6 to 12% by weight water-soluble constituents and dyes,
(d) 2 to 10% by weight water-insoluble constituents and
(e) 0.1 to 6% by weight hydrocolloids and emulsifiers
in ad 100% by weight water applying strong shearing forces to obtain a homogeneous dispersion. 9. A process according to claim 8, wherein the liquid aroma and flavouring compositions are subsequently pasteurized or otherwise thermally post-treated. 10. A process for loading foods with aroma and flavour compositions, in which the liquid compositions according to claim 1 are sprayed on the foods. 11. A process according to claim 10, wherein liquid compositions having a viscosity in the range of from 1,000 to 6,000 mPas (RVT method, 20° C., 200 rpm, spindle 1) are used. 12. Foods loaded with compositions according to claim 1. 13. Foods according to claim 12, wherein they include biscuits, pasta, potato chips or extrudates of potatoes, wheat or maize, optionally baked or fried. 14. Foods according to claim 12, wherein they are loaded with the compositions in amounts of from about 2 to 7% by weight. 15. Use of compositions according to claim 1 for loading of foods. 16. Compositions according to claim 2, wherein the aroma emulsions, as component (a2), comprise polysaccharides which are selected from the group consisting of gum arabic, pectin, xanthan gum, modified starch and the mixtures thereof. 17. Compositions according to claim 16, wherein they comprise, as component (b), inorganic salts which are selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride and potassium chloride and the mixtures thereof. 18. Compositions according to claim 3, wherein they comprise, as component (b), inorganic salts which are selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride and potassium chloride and the mixtures thereof. 19. Compositions according to claim 2, wherein they comprise, as component (b), inorganic salts which are selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride and potassium chloride and the mixtures thereof. 20. Compositions according to claim 17, wherein they comprise, as component (c), water-soluble constituents which are selected from the group consisting of plant and herb extracts, sweeteners and flavour enhancers. | Suggested are liquid flavour substance mixtures, comprising
(a) 10 to 25% by weight oil-soluble aroma emulsions or aroma concentrates,
(b) 15 to 25% by weight inorganic salts,
(c) 6 to 12% by weight water-soluble constituents,
(d) 2 to 10% by weight water-insoluble constituents and dyes,
(e) 0.1 to 6% by weight hydrocolloids and emulsifiers and
(f) ad 100% by weight water,
with the proviso that the aroma emulsions forming component (a), which, in turn, comprise
(a1) 0.1 to 40% by weight oil-soluble aromatic compounds,
(a2) 5 to 20% by weight stabilizers,
(a3) 0 to 1% by weight preservatives and
(a4) ad 100% by weight water.1. Liquid aroma and flavouring compositions, comprising
(a) 10 to 25% by weight oil-soluble aroma emulsions or aroma concentrates, (b) 15 to 25% by weight inorganic salts, (c) 6 to 12% by weight water-soluble constituents, (d) 2 to 10% by weight water-insoluble constituents and dyes, (e) 0.1 to 6% by weight hydrocolloids and emulsifiers, and (f) ad 100% by weight water, with the proviso that the aroma emulsions forming component (a), which, in turn, comprise (a1) 0.1 to 40% by weight oil-soluble aromatic compounds, (a2) 5 to 20% by weight stabilizers, (a3) 0 to 1% by weight preservatives and (a4) ad 100% by weight water 2. Compositions according to claim 1, wherein the aroma emulsions, as component (a1), comprise oil-soluble aromatic compounds which are selected from the group consisting of essential oils of the group of aromatics and terpenes. 3. Compositions according to claim 1, wherein the aroma emulsions, as component (a2), comprise polysaccharides which are selected from the group consisting of gum arabic, pectin, xanthan gum, modified starch and the mixtures thereof. 4. Compositions according to claim 1, wherein they comprise, as component (b), inorganic salts which are selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride and potassium chloride and the mixtures thereof. 5. Compositions according to claim 1 4, wherein they comprise, as component (c), water-soluble constituents which are selected from the group consisting of plant and herb extracts, sweeteners and flavour enhancers. 6. Compositions according to claim 1, wherein characterized in that they comprise, as component (d), water-insoluble constituents which are selected from the group consisting of dietary fibres, pigments and dyes. 7. Compositions according to claim 1, wherein they comprise, as component (e), hydrocolloids which are selected from the group consisting of gum arabic, pectin, xanthan gum, galactomannans, guar gum, carob bean gum, gellan gum, CMC and the mixtures thereof. 8. A process for the production of liquid aroma and flavouring compositions, whereby
(i) a first aqueous aroma emulsion is produced by processing
(a1) 0.1 to 40% by weight oil-soluble aromatic compounds,
(a2) 5 to 20% by weight stabilizers and
(a3) 0 to 1% by weight preservatives
in ad 100% by weight water applying strong shearing forces to obtain a homogeneous emulsion, and
(ii) (a) 10 to 25% by weight of the aroma emulsions or aroma concentrates previously produced are processed
(b) 15 to 25% by weight inorganic salts,
(c) 6 to 12% by weight water-soluble constituents and dyes,
(d) 2 to 10% by weight water-insoluble constituents and
(e) 0.1 to 6% by weight hydrocolloids and emulsifiers
in ad 100% by weight water applying strong shearing forces to obtain a homogeneous dispersion. 9. A process according to claim 8, wherein the liquid aroma and flavouring compositions are subsequently pasteurized or otherwise thermally post-treated. 10. A process for loading foods with aroma and flavour compositions, in which the liquid compositions according to claim 1 are sprayed on the foods. 11. A process according to claim 10, wherein liquid compositions having a viscosity in the range of from 1,000 to 6,000 mPas (RVT method, 20° C., 200 rpm, spindle 1) are used. 12. Foods loaded with compositions according to claim 1. 13. Foods according to claim 12, wherein they include biscuits, pasta, potato chips or extrudates of potatoes, wheat or maize, optionally baked or fried. 14. Foods according to claim 12, wherein they are loaded with the compositions in amounts of from about 2 to 7% by weight. 15. Use of compositions according to claim 1 for loading of foods. 16. Compositions according to claim 2, wherein the aroma emulsions, as component (a2), comprise polysaccharides which are selected from the group consisting of gum arabic, pectin, xanthan gum, modified starch and the mixtures thereof. 17. Compositions according to claim 16, wherein they comprise, as component (b), inorganic salts which are selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride and potassium chloride and the mixtures thereof. 18. Compositions according to claim 3, wherein they comprise, as component (b), inorganic salts which are selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride and potassium chloride and the mixtures thereof. 19. Compositions according to claim 2, wherein they comprise, as component (b), inorganic salts which are selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride and potassium chloride and the mixtures thereof. 20. Compositions according to claim 17, wherein they comprise, as component (c), water-soluble constituents which are selected from the group consisting of plant and herb extracts, sweeteners and flavour enhancers. | 1,700 |
1,534 | 14,232,409 | 1,723 | It is an object of the present invention to provide an oxygen reducing catalyst having high catalytic activity and high durability using a transition metal (such as titanium); and a method for producing a fuel cell electrode catalyst using the oxygen reducing catalyst. The present invention provides the oxygen reduction catalyst including titanium, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen as constituent elements at a specific ratio, wherein in XRD measurement using a Cu—Kα ray, peaks are each present in at least regions A and B among regions A to D which occupy 2θ ranges of 42° to 43°, B: 36.5° to 37°, 25° to 26°, and 27° to 28°, respectively; and each of maximum peak intensities I A , I B , I C , and I D in the regions A to D satisfies both relationships of I A >I B and 0.3≦(I A /(I A +I C +I D ))≦1. | 1. An oxygen reduction catalyst comprising titanium, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen as constituent elements, wherein
0.1<x≦7, 0.01<y≦2, and 0.05<z≦3 are met when a ratio of the number of atoms of each of the constituent elements (titanium:carbon:nitrogen:oxygen) is represented by 1:x:y:z; in XRD measurement using a Cu—Kα ray, peaks are each present in at least regions A and B among regions A to D which occupy 28 ranges described below: A: 42° to 43°, B: 36.5° to 37°, C: 25° to 26°, and D: 27° to 28°; and each of maximum peak intensities IA, IB, IC, and ID in the regions A to D satisfies both relationships described in expressions (1) and (2) described below:
I A >I B (1), and
0.3≦(I A/(I A +I C +I D))≦1 (2). 2. The oxygen reduction catalyst according to claim 1, further comprising at least one transition metal element M2 selected from iron, nickel, chromium, cobalt, vanadium, and manganese. 3. A method for producing the oxygen reduction catalyst according to claim 1, the method comprising steps 1 to 3 described below:
step 1: the step of mixing at least a titanium-containing compound (1a), a nitrogen-containing organic compound (2), and a solvent to give a catalyst precursor solution; step 2: the step of removing the solvent from the catalyst precursor solution to give a solid residue; and step 3: the step of heat-treating the solid residue, obtained in the step 2, at a temperature of 900° C. to 1400° C. to give the oxygen reduction catalyst, wherein any of the components to be mixed comprises an oxygen atom. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein in the step 1, a compound (1b) containing at least one transition metal element M2 selected from iron, nickel, chromium, cobalt, vanadium, and manganese is further added. 5. The method according to claim 3, wherein in the step 1, a compound (3) containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of boron, phosphorus, and sulfur as well as fluorine is further added. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the compound (3) is at least one selected from the group consisting of boric acid derivatives containing fluorine, sulfonic acid derivatives containing fluorine, and phosphoric acid derivatives containing fluorine. 7. The method according to claim 3, wherein the solvent comprises alcohol or water. 8. The method according to claim 3, wherein the titanium-containing compound (1a) is one or more selected from the group consisting of titanium complexes as well as phosphates, sulfates, nitrates, organic acid salts, oxyhalides, alkoxides, halides, perhalates, and hypohalites of titanium. 9. The method according to claim 3, wherein the nitrogen-containing organic compound (2) has, in its molecule, one or more selected from amino group, nitrile group, imido group, imine group, nitro group, amide group, azido group, aziridine group, azo group, isocyanate group, isothiocyanate group, oxime group, diazo group, nitroso group, pyrrole ring, porphyrin ring, imidazole ring, pyridine ring, pyrimidine ring, and pyrazine ring. 10. The method according to claim 3, wherein the nitrogen-containing organic compound (2) has, in its molecule, one or more selected from hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, formyl group, halocarbonyl group, sulfonate group, phosphate group, ketone group, ether group, and ester group. 11. The method according to claim 3, wherein in the step 3, the solid residue is heat-treated in a non-oxidizing atmosphere. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the non-oxidizing atmosphere is an atmosphere containing nitrogen. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the non-oxidizing atmosphere is an atmosphere containing 1% by volume or more and 20% by volume or less of a hydrogen gas. 14. An oxygen reduction catalyst produced by the method according to claim 3. 15. A fuel cell electrode catalyst comprising the oxygen reduction catalyst according to claim 1. 16. An ink comprising the oxygen reduction catalyst according to claim 1. 17. A fuel cell catalyst layer produced using the ink according to claim 16. 18. An electrode comprising the fuel cell catalyst layer according to claim 17 and a gas diffusion layer. 19. A membrane electrode assembly comprising: an anode; a cathode comprising the fuel cell catalyst layer according to claim 17; and an electrolyte membrane between the anode and the cathode. 20. A polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising the membrane electrode assembly according to claim 19. | It is an object of the present invention to provide an oxygen reducing catalyst having high catalytic activity and high durability using a transition metal (such as titanium); and a method for producing a fuel cell electrode catalyst using the oxygen reducing catalyst. The present invention provides the oxygen reduction catalyst including titanium, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen as constituent elements at a specific ratio, wherein in XRD measurement using a Cu—Kα ray, peaks are each present in at least regions A and B among regions A to D which occupy 2θ ranges of 42° to 43°, B: 36.5° to 37°, 25° to 26°, and 27° to 28°, respectively; and each of maximum peak intensities I A , I B , I C , and I D in the regions A to D satisfies both relationships of I A >I B and 0.3≦(I A /(I A +I C +I D ))≦1.1. An oxygen reduction catalyst comprising titanium, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen as constituent elements, wherein
0.1<x≦7, 0.01<y≦2, and 0.05<z≦3 are met when a ratio of the number of atoms of each of the constituent elements (titanium:carbon:nitrogen:oxygen) is represented by 1:x:y:z; in XRD measurement using a Cu—Kα ray, peaks are each present in at least regions A and B among regions A to D which occupy 28 ranges described below: A: 42° to 43°, B: 36.5° to 37°, C: 25° to 26°, and D: 27° to 28°; and each of maximum peak intensities IA, IB, IC, and ID in the regions A to D satisfies both relationships described in expressions (1) and (2) described below:
I A >I B (1), and
0.3≦(I A/(I A +I C +I D))≦1 (2). 2. The oxygen reduction catalyst according to claim 1, further comprising at least one transition metal element M2 selected from iron, nickel, chromium, cobalt, vanadium, and manganese. 3. A method for producing the oxygen reduction catalyst according to claim 1, the method comprising steps 1 to 3 described below:
step 1: the step of mixing at least a titanium-containing compound (1a), a nitrogen-containing organic compound (2), and a solvent to give a catalyst precursor solution; step 2: the step of removing the solvent from the catalyst precursor solution to give a solid residue; and step 3: the step of heat-treating the solid residue, obtained in the step 2, at a temperature of 900° C. to 1400° C. to give the oxygen reduction catalyst, wherein any of the components to be mixed comprises an oxygen atom. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein in the step 1, a compound (1b) containing at least one transition metal element M2 selected from iron, nickel, chromium, cobalt, vanadium, and manganese is further added. 5. The method according to claim 3, wherein in the step 1, a compound (3) containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of boron, phosphorus, and sulfur as well as fluorine is further added. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the compound (3) is at least one selected from the group consisting of boric acid derivatives containing fluorine, sulfonic acid derivatives containing fluorine, and phosphoric acid derivatives containing fluorine. 7. The method according to claim 3, wherein the solvent comprises alcohol or water. 8. The method according to claim 3, wherein the titanium-containing compound (1a) is one or more selected from the group consisting of titanium complexes as well as phosphates, sulfates, nitrates, organic acid salts, oxyhalides, alkoxides, halides, perhalates, and hypohalites of titanium. 9. The method according to claim 3, wherein the nitrogen-containing organic compound (2) has, in its molecule, one or more selected from amino group, nitrile group, imido group, imine group, nitro group, amide group, azido group, aziridine group, azo group, isocyanate group, isothiocyanate group, oxime group, diazo group, nitroso group, pyrrole ring, porphyrin ring, imidazole ring, pyridine ring, pyrimidine ring, and pyrazine ring. 10. The method according to claim 3, wherein the nitrogen-containing organic compound (2) has, in its molecule, one or more selected from hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, formyl group, halocarbonyl group, sulfonate group, phosphate group, ketone group, ether group, and ester group. 11. The method according to claim 3, wherein in the step 3, the solid residue is heat-treated in a non-oxidizing atmosphere. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the non-oxidizing atmosphere is an atmosphere containing nitrogen. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the non-oxidizing atmosphere is an atmosphere containing 1% by volume or more and 20% by volume or less of a hydrogen gas. 14. An oxygen reduction catalyst produced by the method according to claim 3. 15. A fuel cell electrode catalyst comprising the oxygen reduction catalyst according to claim 1. 16. An ink comprising the oxygen reduction catalyst according to claim 1. 17. A fuel cell catalyst layer produced using the ink according to claim 16. 18. An electrode comprising the fuel cell catalyst layer according to claim 17 and a gas diffusion layer. 19. A membrane electrode assembly comprising: an anode; a cathode comprising the fuel cell catalyst layer according to claim 17; and an electrolyte membrane between the anode and the cathode. 20. A polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising the membrane electrode assembly according to claim 19. | 1,700 |
1,535 | 14,815,109 | 1,791 | Embodiments of the present invention relate to a system and method that formulates an alcohol-containing drink mixer according to a predetermined recipe and then flash freezing the mix into the form of small frozen pellets. The pellets are used by a person to make one drink or a batch of drinks by mixing a base beverage, or beverages, with the pellets. | 1. A method for manufacturing a mixed drink comprising:
combining one or more non-alcoholic ingredients with one or more alcoholic ingredients to form a liquid mix formulation; cryogenically freezing the liquid mix formulation to form a plurality of cryogenically frozen beads of the liquid mix formulation by dripping the liquid mix formulation into liquid nitrogen; and combining the frozen beads with a first alcoholic liquid to form the mixed drink without blending or ice. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid mix formulation includes more than one flavor component. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid mix formulation includes only a single flavor component. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising packaging the cryogenically frozen beads of the liquid formulation. 5. The method of claim 1,
wherein the one or more non-alcoholic ingredients of the liquid mix formulation includes one or more of the following ingredients: tomato juice, orange juice, fruit juice, vegetable juice, herbs, spices, essence oils, sugar, and salt. 6. The mixed drink made according to the method of claim 1. 7. The mixed drink of claim 1, wherein the flavor of the liquid mix formulation is a composite of multiple individual flavors. 8. The mixed drink of claim 6,
wherein the plurality of cryogenically frozen beads include a first portion having a first flavor and a second portion having a second flavor, wherein the first and second flavors are different from each other. 9. A method of making a mixed drink comprising:
providing a first alcoholic liquid in a container; and combining cryogenically frozen beads with the first alcoholic liquid in the container to form the mixed drink without blending or ice, the cryogenically frozen beads being formed by dripping a liquid mix formulation containing alcohol and non-alcoholic ingredients into liquid nitrogen. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the combining step further comprises:
combining a second alcoholic liquid with the mixed drink. 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
adding a non-alcoholic liquid to the mixed drink. 12. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
resting the mixed drink for a period of time before serving to achieve a serving temperature. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
combining one or more non-alcoholic ingredients to form an additional liquid mix formulation; cryogenically freezing the additional liquid mix formulation to form an additional plurality of cryogenically frozen beads of the additional liquid mix formulation by dripping the additional liquid mix formulation into liquid nitrogen; and combining the additional plurality of frozen beads with the mixed drink. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the liquid mix formulation and the additional liquid mix formulation have different flavors. 15. The method of claim 13, comprising:
packaging the plurality of cryogenically frozen beads and the additional plurality of cryogenically frozen beads by combining the additional plurality of cryogenically frozen beads with the cryogenically frozen beads into a same package to provide a combined plurality of cryogenically frozen beads in the package. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the plurality of cryogenically frozen beads and the additional plurality of cryogenically frozen beads are combined in a predetermined ratio. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising:
mixing the combined plurality of cryogenically frozen beads with an alcohol component to form the mixed drink. 18. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
combining a predetermined ratio of additional cryogenically frozen beads as part of the mixed drink in the container, the additional cryogenically frozen beads being formed by dripping an additional non-alcoholic liquid mix formulation into liquid nitrogen. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the non-alcoholic liquid mix formulation and the additional non-alcoholic liquid mix formulation have different flavors. 20. The method of claim 9, further comprising
mixing the first alcoholic liquid and the cryogenically frozen beads, wherein the mixed drink is shaken, not stirred. | Embodiments of the present invention relate to a system and method that formulates an alcohol-containing drink mixer according to a predetermined recipe and then flash freezing the mix into the form of small frozen pellets. The pellets are used by a person to make one drink or a batch of drinks by mixing a base beverage, or beverages, with the pellets.1. A method for manufacturing a mixed drink comprising:
combining one or more non-alcoholic ingredients with one or more alcoholic ingredients to form a liquid mix formulation; cryogenically freezing the liquid mix formulation to form a plurality of cryogenically frozen beads of the liquid mix formulation by dripping the liquid mix formulation into liquid nitrogen; and combining the frozen beads with a first alcoholic liquid to form the mixed drink without blending or ice. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid mix formulation includes more than one flavor component. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid mix formulation includes only a single flavor component. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising packaging the cryogenically frozen beads of the liquid formulation. 5. The method of claim 1,
wherein the one or more non-alcoholic ingredients of the liquid mix formulation includes one or more of the following ingredients: tomato juice, orange juice, fruit juice, vegetable juice, herbs, spices, essence oils, sugar, and salt. 6. The mixed drink made according to the method of claim 1. 7. The mixed drink of claim 1, wherein the flavor of the liquid mix formulation is a composite of multiple individual flavors. 8. The mixed drink of claim 6,
wherein the plurality of cryogenically frozen beads include a first portion having a first flavor and a second portion having a second flavor, wherein the first and second flavors are different from each other. 9. A method of making a mixed drink comprising:
providing a first alcoholic liquid in a container; and combining cryogenically frozen beads with the first alcoholic liquid in the container to form the mixed drink without blending or ice, the cryogenically frozen beads being formed by dripping a liquid mix formulation containing alcohol and non-alcoholic ingredients into liquid nitrogen. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the combining step further comprises:
combining a second alcoholic liquid with the mixed drink. 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
adding a non-alcoholic liquid to the mixed drink. 12. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
resting the mixed drink for a period of time before serving to achieve a serving temperature. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
combining one or more non-alcoholic ingredients to form an additional liquid mix formulation; cryogenically freezing the additional liquid mix formulation to form an additional plurality of cryogenically frozen beads of the additional liquid mix formulation by dripping the additional liquid mix formulation into liquid nitrogen; and combining the additional plurality of frozen beads with the mixed drink. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the liquid mix formulation and the additional liquid mix formulation have different flavors. 15. The method of claim 13, comprising:
packaging the plurality of cryogenically frozen beads and the additional plurality of cryogenically frozen beads by combining the additional plurality of cryogenically frozen beads with the cryogenically frozen beads into a same package to provide a combined plurality of cryogenically frozen beads in the package. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the plurality of cryogenically frozen beads and the additional plurality of cryogenically frozen beads are combined in a predetermined ratio. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising:
mixing the combined plurality of cryogenically frozen beads with an alcohol component to form the mixed drink. 18. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
combining a predetermined ratio of additional cryogenically frozen beads as part of the mixed drink in the container, the additional cryogenically frozen beads being formed by dripping an additional non-alcoholic liquid mix formulation into liquid nitrogen. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the non-alcoholic liquid mix formulation and the additional non-alcoholic liquid mix formulation have different flavors. 20. The method of claim 9, further comprising
mixing the first alcoholic liquid and the cryogenically frozen beads, wherein the mixed drink is shaken, not stirred. | 1,700 |
1,536 | 13,624,026 | 1,778 | There is provided a water area equipment that can inhibit water scale formation and further can very easily remove formed water scale. In the water area equipment, silicic acid polymerization can be inhibited to reduce water scale formation, and, further, formed water scale can very easily be removed, for example, by lightly wiping off the water scale. The water area equipment on which water from a water supply source can be poured comprises a unit configured to add an inhibitor for silicic acid polymerization to water deposited as water residual on the surface of the water area equipment and can inhibit water scale formation and can allow formed water scale to be easily removed. A specific unit that inhibits the polymerization of silicic acid is configured to enhance the acidity of water and, for example, to adjust pH of residual water to 1.5 to 5.5. | 1. A water area equipment on which water from a water supply source can be poured, the water area equipment comprising a unit configured to add an inhibitor for silicic acid polymerization to water deposited as residual water on the surface of the water area equipment. 2. The water area equipment according to claim 1, wherein a photocatalyst-containing layer is provided on the surface. 3. The water area equipment according to claim 1, wherein the inhibitor for silicic acid polymerization is an aqueous solution having a high acidity. 4. The water area equipment according to claim 2, wherein the inhibitor for silicic acid polymerization is an aqueous solution having a high acidity. 5. The water area equipment according to claim 3, wherein the aqueous solution having a high acidity can adjust the acidity of the residual water to pH 1.5 to 5.5. 6. The water area equipment according to claim 4, wherein the aqueous solution having a high acidity can adjust the acidity of the residual water to pH 1.5 to 5.5. 7. The water area equipment according to claim 3, wherein the aqueous solution having a high acidity further comprises metal ions. 8. The water area equipment according to claim 4, wherein the aqueous solution having a high acidity further comprises metal ions. 9. The water area equipment according to claim 5, wherein the aqueous solution having a high acidity further comprises a metal ion. 10. The water area equipment according to claim 6, wherein the aqueous solution having a high acidity further comprises a metal ion. 11. The water area equipment according to claim 1, wherein the inhibitor for silicic acid polymerization is previously added to water supplied from a water supply source. 12. The water area equipment according to claim 2, wherein the inhibitor for silicic acid polymerization is previously added to water supplied from a water supply source. 13. A method for inhibiting water scale formation on the surface of a member having a possibility of water scale formation when water stays on the surface of the member and is evaporated, the method comprising the step of adding an inhibitor for silicic acid polymerization to residual water on the surface of the member. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein a photocatalyst-containing layer is provided on the surface of the member. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the inhibitor for silicic acid polymerization is an aqueous solution having a high acidity. 16. The method according to claim 14, wherein the inhibitor for silicic acid polymerization is an aqueous solution having a high acidity. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein the aqueous solution having a high acidity can adjust the acidity of the residual water to pH 1.5 to 5.5. 18. The method according to claim 15, wherein the aqueous solution having a high acidity further comprises a metal ion. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the aqueous solution having a high acidity further comprises a metal ion. | There is provided a water area equipment that can inhibit water scale formation and further can very easily remove formed water scale. In the water area equipment, silicic acid polymerization can be inhibited to reduce water scale formation, and, further, formed water scale can very easily be removed, for example, by lightly wiping off the water scale. The water area equipment on which water from a water supply source can be poured comprises a unit configured to add an inhibitor for silicic acid polymerization to water deposited as water residual on the surface of the water area equipment and can inhibit water scale formation and can allow formed water scale to be easily removed. A specific unit that inhibits the polymerization of silicic acid is configured to enhance the acidity of water and, for example, to adjust pH of residual water to 1.5 to 5.5.1. A water area equipment on which water from a water supply source can be poured, the water area equipment comprising a unit configured to add an inhibitor for silicic acid polymerization to water deposited as residual water on the surface of the water area equipment. 2. The water area equipment according to claim 1, wherein a photocatalyst-containing layer is provided on the surface. 3. The water area equipment according to claim 1, wherein the inhibitor for silicic acid polymerization is an aqueous solution having a high acidity. 4. The water area equipment according to claim 2, wherein the inhibitor for silicic acid polymerization is an aqueous solution having a high acidity. 5. The water area equipment according to claim 3, wherein the aqueous solution having a high acidity can adjust the acidity of the residual water to pH 1.5 to 5.5. 6. The water area equipment according to claim 4, wherein the aqueous solution having a high acidity can adjust the acidity of the residual water to pH 1.5 to 5.5. 7. The water area equipment according to claim 3, wherein the aqueous solution having a high acidity further comprises metal ions. 8. The water area equipment according to claim 4, wherein the aqueous solution having a high acidity further comprises metal ions. 9. The water area equipment according to claim 5, wherein the aqueous solution having a high acidity further comprises a metal ion. 10. The water area equipment according to claim 6, wherein the aqueous solution having a high acidity further comprises a metal ion. 11. The water area equipment according to claim 1, wherein the inhibitor for silicic acid polymerization is previously added to water supplied from a water supply source. 12. The water area equipment according to claim 2, wherein the inhibitor for silicic acid polymerization is previously added to water supplied from a water supply source. 13. A method for inhibiting water scale formation on the surface of a member having a possibility of water scale formation when water stays on the surface of the member and is evaporated, the method comprising the step of adding an inhibitor for silicic acid polymerization to residual water on the surface of the member. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein a photocatalyst-containing layer is provided on the surface of the member. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the inhibitor for silicic acid polymerization is an aqueous solution having a high acidity. 16. The method according to claim 14, wherein the inhibitor for silicic acid polymerization is an aqueous solution having a high acidity. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein the aqueous solution having a high acidity can adjust the acidity of the residual water to pH 1.5 to 5.5. 18. The method according to claim 15, wherein the aqueous solution having a high acidity further comprises a metal ion. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the aqueous solution having a high acidity further comprises a metal ion. | 1,700 |
1,537 | 13,469,347 | 1,783 | A decorated part for an assembly includes a decorative skin and a body, the skin wrapping an edge of the body so that adjacent edges of adjacent parts in the assembly do not expose the body. The process for making the part includes first vacuum forming the skin from a film, loading the formed skin into a mold and forming the body against the pre-formed skin. | 1. A decorated part for an assembly including the part; said decorated part comprising:
a pre-formed skin made from a film having a desired decorative appearance, said skin formed independently in a shape of a desired visible surface of the assembly; and a body of the part formed by molding against an inner surface of the pre-formed skin. 2. The decorated part of claim 1, said body having an edge, and said skin encompassing at least a portion of said edge. 3. The decorated part of claim 2, said film including an electrically conductive layer. 4. The decorated part of claim 1, said film including an electrically conductive layer. 5. The decorated part of claim 1, said body being bonded to said skin. 6. The decorated part of claim 5, said part having an edge, and said skin encompassing at least a portion of said edge. 7. The decorated part of claim 1, said part having an outer surface, and an edge; and said skin having an outer segment covering said outer surface and a return segment along at least a portion of said edge. 8. The decorated part of claim 7, said body being bonded to said skin. 9. An assembly of decorated parts; comprising:
at least a first part and a second part, each said part having a pre-formed skin and a body; each said pre-formed skin being a vacuum formed inlay from a film having a desired decorative appearance; each said body formed by molding plastic onto one of the pre-formed skins; said parts having adjacent edges; and said skins encompassing at least portions of said adjacent edges. 10. The assembly of claim 9, each of said parts having an outer surface and an edge adjacent said outer surface; and each said skin having an outer segment forming said outer surface and a return segment extending along at least a portion of said edge. 11. The assembly of claim 10, each of said bodies being bonded to a skin. 12. The assembly of claim 9, each of said bodies being bonded to a skin. 13. The assembly of claim 9, said first and second bodies having adjacent edges, said skins of said first and second parts having return segments along at least portions of said adjacent edges, and said return segments abutting one against the other in the assembly. 14. The assembly of claim 13, each of said bodies being bonded to a skin. 15. The assembly of claim 9, said first and second parts having edges adjacent each other in the assembly; said skins of said first and second parts having return segments along at least portions of said edges; and said return segments abutting one against the other in the assembly. 16. The assembly of claim 15, said edges of said first and second parts having edges of said bodies abutting one against the other in the assembly. 17. A process for manufacturing decorated parts; comprising:
thermoforming a decorative film into an inlay skin having the outer shape of at least a portion of the part; loading the thermoformed skin into a plastic molding machine; and injecting material for a body of the part into and against the thermoformed skin such that an outer surface and at least portions of edges of the finished part are covered by the thermoformed skin. 18. The process of claim 17, including a step of trimming the thermoformed skin before said step of loading the thermoformed skin into the plastic molding machine. 19. The process of claim 17, including a step of securing the thermoformed skin in the plastic molding machine. 20. The process of claim 17, including bonding the body to the thermoformed skin. | A decorated part for an assembly includes a decorative skin and a body, the skin wrapping an edge of the body so that adjacent edges of adjacent parts in the assembly do not expose the body. The process for making the part includes first vacuum forming the skin from a film, loading the formed skin into a mold and forming the body against the pre-formed skin.1. A decorated part for an assembly including the part; said decorated part comprising:
a pre-formed skin made from a film having a desired decorative appearance, said skin formed independently in a shape of a desired visible surface of the assembly; and a body of the part formed by molding against an inner surface of the pre-formed skin. 2. The decorated part of claim 1, said body having an edge, and said skin encompassing at least a portion of said edge. 3. The decorated part of claim 2, said film including an electrically conductive layer. 4. The decorated part of claim 1, said film including an electrically conductive layer. 5. The decorated part of claim 1, said body being bonded to said skin. 6. The decorated part of claim 5, said part having an edge, and said skin encompassing at least a portion of said edge. 7. The decorated part of claim 1, said part having an outer surface, and an edge; and said skin having an outer segment covering said outer surface and a return segment along at least a portion of said edge. 8. The decorated part of claim 7, said body being bonded to said skin. 9. An assembly of decorated parts; comprising:
at least a first part and a second part, each said part having a pre-formed skin and a body; each said pre-formed skin being a vacuum formed inlay from a film having a desired decorative appearance; each said body formed by molding plastic onto one of the pre-formed skins; said parts having adjacent edges; and said skins encompassing at least portions of said adjacent edges. 10. The assembly of claim 9, each of said parts having an outer surface and an edge adjacent said outer surface; and each said skin having an outer segment forming said outer surface and a return segment extending along at least a portion of said edge. 11. The assembly of claim 10, each of said bodies being bonded to a skin. 12. The assembly of claim 9, each of said bodies being bonded to a skin. 13. The assembly of claim 9, said first and second bodies having adjacent edges, said skins of said first and second parts having return segments along at least portions of said adjacent edges, and said return segments abutting one against the other in the assembly. 14. The assembly of claim 13, each of said bodies being bonded to a skin. 15. The assembly of claim 9, said first and second parts having edges adjacent each other in the assembly; said skins of said first and second parts having return segments along at least portions of said edges; and said return segments abutting one against the other in the assembly. 16. The assembly of claim 15, said edges of said first and second parts having edges of said bodies abutting one against the other in the assembly. 17. A process for manufacturing decorated parts; comprising:
thermoforming a decorative film into an inlay skin having the outer shape of at least a portion of the part; loading the thermoformed skin into a plastic molding machine; and injecting material for a body of the part into and against the thermoformed skin such that an outer surface and at least portions of edges of the finished part are covered by the thermoformed skin. 18. The process of claim 17, including a step of trimming the thermoformed skin before said step of loading the thermoformed skin into the plastic molding machine. 19. The process of claim 17, including a step of securing the thermoformed skin in the plastic molding machine. 20. The process of claim 17, including bonding the body to the thermoformed skin. | 1,700 |
1,538 | 13,992,994 | 1,791 | The present invention relates to frozen confectionary product comprising up to 20% wt fat, up to 25% milk solids non fat (MSNF), from 5 to 40% wt sweetening agent and up to 3% of stabiliser and/or emulsifier, wherein said frozen confectionery further comprises a hydrolysed whole grain composition and an alpha-amylase or fragment thereof, which alpha-amylase or fragment thereof shows no hydrolytic activity towards dietary fibers when in the active state. | 1. A frozen confectionary product comprising: 0 to 20% by weight fat, up to 25% by weight milk solids non fat (MSNF), 5 to 35% sweetening agent and up to 3% of stabiliser and/or emulsifier, and further comprises:
a hydrolysed whole grain composition; and an alpha-amylase or fragment thereof, which alpha-amylase or fragment thereof shows no hydrolytic activity towards dietary fibers when in the active state. 2. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, comprising a protease or fragments thereof, comprising 0.001-5% by weight of the total whole grain content, which protease or fragment thereof shows no hydrolytic activity towards dietary fibers when in the active state. 3. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, containing protease. 4. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, comprising an amyloglucosidase or fragments thereof, which amyloglucosidase or fragments thereof show no hydrolytic activity towards dietary fibers when in the activate state. 5. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, comprising a glucose isomerase or fragments thereof, which glucose isomerase or fragments thereof show no hydrolytic activity towards dietary fibers when in the activate state. 6. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, wherein the hydrolysed whole grain composition has a substantial intact beta-glucan structure relative to the starting material. 7. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, wherein the hydrolysed whole grain composition has a substantial intact arabinoxylan structure relative to the starting material. 8. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, having a total content of a whole grain in the range of 1-35% by weight of the confectionary product. 9. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, wherein the confectionary has an overrun of at least 10%. 10. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, wherein the sweetening agent is selected from the group consisting of:
a natural sweetening agent; an artificial sweetening agent; and a combination of any of the sweeteners. 11. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, wherein the content of the sweetening agent is of 10-30% (w/w) by weight of the confectionary product. 12. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, wherein the confectionary product has a maltose to glucose ratio below 144:1 by weight in the confectionary product. 13. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, wherein the frozen confectionary product is selected from the group consisting of an ice cream, a sorbet, a sherbet, a water ice, a frozen yoghurt, a frozen dairy, a soft ice, a mellorine, a frozen custard, a non-dairy frozen confection, a milk ice, an ice lolly, a gelato, a slush, a frozen dessert and a frozen jelly. 14. A composite frozen confection comprising 0 to 20% by weight fat, up to 25% by weight milk solids non fat, 5 to 35% sweetening agent and up to 3% of stabiliser and/or emulsifier, a hydrolysed whole grain composition, and an alpha-amylase or fragment thereof, which alpha-amylase or fragment thereof shows no hydrolytic activity towards dietary fibers when in the active state in combination with at least a second component covering partially or totally the frozen confectionery product or consisting of an inclusion. 15. A process for preparing a frozen confectionary product comprising:
preparing a hydrolysed whole grain composition, comprising the steps of:
contacting a whole grain component with an enzyme composition in water, the enzyme composition comprising at least one alpha-amylase, said enzyme composition showing no hydrolytic activity towards dietary fibers,
allowing the enzyme composition to react with the whole grain component, to provide a whole grain hydrolysate, and
preparing the hydrolysed whole grain composition by inactivating said enzymes when said hydrolysate has reached a viscosity comprised between 50 and 5000 mPa·s measured at 65° C.;
mixing the hydrolysed whole grain composition with an ingredient mix comprising 0 to 20% by weight fat, up to 25% by weight milk solids non fat (MSNF), 5 to 35% sweetening agent and up to 3% of stabiliser and/or emulsifier. 16. A method for preparing a confectionary product comprising:
contacting a whole grain component with an enzyme composition in water, the enzyme composition comprising at least one alpha-amylase, the enzyme composition showing no hydrolytic activity towards dietary fibers,
allowing the enzyme composition to react with the whole grain component, to provide a whole grain hydrolysate,
providing the hydrolysed whole grain composition by inactivating said enzymes when said hydrolysate has reached a viscosity comprised between 50 and 5000 mPa·s measured at 65° C.,
concentrating and drying the hydrolysed whole grain component; and
preparing a frozen confectionery product from the hydrolysed whole grain component. 17. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, wherein the sweetening agent is selected from the group consisting of Momordica Grosvenorii (Mogrosides IV or V), Rooibos extracts, Honeybush extracts, Stevia, Rebaudioside A, thaumatin, Brazzein, Glycyrrhyzic acid and its salts, Curculin, Monellin, Phylloducin, Rubusosides, Mabinlin, dulcoside A, dulcoside B, siamenoside, monatin and its salts (monatin SS, RR, RS, SR), thaumatin, hemandulcin, phyllodulcin, glycyphyllin, phloridzin, trilobtain, baiyunoside, osladin, polypodoside A, pterocaryoside A, pterocaryoside B, mukurozioside, phlomisoside I, periandrin I, abrusoside A, cyclocarioside I, erythritol, and/or other natural polyols such as maltitol, mannitol, lactitol, sorbitol, inositol, Isomalt, xylitol, glycerol, propylene glycol, threitol, galactitol, reduced isomalto-oligosaccharides, palatinose, reduced xylo-oligosaccharides, reduced gentio-oligosaccharides, reduced maltose syrup, reduced glucose syrup, a monosaccharide, a disaccharide an oligosaccharide, Aspartame, Cyclamate, Sucralose, Acesulfame K, neotame, Saccharin, Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, and mixtures thereof. 18. A process for preparing a frozen confectionary product according to claim 15 comprising:
concentrating and drying the hydrolysed whole grain component;
homogenizing and pasteurizing the mix;
freezing while aerating the mix;
extruding the frozen mix at temperature lower than −11° C.; and
hardening the frozen mix. | The present invention relates to frozen confectionary product comprising up to 20% wt fat, up to 25% milk solids non fat (MSNF), from 5 to 40% wt sweetening agent and up to 3% of stabiliser and/or emulsifier, wherein said frozen confectionery further comprises a hydrolysed whole grain composition and an alpha-amylase or fragment thereof, which alpha-amylase or fragment thereof shows no hydrolytic activity towards dietary fibers when in the active state.1. A frozen confectionary product comprising: 0 to 20% by weight fat, up to 25% by weight milk solids non fat (MSNF), 5 to 35% sweetening agent and up to 3% of stabiliser and/or emulsifier, and further comprises:
a hydrolysed whole grain composition; and an alpha-amylase or fragment thereof, which alpha-amylase or fragment thereof shows no hydrolytic activity towards dietary fibers when in the active state. 2. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, comprising a protease or fragments thereof, comprising 0.001-5% by weight of the total whole grain content, which protease or fragment thereof shows no hydrolytic activity towards dietary fibers when in the active state. 3. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, containing protease. 4. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, comprising an amyloglucosidase or fragments thereof, which amyloglucosidase or fragments thereof show no hydrolytic activity towards dietary fibers when in the activate state. 5. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, comprising a glucose isomerase or fragments thereof, which glucose isomerase or fragments thereof show no hydrolytic activity towards dietary fibers when in the activate state. 6. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, wherein the hydrolysed whole grain composition has a substantial intact beta-glucan structure relative to the starting material. 7. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, wherein the hydrolysed whole grain composition has a substantial intact arabinoxylan structure relative to the starting material. 8. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, having a total content of a whole grain in the range of 1-35% by weight of the confectionary product. 9. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, wherein the confectionary has an overrun of at least 10%. 10. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, wherein the sweetening agent is selected from the group consisting of:
a natural sweetening agent; an artificial sweetening agent; and a combination of any of the sweeteners. 11. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, wherein the content of the sweetening agent is of 10-30% (w/w) by weight of the confectionary product. 12. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, wherein the confectionary product has a maltose to glucose ratio below 144:1 by weight in the confectionary product. 13. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, wherein the frozen confectionary product is selected from the group consisting of an ice cream, a sorbet, a sherbet, a water ice, a frozen yoghurt, a frozen dairy, a soft ice, a mellorine, a frozen custard, a non-dairy frozen confection, a milk ice, an ice lolly, a gelato, a slush, a frozen dessert and a frozen jelly. 14. A composite frozen confection comprising 0 to 20% by weight fat, up to 25% by weight milk solids non fat, 5 to 35% sweetening agent and up to 3% of stabiliser and/or emulsifier, a hydrolysed whole grain composition, and an alpha-amylase or fragment thereof, which alpha-amylase or fragment thereof shows no hydrolytic activity towards dietary fibers when in the active state in combination with at least a second component covering partially or totally the frozen confectionery product or consisting of an inclusion. 15. A process for preparing a frozen confectionary product comprising:
preparing a hydrolysed whole grain composition, comprising the steps of:
contacting a whole grain component with an enzyme composition in water, the enzyme composition comprising at least one alpha-amylase, said enzyme composition showing no hydrolytic activity towards dietary fibers,
allowing the enzyme composition to react with the whole grain component, to provide a whole grain hydrolysate, and
preparing the hydrolysed whole grain composition by inactivating said enzymes when said hydrolysate has reached a viscosity comprised between 50 and 5000 mPa·s measured at 65° C.;
mixing the hydrolysed whole grain composition with an ingredient mix comprising 0 to 20% by weight fat, up to 25% by weight milk solids non fat (MSNF), 5 to 35% sweetening agent and up to 3% of stabiliser and/or emulsifier. 16. A method for preparing a confectionary product comprising:
contacting a whole grain component with an enzyme composition in water, the enzyme composition comprising at least one alpha-amylase, the enzyme composition showing no hydrolytic activity towards dietary fibers,
allowing the enzyme composition to react with the whole grain component, to provide a whole grain hydrolysate,
providing the hydrolysed whole grain composition by inactivating said enzymes when said hydrolysate has reached a viscosity comprised between 50 and 5000 mPa·s measured at 65° C.,
concentrating and drying the hydrolysed whole grain component; and
preparing a frozen confectionery product from the hydrolysed whole grain component. 17. The frozen confectionary product according to claim 1, wherein the sweetening agent is selected from the group consisting of Momordica Grosvenorii (Mogrosides IV or V), Rooibos extracts, Honeybush extracts, Stevia, Rebaudioside A, thaumatin, Brazzein, Glycyrrhyzic acid and its salts, Curculin, Monellin, Phylloducin, Rubusosides, Mabinlin, dulcoside A, dulcoside B, siamenoside, monatin and its salts (monatin SS, RR, RS, SR), thaumatin, hemandulcin, phyllodulcin, glycyphyllin, phloridzin, trilobtain, baiyunoside, osladin, polypodoside A, pterocaryoside A, pterocaryoside B, mukurozioside, phlomisoside I, periandrin I, abrusoside A, cyclocarioside I, erythritol, and/or other natural polyols such as maltitol, mannitol, lactitol, sorbitol, inositol, Isomalt, xylitol, glycerol, propylene glycol, threitol, galactitol, reduced isomalto-oligosaccharides, palatinose, reduced xylo-oligosaccharides, reduced gentio-oligosaccharides, reduced maltose syrup, reduced glucose syrup, a monosaccharide, a disaccharide an oligosaccharide, Aspartame, Cyclamate, Sucralose, Acesulfame K, neotame, Saccharin, Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, and mixtures thereof. 18. A process for preparing a frozen confectionary product according to claim 15 comprising:
concentrating and drying the hydrolysed whole grain component;
homogenizing and pasteurizing the mix;
freezing while aerating the mix;
extruding the frozen mix at temperature lower than −11° C.; and
hardening the frozen mix. | 1,700 |
1,539 | 13,432,514 | 1,781 | A molded component having a thickness reduction feature is provided. The molded component can include an injection molded polymer substrate having a front panel, a side panel, and a corner between and adjoining the front panel and the side panel. The substrate can also have a groove extending along the corner between the front panel and the side panel, the groove having a front panel edge and a side panel edge. The front panel edge and/or side panel edge have a dentil profile edge, the dentil profile edge reducing an effective thickness of the corner and thus providing increased or controlled cooling of the substrate. | 1. A molded component comprising:
an injection molded polymer substrate having a front panel, a side panel and a corner between and adjoining said front panel and said side panel; a groove extending along said corner between said front panel and said side panel, said groove having a front panel edge and a side panel edge with at least one of said front panel edge and said side panel edge having a dentil profile edge, said dentil profile edge reducing an effective thickness and providing increased cooling of said corner during injection molding of said polymer substrate. 2. The molded component of claim 1, wherein said dentil profile edge has a plurality of spaced apart cavities extending into said dentil profile edge with a plurality of spaced apart blocks between said plurality of spaced apart cavities. 3. The molded component of claim 2, wherein said front panel has a panel thickness t and said corner has a thickness of less than 1.5t at locations where said plurality of spaced apart cavities extend into said dentil profile edge and a thickness of greater than 1.5t at said plurality of spaced apart blocks. 4. The molded component of claim 3, further comprising a soft wrap extending across said injection molded substrate, said soft wrap having a seam located at least partially within said groove. 5. The molded component of claim 1, wherein said injection molded polymer substrate with said soft wrap is an instrument panel component. 6. The molded component of claim 1, wherein said injection molded polymer substrate is made from a thermoplastic polymer selected from a group consisting of low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide (Nylon 6), polyimide (PI), polycarbonate (PC), polysulfone (PSF) and polyamide-imide (PAI). 7. A molded component with a corner having a reduced effective thickness, said molded substrate comprising:
a first panel, a second panel extending at an angle from said first panel and a corner extending between said first panel and said second panel; a groove extending along said corner, said groove having a first panel edge adjacent said first panel and a second panel edge adjacent said second panel; a dentil profile extending along at least one of said first panel edge and said second panel edge and forming a dentil profile edge. 8. The molded component of claim 7, wherein said dentil profile has a plurality of spaced apart cavities extending into said dentil profile edge with a block between each of said plurality of spaced apart cavities. 9. The molded component of claim 8, wherein said plurality of spaced apart cavities are thin corner regions and said plurality of spaced apart blocks are thick corner regions along said dentil profile edge. 10. The molded component of claim 8, wherein said first panel has a panel thickness t and said thin corner regions have a thickness of less than 1.5t and said thick corner regions have a thickness of greater than 1.5t. 11. The molded component of claim 10, further comprising a soft wrap extending across said injection molded substrate, said soft wrap having a seam located at least partially within said groove. 12. The molded component of claim 11, wherein said injection molded polymer substrate with said soft wrap is an instrument panel component. 13. The molded component of claim 7, wherein said first panel, said second panel and said corner are injected molded to form an injected molded substrate. 14. The molded component of claim 13, wherein said injection molded substrate is made from a thermoplastic polymer selected from a group consisting of low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide (Nylon 6), polyimide (PI), polycarbonate (PC), polysulfone (PSF) and polyamide-imide (PAI). 15. A process for making an injection molded substrate comprising:
providing an injection molding machine having at least one die shaped to form a mold cavity for an injection molded substrate having:
a first panel, a second panel extending at an angle from the first panel and a corner extending between the first panel and the second panel;
a groove extending along the corner, the groove having a first panel edge adjacent the first panel and a second panel edge adjacent the second panel; and
a dentil profile extending along at least one of the first panel edge and the second panel edge in order to create a dentil profile edge bounding the groove, the dentil profile edge having a plurality of spaced apart cavities extending into the dentil profile edge with a block between each of the plurality of spaced apart cavities;
injecting a thermoplastic polymer into the mold cavity and forming the injection molded substrate with the dentil profile edge; and removing the injection molded substrate from the at least one die, the dentil profile edge reducing the effective thickness of the corner and preventing a cooling defect from forming at the corner. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein the plurality of spaced apart cavities are thin corner regions and the plurality of spaced apart blocks are thick corner regions. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein the first panel has a thickness t, the thin corner regions have a thickness less than 1.5t and the thick corner regions have a thickness greater than 1.5t. 18. The process of claim 17, further including providing a soft wrap with a seam and wrapping the soft wrap around the injection molded substrate and inserting the seam at least partially within the groove. 19. The process of claim 18, wherein the injection molded polymer substrate with the soft wrap is an instrument panel component. 20. The process of claim 19, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selected from a group consisting of low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide (Nylon 6), polyimide (PI), polycarbonate (PC), polysulfone (PSF) and polyamide-imide (PAI). | A molded component having a thickness reduction feature is provided. The molded component can include an injection molded polymer substrate having a front panel, a side panel, and a corner between and adjoining the front panel and the side panel. The substrate can also have a groove extending along the corner between the front panel and the side panel, the groove having a front panel edge and a side panel edge. The front panel edge and/or side panel edge have a dentil profile edge, the dentil profile edge reducing an effective thickness of the corner and thus providing increased or controlled cooling of the substrate.1. A molded component comprising:
an injection molded polymer substrate having a front panel, a side panel and a corner between and adjoining said front panel and said side panel; a groove extending along said corner between said front panel and said side panel, said groove having a front panel edge and a side panel edge with at least one of said front panel edge and said side panel edge having a dentil profile edge, said dentil profile edge reducing an effective thickness and providing increased cooling of said corner during injection molding of said polymer substrate. 2. The molded component of claim 1, wherein said dentil profile edge has a plurality of spaced apart cavities extending into said dentil profile edge with a plurality of spaced apart blocks between said plurality of spaced apart cavities. 3. The molded component of claim 2, wherein said front panel has a panel thickness t and said corner has a thickness of less than 1.5t at locations where said plurality of spaced apart cavities extend into said dentil profile edge and a thickness of greater than 1.5t at said plurality of spaced apart blocks. 4. The molded component of claim 3, further comprising a soft wrap extending across said injection molded substrate, said soft wrap having a seam located at least partially within said groove. 5. The molded component of claim 1, wherein said injection molded polymer substrate with said soft wrap is an instrument panel component. 6. The molded component of claim 1, wherein said injection molded polymer substrate is made from a thermoplastic polymer selected from a group consisting of low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide (Nylon 6), polyimide (PI), polycarbonate (PC), polysulfone (PSF) and polyamide-imide (PAI). 7. A molded component with a corner having a reduced effective thickness, said molded substrate comprising:
a first panel, a second panel extending at an angle from said first panel and a corner extending between said first panel and said second panel; a groove extending along said corner, said groove having a first panel edge adjacent said first panel and a second panel edge adjacent said second panel; a dentil profile extending along at least one of said first panel edge and said second panel edge and forming a dentil profile edge. 8. The molded component of claim 7, wherein said dentil profile has a plurality of spaced apart cavities extending into said dentil profile edge with a block between each of said plurality of spaced apart cavities. 9. The molded component of claim 8, wherein said plurality of spaced apart cavities are thin corner regions and said plurality of spaced apart blocks are thick corner regions along said dentil profile edge. 10. The molded component of claim 8, wherein said first panel has a panel thickness t and said thin corner regions have a thickness of less than 1.5t and said thick corner regions have a thickness of greater than 1.5t. 11. The molded component of claim 10, further comprising a soft wrap extending across said injection molded substrate, said soft wrap having a seam located at least partially within said groove. 12. The molded component of claim 11, wherein said injection molded polymer substrate with said soft wrap is an instrument panel component. 13. The molded component of claim 7, wherein said first panel, said second panel and said corner are injected molded to form an injected molded substrate. 14. The molded component of claim 13, wherein said injection molded substrate is made from a thermoplastic polymer selected from a group consisting of low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide (Nylon 6), polyimide (PI), polycarbonate (PC), polysulfone (PSF) and polyamide-imide (PAI). 15. A process for making an injection molded substrate comprising:
providing an injection molding machine having at least one die shaped to form a mold cavity for an injection molded substrate having:
a first panel, a second panel extending at an angle from the first panel and a corner extending between the first panel and the second panel;
a groove extending along the corner, the groove having a first panel edge adjacent the first panel and a second panel edge adjacent the second panel; and
a dentil profile extending along at least one of the first panel edge and the second panel edge in order to create a dentil profile edge bounding the groove, the dentil profile edge having a plurality of spaced apart cavities extending into the dentil profile edge with a block between each of the plurality of spaced apart cavities;
injecting a thermoplastic polymer into the mold cavity and forming the injection molded substrate with the dentil profile edge; and removing the injection molded substrate from the at least one die, the dentil profile edge reducing the effective thickness of the corner and preventing a cooling defect from forming at the corner. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein the plurality of spaced apart cavities are thin corner regions and the plurality of spaced apart blocks are thick corner regions. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein the first panel has a thickness t, the thin corner regions have a thickness less than 1.5t and the thick corner regions have a thickness greater than 1.5t. 18. The process of claim 17, further including providing a soft wrap with a seam and wrapping the soft wrap around the injection molded substrate and inserting the seam at least partially within the groove. 19. The process of claim 18, wherein the injection molded polymer substrate with the soft wrap is an instrument panel component. 20. The process of claim 19, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selected from a group consisting of low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide (Nylon 6), polyimide (PI), polycarbonate (PC), polysulfone (PSF) and polyamide-imide (PAI). | 1,700 |
1,540 | 13,699,920 | 1,716 | A plasma processing apparatus 1 includes a stock unit 2 , a processing chamber 5 , and an alignment chamber 4 . The stock unit 2 supplies and collects a conveyable tray 7 and accommodates a wafer W in each of the plurality of accommodation holes 7 a penetrating through in the thickness direction. In the processing chamber 5 , plasma processing is performed to the wafers W accommodated in the tray 7 supplied from the stock unit 2 . The alignment chamber 4 includes a rotary table 41 on which the tray 7 before being subjected to plasma processing is placed, and positioning of the wafer W on the rotary table 41 is carried out. A wafer presence-absence determining unit 6 a of the control apparatus 6 determines whether the wafer W is present in each of the accommodation holes 7 a of the tray 7 placed on the rotary table 41 of the alignment chamber 4 , based on a signal from the wafer presence-absence detecting sensors 44 A and 44 B. | 1. A plasma processing apparatus, comprising:
a stock unit for supplying and collecting a conveyable tray that accommodates a wafer in each of a plurality of accommodation holes penetrating through in a thickness direction; a processing unit that performs plasma processing to each wafer accommodated in the tray supplied from the stock unit; an alignment unit that has a table on which the tray before being subjected to the plasma processing is placed, positioning of the wafer on the table being performed at the alignment unit; and a wafer presence-absence detecting unit that detects whether or not the wafer is present in each of the accommodation holes of the tray placed on the table of the alignment unit. 2. The plasma processing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:
a conveying mechanism that conveys the tray; and a conveyance control unit that causes the tray on the table to be returned to the stock unit instead of the tray being conveyed to the processing unit by the conveying mechanism, when the wafer presence-absence detecting unit detects that the wafer is not accommodated in any of the accommodation holes of the tray placed on the table. 3. The plasma processing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the wafer presence-absence detecting unit includes:
an optical sensor for detecting the wafer accommodated in each of the accommodation holes of the tray on the table; and a determining unit that determines whether or not the wafer is present in each of the accommodation holes provided to the tray, based on a signal from the optical sensor. 4. The plasma processing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the optical sensor includes:
a light projector that projects inspection light toward the tray; and a light receiver that is arranged at a position where the inspection light is blocked and unreceived when the wafer is accommodated in any of the accommodation holes of the tray, and where the inspection light is received when the wafer is not accommodated in any of the accommodation holes of the tray. 5. The plasma processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the wafer presence-absence detecting unit includes:
an imaging unit that images the accommodation holes of the tray on the table from above; and a determining unit that determines whether or not the wafer is present in each of the accommodation holes of the tray, based on an image obtained by the imaging unit. 6. The plasma processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the table is a rotary table that rotates the tray within a horizontal plane, and
wherein the wafer presence-absence detecting unit detects whether or not the wafer is present in each of the accommodation holes provided to the tray, while the tray is rotated by the rotary table. 7. The plasma processing apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the alignment unit includes:
a centering mechanism that performs center position alignment of the tray relative to the rotary table; and a rotary direction positioning unit that performs positioning in a rotation direction of the tray while the tray is rotated by the rotary table, and wherein the wafer presence-absence detecting unit detects whether or not the wafer is present in each of the accommodation holes provided to the tray, while the positioning in the rotation direction is performed by the rotary direction positioning unit. 8. The plasma processing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:
an alarm issuing unit that issues an alarm when the wafer presence-absence detecting unit detects that the wafer is not accommodated in any of the accommodation holes of the tray. 9. A plasma processing method, comprising:
conveying from a stock unit to an alignment unit a tray that accommodates a wafer in each of a plurality of accommodation holes penetrating through in a thickness direction, and placing the tray on a table; detecting whether or not the wafer is present in each of the accommodation holes of the tray on the table of the alignment unit; conveying the tray from the alignment unit to the processing unit when the wafer is present in each of the accommodation holes of the tray on the table, and executing plasma processing; and returning the tray from the alignment unit to the stock unit when the wafer is absent in any of the accommodation holes of the tray on the table. | A plasma processing apparatus 1 includes a stock unit 2 , a processing chamber 5 , and an alignment chamber 4 . The stock unit 2 supplies and collects a conveyable tray 7 and accommodates a wafer W in each of the plurality of accommodation holes 7 a penetrating through in the thickness direction. In the processing chamber 5 , plasma processing is performed to the wafers W accommodated in the tray 7 supplied from the stock unit 2 . The alignment chamber 4 includes a rotary table 41 on which the tray 7 before being subjected to plasma processing is placed, and positioning of the wafer W on the rotary table 41 is carried out. A wafer presence-absence determining unit 6 a of the control apparatus 6 determines whether the wafer W is present in each of the accommodation holes 7 a of the tray 7 placed on the rotary table 41 of the alignment chamber 4 , based on a signal from the wafer presence-absence detecting sensors 44 A and 44 B.1. A plasma processing apparatus, comprising:
a stock unit for supplying and collecting a conveyable tray that accommodates a wafer in each of a plurality of accommodation holes penetrating through in a thickness direction; a processing unit that performs plasma processing to each wafer accommodated in the tray supplied from the stock unit; an alignment unit that has a table on which the tray before being subjected to the plasma processing is placed, positioning of the wafer on the table being performed at the alignment unit; and a wafer presence-absence detecting unit that detects whether or not the wafer is present in each of the accommodation holes of the tray placed on the table of the alignment unit. 2. The plasma processing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:
a conveying mechanism that conveys the tray; and a conveyance control unit that causes the tray on the table to be returned to the stock unit instead of the tray being conveyed to the processing unit by the conveying mechanism, when the wafer presence-absence detecting unit detects that the wafer is not accommodated in any of the accommodation holes of the tray placed on the table. 3. The plasma processing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the wafer presence-absence detecting unit includes:
an optical sensor for detecting the wafer accommodated in each of the accommodation holes of the tray on the table; and a determining unit that determines whether or not the wafer is present in each of the accommodation holes provided to the tray, based on a signal from the optical sensor. 4. The plasma processing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the optical sensor includes:
a light projector that projects inspection light toward the tray; and a light receiver that is arranged at a position where the inspection light is blocked and unreceived when the wafer is accommodated in any of the accommodation holes of the tray, and where the inspection light is received when the wafer is not accommodated in any of the accommodation holes of the tray. 5. The plasma processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the wafer presence-absence detecting unit includes:
an imaging unit that images the accommodation holes of the tray on the table from above; and a determining unit that determines whether or not the wafer is present in each of the accommodation holes of the tray, based on an image obtained by the imaging unit. 6. The plasma processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the table is a rotary table that rotates the tray within a horizontal plane, and
wherein the wafer presence-absence detecting unit detects whether or not the wafer is present in each of the accommodation holes provided to the tray, while the tray is rotated by the rotary table. 7. The plasma processing apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the alignment unit includes:
a centering mechanism that performs center position alignment of the tray relative to the rotary table; and a rotary direction positioning unit that performs positioning in a rotation direction of the tray while the tray is rotated by the rotary table, and wherein the wafer presence-absence detecting unit detects whether or not the wafer is present in each of the accommodation holes provided to the tray, while the positioning in the rotation direction is performed by the rotary direction positioning unit. 8. The plasma processing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:
an alarm issuing unit that issues an alarm when the wafer presence-absence detecting unit detects that the wafer is not accommodated in any of the accommodation holes of the tray. 9. A plasma processing method, comprising:
conveying from a stock unit to an alignment unit a tray that accommodates a wafer in each of a plurality of accommodation holes penetrating through in a thickness direction, and placing the tray on a table; detecting whether or not the wafer is present in each of the accommodation holes of the tray on the table of the alignment unit; conveying the tray from the alignment unit to the processing unit when the wafer is present in each of the accommodation holes of the tray on the table, and executing plasma processing; and returning the tray from the alignment unit to the stock unit when the wafer is absent in any of the accommodation holes of the tray on the table. | 1,700 |
1,541 | 14,023,320 | 1,764 | Disclosed herein are thermally conductive blended polycarbonate compositions with improved thermal conductivity and mechanical performance properties. The resulting compositions, comprising one or more polycarbonate polymers and one or more thermally conductive fillers, can be used in the manufacture of articles requiring thermally conductive materials with improved mechanical properties such as electronic devices. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention. | 1. A blended thermoplastic composition comprising:
a. from about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % of a first polycarbonate polymer component; b. from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of a second polycarbonate polymer component, wherein the second polycarbonate polymer component is a branched chain polycarbonate polymer; c. from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of at least one polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer component; and d. from greater than 0 wt % to about 50 wt % of a thermally conductive filler component; wherein the combined weight percent value of all components does not exceed about 100 wt %; wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition; wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has a through-plane thermal conductivity when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461 of greater than or equal to about 0.4 W/mK; and wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has an in-plane thermal conductivity when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461 of greater than or equal to about 1.0 W/mK. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first polycarbonate polymer component is a copolymer. 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the copolymer comprises repeating units derived from BPA. 4. The composition of claim 2, wherein the copolymer comprises repeating units derived from sebacic acid. 5. The composition of claim 2, wherein the copolymer comprises repeating units derived from sebacic acid and BPA. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first polycarbonate polymer component has a weight average molecular weight from about 15,000 to about 75,000 grams/mole, as measured by gel permeation chromatography using BPA polycarbonate standards. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first polycarbonate polymer component is present in an amount from about 35 wt % to about 70 wt %. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first polycarbonate polymer component is present in an amount from about 45 wt % to about 60 wt %. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second polycarbonate polymer component comprises residues derived from tris-(hydroxyphenyl)ethane. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second polycarbonate polymer component is end-capped with p-hydroxybenzonitrile. 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second polycarbonate polymer component comprises residues derived from BPA. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second polycarbonate polymer component is present in an amount from about 10 wt % to about 20 wt %. 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer component is a polycarbonate-polysiloxane block copolymer. 14. The composition of claim 13, wherein the polycarbonate block comprises residues derived from BPA. 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer component comprises dimethylsiloxane repeating units. 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer component comprises a polysiloxane block from about 15 wt % to about 25 wt % of the polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer component. 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer component is present in an amount from about 5 wt % to about 20 wt %. 18. The composition of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive filler is selected from AlN, Al4C3, Al2O3, BN, AlON, MgSiN2, SiC, Si3N4, graphite, expanded graphite, graphene, carbon fiber, ZnS, CaO, MgO, ZnO, TiO2, H2Mg3(SiO3)4, CaCO3, Mg(OH)2, mica, BaO, γ-AlO(OH), α-AlO(OH), Al(OH)3, BaSO4, CaSiO3, ZrO2, SiO2, a glass bead, a glass fiber, MgO.xAl2O3, CaMg(CO3)2, and a clay, or a combinations thereof. 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive filler component is present in an amount from about 20 wt % to about 40% wt %. 20. The composition of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive filler component comprises at least one intermediate thermally conductive filler and at least one low thermally conductive filler; wherein the intermediate thermally conductive filler component has a conductivity from about 10 W/mK to about 30 W/mK when determined in accordance with ASTM E1225; wherein the intermediate thermally conductive filler component is present in an amount from greater than 0 wt % to about 30 wt %; wherein the low thermally conductive filler component has a conductivity less than about 10 W/mK when determined in accordance with ASTM E1225; and wherein the low thermally conductive filler component is present in an amount from greater than 0 wt % to about 30 wt %. 21. The composition of claim 20, wherein the thermally conductive filler component comprising at least one intermediate thermally conductive filler present in an amount from about 15 wt % to about 25% wt %. and at least one low thermally conductive filler is present in an amount from about 10 wt % to about 20% wt %. 22. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a reinforcing component. 23. The composition of claim 22, wherein the reinforcing component is selected from glass beads, glass fiber, glass flakes, mica, talc, clay, wollastonite, zinc sulfide, zinc oxide, carbon fiber, ceramic-coated graphite, and titanium dioxide. 24. The composition of claim 22, wherein the reinforcing component is present in an amount from greater than 0 wt % to about 50 wt %. 25. The composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one flame retardant. 26. The composition of claim 25, wherein the flame retardant is a phosphorus-containing flame retardant. 27. The composition of claim 26, wherein the phosphorus-containing flame retardant is selected from a phosphine, a phosphine oxide, a bisphosphine, a phosphonium salt, a phosphinic acid salt, a phosphoric ester, and a phosphorous ester. 28. The composition of claim 26, wherein the phosphorus-containing flame retardant is an aromatic cyclic phosphazene compound. 29. The composition of any of claims 25, wherein the flame retardant is present in an amount less than or equal to about 20 wt %. 30. The composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one additive. 31. The composition of claim 30, wherein the additive is selected from an anti-drip agent, antioxidant, antistatic agent, chain extender, colorant, de-molding agent, dye, flow promoter, flow modifier, light stabilizer, lubricant, mold release agent, pigment, quenching agent, thermal stabilizer, UV absorbent substance, UV reflectant substance, and UV stabilizer, or combinations thereof. 32. An article comprising the composition of claim 1. 33. The article of claim 32, wherein the article is molded. 34. The article of claim 33, wherein the article is extrusion molded. 35. The article of claim 33, wherein the article is injection molded. 36. The article of claim 32, wherein the article is selected from a computer device, electromagnetic interference device, printed circuit, Wi-Fi device, Bluetooth device, GPS device, cellular antenna device, smart phone device, automotive device, medical device, sensor device, security device, shielding device, RF antenna device, LED device and RFID device. 37. The article of claim 36, wherein the LED device is a LED lamp. 38. The article of claim 32, wherein the article is selected from a RF antenna device, cellular antenna device, smart phone device, and electromagnetic interference device. 39. The article of claim 38, wherein the article is an external cover or frame for a RF antenna device, cellular antenna device, smart phone device, or electromagnetic interference device. 40. The article of claim 38, wherein the article is a central frame for a RF antenna device, cellular antenna device, smart phone device, or electromagnetic interference device. 41. A method of preparing a blended thermoplastic composition, comprising mixing:
a. from about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % of a first polycarbonate polymer component; b. from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of a second polycarbonate polymer component, wherein the second polycarbonate polymer component is a branched chain polycarbonate polymer; c. from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of at least one polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer component; and d. from greater than 0 wt % to about 50 wt % of a thermally conductive filler component; wherein the combined weight percent value of all components does not exceed about 100 wt %; wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition; wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has a through-plane thermal conductivity when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461 of greater than or equal to about 0.4 W/mK; and wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has an in-plane thermal conductivity when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461 of greater than or equal to about 1.0 W/mK. 42. The method of claim 41, wherein mixing comprises the steps of:
a. dry blending the following to form a polycarbonate dry blended mixture:
i. from 20 wt % to about 80 wt % of a first polycarbonate polymer component;
ii. from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of a second polycarbonate polymer component, wherein the second polycarbonate polymer component is a branched chain polycarbonate polymer; and
iii. from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of at least one polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer component;
b. feeding the polycarbonate dry blended mixture into an extruder apparatus; and c. compounding in the extruder apparatus the polycarbonate dry blended mixture with from greater than 0 wt % to about 50 wt % of a thermally conductive filler component. 43. The method of claim 42, further comprising feeding into the extruder apparatus in a downstream extruder zone from about 25 wt % to about 60 wt % of a reinforcing filler. 44. A method of preparing a blended thermoplastic composition, comprising the steps:
a. dry blending the following to form a polycarbonate dry blended mixture:
i. from about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % of a first polycarbonate polymer component;
ii. from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of a second polycarbonate polymer component, wherein the second polycarbonate polymer component is a branched chain polycarbonate polymer; and
iii. from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of at least one polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer component;
b. feeding the polycarbonate dry blended mixture into an extruder apparatus; and c. feeding into the extruder apparatus in a downstream extruder zone from greater than 0 wt % to about 50 wt % of a thermally conductive filler component; wherein the combined weight percent value of all components does not exceed about 100 wt %; wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition; wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has a through-plane thermal conductivity when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461 of greater than or equal to about 0.4 W/mK; and wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has an in-plane thermal conductivity when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461 of greater than or equal to about 1.0 W/mK. 45. The method of claim 44, further comprising feeding into the extruder apparatus in a downstream extruder zone from greater than 0 wt % to about 50 wt % of a reinforcing component. 46. The method of claim 44, further comprising feeding into the extruder apparatus in a downstream extruder zone from greater than 0 wt % to about 20 wt % of a flame retardant. 47. The method of claim 44, further comprising feeding into the extruder apparatus in a downstream extruder zone from greater than 0 wt % to about 5 wt % of at least one additive. | Disclosed herein are thermally conductive blended polycarbonate compositions with improved thermal conductivity and mechanical performance properties. The resulting compositions, comprising one or more polycarbonate polymers and one or more thermally conductive fillers, can be used in the manufacture of articles requiring thermally conductive materials with improved mechanical properties such as electronic devices. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention.1. A blended thermoplastic composition comprising:
a. from about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % of a first polycarbonate polymer component; b. from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of a second polycarbonate polymer component, wherein the second polycarbonate polymer component is a branched chain polycarbonate polymer; c. from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of at least one polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer component; and d. from greater than 0 wt % to about 50 wt % of a thermally conductive filler component; wherein the combined weight percent value of all components does not exceed about 100 wt %; wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition; wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has a through-plane thermal conductivity when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461 of greater than or equal to about 0.4 W/mK; and wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has an in-plane thermal conductivity when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461 of greater than or equal to about 1.0 W/mK. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first polycarbonate polymer component is a copolymer. 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the copolymer comprises repeating units derived from BPA. 4. The composition of claim 2, wherein the copolymer comprises repeating units derived from sebacic acid. 5. The composition of claim 2, wherein the copolymer comprises repeating units derived from sebacic acid and BPA. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first polycarbonate polymer component has a weight average molecular weight from about 15,000 to about 75,000 grams/mole, as measured by gel permeation chromatography using BPA polycarbonate standards. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first polycarbonate polymer component is present in an amount from about 35 wt % to about 70 wt %. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first polycarbonate polymer component is present in an amount from about 45 wt % to about 60 wt %. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second polycarbonate polymer component comprises residues derived from tris-(hydroxyphenyl)ethane. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second polycarbonate polymer component is end-capped with p-hydroxybenzonitrile. 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second polycarbonate polymer component comprises residues derived from BPA. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second polycarbonate polymer component is present in an amount from about 10 wt % to about 20 wt %. 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer component is a polycarbonate-polysiloxane block copolymer. 14. The composition of claim 13, wherein the polycarbonate block comprises residues derived from BPA. 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer component comprises dimethylsiloxane repeating units. 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer component comprises a polysiloxane block from about 15 wt % to about 25 wt % of the polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer component. 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer component is present in an amount from about 5 wt % to about 20 wt %. 18. The composition of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive filler is selected from AlN, Al4C3, Al2O3, BN, AlON, MgSiN2, SiC, Si3N4, graphite, expanded graphite, graphene, carbon fiber, ZnS, CaO, MgO, ZnO, TiO2, H2Mg3(SiO3)4, CaCO3, Mg(OH)2, mica, BaO, γ-AlO(OH), α-AlO(OH), Al(OH)3, BaSO4, CaSiO3, ZrO2, SiO2, a glass bead, a glass fiber, MgO.xAl2O3, CaMg(CO3)2, and a clay, or a combinations thereof. 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive filler component is present in an amount from about 20 wt % to about 40% wt %. 20. The composition of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive filler component comprises at least one intermediate thermally conductive filler and at least one low thermally conductive filler; wherein the intermediate thermally conductive filler component has a conductivity from about 10 W/mK to about 30 W/mK when determined in accordance with ASTM E1225; wherein the intermediate thermally conductive filler component is present in an amount from greater than 0 wt % to about 30 wt %; wherein the low thermally conductive filler component has a conductivity less than about 10 W/mK when determined in accordance with ASTM E1225; and wherein the low thermally conductive filler component is present in an amount from greater than 0 wt % to about 30 wt %. 21. The composition of claim 20, wherein the thermally conductive filler component comprising at least one intermediate thermally conductive filler present in an amount from about 15 wt % to about 25% wt %. and at least one low thermally conductive filler is present in an amount from about 10 wt % to about 20% wt %. 22. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a reinforcing component. 23. The composition of claim 22, wherein the reinforcing component is selected from glass beads, glass fiber, glass flakes, mica, talc, clay, wollastonite, zinc sulfide, zinc oxide, carbon fiber, ceramic-coated graphite, and titanium dioxide. 24. The composition of claim 22, wherein the reinforcing component is present in an amount from greater than 0 wt % to about 50 wt %. 25. The composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one flame retardant. 26. The composition of claim 25, wherein the flame retardant is a phosphorus-containing flame retardant. 27. The composition of claim 26, wherein the phosphorus-containing flame retardant is selected from a phosphine, a phosphine oxide, a bisphosphine, a phosphonium salt, a phosphinic acid salt, a phosphoric ester, and a phosphorous ester. 28. The composition of claim 26, wherein the phosphorus-containing flame retardant is an aromatic cyclic phosphazene compound. 29. The composition of any of claims 25, wherein the flame retardant is present in an amount less than or equal to about 20 wt %. 30. The composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one additive. 31. The composition of claim 30, wherein the additive is selected from an anti-drip agent, antioxidant, antistatic agent, chain extender, colorant, de-molding agent, dye, flow promoter, flow modifier, light stabilizer, lubricant, mold release agent, pigment, quenching agent, thermal stabilizer, UV absorbent substance, UV reflectant substance, and UV stabilizer, or combinations thereof. 32. An article comprising the composition of claim 1. 33. The article of claim 32, wherein the article is molded. 34. The article of claim 33, wherein the article is extrusion molded. 35. The article of claim 33, wherein the article is injection molded. 36. The article of claim 32, wherein the article is selected from a computer device, electromagnetic interference device, printed circuit, Wi-Fi device, Bluetooth device, GPS device, cellular antenna device, smart phone device, automotive device, medical device, sensor device, security device, shielding device, RF antenna device, LED device and RFID device. 37. The article of claim 36, wherein the LED device is a LED lamp. 38. The article of claim 32, wherein the article is selected from a RF antenna device, cellular antenna device, smart phone device, and electromagnetic interference device. 39. The article of claim 38, wherein the article is an external cover or frame for a RF antenna device, cellular antenna device, smart phone device, or electromagnetic interference device. 40. The article of claim 38, wherein the article is a central frame for a RF antenna device, cellular antenna device, smart phone device, or electromagnetic interference device. 41. A method of preparing a blended thermoplastic composition, comprising mixing:
a. from about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % of a first polycarbonate polymer component; b. from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of a second polycarbonate polymer component, wherein the second polycarbonate polymer component is a branched chain polycarbonate polymer; c. from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of at least one polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer component; and d. from greater than 0 wt % to about 50 wt % of a thermally conductive filler component; wherein the combined weight percent value of all components does not exceed about 100 wt %; wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition; wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has a through-plane thermal conductivity when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461 of greater than or equal to about 0.4 W/mK; and wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has an in-plane thermal conductivity when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461 of greater than or equal to about 1.0 W/mK. 42. The method of claim 41, wherein mixing comprises the steps of:
a. dry blending the following to form a polycarbonate dry blended mixture:
i. from 20 wt % to about 80 wt % of a first polycarbonate polymer component;
ii. from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of a second polycarbonate polymer component, wherein the second polycarbonate polymer component is a branched chain polycarbonate polymer; and
iii. from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of at least one polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer component;
b. feeding the polycarbonate dry blended mixture into an extruder apparatus; and c. compounding in the extruder apparatus the polycarbonate dry blended mixture with from greater than 0 wt % to about 50 wt % of a thermally conductive filler component. 43. The method of claim 42, further comprising feeding into the extruder apparatus in a downstream extruder zone from about 25 wt % to about 60 wt % of a reinforcing filler. 44. A method of preparing a blended thermoplastic composition, comprising the steps:
a. dry blending the following to form a polycarbonate dry blended mixture:
i. from about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % of a first polycarbonate polymer component;
ii. from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of a second polycarbonate polymer component, wherein the second polycarbonate polymer component is a branched chain polycarbonate polymer; and
iii. from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of at least one polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer component;
b. feeding the polycarbonate dry blended mixture into an extruder apparatus; and c. feeding into the extruder apparatus in a downstream extruder zone from greater than 0 wt % to about 50 wt % of a thermally conductive filler component; wherein the combined weight percent value of all components does not exceed about 100 wt %; wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition; wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has a through-plane thermal conductivity when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461 of greater than or equal to about 0.4 W/mK; and wherein a molded sample of the blended thermoplastic composition has an in-plane thermal conductivity when determined in accordance with ASTM E1461 of greater than or equal to about 1.0 W/mK. 45. The method of claim 44, further comprising feeding into the extruder apparatus in a downstream extruder zone from greater than 0 wt % to about 50 wt % of a reinforcing component. 46. The method of claim 44, further comprising feeding into the extruder apparatus in a downstream extruder zone from greater than 0 wt % to about 20 wt % of a flame retardant. 47. The method of claim 44, further comprising feeding into the extruder apparatus in a downstream extruder zone from greater than 0 wt % to about 5 wt % of at least one additive. | 1,700 |
1,542 | 12,621,835 | 1,734 | A joint compound system includes a set-inhibited, pre-wetted, setting-type, ready-mix joint compound and a set initiator. The set-inhibited, pre-wetted, setting-type joint compound includes a ready-mixed, setting-type joint compound base with a calcium-free phosphate set preventing agent that impedes chemical hydration of a gypsum component of the setting-type joint compound. The joint compound base is free of calcium carbonate. The set initiator includes alum to reinitiate the chemical hydration reactions. | 1. A joint compound system comprising:
alum; a calcium-free phosphate set-preventing agent; water; and a setting type joint compound base comprising calcium sulfate hemihydrate, wherein said joint compound base has no added calcium carbonate and said calcium sulfate hemihydrate comprises less than about 2% by weight calcium carbonate. 2. The joint compound system of claim 1 wherein said calcium sulfate hemihydrate is less than about 1% calcium carbonate by weight of calcium sulfate hemihydrate. 3. The joint compound system of claim 1 wherein said calcium sulfate hemihydrate is less than 0.5% calcium carbonate by weight of calcium sulfate hemihydrate. 4. The joint compound system of claim 1 wherein said calcium sulfate hemihydrate is substantially free of calcium carbonate. 5. The joint compound system of claim 1 wherein said base further comprises an inert filler. 6. The joint compound system of claim 5 where said inert filler is talc. 7. The joint compound system of claim 1 wherein said base further comprises a latex emulsion binder present in an amount ranging from about 1% to about 15% by weight of the base composition prior to adding water. 8. The joint compound system of claim 7 where said latex emulsion binder comprises one of the compounds selected from a group of emulsions or spray dried powders consisting of polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene vinyl acetate, styrene acrylic, styrene butadiene, and mixtures thereof. 9. The joint compound system of claim 1 wherein said base further comprises at least one thickener. 10. The joint compound system of claim 9 wherein said thickener is cellulosic and present in a range from about 0.1% to about 2% by weight of the total composition ingredients. 11. The joint compound system of claim 1 wherein said base further comprises a non-leveling agent present in a range from about 1% to about 10% by weight of the base composition prior to adding water. 12. The joint compound system of claim 11 wherein said non-leveling agent is selected from the group consisting of sepiolite, bentonite, montmorillonite, attapulgus clay and mixtures thereof. 13. The joint compound system of claim 1 wherein said base further comprises a filler selected from the group comprising mica, talc, sericite and combinations thereof in the range of about 2% to about 15% weight of said base composition. 14. The joint compound system of claim 1 wherein said base further comprises a pH control additive, and whereby the pH is maintained within a range of about 7 to about 8. 15. The joint compound system of claim 1 wherein said base further comprises a wetting agent present in an amount from about 0.05% to about 1.0% weight of said base composition. 18. The joint compound system of claim 1 further comprising expanded perlite present in an amount from at least about 3% by weight of said base composition before adding the water. 19. The joint compound system of claim 1 wherein said calcium-free phosphate set preventing agent, said water and said setting type joint compound base are premixed to form a set-inhibited, pre-wetted, setting-type joint compound. 20. A joint compound comprising:
a setting-type joint compound base comprising alum, a calcium-free phosphate set preventing agent, calcium sulfate hemihydrate and water; wherein said joint compound base has no added calcium carbonate and said calcium sulfate hemihydrate comprises less than about 2% by weight calcium carbonate. 21. A method of preparing a joint compound comprising;
obtaining a set-inhibited, pre-wetted, setting-type joint compound base comprising calcium sulfate hemihydrate, water and a calcium-free phosphate set preventing agent, wherein said joint compound base has no added calcium carbonate and said calcium sulfate hemihydrate comprises less than 2% by weight calcium carbonate; packaging said set-inhibited, pre-wetted, setting-type joint compound base with a separate portion of alum; and blending said set-inhibited, pre-wetted, setting-type joint compound base and said alum. | A joint compound system includes a set-inhibited, pre-wetted, setting-type, ready-mix joint compound and a set initiator. The set-inhibited, pre-wetted, setting-type joint compound includes a ready-mixed, setting-type joint compound base with a calcium-free phosphate set preventing agent that impedes chemical hydration of a gypsum component of the setting-type joint compound. The joint compound base is free of calcium carbonate. The set initiator includes alum to reinitiate the chemical hydration reactions.1. A joint compound system comprising:
alum; a calcium-free phosphate set-preventing agent; water; and a setting type joint compound base comprising calcium sulfate hemihydrate, wherein said joint compound base has no added calcium carbonate and said calcium sulfate hemihydrate comprises less than about 2% by weight calcium carbonate. 2. The joint compound system of claim 1 wherein said calcium sulfate hemihydrate is less than about 1% calcium carbonate by weight of calcium sulfate hemihydrate. 3. The joint compound system of claim 1 wherein said calcium sulfate hemihydrate is less than 0.5% calcium carbonate by weight of calcium sulfate hemihydrate. 4. The joint compound system of claim 1 wherein said calcium sulfate hemihydrate is substantially free of calcium carbonate. 5. The joint compound system of claim 1 wherein said base further comprises an inert filler. 6. The joint compound system of claim 5 where said inert filler is talc. 7. The joint compound system of claim 1 wherein said base further comprises a latex emulsion binder present in an amount ranging from about 1% to about 15% by weight of the base composition prior to adding water. 8. The joint compound system of claim 7 where said latex emulsion binder comprises one of the compounds selected from a group of emulsions or spray dried powders consisting of polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene vinyl acetate, styrene acrylic, styrene butadiene, and mixtures thereof. 9. The joint compound system of claim 1 wherein said base further comprises at least one thickener. 10. The joint compound system of claim 9 wherein said thickener is cellulosic and present in a range from about 0.1% to about 2% by weight of the total composition ingredients. 11. The joint compound system of claim 1 wherein said base further comprises a non-leveling agent present in a range from about 1% to about 10% by weight of the base composition prior to adding water. 12. The joint compound system of claim 11 wherein said non-leveling agent is selected from the group consisting of sepiolite, bentonite, montmorillonite, attapulgus clay and mixtures thereof. 13. The joint compound system of claim 1 wherein said base further comprises a filler selected from the group comprising mica, talc, sericite and combinations thereof in the range of about 2% to about 15% weight of said base composition. 14. The joint compound system of claim 1 wherein said base further comprises a pH control additive, and whereby the pH is maintained within a range of about 7 to about 8. 15. The joint compound system of claim 1 wherein said base further comprises a wetting agent present in an amount from about 0.05% to about 1.0% weight of said base composition. 18. The joint compound system of claim 1 further comprising expanded perlite present in an amount from at least about 3% by weight of said base composition before adding the water. 19. The joint compound system of claim 1 wherein said calcium-free phosphate set preventing agent, said water and said setting type joint compound base are premixed to form a set-inhibited, pre-wetted, setting-type joint compound. 20. A joint compound comprising:
a setting-type joint compound base comprising alum, a calcium-free phosphate set preventing agent, calcium sulfate hemihydrate and water; wherein said joint compound base has no added calcium carbonate and said calcium sulfate hemihydrate comprises less than about 2% by weight calcium carbonate. 21. A method of preparing a joint compound comprising;
obtaining a set-inhibited, pre-wetted, setting-type joint compound base comprising calcium sulfate hemihydrate, water and a calcium-free phosphate set preventing agent, wherein said joint compound base has no added calcium carbonate and said calcium sulfate hemihydrate comprises less than 2% by weight calcium carbonate; packaging said set-inhibited, pre-wetted, setting-type joint compound base with a separate portion of alum; and blending said set-inhibited, pre-wetted, setting-type joint compound base and said alum. | 1,700 |
1,543 | 14,247,376 | 1,745 | A method for forming a three-dimensional object using layer by layer formation of the object through application of stereolithography. More specifically, the formation of a three-dimensional object using a three-dimensional printer based on thermal stereolithography and phase change materials comprising a combination of crystalline and amorphous compounds. | 1. A method for forming three-dimensional objects comprising:
providing a phase change material, wherein the phase change material comprises a crystalline compound and an amorphous compound; heating the phase change material to a jetting temperature; jetting the phase change material in layers on top of one another, wherein each layer is allowed to cool and/or solidify before jetting a subsequent layer; and forming a three-dimensional object from the cool and/or solidified layers. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the crystalline compound has a viscosity of less than 12 cps at a temperature of about 140° C. and a viscosity of greater than 1×106 cps at room temperature. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the amorphous compound has a viscosity of less than 100 cps at a temperature of about 140° C. and a viscosity of greater than 1×106 cps at room temperature. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the jetting temperature is from about 110 to about 140° C. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the jetted layer is cooled to from about 115 to about 75° C. before jetting the subsequent layer. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein cooling and/or solidifying the jetted layer takes from about 1 to about 10 seconds. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the crystalline compound is selected from the group consisting of dibenzyl hexane-1,6-diyldicarbamate, distearyl terepthalate, Di-Phenylethyl-(L)-Tartarate, stereoisomers thereof and mixtures thereof. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the amorphous compound is selected from the group consisting of dimenthol tartrate, t-Butylcyclohexyl-Cyclohexyl Tartrate, trimenthol citrate, stereoisomers thereof and mixtures thereof. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the phase change material further comprises one or more additives. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the phase change material further comprises a colorant selected from the group consisting of a pigment, dye or mixtures thereof. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the crystalline and amorphous compounds are blended in a weight ratio of from about 65:35 to about 95:5, respectively. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the crystalline compound exhibits crystallization (Tcrys) and melting (Tmelt) peaks according to differential scanning calorimetry and the difference between the peaks (Tmelt−Tcrys) is less than 55° C. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the crystalline compound has a melting point of above 65° C. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the amorphous compound has a molecular weight of less than 1000 g/mol. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the amorphous compound has a Tg value of from about 10 to about 50° C. 16. A method for forming three-dimensional objects comprising:
providing a phase change material, wherein the phase change material comprises a crystalline compound and an amorphous compound; heating the phase change material to a jetting temperature; jetting the phase change material to form a first layer; allowing the first layer to cool and/or solidify; and selectively jetting subsequent layers onto the first layer, either partially or entirely, wherein each layer is allowed to cool and/or solidify before jetting the next layer; and forming a three-dimensional object from the cool and/or solidified layers. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the crystalline and amorphous compounds are blended in a weight ratio of from about 65:35 to about 95:5, respectively. 18. A system for forming three-dimensional objects comprising:
a phase change material, wherein the phase change material comprises a crystalline compound and an amorphous compound; and an ink jet printer further comprising
a reservoir for holding the phase change material,
a heating element for heating the phase change material to a jetting temperature, and
a printhead for jetting the phase change material in successive layers to form a three-dimensional object. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the crystalline compound has a viscosity of less than 12 cps at a temperature of about 140° C. and a viscosity of greater than 1×106 cps at room temperature. 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the amorphous compound has a viscosity of less than 100 cps at a temperature of about 140° C. and a viscosity of greater than 1×106 cps at room temperature. | A method for forming a three-dimensional object using layer by layer formation of the object through application of stereolithography. More specifically, the formation of a three-dimensional object using a three-dimensional printer based on thermal stereolithography and phase change materials comprising a combination of crystalline and amorphous compounds.1. A method for forming three-dimensional objects comprising:
providing a phase change material, wherein the phase change material comprises a crystalline compound and an amorphous compound; heating the phase change material to a jetting temperature; jetting the phase change material in layers on top of one another, wherein each layer is allowed to cool and/or solidify before jetting a subsequent layer; and forming a three-dimensional object from the cool and/or solidified layers. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the crystalline compound has a viscosity of less than 12 cps at a temperature of about 140° C. and a viscosity of greater than 1×106 cps at room temperature. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the amorphous compound has a viscosity of less than 100 cps at a temperature of about 140° C. and a viscosity of greater than 1×106 cps at room temperature. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the jetting temperature is from about 110 to about 140° C. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the jetted layer is cooled to from about 115 to about 75° C. before jetting the subsequent layer. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein cooling and/or solidifying the jetted layer takes from about 1 to about 10 seconds. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the crystalline compound is selected from the group consisting of dibenzyl hexane-1,6-diyldicarbamate, distearyl terepthalate, Di-Phenylethyl-(L)-Tartarate, stereoisomers thereof and mixtures thereof. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the amorphous compound is selected from the group consisting of dimenthol tartrate, t-Butylcyclohexyl-Cyclohexyl Tartrate, trimenthol citrate, stereoisomers thereof and mixtures thereof. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the phase change material further comprises one or more additives. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the phase change material further comprises a colorant selected from the group consisting of a pigment, dye or mixtures thereof. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the crystalline and amorphous compounds are blended in a weight ratio of from about 65:35 to about 95:5, respectively. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the crystalline compound exhibits crystallization (Tcrys) and melting (Tmelt) peaks according to differential scanning calorimetry and the difference between the peaks (Tmelt−Tcrys) is less than 55° C. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the crystalline compound has a melting point of above 65° C. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the amorphous compound has a molecular weight of less than 1000 g/mol. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the amorphous compound has a Tg value of from about 10 to about 50° C. 16. A method for forming three-dimensional objects comprising:
providing a phase change material, wherein the phase change material comprises a crystalline compound and an amorphous compound; heating the phase change material to a jetting temperature; jetting the phase change material to form a first layer; allowing the first layer to cool and/or solidify; and selectively jetting subsequent layers onto the first layer, either partially or entirely, wherein each layer is allowed to cool and/or solidify before jetting the next layer; and forming a three-dimensional object from the cool and/or solidified layers. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the crystalline and amorphous compounds are blended in a weight ratio of from about 65:35 to about 95:5, respectively. 18. A system for forming three-dimensional objects comprising:
a phase change material, wherein the phase change material comprises a crystalline compound and an amorphous compound; and an ink jet printer further comprising
a reservoir for holding the phase change material,
a heating element for heating the phase change material to a jetting temperature, and
a printhead for jetting the phase change material in successive layers to form a three-dimensional object. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the crystalline compound has a viscosity of less than 12 cps at a temperature of about 140° C. and a viscosity of greater than 1×106 cps at room temperature. 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the amorphous compound has a viscosity of less than 100 cps at a temperature of about 140° C. and a viscosity of greater than 1×106 cps at room temperature. | 1,700 |
1,544 | 14,406,915 | 1,767 | A flame-retardant polymer composition comprising a mineral filler and a polymer, said mineral filler comprising a calcium compound, characterised in that the calcium compound is a fire-resistant additive in the form of calcium hydroxide, having a specific surface calculated according to the BET method greater than 25 m 2 /g, preferably greater than 30 m2/g, more preferably greater than 35 m2/g and advantageously greater than 40 m2/g, uses of same and the combustion residue obtained. | 1. A flame-retardant polymer composition comprising a mineral filler and a polymer, said mineral filler comprising a calcium compound, characterized in that the calcium compound is a fire-resistant additive in the form of calcium hydroxide having a specific surface area computed according to the BET method greater than 25 m2/g. 2. The flame-retardant polymer composition according to claim 1, wherein said mineral filler comprising a calcium compound has a porous volume comprised between 0.10 and 0.30 cm3/g. 3. The flame-retardant polymer composition according to claim 2, wherein said mineral filler further comprises at least one magnesium compound, in the form of a magnesium hydroxide, as a flame-retardant additive. 4. The flame-retardant polymer composition according to claim 3, wherein the calcium compound and the magnesium compound of said mineral filler are two separate compounds in a mixture. 5. The flame-retardant polymer composition according to claim 3, wherein the calcium compound and magnesium compound of said mineral filler are intimately bound stemming from slaking of quicklime with a suspension of magnesium hydroxide. 6. The flame-retardant polymer composition according to claim 3, wherein the mineral filler comprising a calcium compound and a magnesium compound has a specific surface area greater than 20 m2/g. 7. The composition according to claim 3, wherein said mineral filler comprises a calcium compound and a magnesium compound has a porous volume greater than 0.10 cm3/g. 8. The flame-retardant polymer composition according to claim 1, wherein said polymer is an organic polymer in particular a thermoplastic, thermosetting or elastomeric organic polymer, of natural or synthetic origin. 9. The flame-retardant polymer composition according to claim 1, wherein said organic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, ethylene and propylene copolymer (EPR), ethylene-propylenecliene terpolymer (EPDM), ethylene and vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) with low acetate content, ethylene and methyl acrylate copolymer (EMA) with low acrylate content, ethylene and ethyl acrylate copolymer (EEA) with low acrylate content, ethylene and butyl acrylate copolymer (EBA) with low acrylate content, ethylene and octene copolymer, a polymer based on ethylene, a polymer based on polypropylene, a polymer based on polystyrene, a halogenated polymer, a silicone and any mixture of these compounds. 10. The flame-retardant polymer composition according to claim 8, wherein the mineral filler according to the present invention is incorporated into the flame-retardant polymer composition in an amount from 1 to 80% by weight, based on the total weight of said flame-retardant polymer composition. 11. The flame-retardant polymer composition according to claim 1, wherein the particles have a particle size d90 of less than 80 μm. 12. The flame-retardant polymer composition, according to claim 1, wherein the particles have a particle size d97 of less than 200 μm. 13. The use of a mineral filler comprising a calcium compound in the form of calcium hydroxide having a specific surface area computed according to the BET method, greater than 25 m2/g, as a fire-resistant additive for a flame-retardant polymeric composition. 14. The use according to claim 13, wherein said calcium compound in the form of calcium hydroxide has a porous volume greater than 0.10 cm3/g. 15. The use according to claim 13 or 14, wherein said mineral filler further comprises at least one magnesium compound, in the form of a magnesium hydroxide, as a flame-retardant additive for a flame-retardant polymer composition. 16. The use according to claim 15, wherein the calcium compound and the magnesium compound of said mineral filler are two separate compounds in a mixture. 17. The use according to claim 15, wherein the calcium compound and the magnesium compound of said mineral filler are intimately bounded stemming from slaking of quicklime in the presence of a suspension of magnesium hydroxide. 18. The use according to claim 15, wherein the mineral filler comprising a calcium compound and a magnesium compound has a specific surface area greater than 20 m2/g. 19. The use according to claim 15, wherein said mineral filler comprising a calcium compound and a magnesium compound has a porous volume greater than 0.10 cm3/g. 20. The use according to claim 13, wherein said polymer is an organic polymer in particular a thermoplastic, thermosetting or elastomeric organic polymer of natural or synthetic origin. 21. The use according to claim 13, said organic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, ethylene and propylene copolymer (EPR), ethylene-propylenediene terpolymer (EPDM), ethylene and vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) with low acetate content, ethylene and methyl acrylate copolymer (EMA) with low acrylate content, ethylene and ethyl acrylate copolymer (EEA) with low acrylate content, ethylene and butyl acrylate copolymer (EBA) with low acrylate content, ethylene and octene copolymer, a polymer based on ethylene, a polymer based on polypropylene, a polymer based on polystyrene, a halogenated polymer, a silicone and any mixture of these compounds. 22. The use according to claim 20, wherein the mineral filler is incorporated into the flame-retardant polymer composition in an amount from 1 to 80% by weight, based on the total weight of said flame-retardant polymer composition. 23. The use according to claim 13, wherein the particles have a particle size d90 of less than 80 μm. 24. The use, wherein the particles have a particle size d97 of less than 200 μm. 25. A combustion residue of a flame-retardant composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the residue is a cohesive residue having an average mechanical compressive strength at break which is greater than 3 kPa. 26. The combustion residue according to claim 25, wherein said combustion residue is only crossed by a very limited number of cracks, less than or equal to 3 after combustion according to the standardized method of the cone calorimeter ISO 5660-1 or ASTM E 1354. 27. The combustion residue according to claim 25, having, after combustion according to the standardized method of the cone calorimeter ISO 5660-1 or ASTM E 1354, a maximum size of combustion residue, a section of which is assimilated to a square which may be sampled without being broken in said obtained residue, greater than or equal to 10 mm, from a sample before combustion with a square section of 100 mm. | A flame-retardant polymer composition comprising a mineral filler and a polymer, said mineral filler comprising a calcium compound, characterised in that the calcium compound is a fire-resistant additive in the form of calcium hydroxide, having a specific surface calculated according to the BET method greater than 25 m 2 /g, preferably greater than 30 m2/g, more preferably greater than 35 m2/g and advantageously greater than 40 m2/g, uses of same and the combustion residue obtained.1. A flame-retardant polymer composition comprising a mineral filler and a polymer, said mineral filler comprising a calcium compound, characterized in that the calcium compound is a fire-resistant additive in the form of calcium hydroxide having a specific surface area computed according to the BET method greater than 25 m2/g. 2. The flame-retardant polymer composition according to claim 1, wherein said mineral filler comprising a calcium compound has a porous volume comprised between 0.10 and 0.30 cm3/g. 3. The flame-retardant polymer composition according to claim 2, wherein said mineral filler further comprises at least one magnesium compound, in the form of a magnesium hydroxide, as a flame-retardant additive. 4. The flame-retardant polymer composition according to claim 3, wherein the calcium compound and the magnesium compound of said mineral filler are two separate compounds in a mixture. 5. The flame-retardant polymer composition according to claim 3, wherein the calcium compound and magnesium compound of said mineral filler are intimately bound stemming from slaking of quicklime with a suspension of magnesium hydroxide. 6. The flame-retardant polymer composition according to claim 3, wherein the mineral filler comprising a calcium compound and a magnesium compound has a specific surface area greater than 20 m2/g. 7. The composition according to claim 3, wherein said mineral filler comprises a calcium compound and a magnesium compound has a porous volume greater than 0.10 cm3/g. 8. The flame-retardant polymer composition according to claim 1, wherein said polymer is an organic polymer in particular a thermoplastic, thermosetting or elastomeric organic polymer, of natural or synthetic origin. 9. The flame-retardant polymer composition according to claim 1, wherein said organic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, ethylene and propylene copolymer (EPR), ethylene-propylenecliene terpolymer (EPDM), ethylene and vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) with low acetate content, ethylene and methyl acrylate copolymer (EMA) with low acrylate content, ethylene and ethyl acrylate copolymer (EEA) with low acrylate content, ethylene and butyl acrylate copolymer (EBA) with low acrylate content, ethylene and octene copolymer, a polymer based on ethylene, a polymer based on polypropylene, a polymer based on polystyrene, a halogenated polymer, a silicone and any mixture of these compounds. 10. The flame-retardant polymer composition according to claim 8, wherein the mineral filler according to the present invention is incorporated into the flame-retardant polymer composition in an amount from 1 to 80% by weight, based on the total weight of said flame-retardant polymer composition. 11. The flame-retardant polymer composition according to claim 1, wherein the particles have a particle size d90 of less than 80 μm. 12. The flame-retardant polymer composition, according to claim 1, wherein the particles have a particle size d97 of less than 200 μm. 13. The use of a mineral filler comprising a calcium compound in the form of calcium hydroxide having a specific surface area computed according to the BET method, greater than 25 m2/g, as a fire-resistant additive for a flame-retardant polymeric composition. 14. The use according to claim 13, wherein said calcium compound in the form of calcium hydroxide has a porous volume greater than 0.10 cm3/g. 15. The use according to claim 13 or 14, wherein said mineral filler further comprises at least one magnesium compound, in the form of a magnesium hydroxide, as a flame-retardant additive for a flame-retardant polymer composition. 16. The use according to claim 15, wherein the calcium compound and the magnesium compound of said mineral filler are two separate compounds in a mixture. 17. The use according to claim 15, wherein the calcium compound and the magnesium compound of said mineral filler are intimately bounded stemming from slaking of quicklime in the presence of a suspension of magnesium hydroxide. 18. The use according to claim 15, wherein the mineral filler comprising a calcium compound and a magnesium compound has a specific surface area greater than 20 m2/g. 19. The use according to claim 15, wherein said mineral filler comprising a calcium compound and a magnesium compound has a porous volume greater than 0.10 cm3/g. 20. The use according to claim 13, wherein said polymer is an organic polymer in particular a thermoplastic, thermosetting or elastomeric organic polymer of natural or synthetic origin. 21. The use according to claim 13, said organic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, ethylene and propylene copolymer (EPR), ethylene-propylenediene terpolymer (EPDM), ethylene and vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) with low acetate content, ethylene and methyl acrylate copolymer (EMA) with low acrylate content, ethylene and ethyl acrylate copolymer (EEA) with low acrylate content, ethylene and butyl acrylate copolymer (EBA) with low acrylate content, ethylene and octene copolymer, a polymer based on ethylene, a polymer based on polypropylene, a polymer based on polystyrene, a halogenated polymer, a silicone and any mixture of these compounds. 22. The use according to claim 20, wherein the mineral filler is incorporated into the flame-retardant polymer composition in an amount from 1 to 80% by weight, based on the total weight of said flame-retardant polymer composition. 23. The use according to claim 13, wherein the particles have a particle size d90 of less than 80 μm. 24. The use, wherein the particles have a particle size d97 of less than 200 μm. 25. A combustion residue of a flame-retardant composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the residue is a cohesive residue having an average mechanical compressive strength at break which is greater than 3 kPa. 26. The combustion residue according to claim 25, wherein said combustion residue is only crossed by a very limited number of cracks, less than or equal to 3 after combustion according to the standardized method of the cone calorimeter ISO 5660-1 or ASTM E 1354. 27. The combustion residue according to claim 25, having, after combustion according to the standardized method of the cone calorimeter ISO 5660-1 or ASTM E 1354, a maximum size of combustion residue, a section of which is assimilated to a square which may be sampled without being broken in said obtained residue, greater than or equal to 10 mm, from a sample before combustion with a square section of 100 mm. | 1,700 |
1,545 | 14,363,311 | 1,746 | The present invention provides an adhesive film comprising a colored polyvinyl chloride film having opposite first and second major sides, the first major side having an adhesive layer protected by a release liner and a primer layer arranged between the colored polyvinyl chloride film and the adhesive layer, the primer layer comprising an aminoplast and a polyester and/or a curing product thereof and having a thickness of more than 10 microns, the second major side having a clear transparent top layer. Further provided is a use of the adhesive film in producing graphics on a substrate. | 1. Adhesive film comprising a colored polyvinyl chloride film having opposite first and second major sides, the first major side having an adhesive layer protected by a release liner and a primer layer arranged between the colored polyvinyl chloride film and the adhesive layer, the primer layer comprising an aminoplast and a polyester and/or a curing product thereof and having a thickness of more than 10 microns, the second major side having a clear transparent top layer. 2. Adhesive film according to claim 1 wherein the aminoplast in the primer layer is an alkylated melamine formaldehyde resin. 3. Adhesive film according to claim 2 wherein the aminoplast is an n-butylated melamine formaldehyde resin. 4. Adhesive film according to claim 1 wherein the polyester in the primer layer is a urethane extended polyester. 5. Adhesive film according to claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of polyester to aminoplast in the primer layer is between 70 and 2. 6. Adhesive film according to claim 1 wherein the primer layer further comprises one or more white pigments. 7. Adhesive film according to claim 1 wherein the polyvinyl chloride film comprises one or more color pigments and has a color other than 8. Adhesive film according to claim 1 wherein the polyvinyl chloride film has a thickness of 25 to 100 micrometer. 9. Adhesive film according to claim 1 wherein the clear transparent top layer comprises polyvinyl chloride. 10. Adhesive film according to claim 9 wherein the top layer has a thickness of 1 to 50 micrometer. 11. Method for producing a graphic on a substrate, the method comprising
providing an adhesive film as defined in claim 1 removing the release liner, applying the adhesive film on the substrate. 12. Method according to claim 11 wherein the substrate comprises an uneven surface and wherein the adhesive film is applied over the uneven surface conforming thereto. 13. Method according to claim 11 wherein the substrate comprises a vehicle. 14. Method according to claim 13 wherein the vehicle is a car, a bus, a tram, a train or an airplane. | The present invention provides an adhesive film comprising a colored polyvinyl chloride film having opposite first and second major sides, the first major side having an adhesive layer protected by a release liner and a primer layer arranged between the colored polyvinyl chloride film and the adhesive layer, the primer layer comprising an aminoplast and a polyester and/or a curing product thereof and having a thickness of more than 10 microns, the second major side having a clear transparent top layer. Further provided is a use of the adhesive film in producing graphics on a substrate.1. Adhesive film comprising a colored polyvinyl chloride film having opposite first and second major sides, the first major side having an adhesive layer protected by a release liner and a primer layer arranged between the colored polyvinyl chloride film and the adhesive layer, the primer layer comprising an aminoplast and a polyester and/or a curing product thereof and having a thickness of more than 10 microns, the second major side having a clear transparent top layer. 2. Adhesive film according to claim 1 wherein the aminoplast in the primer layer is an alkylated melamine formaldehyde resin. 3. Adhesive film according to claim 2 wherein the aminoplast is an n-butylated melamine formaldehyde resin. 4. Adhesive film according to claim 1 wherein the polyester in the primer layer is a urethane extended polyester. 5. Adhesive film according to claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of polyester to aminoplast in the primer layer is between 70 and 2. 6. Adhesive film according to claim 1 wherein the primer layer further comprises one or more white pigments. 7. Adhesive film according to claim 1 wherein the polyvinyl chloride film comprises one or more color pigments and has a color other than 8. Adhesive film according to claim 1 wherein the polyvinyl chloride film has a thickness of 25 to 100 micrometer. 9. Adhesive film according to claim 1 wherein the clear transparent top layer comprises polyvinyl chloride. 10. Adhesive film according to claim 9 wherein the top layer has a thickness of 1 to 50 micrometer. 11. Method for producing a graphic on a substrate, the method comprising
providing an adhesive film as defined in claim 1 removing the release liner, applying the adhesive film on the substrate. 12. Method according to claim 11 wherein the substrate comprises an uneven surface and wherein the adhesive film is applied over the uneven surface conforming thereto. 13. Method according to claim 11 wherein the substrate comprises a vehicle. 14. Method according to claim 13 wherein the vehicle is a car, a bus, a tram, a train or an airplane. | 1,700 |
1,546 | 14,096,289 | 1,773 | Membranes having parallel channels in a surface of the membranes, wherein the channels have side walls having rough surfaces; filters and devices including at least one membrane, and methods of making and using the membranes, are disclosed. | 1. A microporous polymeric membrane comprising
(a) a first surface, comprising a microporous surface, (b) a second surface comprising a microporous surface; and (c) a microporous bulk between the first surface and the second surface;
wherein the membrane has a machine direction and a cross machine direction, and the first surface has a plurality of parallel channels in the machine direction, wherein the channels have side walls and bottom walls, the side walls comprising rough surfaces, the rough surfaces having an Ra in the range of from about 4.5 μin to about 19.0 μin. 2. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the channels have side walls having rougher surfaces than the bottom walls. 3. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the side walls have rough surfaces having an Ra in the range of about 5 μin to about 9 μin. 4. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the side walls have rough surfaces having an Ra in the range of about 9.5 μin to about 16.0 μin. 5. The membrane of claim 1, wherein at least about 35% of the first surface has the plurality of parallel channels in the machine direction. 6. The membrane of claim 1, comprising a sulfone membrane. 7. The membrane of claim 6, comprising a polyethersulfone membrane. 8. The membrane of claim 1, comprising a polyamide membrane, or a PVDF membrane. 9. A filter comprising at least one membrane according to claim 1. 10. A filter comprising at least two membranes according to claim 1. 11. A method of removing undesirable material from a fluid, the method comprising passing the fluid from a first surface of a microporous membrane through a second surface of the membrane, the first surface comprising a microporous surface, the second surface comprising a microporous surface; the membrane having a microporous bulk between the first surface and the second surface; wherein the membrane has a machine direction and a cross machine direction, and the first surface has a plurality of parallel channels in the machine direction, wherein the channels have side walls and bottom walls, the side walls comprising rough surfaces, the rough surfaces having an Ra in the range of from about 4.5 μin to about 19.0 μin. 12. The method of claim 11, comprising removing viruses from a protein containing fluid. 13. A method of removing undesirable material from a fluid, the method comprising passing the fluid through the filter of claim 9. 14. A method of removing undesirable material from a fluid, the method comprising passing the fluid through the filter of claim 10. 15. A method of preparing a membrane comprising:
obtaining a substrate comprising a surface having a machine direction and a cross machine direction and having parallel abrasions in the surface in the machine direction; casting a polymeric solution on the surface; effecting phase separation of the solution and forming a microporous membrane; and, peeling the membrane from the substrate, wherein portions of the membrane contacting the parallel abrasions in the surface of the substrate are pulled away from the membrane, forming a membrane having a surface with channels in the surface. 16. The membrane of claim 3, comprising a sulfone membrane. 17. The membrane of claim 4, comprising a sulfone membrane. 18. The membrane of claim 3, comprising a polyamide membrane, or a PVDF membrane. 19. The membrane of claim 4, comprising a polyamide membrane, or a PVDF membrane. 20. A filter comprising at least two membranes according to claim 6. | Membranes having parallel channels in a surface of the membranes, wherein the channels have side walls having rough surfaces; filters and devices including at least one membrane, and methods of making and using the membranes, are disclosed.1. A microporous polymeric membrane comprising
(a) a first surface, comprising a microporous surface, (b) a second surface comprising a microporous surface; and (c) a microporous bulk between the first surface and the second surface;
wherein the membrane has a machine direction and a cross machine direction, and the first surface has a plurality of parallel channels in the machine direction, wherein the channels have side walls and bottom walls, the side walls comprising rough surfaces, the rough surfaces having an Ra in the range of from about 4.5 μin to about 19.0 μin. 2. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the channels have side walls having rougher surfaces than the bottom walls. 3. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the side walls have rough surfaces having an Ra in the range of about 5 μin to about 9 μin. 4. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the side walls have rough surfaces having an Ra in the range of about 9.5 μin to about 16.0 μin. 5. The membrane of claim 1, wherein at least about 35% of the first surface has the plurality of parallel channels in the machine direction. 6. The membrane of claim 1, comprising a sulfone membrane. 7. The membrane of claim 6, comprising a polyethersulfone membrane. 8. The membrane of claim 1, comprising a polyamide membrane, or a PVDF membrane. 9. A filter comprising at least one membrane according to claim 1. 10. A filter comprising at least two membranes according to claim 1. 11. A method of removing undesirable material from a fluid, the method comprising passing the fluid from a first surface of a microporous membrane through a second surface of the membrane, the first surface comprising a microporous surface, the second surface comprising a microporous surface; the membrane having a microporous bulk between the first surface and the second surface; wherein the membrane has a machine direction and a cross machine direction, and the first surface has a plurality of parallel channels in the machine direction, wherein the channels have side walls and bottom walls, the side walls comprising rough surfaces, the rough surfaces having an Ra in the range of from about 4.5 μin to about 19.0 μin. 12. The method of claim 11, comprising removing viruses from a protein containing fluid. 13. A method of removing undesirable material from a fluid, the method comprising passing the fluid through the filter of claim 9. 14. A method of removing undesirable material from a fluid, the method comprising passing the fluid through the filter of claim 10. 15. A method of preparing a membrane comprising:
obtaining a substrate comprising a surface having a machine direction and a cross machine direction and having parallel abrasions in the surface in the machine direction; casting a polymeric solution on the surface; effecting phase separation of the solution and forming a microporous membrane; and, peeling the membrane from the substrate, wherein portions of the membrane contacting the parallel abrasions in the surface of the substrate are pulled away from the membrane, forming a membrane having a surface with channels in the surface. 16. The membrane of claim 3, comprising a sulfone membrane. 17. The membrane of claim 4, comprising a sulfone membrane. 18. The membrane of claim 3, comprising a polyamide membrane, or a PVDF membrane. 19. The membrane of claim 4, comprising a polyamide membrane, or a PVDF membrane. 20. A filter comprising at least two membranes according to claim 6. | 1,700 |
1,547 | 14,447,922 | 1,726 | A gas sensor including a housing containing a potassium permanganate element sandwiched between two polytetrafluoroethylene elements, a carbon element, a polytetrafluoroethylene element located adjacent to the carbon element, a sensing electrode, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode with attached current collectors, and an electrolyte. | 1. A gas sensor comprising:
a housing; an opening in the housing; a plurality of electrodes disposed within the housing; a filter disposed within the housing between the opening and the plurality of electrodes, wherein the filter comprises two or more chemicals that are cross-reactive; and a barrier disposed between at least two of the two more chemicals within the filter, wherein the barrier is a gas permeable, inert barrier. 2. The gas sensor of claim 1, wherein the gas permeable, inert barrier comprises a solid material selected from the group consisting of fluorinated plastic, polyethylene, inorganic materials, ceramic materials, metallic foils, and mixtures thereof. 3. The gas sensor of claim 1, wherein the gas permeable, inert barrier comprises polytetrafluoroethylene. 4. The gas sensor of claim 1, wherein one of the two or more chemicals comprises carbon. 5. The gas sensor of claim 1, wherein one of the two or more chemicals comprises potassium permanganate. 6. The gas sensor of claim 1, wherein a first chemical of the two or more chemicals comprises carbon, and wherein a second chemical of the two or more chemicals comprises potassium permanganate. 7. The gas sensor of claim 1, wherein the gas permeable, inert barrier comprises polytetrafluoroethylene, at least a first chemical of the two or more chemicals comprises carbon, and at least a second chemical of the two or more chemicals comprises potassium permanganate. 8. The gas sensor of claim 1, wherein the housing comprises an inert, gas impervious material. 9. The gas sensor of claim 8, wherein the housing comprises acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. 10. The gas sensor of claim 1, further comprising an electrolyte disposed within the housing. 11. The gas sensor of claim 10, wherein the electrolyte is sulfuric acid. 12. A gas sensor comprising:
a housing; a potassium permanganate element sandwiched between two polytetrafluoroethylene elements; a carbon element sandwiched between two polytetrafluoroethylene elements; a sensing electrode; a reference electrode; a counter electrode with attached current collectors; and an electrolyte. 13. The gas sensor of claim 12, wherein the housing comprises acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. 14. The gas sensor of claim 12, wherein the electrolyte comprises sulfuric acid. 15. The gas sensor of claim 12, further comprising a gas comprising carbon monoxide, wherein the potassium permanganate element and the carbon element are configured to allow carbon monoxide to pass through. 16. A method of detecting a gas in an electrochemical sensor, the method comprising:
receiving a gas through an opening in a housing, wherein the gas comprises a plurality of components, wherein the plurality of component comprise a gas species being monitored; passing the gas through a first layer of a filter, wherein the wherein the filter comprises at least two layers having a barrier disposed between the two layers, wherein the barrier is a gas permeable, inert barrier, and wherein each layer comprises a chemical, and wherein the chemicals in the layers are cross-reactive; absorbing a first component of the gas in a first layer of the at least two layers using the chemical in the first layer to allow a first filtered gas to pass through; passing the first filtered gas through the barrier; absorbing a second component of the first filtered gas in a second layer of the at least two layers using the chemical in the second layer to allow a second filtered gas to pass through, wherein the second filtered gas comprises the gas species being monitored; contacting the second filtered gas with an electrolyte; reacting at least a portion of the gas species being monitored with the electrolyte; and generating a signal using a plurality of electrodes in response to the reacting. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the chemical in the first layer comprises potassium permanganate. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the chemical in the second layer comprises carbon. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the barrier comprises polytetrafluoroethylene. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the gas species being monitored comprises carbon monoxide. | A gas sensor including a housing containing a potassium permanganate element sandwiched between two polytetrafluoroethylene elements, a carbon element, a polytetrafluoroethylene element located adjacent to the carbon element, a sensing electrode, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode with attached current collectors, and an electrolyte.1. A gas sensor comprising:
a housing; an opening in the housing; a plurality of electrodes disposed within the housing; a filter disposed within the housing between the opening and the plurality of electrodes, wherein the filter comprises two or more chemicals that are cross-reactive; and a barrier disposed between at least two of the two more chemicals within the filter, wherein the barrier is a gas permeable, inert barrier. 2. The gas sensor of claim 1, wherein the gas permeable, inert barrier comprises a solid material selected from the group consisting of fluorinated plastic, polyethylene, inorganic materials, ceramic materials, metallic foils, and mixtures thereof. 3. The gas sensor of claim 1, wherein the gas permeable, inert barrier comprises polytetrafluoroethylene. 4. The gas sensor of claim 1, wherein one of the two or more chemicals comprises carbon. 5. The gas sensor of claim 1, wherein one of the two or more chemicals comprises potassium permanganate. 6. The gas sensor of claim 1, wherein a first chemical of the two or more chemicals comprises carbon, and wherein a second chemical of the two or more chemicals comprises potassium permanganate. 7. The gas sensor of claim 1, wherein the gas permeable, inert barrier comprises polytetrafluoroethylene, at least a first chemical of the two or more chemicals comprises carbon, and at least a second chemical of the two or more chemicals comprises potassium permanganate. 8. The gas sensor of claim 1, wherein the housing comprises an inert, gas impervious material. 9. The gas sensor of claim 8, wherein the housing comprises acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. 10. The gas sensor of claim 1, further comprising an electrolyte disposed within the housing. 11. The gas sensor of claim 10, wherein the electrolyte is sulfuric acid. 12. A gas sensor comprising:
a housing; a potassium permanganate element sandwiched between two polytetrafluoroethylene elements; a carbon element sandwiched between two polytetrafluoroethylene elements; a sensing electrode; a reference electrode; a counter electrode with attached current collectors; and an electrolyte. 13. The gas sensor of claim 12, wherein the housing comprises acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. 14. The gas sensor of claim 12, wherein the electrolyte comprises sulfuric acid. 15. The gas sensor of claim 12, further comprising a gas comprising carbon monoxide, wherein the potassium permanganate element and the carbon element are configured to allow carbon monoxide to pass through. 16. A method of detecting a gas in an electrochemical sensor, the method comprising:
receiving a gas through an opening in a housing, wherein the gas comprises a plurality of components, wherein the plurality of component comprise a gas species being monitored; passing the gas through a first layer of a filter, wherein the wherein the filter comprises at least two layers having a barrier disposed between the two layers, wherein the barrier is a gas permeable, inert barrier, and wherein each layer comprises a chemical, and wherein the chemicals in the layers are cross-reactive; absorbing a first component of the gas in a first layer of the at least two layers using the chemical in the first layer to allow a first filtered gas to pass through; passing the first filtered gas through the barrier; absorbing a second component of the first filtered gas in a second layer of the at least two layers using the chemical in the second layer to allow a second filtered gas to pass through, wherein the second filtered gas comprises the gas species being monitored; contacting the second filtered gas with an electrolyte; reacting at least a portion of the gas species being monitored with the electrolyte; and generating a signal using a plurality of electrodes in response to the reacting. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the chemical in the first layer comprises potassium permanganate. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the chemical in the second layer comprises carbon. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the barrier comprises polytetrafluoroethylene. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the gas species being monitored comprises carbon monoxide. | 1,700 |
1,548 | 13,389,376 | 1,789 | A production plant for a ground covering structure ( 6 ) comprises a plant inlet zone and a plant outlet zone for a grid reinforcing member ( 10 ). The plant further comprises movement means ( 4 ) designed in operation to move the grid reinforcing member ( 10 ) along a predetermined path from the inlet zone to the outlet zone, supply means ( 11 ) for the supply of plastics material in the fluid state in the form of threads ( 7 ) to the reinforcing member ( 10 ) disposed along the predetermined path, and cooling means ( 2, 3 ) for cooling the plastics material in the form of threads ( 7 ) which are tangled on the grid reinforcing structure. The inlet zone and the outlet zone are disposed opposite one another along the predetermined path with respect to the supply means. | 1. A production plant for a ground covering structure (6), said plant comprising:
a plant inlet zone and a plant outlet zone for a grid type reinforcing member (10), movement means (4) designed in operation to move the grid type reinforcing member (10) along a predetermined path from the inlet zone to the outlet zone, supply means (11) for the supply of the plastics material in the form of threads (7) in the fluid state to the grid type reinforcing member (10), cooling means (2, 3) for cooling, in operation, the plastics material in the form of threads (7) and thus to form a tangled plastics structure on the grid type reinforcing member (10),
characterized in that the inlet zone and the outlet zone are disposed opposite one another along the predetermined path with respect to the supply means (11). 2-10. (canceled) 11. A plant according to claim 1, characterized in that the movement means comprise a roller (4) connected to actuator means designed in operation to cause it to rotate about an axis in order to move the grid type reinforcing member along the predetermined path. 12. A plant according to claim 11, characterized in that the supply means (11) are disposed downstream of the inlet zone and upstream of the roller (4) for movement along the predetermined path. 13. A plant according to claim 12, characterized in that the cooling means comprise a tank (2) which extends along the predetermined path, the tank containing a cooling fluid (3). 14. A plant according to claim 1, characterized in that the means (11) for supplying plastics material in the form of threads comprises a container for plastics material (7) in its fluid state, a supply plate disposed on the base of the container and a plurality of supply nozzles for supplying the threads. 15. A ground covering structure comprising a plastics structure (7) with threads tangled on a grid type reinforcing member (10), disposed in an intermediate position with respect to the thickness of the covering structure, characterized in that the concentration of threads on one side of the grid type reinforcing member (10) is substantially denser than the concentration of threads on the other side of the grid type reinforcing member (10), wherein the ground covering structure is produced by a production plant according to claim 1. 16. A ground covering structure according to claim 15, the grid type reinforcing member (10) comprising a plurality of adjacent longitudinal wires (12) each interwoven with at least one respective adjacent longitudinal wire (12), characterized in that the grid type reinforcing member (10) further comprises one or a plurality of longitudinal metal cables (14) each interwoven or interconnected with at least one adjacent longitudinal wire (12). 17. A method for the production of a ground covering structure (6) comprising the stages of:
providing a grid type reinforcing member (10), immersing and moving the grid type reinforcing member (10) within a cooling fluid (3) along a predetermined path, supplying plastics material in the fluid state in the form of threads (5) to a portion of the grid type reinforcing member (10) immersed in the cooling fluid by means of supply means (11), pressing the plastics material in the form of threads (5) deposited on the portion of the grid type reinforcing member immersed in the cooling fluid (3) to promote its adhesion in a tangled manner to the grid type reinforcing member (10), removing the portion of the grid type reinforcing member with the plastics material adhering to it (60, 61) from the cooling fluid (3). 18. A method according to claim 17, characterized in that the grid type reinforcing member comprises a grid with a plurality of adjacent longitudinal wires (12) each interwoven with at least one adjacent longitudinal wire (12), the grid type reinforcing member (10) further comprising one or a plurality of longitudinal metal cables (14) each interwoven or interconnected with at least one adjacent longitudinal wire (12). | A production plant for a ground covering structure ( 6 ) comprises a plant inlet zone and a plant outlet zone for a grid reinforcing member ( 10 ). The plant further comprises movement means ( 4 ) designed in operation to move the grid reinforcing member ( 10 ) along a predetermined path from the inlet zone to the outlet zone, supply means ( 11 ) for the supply of plastics material in the fluid state in the form of threads ( 7 ) to the reinforcing member ( 10 ) disposed along the predetermined path, and cooling means ( 2, 3 ) for cooling the plastics material in the form of threads ( 7 ) which are tangled on the grid reinforcing structure. The inlet zone and the outlet zone are disposed opposite one another along the predetermined path with respect to the supply means.1. A production plant for a ground covering structure (6), said plant comprising:
a plant inlet zone and a plant outlet zone for a grid type reinforcing member (10), movement means (4) designed in operation to move the grid type reinforcing member (10) along a predetermined path from the inlet zone to the outlet zone, supply means (11) for the supply of the plastics material in the form of threads (7) in the fluid state to the grid type reinforcing member (10), cooling means (2, 3) for cooling, in operation, the plastics material in the form of threads (7) and thus to form a tangled plastics structure on the grid type reinforcing member (10),
characterized in that the inlet zone and the outlet zone are disposed opposite one another along the predetermined path with respect to the supply means (11). 2-10. (canceled) 11. A plant according to claim 1, characterized in that the movement means comprise a roller (4) connected to actuator means designed in operation to cause it to rotate about an axis in order to move the grid type reinforcing member along the predetermined path. 12. A plant according to claim 11, characterized in that the supply means (11) are disposed downstream of the inlet zone and upstream of the roller (4) for movement along the predetermined path. 13. A plant according to claim 12, characterized in that the cooling means comprise a tank (2) which extends along the predetermined path, the tank containing a cooling fluid (3). 14. A plant according to claim 1, characterized in that the means (11) for supplying plastics material in the form of threads comprises a container for plastics material (7) in its fluid state, a supply plate disposed on the base of the container and a plurality of supply nozzles for supplying the threads. 15. A ground covering structure comprising a plastics structure (7) with threads tangled on a grid type reinforcing member (10), disposed in an intermediate position with respect to the thickness of the covering structure, characterized in that the concentration of threads on one side of the grid type reinforcing member (10) is substantially denser than the concentration of threads on the other side of the grid type reinforcing member (10), wherein the ground covering structure is produced by a production plant according to claim 1. 16. A ground covering structure according to claim 15, the grid type reinforcing member (10) comprising a plurality of adjacent longitudinal wires (12) each interwoven with at least one respective adjacent longitudinal wire (12), characterized in that the grid type reinforcing member (10) further comprises one or a plurality of longitudinal metal cables (14) each interwoven or interconnected with at least one adjacent longitudinal wire (12). 17. A method for the production of a ground covering structure (6) comprising the stages of:
providing a grid type reinforcing member (10), immersing and moving the grid type reinforcing member (10) within a cooling fluid (3) along a predetermined path, supplying plastics material in the fluid state in the form of threads (5) to a portion of the grid type reinforcing member (10) immersed in the cooling fluid by means of supply means (11), pressing the plastics material in the form of threads (5) deposited on the portion of the grid type reinforcing member immersed in the cooling fluid (3) to promote its adhesion in a tangled manner to the grid type reinforcing member (10), removing the portion of the grid type reinforcing member with the plastics material adhering to it (60, 61) from the cooling fluid (3). 18. A method according to claim 17, characterized in that the grid type reinforcing member comprises a grid with a plurality of adjacent longitudinal wires (12) each interwoven with at least one adjacent longitudinal wire (12), the grid type reinforcing member (10) further comprising one or a plurality of longitudinal metal cables (14) each interwoven or interconnected with at least one adjacent longitudinal wire (12). | 1,700 |
1,549 | 14,182,436 | 1,778 | A gas diffusion layer (GDL) for fuel cell applications that can prevented channels of a bipolar plate from being intruded. The gas diffusion layer is manufactured by cutting a GDL material at a certain angle such that a machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the GDL material is not in parallel with a major flow field direction of a bipolar plate to prevent the GDL intrusion into the channels of the bipolar plate without modifying an existing method for manufacturing the gas diffusion layer. With the gas diffusion layer, the electrochemical performance of the fuel cell can be improved and manufacturing process can be improved even in the case where the width of the rolled GDL material is small. | 1-8. (canceled) 9. A method of manufacturing a compressible gas diffusion layer (GDL) for fuel cell applications, the fuel cell comprising a polymer electrolyte membrane, catalyst layers, gas diffusion layers and bipolar plates, wherein the gas diffusion layer is attached to an outer surface of each of catalyst layers coated on both sides of the polymer electrolyte membrane, the bipolar plate is attached to an outer surface of each of the gas diffusion layers and is composed of a major flow field having a longer accumulated length of the flow field channels and a minor flow field having a shorter accumulated length of the flow field channel than the major flow field, and the gas diffusion layer has a width direction perpendicular to a major flow field direction of the bipolar plate and a length direction which is in parallel with the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate, the method comprising:
a first step of providing a rolled compressible GDL material having a dual layer structure including a microporous layer and a macroporous substrate which is formed of carbon fiber felt, or carbon fiber paper, wherein the machine direction of the rolled compressible GDL material is directed to an inherent high stiffness direction and the cross-machine direction thereof is directed to a low stiffness direction, a second step of determining a certain angle (q) formed by the machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the compressible GDL material and the major flow field direction of a bipolar plate such that the machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the compressible GDL material is not in parallel with the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate to reduce the compressible GDL's intrusion into flow field channels of the bipolar plate being in contact with the compressible GDL, and a third step of cutting the rolled compressible GDL material according to the certain angle determined in the second step, to make the compressible GDL in which the stiffness in a width direction of the compressible GDL perpendicular to the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate is increased. 10. The method of manufacturing the compressible GDL for fuel cell applications of claim 9, wherein the gas diffusion layer is manufactured by cutting the rolled compressible GDL material at an angle in a range of 60°≦θ≦90°, formed by the machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the GDL material and the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate. 11. The method of manufacturing the compressible GDL for fuel cell applications of claim 9, wherein the gas diffusion layer is manufactured by cutting the GDL material at an angle of 90°, formed by the machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the GDL material and the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate. 12. The method of manufacturing the compressible GDL for fuel cell applications of claim 9, wherein the rolled GDL material in the machine direction has a Taber bending stiffness in a range of 20 to 150 gf·cm. 13. The method of manufacturing the compressible GDL for fuel cell applications of claim 9, wherein the rolled GDL material in the machine direction has a Taber bending stiffness in a range of 50 to 100 gf·cm. 14. The method of manufacturing the compressible GDL for fuel cell applications of claim 9, wherein the gas diffusion layer has a gas permeability of more than 0.5 cm3/(cm2·s). 15. The method of manufacturing the compressible GDL for fuel cell applications of claim 9, wherein the gas diffusion layer has a gas permeability of more than 2.5 cm3/(cm2·s). 16. A fuel cell stack comprising the compressible GDL manufactured by the method of claim 9. 17. A method of manufacturing a compressible gas diffusion layer (GDL) for fuel cell applications, the fuel cell comprising a polymer electrolyte membrane, catalyst layers, gas diffusion layers and bipolar plates, wherein the gas diffusion layer is attached to an outer surface of each of catalyst layers coated on both sides of the polymer electrolyte membrane, the bipolar plate is attached to an outer surface of each of the gas diffusion layers and is composed of a major flow field having a longer accumulated length of the flow field channels and a minor flow field having a shorter accumulated length of the flow field channel than the major flow field, and the gas diffusion layer has a width direction perpendicular to a major flow field direction of the bipolar plate and a length direction which is in parallel with the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate, the method comprising:
a first step of providing a rolled compressible GDL material having a dual layer structure including a microporous layer and a macroporous substrate which is formed of carbon fiber felt, or carbon fiber paper, wherein the machine direction of the rolled compressible GDL material is directed to an inherent high stiffness direction and the cross-machine direction thereof is directed to a low stiffness direction, a second step of determining a certain angle (q) formed by the machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the compressible GDL material and the major flow field direction of a bipolar plate such that the machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the compressible GDL material is not in parallel with the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate to reduce the compressible GDL's intrusion into flow field channels of the bipolar plate being in contact with the compressible GDL, and a third step of cutting the rolled compressible GDL material according to the certain angle determined in the second step, to make the compressible GDL in which the stiffness in a width direction of the compressible GDL perpendicular to the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate is increased, wherein the gas diffusion layer is cut from the rolled GDL material at an angle of 90°, formed by the machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the GDL material and the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate. | A gas diffusion layer (GDL) for fuel cell applications that can prevented channels of a bipolar plate from being intruded. The gas diffusion layer is manufactured by cutting a GDL material at a certain angle such that a machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the GDL material is not in parallel with a major flow field direction of a bipolar plate to prevent the GDL intrusion into the channels of the bipolar plate without modifying an existing method for manufacturing the gas diffusion layer. With the gas diffusion layer, the electrochemical performance of the fuel cell can be improved and manufacturing process can be improved even in the case where the width of the rolled GDL material is small.1-8. (canceled) 9. A method of manufacturing a compressible gas diffusion layer (GDL) for fuel cell applications, the fuel cell comprising a polymer electrolyte membrane, catalyst layers, gas diffusion layers and bipolar plates, wherein the gas diffusion layer is attached to an outer surface of each of catalyst layers coated on both sides of the polymer electrolyte membrane, the bipolar plate is attached to an outer surface of each of the gas diffusion layers and is composed of a major flow field having a longer accumulated length of the flow field channels and a minor flow field having a shorter accumulated length of the flow field channel than the major flow field, and the gas diffusion layer has a width direction perpendicular to a major flow field direction of the bipolar plate and a length direction which is in parallel with the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate, the method comprising:
a first step of providing a rolled compressible GDL material having a dual layer structure including a microporous layer and a macroporous substrate which is formed of carbon fiber felt, or carbon fiber paper, wherein the machine direction of the rolled compressible GDL material is directed to an inherent high stiffness direction and the cross-machine direction thereof is directed to a low stiffness direction, a second step of determining a certain angle (q) formed by the machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the compressible GDL material and the major flow field direction of a bipolar plate such that the machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the compressible GDL material is not in parallel with the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate to reduce the compressible GDL's intrusion into flow field channels of the bipolar plate being in contact with the compressible GDL, and a third step of cutting the rolled compressible GDL material according to the certain angle determined in the second step, to make the compressible GDL in which the stiffness in a width direction of the compressible GDL perpendicular to the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate is increased. 10. The method of manufacturing the compressible GDL for fuel cell applications of claim 9, wherein the gas diffusion layer is manufactured by cutting the rolled compressible GDL material at an angle in a range of 60°≦θ≦90°, formed by the machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the GDL material and the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate. 11. The method of manufacturing the compressible GDL for fuel cell applications of claim 9, wherein the gas diffusion layer is manufactured by cutting the GDL material at an angle of 90°, formed by the machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the GDL material and the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate. 12. The method of manufacturing the compressible GDL for fuel cell applications of claim 9, wherein the rolled GDL material in the machine direction has a Taber bending stiffness in a range of 20 to 150 gf·cm. 13. The method of manufacturing the compressible GDL for fuel cell applications of claim 9, wherein the rolled GDL material in the machine direction has a Taber bending stiffness in a range of 50 to 100 gf·cm. 14. The method of manufacturing the compressible GDL for fuel cell applications of claim 9, wherein the gas diffusion layer has a gas permeability of more than 0.5 cm3/(cm2·s). 15. The method of manufacturing the compressible GDL for fuel cell applications of claim 9, wherein the gas diffusion layer has a gas permeability of more than 2.5 cm3/(cm2·s). 16. A fuel cell stack comprising the compressible GDL manufactured by the method of claim 9. 17. A method of manufacturing a compressible gas diffusion layer (GDL) for fuel cell applications, the fuel cell comprising a polymer electrolyte membrane, catalyst layers, gas diffusion layers and bipolar plates, wherein the gas diffusion layer is attached to an outer surface of each of catalyst layers coated on both sides of the polymer electrolyte membrane, the bipolar plate is attached to an outer surface of each of the gas diffusion layers and is composed of a major flow field having a longer accumulated length of the flow field channels and a minor flow field having a shorter accumulated length of the flow field channel than the major flow field, and the gas diffusion layer has a width direction perpendicular to a major flow field direction of the bipolar plate and a length direction which is in parallel with the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate, the method comprising:
a first step of providing a rolled compressible GDL material having a dual layer structure including a microporous layer and a macroporous substrate which is formed of carbon fiber felt, or carbon fiber paper, wherein the machine direction of the rolled compressible GDL material is directed to an inherent high stiffness direction and the cross-machine direction thereof is directed to a low stiffness direction, a second step of determining a certain angle (q) formed by the machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the compressible GDL material and the major flow field direction of a bipolar plate such that the machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the compressible GDL material is not in parallel with the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate to reduce the compressible GDL's intrusion into flow field channels of the bipolar plate being in contact with the compressible GDL, and a third step of cutting the rolled compressible GDL material according to the certain angle determined in the second step, to make the compressible GDL in which the stiffness in a width direction of the compressible GDL perpendicular to the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate is increased, wherein the gas diffusion layer is cut from the rolled GDL material at an angle of 90°, formed by the machine direction of the inherent high stiffness of the GDL material and the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate. | 1,700 |
1,550 | 14,174,456 | 1,712 | An organic light emitting diode (OLED) architecture in which efficient operation is achieved without requiring a blocking layer by locating the recombination zone close to the hole transport side of the emissive layer. Aryl-based hosts and Ir-based dopants with suitable concentrations result in an efficient phosphorescent OLED structure. Previously, blocking layer utilization in phosphorescent OLED architectures was considered essential to avoid exciton and hole leakage from the emissive layer, and thus keep the recombination zone inside the emissive layer to provide high device efficiency and a pure emission spectrum. | 1. A device comprising:
an anode and a cathode; an emissive layer disposed between and electrically connected to the anode and the cathode, the emissive layer comprising an organic host and an organic dopant; an organic hole transport layer between the anode and the emissive layer; an organic electron transport layer between the cathode and the emissive layer, wherein said electron transport layer is adjacent to the emissive layer, the HOMO level of the organic host is no more than 0.8 eV below the HOMO level of the hole transport layer, the LUMO level of the organic host is no more than 0.4 eV above the LUMO level of the electron transport layer, and the HOMO level of the electron transport layer is no more than 0.4 eV below the HOMO level of the host, the HOMO and LUMO levels being calculated by density functional calculation, wherein the device has an external quantum efficiency of over 9.2% at 500 cd/m2 and up to about 30%. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the organic dopant is a phosphorescent material. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the organic dopant has a triplet energy corresponding to a peak emission wavelength of less than 600 nm. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein the dopant is an iridium(III) organometallic complex. 5. The device of claim 2, wherein the dopant is Ir(5-Phppy)3. 6. The device of claim 2, wherein the dopant is Ir(3′-Meppy)3. 7. The device of claim 2, wherein there is a triplet recombination zone within the emissive layer, not more than 10% of the thickness of the emissive layer away from an interface between the emissive layer with the hole transport layer. 8. The device of claim 2, wherein
HOMO
Host
-
HOMO
HoleTransportLayer
LUMO
ElectronTransportLayer
-
LUMO
Host
<
2.0
. 9. A device comprising:
an anode and a cathode; an emissive layer disposed between and electrically connected to the anode and the cathode, the emissive layer comprising an organic host and an organic dopant; an organic hole transport layer between the anode and the emissive layer; an organic electron transport layer between the cathode and the emissive layer, wherein said electron transport layer is adjacent to the emissive layer, the HOMO level of the organic host is no more than 0.8 eV below the HOMO level of the hole transport layer, the LUMO level of the organic host is no more than 0.4 eV above the LUMO level of the electron transport layer, and the HOMO level of the electron transport layer is no more than 0.4 eV below the HOMO level of the host, the HOMO and LUMO levels being calculated by density functional calculation, the organic dopant is a phosphorescent dopant having a triplet energy corresponding to a peak emission wavelength of less than 600 nm, and the host comprises a fused-aryl ring compound, wherein the device has an external quantum efficiency of over 9.2% at 500 cd/m2 and up to about 30%. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the fused-aryl ring compound comprises a naphthalene moiety. 11. The device of claim 9, wherein the fused-aryl ring compound comprises a phenanthrene moiety. 12. The device of claim 9, wherein the organic host is a dicarbazolephenanthren compound. 13. The device of claim 9, wherein the organic dopant is Ir(5-Phppy)3. 14. The device of claim 9, wherein the organic dopant is Ir(3′-Meppy)3. 15. The device of claim 9, wherein the organic host is a dicarbazolephenanthren compound and the organic dopant is Ir(3′-Meppy)3. 16. The device of claim 9, wherein there is a triplet recombination zone within the emissive layer, not more than 10% of the thickness of the emissive layer away from an interface between the emissive layer with the hole transport layer. 17. A device comprising:
an anode and a cathode; an emissive layer disposed between and electrically connected to the anode and the cathode, the emissive layer comprising an organic host and an organic dopant; an organic hole transport layer between the anode and the emissive layer; an organic electron transport layer between the cathode and the emissive layer, wherein said electron transport layer is adjacent to the emissive layer, the HOMO level of the organic host is no more than 0.8 eV below the HOMO level of the hole transport layer, the LUMO level of the organic host is no more than 0.4 eV above the LUMO level of the electron transport layer, and the HOMO level of the electron transport layer is no more than 0.4 eV below the HOMO level of the host, the HOMO and LUMO levels being calculated by density functional calculation, the organic dopant is a phosphorescent dopant having a triplet energy corresponding to a peak emission wavelength of less than 600 nm, and the device has an external quantum efficiency of over 9.2% at 500 cd/m2 and up to about 30%. 18. The device of claim 17, wherein the dopant is Ir(5-Phppy)3. 19. The device of claim 17, wherein the dopant is Ir(3′-Meppy)3. 20. The device of claim 17, wherein there is a triplet recombination zone within the emissive layer, not more than 10% of the thickness of the emissive layer away from an interface between the emissive layer with the hole transport layer. 21. The device of claim 17, wherein the device has a lifetime >3,000 hours to 80% of an initial luminance of 1,000 cd/m2. 22. The device of claim 17, wherein the device has a lifetime >10,000 hours to 50% of an initial luminance of 1,000 cd/m2. | An organic light emitting diode (OLED) architecture in which efficient operation is achieved without requiring a blocking layer by locating the recombination zone close to the hole transport side of the emissive layer. Aryl-based hosts and Ir-based dopants with suitable concentrations result in an efficient phosphorescent OLED structure. Previously, blocking layer utilization in phosphorescent OLED architectures was considered essential to avoid exciton and hole leakage from the emissive layer, and thus keep the recombination zone inside the emissive layer to provide high device efficiency and a pure emission spectrum.1. A device comprising:
an anode and a cathode; an emissive layer disposed between and electrically connected to the anode and the cathode, the emissive layer comprising an organic host and an organic dopant; an organic hole transport layer between the anode and the emissive layer; an organic electron transport layer between the cathode and the emissive layer, wherein said electron transport layer is adjacent to the emissive layer, the HOMO level of the organic host is no more than 0.8 eV below the HOMO level of the hole transport layer, the LUMO level of the organic host is no more than 0.4 eV above the LUMO level of the electron transport layer, and the HOMO level of the electron transport layer is no more than 0.4 eV below the HOMO level of the host, the HOMO and LUMO levels being calculated by density functional calculation, wherein the device has an external quantum efficiency of over 9.2% at 500 cd/m2 and up to about 30%. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the organic dopant is a phosphorescent material. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the organic dopant has a triplet energy corresponding to a peak emission wavelength of less than 600 nm. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein the dopant is an iridium(III) organometallic complex. 5. The device of claim 2, wherein the dopant is Ir(5-Phppy)3. 6. The device of claim 2, wherein the dopant is Ir(3′-Meppy)3. 7. The device of claim 2, wherein there is a triplet recombination zone within the emissive layer, not more than 10% of the thickness of the emissive layer away from an interface between the emissive layer with the hole transport layer. 8. The device of claim 2, wherein
HOMO
Host
-
HOMO
HoleTransportLayer
LUMO
ElectronTransportLayer
-
LUMO
Host
<
2.0
. 9. A device comprising:
an anode and a cathode; an emissive layer disposed between and electrically connected to the anode and the cathode, the emissive layer comprising an organic host and an organic dopant; an organic hole transport layer between the anode and the emissive layer; an organic electron transport layer between the cathode and the emissive layer, wherein said electron transport layer is adjacent to the emissive layer, the HOMO level of the organic host is no more than 0.8 eV below the HOMO level of the hole transport layer, the LUMO level of the organic host is no more than 0.4 eV above the LUMO level of the electron transport layer, and the HOMO level of the electron transport layer is no more than 0.4 eV below the HOMO level of the host, the HOMO and LUMO levels being calculated by density functional calculation, the organic dopant is a phosphorescent dopant having a triplet energy corresponding to a peak emission wavelength of less than 600 nm, and the host comprises a fused-aryl ring compound, wherein the device has an external quantum efficiency of over 9.2% at 500 cd/m2 and up to about 30%. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the fused-aryl ring compound comprises a naphthalene moiety. 11. The device of claim 9, wherein the fused-aryl ring compound comprises a phenanthrene moiety. 12. The device of claim 9, wherein the organic host is a dicarbazolephenanthren compound. 13. The device of claim 9, wherein the organic dopant is Ir(5-Phppy)3. 14. The device of claim 9, wherein the organic dopant is Ir(3′-Meppy)3. 15. The device of claim 9, wherein the organic host is a dicarbazolephenanthren compound and the organic dopant is Ir(3′-Meppy)3. 16. The device of claim 9, wherein there is a triplet recombination zone within the emissive layer, not more than 10% of the thickness of the emissive layer away from an interface between the emissive layer with the hole transport layer. 17. A device comprising:
an anode and a cathode; an emissive layer disposed between and electrically connected to the anode and the cathode, the emissive layer comprising an organic host and an organic dopant; an organic hole transport layer between the anode and the emissive layer; an organic electron transport layer between the cathode and the emissive layer, wherein said electron transport layer is adjacent to the emissive layer, the HOMO level of the organic host is no more than 0.8 eV below the HOMO level of the hole transport layer, the LUMO level of the organic host is no more than 0.4 eV above the LUMO level of the electron transport layer, and the HOMO level of the electron transport layer is no more than 0.4 eV below the HOMO level of the host, the HOMO and LUMO levels being calculated by density functional calculation, the organic dopant is a phosphorescent dopant having a triplet energy corresponding to a peak emission wavelength of less than 600 nm, and the device has an external quantum efficiency of over 9.2% at 500 cd/m2 and up to about 30%. 18. The device of claim 17, wherein the dopant is Ir(5-Phppy)3. 19. The device of claim 17, wherein the dopant is Ir(3′-Meppy)3. 20. The device of claim 17, wherein there is a triplet recombination zone within the emissive layer, not more than 10% of the thickness of the emissive layer away from an interface between the emissive layer with the hole transport layer. 21. The device of claim 17, wherein the device has a lifetime >3,000 hours to 80% of an initial luminance of 1,000 cd/m2. 22. The device of claim 17, wherein the device has a lifetime >10,000 hours to 50% of an initial luminance of 1,000 cd/m2. | 1,700 |
1,551 | 13,808,767 | 1,764 | A polyethylene composition having a good balance of strength, flexibility and processability is disclosed, comprising (a) 40-55 wt % of a copolymer fraction (A) comprising ethylene and a C 4 -C 10 alpha-olefin, and having an MI 2 of from greater than 300 to 800 g/10 min or a Mw of 15 to 35 kDa; and (b) 45-60 wt % of a copolymer fraction (B) comprising ethylene and a C 4 -C 10 alpha-olefin, wherein the composition has an unpigmented density of 940 to 956 kg/m 3 and an MI 5 of 0.1 to 1 g/10 min. | 1-17. (canceled) 18. Polyethylene composition comprising
(a) 40-55 wt % of a copolymer fraction (A) comprising ethylene and a C4-C10 alpha-olefin, and having an MI2 of from greater than 300 to 800 g/10 min; and (b) 45-60 wt % of a copolymer fraction (B) comprising ethylene and a C4-C10 alpha-olefin, wherein the composition has an unpigmented density of 940 to 956 kg/m3 and an MI5 of 0.1 to 1 g/10 min. 19. Composition according to claim 18, wherein copolymer fraction (A) has a weight average molecular weight Mw of from 15 to 35 kDa. 20. Composition according claim 18, which has a substantially uniform or reverse comonomer distribution in one or both of fractions (A) and (B). 21. Polyethylene composition comprising
(a) 40-55 wt % of a copolymer fraction (A) comprising ethylene and a C4-C10 alpha-olefin, (b) 45-60 wt % of a copolymer fraction (B) comprising ethylene and a C4-C10 alpha-olefin, wherein the composition has an unpigmented density of 940 to 956 kg/m3 and an MI5 of 0.1 to 1 g/10 min, wherein the composition has a substantially uniform or reverse comonomer distribution in one or both of fractions (A) and (B), 22. Composition according to claim 21, wherein copolymer fraction (A) has an MI2 of from greater than 300 to 800 g/10 min, and/or copolymer fraction (A) has a weight average molecular weight Mw of from 15 to 35 kDa. 23. Polyethylene composition comprising
(a) 40-55 wt % of a copolymer fraction (A) comprising ethylene and a C4-C10 alpha-olefin, and having a weight average molecular weight Mw of from 15 to 35 kDa; and (b) 45-60 wt % of a copolymer fraction (B) comprising ethylene and a C4-C10 alpha-olefin, wherein the composition has an unpigmented density of 940 to 956 kg/m3 and an MI5 of 0.1 to 1 g/10 min. 24. Composition according to claim 23, wherein copolymer fraction (A) has an MI2 of from greater than 300 to 800 g/10 min. 25. Composition according claim 23, which has a substantially uniform or reverse comonomer distribution in one or both of fractions (A) and (B). 26. Composition according to claim 18, which comprises 45-55 wt % of ethylene copolymer fraction (A) and 45-55 wt % of ethylene copolymer fraction (B). 27. Composition according to claim 18, which has an unpigmented density of 942 to 954 kg/m3. 28. Composition according to claim 18, which has an η210kPa of less than 6 kPa·s. 29. Composition according to claim 18, wherein both copolymer (A) and copolymer (B) both independently contain between 0.3 and 1 mol % of alpha-olefin. 30. Composition according to claim 18, wherein the comonomer in both copolymer (A) and copolymer (B) is independently 1-butene, 1-hexene or 1-octene. 31. Composition according to claim 18, which comprises 45-55 wt % of ethylene copolymer fraction (A) and 45-55 wt % of ethylene copolymer fraction (B), wherein copolymer (A) and copolymer (B) both contain the same comonomer. 32. Composition according to claim 18, wherein copolymer (A) has an MI2 of at least 320 g/10 min, preferably 320-500 g/10 min. 33. Composition according to claim 18, which has an MI5 of 0.2 to 0.7 g/10 min. 34. Composition according to claim 18, which additionally contains up to 10 wt %, preferably up to 5 wt % of a prepolymer. | A polyethylene composition having a good balance of strength, flexibility and processability is disclosed, comprising (a) 40-55 wt % of a copolymer fraction (A) comprising ethylene and a C 4 -C 10 alpha-olefin, and having an MI 2 of from greater than 300 to 800 g/10 min or a Mw of 15 to 35 kDa; and (b) 45-60 wt % of a copolymer fraction (B) comprising ethylene and a C 4 -C 10 alpha-olefin, wherein the composition has an unpigmented density of 940 to 956 kg/m 3 and an MI 5 of 0.1 to 1 g/10 min.1-17. (canceled) 18. Polyethylene composition comprising
(a) 40-55 wt % of a copolymer fraction (A) comprising ethylene and a C4-C10 alpha-olefin, and having an MI2 of from greater than 300 to 800 g/10 min; and (b) 45-60 wt % of a copolymer fraction (B) comprising ethylene and a C4-C10 alpha-olefin, wherein the composition has an unpigmented density of 940 to 956 kg/m3 and an MI5 of 0.1 to 1 g/10 min. 19. Composition according to claim 18, wherein copolymer fraction (A) has a weight average molecular weight Mw of from 15 to 35 kDa. 20. Composition according claim 18, which has a substantially uniform or reverse comonomer distribution in one or both of fractions (A) and (B). 21. Polyethylene composition comprising
(a) 40-55 wt % of a copolymer fraction (A) comprising ethylene and a C4-C10 alpha-olefin, (b) 45-60 wt % of a copolymer fraction (B) comprising ethylene and a C4-C10 alpha-olefin, wherein the composition has an unpigmented density of 940 to 956 kg/m3 and an MI5 of 0.1 to 1 g/10 min, wherein the composition has a substantially uniform or reverse comonomer distribution in one or both of fractions (A) and (B), 22. Composition according to claim 21, wherein copolymer fraction (A) has an MI2 of from greater than 300 to 800 g/10 min, and/or copolymer fraction (A) has a weight average molecular weight Mw of from 15 to 35 kDa. 23. Polyethylene composition comprising
(a) 40-55 wt % of a copolymer fraction (A) comprising ethylene and a C4-C10 alpha-olefin, and having a weight average molecular weight Mw of from 15 to 35 kDa; and (b) 45-60 wt % of a copolymer fraction (B) comprising ethylene and a C4-C10 alpha-olefin, wherein the composition has an unpigmented density of 940 to 956 kg/m3 and an MI5 of 0.1 to 1 g/10 min. 24. Composition according to claim 23, wherein copolymer fraction (A) has an MI2 of from greater than 300 to 800 g/10 min. 25. Composition according claim 23, which has a substantially uniform or reverse comonomer distribution in one or both of fractions (A) and (B). 26. Composition according to claim 18, which comprises 45-55 wt % of ethylene copolymer fraction (A) and 45-55 wt % of ethylene copolymer fraction (B). 27. Composition according to claim 18, which has an unpigmented density of 942 to 954 kg/m3. 28. Composition according to claim 18, which has an η210kPa of less than 6 kPa·s. 29. Composition according to claim 18, wherein both copolymer (A) and copolymer (B) both independently contain between 0.3 and 1 mol % of alpha-olefin. 30. Composition according to claim 18, wherein the comonomer in both copolymer (A) and copolymer (B) is independently 1-butene, 1-hexene or 1-octene. 31. Composition according to claim 18, which comprises 45-55 wt % of ethylene copolymer fraction (A) and 45-55 wt % of ethylene copolymer fraction (B), wherein copolymer (A) and copolymer (B) both contain the same comonomer. 32. Composition according to claim 18, wherein copolymer (A) has an MI2 of at least 320 g/10 min, preferably 320-500 g/10 min. 33. Composition according to claim 18, which has an MI5 of 0.2 to 0.7 g/10 min. 34. Composition according to claim 18, which additionally contains up to 10 wt %, preferably up to 5 wt % of a prepolymer. | 1,700 |
1,552 | 12,228,820 | 1,762 | Gelcoat compositions comprising a base resin, a reactive diluent component, a pigment and more than about 2% by weight inorganic extended fillers wherein the reactive diluent component either a) comprises styrene and one or more alternative reactive diluents or b) consists of one or more alternative reactive diluents. Also, disclosed is watercraft made with these gelcoat compositions. Further, a process for making gelcoat compositions is disclosed wherein some or all of the styrene in the reactive diluent component is replaced with one or more alternative reactive diluents. | 1. A gelcoat composition comprising a base resin, a reactive diluent component, a pigment and more than about 2% by weight inorganic extended filler wherein the reactive diluent component either a) comprises styrene and one or more alternative reactive diluents or b) consists of one or more alternative reactive diluents. 2. The gelcoat composition of claim 1 further comprising one or more of promoters, accelerators, thixotropic agents, inhibitors, air release agents, flow and leveling agents and dispersing aids. 3. The gelcoat composition of claim 1 wherein the alternative reactive diluent comprises one or more liner or branched chained acrylic monomers. 4. The gelcoat composition of claim 3 wherein the acrylic monomers are selected from the group consisting of ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate and dimethacrylate, neopentyl glycol acrylate, neopentyl glycol methacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate, 1,12-dodecanediol dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, hexyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, cyanoacrylate, acrylamide, methacrylamide, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, polypropylene glycol diacrylate, polypropylene glycol dimethacrylate and combinations thereof. 5. The gelcoat composition of claim 1 wherein the alternative reactive diluent is a substituted styrene. 6. The gelcoat composition of claim 5 wherein the substituted styrene is vinyl toluene or p-tert-butylstyrene. 7. The gelcoat composition of claim 1 wherein the base resin is selected from the group consisting of unsaturated polyester resin, urethane modified unsaturated polyester resins and vinyl ester resins. 8. The gelcoat composition of claim 1 wherein the inorganic extended filler is selected from the group consisting of chopped fiberglass, milled fiberglass, talc, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, wollastonite, mica, alumina trihydrate, clay, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate and combinations thereof. 9. The gelcoat composition of claim 1 wherein the pigment is selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, carbon black, iron oxide black, phthalo blue, phthalo green, quinacridone magenta, LF orange, arylide red, quinacridone red, red oxide and combinations thereof. 10. The gelcoat composition of claim 1 having a blush measured as DE of less than about 2.20 after being submerged in water at about 65° C. for about 6 hours and then remaining in the water for about 14 hours. 11. The gelcoat composition of claim 1 having yellowing measured as Db of less than about 3.15 after about 2,500 hours of QUV accelerated weathering. 12. The gelcoat composition of claim 1 wherein the HAPS level is less than about 30%. 13. The gelcoat composition of claim 1 comprising more than 3% by weight inorganic extended filler. 14. An improved process for making a gel coat composition wherein at least a base resin, a reactive diluent component comprising styrene, a pigment and inorganic extended fillers are combined the improvement comprising replacing all or some of the styrene in the reactive diluent component with one or more alternative reactive diluents. 15. The process of claim 14 wherein the alternative reactive diluent compromises one or more liner or branched chained acrylic monomers. 16. The process of claim 15 wherein the acrylic monomer is selected from the group consisting of ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate and dimethacrylate, neopentyl glycol acrylate, neopentyl glycol methacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate, 1,12-dodecanediol dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, hexyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, cyanoacrylate, acrylamide, methacrylamide, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, polypropylene glycol diacrylate, polypropylene glycol dimethacrylate and combinations thereof. 17. The process of claim 14 wherein the alternative reactive diluent is a substituted styrene. 18. The process of claim 14 wherein the inorganic extended filler is in an amount of more than about 2% by weight. 19. The process of claim 14 wherein all of the styrene in the reactive diluent component is replaced with one or more alternative reactive diluents. 20. A method of making a watercraft comprising the steps of applying the gelcoat composition of claim 1 to an inner surface of a watercraft mold, at least partially curing the gelcoat composition, applying reinforcing material and laminating resin to the gelcoat composition within the mold to form a plastic support adjacent to the gelcoat and curing the plastic support within the mold to form a laminated fiber reinforced component comprising a fully cured gelcoat and a plastic support and demolding the laminated reinforced component. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the gelcoat is colored and has a blush measured as DE of less than about 2.20 after being submerged in water at about 65° C. for about 6 hours and then remaining in the water for about 14 hours. 22. The method of claim 20 wherein the gelcoat is white and has yellowing measured as Db of less than about 3.15 after being subjected to about 2,500 hours of QUV accelerated weathering. | Gelcoat compositions comprising a base resin, a reactive diluent component, a pigment and more than about 2% by weight inorganic extended fillers wherein the reactive diluent component either a) comprises styrene and one or more alternative reactive diluents or b) consists of one or more alternative reactive diluents. Also, disclosed is watercraft made with these gelcoat compositions. Further, a process for making gelcoat compositions is disclosed wherein some or all of the styrene in the reactive diluent component is replaced with one or more alternative reactive diluents.1. A gelcoat composition comprising a base resin, a reactive diluent component, a pigment and more than about 2% by weight inorganic extended filler wherein the reactive diluent component either a) comprises styrene and one or more alternative reactive diluents or b) consists of one or more alternative reactive diluents. 2. The gelcoat composition of claim 1 further comprising one or more of promoters, accelerators, thixotropic agents, inhibitors, air release agents, flow and leveling agents and dispersing aids. 3. The gelcoat composition of claim 1 wherein the alternative reactive diluent comprises one or more liner or branched chained acrylic monomers. 4. The gelcoat composition of claim 3 wherein the acrylic monomers are selected from the group consisting of ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate and dimethacrylate, neopentyl glycol acrylate, neopentyl glycol methacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate, 1,12-dodecanediol dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, hexyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, cyanoacrylate, acrylamide, methacrylamide, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, polypropylene glycol diacrylate, polypropylene glycol dimethacrylate and combinations thereof. 5. The gelcoat composition of claim 1 wherein the alternative reactive diluent is a substituted styrene. 6. The gelcoat composition of claim 5 wherein the substituted styrene is vinyl toluene or p-tert-butylstyrene. 7. The gelcoat composition of claim 1 wherein the base resin is selected from the group consisting of unsaturated polyester resin, urethane modified unsaturated polyester resins and vinyl ester resins. 8. The gelcoat composition of claim 1 wherein the inorganic extended filler is selected from the group consisting of chopped fiberglass, milled fiberglass, talc, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, wollastonite, mica, alumina trihydrate, clay, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate and combinations thereof. 9. The gelcoat composition of claim 1 wherein the pigment is selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, carbon black, iron oxide black, phthalo blue, phthalo green, quinacridone magenta, LF orange, arylide red, quinacridone red, red oxide and combinations thereof. 10. The gelcoat composition of claim 1 having a blush measured as DE of less than about 2.20 after being submerged in water at about 65° C. for about 6 hours and then remaining in the water for about 14 hours. 11. The gelcoat composition of claim 1 having yellowing measured as Db of less than about 3.15 after about 2,500 hours of QUV accelerated weathering. 12. The gelcoat composition of claim 1 wherein the HAPS level is less than about 30%. 13. The gelcoat composition of claim 1 comprising more than 3% by weight inorganic extended filler. 14. An improved process for making a gel coat composition wherein at least a base resin, a reactive diluent component comprising styrene, a pigment and inorganic extended fillers are combined the improvement comprising replacing all or some of the styrene in the reactive diluent component with one or more alternative reactive diluents. 15. The process of claim 14 wherein the alternative reactive diluent compromises one or more liner or branched chained acrylic monomers. 16. The process of claim 15 wherein the acrylic monomer is selected from the group consisting of ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate and dimethacrylate, neopentyl glycol acrylate, neopentyl glycol methacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate, 1,12-dodecanediol dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, hexyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, cyanoacrylate, acrylamide, methacrylamide, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, polypropylene glycol diacrylate, polypropylene glycol dimethacrylate and combinations thereof. 17. The process of claim 14 wherein the alternative reactive diluent is a substituted styrene. 18. The process of claim 14 wherein the inorganic extended filler is in an amount of more than about 2% by weight. 19. The process of claim 14 wherein all of the styrene in the reactive diluent component is replaced with one or more alternative reactive diluents. 20. A method of making a watercraft comprising the steps of applying the gelcoat composition of claim 1 to an inner surface of a watercraft mold, at least partially curing the gelcoat composition, applying reinforcing material and laminating resin to the gelcoat composition within the mold to form a plastic support adjacent to the gelcoat and curing the plastic support within the mold to form a laminated fiber reinforced component comprising a fully cured gelcoat and a plastic support and demolding the laminated reinforced component. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the gelcoat is colored and has a blush measured as DE of less than about 2.20 after being submerged in water at about 65° C. for about 6 hours and then remaining in the water for about 14 hours. 22. The method of claim 20 wherein the gelcoat is white and has yellowing measured as Db of less than about 3.15 after being subjected to about 2,500 hours of QUV accelerated weathering. | 1,700 |
1,553 | 13,995,880 | 1,733 | It is an object to provide an aluminum alloy foil for an electrode current collector, the foil having a high post-drying strength after application of an active material while keeping a high electrical conductivity. Disclosed is an aluminum alloy foil for an electrode current collector, comprising 0.03 to 0.1 mass % (hereinafter, “mass %” is simply referred to as “%”) of Fe, 0.01 to 0.1% of Si, and 0.0001 to 0.01% of Cu, with the rest consisting of Al and unavoidable impurities, wherein the aluminum alloy foil after final cold rolling has a tensile strength of 180 MPa or higher, a 0.2% yield strength of 160 MPa or higher, and an electrical conductivity of 60% IACS or higher; and the aluminum alloy foil has a tensile strength of 170 MPa or higher and a 0.2% yield strength of 150 MPa or higher even after the aluminum alloy foil is subjected to heat treatment at any of 120° C. for 24 hours, 140° C. for 3 hours, and 160° C. for 15 minutes. | 1. An aluminum alloy foil for an electrode current collector, comprising 0.03 to 0.1 mass % (hereinafter, “mass %” is simply referred to as “%”) of Fe, 0.01 to 0.1% of Si, and 0.0001 to 0.01% of Cu, with the rest consisting of Al and unavoidable impurities, wherein the aluminum alloy foil after final cold rolling has a tensile strength of 180 MPa or higher, a 0.2% yield strength of 160 MPa or higher, and an electrical conductivity of 60% IACS or higher; and the aluminum alloy foil has a tensile strength of 170 MPa or higher and a 0.2% yield strength of 150 MPa or higher even after the aluminum alloy foil is subjected to heat treatment at any of 120° C. for 24 hours, 140° C. for 3 hours, and 160° C. for 15 minutes. 2. A method for manufacturing the aluminum alloy foil for an electrode current collector according to claim 1, comprising: subjecting an aluminum alloy ingot to homogenizing treatment at 550 to 620° C. for 1 to 20 hours; and performing hot rolling at a starting temperature of 500° C. or higher and at an end-point temperature of 255 to 300° C. | It is an object to provide an aluminum alloy foil for an electrode current collector, the foil having a high post-drying strength after application of an active material while keeping a high electrical conductivity. Disclosed is an aluminum alloy foil for an electrode current collector, comprising 0.03 to 0.1 mass % (hereinafter, “mass %” is simply referred to as “%”) of Fe, 0.01 to 0.1% of Si, and 0.0001 to 0.01% of Cu, with the rest consisting of Al and unavoidable impurities, wherein the aluminum alloy foil after final cold rolling has a tensile strength of 180 MPa or higher, a 0.2% yield strength of 160 MPa or higher, and an electrical conductivity of 60% IACS or higher; and the aluminum alloy foil has a tensile strength of 170 MPa or higher and a 0.2% yield strength of 150 MPa or higher even after the aluminum alloy foil is subjected to heat treatment at any of 120° C. for 24 hours, 140° C. for 3 hours, and 160° C. for 15 minutes.1. An aluminum alloy foil for an electrode current collector, comprising 0.03 to 0.1 mass % (hereinafter, “mass %” is simply referred to as “%”) of Fe, 0.01 to 0.1% of Si, and 0.0001 to 0.01% of Cu, with the rest consisting of Al and unavoidable impurities, wherein the aluminum alloy foil after final cold rolling has a tensile strength of 180 MPa or higher, a 0.2% yield strength of 160 MPa or higher, and an electrical conductivity of 60% IACS or higher; and the aluminum alloy foil has a tensile strength of 170 MPa or higher and a 0.2% yield strength of 150 MPa or higher even after the aluminum alloy foil is subjected to heat treatment at any of 120° C. for 24 hours, 140° C. for 3 hours, and 160° C. for 15 minutes. 2. A method for manufacturing the aluminum alloy foil for an electrode current collector according to claim 1, comprising: subjecting an aluminum alloy ingot to homogenizing treatment at 550 to 620° C. for 1 to 20 hours; and performing hot rolling at a starting temperature of 500° C. or higher and at an end-point temperature of 255 to 300° C. | 1,700 |
1,554 | 14,260,925 | 1,741 | A glass manufacturing apparatus comprises a forming device configured to produce a glass ribbon and a control device configured to independently operate a first pull roll apparatus and a second pull roll apparatus such that the first pull roll apparatus rotates with a substantially constant torque the second pull roll apparatus rotates with a substantially constant angular velocity. The control device is further configured to adjust the substantially constant torque of the first pull roll apparatus based on an operating condition of at least one of the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus. In further examples, methods of manufacturing a glass ribbon are provided. | 1. A glass manufacturing apparatus comprising:
a forming device configured to produce a glass ribbon including a width; a first pull roll apparatus configured to draw the glass ribbon from the forming device along a draw path extending transverse to the width of the glass ribbon; a second pull roll apparatus positioned downstream along the draw path from the first pull roll apparatus, wherein the second pull roll apparatus is configured to further draw the glass ribbon along the draw path; and a control device configured to independently operate the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus such that the first pull roll apparatus rotates with a substantially constant torque and the second pull roll apparatus rotates with a substantially constant angular velocity, and wherein the control device is further configured to adjust the substantially constant torque of the first pull roll apparatus based on an operating condition of at least one of the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus. 2. The glass manufacturing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the operating condition is determined over a period of time. 3. The glass manufacturing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the operating condition includes a torque of at least one of the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus. 4. The glass manufacturing apparatus of claim 3, wherein the torque is determined over a period of time. 5. The glass manufacturing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the operating condition includes an average torque of at least one of the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus. 6. The glass manufacturing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the operating condition includes a difference in torque between the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus. 7. The glass manufacturing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the operating condition includes a difference in an average torque between the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus. 8. A method of manufacturing a glass ribbon comprising the steps of:
forming a glass ribbon including a width; independently operating a first pull roll apparatus such that the first pull roll apparatus rotates with a substantially constant torque to draw the glass ribbon along a draw path extending transverse to the width of the glass ribbon; independently operating a second pull roll apparatus such that the second pull roll apparatus rotates with a substantially constant angular velocity to further draw the glass ribbon along the draw path; and adjusting the substantially constant torque of the first pull roll apparatus based on an operating condition of at least one of the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the operating condition is determined over a period of time. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the operating condition includes a torque of at least one of the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the torque is determined over a period of time. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the operating condition includes an average torque of at least one of the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the average torque is determined over a period of time. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the operating condition includes a difference in torque between the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the difference in torque is determined over a period of time. 16. The method of claim 8, wherein the operating condition includes a difference in an average torque between the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the difference in an average torque is determined over a period of time. 18. A method of manufacturing a glass ribbon comprising the steps of:
(I) forming a glass ribbon including a width; (II) independently operating a first pull roll apparatus such that the first pull roll apparatus rotates with a substantially constant torque to draw the glass ribbon along a draw path extending transverse to the width of the glass ribbon; (III) independently operating a second pull roll apparatus such that the second pull roll apparatus rotates with a substantially constant angular velocity to further draw the glass ribbon along the draw path; (IV) monitoring a force differential between the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus; (V) adjusting the substantially constant torque of the first pull roll apparatus to an adjusted torque in response to the force differential exceeding a predetermined range of force differentials; and (VI) continuing to independently operate the first pull roll apparatus such that the first pull roll apparatus rotates with a substantially constant adjusted torque while the force differential is within the predetermined range of force differentials. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein step (V) comprises a stepped adjustment. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein step (VI) comprises a ramped adjustment over a period of time. | A glass manufacturing apparatus comprises a forming device configured to produce a glass ribbon and a control device configured to independently operate a first pull roll apparatus and a second pull roll apparatus such that the first pull roll apparatus rotates with a substantially constant torque the second pull roll apparatus rotates with a substantially constant angular velocity. The control device is further configured to adjust the substantially constant torque of the first pull roll apparatus based on an operating condition of at least one of the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus. In further examples, methods of manufacturing a glass ribbon are provided.1. A glass manufacturing apparatus comprising:
a forming device configured to produce a glass ribbon including a width; a first pull roll apparatus configured to draw the glass ribbon from the forming device along a draw path extending transverse to the width of the glass ribbon; a second pull roll apparatus positioned downstream along the draw path from the first pull roll apparatus, wherein the second pull roll apparatus is configured to further draw the glass ribbon along the draw path; and a control device configured to independently operate the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus such that the first pull roll apparatus rotates with a substantially constant torque and the second pull roll apparatus rotates with a substantially constant angular velocity, and wherein the control device is further configured to adjust the substantially constant torque of the first pull roll apparatus based on an operating condition of at least one of the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus. 2. The glass manufacturing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the operating condition is determined over a period of time. 3. The glass manufacturing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the operating condition includes a torque of at least one of the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus. 4. The glass manufacturing apparatus of claim 3, wherein the torque is determined over a period of time. 5. The glass manufacturing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the operating condition includes an average torque of at least one of the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus. 6. The glass manufacturing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the operating condition includes a difference in torque between the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus. 7. The glass manufacturing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the operating condition includes a difference in an average torque between the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus. 8. A method of manufacturing a glass ribbon comprising the steps of:
forming a glass ribbon including a width; independently operating a first pull roll apparatus such that the first pull roll apparatus rotates with a substantially constant torque to draw the glass ribbon along a draw path extending transverse to the width of the glass ribbon; independently operating a second pull roll apparatus such that the second pull roll apparatus rotates with a substantially constant angular velocity to further draw the glass ribbon along the draw path; and adjusting the substantially constant torque of the first pull roll apparatus based on an operating condition of at least one of the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the operating condition is determined over a period of time. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the operating condition includes a torque of at least one of the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the torque is determined over a period of time. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the operating condition includes an average torque of at least one of the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the average torque is determined over a period of time. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the operating condition includes a difference in torque between the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the difference in torque is determined over a period of time. 16. The method of claim 8, wherein the operating condition includes a difference in an average torque between the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the difference in an average torque is determined over a period of time. 18. A method of manufacturing a glass ribbon comprising the steps of:
(I) forming a glass ribbon including a width; (II) independently operating a first pull roll apparatus such that the first pull roll apparatus rotates with a substantially constant torque to draw the glass ribbon along a draw path extending transverse to the width of the glass ribbon; (III) independently operating a second pull roll apparatus such that the second pull roll apparatus rotates with a substantially constant angular velocity to further draw the glass ribbon along the draw path; (IV) monitoring a force differential between the first pull roll apparatus and the second pull roll apparatus; (V) adjusting the substantially constant torque of the first pull roll apparatus to an adjusted torque in response to the force differential exceeding a predetermined range of force differentials; and (VI) continuing to independently operate the first pull roll apparatus such that the first pull roll apparatus rotates with a substantially constant adjusted torque while the force differential is within the predetermined range of force differentials. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein step (V) comprises a stepped adjustment. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein step (VI) comprises a ramped adjustment over a period of time. | 1,700 |
1,555 | 13,761,449 | 1,723 | A positive active material for a lithium secondary battery is a compound represented by Formula 1 and is in a form of primary particles having a particle diameter in a range of 80 to 400 nm. Formula 1: Li a Ni x Co y Mn z M 1-x-y-z O 2 , wherein metal M is selected from the group of B, Cr, V, Ti, Fe, Zr, Zn, Si, Y, Nb, Ga, Sn, Mo, and W, 1.0≦a≦1.2, 0.9≦x≦0.95, 0.1≦y≦0.5, 0.0≦z≦0.7, and 0.0<1−x−y−z≦0.3. | 1. A positive active material for a lithium secondary battery, the positive active material being a compound represented by Formula 1 below and being in a form of primary particles having a particle diameter in a range of 80 to 400 nm:
LiaNixCoyMnzM1-x-y-zO2 Formula 1
wherein metal M is selected from the group of B, Cr, V, Ti, Fe, Zr, Zn, Si, Y, Nb, Ga, Sn, Mo, and W, 1.0≦a≦1.2, 0.9≦x≦0.95, 0.1≦y≦0.5, 0.0≦z≦0.7, and 0.0<1-x-y-z≦0.3. 2. The positive active material as claimed in claim 1, wherein M is Ti. 3. The positive active material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the positive active material is a compound represented by Formula 2 below:
LiaNixCoyMnzTi1-x-y-zO2 Formula 2
wherein 1.0≦a≦1.2, 0.9≦x≦0.95, 0.0≦z≦0.7, and 0.0<1-x-y-z≦0.3. 4. The positive active material as claimed in claim 1, wherein x in Formula 1 is in a range of 0.9 to 0.93. 5. The positive active material as claimed in claim 1, wherein z in Formula 1 is in a range of 0.02 to 0.03. 6. The positive active material as claimed in claim 1, wherein 1−x−y−z in Formula 1 is in a range of 0.01 to 0.03. 7. The positive active material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the positive active material is Li1.03Ni0.90CO0.05Mn0.025Ti0.025O2, Li1.03Ni0.9125Co0.05Mn0.025Ti0.0125O2, Li1.03Ni0.914Co0.051Mn0.025Ti0.01O2, or Li1.03Ni0.905Co0.05Mn0.025Ti0.02O2. 8. The positive active material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the positive active material is formed by a method that includes:
mixing a Ni—Mn—Co composite hydroxide, a lithium precursor, and a metal oxide of the metal M, wherein M has the same meaning as in Formula 1, the metal oxide having a particle diameter in a range of 10 to 100 nm, to form a mixture, and heat-treating the mixture at 750 to 800° C. to form the compound represented by Formula 1, the compound being in a form of primary particles having a particle diameter in a range of 80 to 400 nm. 9. The positive active material as claimed in claim 8, wherein the metal oxide is titanium oxide. 10. The positive active material as claimed in claim 8, wherein the metal oxide is titanium oxide in a rutile phase. 11. The positive active material as claimed in claim 8, wherein the heat-treatment is performed under atmospheric conditions or in an oxygen atmosphere. 12. The positive active material as claimed in claim 8, wherein an amount of the metal oxide is in a range of 0.01 to 0.03 mol based on 1 mol of the lithium precursor. 13. The positive active material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the positive active material is formed by a method that includes:
mixing a composite hydroxide represented by Formula 3 and a lithium precursor to form a mixture, and heat-treating the mixture at 750 to 800° C. to form the compound represented by Formula 1, the compound being in a form of primary particles having a particle diameter in a range of 80 to 400 nm,
NixCoyMnzM1-x-y-z(OH)2 Formula 3
wherein metal M in Formula 3 has the same meaning as in Formula 1, 0.9≦x≦0.95, 0.1≦y≦0.5, 0.0≦z≦0.7, and 0.0<1-x-y-z≦0.3. 14. The positive active material as claimed in claim 13, wherein the composite hydroxide represented by Formula 3 is prepared by:
mixing a Ni-precursor, a Mn-precursor, a Co-precursor, a metal (M) precursor, and a solvent, wherein metal M has the same meaning as in Formula 1 and Formula 3, to form a mixture; and adjusting the pH of the mixture to form a precipitate and drying the precipitate. 15. The method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the pH of the mixture is in a range of 12 to 12.4. 16. The method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the composite hydroxide represented by Formula 3 is a Ni—Mn—Co—Ti composite hydroxide represented by Formula 4 below:
NixCoyMnzTi1-x-y-z(OH)2 Formula 4
wherein
0.9≦x≦0.95,
0.1≦y≦0.5,
0.0≦z≦0.7, and
0.0<1-x-y-z≦0.3. 17. A positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery, the positive electrode comprising a positive active material for a lithium secondary battery that is represented by Formula 1 below, the positive active material being in a form of primary particles having a particle diameter in a range of 80 to 400 nm:
LiaNixCoyMnzM1-x-y-zO2 Formula 1
wherein metal M is selected from the group consisting of B, Cr, V, Ti, Fe, Zr, Zn, Si, Y, Nb, Ga, Sn, Mo, and W, 1.0≦a≦1.2, 0.9≦x≦0.95, 0.1≦y≦0.5, 0.0≦z≦0.7, and 0.0<1-x-y-z≦0.3. 18. A lithium secondary battery, comprising:
a positive electrode; a negative electrode; and a separator interposed between the positive and negative electrodes, the positive electrode being the positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery as claimed in claim 17. | A positive active material for a lithium secondary battery is a compound represented by Formula 1 and is in a form of primary particles having a particle diameter in a range of 80 to 400 nm. Formula 1: Li a Ni x Co y Mn z M 1-x-y-z O 2 , wherein metal M is selected from the group of B, Cr, V, Ti, Fe, Zr, Zn, Si, Y, Nb, Ga, Sn, Mo, and W, 1.0≦a≦1.2, 0.9≦x≦0.95, 0.1≦y≦0.5, 0.0≦z≦0.7, and 0.0<1−x−y−z≦0.3.1. A positive active material for a lithium secondary battery, the positive active material being a compound represented by Formula 1 below and being in a form of primary particles having a particle diameter in a range of 80 to 400 nm:
LiaNixCoyMnzM1-x-y-zO2 Formula 1
wherein metal M is selected from the group of B, Cr, V, Ti, Fe, Zr, Zn, Si, Y, Nb, Ga, Sn, Mo, and W, 1.0≦a≦1.2, 0.9≦x≦0.95, 0.1≦y≦0.5, 0.0≦z≦0.7, and 0.0<1-x-y-z≦0.3. 2. The positive active material as claimed in claim 1, wherein M is Ti. 3. The positive active material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the positive active material is a compound represented by Formula 2 below:
LiaNixCoyMnzTi1-x-y-zO2 Formula 2
wherein 1.0≦a≦1.2, 0.9≦x≦0.95, 0.0≦z≦0.7, and 0.0<1-x-y-z≦0.3. 4. The positive active material as claimed in claim 1, wherein x in Formula 1 is in a range of 0.9 to 0.93. 5. The positive active material as claimed in claim 1, wherein z in Formula 1 is in a range of 0.02 to 0.03. 6. The positive active material as claimed in claim 1, wherein 1−x−y−z in Formula 1 is in a range of 0.01 to 0.03. 7. The positive active material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the positive active material is Li1.03Ni0.90CO0.05Mn0.025Ti0.025O2, Li1.03Ni0.9125Co0.05Mn0.025Ti0.0125O2, Li1.03Ni0.914Co0.051Mn0.025Ti0.01O2, or Li1.03Ni0.905Co0.05Mn0.025Ti0.02O2. 8. The positive active material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the positive active material is formed by a method that includes:
mixing a Ni—Mn—Co composite hydroxide, a lithium precursor, and a metal oxide of the metal M, wherein M has the same meaning as in Formula 1, the metal oxide having a particle diameter in a range of 10 to 100 nm, to form a mixture, and heat-treating the mixture at 750 to 800° C. to form the compound represented by Formula 1, the compound being in a form of primary particles having a particle diameter in a range of 80 to 400 nm. 9. The positive active material as claimed in claim 8, wherein the metal oxide is titanium oxide. 10. The positive active material as claimed in claim 8, wherein the metal oxide is titanium oxide in a rutile phase. 11. The positive active material as claimed in claim 8, wherein the heat-treatment is performed under atmospheric conditions or in an oxygen atmosphere. 12. The positive active material as claimed in claim 8, wherein an amount of the metal oxide is in a range of 0.01 to 0.03 mol based on 1 mol of the lithium precursor. 13. The positive active material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the positive active material is formed by a method that includes:
mixing a composite hydroxide represented by Formula 3 and a lithium precursor to form a mixture, and heat-treating the mixture at 750 to 800° C. to form the compound represented by Formula 1, the compound being in a form of primary particles having a particle diameter in a range of 80 to 400 nm,
NixCoyMnzM1-x-y-z(OH)2 Formula 3
wherein metal M in Formula 3 has the same meaning as in Formula 1, 0.9≦x≦0.95, 0.1≦y≦0.5, 0.0≦z≦0.7, and 0.0<1-x-y-z≦0.3. 14. The positive active material as claimed in claim 13, wherein the composite hydroxide represented by Formula 3 is prepared by:
mixing a Ni-precursor, a Mn-precursor, a Co-precursor, a metal (M) precursor, and a solvent, wherein metal M has the same meaning as in Formula 1 and Formula 3, to form a mixture; and adjusting the pH of the mixture to form a precipitate and drying the precipitate. 15. The method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the pH of the mixture is in a range of 12 to 12.4. 16. The method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the composite hydroxide represented by Formula 3 is a Ni—Mn—Co—Ti composite hydroxide represented by Formula 4 below:
NixCoyMnzTi1-x-y-z(OH)2 Formula 4
wherein
0.9≦x≦0.95,
0.1≦y≦0.5,
0.0≦z≦0.7, and
0.0<1-x-y-z≦0.3. 17. A positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery, the positive electrode comprising a positive active material for a lithium secondary battery that is represented by Formula 1 below, the positive active material being in a form of primary particles having a particle diameter in a range of 80 to 400 nm:
LiaNixCoyMnzM1-x-y-zO2 Formula 1
wherein metal M is selected from the group consisting of B, Cr, V, Ti, Fe, Zr, Zn, Si, Y, Nb, Ga, Sn, Mo, and W, 1.0≦a≦1.2, 0.9≦x≦0.95, 0.1≦y≦0.5, 0.0≦z≦0.7, and 0.0<1-x-y-z≦0.3. 18. A lithium secondary battery, comprising:
a positive electrode; a negative electrode; and a separator interposed between the positive and negative electrodes, the positive electrode being the positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery as claimed in claim 17. | 1,700 |
1,556 | 14,247,894 | 1,741 | A method of forming an optical fiber includes the steps of forming a soot blank of a silica-based cladding material, wherein the soot blank has a top surface and a bulk density of between 0.8 g/cm2 and 1.6 g/cm3. At least one hole is drilled in the top surface of the soot blank. At least one core cane member is positioned in the at least one hole. The soot blank and at least one soot core cane member are consolidated to form a consolidated preform. The consolidated preform is drawn into an optical fiber. | 1. A method of forming an optical fiber, comprising the following steps:
forming a soot blank of a silica-based cladding material with the soot blank having a top surface and a bulk density of between 0.8 g/cm3 and 1.6 g/cm3; drilling at least one hole in the top surface of the soot blank; positioning at least one core cane member in the at least one hole; consolidating the soot blank and the at least one soot core cane member to form a consolidated preform; and drawing the consolidated preform into the optical fiber. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein forming a soot blank includes the steps of:
compacting a silica-based soot material into a predetermined soot body; and partially consolidating the compacted soot body to form a soot blank with the bulk density of between 0.8 g/cm3 and 1.6 g/cm3. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of partially consolidating the compacted soot body includes exposing the compacted soot material to a temperature that is less than a normal sintering temperature for the soot material. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of forming a soot blank includes the steps of:
applying a silica-based soot material around at least one rod to create a soot body; and partially consolidating the soot body to form a soot blank with a bulk density of between 0.8 g/cm3 and 1.6 g/cm3. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the soot blank has a bulk density of from 1.0 g/cm3 to 1.5 g/cm3. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the soot blank has a bulk density of from 1.2 g/cm3 to 1.5 g/cm3. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the soot blank has a bulk density of 1.2 g/cm3. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the soot blank has a diameter of from 40 mm to 200 mm, and a length of from 10 cm to 100 cm. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of drilling at least one hole includes drilling the at least one hole with a diameter of from 5 mm to 20 mm. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of drilling at least one hole in the top surface of the soot blank includes drilling four holes in a square pattern. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of drilling at least one hole in the top surface of the soot blank includes drilling seven holes in a hexagonal lattice pattern. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of drilling at least one hole in the top surface of the soot blank includes drilling 12 holes in a ring pattern. 13. A method for forming a soot blank, comprising the following steps:
forming a soot body using a silica-based soot material; partially consolidating the soot body to form a soot blank with a top surface and a bulk density of between 0.8 g/cm3 and 1.6 g/cm3; and drilling a plurality of holes into the top surface of the soot blank. 14. The method of forming a soot blank of claim 13, wherein the step of forming a soot body includes performing at least one process chosen from the group consisting of an outside vapor deposition process, a vapor axial deposition process, and a soot pressing process. 15. The method of forming a soot blank of claim 13, wherein the step of partially consolidating the soot body to form a soot blank includes holding the soot body at a temperature below the normal sintering peak temperature for a time sufficient to form a soot blank with a bulk density of between 1.0 g/cm3 and 1.5 g/cm3, and a surface density of less than 1.6 g/cm3. 16. The method of forming a soot blank of claim 15, wherein the soot body is held at a temperature below the normal sintering peak temperature for a time sufficient to form a soot blank with a bulk density of between 1.2 g/cm3 and 1.5 g/cm3, and a surface density of less than 1.6 g/cm3 17. The method of forming a soot blank of claim 13, wherein the step of forming the soot body includes forming the soot body using between 2,500 g and 3,500 g of the soot material. 18. The method of forming a soot blank of claim 17, wherein the step of partially consolidating the soot body includes heating the soot body to a temperature of between 700° C. and 1300° C. in a helium atmosphere. 19. A method of forming a multicore optical fiber, comprising the following steps:
forming a soot body of silica-based material; pre-consolidating the soot body to form a soot blank with a bulk density of between 0.8 g/cm3 and 1.6 g/cm3, and a top surface with a surface density of less than 1.6 g/cm3 and a bottom surface opposite the top surface; drilling a plurality of holes in the top surface, wherein the holes do not reach the bottom surface; inserting a plurality of core canes into the plurality of drilled holes; consolidating the soot blank and core canes to form a consolidated preform; and drawing the consolidated preform into a multicore optical fiber. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the step of consolidating the soot blank includes the steps of:
purging the soot blank under a helium atmosphere; drying the soot blank in the presence of chlorine; ramping the temperature around the soot blank to a first hold temperature; increasing the temperature around the soot blank to a second sinter temperature; and decreasing the temperature around the soot blank to a third cool down temperature. | A method of forming an optical fiber includes the steps of forming a soot blank of a silica-based cladding material, wherein the soot blank has a top surface and a bulk density of between 0.8 g/cm2 and 1.6 g/cm3. At least one hole is drilled in the top surface of the soot blank. At least one core cane member is positioned in the at least one hole. The soot blank and at least one soot core cane member are consolidated to form a consolidated preform. The consolidated preform is drawn into an optical fiber.1. A method of forming an optical fiber, comprising the following steps:
forming a soot blank of a silica-based cladding material with the soot blank having a top surface and a bulk density of between 0.8 g/cm3 and 1.6 g/cm3; drilling at least one hole in the top surface of the soot blank; positioning at least one core cane member in the at least one hole; consolidating the soot blank and the at least one soot core cane member to form a consolidated preform; and drawing the consolidated preform into the optical fiber. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein forming a soot blank includes the steps of:
compacting a silica-based soot material into a predetermined soot body; and partially consolidating the compacted soot body to form a soot blank with the bulk density of between 0.8 g/cm3 and 1.6 g/cm3. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of partially consolidating the compacted soot body includes exposing the compacted soot material to a temperature that is less than a normal sintering temperature for the soot material. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of forming a soot blank includes the steps of:
applying a silica-based soot material around at least one rod to create a soot body; and partially consolidating the soot body to form a soot blank with a bulk density of between 0.8 g/cm3 and 1.6 g/cm3. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the soot blank has a bulk density of from 1.0 g/cm3 to 1.5 g/cm3. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the soot blank has a bulk density of from 1.2 g/cm3 to 1.5 g/cm3. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the soot blank has a bulk density of 1.2 g/cm3. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the soot blank has a diameter of from 40 mm to 200 mm, and a length of from 10 cm to 100 cm. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of drilling at least one hole includes drilling the at least one hole with a diameter of from 5 mm to 20 mm. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of drilling at least one hole in the top surface of the soot blank includes drilling four holes in a square pattern. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of drilling at least one hole in the top surface of the soot blank includes drilling seven holes in a hexagonal lattice pattern. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of drilling at least one hole in the top surface of the soot blank includes drilling 12 holes in a ring pattern. 13. A method for forming a soot blank, comprising the following steps:
forming a soot body using a silica-based soot material; partially consolidating the soot body to form a soot blank with a top surface and a bulk density of between 0.8 g/cm3 and 1.6 g/cm3; and drilling a plurality of holes into the top surface of the soot blank. 14. The method of forming a soot blank of claim 13, wherein the step of forming a soot body includes performing at least one process chosen from the group consisting of an outside vapor deposition process, a vapor axial deposition process, and a soot pressing process. 15. The method of forming a soot blank of claim 13, wherein the step of partially consolidating the soot body to form a soot blank includes holding the soot body at a temperature below the normal sintering peak temperature for a time sufficient to form a soot blank with a bulk density of between 1.0 g/cm3 and 1.5 g/cm3, and a surface density of less than 1.6 g/cm3. 16. The method of forming a soot blank of claim 15, wherein the soot body is held at a temperature below the normal sintering peak temperature for a time sufficient to form a soot blank with a bulk density of between 1.2 g/cm3 and 1.5 g/cm3, and a surface density of less than 1.6 g/cm3 17. The method of forming a soot blank of claim 13, wherein the step of forming the soot body includes forming the soot body using between 2,500 g and 3,500 g of the soot material. 18. The method of forming a soot blank of claim 17, wherein the step of partially consolidating the soot body includes heating the soot body to a temperature of between 700° C. and 1300° C. in a helium atmosphere. 19. A method of forming a multicore optical fiber, comprising the following steps:
forming a soot body of silica-based material; pre-consolidating the soot body to form a soot blank with a bulk density of between 0.8 g/cm3 and 1.6 g/cm3, and a top surface with a surface density of less than 1.6 g/cm3 and a bottom surface opposite the top surface; drilling a plurality of holes in the top surface, wherein the holes do not reach the bottom surface; inserting a plurality of core canes into the plurality of drilled holes; consolidating the soot blank and core canes to form a consolidated preform; and drawing the consolidated preform into a multicore optical fiber. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the step of consolidating the soot blank includes the steps of:
purging the soot blank under a helium atmosphere; drying the soot blank in the presence of chlorine; ramping the temperature around the soot blank to a first hold temperature; increasing the temperature around the soot blank to a second sinter temperature; and decreasing the temperature around the soot blank to a third cool down temperature. | 1,700 |
1,557 | 13,377,457 | 1,716 | The CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium of this invention comprises an organic solvent, 1,2,4-triazole, a phosphorus acid compound, an oxidizing agent and an abrasive. The substrate polishing method is a method for polishing a substrate with a polishing cloth while supplying a CMP polishing liquid between the substrate and the polishing cloth, wherein the substrate is a substrate with a palladium layer on the side facing the polishing cloth, and the CMP polishing liquid is a CMP polishing liquid comprising an organic solvent, 1,2,4-triazole, a phosphorus acid compound, an oxidizing agent and an abrasive. | 1. A CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium, comprising an organic solvent, 1,2,4-triazole, a phosphorus acid compound, an oxidizing agent and an abrasive. 2. The CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium according to claim 1, comprising at least one kind selected from among a glycol, a glycol derivative, an alcohol, a carbonic acid ester and a carboxylic acid ester, as the organic solvent. 3. The CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium according to claim 1, comprising a reducing organic solvent as the organic solvent, and further comprising at least one kind selected from among an amino acid and an organic acid with no primary hydroxyl groups. 4. The CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium according to claim 3, comprising a carboxylic acid as the organic acid. 5. The CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium according to claim 3, comprising at least one kind selected from among glycine, alanine, arginine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, histidine, proline, tryptophan, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine, methionine, and derivatives of the foregoing, as the amino acid. 6. The CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium according to claim 3, comprising an organic solvent with at least one kind selected from among primary hydroxyl groups and secondary hydroxyl groups, as the organic solvent. 7. The CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium according to claim 6, comprising at least one kind selected from among a glycol, a glycol derivative and an alcohol, as the organic solvent. 8. The CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium according to claim 1, comprising at least one kind selected from among hydrogen peroxide, periodic acid, a periodic acid salt, an iodic acid salt, a bromic acid salt and a persulfuric acid salt, as the oxidizing agent. 9. The CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium according to claim 1, comprising an abrasive composed of at least one kind selected from among alumina, silica, zirconia, titania and ceria, as the abrasive. 10. A CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium, which is stored with constituent components of the polishing liquid separated into at least a first liquid and a second liquid, so that the CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium according to claim 3 is formed,
the first liquid comprising at least the organic solvent,
the second liquid comprising at least one kind selected from among the amino acid and the organic acid with no primary hydroxyl groups. 11. A polishing method for a substrate whereby a substrate is polished with a polishing cloth while supplying a CMP polishing liquid between the substrate and the polishing cloth, wherein:
the substrate is a substrate with a palladium layer on a side facing the polishing cloth, and the CMP polishing liquid is a CMP polishing liquid comprising an organic solvent, 1,2,4-triazole, a phosphorus acid compound, an oxidizing agent and an abrasive. 12. The polishing method according to claim 11, wherein the CMP polishing liquid comprises at least one kind selected from among a glycol, a glycol derivative, an alcohol, a carbonic acid ester and a carboxylic acid ester, as the organic solvent. 13. The polishing method according to claim 11, wherein the CMP polishing liquid comprises a reducing organic solvent as the organic solvent, and further comprises at least one kind selected from among an amino acid and an organic acid with no primary hydroxyl groups. 14. The polishing method according to claim 13, wherein the CMP polishing liquid comprises a carboxylic acid as the organic acid. 15. The polishing method according to claim 13, wherein the CMP polishing liquid comprises at least one kind selected from among glycine, alanine, arginine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, histidine, proline, tryptophan, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine, methionine, and derivatives of the foregoing, as the amino acid. 16. The polishing method according to claim 13, wherein the CMP polishing liquid comprises an organic solvent with at least one kind selected from among primary hydroxyl groups and secondary hydroxyl groups, as the organic solvent. 17. The polishing method according to claim 16, wherein the CMP polishing liquid comprises at least one kind selected from among glycols, glycol derivatives and alcohols, as the organic solvent. 18. The polishing method according to claim 11, wherein the CMP polishing liquid comprises at least one kind selected from among hydrogen peroxide, periodic acid, a periodic acid salt, an iodic acid salt, a bromic acid salt and a persulfuric acid salt, as the oxidizing agent. 19. The polishing method according to claim 11, wherein the CMP polishing liquid comprises an abrasive composed of at least one kind selected from among alumina, silica, zirconia, titania and ceria, as the abrasive. | The CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium of this invention comprises an organic solvent, 1,2,4-triazole, a phosphorus acid compound, an oxidizing agent and an abrasive. The substrate polishing method is a method for polishing a substrate with a polishing cloth while supplying a CMP polishing liquid between the substrate and the polishing cloth, wherein the substrate is a substrate with a palladium layer on the side facing the polishing cloth, and the CMP polishing liquid is a CMP polishing liquid comprising an organic solvent, 1,2,4-triazole, a phosphorus acid compound, an oxidizing agent and an abrasive.1. A CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium, comprising an organic solvent, 1,2,4-triazole, a phosphorus acid compound, an oxidizing agent and an abrasive. 2. The CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium according to claim 1, comprising at least one kind selected from among a glycol, a glycol derivative, an alcohol, a carbonic acid ester and a carboxylic acid ester, as the organic solvent. 3. The CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium according to claim 1, comprising a reducing organic solvent as the organic solvent, and further comprising at least one kind selected from among an amino acid and an organic acid with no primary hydroxyl groups. 4. The CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium according to claim 3, comprising a carboxylic acid as the organic acid. 5. The CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium according to claim 3, comprising at least one kind selected from among glycine, alanine, arginine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, histidine, proline, tryptophan, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine, methionine, and derivatives of the foregoing, as the amino acid. 6. The CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium according to claim 3, comprising an organic solvent with at least one kind selected from among primary hydroxyl groups and secondary hydroxyl groups, as the organic solvent. 7. The CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium according to claim 6, comprising at least one kind selected from among a glycol, a glycol derivative and an alcohol, as the organic solvent. 8. The CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium according to claim 1, comprising at least one kind selected from among hydrogen peroxide, periodic acid, a periodic acid salt, an iodic acid salt, a bromic acid salt and a persulfuric acid salt, as the oxidizing agent. 9. The CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium according to claim 1, comprising an abrasive composed of at least one kind selected from among alumina, silica, zirconia, titania and ceria, as the abrasive. 10. A CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium, which is stored with constituent components of the polishing liquid separated into at least a first liquid and a second liquid, so that the CMP polishing liquid for polishing palladium according to claim 3 is formed,
the first liquid comprising at least the organic solvent,
the second liquid comprising at least one kind selected from among the amino acid and the organic acid with no primary hydroxyl groups. 11. A polishing method for a substrate whereby a substrate is polished with a polishing cloth while supplying a CMP polishing liquid between the substrate and the polishing cloth, wherein:
the substrate is a substrate with a palladium layer on a side facing the polishing cloth, and the CMP polishing liquid is a CMP polishing liquid comprising an organic solvent, 1,2,4-triazole, a phosphorus acid compound, an oxidizing agent and an abrasive. 12. The polishing method according to claim 11, wherein the CMP polishing liquid comprises at least one kind selected from among a glycol, a glycol derivative, an alcohol, a carbonic acid ester and a carboxylic acid ester, as the organic solvent. 13. The polishing method according to claim 11, wherein the CMP polishing liquid comprises a reducing organic solvent as the organic solvent, and further comprises at least one kind selected from among an amino acid and an organic acid with no primary hydroxyl groups. 14. The polishing method according to claim 13, wherein the CMP polishing liquid comprises a carboxylic acid as the organic acid. 15. The polishing method according to claim 13, wherein the CMP polishing liquid comprises at least one kind selected from among glycine, alanine, arginine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, histidine, proline, tryptophan, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine, methionine, and derivatives of the foregoing, as the amino acid. 16. The polishing method according to claim 13, wherein the CMP polishing liquid comprises an organic solvent with at least one kind selected from among primary hydroxyl groups and secondary hydroxyl groups, as the organic solvent. 17. The polishing method according to claim 16, wherein the CMP polishing liquid comprises at least one kind selected from among glycols, glycol derivatives and alcohols, as the organic solvent. 18. The polishing method according to claim 11, wherein the CMP polishing liquid comprises at least one kind selected from among hydrogen peroxide, periodic acid, a periodic acid salt, an iodic acid salt, a bromic acid salt and a persulfuric acid salt, as the oxidizing agent. 19. The polishing method according to claim 11, wherein the CMP polishing liquid comprises an abrasive composed of at least one kind selected from among alumina, silica, zirconia, titania and ceria, as the abrasive. | 1,700 |
1,558 | 14,210,928 | 1,788 | A ceramic matrix composite having improved operating characteristics includes a barrier layer. | 1. A ceramic matrix composite comprising:
a matrix; a fiber preform embedded within the matrix; and wherein the matrix includes a rigidization layer, an infiltration layer, and a barrier layer sandwiched between the rigidization layer and the infiltration layer. 2. The ceramic matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the ceramic matrix composite material has a porosity of less than about 5 volume percent of the total ceramic matrix composite. 3. The ceramic matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the barrier layer includes a rigidization surface and the rigidization layer includes a barrier surface, and wherein the rigidization surface and the barrier surface are in contact and coterminous with one another. 4. The ceramic matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the barrier layer has a thickness of between about 0.1 μm and about 10 μm. 5. The ceramic matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the barrier layer has a thickness of between about 1 μm and about 2 μm. 6. The ceramic matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the barrier layer comprises between about 2 volume percent and about 10 volume percent of the total ceramic matrix composite. 7. The ceramic matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the barrier layer comprises compounds selected from the group consisting of silicon nitro-carbide, silicon nitride and pyrolytic carbon. 8. The ceramic matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the barrier layer comprises silicon-nitro-carbide and pyrolytic carbon. 9. The ceramic matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the fiber preform comprises about 15 volume percent to about 45 volume percent of the total ceramic matrix composite; and wherein the rigidization layer comprises between about 15 volume percent and about 40 volume percent of the total ceramic matrix composite. 10. The ceramic matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the preform comprises fiber formed from the group of compounds consisting of silicon-carbide and silicon nitro-carbide; and wherein the ceramic matrix composite further comprises a fiber interface coating generally encapsulating the fiber, the fiber interface coating comprising between about 0.1 volume percent and about 10 volume percent of the total ceramic matrix composite; and wherein the fiber interface coating is deposited by chemical vapor infiltration and comprises compounds selected from the group consisting of boron nitride and pyrolytic carbon. 11. The ceramic matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the infiltration layer comprises slurry additives and melt additives; wherein the slurry additives comprise silicon-carbide particulates and the melt additives comprise silicon; wherein the slurry additives comprise between about 10 volume percent and about 55 volume percent of the total ceramic matrix composite; and wherein the melt additives comprise between about 5 volume percent and about 20 volume percent of the total ceramic matrix composite; wherein the rigidization layer comprises a silicon-carbide layer deposited by chemical vapor infiltration; wherein the barrier layer is deposited by chemical vapor infiltration; wherein the preform comprises fibers formed from the group of fibers consisting of silicon-carbide fibers, silicon-nitro-carbide fibers, carbon fibers, and oxide ceramic fibers; and wherein the fibers comprise fibers chosen from the group of fibers consisting of stoichiometric fibers, non-stoichiometric fibers and a combination of stoichiometric fibers and non-stoichiometric fibers. 12. A method of manufacturing a ceramic matrix composite, the method comprising the steps of
providing a fiber preform; depositing a rigidization layer; depositing a barrier layer; and introducing an infiltration layer. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the depositing the barrier layer step comprises depositing the barrier layer between the rigidization layer and the infiltration layer; and wherein the barrier layer is deposited to a thickness of between about 0.1 μm and about 10 μm. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein the depositing the barrier layer step comprises depositing the barrier layer to the rigidization layer, the barrier layer being deposited to a thickness of between about 1 μm and about 2 μm. 15. The method of claim 12 wherein the barrier layer comprises compounds selected from the group consisting of silicon nitro-carbide, silicon nitride and pyrolytic carbon. 16. The method of claim 12 wherein the barrier layer comprises silicon-nitro-carbide and pyrolytic carbon. 17. The method of claim 12 comprising the further step of coating a fiber of the fiber preform with an interface layer, and wherein each of the interface layer, the rigidization layer and the barrier layer is deposited by chemical vapor infiltration; and wherein the infiltration layer comprises slurry additives and melt additives. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the slurry additives comprise silicon-carbide particulates and the melt additives comprise a metal or a metalloid; and wherein the barrier layer inhibits melt infiltration degradation of the rigidization layer. 19. The method of claim 12 wherein the depositing a rigidization layer step and the depositing a barrier layer step may be performed multiple times. 20. An article of manufacture made of a ceramic matrix composite comprising
a matrix; a fiber preform embedded within the matrix; and wherein the matrix includes a rigidization layer, an infiltration layer, and a barrier layer sandwiched between the rigidization layer and the infiltration layer. | A ceramic matrix composite having improved operating characteristics includes a barrier layer.1. A ceramic matrix composite comprising:
a matrix; a fiber preform embedded within the matrix; and wherein the matrix includes a rigidization layer, an infiltration layer, and a barrier layer sandwiched between the rigidization layer and the infiltration layer. 2. The ceramic matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the ceramic matrix composite material has a porosity of less than about 5 volume percent of the total ceramic matrix composite. 3. The ceramic matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the barrier layer includes a rigidization surface and the rigidization layer includes a barrier surface, and wherein the rigidization surface and the barrier surface are in contact and coterminous with one another. 4. The ceramic matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the barrier layer has a thickness of between about 0.1 μm and about 10 μm. 5. The ceramic matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the barrier layer has a thickness of between about 1 μm and about 2 μm. 6. The ceramic matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the barrier layer comprises between about 2 volume percent and about 10 volume percent of the total ceramic matrix composite. 7. The ceramic matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the barrier layer comprises compounds selected from the group consisting of silicon nitro-carbide, silicon nitride and pyrolytic carbon. 8. The ceramic matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the barrier layer comprises silicon-nitro-carbide and pyrolytic carbon. 9. The ceramic matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the fiber preform comprises about 15 volume percent to about 45 volume percent of the total ceramic matrix composite; and wherein the rigidization layer comprises between about 15 volume percent and about 40 volume percent of the total ceramic matrix composite. 10. The ceramic matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the preform comprises fiber formed from the group of compounds consisting of silicon-carbide and silicon nitro-carbide; and wherein the ceramic matrix composite further comprises a fiber interface coating generally encapsulating the fiber, the fiber interface coating comprising between about 0.1 volume percent and about 10 volume percent of the total ceramic matrix composite; and wherein the fiber interface coating is deposited by chemical vapor infiltration and comprises compounds selected from the group consisting of boron nitride and pyrolytic carbon. 11. The ceramic matrix composite of claim 1 wherein the infiltration layer comprises slurry additives and melt additives; wherein the slurry additives comprise silicon-carbide particulates and the melt additives comprise silicon; wherein the slurry additives comprise between about 10 volume percent and about 55 volume percent of the total ceramic matrix composite; and wherein the melt additives comprise between about 5 volume percent and about 20 volume percent of the total ceramic matrix composite; wherein the rigidization layer comprises a silicon-carbide layer deposited by chemical vapor infiltration; wherein the barrier layer is deposited by chemical vapor infiltration; wherein the preform comprises fibers formed from the group of fibers consisting of silicon-carbide fibers, silicon-nitro-carbide fibers, carbon fibers, and oxide ceramic fibers; and wherein the fibers comprise fibers chosen from the group of fibers consisting of stoichiometric fibers, non-stoichiometric fibers and a combination of stoichiometric fibers and non-stoichiometric fibers. 12. A method of manufacturing a ceramic matrix composite, the method comprising the steps of
providing a fiber preform; depositing a rigidization layer; depositing a barrier layer; and introducing an infiltration layer. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the depositing the barrier layer step comprises depositing the barrier layer between the rigidization layer and the infiltration layer; and wherein the barrier layer is deposited to a thickness of between about 0.1 μm and about 10 μm. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein the depositing the barrier layer step comprises depositing the barrier layer to the rigidization layer, the barrier layer being deposited to a thickness of between about 1 μm and about 2 μm. 15. The method of claim 12 wherein the barrier layer comprises compounds selected from the group consisting of silicon nitro-carbide, silicon nitride and pyrolytic carbon. 16. The method of claim 12 wherein the barrier layer comprises silicon-nitro-carbide and pyrolytic carbon. 17. The method of claim 12 comprising the further step of coating a fiber of the fiber preform with an interface layer, and wherein each of the interface layer, the rigidization layer and the barrier layer is deposited by chemical vapor infiltration; and wherein the infiltration layer comprises slurry additives and melt additives. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the slurry additives comprise silicon-carbide particulates and the melt additives comprise a metal or a metalloid; and wherein the barrier layer inhibits melt infiltration degradation of the rigidization layer. 19. The method of claim 12 wherein the depositing a rigidization layer step and the depositing a barrier layer step may be performed multiple times. 20. An article of manufacture made of a ceramic matrix composite comprising
a matrix; a fiber preform embedded within the matrix; and wherein the matrix includes a rigidization layer, an infiltration layer, and a barrier layer sandwiched between the rigidization layer and the infiltration layer. | 1,700 |
1,559 | 13,549,699 | 1,777 | The present invention aims at reducing the time required for a series of analyses in the sequential performance of gradient analyses under a variety of conditions. To this end, in a control apparatus for controlling the operation of a liquid chromatograph having a gradient analysis function in which a mobile phase composed of a plurality of mixed solvents is used and a chromatograph analysis is performed while the mixture ratio of the solvents is temporally changed, the liquid chromatograph is controlled so as to continuously change the mixture ratio of the solvents from an initial mixture ratio to a final mixture ratio when performing a sample analysis; and as to perform, before the sample analysis, a preparatory liquid supply in which the mixture ratio of the solvents is continuously changed from the initial mixture ratio to the final mixture ratio at a rate higher than that in the sample analysis. | 1. A control apparatus for controlling an operation of a liquid chromatograph that has a gradient analysis function in which a chromatograph analysis is performed while a mixture ratio of a plurality of solvents composing a mobile phase is temporally changed, the control apparatus comprising:
a) an analysis controller for controlling the liquid chromatograph so as to continuously change the mixture ratio of the solvents from an initial mixture ratio to a final mixture ratio when performing a sample analysis; and b) a preparatory liquid supply controller for controlling the liquid chromatograph so as to perform, before the sample analysis, a preparatory liquid supply in which the mixture ratio of the solvents is continuously changed from the initial mixture ratio to the final mixture ratio at a rate higher than that in a case of analyzing the sample. 2. The control apparatus for a liquid chromatograph according to claim 1, further comprising:
c) an analysis result storing unit for storing each analysis result of a plurality of gradient analyses in one data file; and d) an automatic data file naming unit for assigning a file name which includes at least a column name, names of the solvents, the initial mixture ratio, or the final mixture ratio used in each of the gradient analyses to a data file containing a result of that gradient analysis. 3. A computer readable media recording a program for making a computer function as the analysis controller and the preparatory liquid supply controller according to claim 1. 4. A control apparatus for controlling an operation of a liquid chromatograph that has a gradient analysis function in which a chromatograph analysis is performed while a mixture ratio of a plurality of solvents composing a mobile phase is temporally changed, the control apparatus comprising:
a) an analysis controller for controlling the liquid chromatograph so as to change the mixture ratio of the solvents from a first mixture ratio, in which an elution capability of the mobile phase is lowest in the analysis, to a second mixture ratio, in which the elution capability of the mobile phase is highest in the analysis, and then again to the first mixture ratio when performing a sample analysis; and b) a preparatory liquid supply controller for controlling the liquid chromatograph so as to perform, before the sample analysis, a preparatory liquid supply in which the mixture ratio of the solvents is changed from the first mixture ratio, which is a same as in the sample analysis, to the second mixture ratio, which is a same as in the sample analysis, and then again to the first mixture ratio, wherein: if a plurality of sample analyses are performed and if a kind of column, kinds of solvents, the first mixture ratio, and the second mixture ratio used in two successively performed sample analyses are a same, the preparatory liquid supply controller omits the preparatory liquid supply between the two sample analyses. 5. The control apparatus for a liquid chromatograph according to claim 4, further comprising:
c) an analysis result storing unit for storing each result of multiple gradient analyses in one data file; and d) an automatic data file naming unit for assigning a file name which includes at least one of either a column name or names of the solvents used in each of the gradient analyses, a mixture ratio of the solvents at a point of initiation of a process of continuously changing the mixture ratio of the solvents in each of the gradient analyses, or a mixture ratio of the solvents at a point of termination of that process in each of the gradient analyses, to a data file containing a result of that gradient analysis. 6. A computer readable media recording a program for making a computer function as the analysis controller and the preparatory liquid supply controller according to claim 4. 7. The control apparatus for a liquid chromatograph according to claim 4, further comprising:
c) an analysis result storing unit for storing each result of multiple gradient analyses in one data file; and d) an automatic data file naming unit for assigning a file name which includes at least a column name used in each of the gradient analyses to a data file containing a result of that gradient analysis. | The present invention aims at reducing the time required for a series of analyses in the sequential performance of gradient analyses under a variety of conditions. To this end, in a control apparatus for controlling the operation of a liquid chromatograph having a gradient analysis function in which a mobile phase composed of a plurality of mixed solvents is used and a chromatograph analysis is performed while the mixture ratio of the solvents is temporally changed, the liquid chromatograph is controlled so as to continuously change the mixture ratio of the solvents from an initial mixture ratio to a final mixture ratio when performing a sample analysis; and as to perform, before the sample analysis, a preparatory liquid supply in which the mixture ratio of the solvents is continuously changed from the initial mixture ratio to the final mixture ratio at a rate higher than that in the sample analysis.1. A control apparatus for controlling an operation of a liquid chromatograph that has a gradient analysis function in which a chromatograph analysis is performed while a mixture ratio of a plurality of solvents composing a mobile phase is temporally changed, the control apparatus comprising:
a) an analysis controller for controlling the liquid chromatograph so as to continuously change the mixture ratio of the solvents from an initial mixture ratio to a final mixture ratio when performing a sample analysis; and b) a preparatory liquid supply controller for controlling the liquid chromatograph so as to perform, before the sample analysis, a preparatory liquid supply in which the mixture ratio of the solvents is continuously changed from the initial mixture ratio to the final mixture ratio at a rate higher than that in a case of analyzing the sample. 2. The control apparatus for a liquid chromatograph according to claim 1, further comprising:
c) an analysis result storing unit for storing each analysis result of a plurality of gradient analyses in one data file; and d) an automatic data file naming unit for assigning a file name which includes at least a column name, names of the solvents, the initial mixture ratio, or the final mixture ratio used in each of the gradient analyses to a data file containing a result of that gradient analysis. 3. A computer readable media recording a program for making a computer function as the analysis controller and the preparatory liquid supply controller according to claim 1. 4. A control apparatus for controlling an operation of a liquid chromatograph that has a gradient analysis function in which a chromatograph analysis is performed while a mixture ratio of a plurality of solvents composing a mobile phase is temporally changed, the control apparatus comprising:
a) an analysis controller for controlling the liquid chromatograph so as to change the mixture ratio of the solvents from a first mixture ratio, in which an elution capability of the mobile phase is lowest in the analysis, to a second mixture ratio, in which the elution capability of the mobile phase is highest in the analysis, and then again to the first mixture ratio when performing a sample analysis; and b) a preparatory liquid supply controller for controlling the liquid chromatograph so as to perform, before the sample analysis, a preparatory liquid supply in which the mixture ratio of the solvents is changed from the first mixture ratio, which is a same as in the sample analysis, to the second mixture ratio, which is a same as in the sample analysis, and then again to the first mixture ratio, wherein: if a plurality of sample analyses are performed and if a kind of column, kinds of solvents, the first mixture ratio, and the second mixture ratio used in two successively performed sample analyses are a same, the preparatory liquid supply controller omits the preparatory liquid supply between the two sample analyses. 5. The control apparatus for a liquid chromatograph according to claim 4, further comprising:
c) an analysis result storing unit for storing each result of multiple gradient analyses in one data file; and d) an automatic data file naming unit for assigning a file name which includes at least one of either a column name or names of the solvents used in each of the gradient analyses, a mixture ratio of the solvents at a point of initiation of a process of continuously changing the mixture ratio of the solvents in each of the gradient analyses, or a mixture ratio of the solvents at a point of termination of that process in each of the gradient analyses, to a data file containing a result of that gradient analysis. 6. A computer readable media recording a program for making a computer function as the analysis controller and the preparatory liquid supply controller according to claim 4. 7. The control apparatus for a liquid chromatograph according to claim 4, further comprising:
c) an analysis result storing unit for storing each result of multiple gradient analyses in one data file; and d) an automatic data file naming unit for assigning a file name which includes at least a column name used in each of the gradient analyses to a data file containing a result of that gradient analysis. | 1,700 |
1,560 | 12,937,310 | 1,783 | A component coated with a thermal barrier coating (TBC), wherein the TBC includes an outer surface layer and at least one underlying layer, wherein the outer surface layer has a thickness of not more than 50% of a thickness of the TBC, has a lower average porosity than the at least one underlying layer and includes an additional phase therewithin. | 1. A component coated with a thermal barrier coating (TBC), wherein the TBC includes an outer surface layer and at least one underlying layer, wherein the outer surface layer has a thickness of not more than 50% of a thickness of the TBC, has a lower average porosity than the at least one underlying layer and includes an additional phase therewithin. 2. The component of claim 1, wherein the outer surface layer comprises a zirconia based phase, preferably a zirconia based oxide. 3. The component of claim 2, wherein the outer surface layer comprises yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ). 4. The component of claim 2, wherein the outer surface layer comprises a zirconate pyrochlore (A2Zr2O7), where A is preferably one or more elements from the lanthanide series (La→Lu). 5. The component of claim 4, wherein the outer surface layer comprises one of La2Zr2O7, Nd2Zr2O7, Sm2Zr2O7 or Gd2Zr2O7. 6. The component of claim 1, wherein the outer surface layer comprises a pyrochlore (A2B2O7), where A is preferably one or more elements from the lanthanide series (La→Lu) or the actinide series (Ac→Lr) and B is preferably one or more elements from the group of transition-metals. 7. The component of claim 6, wherein the outer surface layer comprises La2Ce2O7. 8. The component of claim 1, wherein the outer surface layer comprises a magnetoplumbite (AB1+xCxAl11-2XO19), where A is preferably one or more elements from La→Gd, B is preferably one or more elements from Mg, Sr, and Mn→Zn, C is preferably one of Ti and Si, and 0<x<5.5. 9. The component of claim 8, wherein the outer surface layer comprises LaMgAl11O19. 10. The component of claim 1, wherein the outer surface layer comprises a monazite (APO4), where A is at least one of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Th and Y. 11. The component of claim 10, wherein the outer surface layer comprises LaPO4. 12. The component of claim 1, wherein the outer surface layer comprises a garnet. 13. The component of claim 12, wherein the outer surface layer comprises a yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) (Y3AoxFe5-xO12), where 0<x<5, and optionally Fe can be replaced partially or entirely by one or more transition metals, including Cr. 14. The component of claim 13, wherein the outer surface layer comprises Y3Al5O12. 15. The component of claim 12, wherein the outer surface layer comprises a gadolinium aluminium garnet (GAG) (Gd3AlxFe5-xO12), where 0<x<5.5, and optionally Fe can be replaced partially or entirely by one or more transition metals, including Cr. 16. The component of claim 15, wherein the outer surface layer comprises Gd3Al5O12. 17. The component of claim 1, wherein the outer surface layer comprises a perovskite. 18-90. (canceled) 91. A component coated with a thermal barrier coating (TBC), wherein the TBC includes an outer surface layer, wherein the outer surface layer has a thickness of not more than 50% of a thickness of the TBC and includes an additional phase. 92. A component coated with a thermal barrier coating (TBC), wherein the TBC includes an outer surface layer and at least one underlying layer, wherein the outer surface layer has a lower average porosity than at least one underlying layer and includes an additional phase. 93-104. (canceled) 105. A thermal barrier coating (TBC) incorporating a sintering agent, preferably in an outer layer thereof, which confers an increased sintering tendency to the TBC when exposed to a thermal environment, preferably a high-temperature thermal environment. 106. (canceled) | A component coated with a thermal barrier coating (TBC), wherein the TBC includes an outer surface layer and at least one underlying layer, wherein the outer surface layer has a thickness of not more than 50% of a thickness of the TBC, has a lower average porosity than the at least one underlying layer and includes an additional phase therewithin.1. A component coated with a thermal barrier coating (TBC), wherein the TBC includes an outer surface layer and at least one underlying layer, wherein the outer surface layer has a thickness of not more than 50% of a thickness of the TBC, has a lower average porosity than the at least one underlying layer and includes an additional phase therewithin. 2. The component of claim 1, wherein the outer surface layer comprises a zirconia based phase, preferably a zirconia based oxide. 3. The component of claim 2, wherein the outer surface layer comprises yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ). 4. The component of claim 2, wherein the outer surface layer comprises a zirconate pyrochlore (A2Zr2O7), where A is preferably one or more elements from the lanthanide series (La→Lu). 5. The component of claim 4, wherein the outer surface layer comprises one of La2Zr2O7, Nd2Zr2O7, Sm2Zr2O7 or Gd2Zr2O7. 6. The component of claim 1, wherein the outer surface layer comprises a pyrochlore (A2B2O7), where A is preferably one or more elements from the lanthanide series (La→Lu) or the actinide series (Ac→Lr) and B is preferably one or more elements from the group of transition-metals. 7. The component of claim 6, wherein the outer surface layer comprises La2Ce2O7. 8. The component of claim 1, wherein the outer surface layer comprises a magnetoplumbite (AB1+xCxAl11-2XO19), where A is preferably one or more elements from La→Gd, B is preferably one or more elements from Mg, Sr, and Mn→Zn, C is preferably one of Ti and Si, and 0<x<5.5. 9. The component of claim 8, wherein the outer surface layer comprises LaMgAl11O19. 10. The component of claim 1, wherein the outer surface layer comprises a monazite (APO4), where A is at least one of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Th and Y. 11. The component of claim 10, wherein the outer surface layer comprises LaPO4. 12. The component of claim 1, wherein the outer surface layer comprises a garnet. 13. The component of claim 12, wherein the outer surface layer comprises a yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) (Y3AoxFe5-xO12), where 0<x<5, and optionally Fe can be replaced partially or entirely by one or more transition metals, including Cr. 14. The component of claim 13, wherein the outer surface layer comprises Y3Al5O12. 15. The component of claim 12, wherein the outer surface layer comprises a gadolinium aluminium garnet (GAG) (Gd3AlxFe5-xO12), where 0<x<5.5, and optionally Fe can be replaced partially or entirely by one or more transition metals, including Cr. 16. The component of claim 15, wherein the outer surface layer comprises Gd3Al5O12. 17. The component of claim 1, wherein the outer surface layer comprises a perovskite. 18-90. (canceled) 91. A component coated with a thermal barrier coating (TBC), wherein the TBC includes an outer surface layer, wherein the outer surface layer has a thickness of not more than 50% of a thickness of the TBC and includes an additional phase. 92. A component coated with a thermal barrier coating (TBC), wherein the TBC includes an outer surface layer and at least one underlying layer, wherein the outer surface layer has a lower average porosity than at least one underlying layer and includes an additional phase. 93-104. (canceled) 105. A thermal barrier coating (TBC) incorporating a sintering agent, preferably in an outer layer thereof, which confers an increased sintering tendency to the TBC when exposed to a thermal environment, preferably a high-temperature thermal environment. 106. (canceled) | 1,700 |
1,561 | 14,646,826 | 1,798 | The invention relates to a cartridge ( 100 ) with an inlet portion ( 110 ) that is connected to an assay chamber ( 120 ) and a suction reservoir ( 140 ). The inlet portion ( 110 ) is designed for a direct uptake of sample medium, for example of blood from a patient. During this uptake, air is trapped in the assay chamber ( 120 ), which prevents a premature entrance of the medium into the assay chamber ( 120 ). The transfer of the medium to the assay chamber ( 120 ) can thus controllably be initiated at a later time, for example by opening a vent port ( 121 ) connected to the assay chamber ( 120 ). | 1. A cartridge for the uptake and processing of a medium or sample fluid (SF), comprising:
a) and inlet portion with an inlet via which the medium (SF) can be taken up; b) an assay chamber in which the medium can be processed; c) a suction reservoir; wherein the assay chamber and the suction reservoir are connected to the inlet portion in such a way that a quantity of air is trapped in the assay chamber when the medium fills the inlet portion. 2. The cartridge according to claim 1,
characterized in that the assay chamber and the inlet portion are connected by a capillary channel. 3. The cartridge according to claim 1,
characterized in that the assay chamber is connected to or comprises a vent port that is closed during the filling of the inlet portion. 4. The cartridge according to claim 1,
characterized in that the assay chamber and/or the inlet portion and/or the suction reservoir is connected to a pressure actuator for controlling its internal pressure. 5. The cartridge according to claim 1,
characterized in that a flow stop is disposed in the connection between the inlet portion and the assay chamber. 6. The cartridge according to claim 5,
characterized in that the flow stop comprises a valve that can externally be controlled, a pressure-controlled valve, particularly a diode valve, or a medium-repelling surface coating. 7. The cartridge according to claim 1,
characterized in that the inlet portion comprises a sample extraction element, particularly a needle or a needle array. 8. The cartridge according to claim 1,
characterized in that the inlet portion is, before use, closed to the environment. 9. The cartridge according to claim 1,
characterized in that there is an underpressure (p0) in the inlet portion the assay chamber, and/or the suction reservoir before the uptake of the medium (SF) into the inlet portion. 10. The cartridge according to claim 1,
characterized in that a flow stop is disposed in the suction reservoir. 11. The cartridge according to claim 1,
characterized in that the assay chamber and the inlet portion are disposed in different parts that can be coupled to each other. 12. A method for the uptake and processing of a medium (SF) in a cartridge with an assay chamber and a suction reservoir connected to an inlet portion (110, 210), said method comprising the following steps:
a) uptake of the medium (SF) into the inlet portion of the cartridge until it is stopped by the counter-pressure built-up in air that is trapped in the assay chamber and the suction reservoir; b) passing the medium on to the assay chamber by changing the pressure in the assay chamber and/or the inlet portion. 13. Use of the cartridge according to claim 1 for molecular diagnostics, biological sample analysis, chemical sample analysis, food analysis, and/or forensic analysis. | The invention relates to a cartridge ( 100 ) with an inlet portion ( 110 ) that is connected to an assay chamber ( 120 ) and a suction reservoir ( 140 ). The inlet portion ( 110 ) is designed for a direct uptake of sample medium, for example of blood from a patient. During this uptake, air is trapped in the assay chamber ( 120 ), which prevents a premature entrance of the medium into the assay chamber ( 120 ). The transfer of the medium to the assay chamber ( 120 ) can thus controllably be initiated at a later time, for example by opening a vent port ( 121 ) connected to the assay chamber ( 120 ).1. A cartridge for the uptake and processing of a medium or sample fluid (SF), comprising:
a) and inlet portion with an inlet via which the medium (SF) can be taken up; b) an assay chamber in which the medium can be processed; c) a suction reservoir; wherein the assay chamber and the suction reservoir are connected to the inlet portion in such a way that a quantity of air is trapped in the assay chamber when the medium fills the inlet portion. 2. The cartridge according to claim 1,
characterized in that the assay chamber and the inlet portion are connected by a capillary channel. 3. The cartridge according to claim 1,
characterized in that the assay chamber is connected to or comprises a vent port that is closed during the filling of the inlet portion. 4. The cartridge according to claim 1,
characterized in that the assay chamber and/or the inlet portion and/or the suction reservoir is connected to a pressure actuator for controlling its internal pressure. 5. The cartridge according to claim 1,
characterized in that a flow stop is disposed in the connection between the inlet portion and the assay chamber. 6. The cartridge according to claim 5,
characterized in that the flow stop comprises a valve that can externally be controlled, a pressure-controlled valve, particularly a diode valve, or a medium-repelling surface coating. 7. The cartridge according to claim 1,
characterized in that the inlet portion comprises a sample extraction element, particularly a needle or a needle array. 8. The cartridge according to claim 1,
characterized in that the inlet portion is, before use, closed to the environment. 9. The cartridge according to claim 1,
characterized in that there is an underpressure (p0) in the inlet portion the assay chamber, and/or the suction reservoir before the uptake of the medium (SF) into the inlet portion. 10. The cartridge according to claim 1,
characterized in that a flow stop is disposed in the suction reservoir. 11. The cartridge according to claim 1,
characterized in that the assay chamber and the inlet portion are disposed in different parts that can be coupled to each other. 12. A method for the uptake and processing of a medium (SF) in a cartridge with an assay chamber and a suction reservoir connected to an inlet portion (110, 210), said method comprising the following steps:
a) uptake of the medium (SF) into the inlet portion of the cartridge until it is stopped by the counter-pressure built-up in air that is trapped in the assay chamber and the suction reservoir; b) passing the medium on to the assay chamber by changing the pressure in the assay chamber and/or the inlet portion. 13. Use of the cartridge according to claim 1 for molecular diagnostics, biological sample analysis, chemical sample analysis, food analysis, and/or forensic analysis. | 1,700 |
1,562 | 14,384,813 | 1,783 | Fire resistant composite structures. As an example, a fire resistant composite structure can have a foam material, a geopolymer thermal protection layer adhered to the foam material, and a facing adhered to the geopolymer layer. The geopolymer thermal protection layer can be formed by curing geopolymer precursors having a silicon to aluminum ratio in a range of 1.0:0.1 to 1.0:3.3. | 1. A fire resistant composite structure comprising:
a foam material; a geopolymer thermal protection layer adhered to the foam material, wherein the geopolymer thermal protection layer is formed by curing geopolymer precursors having a silicon to aluminum mole ratio in a range of 1.0:0.1 to 1.0:3.3; and a facing adhered to the geopolymer layer. 2. (canceled) 3. The structure of claim 1, wherein the geopolymer precursors include an aluminosilicate reactant and an alkaline activator. 4. The structure of claim 3, wherein the aluminosilicate reactant is selected from the group consisting of coal fly ash, calcined clay, metallurgical slag, and combinations thereof. 5. (canceled) 6. The structure of claim 3, wherein the alkaline activator includes sodium silicate. 7.-14. (canceled) 15. A fire resistant composite structure comprising:
a foam material located between a first facing and a second facing; a first geopolymer thermal protection layer located between the foam material and the first facing material, wherein the first geopolymer thermal protection layer is formed by curing geopolymer precursors having a silicon to aluminum mole ratio in a range of 1.0:0.1 to 1.0:3.3; and a second geopolymer thermal protection layer located between the foam material and the second facing. 16. The structure of claim 15, wherein the first geopolymer thermal protection layer is formed by curing a geopolymer precursor composition having an aluminosilicate reactant, an alkaline activator, and a continuous medium. 17. The structure of claim 16, wherein the aluminosilicate reactant is from 20 weight percent to 80 weight percent of a composition weight, the alkaline activator is from 20 weight percent to 80 weight percent of the composition weight, and the continuous medium is from 20 weight percent to 80 weight percent of the composition weight, such that the aluminosilicate reactant weight percent, the alkaline activator weight percent, and the continuous medium weight percent sum to 100 weight percent of the composition weight. 18. The structure of claim 16, wherein the aluminosilicate reactant is selected from the group consisting of coal fly ash, calcined clay, metallurgical slag, and combinations thereof and the alkaline activator includes sodium silicate. 19. The structure of claim 15, further including a second foam material located between the first geopolymer thermal protection layer and a third geopolymer thermal protection layer. 20. The structure of claim 15, further including a third foam material located between the second geopolymer thermal protection layer and a fourth geopolymer thermal protection layer. 21. The structure of claim 16, wherein the alkaline activator includes an alkaline hydroxide selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and combinations thereof. 22. The structure of claim 18, wherein the coal fly ash is selected from Class F coal fly ash, Class C coal fly ash, and combinations thereof. 23. The structure of claim 15, wherein the foam material is a thermoset foam. 24. The structure of claim 23, wherein the thermoset foam is a polyisocyanurate foam or a polyurethane foam. 25. The structure of claim 15, wherein each of the first geopolymer thermal protection layer and the second geopolymer thermal protection layer has a thickness of 0.5 millimeters to 100 millimeters. 26. The structure of claim 15, wherein the foam material has a thickness of 5 millimeters to 300 millimeters. 27. The structure of claim 15, wherein each of the first geopolymer thermal protection layer and the second geopolymer thermal protection layer includes an aggregate. 28. The structure of claim 27, wherein the aggregate is from greater than 0 weight percent to 70 weight percent of a total weight of the first geopolymer thermal protection layer. 29. The structure of claim 27, wherein the aggregate is sand. | Fire resistant composite structures. As an example, a fire resistant composite structure can have a foam material, a geopolymer thermal protection layer adhered to the foam material, and a facing adhered to the geopolymer layer. The geopolymer thermal protection layer can be formed by curing geopolymer precursors having a silicon to aluminum ratio in a range of 1.0:0.1 to 1.0:3.3.1. A fire resistant composite structure comprising:
a foam material; a geopolymer thermal protection layer adhered to the foam material, wherein the geopolymer thermal protection layer is formed by curing geopolymer precursors having a silicon to aluminum mole ratio in a range of 1.0:0.1 to 1.0:3.3; and a facing adhered to the geopolymer layer. 2. (canceled) 3. The structure of claim 1, wherein the geopolymer precursors include an aluminosilicate reactant and an alkaline activator. 4. The structure of claim 3, wherein the aluminosilicate reactant is selected from the group consisting of coal fly ash, calcined clay, metallurgical slag, and combinations thereof. 5. (canceled) 6. The structure of claim 3, wherein the alkaline activator includes sodium silicate. 7.-14. (canceled) 15. A fire resistant composite structure comprising:
a foam material located between a first facing and a second facing; a first geopolymer thermal protection layer located between the foam material and the first facing material, wherein the first geopolymer thermal protection layer is formed by curing geopolymer precursors having a silicon to aluminum mole ratio in a range of 1.0:0.1 to 1.0:3.3; and a second geopolymer thermal protection layer located between the foam material and the second facing. 16. The structure of claim 15, wherein the first geopolymer thermal protection layer is formed by curing a geopolymer precursor composition having an aluminosilicate reactant, an alkaline activator, and a continuous medium. 17. The structure of claim 16, wherein the aluminosilicate reactant is from 20 weight percent to 80 weight percent of a composition weight, the alkaline activator is from 20 weight percent to 80 weight percent of the composition weight, and the continuous medium is from 20 weight percent to 80 weight percent of the composition weight, such that the aluminosilicate reactant weight percent, the alkaline activator weight percent, and the continuous medium weight percent sum to 100 weight percent of the composition weight. 18. The structure of claim 16, wherein the aluminosilicate reactant is selected from the group consisting of coal fly ash, calcined clay, metallurgical slag, and combinations thereof and the alkaline activator includes sodium silicate. 19. The structure of claim 15, further including a second foam material located between the first geopolymer thermal protection layer and a third geopolymer thermal protection layer. 20. The structure of claim 15, further including a third foam material located between the second geopolymer thermal protection layer and a fourth geopolymer thermal protection layer. 21. The structure of claim 16, wherein the alkaline activator includes an alkaline hydroxide selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and combinations thereof. 22. The structure of claim 18, wherein the coal fly ash is selected from Class F coal fly ash, Class C coal fly ash, and combinations thereof. 23. The structure of claim 15, wherein the foam material is a thermoset foam. 24. The structure of claim 23, wherein the thermoset foam is a polyisocyanurate foam or a polyurethane foam. 25. The structure of claim 15, wherein each of the first geopolymer thermal protection layer and the second geopolymer thermal protection layer has a thickness of 0.5 millimeters to 100 millimeters. 26. The structure of claim 15, wherein the foam material has a thickness of 5 millimeters to 300 millimeters. 27. The structure of claim 15, wherein each of the first geopolymer thermal protection layer and the second geopolymer thermal protection layer includes an aggregate. 28. The structure of claim 27, wherein the aggregate is from greater than 0 weight percent to 70 weight percent of a total weight of the first geopolymer thermal protection layer. 29. The structure of claim 27, wherein the aggregate is sand. | 1,700 |
1,563 | 13,060,818 | 1,731 | The invention relates to a method for treating the surfaces of solid particles to improve the processability of the solid particles in the electrostatic field and to reduce the dust formation which occurs during the processing of the solid particles. | 1. Solid particles from the group corundum, melted corundum, sintered corundum, zirconium corundum, silicon carbide, boron carbide, cubic boron nitride, diamond and/or mixtures thereof, which have a surface treatment in the form of a physically applied coating, characterized in that the coating comprises at least one polyol. 2. Solid particles according to claim 1, characterized in that the amount of polyol is approximately 0.001 to approximately 5% by weight, preferably approximately 0.01 to approximately 1.0% by weight, relative to the untreated solid particle. 3. Solid particles according to claim 2, characterized in that the polyol is a linear polyol with 2 to 6 carbon atoms. 4. Solid particles according to claim 3, characterized in that the polyol is selected from the group polyol, propane diol, butane diol, and glycerol. 5. Solid particles according to claim 4, characterized in that the coating additionally comprises waterglass. 6. Solid particles according to claim 5, characterized in that the amount of waterglass relative to the untreated solid particles is 0.001 to 2.0% by weight. 7. Solid particles according to claim 4, characterized in that the coating additionally comprises a silane with the general empirical formula (RO)3-Si—(CH2)n-X, where R is an organic radical selected from the group methyl, ethyl, i-propyl and methoxymethyl, n is an integer between 0 and 12, and X is a functional group selected from the group vinyl, acryl, methacryl and/or amine. 8. Solid particles according to claim 7, characterized in that the silane is selected from the group 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. 9. Solid particles according to claim 8, characterized in that the amount of organosilane relative to the untreated solid particles is 0.01 to 2.0% by weight. 10. A method for the production of solid particles comprising the steps of:
mixing solid particles in an intensive mixer; and spraying said solid particles with an aqueous solution of a polyol under constant mixing. 11. Method according to claim 10, characterized in that the ratio of polyol to water is approximately 2:1 to approximately 1:40. 12. Method according to claim 11, characterized in that the aqueous solution of the polyol comprises between 0.001 through 2.0% by weight waterglass, relative to the untreated solid particles. 13. Method according to claim 11, characterized in that the solid particles undergo a treatment with 0.01 to 2.0 organosilane before the treatment with the aqueous solution of the polyol. 14. Use of the solid particles according to claim 9 for the production of grinding materials on a support. 15. Solid particles according to claim 1, characterized in that the polyol is a linear polyol with 2 to 6 carbon atoms. 16. Solid particles according to one of claim 1, characterized in that the polyol is selected from the group polyol, propane diol, butane diol, and glycerol. 17. Solid particles according to one of claim 1, characterized in that the coating additionally comprises waterglass (sodium metasilicate also known as sodium silicate). 18. Solid particles according to claim 17, characterized in that the amount of waterglass relative to the untreated solid particles is 0.001 to 2.0% by weight. 19. Solid particles according to one of claim 1, characterized in that the coating additionally comprises a silane with the general empirical formula (RO)3-Si—(CH2)n-X, where R is an organic radical selected from the group methyl, ethyl, i-propyl and methoxymethyl, n is an integer between 0 and 12 and X is a functional group selected from the group vinyl, acryl, methacryl and/or amine. 20. Solid particles according to claim 19, characterized in that the silane is selected from the group 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. 21. Solid particles according to claim 19, characterized in that the amount of organosilane relative to the untreated solid particles is 0.01 to 2.0% by weight. 22. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that the aqueous solution of the polyol comprises between 0.001 through 2.0% by weight waterglass, relative to the untreated solid particles. 23. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that the solid particles undergo a treatment with 0.01 to 2.0 organosilane before the treatment with the aqueous solution of the polyol. | The invention relates to a method for treating the surfaces of solid particles to improve the processability of the solid particles in the electrostatic field and to reduce the dust formation which occurs during the processing of the solid particles.1. Solid particles from the group corundum, melted corundum, sintered corundum, zirconium corundum, silicon carbide, boron carbide, cubic boron nitride, diamond and/or mixtures thereof, which have a surface treatment in the form of a physically applied coating, characterized in that the coating comprises at least one polyol. 2. Solid particles according to claim 1, characterized in that the amount of polyol is approximately 0.001 to approximately 5% by weight, preferably approximately 0.01 to approximately 1.0% by weight, relative to the untreated solid particle. 3. Solid particles according to claim 2, characterized in that the polyol is a linear polyol with 2 to 6 carbon atoms. 4. Solid particles according to claim 3, characterized in that the polyol is selected from the group polyol, propane diol, butane diol, and glycerol. 5. Solid particles according to claim 4, characterized in that the coating additionally comprises waterglass. 6. Solid particles according to claim 5, characterized in that the amount of waterglass relative to the untreated solid particles is 0.001 to 2.0% by weight. 7. Solid particles according to claim 4, characterized in that the coating additionally comprises a silane with the general empirical formula (RO)3-Si—(CH2)n-X, where R is an organic radical selected from the group methyl, ethyl, i-propyl and methoxymethyl, n is an integer between 0 and 12, and X is a functional group selected from the group vinyl, acryl, methacryl and/or amine. 8. Solid particles according to claim 7, characterized in that the silane is selected from the group 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. 9. Solid particles according to claim 8, characterized in that the amount of organosilane relative to the untreated solid particles is 0.01 to 2.0% by weight. 10. A method for the production of solid particles comprising the steps of:
mixing solid particles in an intensive mixer; and spraying said solid particles with an aqueous solution of a polyol under constant mixing. 11. Method according to claim 10, characterized in that the ratio of polyol to water is approximately 2:1 to approximately 1:40. 12. Method according to claim 11, characterized in that the aqueous solution of the polyol comprises between 0.001 through 2.0% by weight waterglass, relative to the untreated solid particles. 13. Method according to claim 11, characterized in that the solid particles undergo a treatment with 0.01 to 2.0 organosilane before the treatment with the aqueous solution of the polyol. 14. Use of the solid particles according to claim 9 for the production of grinding materials on a support. 15. Solid particles according to claim 1, characterized in that the polyol is a linear polyol with 2 to 6 carbon atoms. 16. Solid particles according to one of claim 1, characterized in that the polyol is selected from the group polyol, propane diol, butane diol, and glycerol. 17. Solid particles according to one of claim 1, characterized in that the coating additionally comprises waterglass (sodium metasilicate also known as sodium silicate). 18. Solid particles according to claim 17, characterized in that the amount of waterglass relative to the untreated solid particles is 0.001 to 2.0% by weight. 19. Solid particles according to one of claim 1, characterized in that the coating additionally comprises a silane with the general empirical formula (RO)3-Si—(CH2)n-X, where R is an organic radical selected from the group methyl, ethyl, i-propyl and methoxymethyl, n is an integer between 0 and 12 and X is a functional group selected from the group vinyl, acryl, methacryl and/or amine. 20. Solid particles according to claim 19, characterized in that the silane is selected from the group 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. 21. Solid particles according to claim 19, characterized in that the amount of organosilane relative to the untreated solid particles is 0.01 to 2.0% by weight. 22. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that the aqueous solution of the polyol comprises between 0.001 through 2.0% by weight waterglass, relative to the untreated solid particles. 23. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that the solid particles undergo a treatment with 0.01 to 2.0 organosilane before the treatment with the aqueous solution of the polyol. | 1,700 |
1,564 | 14,410,507 | 1,732 | The present invention relates to thermally inhibited starch and starchy flours produced by heat treatment of native starch that is pre-dried where necessary to a dry matter content of more than or equal to 95% by weight, preferably 98% by weight, particularly preferably 99% by weight, wherein said starch, pre-dried where necessary, is heat treated in the presence of at least 0.1 percent by volume of oxygen at a product temperature in excess of 100° C. in a vibrating spiral conveyor. | 1.-10. (canceled) 11. A method of producing a thermally inhibited starch or starchy flour comprising heat-treating a native starch in a spiral vibratory conveyor in the presence of at least 0.1% by volume oxygen at a product temperature in excess of 100° C., wherein the starch has a dry matter content greater than or equal to 95% by weight and has been pre-dried, if necessary, to obtain the dry matter content. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the starch has a dry matter content greater than or equal to 99% by weight and has been pre-dried, if necessary, to obtain the dry matter content. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein heat treatment is carried out in the presence of at least 0.5% by volume oxygen. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein heat treatment is carried out in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein heat-treating is carried out at a product temperature of between 150 and 200° C. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein heat-treating is carried out at a product temperature of between 155 and 175° C. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the starch or starchy flour is further defined as having an amylose content of less than 5% by weight. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the starch or starchy flour is further defined as having an amylose content of less than 2% by weight. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the starch or starchy flour is further defined as an amylopectin-rich corn starch. 20. A thermally inhibited starch or starchy flour produced by the method of claim 11. 21. The starch or starchy flour of claim 20, wherein the heat treated native starch has a dry matter content greater than or equal to 99% by weight and was been pre-dried, if necessary, to obtain the dry matter content. 22. The starch or starchy flour of claim 20, wherein heat-treating is carried out in the presence of at least 0.5% by volume oxygen. 23. The starch or starchy flour of claim 20, wherein heat-treating is carried out in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. 24. The starch or starchy flour of claim 20, wherein heat-treating is carried out at a product temperature of between 150 and 200° C. 25. The starch or starchy flour of claim 24, wherein heat-treating is carried out at a product temperature of between 155 and 175° C. 26. The starch or starchy flour of claim 20, further defined as having a granular form. 27. The starch of starch or starchy flour of claim 20, further defined as having an amylose content of less than 5% by weight. 28. The starch or starchy flour of claim 27, further defined as having an amylose content of less than 2% by weight. 29. The starch or starchy flour of claim 27, further defined as an amylopectin-rich corn starch. | The present invention relates to thermally inhibited starch and starchy flours produced by heat treatment of native starch that is pre-dried where necessary to a dry matter content of more than or equal to 95% by weight, preferably 98% by weight, particularly preferably 99% by weight, wherein said starch, pre-dried where necessary, is heat treated in the presence of at least 0.1 percent by volume of oxygen at a product temperature in excess of 100° C. in a vibrating spiral conveyor.1.-10. (canceled) 11. A method of producing a thermally inhibited starch or starchy flour comprising heat-treating a native starch in a spiral vibratory conveyor in the presence of at least 0.1% by volume oxygen at a product temperature in excess of 100° C., wherein the starch has a dry matter content greater than or equal to 95% by weight and has been pre-dried, if necessary, to obtain the dry matter content. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the starch has a dry matter content greater than or equal to 99% by weight and has been pre-dried, if necessary, to obtain the dry matter content. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein heat treatment is carried out in the presence of at least 0.5% by volume oxygen. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein heat treatment is carried out in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein heat-treating is carried out at a product temperature of between 150 and 200° C. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein heat-treating is carried out at a product temperature of between 155 and 175° C. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the starch or starchy flour is further defined as having an amylose content of less than 5% by weight. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the starch or starchy flour is further defined as having an amylose content of less than 2% by weight. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the starch or starchy flour is further defined as an amylopectin-rich corn starch. 20. A thermally inhibited starch or starchy flour produced by the method of claim 11. 21. The starch or starchy flour of claim 20, wherein the heat treated native starch has a dry matter content greater than or equal to 99% by weight and was been pre-dried, if necessary, to obtain the dry matter content. 22. The starch or starchy flour of claim 20, wherein heat-treating is carried out in the presence of at least 0.5% by volume oxygen. 23. The starch or starchy flour of claim 20, wherein heat-treating is carried out in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. 24. The starch or starchy flour of claim 20, wherein heat-treating is carried out at a product temperature of between 150 and 200° C. 25. The starch or starchy flour of claim 24, wherein heat-treating is carried out at a product temperature of between 155 and 175° C. 26. The starch or starchy flour of claim 20, further defined as having a granular form. 27. The starch of starch or starchy flour of claim 20, further defined as having an amylose content of less than 5% by weight. 28. The starch or starchy flour of claim 27, further defined as having an amylose content of less than 2% by weight. 29. The starch or starchy flour of claim 27, further defined as an amylopectin-rich corn starch. | 1,700 |
1,565 | 14,112,496 | 1,782 | There is provided an optical laminate which secures adhesiveness between the (meth)acrylic resin film (base material film) and a hard coat layer, and can prevent a reduction in scratch resistance. An optical laminate according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: a base material layer formed of a (meth)acrylic resin film; and a hard coat layer formed by applying a composition for forming a hard coat layer to the (meth)acrylic resin film, wherein: the composition for forming a hard coat layer contains a compound (A) having 9 or more radically polymerizable unsaturated groups; and a content of the compound (A) is 15 wt % to 100 wt % with respect to all curable compounds in the composition for forming a hard coat layer. | 1. An optical laminate, comprising:
a base material layer formed of a (meth)acrylic resin film; and a hard coat layer formed by applying a composition for forming a hard coat layer to the (meth)acrylic resin film, wherein: the composition for forming a hard coat layer contains a compound (A) having 9 or more radically polymerizable unsaturated groups; and a content of the compound (A) is 15 wt % to 100 wt % with respect to all curable compounds in the composition for forming a hard coat layer. 2. An optical laminate according to claim 1, further comprising, between the base material layer and the hard coat layer, a penetration layer formed through penetration of the composition for forming a hard coat layer into the (meth)acrylic resin film, wherein the penetration layer has a thickness of 1.2 μm or more. 3. An optical laminate according to claim 1, wherein the compound (A) has a weight-average molecular weight of 1,000 or more. 4. An optical laminate according to claim 1, wherein:
the composition for forming a hard coat layer further contains a compound (B1) having 2 to 8 radically polymerizable unsaturated groups; and the compound (A) has a weight-average molecular weight of 2,000 or more. 5. An optical laminate according to claim 4, wherein a content of the compound (B1) is 15 wt % to 85 wt % with respect to all curable compounds in the composition for forming a hard coat layer. 6. An optical laminate according to claim 1, wherein the (meth)acrylic resin film has a transmittance for light having a wavelength of 380 nm of 15% or less. 7. An optical laminate according to claim 1, wherein a (meth)acrylic resin forming the (meth)acrylic resin film has a structural unit expressing positive birefringence and a structural unit expressing negative birefringence. 8. An optical laminate according to claim 1, wherein a (meth)acrylic resin forming the (meth)acrylic resin film has a weight-average molecular weight of 10,000 to 500,000. 9. An optical laminate according to claim 4, wherein the composition for forming a hard coat layer further contains a monofunctional monomer (B2). 10. An optical laminate according to claim 9, wherein the monofunctional monomer (B2) has a weight-average molecular weight of 500 or less. 11. An optical laminate according to claim 9, wherein the monofunctional monomer has a hydroxyl group. 12. An optical laminate according to claim 11, wherein the monofunctional monomer (B2) comprises a hydroxyalkyl(meth)acrylate and/or an N-(2-hydroxyalkyl)(meth)acrylamide. 13. An optical laminate according to claim 1, wherein a surface of the hard coat layer opposite to the base material layer has an uneven structure. 14. An optical laminate according to claim 1, further comprising an antireflection layer on a side of the hard coat layer opposite to the base material layer. 15. A polarizing film, comprising the optical laminate according to claim 1. 16. An image display apparatus, comprising the optical laminate according to claim 1. | There is provided an optical laminate which secures adhesiveness between the (meth)acrylic resin film (base material film) and a hard coat layer, and can prevent a reduction in scratch resistance. An optical laminate according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: a base material layer formed of a (meth)acrylic resin film; and a hard coat layer formed by applying a composition for forming a hard coat layer to the (meth)acrylic resin film, wherein: the composition for forming a hard coat layer contains a compound (A) having 9 or more radically polymerizable unsaturated groups; and a content of the compound (A) is 15 wt % to 100 wt % with respect to all curable compounds in the composition for forming a hard coat layer.1. An optical laminate, comprising:
a base material layer formed of a (meth)acrylic resin film; and a hard coat layer formed by applying a composition for forming a hard coat layer to the (meth)acrylic resin film, wherein: the composition for forming a hard coat layer contains a compound (A) having 9 or more radically polymerizable unsaturated groups; and a content of the compound (A) is 15 wt % to 100 wt % with respect to all curable compounds in the composition for forming a hard coat layer. 2. An optical laminate according to claim 1, further comprising, between the base material layer and the hard coat layer, a penetration layer formed through penetration of the composition for forming a hard coat layer into the (meth)acrylic resin film, wherein the penetration layer has a thickness of 1.2 μm or more. 3. An optical laminate according to claim 1, wherein the compound (A) has a weight-average molecular weight of 1,000 or more. 4. An optical laminate according to claim 1, wherein:
the composition for forming a hard coat layer further contains a compound (B1) having 2 to 8 radically polymerizable unsaturated groups; and the compound (A) has a weight-average molecular weight of 2,000 or more. 5. An optical laminate according to claim 4, wherein a content of the compound (B1) is 15 wt % to 85 wt % with respect to all curable compounds in the composition for forming a hard coat layer. 6. An optical laminate according to claim 1, wherein the (meth)acrylic resin film has a transmittance for light having a wavelength of 380 nm of 15% or less. 7. An optical laminate according to claim 1, wherein a (meth)acrylic resin forming the (meth)acrylic resin film has a structural unit expressing positive birefringence and a structural unit expressing negative birefringence. 8. An optical laminate according to claim 1, wherein a (meth)acrylic resin forming the (meth)acrylic resin film has a weight-average molecular weight of 10,000 to 500,000. 9. An optical laminate according to claim 4, wherein the composition for forming a hard coat layer further contains a monofunctional monomer (B2). 10. An optical laminate according to claim 9, wherein the monofunctional monomer (B2) has a weight-average molecular weight of 500 or less. 11. An optical laminate according to claim 9, wherein the monofunctional monomer has a hydroxyl group. 12. An optical laminate according to claim 11, wherein the monofunctional monomer (B2) comprises a hydroxyalkyl(meth)acrylate and/or an N-(2-hydroxyalkyl)(meth)acrylamide. 13. An optical laminate according to claim 1, wherein a surface of the hard coat layer opposite to the base material layer has an uneven structure. 14. An optical laminate according to claim 1, further comprising an antireflection layer on a side of the hard coat layer opposite to the base material layer. 15. A polarizing film, comprising the optical laminate according to claim 1. 16. An image display apparatus, comprising the optical laminate according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
1,566 | 14,551,859 | 1,793 | Exemplary embodiments provide methods of making a masa and exemplary corn-based snack food products made from the masa. The methods of making the masa include the steps of hydrating kernel corn; grinding the hydrated corn; and adding corn flour previously treated to deactivate enzymes therein to thereby make a masa comprised of hydrated ground corn and the added treated corn flour. Optionally, the treated corn flour may be corn flour that has been toasted to deactivate enzymes. The deactivation of the enzymes avoids an organoleptic property of a “raw” taste in the snack food product containing the corn flour. | 1. A method of making a masa, the method comprising:
hydrating kernel corn; grinding the hydrated corn; and adding corn flour treated to deactivate enzymes therein to thereby make a masa comprised of hydrated ground corn and the added treated corn flour. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding corn flour toasted to deactivate enzymes. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding corn flour toasted at a temperature of at least from about 90° C. to about 100° C. and up to about 200° C. to about 230° C. to deactivate enzymes. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of adding the treated corn flour includes adding after the step of grinding the hydrated corn. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding from about 2 to about 25 wt. % treated corn flour, based on the total weight of the masa with the corn flour. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding from about 3 to about 20 wt. % treated corn flour, based on the total weight of the masa with the corn flour. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding from about 5 to about 15 wt. % treated corn flour, based on the total weight of the masa with the corn flour. 8. The method of claim 2 wherein the step of adding the treated corn flour includes adding after the step of grinding the hydrated corn. 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding from about 2 to about 25 wt. % treated corn flour, based on the total weight of the masa with the corn flour. 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding from about 3 to about 20 wt. % treated corn flour, based on the total weight of the masa with the corn flour. 11. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding from about 5 to about 15 wt. % treated corn flour, based on the total weight of the masa with the corn flour. 12. A method of making a corn-based snack food, the method comprising:
hydrating kernel corn; grinding the hydrated corn; adding corn flour treated to deactivate enzymes therein to thereby make a masa comprised of hydrated ground corn and the added treated corn flour; shaping the masa; and cooking the shaped masa to produce the snack food. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding corn flour toasted to deactivate enzymes. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding corn flour toasted at a temperature of at least from about 90° C. to about 100° C. and up to about 200° C. to about 230° C. to deactivate enzymes 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding from about 2 to about 25 wt. % treated corn flour, based on the total weight of the masa with the corn flour. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding from about 5 to about 15 wt. % treated corn flour, based on the total weight of the masa with the corn flour. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding from about 2 to about 25 wt. % treated corn flour, based on the total weight of the masa with the corn flour. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding from about 5 to about 15 wt. % treated corn flour, based on the total weight of the masa with the corn flour. 19. A corn-based snack food made according to claim 12. 20. A corn-based snack food made according to claim 13. | Exemplary embodiments provide methods of making a masa and exemplary corn-based snack food products made from the masa. The methods of making the masa include the steps of hydrating kernel corn; grinding the hydrated corn; and adding corn flour previously treated to deactivate enzymes therein to thereby make a masa comprised of hydrated ground corn and the added treated corn flour. Optionally, the treated corn flour may be corn flour that has been toasted to deactivate enzymes. The deactivation of the enzymes avoids an organoleptic property of a “raw” taste in the snack food product containing the corn flour.1. A method of making a masa, the method comprising:
hydrating kernel corn; grinding the hydrated corn; and adding corn flour treated to deactivate enzymes therein to thereby make a masa comprised of hydrated ground corn and the added treated corn flour. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding corn flour toasted to deactivate enzymes. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding corn flour toasted at a temperature of at least from about 90° C. to about 100° C. and up to about 200° C. to about 230° C. to deactivate enzymes. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of adding the treated corn flour includes adding after the step of grinding the hydrated corn. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding from about 2 to about 25 wt. % treated corn flour, based on the total weight of the masa with the corn flour. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding from about 3 to about 20 wt. % treated corn flour, based on the total weight of the masa with the corn flour. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding from about 5 to about 15 wt. % treated corn flour, based on the total weight of the masa with the corn flour. 8. The method of claim 2 wherein the step of adding the treated corn flour includes adding after the step of grinding the hydrated corn. 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding from about 2 to about 25 wt. % treated corn flour, based on the total weight of the masa with the corn flour. 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding from about 3 to about 20 wt. % treated corn flour, based on the total weight of the masa with the corn flour. 11. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding from about 5 to about 15 wt. % treated corn flour, based on the total weight of the masa with the corn flour. 12. A method of making a corn-based snack food, the method comprising:
hydrating kernel corn; grinding the hydrated corn; adding corn flour treated to deactivate enzymes therein to thereby make a masa comprised of hydrated ground corn and the added treated corn flour; shaping the masa; and cooking the shaped masa to produce the snack food. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding corn flour toasted to deactivate enzymes. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding corn flour toasted at a temperature of at least from about 90° C. to about 100° C. and up to about 200° C. to about 230° C. to deactivate enzymes 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding from about 2 to about 25 wt. % treated corn flour, based on the total weight of the masa with the corn flour. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding from about 5 to about 15 wt. % treated corn flour, based on the total weight of the masa with the corn flour. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding from about 2 to about 25 wt. % treated corn flour, based on the total weight of the masa with the corn flour. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of adding treated corn flour comprises adding from about 5 to about 15 wt. % treated corn flour, based on the total weight of the masa with the corn flour. 19. A corn-based snack food made according to claim 12. 20. A corn-based snack food made according to claim 13. | 1,700 |
1,567 | 14,226,872 | 1,787 | The present invention relates to a laminate comprising coated or uncoated paperboard coated with a film that comprises a polymeric binder, TiO 2 , and tetrapotassium pyrophosphate. Paper or paperboard coated with a film containing tetrapotassium pyrophosphate shows excellent optical properties. | 1. A laminate comprising coated or uncoated paperboard; and a 5- to 35-μm thick layer of a film adhered to the coated or uncoated paper or paperboard; wherein the film comprises a) from 3 to 25 weight percent of a polymeric binder; b) from 5 to 35 weight percent TiO2; and
c) from 0.05 to 2 weight percent tetrapotassium pyrophosphate; wherein the polymeric binder comprises vinyl acetate, vinyl-acrylic, styrene-acrylic, or styrene-butadiene polymer, and blends thereof; and wherein the weight percentages are all based on the weight of the film. 2. The laminate of claim 1 wherein the polymeric binder contains less than 0.05 weight percent of phosphate and phosphonate groups, based on the weight of the binder. 3. The laminate of claim 2 wherein the concentration of tetrapotassium pyrophosphate is from 0.1 to 0.8 weight percent, based on the weight of total solids in the film. 4. The laminate of Claim 1 wherein the film further includes a clay or calcium carbonate or both. 5. The laminate of claim 1 wherein the binder is a vinyl acetate polymer. 6. The laminate of claim 1 wherein the binder is a styrene-acrylic polymer. 7. The laminate of claim 1 wherein the binder is a styrene-butadiene. 8. The laminate of claim 1 wherein the film comprises one or more additives selected from the group consisting of rheology modifiers; hollow sphere pigments; natural binders; optical brightening agents; lubricants; antifoamers; crosslinkers; and polyacrylic acid. 9. A method comprising the step of applying a 5- to 35-μm thick layer of a composition to paper or paperboard, wherein the composition comprises an aqueous dispersion of a) from 3 to 25 weight percent polymeric binder particles; b) from 5 to 35 weight percent TiO2; and
c) from 0.05 to 2 weight percent of tetrapotassium pyrophosphate; wherein the polymeric binder particles comprise vinyl acetate, vinyl-acrylic, styrene-acrylic, or styrene-butadiene polymer particles and blends thereof; and wherein the weight percentages are all based on the weight of total solids of the composition. | The present invention relates to a laminate comprising coated or uncoated paperboard coated with a film that comprises a polymeric binder, TiO 2 , and tetrapotassium pyrophosphate. Paper or paperboard coated with a film containing tetrapotassium pyrophosphate shows excellent optical properties.1. A laminate comprising coated or uncoated paperboard; and a 5- to 35-μm thick layer of a film adhered to the coated or uncoated paper or paperboard; wherein the film comprises a) from 3 to 25 weight percent of a polymeric binder; b) from 5 to 35 weight percent TiO2; and
c) from 0.05 to 2 weight percent tetrapotassium pyrophosphate; wherein the polymeric binder comprises vinyl acetate, vinyl-acrylic, styrene-acrylic, or styrene-butadiene polymer, and blends thereof; and wherein the weight percentages are all based on the weight of the film. 2. The laminate of claim 1 wherein the polymeric binder contains less than 0.05 weight percent of phosphate and phosphonate groups, based on the weight of the binder. 3. The laminate of claim 2 wherein the concentration of tetrapotassium pyrophosphate is from 0.1 to 0.8 weight percent, based on the weight of total solids in the film. 4. The laminate of Claim 1 wherein the film further includes a clay or calcium carbonate or both. 5. The laminate of claim 1 wherein the binder is a vinyl acetate polymer. 6. The laminate of claim 1 wherein the binder is a styrene-acrylic polymer. 7. The laminate of claim 1 wherein the binder is a styrene-butadiene. 8. The laminate of claim 1 wherein the film comprises one or more additives selected from the group consisting of rheology modifiers; hollow sphere pigments; natural binders; optical brightening agents; lubricants; antifoamers; crosslinkers; and polyacrylic acid. 9. A method comprising the step of applying a 5- to 35-μm thick layer of a composition to paper or paperboard, wherein the composition comprises an aqueous dispersion of a) from 3 to 25 weight percent polymeric binder particles; b) from 5 to 35 weight percent TiO2; and
c) from 0.05 to 2 weight percent of tetrapotassium pyrophosphate; wherein the polymeric binder particles comprise vinyl acetate, vinyl-acrylic, styrene-acrylic, or styrene-butadiene polymer particles and blends thereof; and wherein the weight percentages are all based on the weight of total solids of the composition. | 1,700 |
1,568 | 13,807,528 | 1,783 | The invention provides coating systems comprising a) a base layer, b) middle layer and c) top layer, whereby each of the layers a), b) and c) is based on mineral binder, filler, polymers from one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers and optional further additives, and whereby the middle layer contains additionally light weight aggregates. | 1. Coating systems comprising a) a base layer, b) a middle layer and c) a top layer, whereby each of the layers a), b) and c) is based on mineral binder, filler, polymers from one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers and optional further additives, and whereby the middle layer contains additionally light weight aggregates. 2. Coating systems according to claim 1, characterized in that one or more light weight aggregates are selected from the group comprising vermiculite, perlite, poraver glass beads, hollow glass spheres, natural lightweight aggregate, expanded clays, shales and sintered pulverised fuel ash. 3. Coating systems according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the polymers are applied in form of polymer compositions containing one or more polymers from ethylenically unsaturated monomers and one or more hydrophobicizing additives H) from the group comprising H1) fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives and H2) organosilicon compounds. 4. Coating systems according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the polymers from ethylenically unsaturated monomers are based on one or more monomers from the group comprising vinyl esters of carboxylic acids having from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, methacrylic esters or acrylic esters of carboxylic acids with unbranched or branched alcohols having from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, olefins and dienes, vinylaromatics and vinyl halides. 5. Coating systems according to claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the fillers have average diameters of from 0.01 to 4 mm. 6. Coating systems according to claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the formulation for the preparation of the base layer a) contains 5% to 25% by weight of one or more mineral binders, 10% to 30% by weight of one or more polymers, and 50% to 85% by weight of one or more fillers, and optionally 0.01% to 5% by weight of one or more additives, the amounts in % by weight in the formulation adding up to 100% by weight. 7. Coating systems according to claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the formulation for the preparation of the middle layer b) contains 30% to 70% by weight of one or more mineral binders, 0.1% to 10% by weight of one or more polymers, and 10% to 50% by weight of one or more light weight aggregates, 10% to 30% by weight of one or more fillers other than light weight aggregate, and optionally 0% to 5% one or more additives, the amounts in % by weight in the formulation adding up to 100% by weight. 8. Coating systems according to claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the formulation for the preparation of the middle layer b) contains additionally one or more superfine fillers selected from the group comprising micro silica, silica flour and calcium carbonate. 9. Coating systems according to claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the formulation for the preparation of the top layer c) contains 35% to 50% by weight of one or more mineral binders, 1% to 5% by weight of one or more polymers and/or polymer compositions containing one or more hydrophobicizing additives H), and 40% to 60% by weight of one or more fillers, and optionally 0% to 5% by weight of one or more additives, the amounts in % by weight in the formulation adding up to 100% by weight. 10. Coating systems according to claims 1 to 9, characterized in that at least one polymer of the top layer c) contains one or more monomer units selected from the group comprising vinyl chloride, vinyl ester and ethylene. 11. Coating systems according to claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the thickness of the base layer a) is 0.1 to 1 cm, the thickness of the middle layer b) is 1 to 5 cm, the thickness of the top layer c) is 0.1 to 1 cm. 12. Coating systems according to claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the coating systems are roofing systems. 13. Processes for the preparation of the coating systems according to claims 1 to 12, characterized in that an underground is coated with one or more layers of coating agent a), upon which one or more layers of coating agent b) are applied, upon which one or more layers of coating agent c) are applied. | The invention provides coating systems comprising a) a base layer, b) middle layer and c) top layer, whereby each of the layers a), b) and c) is based on mineral binder, filler, polymers from one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers and optional further additives, and whereby the middle layer contains additionally light weight aggregates.1. Coating systems comprising a) a base layer, b) a middle layer and c) a top layer, whereby each of the layers a), b) and c) is based on mineral binder, filler, polymers from one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers and optional further additives, and whereby the middle layer contains additionally light weight aggregates. 2. Coating systems according to claim 1, characterized in that one or more light weight aggregates are selected from the group comprising vermiculite, perlite, poraver glass beads, hollow glass spheres, natural lightweight aggregate, expanded clays, shales and sintered pulverised fuel ash. 3. Coating systems according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the polymers are applied in form of polymer compositions containing one or more polymers from ethylenically unsaturated monomers and one or more hydrophobicizing additives H) from the group comprising H1) fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives and H2) organosilicon compounds. 4. Coating systems according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the polymers from ethylenically unsaturated monomers are based on one or more monomers from the group comprising vinyl esters of carboxylic acids having from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, methacrylic esters or acrylic esters of carboxylic acids with unbranched or branched alcohols having from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, olefins and dienes, vinylaromatics and vinyl halides. 5. Coating systems according to claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the fillers have average diameters of from 0.01 to 4 mm. 6. Coating systems according to claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the formulation for the preparation of the base layer a) contains 5% to 25% by weight of one or more mineral binders, 10% to 30% by weight of one or more polymers, and 50% to 85% by weight of one or more fillers, and optionally 0.01% to 5% by weight of one or more additives, the amounts in % by weight in the formulation adding up to 100% by weight. 7. Coating systems according to claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the formulation for the preparation of the middle layer b) contains 30% to 70% by weight of one or more mineral binders, 0.1% to 10% by weight of one or more polymers, and 10% to 50% by weight of one or more light weight aggregates, 10% to 30% by weight of one or more fillers other than light weight aggregate, and optionally 0% to 5% one or more additives, the amounts in % by weight in the formulation adding up to 100% by weight. 8. Coating systems according to claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the formulation for the preparation of the middle layer b) contains additionally one or more superfine fillers selected from the group comprising micro silica, silica flour and calcium carbonate. 9. Coating systems according to claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the formulation for the preparation of the top layer c) contains 35% to 50% by weight of one or more mineral binders, 1% to 5% by weight of one or more polymers and/or polymer compositions containing one or more hydrophobicizing additives H), and 40% to 60% by weight of one or more fillers, and optionally 0% to 5% by weight of one or more additives, the amounts in % by weight in the formulation adding up to 100% by weight. 10. Coating systems according to claims 1 to 9, characterized in that at least one polymer of the top layer c) contains one or more monomer units selected from the group comprising vinyl chloride, vinyl ester and ethylene. 11. Coating systems according to claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the thickness of the base layer a) is 0.1 to 1 cm, the thickness of the middle layer b) is 1 to 5 cm, the thickness of the top layer c) is 0.1 to 1 cm. 12. Coating systems according to claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the coating systems are roofing systems. 13. Processes for the preparation of the coating systems according to claims 1 to 12, characterized in that an underground is coated with one or more layers of coating agent a), upon which one or more layers of coating agent b) are applied, upon which one or more layers of coating agent c) are applied. | 1,700 |
1,569 | 13,930,685 | 1,736 | An aluminum alloy sheet exhibits excellent surface quality after anodizing without showing a band-like streak pattern. The aluminum alloy sheet is a 5000 series aluminum alloy sheet that includes 1.0 to 6.0 mass % of Mg, wherein the concentration of Mg in a solid-solution state that is present in an outermost surface area of the aluminum alloy sheet varies in the widthwise direction of the aluminum alloy sheet in the form of a band having a width of 0.05 mm or more, and the difference in the concentration of Mg between adjacent bands is 0.20 mass % or less. | 1. An aluminum alloy sheet that exhibits excellent surface quality after anodizing, the aluminum alloy sheet being a 5000 series aluminum alloy sheet that comprises 1.0 to 6.0 mass % of Mg, and requires an anodic oxide coating, a concentration of Mg in a solid-solution state that is present in an outermost surface area of the aluminum alloy sheet varying in a widthwise direction of the aluminum alloy sheet in a form of a band having a width of 0.05 mm or more, and a difference in the concentration of Mg between adjacent bands being 0.20 mass % or less. 2. The aluminum alloy sheet according to claim 1, comprising 1.0 to 6.0 mass % of Mg, and one or two or more elements among 0.001 to 0.1 mass % of Ti, 0.4 mass % or less of Cr, 0.5 mass % or less of Cu, 0.5 mass % or less of Mn, 0.4 mass % or less of Fe, and 0.3 mass % or less of Si, with the balance being Al and unavoidable impurities. 3. A method for producing the aluminum alloy sheet according to claim 1, the method comprising subjecting an ingot to hot rolling and cold rolling to produce an aluminum alloy sheet, a rolling target side of the ingot having a structure in which a difference in concentration of Mg between an area having a diameter of 5 μm and positioned in a center area of a crystal grain and an area having a diameter of 5 μm and positioned away from a grain boundary of the crystal grain by 2.5 μm is 0.80 mass % or less. | An aluminum alloy sheet exhibits excellent surface quality after anodizing without showing a band-like streak pattern. The aluminum alloy sheet is a 5000 series aluminum alloy sheet that includes 1.0 to 6.0 mass % of Mg, wherein the concentration of Mg in a solid-solution state that is present in an outermost surface area of the aluminum alloy sheet varies in the widthwise direction of the aluminum alloy sheet in the form of a band having a width of 0.05 mm or more, and the difference in the concentration of Mg between adjacent bands is 0.20 mass % or less.1. An aluminum alloy sheet that exhibits excellent surface quality after anodizing, the aluminum alloy sheet being a 5000 series aluminum alloy sheet that comprises 1.0 to 6.0 mass % of Mg, and requires an anodic oxide coating, a concentration of Mg in a solid-solution state that is present in an outermost surface area of the aluminum alloy sheet varying in a widthwise direction of the aluminum alloy sheet in a form of a band having a width of 0.05 mm or more, and a difference in the concentration of Mg between adjacent bands being 0.20 mass % or less. 2. The aluminum alloy sheet according to claim 1, comprising 1.0 to 6.0 mass % of Mg, and one or two or more elements among 0.001 to 0.1 mass % of Ti, 0.4 mass % or less of Cr, 0.5 mass % or less of Cu, 0.5 mass % or less of Mn, 0.4 mass % or less of Fe, and 0.3 mass % or less of Si, with the balance being Al and unavoidable impurities. 3. A method for producing the aluminum alloy sheet according to claim 1, the method comprising subjecting an ingot to hot rolling and cold rolling to produce an aluminum alloy sheet, a rolling target side of the ingot having a structure in which a difference in concentration of Mg between an area having a diameter of 5 μm and positioned in a center area of a crystal grain and an area having a diameter of 5 μm and positioned away from a grain boundary of the crystal grain by 2.5 μm is 0.80 mass % or less. | 1,700 |
1,570 | 14,342,441 | 1,787 | The present application relates to a film having a polyester layer comprising a blend of amorphous polyester and a copolymer of an olefin and a hydrocarbon ester of an acrylic acid, wherein the amount of copolymer is at least 30 parts per 100 parts by weight of amorphous polyester and wherein the polyester layer exhibits an E-modulus at 23 C of at least 200 N/mm2?. The application further discloses a method of making graphic with the film, in particular by ink jet printing and further discloses a method of applying the graphic to a substrate such as a building or a vehicle. | 1. Film having a polyester layer comprising
a blend of amorphous polyester and a copolymer of an olefin and a hydrocarbon ester of an acrylic acid, wherein the amount of copolymer is at least 30 parts per 100 parts by weight of amorphous polyester and wherein the polyester layer exhibits an E-modulus at 23° C. of at least 200 N/mm2. 2. Film according to claim 1 wherein said film has opposite first and second major sides and wherein said polyester layer defines the surface at the first major side. 3. Film according to claim 2 wherein said second major side comprises an adhesive layer. 4. Film according to claim 1 wherein said film is a single layer film consisting of said polyester layer. 5. Film according to claim 1 wherein said amorphous polyester has a glass transition temperature of at least 0° C. 6. Film according claim 1 wherein the amorphous polyester has an E-modulus of at least 200 N/mm2. 7. Film according to claim 1 wherein the amount of the copolymer is between 50 and 110 parts by weight per 100 parts of amorphous polyester. 8. Film according to claim 1 wherein the copolymer is a copolymer consisting of repeating units of an alpha olefin and one or more alkyl acrylates or methacrylates. 9. Film according to claim 1 wherein the E-modulus at 23° C. of the polyester layer is between 200 N/mm2 and 1000 N/mm2. 10. A method of making a graphic suitable for application on vehicles or buildings, the method comprising printing of an ink composition on a film as defined in claim 1 and wherein said ink composition is printed on said polyester layer. 11. A method according to claim 10 wherein said ink composition comprises organic solvent. 12. A method according to claim 10 wherein an image is printed. 13. A graphic comprising the film of claim 1 having an ink composition printed on the polyester layer of a film. 14. A method of applying a graphic comprising adhering a graphic as defined in claim 13 to a vehicle or a building. | The present application relates to a film having a polyester layer comprising a blend of amorphous polyester and a copolymer of an olefin and a hydrocarbon ester of an acrylic acid, wherein the amount of copolymer is at least 30 parts per 100 parts by weight of amorphous polyester and wherein the polyester layer exhibits an E-modulus at 23 C of at least 200 N/mm2?. The application further discloses a method of making graphic with the film, in particular by ink jet printing and further discloses a method of applying the graphic to a substrate such as a building or a vehicle.1. Film having a polyester layer comprising
a blend of amorphous polyester and a copolymer of an olefin and a hydrocarbon ester of an acrylic acid, wherein the amount of copolymer is at least 30 parts per 100 parts by weight of amorphous polyester and wherein the polyester layer exhibits an E-modulus at 23° C. of at least 200 N/mm2. 2. Film according to claim 1 wherein said film has opposite first and second major sides and wherein said polyester layer defines the surface at the first major side. 3. Film according to claim 2 wherein said second major side comprises an adhesive layer. 4. Film according to claim 1 wherein said film is a single layer film consisting of said polyester layer. 5. Film according to claim 1 wherein said amorphous polyester has a glass transition temperature of at least 0° C. 6. Film according claim 1 wherein the amorphous polyester has an E-modulus of at least 200 N/mm2. 7. Film according to claim 1 wherein the amount of the copolymer is between 50 and 110 parts by weight per 100 parts of amorphous polyester. 8. Film according to claim 1 wherein the copolymer is a copolymer consisting of repeating units of an alpha olefin and one or more alkyl acrylates or methacrylates. 9. Film according to claim 1 wherein the E-modulus at 23° C. of the polyester layer is between 200 N/mm2 and 1000 N/mm2. 10. A method of making a graphic suitable for application on vehicles or buildings, the method comprising printing of an ink composition on a film as defined in claim 1 and wherein said ink composition is printed on said polyester layer. 11. A method according to claim 10 wherein said ink composition comprises organic solvent. 12. A method according to claim 10 wherein an image is printed. 13. A graphic comprising the film of claim 1 having an ink composition printed on the polyester layer of a film. 14. A method of applying a graphic comprising adhering a graphic as defined in claim 13 to a vehicle or a building. | 1,700 |
1,571 | 12,265,727 | 1,779 | The invention providing methods of loading and unloading particulate from microchannels in apparatus that contains multiple microchannels, typically apparatus that is designed to operate with hundreds or thousands of particulate-containing microchannels. Aligning a sonicating head at one end of a set of microchannels provides a particularly effective mode for densifying particulate in microchannels. | 1. A method of increasing packing density of particulates loaded into a plurality of microchannels in microchannel apparatus, comprising:
providing a microchannel apparatus comprising a plurality of microchannels that comprise particulates; positioning a ultrasound-producing head at one end of the plurality of microchannels and placing the head in sonic contact with the plurality of microchannels; and, applying ultrasonic energy to the plurality of microchannels from the ultrasound-producing head. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein a sonically conductive material is disposed between the ultrasound-producing head and the plurality of microchannels. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the ultrasonic energy has a frequency of 20 to 40 kHz. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the ultrasound-producing head is pressed against the apparatus with a contact pressure of 200 kPa (30 psi) to 280 kPa (40 psi). 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the ultrasonic energy is provided in bursts of 30 seconds or less, more preferably from 1 to 10 seconds, and in some embodiments in that range of 1 to 3 seconds. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein each microchannel in the plurality of microchannels has a length of at least 10 cm and at least one dimension of 2 mm or less. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the microchannel apparatus comprises at least 1000 microchannels and wherein the ultrasound-producing head extends over no more than 500 of said at least 1000 microchannels. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the microchannel apparatus comprises an insert that extends down the length of the microchannel; wherein the insert transmits sonic energy down the length of the microchannel. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the microchannel apparatus comprises channels at least partly defined by walls of a wave-shaped insert. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the microchannel apparatus comprises plural inserts that extend down the length of the plurality of microchannels; wherein the inserts transmit sonic energy down the length of the plurality of microchannels. 11. The method of claim 1 further comprising a step, that is subsequent to the step of applying ultrasonic energy, of attaching a manifold that covers the ends of the plurality of microchannels and creates a flow path for fluid into or out of the plurality of microchannels. 12. A method of unloading particulates from microchannel apparatus, comprising:
providing a microchannel apparatus comprising a plurality of microchannels that comprise particulates; positioning a ultrasound-producing head at one end of the plurality of microchannels and placing the head in sonic contact with the plurality of microchannels; and, applying ultrasonic energy to the plurality of microchannels from the ultrasound-producing head; wherein the step of applying ultrasonic energy is conducted while the plurality of microchannels are dry. 13. A method of loading a chemical reactor, comprising:
providing a chemical reactor comprising at least 100 microchannels; adding particulate into at least 100 microchannels in the chemical reactor; and passing a gas through the channels to fluidize the particulate and to move the particulate out of the microchannels, and then decreasing the flow rate of the gas and allowing the particulate to refill the microchannels. 14. A method of loading a chemical reactor, comprising:
providing a chemical reactor comprising at least 100 microchannels; adding particulate into at least 10 microchannels in a linear array of microchannels in the chemical reactor; wherein each of the at least 10 microchannels in the linear array of microchannels have a gap; filling a reservoir with particulate; wherein the reservoir comprises a sliding door that can be moved to form an opening that is substantially rectangular and that has an opening that is smaller than the gap of the microchannels; moving the sliding door so that the opening of the reservoir matches to the channel openings of the at least 10 microchannels in the linear array of microchannels, and transferring the particulate from the reservoir to the at least 10 microchannels in the linear array of microchannels. 15. The method of claim 14 comprising transferring the particulate from the reservoir to at least 100 microchannels in the linear array of microchannels. 16. A method of removing particulate from an array of at least 10 microchannels containing particulate in a microchannel reactor, comprising:
providing a sonicator comprising an array of at least 10 tines; positioning the tines within each of the at least 10 microchannels, and sonicating the particulate in the at least 10 microchannels. 17. A packed bed microchannel chemical reactor or separator comprising at least 100 microchannels loaded with particulate wherein the void fraction (averaged over the at least 100 microchannels loaded with particulate) is 0.50 or less and the pack density of any subset of channels varies by less than 10%. | The invention providing methods of loading and unloading particulate from microchannels in apparatus that contains multiple microchannels, typically apparatus that is designed to operate with hundreds or thousands of particulate-containing microchannels. Aligning a sonicating head at one end of a set of microchannels provides a particularly effective mode for densifying particulate in microchannels.1. A method of increasing packing density of particulates loaded into a plurality of microchannels in microchannel apparatus, comprising:
providing a microchannel apparatus comprising a plurality of microchannels that comprise particulates; positioning a ultrasound-producing head at one end of the plurality of microchannels and placing the head in sonic contact with the plurality of microchannels; and, applying ultrasonic energy to the plurality of microchannels from the ultrasound-producing head. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein a sonically conductive material is disposed between the ultrasound-producing head and the plurality of microchannels. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the ultrasonic energy has a frequency of 20 to 40 kHz. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the ultrasound-producing head is pressed against the apparatus with a contact pressure of 200 kPa (30 psi) to 280 kPa (40 psi). 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the ultrasonic energy is provided in bursts of 30 seconds or less, more preferably from 1 to 10 seconds, and in some embodiments in that range of 1 to 3 seconds. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein each microchannel in the plurality of microchannels has a length of at least 10 cm and at least one dimension of 2 mm or less. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the microchannel apparatus comprises at least 1000 microchannels and wherein the ultrasound-producing head extends over no more than 500 of said at least 1000 microchannels. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the microchannel apparatus comprises an insert that extends down the length of the microchannel; wherein the insert transmits sonic energy down the length of the microchannel. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the microchannel apparatus comprises channels at least partly defined by walls of a wave-shaped insert. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the microchannel apparatus comprises plural inserts that extend down the length of the plurality of microchannels; wherein the inserts transmit sonic energy down the length of the plurality of microchannels. 11. The method of claim 1 further comprising a step, that is subsequent to the step of applying ultrasonic energy, of attaching a manifold that covers the ends of the plurality of microchannels and creates a flow path for fluid into or out of the plurality of microchannels. 12. A method of unloading particulates from microchannel apparatus, comprising:
providing a microchannel apparatus comprising a plurality of microchannels that comprise particulates; positioning a ultrasound-producing head at one end of the plurality of microchannels and placing the head in sonic contact with the plurality of microchannels; and, applying ultrasonic energy to the plurality of microchannels from the ultrasound-producing head; wherein the step of applying ultrasonic energy is conducted while the plurality of microchannels are dry. 13. A method of loading a chemical reactor, comprising:
providing a chemical reactor comprising at least 100 microchannels; adding particulate into at least 100 microchannels in the chemical reactor; and passing a gas through the channels to fluidize the particulate and to move the particulate out of the microchannels, and then decreasing the flow rate of the gas and allowing the particulate to refill the microchannels. 14. A method of loading a chemical reactor, comprising:
providing a chemical reactor comprising at least 100 microchannels; adding particulate into at least 10 microchannels in a linear array of microchannels in the chemical reactor; wherein each of the at least 10 microchannels in the linear array of microchannels have a gap; filling a reservoir with particulate; wherein the reservoir comprises a sliding door that can be moved to form an opening that is substantially rectangular and that has an opening that is smaller than the gap of the microchannels; moving the sliding door so that the opening of the reservoir matches to the channel openings of the at least 10 microchannels in the linear array of microchannels, and transferring the particulate from the reservoir to the at least 10 microchannels in the linear array of microchannels. 15. The method of claim 14 comprising transferring the particulate from the reservoir to at least 100 microchannels in the linear array of microchannels. 16. A method of removing particulate from an array of at least 10 microchannels containing particulate in a microchannel reactor, comprising:
providing a sonicator comprising an array of at least 10 tines; positioning the tines within each of the at least 10 microchannels, and sonicating the particulate in the at least 10 microchannels. 17. A packed bed microchannel chemical reactor or separator comprising at least 100 microchannels loaded with particulate wherein the void fraction (averaged over the at least 100 microchannels loaded with particulate) is 0.50 or less and the pack density of any subset of channels varies by less than 10%. | 1,700 |
1,572 | 14,441,971 | 1,732 | A method for treating a cast iron workpiece to increase a useful life thereof includes machining the workpiece to provide a finish surface thereon and deforming the finish surface of the workpiece by rubbing the finish surface against a blunt tool ( 80,80′ ), thereby forming a nanocrystallized surface layer ( 70 ). The workpiece is nitrocarburized, the nanocrystallized surface layer accelerating diffusion of nitrogen atoms and carbon atoms therethrough. The nitrocarburizing taking place: i) if the workpiece is stress relived prior to machining, for about 1 hour to about 2 hours at a temperature ranging from about 550° C. to about 570° C., or ii) if the workpiece is not stress relieved prior to machining, for about 5 hours to about 10 hours at a temperature ranging from about 370° C. to about 450° C. The nitrocarburizing renders the nanocrystallized surface layer into i) a friction surface, or ii) a corrosion-resistant surface. | 1. A method for treating a cast iron workpiece to increase a useful life thereof, the method comprising:
either i) stress relieving the workpiece, or ii) refraining from stress relieving the workpiece; machining the workpiece to provide a finish surface thereon; deforming the finish surface of the workpiece by rubbing the finish surface against a blunt tool, thereby forming a nanocrystallized surface layer at the finish surface; and nitrocarburizing the workpiece, the nanocrystallized surface layer accelerating diffusion of nitrogen atoms and carbon atoms therethrough, the nitrocarburizing taking place:
i) if the workpiece is stress relieved, for a period of time ranging from about 1 hour to about 2 hours at a temperature ranging from about 550° C. to about 570° C., or
ii) if the workpiece is not stress relieved, for a period of time ranging from about 5 hours to about 10 hours at a temperature ranging from about 370° C. to about 450° C.,
thereby rendering the nanocrystallized surface layer into i) a friction surface, or ii) a corrosion-resistant surface by the nitrocarburizing. 2. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the workpiece is a rotational member of a vehicle brake. 3. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the workpiece is a shaft or an engine block cylinder liner. 4. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein machining is accomplished by a process selected from turning, milling, sand blasting, grit blasting, grinding, and combinations thereof. 5. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein nitrocarburizing includes a gas nitrocarburizing process, a plasma nitrocarburizing process, or a salt bath nitrocarburizing process. 6. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the nitrocarburizing comprises:
immersing at least the nanocrystallized friction surface of the workpiece into a nitrocarburizing salt bath; and then
immersing the at least the nanocrystallized friction surface into an oxidizing salt bath. 7. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein rubbing the finish surface against the blunt tool is accomplished by rotating the finish surface against the blunt tool. 8. The method as defined in claim 7 wherein four passes are made over the finish surface with the blunt tool. 9. The method as defined in claim 7 wherein deforming further comprises advancing the blunt tool into the rotating finish surface of the workpiece by about 0.03 mm beyond first contact between the rotating workpiece and the blunt tool. 10. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the blunt tool includes a blunt pellet operatively associated therewith, the pellet to rubbingly contact the finish surface. 11. The method as defined in claim 10 wherein the pellet is formed from a material chosen from iron-tungsten alloys, silicon carbide, boron nitride, titanium nitride, diamond, and hardened tool steel. 12. The method as defined in claim 10 wherein the pellet has a shape chosen from a sphere shape, a spherical cap shape, a roller shape, and a parabolic shape. 13. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein a thickness of the nanocrystallized surface layer ranges from about 3 μm to about 15 μm. 14. A rotational member formed by the method of claim 1 wherein the rotational member comprises a brake rotor, a brake drum, or a combination thereof. 15. The rotational member as defined in claim 14 wherein the rendered surface is a friction surface, and wherein the friction surface exhibits hardness of between about 56 HRC and about 64 HRC. | A method for treating a cast iron workpiece to increase a useful life thereof includes machining the workpiece to provide a finish surface thereon and deforming the finish surface of the workpiece by rubbing the finish surface against a blunt tool ( 80,80′ ), thereby forming a nanocrystallized surface layer ( 70 ). The workpiece is nitrocarburized, the nanocrystallized surface layer accelerating diffusion of nitrogen atoms and carbon atoms therethrough. The nitrocarburizing taking place: i) if the workpiece is stress relived prior to machining, for about 1 hour to about 2 hours at a temperature ranging from about 550° C. to about 570° C., or ii) if the workpiece is not stress relieved prior to machining, for about 5 hours to about 10 hours at a temperature ranging from about 370° C. to about 450° C. The nitrocarburizing renders the nanocrystallized surface layer into i) a friction surface, or ii) a corrosion-resistant surface.1. A method for treating a cast iron workpiece to increase a useful life thereof, the method comprising:
either i) stress relieving the workpiece, or ii) refraining from stress relieving the workpiece; machining the workpiece to provide a finish surface thereon; deforming the finish surface of the workpiece by rubbing the finish surface against a blunt tool, thereby forming a nanocrystallized surface layer at the finish surface; and nitrocarburizing the workpiece, the nanocrystallized surface layer accelerating diffusion of nitrogen atoms and carbon atoms therethrough, the nitrocarburizing taking place:
i) if the workpiece is stress relieved, for a period of time ranging from about 1 hour to about 2 hours at a temperature ranging from about 550° C. to about 570° C., or
ii) if the workpiece is not stress relieved, for a period of time ranging from about 5 hours to about 10 hours at a temperature ranging from about 370° C. to about 450° C.,
thereby rendering the nanocrystallized surface layer into i) a friction surface, or ii) a corrosion-resistant surface by the nitrocarburizing. 2. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the workpiece is a rotational member of a vehicle brake. 3. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the workpiece is a shaft or an engine block cylinder liner. 4. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein machining is accomplished by a process selected from turning, milling, sand blasting, grit blasting, grinding, and combinations thereof. 5. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein nitrocarburizing includes a gas nitrocarburizing process, a plasma nitrocarburizing process, or a salt bath nitrocarburizing process. 6. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the nitrocarburizing comprises:
immersing at least the nanocrystallized friction surface of the workpiece into a nitrocarburizing salt bath; and then
immersing the at least the nanocrystallized friction surface into an oxidizing salt bath. 7. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein rubbing the finish surface against the blunt tool is accomplished by rotating the finish surface against the blunt tool. 8. The method as defined in claim 7 wherein four passes are made over the finish surface with the blunt tool. 9. The method as defined in claim 7 wherein deforming further comprises advancing the blunt tool into the rotating finish surface of the workpiece by about 0.03 mm beyond first contact between the rotating workpiece and the blunt tool. 10. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the blunt tool includes a blunt pellet operatively associated therewith, the pellet to rubbingly contact the finish surface. 11. The method as defined in claim 10 wherein the pellet is formed from a material chosen from iron-tungsten alloys, silicon carbide, boron nitride, titanium nitride, diamond, and hardened tool steel. 12. The method as defined in claim 10 wherein the pellet has a shape chosen from a sphere shape, a spherical cap shape, a roller shape, and a parabolic shape. 13. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein a thickness of the nanocrystallized surface layer ranges from about 3 μm to about 15 μm. 14. A rotational member formed by the method of claim 1 wherein the rotational member comprises a brake rotor, a brake drum, or a combination thereof. 15. The rotational member as defined in claim 14 wherein the rendered surface is a friction surface, and wherein the friction surface exhibits hardness of between about 56 HRC and about 64 HRC. | 1,700 |
1,573 | 13,697,726 | 1,732 | The present invention relates to a process for producing microcellulose comprising subjecting fibrous cellulosic material to acid hydrolysis at a temperature from 10° C. to less than 140° C. and at a consistency of at least 8% on dry weight of the cellulose, wherein the amount of added acid is from 0.2 to 2%, preferably from 0.3 to 1.9%, more preferably from 0.5 to 1.5% on dry weight of the cellulose. | 1. A process for producing microcellulose comprising subjecting fibrous cellulosic material to acid hydrolysis at a temperature from 110° C. to less than 140° C. and at a consistency of at least 8% on dry weight of the cellulose, wherein the amount of added acid is from 0.2 to 2%, preferably from 0.3 to 1.9%, more preferably from 0.5 to 1.5% on dry weight of the cellulose, and wherein the hydrolysis is carried in a reactor without essential compression. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the added acid is a mineral acid, preferably sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid or nitric acid. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the compression ratio of the reactor is below 1.5:1, preferably below 1.2:1. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the temperature is between 110 and 135° C., preferably between 115 and 135° C. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the consistency of the cellulose is from 8 to 50%, preferably from 15 to 50%, more preferably from 20 to 50%, and most preferably from 25 to 45% on dry weight of the cellulose. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the hydrolysis time is from 5 to 180 minutes, preferably from 15 to 150 minutes. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the fibrous cellulosic material and the acid are mixed with each other. 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the obtained microcellulose-hydrolysate mixture is neutralized or the microcellulose is separated from the hydrolysate, the separated microcellulose is optionally washed and the separated or washed microcellulose is neutralized, or the separated hydrolysate is neutralized. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the fibrous cellulosic material is derived from wood plant material, such as softwoods or hardwoods. 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the fibrous cellulosic material comprises bleached or unbleached chemical pulp, such as kraft pulp, soda-AQ pulp, sulfite pulp, neutral sulfite pulp, acid sulfite pulp or organosolv pulp. 11. The process according to claim 1, wherein the fibrous cellulosic material is derived from non-wood plant material, such as cotton, grass, bagasse, straws of grain crops, flax, hemp, sisal, abaca or bamboo. 12. The process according to claim 1, wherein the fibrous cellulosic material, such as chemical pulp has a lignin content of below 40 kappa number, preferably below 30 kappa number, more preferably below 10 kappa number. 13. The process according to claim 1, wherein the produced microcellulose has an average particle size of 30-100 μm, and preferably the particle size distribution is such that at least 90% by volume of the particles have a size of below 250 μm. 14. The process according to claim 1, wherein the yield of the microcellulose is at least 90%, preferably at least 95%. | The present invention relates to a process for producing microcellulose comprising subjecting fibrous cellulosic material to acid hydrolysis at a temperature from 10° C. to less than 140° C. and at a consistency of at least 8% on dry weight of the cellulose, wherein the amount of added acid is from 0.2 to 2%, preferably from 0.3 to 1.9%, more preferably from 0.5 to 1.5% on dry weight of the cellulose.1. A process for producing microcellulose comprising subjecting fibrous cellulosic material to acid hydrolysis at a temperature from 110° C. to less than 140° C. and at a consistency of at least 8% on dry weight of the cellulose, wherein the amount of added acid is from 0.2 to 2%, preferably from 0.3 to 1.9%, more preferably from 0.5 to 1.5% on dry weight of the cellulose, and wherein the hydrolysis is carried in a reactor without essential compression. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the added acid is a mineral acid, preferably sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid or nitric acid. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the compression ratio of the reactor is below 1.5:1, preferably below 1.2:1. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the temperature is between 110 and 135° C., preferably between 115 and 135° C. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the consistency of the cellulose is from 8 to 50%, preferably from 15 to 50%, more preferably from 20 to 50%, and most preferably from 25 to 45% on dry weight of the cellulose. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the hydrolysis time is from 5 to 180 minutes, preferably from 15 to 150 minutes. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the fibrous cellulosic material and the acid are mixed with each other. 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the obtained microcellulose-hydrolysate mixture is neutralized or the microcellulose is separated from the hydrolysate, the separated microcellulose is optionally washed and the separated or washed microcellulose is neutralized, or the separated hydrolysate is neutralized. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the fibrous cellulosic material is derived from wood plant material, such as softwoods or hardwoods. 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the fibrous cellulosic material comprises bleached or unbleached chemical pulp, such as kraft pulp, soda-AQ pulp, sulfite pulp, neutral sulfite pulp, acid sulfite pulp or organosolv pulp. 11. The process according to claim 1, wherein the fibrous cellulosic material is derived from non-wood plant material, such as cotton, grass, bagasse, straws of grain crops, flax, hemp, sisal, abaca or bamboo. 12. The process according to claim 1, wherein the fibrous cellulosic material, such as chemical pulp has a lignin content of below 40 kappa number, preferably below 30 kappa number, more preferably below 10 kappa number. 13. The process according to claim 1, wherein the produced microcellulose has an average particle size of 30-100 μm, and preferably the particle size distribution is such that at least 90% by volume of the particles have a size of below 250 μm. 14. The process according to claim 1, wherein the yield of the microcellulose is at least 90%, preferably at least 95%. | 1,700 |
1,574 | 13,597,523 | 1,771 | Heavy oil feeds are hydroprocessed in the presence of a solvent and in the presence of a catalyst with a median pore size of about 85 Å to about 120 Å under conditions that provide a variety of benefits. The solvent can be an added solvent or a portion of the liquid effluent from hydroprocessing. The processes allow for lower pressure processing of heavy oil feeds for extended processing times or extended catalyst lifetimes be reducing or mitigating the amount of coke formation on the hydroprocessing catalyst. | 1. A process for producing a hydroprocessed product, comprising:
exposing a combined feedstock comprising a heavy oil feed component and a solvent component to a hydroprocessing catalyst comprising a Group VIII non-noble metal and a Group VI metal and having a median pore size of about 85 Å to about 120 Å, under effective hydroprocessing conditions to form a hydroprocessed effluent, the effective hydroprocessing conditions including a total pressure of about 1500 psig (10.3 MPag) or less, a temperature of at least about 360° C., and a liquid hourly space velocity of the fraction of the combined feedstock boiling above 1050° F. (566° C.) of at least about 0.10 hr−1; separating the hydroprocessing effluent to form at least a liquid effluent; and fractionating a first portion of the liquid effluent to form at least a distillate product and a bottoms product, the bottoms product having an ASTM D86 distillation point of at least about 600° F. (316° C.) 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the hydroprocessing catalyst is a bulk catalyst, the hydroprocessing catalyst having a median pore size of about 85 Å to about 100 Å. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent component comprises a recycle component, the process further comprising recycling a second portion of the liquid effluent to form the recycle component. 4. The process of claim 3, wherein the ratio of the recycle component to the heavy oil feed component on a weight basis is from about 0.3 to about 6.0. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the effective hydroprocessing conditions comprise a partial pressure of hydrogen of about 800 psia (5.5 MPa) or less. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the effective hydroprocessing conditions comprise a total pressure of about 1000 psig (6.9 MPag) or less. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the liquid hourly space velocity of the fraction of the combined feedstock boiling above 1050° F. (566° C.) is at least about 0.12 hr−1. 8. The process of claim 1, further comprising performing solvent deasphalting on at least a portion of the bottoms product to form a deasphalted bottoms product and an asphalt product, wherein the effective hydroprocessing conditions comprise a pressure of about 1000 psig (6.9 MPag) or less. 9. The process of claim 8, wherein the effective hydroprocessing conditions are effective for conversion of about 50 wt % to about 70 wt % of the 1050° F.+ (566° C.+) portion of the heavy oil feed component. 10. The process of claim 9, further comprising performing a vacuum fractionation on at least a portion of the bottoms product to form at least a vacuum gas oil product and a vacuum bottoms product, wherein solvent deasphalting is performed on at least a portion of the vacuum bottoms product. 11. The process of claim 10, wherein the heavy oil feed component comprises a first heavy oil feed portion and a second heavy oil feed portion, the method further comprising combining the vacuum bottoms product with the first heavy oil feed portion prior to solvent deasphalting, wherein the combined feedstock comprises the deasphalted bottoms product, the second heavy oil feed portion, and the solvent component. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent comprises at least a portion of the distillate product, at least 90 wt % of the at least a portion of the distillate product having a boiling point in a boiling range of 300° F. (149° C.) to 750° F. (399° C.). 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent component comprises at least one single ring aromatic compound in which the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least 120° C. (248° F.) and a 90% distillation point of not greater than 300° C. (572° F.). 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the solvent component comprises more than one single-ring aromatic compound and none of the single-ring aromatic compounds has a boiling point of greater than 550° F. (288° C.). 15. The process of claim 13, wherein the solvent component is comprised of at least 50 wt % of one or more single ring aromatic compounds. 16. The process of claim 13, wherein the at least one single-ring aromatic compound is trimethylbenzene. 17. The process of claim 1, wherein the heavy oil feed component has ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least 900° F. (482° C.), the effective hydroprocessing conditions comprising a temperature of at least about 420° C. and a hydrogen partial pressure of about 1000 psia (6.9 MPa) or less, the effective hydroprocessing conditions being effective for at least about 90% conversion of the 1050° F.+ (566° C.+) portion of the combined feedstock,
and wherein the bottoms product has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least about 650° F. (343° C.), a concentration of wax in the bottoms product being greater than a concentration of wax in the heavy oil feed component of the combined feedstock. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein the effective hydroprocessing conditions comprise a temperature of at least about 440° C. 19. The process of claim 1, wherein the effective hydroprocessing conditions further comprise a temperature of at least about 420° C., the effective hydroprocessing conditions being effective for at least about 80% conversion of the 1050° F.+ (566° C.+) portion of the combined feedstock and at least about 75% desulfurization of the combined feedstock,
and wherein the bottoms product has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least) out 800° F. (427° C.) and a sulfur content of about 1.0 wt % or less. 20. The process of claim 19, wherein the heavy oil feed component as an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least 900° F. (482° C.). 21. The process of claim 20, wherein the heavy oil feed component has a sulfur content of at least 3 wt %. 22. The process of claim 21, wherein the liquid effluent has a sulfur content of less than 5 wt % of the heavy oil feed component and has a metals content of less than 5 wt % of the heavy oil feed component. 23. The process of claim 22, wherein the effective hydroprocessing conditions being effective for at least about 90% conversion of the 1050° F.+ (566° C.+) portion of the combined feedstock. 24. The process of claim 1, further comprising performing a vacuum fractionation on at least a portion of the bottoms product to form at least a vacuum gas oil product and a vacuum bottoms product, and
producing a Bunker C Fuel Oil containing less than 1 wt % sulfur from at least a portion of the vacuum gas oil product. | Heavy oil feeds are hydroprocessed in the presence of a solvent and in the presence of a catalyst with a median pore size of about 85 Å to about 120 Å under conditions that provide a variety of benefits. The solvent can be an added solvent or a portion of the liquid effluent from hydroprocessing. The processes allow for lower pressure processing of heavy oil feeds for extended processing times or extended catalyst lifetimes be reducing or mitigating the amount of coke formation on the hydroprocessing catalyst.1. A process for producing a hydroprocessed product, comprising:
exposing a combined feedstock comprising a heavy oil feed component and a solvent component to a hydroprocessing catalyst comprising a Group VIII non-noble metal and a Group VI metal and having a median pore size of about 85 Å to about 120 Å, under effective hydroprocessing conditions to form a hydroprocessed effluent, the effective hydroprocessing conditions including a total pressure of about 1500 psig (10.3 MPag) or less, a temperature of at least about 360° C., and a liquid hourly space velocity of the fraction of the combined feedstock boiling above 1050° F. (566° C.) of at least about 0.10 hr−1; separating the hydroprocessing effluent to form at least a liquid effluent; and fractionating a first portion of the liquid effluent to form at least a distillate product and a bottoms product, the bottoms product having an ASTM D86 distillation point of at least about 600° F. (316° C.) 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the hydroprocessing catalyst is a bulk catalyst, the hydroprocessing catalyst having a median pore size of about 85 Å to about 100 Å. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent component comprises a recycle component, the process further comprising recycling a second portion of the liquid effluent to form the recycle component. 4. The process of claim 3, wherein the ratio of the recycle component to the heavy oil feed component on a weight basis is from about 0.3 to about 6.0. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the effective hydroprocessing conditions comprise a partial pressure of hydrogen of about 800 psia (5.5 MPa) or less. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the effective hydroprocessing conditions comprise a total pressure of about 1000 psig (6.9 MPag) or less. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the liquid hourly space velocity of the fraction of the combined feedstock boiling above 1050° F. (566° C.) is at least about 0.12 hr−1. 8. The process of claim 1, further comprising performing solvent deasphalting on at least a portion of the bottoms product to form a deasphalted bottoms product and an asphalt product, wherein the effective hydroprocessing conditions comprise a pressure of about 1000 psig (6.9 MPag) or less. 9. The process of claim 8, wherein the effective hydroprocessing conditions are effective for conversion of about 50 wt % to about 70 wt % of the 1050° F.+ (566° C.+) portion of the heavy oil feed component. 10. The process of claim 9, further comprising performing a vacuum fractionation on at least a portion of the bottoms product to form at least a vacuum gas oil product and a vacuum bottoms product, wherein solvent deasphalting is performed on at least a portion of the vacuum bottoms product. 11. The process of claim 10, wherein the heavy oil feed component comprises a first heavy oil feed portion and a second heavy oil feed portion, the method further comprising combining the vacuum bottoms product with the first heavy oil feed portion prior to solvent deasphalting, wherein the combined feedstock comprises the deasphalted bottoms product, the second heavy oil feed portion, and the solvent component. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent comprises at least a portion of the distillate product, at least 90 wt % of the at least a portion of the distillate product having a boiling point in a boiling range of 300° F. (149° C.) to 750° F. (399° C.). 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent component comprises at least one single ring aromatic compound in which the solvent has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least 120° C. (248° F.) and a 90% distillation point of not greater than 300° C. (572° F.). 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the solvent component comprises more than one single-ring aromatic compound and none of the single-ring aromatic compounds has a boiling point of greater than 550° F. (288° C.). 15. The process of claim 13, wherein the solvent component is comprised of at least 50 wt % of one or more single ring aromatic compounds. 16. The process of claim 13, wherein the at least one single-ring aromatic compound is trimethylbenzene. 17. The process of claim 1, wherein the heavy oil feed component has ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least 900° F. (482° C.), the effective hydroprocessing conditions comprising a temperature of at least about 420° C. and a hydrogen partial pressure of about 1000 psia (6.9 MPa) or less, the effective hydroprocessing conditions being effective for at least about 90% conversion of the 1050° F.+ (566° C.+) portion of the combined feedstock,
and wherein the bottoms product has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least about 650° F. (343° C.), a concentration of wax in the bottoms product being greater than a concentration of wax in the heavy oil feed component of the combined feedstock. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein the effective hydroprocessing conditions comprise a temperature of at least about 440° C. 19. The process of claim 1, wherein the effective hydroprocessing conditions further comprise a temperature of at least about 420° C., the effective hydroprocessing conditions being effective for at least about 80% conversion of the 1050° F.+ (566° C.+) portion of the combined feedstock and at least about 75% desulfurization of the combined feedstock,
and wherein the bottoms product has an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least) out 800° F. (427° C.) and a sulfur content of about 1.0 wt % or less. 20. The process of claim 19, wherein the heavy oil feed component as an ASTM D86 10% distillation point of at least 900° F. (482° C.). 21. The process of claim 20, wherein the heavy oil feed component has a sulfur content of at least 3 wt %. 22. The process of claim 21, wherein the liquid effluent has a sulfur content of less than 5 wt % of the heavy oil feed component and has a metals content of less than 5 wt % of the heavy oil feed component. 23. The process of claim 22, wherein the effective hydroprocessing conditions being effective for at least about 90% conversion of the 1050° F.+ (566° C.+) portion of the combined feedstock. 24. The process of claim 1, further comprising performing a vacuum fractionation on at least a portion of the bottoms product to form at least a vacuum gas oil product and a vacuum bottoms product, and
producing a Bunker C Fuel Oil containing less than 1 wt % sulfur from at least a portion of the vacuum gas oil product. | 1,700 |
1,575 | 13,591,568 | 1,783 | Onto a substrate, a first material containing one of elements A and B is supplied, and an oxidant is supplied to form a first layer containing an oxide of the one of the elements A and B. Then, a second material containing the other of the elements A and B is supplied, and an oxidant is supplied to form a second layer containing an oxide of the other of the elements A and B. The steps are repeated to prepare a stack of a plurality of the first layers and a plurality of the second layers. Furthermore, the substrate and the stack are subjected to a heat treatment to produce a composite oxide film containing A X B 6 O. — .5X+12 (6≦X≦30). | 1. A composite oxide film comprising a composite oxide represented by the composition formula of AXB6O1.5X+12 (6≦X≦30) containing a trivalent element A, a tetravalent element B, and an oxygen O,
the composite oxide film having a thickness of 50 to 500 nm. 2. The composite oxide film according to claim 1, wherein the composite oxide comprises an apatite-type compound, and the composition ratio of the element A to the element B in the apatite-type compound is 4/3 to 5/3. 3. The composite oxide film according to claim 2, wherein the apatite-type compound is in the form of a polycrystal, and a c-axis of each crystal grain in the polycrystal is parallel to a thickness direction of the composite oxide film. 4. A method for producing a composite oxide film containing a composite oxide represented by the composition formula of AXB6O1.5X+12 (6≦X≦30) containing a trivalent element A, a tetravalent element B, and an oxygen O,
the method comprising:
a first process containing the steps of, onto a substrate, supplying a first material containing one of the elements A and B, supplying an oxidant to form a first layer containing an oxide of the one of the elements A and B, supplying a second material containing another of the elements A and B, and supplying an oxidant to form a second layer containing an oxide of the other of the elements A and B,
a second process containing repeating the steps of the first process to prepare a stack of a plurality of first layers and a plurality of second layers, and
a third process containing subjecting the substrate and the stack to a heat treatment to produce the composite oxide film containing the AXB6O1.5X+12 (6≦X≦30),
wherein the repetition number ratio between the step of supplying the first material and the step of supplying the second material of the first process is selected to control the composition ratio of the element A to the element B in the composite oxide film. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the stack is prepared in the second process in such a manner that the composite oxide film produced in the third process has a thickness of 50 to 500 nm. 6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the repetition number ratio between the step of supplying the first material and the step of supplying the second material in the first process is selected in such a manner that the composite oxide is an apatite-type compound, and a composition ratio of the element A to the element B in the apatite-type compound is 4/3 to 5/3. 7. The method according to claim 4, wherein the heat treatment is carried out at a temperature of 800° C. to 1200° C. in the third process. 8. The method according to claim 4, wherein the substrate comprises an Si(100) substrate, a cermet substrate containing Ni and a ceramic, or a ceramic substrate containing a perovskite-type composite oxide. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the cermet substrate contains a cermet of Ni and yttria-stabilized zirconia, Ni and scandia-stabilized zirconia, Ni and yttrium-doped ceria, Ni and gadolinium-doped ceria, or Ni and samarium-doped ceria, and the perovskite-type composite oxide is BaxSr1-xCoyFe1-yO3, LaxSr1-xCoO3, or LaxSr1-xCoyFe1-yO3. 10. The method according to claim 4, wherein the first material, the second material, and the oxidant are flowed only in one direction parallel to an upper outer surface of the substrate. | Onto a substrate, a first material containing one of elements A and B is supplied, and an oxidant is supplied to form a first layer containing an oxide of the one of the elements A and B. Then, a second material containing the other of the elements A and B is supplied, and an oxidant is supplied to form a second layer containing an oxide of the other of the elements A and B. The steps are repeated to prepare a stack of a plurality of the first layers and a plurality of the second layers. Furthermore, the substrate and the stack are subjected to a heat treatment to produce a composite oxide film containing A X B 6 O. — .5X+12 (6≦X≦30).1. A composite oxide film comprising a composite oxide represented by the composition formula of AXB6O1.5X+12 (6≦X≦30) containing a trivalent element A, a tetravalent element B, and an oxygen O,
the composite oxide film having a thickness of 50 to 500 nm. 2. The composite oxide film according to claim 1, wherein the composite oxide comprises an apatite-type compound, and the composition ratio of the element A to the element B in the apatite-type compound is 4/3 to 5/3. 3. The composite oxide film according to claim 2, wherein the apatite-type compound is in the form of a polycrystal, and a c-axis of each crystal grain in the polycrystal is parallel to a thickness direction of the composite oxide film. 4. A method for producing a composite oxide film containing a composite oxide represented by the composition formula of AXB6O1.5X+12 (6≦X≦30) containing a trivalent element A, a tetravalent element B, and an oxygen O,
the method comprising:
a first process containing the steps of, onto a substrate, supplying a first material containing one of the elements A and B, supplying an oxidant to form a first layer containing an oxide of the one of the elements A and B, supplying a second material containing another of the elements A and B, and supplying an oxidant to form a second layer containing an oxide of the other of the elements A and B,
a second process containing repeating the steps of the first process to prepare a stack of a plurality of first layers and a plurality of second layers, and
a third process containing subjecting the substrate and the stack to a heat treatment to produce the composite oxide film containing the AXB6O1.5X+12 (6≦X≦30),
wherein the repetition number ratio between the step of supplying the first material and the step of supplying the second material of the first process is selected to control the composition ratio of the element A to the element B in the composite oxide film. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the stack is prepared in the second process in such a manner that the composite oxide film produced in the third process has a thickness of 50 to 500 nm. 6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the repetition number ratio between the step of supplying the first material and the step of supplying the second material in the first process is selected in such a manner that the composite oxide is an apatite-type compound, and a composition ratio of the element A to the element B in the apatite-type compound is 4/3 to 5/3. 7. The method according to claim 4, wherein the heat treatment is carried out at a temperature of 800° C. to 1200° C. in the third process. 8. The method according to claim 4, wherein the substrate comprises an Si(100) substrate, a cermet substrate containing Ni and a ceramic, or a ceramic substrate containing a perovskite-type composite oxide. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the cermet substrate contains a cermet of Ni and yttria-stabilized zirconia, Ni and scandia-stabilized zirconia, Ni and yttrium-doped ceria, Ni and gadolinium-doped ceria, or Ni and samarium-doped ceria, and the perovskite-type composite oxide is BaxSr1-xCoyFe1-yO3, LaxSr1-xCoO3, or LaxSr1-xCoyFe1-yO3. 10. The method according to claim 4, wherein the first material, the second material, and the oxidant are flowed only in one direction parallel to an upper outer surface of the substrate. | 1,700 |
1,576 | 14,008,471 | 1,792 | The present invention relates to a filter element for the extraction or brewing of beverages. In particular, the filter element facilitates brewing through increased permeability of fluid from a brewed beverage from brewable particles, such fluid including liquid and gas, and the easing of gas build up in a brewing device herein by the removal of gases emitted from a beverage medium housed within a beverage cartridge during brewing. The filter element may be used within a rigid, semi-rigid or soft pod that is insertable within a beverage brewer. The invention particularly concerns the brewing of coffee and coffee products in a coffee brewing machine configured to receive pods holding coffee particles that are injected with water and caused to brew coffee therefrom. | 1. A beverage cartridge for use in a beverage maker, comprising:
a. A chamber, said chamber having at least one substantially enclosed portion, said at least one substantially enclosed portion having a base with a perimeter and a wall connected to said perimeter of said base, said chamber being configured to receive and house a beverage medium therein; b. A beverage filtering device, having
i. A filter carrier device operatively connected to said chamber, said filter carrier being positioned within said chamber;
ii. A filter element having a first surface and a second surface positioned oppositely to said first surface, said second surface being at least partially attached to said filter carrier, said filter element having a plurality of microperforations positioned through said filter element, said plurality of microperforations extending from said first surface to said second surface of said filter element; and
c. A sealing element positioned onto said wall of said chamber whereby said beverage cartridge is sealed and thereby enclosed; whereby said beverage filtering device increases the permeability of fluid flowing through said beverage cartridge during brewing. 2. The beverage cartridge of claim 1 wherein said permeability of said fluid flowing through said beverage cartridge during brewing comprises liquid flowing through said beverage cartridge. 3. The beverage cartridge of claim 1 or 2 wherein said permeability of said fluid flowing through said beverage cartridge during brewing comprises gas flowing through said beverage cartridge. 4. The beverage cartridge of any of the preceding claims wherein said beverage filtering device operates to release a build up of gas in said beverage cartridge during brewing of said beverage particles, said gas being produced from said plurality of beverage particles. 5. The beverage cartridge of any of the preceding claims wherein said number of microperforations within said filter element ranges from between about 2 to about 1000 microperforations. 6. The beverage cartridge of claim 5 wherein said number of microperforations within said filter element ranges from between about 10 to about 500 microperforations. 7. The beverage cartridge of any of the preceding claims wherein said filter element comprises open areas positioned on said first surface and said second surface of said filter element that are greater than about 2% of the total surface area of said filter element. 8. The beverage cartridge of claim 7 wherein said open areas on said first surface and said second surface of said filter element are greater than about 10% of said total surface area of said filter element. 9. The beverage cartridge of claim 8 wherein said open areas on said first surface and said second surface of said filter element are greater than about 15% of said total surface area of said filter element. 10. The beverage cartridge of any of the preceding claims wherein each said microperforation comprises an average diameter ranging from between about 0.1 mm to about 0.8 mm. 11. The beverage cartridge of claim 10 wherein each said microperforation comprises an average diameter ranging from between about 0.2 mm to about 0.7 mm. 12. The beverage cartridge of claim 11 wherein each said microperforation comprises an average diameter ranging from between about 0.3 mm to 0.6 mm. 13. The beverage cartridge of any of the preceding claims wherein said beverage medium is freshly ground coffee particles having a maximum gas content. 14. The beverage cartridge of claim 13 wherein said freshly ground coffee particles are packaged and sealed within said beverage cartridge just after said freshly ground coffee particles are ground by grinding roasted coffee beans, said ground coffee particles having near maximum gas content at packaging of said ground coffee particles. 15. The beverage cartridge of any of the preceding claims wherein said freshly ground coffee is dark roasted. 16. The beverage cartridge of any of the preceding claims wherein said filter element is formed from a cellulosic material. 17. The beverage cartridge of any of the preceding claims wherein said filter element is formed from a non woven material. 18. The beverage cartridge of any of the preceding claims wherein said filter element is formed from one or more types of synthetic fibers. 19. A coffee cartridge for use with freshly roasted and ground coffee in a suitable beverage brewer, comprising:
a. Freshly roasted and ground coffee; A membrane, said membrane encapsulating said freshly roasted and ground gaseous coffee; c. A number of microperforations positioned within said membrane for the release of gas from said freshly roasted and ground gaseous coffee during brewing; and d. A semi-rigid structure encapsulating said membrane. 20. The coffee cartridge of claim 19 wherein said number of microperforations within said membrane ranges from between about 2 to about 1000. 21. The coffee cartridge of claim 20 wherein said number of microperforations within said membrane ranges from between about 10 to about 500. 22. The coffee cartridge of any of claims 19 to 21 wherein said freshly ground coffee is immediately placed within said membrane once said freshly ground coffee is ground by grinding coffee beans. 23. The coffee cartridge of any of claims 19 to 22 wherein freshly ground coffee is dark roasted. 24. The coffee cartridge of any of claims 19 to 23 wherein said membrane is formed from nonwovens. 25. The coffee cartridge of any of claims 19 to 24 wherein said membrane is formed from one or more types of synthetic fibers. 26. A filter element for use in brewing beverages, comprising:
a. A first surface; b. A second surface positioned oppositely to said first surface; c. A plurality of microperforations positioned through said filter element, said plurality of microperforations extending from said first surface to said second surface of said filter element; and d. An open surface on said first surface and said second surface of at least 5% of a total surface area of each said first surface and said second surface; wherein said filter element allows fluids to pass therethrough for brew of a beverage. 27. The filter element of claim 26 wherein said filter element is encapsulated within a capsule containing a beverage medium. 28. The filter element of claim 26 wherein said filter element is used within a non-encapsulated beverage brewer. 29. The filter element of any of claims 26 to 28 wherein said open areas on said first surface and said second surface of said filter element are greater than about 10% of said total surface area of said filter element. 30. The filter element of claim 29 wherein said open areas on said first surface and said second surface of said filter element are greater than about 15% of said total surface area of said filter element. 31. The filter element of any of claims 26 to 30 wherein each said microperforation comprises a diameter ranging from between about 0.1 mm to about 0.8 mm. 32. The filter element of claim 31 wherein each said microperforation comprises a diameter ranging from between about 0.2 mm to about 0.7 mm. 33. The filter element of claim 32 wherein each said microperforation comprises a diameter ranging from between about 0.3 mm to 0.6 mm. 34. The filter element of any of claims 26 to 33 wherein said number of microperforations within said filter element ranges from between about 2 to about 1000 microperforations. 35. The filter element of claim 34 wherein said number of microperforations within said filter element ranges from between about 10 to about 500 microperforations. 36. The filter element of any of claims 26 to 35 wherein said permeability of fluid flowing through said filter element during brewing comprises liquid flowing through said filter element. 37. The filter element of any of claims 26 to 36 wherein said permeability of fluid flowing through said filter element during brewing comprises gas flowing through said filter element. | The present invention relates to a filter element for the extraction or brewing of beverages. In particular, the filter element facilitates brewing through increased permeability of fluid from a brewed beverage from brewable particles, such fluid including liquid and gas, and the easing of gas build up in a brewing device herein by the removal of gases emitted from a beverage medium housed within a beverage cartridge during brewing. The filter element may be used within a rigid, semi-rigid or soft pod that is insertable within a beverage brewer. The invention particularly concerns the brewing of coffee and coffee products in a coffee brewing machine configured to receive pods holding coffee particles that are injected with water and caused to brew coffee therefrom.1. A beverage cartridge for use in a beverage maker, comprising:
a. A chamber, said chamber having at least one substantially enclosed portion, said at least one substantially enclosed portion having a base with a perimeter and a wall connected to said perimeter of said base, said chamber being configured to receive and house a beverage medium therein; b. A beverage filtering device, having
i. A filter carrier device operatively connected to said chamber, said filter carrier being positioned within said chamber;
ii. A filter element having a first surface and a second surface positioned oppositely to said first surface, said second surface being at least partially attached to said filter carrier, said filter element having a plurality of microperforations positioned through said filter element, said plurality of microperforations extending from said first surface to said second surface of said filter element; and
c. A sealing element positioned onto said wall of said chamber whereby said beverage cartridge is sealed and thereby enclosed; whereby said beverage filtering device increases the permeability of fluid flowing through said beverage cartridge during brewing. 2. The beverage cartridge of claim 1 wherein said permeability of said fluid flowing through said beverage cartridge during brewing comprises liquid flowing through said beverage cartridge. 3. The beverage cartridge of claim 1 or 2 wherein said permeability of said fluid flowing through said beverage cartridge during brewing comprises gas flowing through said beverage cartridge. 4. The beverage cartridge of any of the preceding claims wherein said beverage filtering device operates to release a build up of gas in said beverage cartridge during brewing of said beverage particles, said gas being produced from said plurality of beverage particles. 5. The beverage cartridge of any of the preceding claims wherein said number of microperforations within said filter element ranges from between about 2 to about 1000 microperforations. 6. The beverage cartridge of claim 5 wherein said number of microperforations within said filter element ranges from between about 10 to about 500 microperforations. 7. The beverage cartridge of any of the preceding claims wherein said filter element comprises open areas positioned on said first surface and said second surface of said filter element that are greater than about 2% of the total surface area of said filter element. 8. The beverage cartridge of claim 7 wherein said open areas on said first surface and said second surface of said filter element are greater than about 10% of said total surface area of said filter element. 9. The beverage cartridge of claim 8 wherein said open areas on said first surface and said second surface of said filter element are greater than about 15% of said total surface area of said filter element. 10. The beverage cartridge of any of the preceding claims wherein each said microperforation comprises an average diameter ranging from between about 0.1 mm to about 0.8 mm. 11. The beverage cartridge of claim 10 wherein each said microperforation comprises an average diameter ranging from between about 0.2 mm to about 0.7 mm. 12. The beverage cartridge of claim 11 wherein each said microperforation comprises an average diameter ranging from between about 0.3 mm to 0.6 mm. 13. The beverage cartridge of any of the preceding claims wherein said beverage medium is freshly ground coffee particles having a maximum gas content. 14. The beverage cartridge of claim 13 wherein said freshly ground coffee particles are packaged and sealed within said beverage cartridge just after said freshly ground coffee particles are ground by grinding roasted coffee beans, said ground coffee particles having near maximum gas content at packaging of said ground coffee particles. 15. The beverage cartridge of any of the preceding claims wherein said freshly ground coffee is dark roasted. 16. The beverage cartridge of any of the preceding claims wherein said filter element is formed from a cellulosic material. 17. The beverage cartridge of any of the preceding claims wherein said filter element is formed from a non woven material. 18. The beverage cartridge of any of the preceding claims wherein said filter element is formed from one or more types of synthetic fibers. 19. A coffee cartridge for use with freshly roasted and ground coffee in a suitable beverage brewer, comprising:
a. Freshly roasted and ground coffee; A membrane, said membrane encapsulating said freshly roasted and ground gaseous coffee; c. A number of microperforations positioned within said membrane for the release of gas from said freshly roasted and ground gaseous coffee during brewing; and d. A semi-rigid structure encapsulating said membrane. 20. The coffee cartridge of claim 19 wherein said number of microperforations within said membrane ranges from between about 2 to about 1000. 21. The coffee cartridge of claim 20 wherein said number of microperforations within said membrane ranges from between about 10 to about 500. 22. The coffee cartridge of any of claims 19 to 21 wherein said freshly ground coffee is immediately placed within said membrane once said freshly ground coffee is ground by grinding coffee beans. 23. The coffee cartridge of any of claims 19 to 22 wherein freshly ground coffee is dark roasted. 24. The coffee cartridge of any of claims 19 to 23 wherein said membrane is formed from nonwovens. 25. The coffee cartridge of any of claims 19 to 24 wherein said membrane is formed from one or more types of synthetic fibers. 26. A filter element for use in brewing beverages, comprising:
a. A first surface; b. A second surface positioned oppositely to said first surface; c. A plurality of microperforations positioned through said filter element, said plurality of microperforations extending from said first surface to said second surface of said filter element; and d. An open surface on said first surface and said second surface of at least 5% of a total surface area of each said first surface and said second surface; wherein said filter element allows fluids to pass therethrough for brew of a beverage. 27. The filter element of claim 26 wherein said filter element is encapsulated within a capsule containing a beverage medium. 28. The filter element of claim 26 wherein said filter element is used within a non-encapsulated beverage brewer. 29. The filter element of any of claims 26 to 28 wherein said open areas on said first surface and said second surface of said filter element are greater than about 10% of said total surface area of said filter element. 30. The filter element of claim 29 wherein said open areas on said first surface and said second surface of said filter element are greater than about 15% of said total surface area of said filter element. 31. The filter element of any of claims 26 to 30 wherein each said microperforation comprises a diameter ranging from between about 0.1 mm to about 0.8 mm. 32. The filter element of claim 31 wherein each said microperforation comprises a diameter ranging from between about 0.2 mm to about 0.7 mm. 33. The filter element of claim 32 wherein each said microperforation comprises a diameter ranging from between about 0.3 mm to 0.6 mm. 34. The filter element of any of claims 26 to 33 wherein said number of microperforations within said filter element ranges from between about 2 to about 1000 microperforations. 35. The filter element of claim 34 wherein said number of microperforations within said filter element ranges from between about 10 to about 500 microperforations. 36. The filter element of any of claims 26 to 35 wherein said permeability of fluid flowing through said filter element during brewing comprises liquid flowing through said filter element. 37. The filter element of any of claims 26 to 36 wherein said permeability of fluid flowing through said filter element during brewing comprises gas flowing through said filter element. | 1,700 |
1,577 | 11,620,744 | 1,716 | A process for depositing a thin film material on a substrate is disclosed, comprising simultaneously directing a series of gas flows from the output face of a delivery head of a thin film deposition system toward the surface of a substrate, and wherein the series of gas flows comprises at least a first reactive gaseous material, an inert purge gas, and a second reactive gaseous material, wherein the first reactive gaseous material is capable of reacting with a substrate surface treated with the second reactive gaseous material, wherein one or more of the gas flows provides a pressure that at least contributes to the separation of the surface of the substrate from the face of the delivery head. A system capable of carrying out such a process is also disclosed. | 1. A deposition system for thin film deposition of a solid material onto a substrate comprising:
a) a plurality of sources for, respectively, a plurality of gaseous materials comprising at least a first, a second, and a third source for a first, a second, and a third gaseous material, respectively; b) a delivery head for delivering the gaseous materials to a substrate receiving thin film deposition and comprising:
(i) a plurality of inlet ports comprising at least a first, a second, and a third inlet port for receiving the first, the second, and the third gaseous material, respectively; and
(ii) an output face comprising a plurality of output openings and facing the substrate a distance from the surface of the substrate, wherein the first, the second, and the third gaseous materials are simultaneously exhausted from the output openings in the output face,
c) an optional substrate support for supporting the substrate; and d) maintaining a substantially uniform distance between the output face of the delivery head and the substrate surface during thin film deposition, wherein pressure generated due to flows of one or more of the gaseous materials from the delivery head to the substrate surface for thin film deposition provides at least part of the force separating the output face of the delivery head from the surface of the substrate. 2. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the substantially uniform distance is maintained substantially by pressures generated due to the one or more flows of the gaseous material, wherein distance can be adjusted by changing a flow rate of one or more gaseous materials. 3. The deposition system of claim 1 further comprising an actuator coupled to the delivery head to provide reciprocating motion of the delivery head along the surface of the substrate. 4. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein width of at least one output opening is between about 0.05 to 2 mm. 5. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the output face, in cross-section, has curvature. 6. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein, in cross-section, the output openings are rectangular. 7. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the delivery head further comprises at least one exhaust port. 8. The deposition system of claim 7 wherein the at least one exhaust port allows the gaseous material to be recycled for reuse. 9. The deposition system of claim 1 further comprising a substrate support for supporting the substrate, wherein the deposition system is capable, during operation, of providing relative movement between the output face and the substrate surface. 10. The deposition system of claim 9 further comprising an actuator coupled to the delivery head to provide reciprocating motion of the delivery head in a direction substantially orthogonal to length direction of the output openings, thereby providing the delivery head with an oscillating motion. 11. The deposition system of claim 9 wherein the substrate support comprises a transport apparatus for moving the substrate along the output face of the delivery head. 12. The deposition system of claim 9 wherein the total surface area of the substrate for thin film deposition of the solid material exceeds the surface area of the output face of the delivery head. 13. The deposition system of claim 9 wherein the substrate support conveys a moving web. 14. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the substrate surface is maintained at a separation distance of within 0.4 mm of the output face of the delivery head. 15. The deposition system of claim 13 wherein the movement of the web provided by a transport apparatus is continuous, optionally reciprocating. 16. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the flows of the first, the second, and the third gaseous material openings is substantially continuous during thin film deposition. 17. The deposition system of claim 1 further comprising a chamber housing for the delivery head and the substrate during thin film deposition. 18. The deposition system of claim 13 wherein the substrate and the delivery head are open to the atmosphere. 19. The deposition system of claim 11 further comprising a conveyer for moving a web substrate past the output face of the delivery head to effect thin film deposition over an area of the web substrate, wherein the web substrate is in substantially uniform close proximity to the output face of the delivery head, and wherein, the deposition system is capable, during operation of the system, of providing relative movement between the output face and substrate surface while maintaining the close proximity. 20. The deposition system of claim 19 further comprising a transport assembly for moving the delivery head in a direction transverse to web movement. 21. The deposition system of claim 1 where pressure that separates the surface of the substrate from the face of the delivery head is provided substantially equally by all of gas flows from the face of the delivery head. 22. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein a series of gas flows is separated from each other by exhaust outlets in the output face of the delivery head. 23. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein flows of the first and the second reactive gaseous materials are spatially separated substantially by at least inert purge gas and the exhaust outlets. 24. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein gas flows are provided through substantially parallel elongated openings on the output face of the delivery head. 25. The deposition system of claim 24 wherein the substantially parallel elongated openings are substantially concentric. 26. The deposition system of claim 25 wherein additional elongated openings providing inert gas flows are perpendicular to the substantially parallel elongated openings. 27. The deposition system of claim 26 wherein the substantially perpendicular elongated openings are located between the ends of the substantially parallel elongated openings and an outer the edge of the delivery head. 28. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the substantially uniform distance maintained between the output face of the delivery head and the substrate is less than 1 mm. 29. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the substantially uniform distance maintained between the output face of the delivery head and the substrate is less than 500 micrometer. 30. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the substantially uniform distance maintained between the output face of the delivery head and the substrate is less than 200 micrometer. 31. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the output face of the delivery head has a landing area of at least 95% of the total area of the output face. 32. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the output face of the delivery head has a landing area of at least 85% of the total area of the output face. 33. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the output face of the delivery head has a landing area of at least 75% of the total area of the output face. 34. The deposition system of claim 26 wherein the gaseous materials exiting the elongated openings have substantially equivalent pressure along the length of the openings, to within no more than about 10% deviation. 35. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the substrate is on a substrate holder that is a platen. 36. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein a gas fluid bearing suspends the substrate or a substrate holder for the substrate, which optionally also provides support for the delivery head, which gas fluid bearing applies gas pressure, optionally using inert gas, against a second surface of the substrate that lies opposite a first surface that faces the delivery head. 37. The deposition system of claim 20 wherein an additional second delivery head is provided on the opposite side of the substrate from the delivery head, such that both sides of the substrate can be subjected to thin film deposition simultaneously or sequentially without displacing the substrate from its position between the first and the second deposition portions. 38. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the output face of the delivery head over the substrate being treated is rigid and either planar or non-planar. 39. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the output face of the delivery head over the substrate being treated is flexible to conform to the substrate. 40. The deposition system of claim 1 further comprising a lifting or compression component for providing force that assists in maintaining the separation distance between the output face and the substrate. 41. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein a substrate holder is in contact with the substrate during deposition and/or a means for conveying the substrate is in contact with the substrate during deposition. 42. A process for depositing a thin film material on a substrate, comprising simultaneously directing a series of gas flows from the output face of a delivery head of a thin film deposition system toward the surface of a substrate, and wherein the series of gas flows comprises at least a first reactive gaseous material, an inert purge gas, and a second reactive gaseous material, wherein the first reactive gaseous material is capable of reacting with a substrate surface treated with the second reactive gaseous material, wherein one or more of the gas flows provides a pressure that at least contributes to the separation of the surface of the substrate from the face of the delivery head. 43. The process of claim 42 wherein the gas flows are provided from a series of open elongated output channels, substantially in parallel, wherein the output face of the delivery head is spaced within 1 mm of the surface of the substrate subject to deposition. 44. The process of claim 42 wherein the substrate is treated by a plurality of delivery heads spaced apart. 45. The process of claim 42 wherein a given area of the substrate is exposed to the gas flow of the first reactive gaseous material for less than about 500 milliseconds at a time. 46. The process of claim 42 further comprising providing relative motion between the delivery head and the substrate. 47. The process of claim 42 wherein the gas flow of at least one of the reactive gases is at least 1 sccm. 48. The process of claim 42 wherein the temperature of the substrate during deposition is under 300° C. 49. The process of claim 42 wherein the first reactive gaseous material is a metal-containing compound and the second reactive gaseous material is a non-metallic compound. 50. The process of claim 49 wherein the metal is an element of Group II, III, IV, V, or VI of the Periodic Table. 51. The process of claim 49 wherein the metal-containing compound is an organometallic compound that can be vaporized at a temperature under 300° C. 52. The process of claim 49 wherein the metal-containing reactive gaseous material reacts with the non-metallic reactive gaseous material to form an oxide or sulfide material selected from the group consisting of tantalum pentoxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, niobium pentoxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, zinc oxide, lanthium oxide, yttrium oxide, cerium oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, manganese oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, tungsten oxide, silicon dioxide, zinc sulfide, strontium sulfide, calcium sulfide, lead sulfide, and mixtures thereof. 53. The process of claim 42 wherein the first and the last gaseous flow in the first and the last output opening in the output face of the delivery head are not reactive gaseous materials, such that the reactive gaseous materials used in the process are prevented from mixing with ambient air. 54. The process of claim 42 wherein the process is used to make a semiconductor or dielectric thin film on a substrate, for use in a transistor, wherein the thin film comprises a metal-oxide-based material, the process comprising forming on a substrate, at a temperature of 300° C. or less, at least one layer of a metal-oxide-based material, wherein the metal-oxide-based material is a reaction product of at least two reactive gases, a first reactive gas comprising an organometallic precursor compound and a second reactive gas comprising a reactive oxygen-containing gaseous material. 55. The process of claim 42 wherein a surface of the substrate is placed at a distance of under 1 mm from the output face with respect to the openings thereof facing the substrate. 56. The process of claim 55 wherein the proximity is less than 0.5 mm. 57. The process of claim 42 wherein, during operation of the process, a substrate support or an actuator attached to the delivery head, or both, is capable of providing relative movement between the output face and the surface of the substrate. 58. The process of claim 42, the process further comprising, during deposition, providing the delivery head with an oscillating motion, optionally an oscillating motion that is orthogonal to the length direction of an output channel of the delivery head. 59. The process of claim 42 further comprising moving the substrate along the output face of the delivery head, optionally continuously in one direction. 60. The process of claim 42 wherein the surface area of the substrate for thin-film material deposition exceeds the surface area of the output face of the delivery head. 61. The process of claim 42 wherein the substrate is at a separation distance of within 0.3 mm of the output face of the delivery head. 62. The process of claim 42 wherein the flow of gaseous material in a first, a second, and a third output channel is substantially continuous during the deposition operation. 63. The process of claim 42 wherein the substrate and the delivery head are open to the atmosphere. 64. The process of claim 42 for thin film deposition onto a substrate further comprising a conveyer for moving a web past the output face of the delivery head to effect thin film deposition over an area of the substrate, wherein the web either supports an additional substrate or is the substrate for the thin film deposition, wherein the substrate is in close proximity to the output face of the delivery head and wherein, during operation of the process, the conveyer for the web or an actuator for the delivery head, or both, is capable of providing relative movement between the output face and the substrate while maintaining close proximity. | A process for depositing a thin film material on a substrate is disclosed, comprising simultaneously directing a series of gas flows from the output face of a delivery head of a thin film deposition system toward the surface of a substrate, and wherein the series of gas flows comprises at least a first reactive gaseous material, an inert purge gas, and a second reactive gaseous material, wherein the first reactive gaseous material is capable of reacting with a substrate surface treated with the second reactive gaseous material, wherein one or more of the gas flows provides a pressure that at least contributes to the separation of the surface of the substrate from the face of the delivery head. A system capable of carrying out such a process is also disclosed.1. A deposition system for thin film deposition of a solid material onto a substrate comprising:
a) a plurality of sources for, respectively, a plurality of gaseous materials comprising at least a first, a second, and a third source for a first, a second, and a third gaseous material, respectively; b) a delivery head for delivering the gaseous materials to a substrate receiving thin film deposition and comprising:
(i) a plurality of inlet ports comprising at least a first, a second, and a third inlet port for receiving the first, the second, and the third gaseous material, respectively; and
(ii) an output face comprising a plurality of output openings and facing the substrate a distance from the surface of the substrate, wherein the first, the second, and the third gaseous materials are simultaneously exhausted from the output openings in the output face,
c) an optional substrate support for supporting the substrate; and d) maintaining a substantially uniform distance between the output face of the delivery head and the substrate surface during thin film deposition, wherein pressure generated due to flows of one or more of the gaseous materials from the delivery head to the substrate surface for thin film deposition provides at least part of the force separating the output face of the delivery head from the surface of the substrate. 2. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the substantially uniform distance is maintained substantially by pressures generated due to the one or more flows of the gaseous material, wherein distance can be adjusted by changing a flow rate of one or more gaseous materials. 3. The deposition system of claim 1 further comprising an actuator coupled to the delivery head to provide reciprocating motion of the delivery head along the surface of the substrate. 4. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein width of at least one output opening is between about 0.05 to 2 mm. 5. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the output face, in cross-section, has curvature. 6. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein, in cross-section, the output openings are rectangular. 7. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the delivery head further comprises at least one exhaust port. 8. The deposition system of claim 7 wherein the at least one exhaust port allows the gaseous material to be recycled for reuse. 9. The deposition system of claim 1 further comprising a substrate support for supporting the substrate, wherein the deposition system is capable, during operation, of providing relative movement between the output face and the substrate surface. 10. The deposition system of claim 9 further comprising an actuator coupled to the delivery head to provide reciprocating motion of the delivery head in a direction substantially orthogonal to length direction of the output openings, thereby providing the delivery head with an oscillating motion. 11. The deposition system of claim 9 wherein the substrate support comprises a transport apparatus for moving the substrate along the output face of the delivery head. 12. The deposition system of claim 9 wherein the total surface area of the substrate for thin film deposition of the solid material exceeds the surface area of the output face of the delivery head. 13. The deposition system of claim 9 wherein the substrate support conveys a moving web. 14. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the substrate surface is maintained at a separation distance of within 0.4 mm of the output face of the delivery head. 15. The deposition system of claim 13 wherein the movement of the web provided by a transport apparatus is continuous, optionally reciprocating. 16. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the flows of the first, the second, and the third gaseous material openings is substantially continuous during thin film deposition. 17. The deposition system of claim 1 further comprising a chamber housing for the delivery head and the substrate during thin film deposition. 18. The deposition system of claim 13 wherein the substrate and the delivery head are open to the atmosphere. 19. The deposition system of claim 11 further comprising a conveyer for moving a web substrate past the output face of the delivery head to effect thin film deposition over an area of the web substrate, wherein the web substrate is in substantially uniform close proximity to the output face of the delivery head, and wherein, the deposition system is capable, during operation of the system, of providing relative movement between the output face and substrate surface while maintaining the close proximity. 20. The deposition system of claim 19 further comprising a transport assembly for moving the delivery head in a direction transverse to web movement. 21. The deposition system of claim 1 where pressure that separates the surface of the substrate from the face of the delivery head is provided substantially equally by all of gas flows from the face of the delivery head. 22. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein a series of gas flows is separated from each other by exhaust outlets in the output face of the delivery head. 23. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein flows of the first and the second reactive gaseous materials are spatially separated substantially by at least inert purge gas and the exhaust outlets. 24. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein gas flows are provided through substantially parallel elongated openings on the output face of the delivery head. 25. The deposition system of claim 24 wherein the substantially parallel elongated openings are substantially concentric. 26. The deposition system of claim 25 wherein additional elongated openings providing inert gas flows are perpendicular to the substantially parallel elongated openings. 27. The deposition system of claim 26 wherein the substantially perpendicular elongated openings are located between the ends of the substantially parallel elongated openings and an outer the edge of the delivery head. 28. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the substantially uniform distance maintained between the output face of the delivery head and the substrate is less than 1 mm. 29. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the substantially uniform distance maintained between the output face of the delivery head and the substrate is less than 500 micrometer. 30. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the substantially uniform distance maintained between the output face of the delivery head and the substrate is less than 200 micrometer. 31. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the output face of the delivery head has a landing area of at least 95% of the total area of the output face. 32. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the output face of the delivery head has a landing area of at least 85% of the total area of the output face. 33. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the output face of the delivery head has a landing area of at least 75% of the total area of the output face. 34. The deposition system of claim 26 wherein the gaseous materials exiting the elongated openings have substantially equivalent pressure along the length of the openings, to within no more than about 10% deviation. 35. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the substrate is on a substrate holder that is a platen. 36. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein a gas fluid bearing suspends the substrate or a substrate holder for the substrate, which optionally also provides support for the delivery head, which gas fluid bearing applies gas pressure, optionally using inert gas, against a second surface of the substrate that lies opposite a first surface that faces the delivery head. 37. The deposition system of claim 20 wherein an additional second delivery head is provided on the opposite side of the substrate from the delivery head, such that both sides of the substrate can be subjected to thin film deposition simultaneously or sequentially without displacing the substrate from its position between the first and the second deposition portions. 38. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the output face of the delivery head over the substrate being treated is rigid and either planar or non-planar. 39. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein the output face of the delivery head over the substrate being treated is flexible to conform to the substrate. 40. The deposition system of claim 1 further comprising a lifting or compression component for providing force that assists in maintaining the separation distance between the output face and the substrate. 41. The deposition system of claim 1 wherein a substrate holder is in contact with the substrate during deposition and/or a means for conveying the substrate is in contact with the substrate during deposition. 42. A process for depositing a thin film material on a substrate, comprising simultaneously directing a series of gas flows from the output face of a delivery head of a thin film deposition system toward the surface of a substrate, and wherein the series of gas flows comprises at least a first reactive gaseous material, an inert purge gas, and a second reactive gaseous material, wherein the first reactive gaseous material is capable of reacting with a substrate surface treated with the second reactive gaseous material, wherein one or more of the gas flows provides a pressure that at least contributes to the separation of the surface of the substrate from the face of the delivery head. 43. The process of claim 42 wherein the gas flows are provided from a series of open elongated output channels, substantially in parallel, wherein the output face of the delivery head is spaced within 1 mm of the surface of the substrate subject to deposition. 44. The process of claim 42 wherein the substrate is treated by a plurality of delivery heads spaced apart. 45. The process of claim 42 wherein a given area of the substrate is exposed to the gas flow of the first reactive gaseous material for less than about 500 milliseconds at a time. 46. The process of claim 42 further comprising providing relative motion between the delivery head and the substrate. 47. The process of claim 42 wherein the gas flow of at least one of the reactive gases is at least 1 sccm. 48. The process of claim 42 wherein the temperature of the substrate during deposition is under 300° C. 49. The process of claim 42 wherein the first reactive gaseous material is a metal-containing compound and the second reactive gaseous material is a non-metallic compound. 50. The process of claim 49 wherein the metal is an element of Group II, III, IV, V, or VI of the Periodic Table. 51. The process of claim 49 wherein the metal-containing compound is an organometallic compound that can be vaporized at a temperature under 300° C. 52. The process of claim 49 wherein the metal-containing reactive gaseous material reacts with the non-metallic reactive gaseous material to form an oxide or sulfide material selected from the group consisting of tantalum pentoxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, niobium pentoxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, zinc oxide, lanthium oxide, yttrium oxide, cerium oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, manganese oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, tungsten oxide, silicon dioxide, zinc sulfide, strontium sulfide, calcium sulfide, lead sulfide, and mixtures thereof. 53. The process of claim 42 wherein the first and the last gaseous flow in the first and the last output opening in the output face of the delivery head are not reactive gaseous materials, such that the reactive gaseous materials used in the process are prevented from mixing with ambient air. 54. The process of claim 42 wherein the process is used to make a semiconductor or dielectric thin film on a substrate, for use in a transistor, wherein the thin film comprises a metal-oxide-based material, the process comprising forming on a substrate, at a temperature of 300° C. or less, at least one layer of a metal-oxide-based material, wherein the metal-oxide-based material is a reaction product of at least two reactive gases, a first reactive gas comprising an organometallic precursor compound and a second reactive gas comprising a reactive oxygen-containing gaseous material. 55. The process of claim 42 wherein a surface of the substrate is placed at a distance of under 1 mm from the output face with respect to the openings thereof facing the substrate. 56. The process of claim 55 wherein the proximity is less than 0.5 mm. 57. The process of claim 42 wherein, during operation of the process, a substrate support or an actuator attached to the delivery head, or both, is capable of providing relative movement between the output face and the surface of the substrate. 58. The process of claim 42, the process further comprising, during deposition, providing the delivery head with an oscillating motion, optionally an oscillating motion that is orthogonal to the length direction of an output channel of the delivery head. 59. The process of claim 42 further comprising moving the substrate along the output face of the delivery head, optionally continuously in one direction. 60. The process of claim 42 wherein the surface area of the substrate for thin-film material deposition exceeds the surface area of the output face of the delivery head. 61. The process of claim 42 wherein the substrate is at a separation distance of within 0.3 mm of the output face of the delivery head. 62. The process of claim 42 wherein the flow of gaseous material in a first, a second, and a third output channel is substantially continuous during the deposition operation. 63. The process of claim 42 wherein the substrate and the delivery head are open to the atmosphere. 64. The process of claim 42 for thin film deposition onto a substrate further comprising a conveyer for moving a web past the output face of the delivery head to effect thin film deposition over an area of the substrate, wherein the web either supports an additional substrate or is the substrate for the thin film deposition, wherein the substrate is in close proximity to the output face of the delivery head and wherein, during operation of the process, the conveyer for the web or an actuator for the delivery head, or both, is capable of providing relative movement between the output face and the substrate while maintaining close proximity. | 1,700 |
1,578 | 10,399,343 | 1,727 | A battery with an excellent discharge load characteristic and low temperature discharge characteristic is provided. The battery comprises a wound electrode where a strip-shaped positive electrode and a strip-shaped negative electrode are wound with a separator ( 23 ) therebetween which is impregnated with an electrolyte. The separator ( 23 ) includes a macroporous film ( 23 a ) having an average pore size of 0.15 μm or less and an average ratio of a shortest internal diameter (D S ) to a longest internal diameter (D L ) in a pore not less than 0.4 nor more than 1.0. This can prevent clogging of macropores ( 23 b ) and improve electrolyte permeability, ionic permeability, and electrolyte retention of the separator ( 23 ). Therefore, the excellent discharge load characteristic and low temperature discharge characteristic can be obtained. | 1. A battery comprising a positive electrode and a negative electrode which are placed to face each other, and an electrolyte and a separator which are located therebetween, wherein the separator includes a macroporous film having an average pore size of 0.15 μm or less and an average ratio of a shortest internal diameter to a longest internal diameter in a pore not less than 0.4 nor more than 1.0. 2. A battery according to claim 1, wherein a raw material of the microporous film is at least one kind selected from a group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyamidoimide, polyimide, polyacrylonitrile, and cellulose. 3. A battery according to claim 1, wherein the microporous film has porosity not less than 30% nor more than 60%. 4. A battery according to claim 1, wherein the positive electrode includes a lithium composite oxide and the negative electrode contains a negative electrode material which lithium can be inserted into and extracted from. 5. A battery according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte contains a high molecular compound. | A battery with an excellent discharge load characteristic and low temperature discharge characteristic is provided. The battery comprises a wound electrode where a strip-shaped positive electrode and a strip-shaped negative electrode are wound with a separator ( 23 ) therebetween which is impregnated with an electrolyte. The separator ( 23 ) includes a macroporous film ( 23 a ) having an average pore size of 0.15 μm or less and an average ratio of a shortest internal diameter (D S ) to a longest internal diameter (D L ) in a pore not less than 0.4 nor more than 1.0. This can prevent clogging of macropores ( 23 b ) and improve electrolyte permeability, ionic permeability, and electrolyte retention of the separator ( 23 ). Therefore, the excellent discharge load characteristic and low temperature discharge characteristic can be obtained.1. A battery comprising a positive electrode and a negative electrode which are placed to face each other, and an electrolyte and a separator which are located therebetween, wherein the separator includes a macroporous film having an average pore size of 0.15 μm or less and an average ratio of a shortest internal diameter to a longest internal diameter in a pore not less than 0.4 nor more than 1.0. 2. A battery according to claim 1, wherein a raw material of the microporous film is at least one kind selected from a group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyamidoimide, polyimide, polyacrylonitrile, and cellulose. 3. A battery according to claim 1, wherein the microporous film has porosity not less than 30% nor more than 60%. 4. A battery according to claim 1, wherein the positive electrode includes a lithium composite oxide and the negative electrode contains a negative electrode material which lithium can be inserted into and extracted from. 5. A battery according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte contains a high molecular compound. | 1,700 |
1,579 | 13,816,206 | 1,718 | By producing a resin composition containing (A) an epoxy resin having two or more epoxy groups in one molecule thereof and containing a hexanediol structure, (B) an ultraviolet ray active ester group-containing compound, and (C) an epoxy resin curing accelerator, even in a state where an irregular shape of the surface of an insulating resin layer is small, a high adhesive force to a wiring conductor can be easily revealed. | 1. A resin composition containing (A) an epoxy resin having two or more epoxy groups in one molecule thereof and having a structural unit derived from an alkylene glycol having a carbon number of from 3 to 10 in a main chain thereof, (B) an ultraviolet ray active ester group-containing compound, and (C) an epoxy resin curing accelerator. 2. The resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the alkylene glycol having a carbon number of from 3 to 10 is hexanediol. 3. The resin composition according to claim 1, wherein an ester equivalent of the ultraviolet ray active ester group-containing compound (B) is from 0.85 to 1.25 equivalents relative to one epoxy equivalent of the epoxy resin (A). 4. The resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the ultraviolet ray active ester group-containing compound (B) is a resin having one or more ester groups in one molecule thereof. 5. A cured resin product obtained by thermally curing the resin composition according to claim 1 and irradiating with ultraviolet rays. 6. A wiring board obtained by disposing a cured resin layer composed of the cured resin product according to claim 5 on a substrate having a circuit of a wiring conductor and forming a wiring on the cured resin layer by plating. 7. The wiring board according to claim 6, wherein the irradiation with ultraviolet rays is performed using an ultraviolet ray lamp capable of undergoing radiation at a maximum wavelength in the range of from 300 to 450 nm in an amount of light of from about 1,000 to 5,000 mJ/cm2 under an atmospheric pressure atmosphere. 8. A method of manufacturing a wiring board including (a) a step of forming an uncured resin layer on a substrate having a circuit of a wiring conductor by using a resin composition containing an epoxy resin having two or more epoxy groups in one molecule thereof and having a structural unit derived from an alkylene glycol having a carbon number of from 3 to 10 in a main chain thereof, an ultraviolet ray active ester group-containing compound and an epoxy resin curing accelerator; (b) a step of thermally curing the uncured resin layer and subsequently irradiating with ultraviolet rays to form a cured resin layer; and (c) a step of subjecting the cured resin layer to an electroless plating treatment. 9. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 8, further including (d) a step of applying an electroplating treatment onto the electroless plating. 10. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 8, including (c′) a step of subjecting the surface of the cured resin layer to a roughening treatment with an oxidizing roughening liquid between the step (b) and the step (c). 11. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 8, wherein in the step of irradiating with ultraviolet rays, ultraviolet rays are irradiated using an ultraviolet ray lamp capable of undergoing radiation at a maximum wavelength in the range of from 300 to 450 nm in an amount of light of from about 1,000 to 5,000 mJ/cm2 under an atmospheric pressure atmosphere. 12. A method for manufacturing a wiring board having an insulating resin layer and a wiring formed on the surface of the insulating resin layer, which performs successively
a laminate forming step of forming a laminate having the insulating resin layer and a support, a hole forming step of providing a hole in the laminate, a desmearing treatment step of removing a smear within the hole with a desmearing treatment liquid, a support removal step of removing the support from the laminate, and a wiring forming step of forming the wiring on the surface of the insulating resin layer from which the support has been removed, wherein an ultraviolet ray irradiation step of irradiating ultraviolet rays on the surface of the insulating resin layer from which the support has been removed, to enhance an adhesive force to the wiring is included after the laminate forming step and before the wiring forming step. 13. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 12, wherein the support is a synthetic resin film. 14. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 12, wherein the support is a metal foil. 15. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 14, wherein the metal foil is a copper foil. 16. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 12, wherein the insulating resin layer is composed of a thermosetting resin. 17. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 16, wherein the insulating resin layer is obtained from an insulating resin composition containing an epoxy resin, a curing agent, and a curing accelerator of the epoxy resin. 18. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 17, wherein the epoxy resin is an epoxy resin containing a hexanediol structure having two or more epoxy groups in one molecule thereof. 19. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 17, wherein the curing agent is an active ester group-containing compound. 20. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 19, wherein an active ester equivalent of the active ester group-containing compound is from 0.75 to 1.25 equivalents relative to one epoxy equivalent of the epoxy resin. 21. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 17, wherein the curing agent is an active ester group-containing compound having one or more ester groups in one molecule thereof. 22. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 12, wherein in the ultraviolet ray irradiation step, the insulating resin layer is irradiated with ultraviolet rays having a wavelength of from 300 to 450 nm in an irradiation amount of from 1,000 to 5,000 mJ/cm2 at atmospheric pressure. 23. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 12, which performs successively
a laminate forming step of forming a laminate having a support and an insulating resin layer, a hole forming step of providing a hole in the laminate, a desmearing treatment step of removing a smear within the hole with a desmearing treatment liquid, a support removal step of removing the support from the laminate, an ultraviolet ray irradiation step of irradiating ultraviolet rays on the insulating resin layer from the support side of the laminate, and a wiring forming step of forming the wiring on the surface of the insulating resin layer from which the support has been removed. 24. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 12, which performs successively
a laminate forming step of forming a laminate having a support and an insulating resin layer, a hole forming step of providing a hole in the laminate, an ultraviolet ray irradiation step of irradiating ultraviolet rays on the insulating resin layer from the support side of the laminate, a desmearing treatment step of removing a smear within the hole with a desmearing treatment liquid, a support removal step of removing the support from the laminate, and a wiring forming step of forming the wiring on the surface of the insulating resin layer from which the support has, been removed. 25. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 12, which performs successively
a laminate forming step of forming a laminate having a support and an insulating resin layer, a hole forming step of providing a hole in the laminate, a desmearing treatment step of removing a smear within the hole with a desmearing treatment liquid, an ultraviolet ray irradiation step of irradiating ultraviolet rays on the insulating resin layer from the support side of the laminate, a support removal step of removing the support from the laminate, and a wiring forming step of forming the wiring on the surface of the insulating resin layer from which the support has been removed. | By producing a resin composition containing (A) an epoxy resin having two or more epoxy groups in one molecule thereof and containing a hexanediol structure, (B) an ultraviolet ray active ester group-containing compound, and (C) an epoxy resin curing accelerator, even in a state where an irregular shape of the surface of an insulating resin layer is small, a high adhesive force to a wiring conductor can be easily revealed.1. A resin composition containing (A) an epoxy resin having two or more epoxy groups in one molecule thereof and having a structural unit derived from an alkylene glycol having a carbon number of from 3 to 10 in a main chain thereof, (B) an ultraviolet ray active ester group-containing compound, and (C) an epoxy resin curing accelerator. 2. The resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the alkylene glycol having a carbon number of from 3 to 10 is hexanediol. 3. The resin composition according to claim 1, wherein an ester equivalent of the ultraviolet ray active ester group-containing compound (B) is from 0.85 to 1.25 equivalents relative to one epoxy equivalent of the epoxy resin (A). 4. The resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the ultraviolet ray active ester group-containing compound (B) is a resin having one or more ester groups in one molecule thereof. 5. A cured resin product obtained by thermally curing the resin composition according to claim 1 and irradiating with ultraviolet rays. 6. A wiring board obtained by disposing a cured resin layer composed of the cured resin product according to claim 5 on a substrate having a circuit of a wiring conductor and forming a wiring on the cured resin layer by plating. 7. The wiring board according to claim 6, wherein the irradiation with ultraviolet rays is performed using an ultraviolet ray lamp capable of undergoing radiation at a maximum wavelength in the range of from 300 to 450 nm in an amount of light of from about 1,000 to 5,000 mJ/cm2 under an atmospheric pressure atmosphere. 8. A method of manufacturing a wiring board including (a) a step of forming an uncured resin layer on a substrate having a circuit of a wiring conductor by using a resin composition containing an epoxy resin having two or more epoxy groups in one molecule thereof and having a structural unit derived from an alkylene glycol having a carbon number of from 3 to 10 in a main chain thereof, an ultraviolet ray active ester group-containing compound and an epoxy resin curing accelerator; (b) a step of thermally curing the uncured resin layer and subsequently irradiating with ultraviolet rays to form a cured resin layer; and (c) a step of subjecting the cured resin layer to an electroless plating treatment. 9. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 8, further including (d) a step of applying an electroplating treatment onto the electroless plating. 10. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 8, including (c′) a step of subjecting the surface of the cured resin layer to a roughening treatment with an oxidizing roughening liquid between the step (b) and the step (c). 11. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 8, wherein in the step of irradiating with ultraviolet rays, ultraviolet rays are irradiated using an ultraviolet ray lamp capable of undergoing radiation at a maximum wavelength in the range of from 300 to 450 nm in an amount of light of from about 1,000 to 5,000 mJ/cm2 under an atmospheric pressure atmosphere. 12. A method for manufacturing a wiring board having an insulating resin layer and a wiring formed on the surface of the insulating resin layer, which performs successively
a laminate forming step of forming a laminate having the insulating resin layer and a support, a hole forming step of providing a hole in the laminate, a desmearing treatment step of removing a smear within the hole with a desmearing treatment liquid, a support removal step of removing the support from the laminate, and a wiring forming step of forming the wiring on the surface of the insulating resin layer from which the support has been removed, wherein an ultraviolet ray irradiation step of irradiating ultraviolet rays on the surface of the insulating resin layer from which the support has been removed, to enhance an adhesive force to the wiring is included after the laminate forming step and before the wiring forming step. 13. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 12, wherein the support is a synthetic resin film. 14. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 12, wherein the support is a metal foil. 15. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 14, wherein the metal foil is a copper foil. 16. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 12, wherein the insulating resin layer is composed of a thermosetting resin. 17. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 16, wherein the insulating resin layer is obtained from an insulating resin composition containing an epoxy resin, a curing agent, and a curing accelerator of the epoxy resin. 18. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 17, wherein the epoxy resin is an epoxy resin containing a hexanediol structure having two or more epoxy groups in one molecule thereof. 19. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 17, wherein the curing agent is an active ester group-containing compound. 20. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 19, wherein an active ester equivalent of the active ester group-containing compound is from 0.75 to 1.25 equivalents relative to one epoxy equivalent of the epoxy resin. 21. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 17, wherein the curing agent is an active ester group-containing compound having one or more ester groups in one molecule thereof. 22. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 12, wherein in the ultraviolet ray irradiation step, the insulating resin layer is irradiated with ultraviolet rays having a wavelength of from 300 to 450 nm in an irradiation amount of from 1,000 to 5,000 mJ/cm2 at atmospheric pressure. 23. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 12, which performs successively
a laminate forming step of forming a laminate having a support and an insulating resin layer, a hole forming step of providing a hole in the laminate, a desmearing treatment step of removing a smear within the hole with a desmearing treatment liquid, a support removal step of removing the support from the laminate, an ultraviolet ray irradiation step of irradiating ultraviolet rays on the insulating resin layer from the support side of the laminate, and a wiring forming step of forming the wiring on the surface of the insulating resin layer from which the support has been removed. 24. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 12, which performs successively
a laminate forming step of forming a laminate having a support and an insulating resin layer, a hole forming step of providing a hole in the laminate, an ultraviolet ray irradiation step of irradiating ultraviolet rays on the insulating resin layer from the support side of the laminate, a desmearing treatment step of removing a smear within the hole with a desmearing treatment liquid, a support removal step of removing the support from the laminate, and a wiring forming step of forming the wiring on the surface of the insulating resin layer from which the support has, been removed. 25. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 12, which performs successively
a laminate forming step of forming a laminate having a support and an insulating resin layer, a hole forming step of providing a hole in the laminate, a desmearing treatment step of removing a smear within the hole with a desmearing treatment liquid, an ultraviolet ray irradiation step of irradiating ultraviolet rays on the insulating resin layer from the support side of the laminate, a support removal step of removing the support from the laminate, and a wiring forming step of forming the wiring on the surface of the insulating resin layer from which the support has been removed. | 1,700 |
1,580 | 14,293,418 | 1,791 | The invention relates to edible film-shaped cola-flavored preparations which disintegrate quickly and without leaving a residue when coming in contact with moisture. In advantageous embodiments, edible, water-soluble, film-shaped preparations containing cola flavoring are provided that contain hydroxypropylated pea starch and hydroxypropylated tapioca starch as a film-forming polymer, or contains such a polymer in combination with further film-forming polymers. | 1. An edible, water-soluble, film-shaped preparation containing cola flavouring, wherein said preparation dissolves quickly upon contact with moisture and does not leave a residue, and wherein said preparation contains a film-forming polymer being a hydroxypropylated starch derivative selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropylated pea starch and hydroxypropylated tapioca starch, or contains such a polymer in combination with further film-forming polymers. 2. The preparation according to claim 1, wherein said further film-forming polymers are selected from the group consisting of cellulose derivatives, partially hydrolysed polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, gelatine, alginates and polyethylene glycols. 3. The preparation according to claim 1, wherein said preparation comprises the following composition:
55-75%-wt.
film-forming polymer (or polymer mixture)
5-20%-wt.
cola flavouring
0-18%-wt.
plasticiser(s)
0-19%-wt.
sweetener(s)
0-7%-wt.
emulsifier(s)
0-2%-wt.
colouring
0-5%-wt,
acidifier(s)
0-3%-wt.
further flavouring
0-5%-wt.
preservative
0-20%-wt.
filler(s). 4. The preparation according to claim 3, wherein the film-forming polymer mixture comprises
a) 55 to 65%-wt. of a hydroxypropylated starch derivative, and b) 0.01 to 10%-wt. of one or more further film-forming polymers, which is/are selected from the group consisting of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethlyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, partially hydrolysed polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, gelatin, alginates, polyethylene glycols, water-soluble starch portions, and water-soluble starch derivatives other than the hydroxypropylated starch derivative mentioned under a). 5. The preparation according to claim 3, wherein the plasticizer(s) is/are selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycols, polyethylene glycols, dibutyl sebacate, diethyl phthalate, diacetylated monoglycerides, triacetin, tributyl citrate, triethyl citrate, acetyl tributyl citrate, acetyl triethyl citrate, benzoyl benzoate, propylene glycol, castor oil, saccharose, isomalt, mannitol, starch sugars and dexpanthenol. 6. The preparation according to claim 3, wherein the emulsifier(s) is/are selected from the group consisting of mono- and diglycerides of edible fatty acids, polyethylene glycol ethers, sorbitan fatty acid esters, polysorbates, pectins, lecithin and macrogol glycerol hydroxystearate. 7. The preparation according to claim 3, wherein the sweetener(s) is/are selected, from the group consisting of acesulfame, aspartame, cyclamate, saccharin, sorbitol, sucralose (trichlorosucrose), thaumatin, neohesperidin DC, and mixtures of these sweeteners. 8. The preparation according to claim 3, wherein the acidifier(s) is/are selected from the group consisting of tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, malic acid, phosphoric acid, lactic acid and citric acid. 9. The preparation according to claim 1, wherein said preparation comprises the following composition, relative to the dry matter of the preparation:
55-65%-wt.
hydroxypropylated tapioca starch
0-10%-wt.
partially hydrolysed polyvinyl alcohol
5-18%-wt.
glycerine
0-18%-wt.
sorbitol syrup
0.2-1%-wt.
sucralose
0-1%-wt.
mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
0-3%-wt.
polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate
0-3%-wt.
macrogol glycerol hydroxystearate
0.2-2%-wt.
caramel colouring
2-5%-wt.
citric acid
0-1%-wt.
lime flavouring
0.1-2%-wt.
caffeine
5-20%-wt.
cola flavouring. 10. The preparation according to claim 9, wherein said preparation comprises the following composition, relative to the dry matter of the preparation:
56.9%-wt.
hydroxypropylated tapioca starch
5.0%-wt.
partially hydrolysed polyvinyl alcohol
11.0%-wt.
glycerine
7.0%-wt.
sorbitol syrup
0.5%-wt.
sucralcse
0.5%-wt.
mono- and diglycerides of edible fatty acids
1.5%-wt.
polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate
1.5%-wt,
macrogol glycerol hydroxystearate
1.2%-wt.
caramel colouring
4.0%-wt.
citric acid
0.5%-wt.
lime flavouring
0.4%-wt.
caffeine
10.0%-wt.
cola flavouring 11. An edible, water-soluble, film-shaped preparation containing cola flavouring, wherein said preparation dissolves quickly upon contact with moisture and does not leave a residue, and wherein said preparation contains a film-forming polymer being a hydroxypropylated starch derivative selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropylated pea starch and hydroxypropylated tapioca starch, or contains such a polymer in combination with a further film-forming polymer being partially hydrolysed polyvinyl alcohol in an amount of 0.1-10%-wt. 12. The preparation according to claim 11, wherein said hydroxypropylated tapioca starch is provided in an amount in the range of about 55-65%-wt. | The invention relates to edible film-shaped cola-flavored preparations which disintegrate quickly and without leaving a residue when coming in contact with moisture. In advantageous embodiments, edible, water-soluble, film-shaped preparations containing cola flavoring are provided that contain hydroxypropylated pea starch and hydroxypropylated tapioca starch as a film-forming polymer, or contains such a polymer in combination with further film-forming polymers.1. An edible, water-soluble, film-shaped preparation containing cola flavouring, wherein said preparation dissolves quickly upon contact with moisture and does not leave a residue, and wherein said preparation contains a film-forming polymer being a hydroxypropylated starch derivative selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropylated pea starch and hydroxypropylated tapioca starch, or contains such a polymer in combination with further film-forming polymers. 2. The preparation according to claim 1, wherein said further film-forming polymers are selected from the group consisting of cellulose derivatives, partially hydrolysed polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, gelatine, alginates and polyethylene glycols. 3. The preparation according to claim 1, wherein said preparation comprises the following composition:
55-75%-wt.
film-forming polymer (or polymer mixture)
5-20%-wt.
cola flavouring
0-18%-wt.
plasticiser(s)
0-19%-wt.
sweetener(s)
0-7%-wt.
emulsifier(s)
0-2%-wt.
colouring
0-5%-wt,
acidifier(s)
0-3%-wt.
further flavouring
0-5%-wt.
preservative
0-20%-wt.
filler(s). 4. The preparation according to claim 3, wherein the film-forming polymer mixture comprises
a) 55 to 65%-wt. of a hydroxypropylated starch derivative, and b) 0.01 to 10%-wt. of one or more further film-forming polymers, which is/are selected from the group consisting of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethlyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, partially hydrolysed polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, gelatin, alginates, polyethylene glycols, water-soluble starch portions, and water-soluble starch derivatives other than the hydroxypropylated starch derivative mentioned under a). 5. The preparation according to claim 3, wherein the plasticizer(s) is/are selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycols, polyethylene glycols, dibutyl sebacate, diethyl phthalate, diacetylated monoglycerides, triacetin, tributyl citrate, triethyl citrate, acetyl tributyl citrate, acetyl triethyl citrate, benzoyl benzoate, propylene glycol, castor oil, saccharose, isomalt, mannitol, starch sugars and dexpanthenol. 6. The preparation according to claim 3, wherein the emulsifier(s) is/are selected from the group consisting of mono- and diglycerides of edible fatty acids, polyethylene glycol ethers, sorbitan fatty acid esters, polysorbates, pectins, lecithin and macrogol glycerol hydroxystearate. 7. The preparation according to claim 3, wherein the sweetener(s) is/are selected, from the group consisting of acesulfame, aspartame, cyclamate, saccharin, sorbitol, sucralose (trichlorosucrose), thaumatin, neohesperidin DC, and mixtures of these sweeteners. 8. The preparation according to claim 3, wherein the acidifier(s) is/are selected from the group consisting of tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, malic acid, phosphoric acid, lactic acid and citric acid. 9. The preparation according to claim 1, wherein said preparation comprises the following composition, relative to the dry matter of the preparation:
55-65%-wt.
hydroxypropylated tapioca starch
0-10%-wt.
partially hydrolysed polyvinyl alcohol
5-18%-wt.
glycerine
0-18%-wt.
sorbitol syrup
0.2-1%-wt.
sucralose
0-1%-wt.
mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
0-3%-wt.
polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate
0-3%-wt.
macrogol glycerol hydroxystearate
0.2-2%-wt.
caramel colouring
2-5%-wt.
citric acid
0-1%-wt.
lime flavouring
0.1-2%-wt.
caffeine
5-20%-wt.
cola flavouring. 10. The preparation according to claim 9, wherein said preparation comprises the following composition, relative to the dry matter of the preparation:
56.9%-wt.
hydroxypropylated tapioca starch
5.0%-wt.
partially hydrolysed polyvinyl alcohol
11.0%-wt.
glycerine
7.0%-wt.
sorbitol syrup
0.5%-wt.
sucralcse
0.5%-wt.
mono- and diglycerides of edible fatty acids
1.5%-wt.
polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate
1.5%-wt,
macrogol glycerol hydroxystearate
1.2%-wt.
caramel colouring
4.0%-wt.
citric acid
0.5%-wt.
lime flavouring
0.4%-wt.
caffeine
10.0%-wt.
cola flavouring 11. An edible, water-soluble, film-shaped preparation containing cola flavouring, wherein said preparation dissolves quickly upon contact with moisture and does not leave a residue, and wherein said preparation contains a film-forming polymer being a hydroxypropylated starch derivative selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropylated pea starch and hydroxypropylated tapioca starch, or contains such a polymer in combination with a further film-forming polymer being partially hydrolysed polyvinyl alcohol in an amount of 0.1-10%-wt. 12. The preparation according to claim 11, wherein said hydroxypropylated tapioca starch is provided in an amount in the range of about 55-65%-wt. | 1,700 |
1,581 | 14,549,303 | 1,766 | A composition comprising a fluid, and a material dispersed in the fluid, the material made up of particles having a complex three dimensional surface area such as a sharp blade-like surface, the particles having an aspect ratio larger than 0.7 for promoting kinetic boundary layer mixing in a non-linear-viscosity zone. The composition may further include an additive dispersed in the fluid. The fluid may be a thermopolymer material. A method of extruding the fluid includes feeding the fluid into an extruder, feeding additives into the extruder, feeding a material into the extruder, passing the material through a mixing zone in the extruder to disperse the material within the fluid wherein the material migrates to a boundary layer of the fluid to promote kinetic mixing of the additives within the fluid, the kinetic mixing taking place in a non-linear viscosity zone. | 1-62. (canceled) 63. An improved additive for use in a fluid flowing through equipment where the flowing fluid has a stream velocity (U) and a boundary layer flow velocity (u), wherein (U) and (u) are affected by filler loading, heat transfer, shear effects and chemical reactions, wherein the improvement comprises:
particles having a sharp conchoidal surface and a complex three-dimensional surface area, said particles having a diameter approximately equal to a theoretical starting diameter; wherein said particle theoretical starting diameter is defined by a height measured perpendicular to a surface where u=0.99U. 64. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said complex three-dimensional surface area comprises a smooth, sharp surface. 65. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said complex three-dimensional surface area comprises a smooth, sharp, blade-like surface. 66. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said complex three-dimensional surface area comprises a smooth, curved surface. 67. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles comprise a jet milled material. 68. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles comprise an impact jet milled material. 69. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles comprise a ball milled material. 70. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles comprise a roller milled material. 71. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles have a Mohs hardness value of greater than 2.5 72. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles have a hardness sufficient to deform said fluid as it flows around said particles, thereby promoting kinetic mixing through the tumbling or rolling effect of the particles. 73. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles are of a size that remain primarily in a boundary layer of said flowing fluid, said particles having an appropriate size with respect to the boundary layer such that fluid flowing over said boundary layer cause rolls or tumbles of said particles, for creating kinetic rolling thereby producing mixing in said boundary layer. 74. The improved additive of claim 63 wherein said particles promote boundary layer renewal of said flowing fluid by kinetic mixing. 75. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles are selected from a group consisting of porous materials, manmade materials, and naturally occurring minerals. 76. (canceled) 77. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said equipment is a pump or process equipment having connections that are open ended single pass or are continuous for recycle operations. 78. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particle diameter results in particle interaction in a boundary layer of said flowing fluid to achieve one of an increase in additive dispersion in said fluid, or to increase surface quality of said fluid exiting said equipment. 79. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles are incorporated into said fluid by providing pellets which have said particles contained therein, and forming the fluid from said pellets, said fluid of which has the particles dispersed therein. 80. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles are incorporated into oil. 81. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles are incorporated into a paint. 82. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles are incorporated into a fire retardant. 83. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles are incorporated into a heat transfer fluid. 84. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles are incorporated into a pigment. 85. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles have an aspect ratio greater than 0.7. 86. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said fluid is a plastic. 87. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said fluid is a polymer. | A composition comprising a fluid, and a material dispersed in the fluid, the material made up of particles having a complex three dimensional surface area such as a sharp blade-like surface, the particles having an aspect ratio larger than 0.7 for promoting kinetic boundary layer mixing in a non-linear-viscosity zone. The composition may further include an additive dispersed in the fluid. The fluid may be a thermopolymer material. A method of extruding the fluid includes feeding the fluid into an extruder, feeding additives into the extruder, feeding a material into the extruder, passing the material through a mixing zone in the extruder to disperse the material within the fluid wherein the material migrates to a boundary layer of the fluid to promote kinetic mixing of the additives within the fluid, the kinetic mixing taking place in a non-linear viscosity zone.1-62. (canceled) 63. An improved additive for use in a fluid flowing through equipment where the flowing fluid has a stream velocity (U) and a boundary layer flow velocity (u), wherein (U) and (u) are affected by filler loading, heat transfer, shear effects and chemical reactions, wherein the improvement comprises:
particles having a sharp conchoidal surface and a complex three-dimensional surface area, said particles having a diameter approximately equal to a theoretical starting diameter; wherein said particle theoretical starting diameter is defined by a height measured perpendicular to a surface where u=0.99U. 64. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said complex three-dimensional surface area comprises a smooth, sharp surface. 65. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said complex three-dimensional surface area comprises a smooth, sharp, blade-like surface. 66. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said complex three-dimensional surface area comprises a smooth, curved surface. 67. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles comprise a jet milled material. 68. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles comprise an impact jet milled material. 69. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles comprise a ball milled material. 70. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles comprise a roller milled material. 71. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles have a Mohs hardness value of greater than 2.5 72. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles have a hardness sufficient to deform said fluid as it flows around said particles, thereby promoting kinetic mixing through the tumbling or rolling effect of the particles. 73. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles are of a size that remain primarily in a boundary layer of said flowing fluid, said particles having an appropriate size with respect to the boundary layer such that fluid flowing over said boundary layer cause rolls or tumbles of said particles, for creating kinetic rolling thereby producing mixing in said boundary layer. 74. The improved additive of claim 63 wherein said particles promote boundary layer renewal of said flowing fluid by kinetic mixing. 75. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles are selected from a group consisting of porous materials, manmade materials, and naturally occurring minerals. 76. (canceled) 77. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said equipment is a pump or process equipment having connections that are open ended single pass or are continuous for recycle operations. 78. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particle diameter results in particle interaction in a boundary layer of said flowing fluid to achieve one of an increase in additive dispersion in said fluid, or to increase surface quality of said fluid exiting said equipment. 79. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles are incorporated into said fluid by providing pellets which have said particles contained therein, and forming the fluid from said pellets, said fluid of which has the particles dispersed therein. 80. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles are incorporated into oil. 81. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles are incorporated into a paint. 82. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles are incorporated into a fire retardant. 83. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles are incorporated into a heat transfer fluid. 84. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles are incorporated into a pigment. 85. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said particles have an aspect ratio greater than 0.7. 86. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said fluid is a plastic. 87. The improved additive according to claim 63 wherein said fluid is a polymer. | 1,700 |
1,582 | 14,441,486 | 1,788 | A conductive resilient hollow microsphere comprises a conductive layer enclosing a resilient polymeric hollow microsphere. An adhesive composition includes an insulating adhesive component and a plurality of the conductive resilient hollow microspheres. Adhesive articles including the adhesive composition are also disclosed. Methods of making the same are also disclosed. | 1-15. (canceled) 16. A conductive resilient hollow microsphere comprising a conductive layer enclosing a resilient polymeric hollow microsphere. 17. The conductive resilient hollow microsphere of claim 16, wherein the resilient polymeric hollow microsphere comprises a copolymer of acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile. 18. The conductive resilient hollow microsphere of claim 16, wherein the conductive layer comprises silver or stainless steel. 19. An adhesive composition comprising:
an insulating adhesive component; and a plurality of conductive resilient hollow microspheres according to claim 16. 20. The adhesive composition of claim 19, wherein the insulating adhesive component comprises at least one of an acrylic adhesive or a silicone adhesive. 21. The adhesive composition of claim 19, wherein the adhesive composition is a pressure-sensitive adhesive. 22. The adhesive composition of claim 19, wherein the pressure-sensitive adhesive further comprises conductive filler particles. 23. An adhesive article comprising a layer of the adhesive composition of claim 20, wherein the layer of the adhesive composition is releasably adhered to a first major surface of a first substrate. 24. The adhesive article of claim 23, further comprising a second substrate, wherein the layer of the adhesive composition is releasably adhered to a major surface of a second substrate, and wherein the layer of the adhesive composition is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. 25. The adhesive article of claim 24, wherein the substrate has a second major surface opposite the first major surface, and wherein the layer of the adhesive composition is releasably adhered to the second major surface of the first substrate. 26. A method comprising contacting resilient polymeric hollow microspheres with a vapor of a metal at a pressure in the range of from 1.33 pascals to 13.33 pascals, inclusive, for at least sufficient time to deposit a substantially uniform and complete layer of the metal onto the surface of the resilient organic microspheres. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the resilient organic microspheres are hollow. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the pressure is in the range of from 2 pascals to 6.67 pascals. 29. The method of claim 26, wherein the pressure is in the range of from 3.33 pascals to 6.67 pascals. 30. The method of claim 26, wherein the vapor of the metal is generated by magnetron sputtering. | A conductive resilient hollow microsphere comprises a conductive layer enclosing a resilient polymeric hollow microsphere. An adhesive composition includes an insulating adhesive component and a plurality of the conductive resilient hollow microspheres. Adhesive articles including the adhesive composition are also disclosed. Methods of making the same are also disclosed.1-15. (canceled) 16. A conductive resilient hollow microsphere comprising a conductive layer enclosing a resilient polymeric hollow microsphere. 17. The conductive resilient hollow microsphere of claim 16, wherein the resilient polymeric hollow microsphere comprises a copolymer of acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile. 18. The conductive resilient hollow microsphere of claim 16, wherein the conductive layer comprises silver or stainless steel. 19. An adhesive composition comprising:
an insulating adhesive component; and a plurality of conductive resilient hollow microspheres according to claim 16. 20. The adhesive composition of claim 19, wherein the insulating adhesive component comprises at least one of an acrylic adhesive or a silicone adhesive. 21. The adhesive composition of claim 19, wherein the adhesive composition is a pressure-sensitive adhesive. 22. The adhesive composition of claim 19, wherein the pressure-sensitive adhesive further comprises conductive filler particles. 23. An adhesive article comprising a layer of the adhesive composition of claim 20, wherein the layer of the adhesive composition is releasably adhered to a first major surface of a first substrate. 24. The adhesive article of claim 23, further comprising a second substrate, wherein the layer of the adhesive composition is releasably adhered to a major surface of a second substrate, and wherein the layer of the adhesive composition is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. 25. The adhesive article of claim 24, wherein the substrate has a second major surface opposite the first major surface, and wherein the layer of the adhesive composition is releasably adhered to the second major surface of the first substrate. 26. A method comprising contacting resilient polymeric hollow microspheres with a vapor of a metal at a pressure in the range of from 1.33 pascals to 13.33 pascals, inclusive, for at least sufficient time to deposit a substantially uniform and complete layer of the metal onto the surface of the resilient organic microspheres. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the resilient organic microspheres are hollow. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the pressure is in the range of from 2 pascals to 6.67 pascals. 29. The method of claim 26, wherein the pressure is in the range of from 3.33 pascals to 6.67 pascals. 30. The method of claim 26, wherein the vapor of the metal is generated by magnetron sputtering. | 1,700 |
1,583 | 12,136,588 | 1,793 | The present invention relates to a method for producing and packaging a dairy product, particularly mozzarella cheese, and a packaging method therefor which is studied to facilitate the handling and improve preservability of the latter.
Particularly, the present invention relates to a method for preparing and packaging a pasta filata cheese, comprising a step of substantially dry packaging, i.e. without preserving liquid, and heat packaging of said pasta filata cheese. | 1. A method for preparing and packaging a pasta filata cheese, comprising a step of substantially dry packaging, i.e. without preserving liquid, and heat packaging of said pasta filata cheese. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said step of substantially dry and heat packaging is carried out at a temperature higher than 50° C. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein said temperature higher than 50° C. is a temperature of about 60° C. 4. The method according to claim 1, said method comprising the following steps:
(a) standardisation of the milk such as to obtain a ratio of fat to proteins=1 and subsequent pasteurization of the standardized milk; (b) coagulation of the pasteurized milk by adding citric acid and a coagulant at a temperature ranging between 30° C. and 40° C.; (c) dripping of the curd obtained during step (b); (d) stretching of said curd in water added with salt and cream, such as to have a stretching liquid with a salt ratio of 1-2 w by weight and a percentage of fat ranging between 7% and 12% by weight at a temperature higher than 80° C. and subsequent modelling into pieces of a preset shape; (e) the packaging as defined in claim 1 and subsequent cooling of the packaged stretched paste for a time ranging between 0.5 and 1.5 hours. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein said pasteurization of the standardized milk is carried out at a temperature of about 74° C. for about 18 seconds. 6. The method according to claim 4, wherein said coagulation is carried out at a temperature of about 36° C. for a time of about 3.5 minutes and is followed by a consolidation step for a time of preferably about 2 minutes. 7. The method according to claim 4, wherein said dripping is carried out for a time ranging between 30 minutes and 1 hour. 8. The method according to claim 4, wherein said stretching step is carried out in water added with salt and cream, such as to have a salt ratio of about 1.5% and a percentage of fat ranging between 7% and 12%, and at a temperature ranging between 90° C. and 91° C. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein said pasta filata cheese is mozzarella cheese. 10. A packaging system comprising a multi-portion container (2), comprising two or more half-shells (6), each containing a portion of a pasta filata cheese such as obtainable according to the method of claim 1, wherein within each of said half-shells (6) said pasta filata cheese is packaged in the absence of preserving liquid, each of said half-shells (6) being sealed by means of a sealing peelable or non-peelable film (7) to the opening of said half-shell (6). 11. The packaging system according to claim 10, said multi-portion container (2) being arranged for two portions of pasta filata cheese, said container (2) comprising two half-shells (6) having a projecting edge (8) which comprises a hinge portion (9) connecting the two half-shells (6), a tab (10) being arranged in a substantially opposite position relative to the hinge portion (9) on both edges (8) of the half-shells (6). 12. The packaging system according to claim 10, wherein said half-shells have a hemispheric, cubic or generally polygonal shape. 13. The packaging system according to claim 12, wherein said portion of pasta filata cheese is a mozzarella cheese. | The present invention relates to a method for producing and packaging a dairy product, particularly mozzarella cheese, and a packaging method therefor which is studied to facilitate the handling and improve preservability of the latter.
Particularly, the present invention relates to a method for preparing and packaging a pasta filata cheese, comprising a step of substantially dry packaging, i.e. without preserving liquid, and heat packaging of said pasta filata cheese.1. A method for preparing and packaging a pasta filata cheese, comprising a step of substantially dry packaging, i.e. without preserving liquid, and heat packaging of said pasta filata cheese. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said step of substantially dry and heat packaging is carried out at a temperature higher than 50° C. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein said temperature higher than 50° C. is a temperature of about 60° C. 4. The method according to claim 1, said method comprising the following steps:
(a) standardisation of the milk such as to obtain a ratio of fat to proteins=1 and subsequent pasteurization of the standardized milk; (b) coagulation of the pasteurized milk by adding citric acid and a coagulant at a temperature ranging between 30° C. and 40° C.; (c) dripping of the curd obtained during step (b); (d) stretching of said curd in water added with salt and cream, such as to have a stretching liquid with a salt ratio of 1-2 w by weight and a percentage of fat ranging between 7% and 12% by weight at a temperature higher than 80° C. and subsequent modelling into pieces of a preset shape; (e) the packaging as defined in claim 1 and subsequent cooling of the packaged stretched paste for a time ranging between 0.5 and 1.5 hours. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein said pasteurization of the standardized milk is carried out at a temperature of about 74° C. for about 18 seconds. 6. The method according to claim 4, wherein said coagulation is carried out at a temperature of about 36° C. for a time of about 3.5 minutes and is followed by a consolidation step for a time of preferably about 2 minutes. 7. The method according to claim 4, wherein said dripping is carried out for a time ranging between 30 minutes and 1 hour. 8. The method according to claim 4, wherein said stretching step is carried out in water added with salt and cream, such as to have a salt ratio of about 1.5% and a percentage of fat ranging between 7% and 12%, and at a temperature ranging between 90° C. and 91° C. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein said pasta filata cheese is mozzarella cheese. 10. A packaging system comprising a multi-portion container (2), comprising two or more half-shells (6), each containing a portion of a pasta filata cheese such as obtainable according to the method of claim 1, wherein within each of said half-shells (6) said pasta filata cheese is packaged in the absence of preserving liquid, each of said half-shells (6) being sealed by means of a sealing peelable or non-peelable film (7) to the opening of said half-shell (6). 11. The packaging system according to claim 10, said multi-portion container (2) being arranged for two portions of pasta filata cheese, said container (2) comprising two half-shells (6) having a projecting edge (8) which comprises a hinge portion (9) connecting the two half-shells (6), a tab (10) being arranged in a substantially opposite position relative to the hinge portion (9) on both edges (8) of the half-shells (6). 12. The packaging system according to claim 10, wherein said half-shells have a hemispheric, cubic or generally polygonal shape. 13. The packaging system according to claim 12, wherein said portion of pasta filata cheese is a mozzarella cheese. | 1,700 |
1,584 | 13,377,207 | 1,789 | Provided is a carbon fiber bundle for obtaining a fiber-reinforced plastic having high mechanical characteristics. An acrylonitrile swollen fiber for a carbon fiber having openings of 10 nm or more in width in the circumference direction of the swollen fiber at a ratio in the range of 0.3 openings/μm 2 or more and 2 openings/μm 2 or less on the surface of the swollen fiber, and the swollen fiber is not treated with a finishing oil agent. A precursor fiber obtained by treating the swollen fiber with a silicone-based finishing oil agent has a silicon content of 1700 ppm or more and 5000 ppm or less, and the silicon content is 50 ppm or more and 300 ppm or less after the finishing oil agent is washed away with methyl ethyl ketone by using a Soxhlet extraction apparatus for 8 hours. The fiber is preferably an acrylonitrile copolymer containing acrylonitrile in an amount of 96.0 mass % or more and 99.7 mass % or less and an unsaturated hydrocarbon having at least one carboxyl group or ester group in an amount of 0.3 mass % or more and 4.0 mass % or less. | 1. An acrylonitrile swollen fiber for a carbon fiber having openings of 10 nm or more in width in the circumference direction of the swollen fiber at a ratio in the range of 0.3 openings/μm2 or more and 2 openings/μm2 or less on the surface of the swollen fiber, and that is not treated with a finishing oil agent. 2. The swollen fiber according to claim 1, wherein, in a fine pore distribution measured by a mercury press-in method, an average fine pore size is 55 nm or less and a total fine pore volume is 0.55 ml/g or less. 3. The swollen fiber according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a polymer constituting the swollen fiber is an acrylonitrile-based copolymer containing an acrylonitrile unit in an amount of 96.0 mass % or more and 99.7 mass % or less and an unsaturated hydrocarbon unit having at least one carboxyl group or ester group in an amount of 0.3 mass % or more and 4.0 mass % or less as essential components. 4. A method of producing a swollen fiber, including:
[1] a step of preparing a dope at a temperature of 50° C. or more and 70° C. or less by dissolving an acrylonitrile-based copolymer, which is obtained by copolymerizing acrylonitrile in an amount of 96.0 mass % or more and 99.7 mass % or less and an unsaturated hydrocarbon having at least one carboxyl group or ester group in an amount of 0.3 mass % or more and 4.0 mass % or less, as essential components, in an organic solvent in a concentration in the range of 20 mass % or more and 25 mass % or less; [2] a step of obtaining a coagulated fiber bundle containing the organic solvent by ejecting the dope from ejection holes into the air by use of a dry-wet spinning method, followed by coagulating in a coagulation bath constituted of an aqueous solution containing an organic solvent in a concentration of 78.0 mass % or more and 82.0 mass % or less, at a temperature of −5° C. or more and 20° C. or less; [3] a step of drawing the coagulated fiber bundle in the air at a ratio in the range of 1.0 time or more and 1.25 times or less, followed by further drawing in a warm aqueous solution containing an organic solvent, a total draw ratio of both drawing processes being 2.6 times or more and 4.0 times or less; and [4] a step of subsequently removing the solvent with warm water and further drawing in hot water at a ratio of 0.98 times or more and 2.0 times or less. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the organic solvent is either dimethyl formamide or dimethyl acetamide. 6. The method according to claim 4 or 5, wherein a draw ratio in the warm aqueous solution is 2.5 times or more and 4.0 times or less. 7. A precursor fiber bundle for a carbon fiber formed of an acrylonitrile copolymer, which is obtained by copolymerizing acrylonitrile in an amount of 96.0 mass % or more and 99.7 mass % or less and an unsaturated hydrocarbon having at least one carboxyl group or ester group in an amount of 0.3 mass % or more and 4.0 mass % or less, as essential components, and having a silicon content of 1700 ppm or more and 5000 ppm or less when the fiber bundle is treated with a finishing oil agent containing silicone compounds as main components, wherein the silicon content is 50 ppm or more and 300 ppm or less after the finishing oil agent is washed away with methyl ethyl ketone by using a Soxhlet extraction apparatus for 8 hours. 8. The precursor fiber bundle according to claim 7, wherein a fineness of a single fiber is 0.5 dtex or more and 1.0 dtex or less; the ratio of the major axis and the minor axis (major axis/minor axis) of a cross-section of a single fiber is 1.00 or more and 1.01 or less; no surface uneven structure extending in the fiber-axis direction of a single fiber is present; difference in height (Rp-v) between a highest portion and a lowest portion is 30 nm or more and 100 nm or less; and a center-line average roughness (Ra) is 3 nm or more and 10 nm or less. 9. A method of producing a precursor fiber bundle for a carbon fiber including applying a finishing oil agent containing silicone compounds as main components to a bundle of the swollen fiber obtained by any of the methods according to claims 4 to 6, in an amount of 0.8 mass % or more and 1.6 mass % or less based on 100 mass % of the swollen fiber, followed by drying and then drawing by a heat drawing method or a steam drawing method at a ratio in the range of 1.8 times or more and 6.0 times or less. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein as the silicone compound, an amino-modified silicone compound satisfying the following conditions (1) and (2) is used:
(1) kinematic viscosity at 25° C. is 50 cSt or more and 5000 cSt or less, and (2) amino equivalent mass is 1,700 g/mol or more and 15,000 g/mol or less. 11. A method of producing a precursor fiber bundle for a carbon fiber by applying a finishing oil agent containing silicone compounds as main components to a bundle of the swollen fiber according to any of claims 1 to 3. 12. A method of producing a stabilized fiber bundle including feeding the precursor fiber bundle obtained by the method according to claim 11 to a hot-air circulation type oven for stabilization at a temperature of 220 to 260° C. for 30 minutes or more and 100 minutes or less, thereby applying heat treatment at an extension rate of 0% or more and 10% or less under an oxidizing atmosphere, and the method satisfying the following conditions:
(1) intensity ratio (B/A) of peak A (2θ=25°) and peak B (2θ=17°) in the equatorial-line direction, which is determined by wide angle x-ray diffraction measurement of the fiber bundle, is 1.3 or more,
(2) orientation degree of peak B is 80% or more,
(3) orientation degree of peak A is 79% or more, and
(4) density is 1.335 g/cm3 or more and 1.360 g/cm3 or less. 13. A method of producing a stabilized fiber bundle including feeding the precursor fiber bundle according to claim 7 or 8 to a hot-air circulation type oven for stabilization at a temperature of 220 to 260° C. for 30 minutes or more and 100 minutes or less, thereby applying heat treatment at an extension rate of 0% or more and 10% or less under an oxidizing atmosphere, and the method satisfying the following conditions:
(1) intensity ratio (B/A) of peak A (2θ=25°) and peak B (2θ=17°) in the equatorial-line direction, which is determined by wide angle x-ray diffraction measurement of the fiber bundle, is 1.3 or more,
(2) orientation degree of peak B is 80% or more,
(3) orientation degree of peak A is 79% or more, and
(4) density is 1.335 g/cm3 or more and 1.360 g/cm3 or less. 14. The method of producing the stabilized fiber bundle according to claim 12 or 13, wherein extension treatment is separately performed in at least three sets of conditions: an extension rate of 3.0% or more and 8.0% or less at a fiber density in the range of 1.200 g/cm3 or more and 1.260 g/cm3 or less; an extension rate at 0.0% or more and 3.0% or less at a fiber density in the range of 1.240 g/cm3 or more and 1.310 g/cm3 or less; and an extension rate of −1.0% or more and 2.0% or less at a fiber density in the range of 1.300 g/cm3 or more and 1.360 g/cm3 or less. 15. A carbon fiber bundle, wherein a strength of a strand impregnated with a resin is 6000 MPa or more; a strand elastic modulus measured by an ASTM method is 250 to 380 GPa; the ratio of the major axis and the minor axis (major axis/minor axis) of a cross-section of a single fiber perpendicular to the fiber-axis direction is 1.00 to 1.01; the diameter of a single fiber is 4.0 μm to 6.0 μm; and the number of voids having a diameter of 2 nm or more and 15 nm or less present in the cross-section of a single fiber perpendicular to the fiber-axis direction is 1 or more and 100 or less. 16. The carbon fiber bundle according to claim 15, wherein the average diameter of the voids is 6 nm or less. 17. The carbon fiber bundle according to claim 15 or 16, wherein the sum A (nm2) of areas of the voids is 2,000 nm2 or less. 18. The carbon fiber bundle according to claim 16 or 17, wherein voids corresponding to 95% or more of the sum A (nm2) of areas of the voids, which are present in the cross-section of a single fiber perpendicular to the fiber axis direction, are present in an area from the surface of the fiber to a depth of 150 nm. 19. The carbon fiber bundle according to any of claims 15 to 18, wherein the carbon fiber has a knot tenacity of 900 N/mm2 or more. 20. A method of producing a carbon fiber bundle, including treating the precursor fiber bundle according to claim 8 with heat under an oxidizing atmosphere to obtain a stabilized fiber bundle having a density of 1.335 g/cm3 or more and 1.355 g/cm3 or less; then performing heating in a first carbonization furnace having a temperature gradient of 300° C. or more and 700° C. or less under an inert atmosphere while extending the extension rate to a rate of 2% or more and 7% or less for 1.0 minute or more to 3.0 minutes or less; and subsequently performing heat treatment in at least one carbonization furnace having a temperature gradient from 1000° C. to a desired temperature under an inert atmosphere while extending the extension rate to a rate of −6.0% or more and 2.0% or less for 1.0 minute or more and 5.0 minutes or less. 21. A method of producing a carbon fiber bundle, including treating the precursor fiber bundle obtained by the method according to claim 9 or 10 with heat under an oxidizing atmosphere to obtain a stabilized fiber bundle having a density of 1.335 g/cm3 or more and 1.355 g/cm3 or less; then performing heating in a first carbonization furnace having a temperature gradient of 300° C. or more and 700° C. or less under an inert atmosphere while extending the extension rate to a rate of 2% or more and 7% or less for 1.0 minute or more to 3.0 minutes or less; and subsequently performing a heat treatment in at least one carbonization furnace having a temperature gradient from 1000° C. to a desired temperature under an inert atmosphere while extending the extension rate to a rate of −6.0% or more and 2.0% or less for 1.0 minute or more and 5.0 minutes or less. | Provided is a carbon fiber bundle for obtaining a fiber-reinforced plastic having high mechanical characteristics. An acrylonitrile swollen fiber for a carbon fiber having openings of 10 nm or more in width in the circumference direction of the swollen fiber at a ratio in the range of 0.3 openings/μm 2 or more and 2 openings/μm 2 or less on the surface of the swollen fiber, and the swollen fiber is not treated with a finishing oil agent. A precursor fiber obtained by treating the swollen fiber with a silicone-based finishing oil agent has a silicon content of 1700 ppm or more and 5000 ppm or less, and the silicon content is 50 ppm or more and 300 ppm or less after the finishing oil agent is washed away with methyl ethyl ketone by using a Soxhlet extraction apparatus for 8 hours. The fiber is preferably an acrylonitrile copolymer containing acrylonitrile in an amount of 96.0 mass % or more and 99.7 mass % or less and an unsaturated hydrocarbon having at least one carboxyl group or ester group in an amount of 0.3 mass % or more and 4.0 mass % or less.1. An acrylonitrile swollen fiber for a carbon fiber having openings of 10 nm or more in width in the circumference direction of the swollen fiber at a ratio in the range of 0.3 openings/μm2 or more and 2 openings/μm2 or less on the surface of the swollen fiber, and that is not treated with a finishing oil agent. 2. The swollen fiber according to claim 1, wherein, in a fine pore distribution measured by a mercury press-in method, an average fine pore size is 55 nm or less and a total fine pore volume is 0.55 ml/g or less. 3. The swollen fiber according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a polymer constituting the swollen fiber is an acrylonitrile-based copolymer containing an acrylonitrile unit in an amount of 96.0 mass % or more and 99.7 mass % or less and an unsaturated hydrocarbon unit having at least one carboxyl group or ester group in an amount of 0.3 mass % or more and 4.0 mass % or less as essential components. 4. A method of producing a swollen fiber, including:
[1] a step of preparing a dope at a temperature of 50° C. or more and 70° C. or less by dissolving an acrylonitrile-based copolymer, which is obtained by copolymerizing acrylonitrile in an amount of 96.0 mass % or more and 99.7 mass % or less and an unsaturated hydrocarbon having at least one carboxyl group or ester group in an amount of 0.3 mass % or more and 4.0 mass % or less, as essential components, in an organic solvent in a concentration in the range of 20 mass % or more and 25 mass % or less; [2] a step of obtaining a coagulated fiber bundle containing the organic solvent by ejecting the dope from ejection holes into the air by use of a dry-wet spinning method, followed by coagulating in a coagulation bath constituted of an aqueous solution containing an organic solvent in a concentration of 78.0 mass % or more and 82.0 mass % or less, at a temperature of −5° C. or more and 20° C. or less; [3] a step of drawing the coagulated fiber bundle in the air at a ratio in the range of 1.0 time or more and 1.25 times or less, followed by further drawing in a warm aqueous solution containing an organic solvent, a total draw ratio of both drawing processes being 2.6 times or more and 4.0 times or less; and [4] a step of subsequently removing the solvent with warm water and further drawing in hot water at a ratio of 0.98 times or more and 2.0 times or less. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the organic solvent is either dimethyl formamide or dimethyl acetamide. 6. The method according to claim 4 or 5, wherein a draw ratio in the warm aqueous solution is 2.5 times or more and 4.0 times or less. 7. A precursor fiber bundle for a carbon fiber formed of an acrylonitrile copolymer, which is obtained by copolymerizing acrylonitrile in an amount of 96.0 mass % or more and 99.7 mass % or less and an unsaturated hydrocarbon having at least one carboxyl group or ester group in an amount of 0.3 mass % or more and 4.0 mass % or less, as essential components, and having a silicon content of 1700 ppm or more and 5000 ppm or less when the fiber bundle is treated with a finishing oil agent containing silicone compounds as main components, wherein the silicon content is 50 ppm or more and 300 ppm or less after the finishing oil agent is washed away with methyl ethyl ketone by using a Soxhlet extraction apparatus for 8 hours. 8. The precursor fiber bundle according to claim 7, wherein a fineness of a single fiber is 0.5 dtex or more and 1.0 dtex or less; the ratio of the major axis and the minor axis (major axis/minor axis) of a cross-section of a single fiber is 1.00 or more and 1.01 or less; no surface uneven structure extending in the fiber-axis direction of a single fiber is present; difference in height (Rp-v) between a highest portion and a lowest portion is 30 nm or more and 100 nm or less; and a center-line average roughness (Ra) is 3 nm or more and 10 nm or less. 9. A method of producing a precursor fiber bundle for a carbon fiber including applying a finishing oil agent containing silicone compounds as main components to a bundle of the swollen fiber obtained by any of the methods according to claims 4 to 6, in an amount of 0.8 mass % or more and 1.6 mass % or less based on 100 mass % of the swollen fiber, followed by drying and then drawing by a heat drawing method or a steam drawing method at a ratio in the range of 1.8 times or more and 6.0 times or less. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein as the silicone compound, an amino-modified silicone compound satisfying the following conditions (1) and (2) is used:
(1) kinematic viscosity at 25° C. is 50 cSt or more and 5000 cSt or less, and (2) amino equivalent mass is 1,700 g/mol or more and 15,000 g/mol or less. 11. A method of producing a precursor fiber bundle for a carbon fiber by applying a finishing oil agent containing silicone compounds as main components to a bundle of the swollen fiber according to any of claims 1 to 3. 12. A method of producing a stabilized fiber bundle including feeding the precursor fiber bundle obtained by the method according to claim 11 to a hot-air circulation type oven for stabilization at a temperature of 220 to 260° C. for 30 minutes or more and 100 minutes or less, thereby applying heat treatment at an extension rate of 0% or more and 10% or less under an oxidizing atmosphere, and the method satisfying the following conditions:
(1) intensity ratio (B/A) of peak A (2θ=25°) and peak B (2θ=17°) in the equatorial-line direction, which is determined by wide angle x-ray diffraction measurement of the fiber bundle, is 1.3 or more,
(2) orientation degree of peak B is 80% or more,
(3) orientation degree of peak A is 79% or more, and
(4) density is 1.335 g/cm3 or more and 1.360 g/cm3 or less. 13. A method of producing a stabilized fiber bundle including feeding the precursor fiber bundle according to claim 7 or 8 to a hot-air circulation type oven for stabilization at a temperature of 220 to 260° C. for 30 minutes or more and 100 minutes or less, thereby applying heat treatment at an extension rate of 0% or more and 10% or less under an oxidizing atmosphere, and the method satisfying the following conditions:
(1) intensity ratio (B/A) of peak A (2θ=25°) and peak B (2θ=17°) in the equatorial-line direction, which is determined by wide angle x-ray diffraction measurement of the fiber bundle, is 1.3 or more,
(2) orientation degree of peak B is 80% or more,
(3) orientation degree of peak A is 79% or more, and
(4) density is 1.335 g/cm3 or more and 1.360 g/cm3 or less. 14. The method of producing the stabilized fiber bundle according to claim 12 or 13, wherein extension treatment is separately performed in at least three sets of conditions: an extension rate of 3.0% or more and 8.0% or less at a fiber density in the range of 1.200 g/cm3 or more and 1.260 g/cm3 or less; an extension rate at 0.0% or more and 3.0% or less at a fiber density in the range of 1.240 g/cm3 or more and 1.310 g/cm3 or less; and an extension rate of −1.0% or more and 2.0% or less at a fiber density in the range of 1.300 g/cm3 or more and 1.360 g/cm3 or less. 15. A carbon fiber bundle, wherein a strength of a strand impregnated with a resin is 6000 MPa or more; a strand elastic modulus measured by an ASTM method is 250 to 380 GPa; the ratio of the major axis and the minor axis (major axis/minor axis) of a cross-section of a single fiber perpendicular to the fiber-axis direction is 1.00 to 1.01; the diameter of a single fiber is 4.0 μm to 6.0 μm; and the number of voids having a diameter of 2 nm or more and 15 nm or less present in the cross-section of a single fiber perpendicular to the fiber-axis direction is 1 or more and 100 or less. 16. The carbon fiber bundle according to claim 15, wherein the average diameter of the voids is 6 nm or less. 17. The carbon fiber bundle according to claim 15 or 16, wherein the sum A (nm2) of areas of the voids is 2,000 nm2 or less. 18. The carbon fiber bundle according to claim 16 or 17, wherein voids corresponding to 95% or more of the sum A (nm2) of areas of the voids, which are present in the cross-section of a single fiber perpendicular to the fiber axis direction, are present in an area from the surface of the fiber to a depth of 150 nm. 19. The carbon fiber bundle according to any of claims 15 to 18, wherein the carbon fiber has a knot tenacity of 900 N/mm2 or more. 20. A method of producing a carbon fiber bundle, including treating the precursor fiber bundle according to claim 8 with heat under an oxidizing atmosphere to obtain a stabilized fiber bundle having a density of 1.335 g/cm3 or more and 1.355 g/cm3 or less; then performing heating in a first carbonization furnace having a temperature gradient of 300° C. or more and 700° C. or less under an inert atmosphere while extending the extension rate to a rate of 2% or more and 7% or less for 1.0 minute or more to 3.0 minutes or less; and subsequently performing heat treatment in at least one carbonization furnace having a temperature gradient from 1000° C. to a desired temperature under an inert atmosphere while extending the extension rate to a rate of −6.0% or more and 2.0% or less for 1.0 minute or more and 5.0 minutes or less. 21. A method of producing a carbon fiber bundle, including treating the precursor fiber bundle obtained by the method according to claim 9 or 10 with heat under an oxidizing atmosphere to obtain a stabilized fiber bundle having a density of 1.335 g/cm3 or more and 1.355 g/cm3 or less; then performing heating in a first carbonization furnace having a temperature gradient of 300° C. or more and 700° C. or less under an inert atmosphere while extending the extension rate to a rate of 2% or more and 7% or less for 1.0 minute or more to 3.0 minutes or less; and subsequently performing a heat treatment in at least one carbonization furnace having a temperature gradient from 1000° C. to a desired temperature under an inert atmosphere while extending the extension rate to a rate of −6.0% or more and 2.0% or less for 1.0 minute or more and 5.0 minutes or less. | 1,700 |
1,585 | 15,103,897 | 1,768 | A polyester composition includes specific amounts of a poly(alkylene terephthalate), an impact modifier, glass fibers, and a flame retardant. The impact modifier includes a polyolefin elastomer, optionally in combination with a thermoplastic polyester elastomer. The flame retardant includes a metal dialkylphosphinate, a melamine based flame retardant, and a flame retardant synergist that can be an organophosphine oxide, an oligomeric or polymeric bis(phenoxy)phosphazene, an organophosphate ester, or a combination thereof. The composition is useful for fabricating parts for electrical and electronic devices. | 1. A composition, comprising:
35 to 76 weight percent of a poly(alkylene terephthalate); 2 to 6 weight percent of an impact modifier comprising a polyolefin elastomer comprising an ethylene/1-octene copolymer, and, optionally, a thermoplastic polyester elastomer, provided that the amount of polyolefin elastomer does not exceed 5 weight percent; 10 to 50 weight percent glass fibers; and 14 to 25 weight percent of a flame retardant comprising
5 to 15 weight percent of a metal dialkylphosphinate,
2 to 8 weight percent of a melamine-based flame retardant, and
1 to 6 weight percent of a flame retardant synergist comprising an organophosphine oxide, an oligomeric or polymeric bis(phenoxy)phosphazene,
an organophosphate ester, or a combination thereof;
wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the poly(alkylene terephthalate) comprises alkylene groups comprising ethylene, 1,3-propylene, 1,4-butylene, 1,5-pentylene, 1,6-hexylene, 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethylene, or a combination thereof. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the poly(alkylene terephthalate) comprises poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene terephthalate), or a combination thereof. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the poly(alkylene terephthalate) comprises poly(butylene terephthalate). 5.-6. (canceled) 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the impact modifier comprises the thermoplastic polyester elastomer, and wherein the thermoplastic polyester elastomer comprises a poly(alkylene iso-/terephthalate)-b-poly(alkylene ether). 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the thermoplastic polyester elastomer comprises a poly(butylene iso-/terephthalate)-b-poly(butylene ether). 9. (canceled) 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal dialkylphosphinate comprises aluminum tris(diethylphosphinate). 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the melamine-based flame retardant comprises melamine phosphate, melamine pyrophosphate, melamine polyphosphate, melamine cyanurate, or a combination thereof. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the melamine-based flame retardant comprises melamine polyphosphate. 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the flame retardant synergist comprises triphenylphosphine oxide, oligomeric bis(phenoxy)phosphazene, or a combination thereof. 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the flame retardant synergist comprises triphenylphosphine oxide and oligomeric bis(phenoxy)phosphazene. 15. The composition of claim 1, further comprising 0.5 to 3 weight percent of a polyetherimide. 16. The composition of claim 1, comprising 0 to 0.05 weight percent of organic phosphonates of the formula
wherein
R is hydrogen, C1-C20alkyl, unsubstituted or C1-C4alkyl-substituted phenyl or naphthyl, R′ is hydrogen, C1-C20alkyl, unsubstituted or C1-C4alkyl-substituted phenyl or naphthyl or M1 1+/r, n is an integer from 0 to 6, M1 1+ is an r-valent metal ion or the ammonium ion, r is an integer from 1 to 4,
R13 is isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, cyclohexyl or is cycloalkyl substituted by from 1 to 3 C1-C4alkyl groups,
R14 is hydrogen, C1-C4alkyl, cycloalkyl or is cyclohexyl substituted by from 1 to 3 C1-C4alkyl groups, and
R15 is hydrogen, C1-C18alkyl, trimethylsilyl, benzyl, phenyl or sulfonyl. 17. The composition of claim 1,
wherein the poly(alkylene terephthalate) comprises poly(butylene terephthalate); wherein the impact modifier comprises the thermoplastic polyester elastomer, and the thermoplastic polyester elastomer comprises a poly(butylene phthalate-co-alkylene ether phthalate); wherein the flame retardant comprises aluminum tris(diethylphosphinate), melamine polyphosphate, triphenylphosphine oxide, and an oligomeric bis(phenoxy)phosphazene; wherein the composition further comprises a polyetherimide; and wherein the composition comprises
42 to 52 weight percent of the poly(alkylene terephthalate),
3 to 6 weight percent of the impact modifier,
1.5 to 4.5 weight percent of the ethylene/1-octene copolymer,
0.5 to 3 weight percent of the poly(butylene phthalate-co-alkylene ether phthalate),
25 to 35 weight percent of the glass fibers,
14 to 21 weight percent of the flame retardant,
8 to 12 weight percent of the aluminum tris(diethylphosphinate),
2 to 6 weight percent of the melamine polyphosphate,
1 to 4 weight percent of the triphenylphosphine oxide, and
0.5 to 3 weight percent of the oligomeric bis(phenoxy)phosphazene. 18. An article comprising a composition, comprising:
35 to 76 weight percent of a poly(alkylene terephthalate); 2 to 6 weight percent of an impact modifier comprising a polyolefin elastomer comprising an ethylene/1-octene copolymer, and, optionally, a thermoplastic polyester elastomer, provided that the amount of polyolefin elastomer does not exceed 5 weight percent; 10 to 50 weight percent glass fibers; and 14 to 25 weight percent of a flame retardant comprising
5 to 15 weight percent of a metal dialkylphosphinate,
2 to 8 weight percent of a melamine-based flame retardant, and
1 to 6 weight percent of a flame retardant synergist comprising an organophosphine oxide, an oligomeric or polymeric bis(phenoxy)phosphazene,
an organophosphate ester, or a combination thereof;
wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition. 19. The article of claim 18, wherein the article is a socket for a light emitting diode, a fan blade, a fan housing, or an electrically insulating part of an electrical connector. 20. The article of claim 18,
wherein the poly(alkylene terephthalate) comprises poly(butylene terephthalate); wherein the impact modifier comprises the thermoplastic polyester elastomer, and the thermoplastic polyester elastomer comprises a poly(butylene phthalate-co-alkylene ether phthalate); wherein the flame retardant comprises aluminum tris(diethylphosphinate), melamine polyphosphate, triphenylphosphine oxide, and an oligomeric bis(phenoxy)phosphazene; wherein the composition further comprises a polyetherimide; and wherein the composition comprises
42 to 52 weight percent of the poly(alkylene terephthalate),
3 to 6 weight percent of the impact modifier,
1.5 to 4.5 weight percent of the ethylene/1-octene copolymer,
0.5 to 3 weight percent of the poly(butylene phthalate-co-alkylene ether phthalate),
25 to 35 weight percent of the glass fibers,
14 to 21 weight percent of the flame retardant,
8 to 12 weight percent of the aluminum tris(diethylphosphinate),
2 to 6 weight percent of the melamine polyphosphate,
1 to 4 weight percent of the triphenylphosphine oxide, and
0.5 to 3 weight percent of the oligomeric bis(phenoxy)phosphazene. | A polyester composition includes specific amounts of a poly(alkylene terephthalate), an impact modifier, glass fibers, and a flame retardant. The impact modifier includes a polyolefin elastomer, optionally in combination with a thermoplastic polyester elastomer. The flame retardant includes a metal dialkylphosphinate, a melamine based flame retardant, and a flame retardant synergist that can be an organophosphine oxide, an oligomeric or polymeric bis(phenoxy)phosphazene, an organophosphate ester, or a combination thereof. The composition is useful for fabricating parts for electrical and electronic devices.1. A composition, comprising:
35 to 76 weight percent of a poly(alkylene terephthalate); 2 to 6 weight percent of an impact modifier comprising a polyolefin elastomer comprising an ethylene/1-octene copolymer, and, optionally, a thermoplastic polyester elastomer, provided that the amount of polyolefin elastomer does not exceed 5 weight percent; 10 to 50 weight percent glass fibers; and 14 to 25 weight percent of a flame retardant comprising
5 to 15 weight percent of a metal dialkylphosphinate,
2 to 8 weight percent of a melamine-based flame retardant, and
1 to 6 weight percent of a flame retardant synergist comprising an organophosphine oxide, an oligomeric or polymeric bis(phenoxy)phosphazene,
an organophosphate ester, or a combination thereof;
wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the poly(alkylene terephthalate) comprises alkylene groups comprising ethylene, 1,3-propylene, 1,4-butylene, 1,5-pentylene, 1,6-hexylene, 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethylene, or a combination thereof. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the poly(alkylene terephthalate) comprises poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene terephthalate), or a combination thereof. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the poly(alkylene terephthalate) comprises poly(butylene terephthalate). 5.-6. (canceled) 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the impact modifier comprises the thermoplastic polyester elastomer, and wherein the thermoplastic polyester elastomer comprises a poly(alkylene iso-/terephthalate)-b-poly(alkylene ether). 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the thermoplastic polyester elastomer comprises a poly(butylene iso-/terephthalate)-b-poly(butylene ether). 9. (canceled) 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the metal dialkylphosphinate comprises aluminum tris(diethylphosphinate). 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the melamine-based flame retardant comprises melamine phosphate, melamine pyrophosphate, melamine polyphosphate, melamine cyanurate, or a combination thereof. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the melamine-based flame retardant comprises melamine polyphosphate. 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the flame retardant synergist comprises triphenylphosphine oxide, oligomeric bis(phenoxy)phosphazene, or a combination thereof. 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the flame retardant synergist comprises triphenylphosphine oxide and oligomeric bis(phenoxy)phosphazene. 15. The composition of claim 1, further comprising 0.5 to 3 weight percent of a polyetherimide. 16. The composition of claim 1, comprising 0 to 0.05 weight percent of organic phosphonates of the formula
wherein
R is hydrogen, C1-C20alkyl, unsubstituted or C1-C4alkyl-substituted phenyl or naphthyl, R′ is hydrogen, C1-C20alkyl, unsubstituted or C1-C4alkyl-substituted phenyl or naphthyl or M1 1+/r, n is an integer from 0 to 6, M1 1+ is an r-valent metal ion or the ammonium ion, r is an integer from 1 to 4,
R13 is isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, cyclohexyl or is cycloalkyl substituted by from 1 to 3 C1-C4alkyl groups,
R14 is hydrogen, C1-C4alkyl, cycloalkyl or is cyclohexyl substituted by from 1 to 3 C1-C4alkyl groups, and
R15 is hydrogen, C1-C18alkyl, trimethylsilyl, benzyl, phenyl or sulfonyl. 17. The composition of claim 1,
wherein the poly(alkylene terephthalate) comprises poly(butylene terephthalate); wherein the impact modifier comprises the thermoplastic polyester elastomer, and the thermoplastic polyester elastomer comprises a poly(butylene phthalate-co-alkylene ether phthalate); wherein the flame retardant comprises aluminum tris(diethylphosphinate), melamine polyphosphate, triphenylphosphine oxide, and an oligomeric bis(phenoxy)phosphazene; wherein the composition further comprises a polyetherimide; and wherein the composition comprises
42 to 52 weight percent of the poly(alkylene terephthalate),
3 to 6 weight percent of the impact modifier,
1.5 to 4.5 weight percent of the ethylene/1-octene copolymer,
0.5 to 3 weight percent of the poly(butylene phthalate-co-alkylene ether phthalate),
25 to 35 weight percent of the glass fibers,
14 to 21 weight percent of the flame retardant,
8 to 12 weight percent of the aluminum tris(diethylphosphinate),
2 to 6 weight percent of the melamine polyphosphate,
1 to 4 weight percent of the triphenylphosphine oxide, and
0.5 to 3 weight percent of the oligomeric bis(phenoxy)phosphazene. 18. An article comprising a composition, comprising:
35 to 76 weight percent of a poly(alkylene terephthalate); 2 to 6 weight percent of an impact modifier comprising a polyolefin elastomer comprising an ethylene/1-octene copolymer, and, optionally, a thermoplastic polyester elastomer, provided that the amount of polyolefin elastomer does not exceed 5 weight percent; 10 to 50 weight percent glass fibers; and 14 to 25 weight percent of a flame retardant comprising
5 to 15 weight percent of a metal dialkylphosphinate,
2 to 8 weight percent of a melamine-based flame retardant, and
1 to 6 weight percent of a flame retardant synergist comprising an organophosphine oxide, an oligomeric or polymeric bis(phenoxy)phosphazene,
an organophosphate ester, or a combination thereof;
wherein all weight percent values are based on the total weight of the composition. 19. The article of claim 18, wherein the article is a socket for a light emitting diode, a fan blade, a fan housing, or an electrically insulating part of an electrical connector. 20. The article of claim 18,
wherein the poly(alkylene terephthalate) comprises poly(butylene terephthalate); wherein the impact modifier comprises the thermoplastic polyester elastomer, and the thermoplastic polyester elastomer comprises a poly(butylene phthalate-co-alkylene ether phthalate); wherein the flame retardant comprises aluminum tris(diethylphosphinate), melamine polyphosphate, triphenylphosphine oxide, and an oligomeric bis(phenoxy)phosphazene; wherein the composition further comprises a polyetherimide; and wherein the composition comprises
42 to 52 weight percent of the poly(alkylene terephthalate),
3 to 6 weight percent of the impact modifier,
1.5 to 4.5 weight percent of the ethylene/1-octene copolymer,
0.5 to 3 weight percent of the poly(butylene phthalate-co-alkylene ether phthalate),
25 to 35 weight percent of the glass fibers,
14 to 21 weight percent of the flame retardant,
8 to 12 weight percent of the aluminum tris(diethylphosphinate),
2 to 6 weight percent of the melamine polyphosphate,
1 to 4 weight percent of the triphenylphosphine oxide, and
0.5 to 3 weight percent of the oligomeric bis(phenoxy)phosphazene. | 1,700 |
1,586 | 14,299,945 | 1,781 | An interlayer comprised of a thermoplastic resin, at least one high refractive index plasticizer and, optionally, a conventional plasticizer. The use of a thermoplastic resin, a high refractive index plasticizer, and, optionally, a conventional plasticizer reduces or minimizes the optical defects caused by different refractive indices without sacrificing other characteristics of the interlayer. | 1. A multiple layer polymer interlayer comprising:
poly(vinyl butyral) resin; and at least one high refractive index plasticizer having a refractive index of at least about 1.460; wherein the multiple layer polymer interlayer has at least one soft layer and at least one stiff layer, and wherein the difference between the refractive index of the soft layer and the stiff layer (Delta RI) is less than about 0.010. 2. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the high refractive index plasticizer has a refractive index of from about 1.460 to about 1.560. 3. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the soft layer comprises a poly(vinyl butyral) resin having a residual hydroxyl content from 8 to 21 wt. %, and wherein the stiff layer comprises a poly(vinyl butyral) resin having a residual hydroxyl content from 16 to 35 wt. %, and wherein the residual hydroxyl content between the adjacent soft and stiff layers differs by at least 2 wt. %. 4. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the soft layer has a plasticizer content of from 10 phr to 120 phr, and wherein the stiff layer has a plasticizer content of from 5 phr to 60 phr. 5. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the polymer interlayer comprises at least two different high refractive plasticizers, wherein each high refractive index plasticizer has a refractive index of at least 1.460. 6. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the polymer interlayer comprises at least two different plasticizers, wherein at least one plasticizer has a refractive index of at least 1.460 and wherein at least one plasticizer has a refractive index of less than about 1.450. 7. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the high refractive index plasticizer is selected from dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, tripropylene glycol dibenzoate, polypropylene glycol dibenzoate, isodecyl benzoate, 2-ethylhexyl benzoate, diethylene glycol benzoate, propylene glycol dibenzoate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol dibenzoate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol benzoate isobutyrate, 1,3-butanediol dibenzoate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol dibenzoate, diethylene glycol di-o-toluate, triethylene glycol di-o-toluate, dipropylene glycol di-o-toluate, 1,2-octyl dibenzoate, tri-2-ethylhexyl trimellitate, di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate, bis-phenol A bis(2-ethylhexaonate), ethoxylated nonylphenol, and mixtures thereof. 8. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 7, wherein the high refractive index plasticizer is selected from dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, tripropylene glycol dibenzoate, and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol dibenzoate. 9. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 8, further comprising an additional plasticizer, wherein the additional plasticizer is triethylene glycol di-(2-ethylhexanoate). 10. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the multiple layer polymer interlayer further comprises a second stiff layer, and wherein the soft layer is disposed between the stiff layers, or a second soft layer and wherein the stiff layer is disposed between the soft layers. 11. A multiple layer polymer interlayer comprising:
poly(vinyl butyral) resin; and
a plasticizer mixture comprising:
at least one plasticizer selected from the group consisting of: triethylene glycol di-(2-ethylhexanoate), triethylene glycol di-(2-ethylbutyrate), triethylene glycol diheptanoate, tetraethylene glycol diheptanoate, tetraethylene glycol di-(2-ethylhexanoate), dihexyl adipate, dioctyl adipate, hexyl cyclohexyladipate, diisononyl adipate, heptylnonyl adipate, di(butoxyethyl) adipate, bis(2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl) adipate, dibutyl sebacate, and dioctyl sebacate; and
at least one high refractive index plasticizer having a refractive index of at least 1.460;
wherein the refractive index of the plasticizer mixture is at least 1.460; wherein the multiple layer polymer interlayer has at least one soft layer and at least one stiff layer, and wherein the difference between the refractive index (Delta RI) of the soft layer and the stiff layer is less than about 0.010. 12. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 11, wherein the plasticizer mixture has a refractive index of from about 1.460 to about 1.560. 13. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 11, wherein the soft layer comprises a poly(vinyl butyral) resin having a residual hydroxyl content from 8 to 21 wt. %, and wherein the stiff layer comprises a poly(vinyl butyral) resin having a residual hydroxyl content from 16 to 35 wt. %, and wherein the residual hydroxyl content between the adjacent soft and stiff layers differs by at least 2 wt. %. 14. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 11, wherein the soft layer has a plasticizer content of from 10 phr to 120 phr, and wherein the stiff layer has a plasticizer content of from 5 phr to 60 phr. 15. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 11, wherein the high refractive index plasticizer is selected from dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, tripropylene glycol dibenzoate, polypropylene glycol dibenzoate, isodecyl benzoate, 2-ethylhexyl benzoate, diethylene glycol benzoate, propylene glycol dibenzoate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol dibenzoate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol benzoate isobutyrate, 1,3-butanediol dibenzoate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol dibenzoate, diethylene glycol di-o-toluate, triethylene glycol di-o-toluate, dipropylene glycol di-o-toluate, 1,2-octyl dibenzoate, tri-2-ethylhexyl trimellitate, di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate, bis-phenol A bis(2-ethylhexaonate), ethoxylated nonylphenol, and mixtures thereof. 16. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 11, wherein the multiple layer polymer interlayer further comprises a second stiff layer, and wherein the soft layer is disposed between the stiff layers or a second soft layer and wherein the stiff layer is disposed between the soft layers. 17. A multiple layer polymer interlayer comprising:
poly(vinyl butyral) resin; and at least one high refractive index plasticizer having a refractive index of at least about 1.460; wherein the multiple layer polymer interlayer has at least one soft layer and at least two stiff layers wherein the soft layer is disposed between the stiff layers, and wherein the difference between the refractive index of the soft layer and the stiff layers is less than about 0.010. 18. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 17, wherein the soft layer comprises a poly(vinyl butyral) resin having a residual hydroxyl content from 8 to 21 wt. %, and wherein the stiff layer comprises a poly(vinyl butyral) resin having a residual hydroxyl content from 16 to 35 wt. %, and wherein the residual hydroxyl content between the adjacent soft and stiff layers differs by at least 2 wt. %. 19. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 17, wherein the soft layer has a plasticizer content of from 10 phr to 120 phr, and wherein the stiff layer has a plasticizer content of from 5 phr to 60 phr. 20. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 17, wherein the polymer interlayer comprises at least two high different refractive index plasticizers, wherein each high refractive index plasticizer has a refractive index of at least 1.460. | An interlayer comprised of a thermoplastic resin, at least one high refractive index plasticizer and, optionally, a conventional plasticizer. The use of a thermoplastic resin, a high refractive index plasticizer, and, optionally, a conventional plasticizer reduces or minimizes the optical defects caused by different refractive indices without sacrificing other characteristics of the interlayer.1. A multiple layer polymer interlayer comprising:
poly(vinyl butyral) resin; and at least one high refractive index plasticizer having a refractive index of at least about 1.460; wherein the multiple layer polymer interlayer has at least one soft layer and at least one stiff layer, and wherein the difference between the refractive index of the soft layer and the stiff layer (Delta RI) is less than about 0.010. 2. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the high refractive index plasticizer has a refractive index of from about 1.460 to about 1.560. 3. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the soft layer comprises a poly(vinyl butyral) resin having a residual hydroxyl content from 8 to 21 wt. %, and wherein the stiff layer comprises a poly(vinyl butyral) resin having a residual hydroxyl content from 16 to 35 wt. %, and wherein the residual hydroxyl content between the adjacent soft and stiff layers differs by at least 2 wt. %. 4. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the soft layer has a plasticizer content of from 10 phr to 120 phr, and wherein the stiff layer has a plasticizer content of from 5 phr to 60 phr. 5. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the polymer interlayer comprises at least two different high refractive plasticizers, wherein each high refractive index plasticizer has a refractive index of at least 1.460. 6. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the polymer interlayer comprises at least two different plasticizers, wherein at least one plasticizer has a refractive index of at least 1.460 and wherein at least one plasticizer has a refractive index of less than about 1.450. 7. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the high refractive index plasticizer is selected from dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, tripropylene glycol dibenzoate, polypropylene glycol dibenzoate, isodecyl benzoate, 2-ethylhexyl benzoate, diethylene glycol benzoate, propylene glycol dibenzoate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol dibenzoate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol benzoate isobutyrate, 1,3-butanediol dibenzoate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol dibenzoate, diethylene glycol di-o-toluate, triethylene glycol di-o-toluate, dipropylene glycol di-o-toluate, 1,2-octyl dibenzoate, tri-2-ethylhexyl trimellitate, di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate, bis-phenol A bis(2-ethylhexaonate), ethoxylated nonylphenol, and mixtures thereof. 8. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 7, wherein the high refractive index plasticizer is selected from dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, tripropylene glycol dibenzoate, and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol dibenzoate. 9. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 8, further comprising an additional plasticizer, wherein the additional plasticizer is triethylene glycol di-(2-ethylhexanoate). 10. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 1, wherein the multiple layer polymer interlayer further comprises a second stiff layer, and wherein the soft layer is disposed between the stiff layers, or a second soft layer and wherein the stiff layer is disposed between the soft layers. 11. A multiple layer polymer interlayer comprising:
poly(vinyl butyral) resin; and
a plasticizer mixture comprising:
at least one plasticizer selected from the group consisting of: triethylene glycol di-(2-ethylhexanoate), triethylene glycol di-(2-ethylbutyrate), triethylene glycol diheptanoate, tetraethylene glycol diheptanoate, tetraethylene glycol di-(2-ethylhexanoate), dihexyl adipate, dioctyl adipate, hexyl cyclohexyladipate, diisononyl adipate, heptylnonyl adipate, di(butoxyethyl) adipate, bis(2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl) adipate, dibutyl sebacate, and dioctyl sebacate; and
at least one high refractive index plasticizer having a refractive index of at least 1.460;
wherein the refractive index of the plasticizer mixture is at least 1.460; wherein the multiple layer polymer interlayer has at least one soft layer and at least one stiff layer, and wherein the difference between the refractive index (Delta RI) of the soft layer and the stiff layer is less than about 0.010. 12. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 11, wherein the plasticizer mixture has a refractive index of from about 1.460 to about 1.560. 13. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 11, wherein the soft layer comprises a poly(vinyl butyral) resin having a residual hydroxyl content from 8 to 21 wt. %, and wherein the stiff layer comprises a poly(vinyl butyral) resin having a residual hydroxyl content from 16 to 35 wt. %, and wherein the residual hydroxyl content between the adjacent soft and stiff layers differs by at least 2 wt. %. 14. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 11, wherein the soft layer has a plasticizer content of from 10 phr to 120 phr, and wherein the stiff layer has a plasticizer content of from 5 phr to 60 phr. 15. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 11, wherein the high refractive index plasticizer is selected from dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, tripropylene glycol dibenzoate, polypropylene glycol dibenzoate, isodecyl benzoate, 2-ethylhexyl benzoate, diethylene glycol benzoate, propylene glycol dibenzoate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol dibenzoate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol benzoate isobutyrate, 1,3-butanediol dibenzoate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol dibenzoate, diethylene glycol di-o-toluate, triethylene glycol di-o-toluate, dipropylene glycol di-o-toluate, 1,2-octyl dibenzoate, tri-2-ethylhexyl trimellitate, di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate, bis-phenol A bis(2-ethylhexaonate), ethoxylated nonylphenol, and mixtures thereof. 16. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 11, wherein the multiple layer polymer interlayer further comprises a second stiff layer, and wherein the soft layer is disposed between the stiff layers or a second soft layer and wherein the stiff layer is disposed between the soft layers. 17. A multiple layer polymer interlayer comprising:
poly(vinyl butyral) resin; and at least one high refractive index plasticizer having a refractive index of at least about 1.460; wherein the multiple layer polymer interlayer has at least one soft layer and at least two stiff layers wherein the soft layer is disposed between the stiff layers, and wherein the difference between the refractive index of the soft layer and the stiff layers is less than about 0.010. 18. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 17, wherein the soft layer comprises a poly(vinyl butyral) resin having a residual hydroxyl content from 8 to 21 wt. %, and wherein the stiff layer comprises a poly(vinyl butyral) resin having a residual hydroxyl content from 16 to 35 wt. %, and wherein the residual hydroxyl content between the adjacent soft and stiff layers differs by at least 2 wt. %. 19. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 17, wherein the soft layer has a plasticizer content of from 10 phr to 120 phr, and wherein the stiff layer has a plasticizer content of from 5 phr to 60 phr. 20. The multiple layer polymer interlayer of claim 17, wherein the polymer interlayer comprises at least two high different refractive index plasticizers, wherein each high refractive index plasticizer has a refractive index of at least 1.460. | 1,700 |
1,587 | 14,684,091 | 1,729 | An electrochemical cell stack assembly is disclosed comprising a member made of an elastic and electrically conductive material placed between a bus bar and a starter plate. The elastic, electrically conducting member covers at least a peripheral region along a perimeter of a recess housing the bus bar to distribute compression forces over an interface area between the bus bar and an insulator end plate, thereby reducing shear stresses in the starter plate when the stack is compressed. An elastic pad also may be arranged in the recess and between the insulator end plate and the bus bar. | 1. An electrochemical cell stack comprising:
a) an elongated flat bus bar having two opposite generally flat side surfaces; b) an end plate having a recess on one side, the recess arranged to receive the bus bar so that one of the two opposite generally flat side surfaces of the bus bar is received into the recess, the end plate having a substantially flat sealing area generally surrounding the recess; and c) an elastic material arranged on the other of the two opposite generally flat side surfaces of the bus bar, the elastic material extending from the bus bar to the sealing area of the end plate to cover an interface between the bus bar and the end plate. 2. The electrochemical cell stack recited in claim 1, wherein the elastic material is formed of an electrically conducting material. 3. The electrochemical cell stack recited in claim 2, wherein the end plate further comprises manifold through holes arranged around a periphery of the recess. 4. The electrochemical cell stack recited in claim 3, wherein a sealing material is arranged on the end plate to provide a seal around at least one of the manifold through holes. 5. The electrochemical cell stack recited in claim 4, further comprising a starter plate having a first flat side surface and a second flat side opposite the first flat side. 6. The electrochemical cell stack recited in claim 5, wherein the first flat side of the starter plate is arranged to abut the other of the two opposite generally flat side surfaces of the bus bar. 7. The electrochemical cell stack recited in claim 6, further comprising a sealing material arranged on the second flat side of the starter plate to provide a seal around at least one of the manifold through holes. 8. The electrochemical cell stack recited in claim 7, further comprising an elastic pad arranged in the recess of the end plate and between the recess and the bus bar. 9. The electrochemical cell stack recited in claim 8, wherein the end plate comprises an insulator plate, the insulator plate comprising the recess arranged to receive the bus bar. | An electrochemical cell stack assembly is disclosed comprising a member made of an elastic and electrically conductive material placed between a bus bar and a starter plate. The elastic, electrically conducting member covers at least a peripheral region along a perimeter of a recess housing the bus bar to distribute compression forces over an interface area between the bus bar and an insulator end plate, thereby reducing shear stresses in the starter plate when the stack is compressed. An elastic pad also may be arranged in the recess and between the insulator end plate and the bus bar.1. An electrochemical cell stack comprising:
a) an elongated flat bus bar having two opposite generally flat side surfaces; b) an end plate having a recess on one side, the recess arranged to receive the bus bar so that one of the two opposite generally flat side surfaces of the bus bar is received into the recess, the end plate having a substantially flat sealing area generally surrounding the recess; and c) an elastic material arranged on the other of the two opposite generally flat side surfaces of the bus bar, the elastic material extending from the bus bar to the sealing area of the end plate to cover an interface between the bus bar and the end plate. 2. The electrochemical cell stack recited in claim 1, wherein the elastic material is formed of an electrically conducting material. 3. The electrochemical cell stack recited in claim 2, wherein the end plate further comprises manifold through holes arranged around a periphery of the recess. 4. The electrochemical cell stack recited in claim 3, wherein a sealing material is arranged on the end plate to provide a seal around at least one of the manifold through holes. 5. The electrochemical cell stack recited in claim 4, further comprising a starter plate having a first flat side surface and a second flat side opposite the first flat side. 6. The electrochemical cell stack recited in claim 5, wherein the first flat side of the starter plate is arranged to abut the other of the two opposite generally flat side surfaces of the bus bar. 7. The electrochemical cell stack recited in claim 6, further comprising a sealing material arranged on the second flat side of the starter plate to provide a seal around at least one of the manifold through holes. 8. The electrochemical cell stack recited in claim 7, further comprising an elastic pad arranged in the recess of the end plate and between the recess and the bus bar. 9. The electrochemical cell stack recited in claim 8, wherein the end plate comprises an insulator plate, the insulator plate comprising the recess arranged to receive the bus bar. | 1,700 |
1,588 | 13,626,958 | 1,741 | Methods and apparatus provide for performing an ion exchange process by immersing a glass sheet into a molten salt bath at one or more first temperatures for a first period of time such that ions within the glass sheet proximate to a surface thereof are exchanged for larger ions from the molten salt bath, thereby producing: (i) an initial compressive stress (iCS) at the surface of the glass sheet, (ii) an initial depth of compressive layer (iDOL) into the glass sheet, and (iii) an initial central tension (iCT) within the glass sheet; and annealing the glass sheet, after the ion exchange process has been completed, by elevating the glass sheet to one or more second temperatures for a second period of time such that at least one of the initial compressive stress (iCS), the initial depth of compressive layer (iDOL), and the initial central tension (iCT) are modified. | 1. A method, comprising:
performing an ion exchange process by immersing a glass sheet into a molten salt bath at one or more first temperatures for a first period of time such that ions within the glass sheet proximate to a surface thereof are exchanged for larger ions from the molten salt bath, thereby producing: (i) an initial compressive stress (iCS) at the surface of the glass sheet, (ii) an initial depth of compressive layer (iDOL) into the glass sheet, and (iii) an initial central tension (iCT) within the glass sheet; and annealing the glass sheet, after the ion exchange process has been completed, by elevating the glass sheet to one or more second temperatures for a second period of time such that at least one of the initial compressive stress (iCS), the initial depth of compressive layer (iDOL), and the initial central tension (iCT) are modified. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein during the ion exchange process, at least one of: (i) the molten salt bath includes KNO3, (ii) the one or more first temperatures are within the range of about 370-500° C., and (iii) the first time period is within the range of about 4-24 hours. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein during the annealing process, at least one of: (i) the anneal process is carried out in an air environment; (ii) the one or more second temperatures are within the range of about 400-550° C., and (iii) the second time period is within the range of about 0.5-24 hours. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein after the ion exchange process, the initial compressive stress (iCS) exceeds a predetermined value, and after the annealing process the initial compressive stress (iCS) is reduced to a final compressive stress (fCS) which is at or below the predetermined value. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein after the ion exchange process, the initial depth of compressive layer (iDOL) is below a predetermined value, and after the annealing process the initial depth of compressive layer (iDOL) is increased to a final depth of compressive layer (fDOL) which is at or above the predetermined value. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein after the ion exchange process, the initial central tension (iCT) exceeds a predetermined value, and after the annealing process the initial central tension (iCT) is reduced to a final central tension (fCT) which is at or below the predetermined value. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the initial compressive stress (iCS) is at or greater than about 500 MPa, and the final compressive stress (fCS) is at or less than about 350 MPa. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the initial depth of compressive layer (IDOL) at or less than about 75 μm, and the final depth of compressive layer (fDOL) is at or above about 80 μm. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the initial central tension (iCT) is at or above a frangibility limit of the glass sheet, and the final central tension (fCT) is below the frangibility limit of the glass sheet. 10. An apparatus, comprising a glass sheet having: (i) a compressive stress (CS) at a surface of the glass sheet, having been subject to ion exchange, that is at or less than about 350 MPa, (ii) a depth of compressive layer (DOL) into the glass sheet that is at or above about 80 μm, and (iii) a central tension (CT) within the glass sheet that is below a frangibility limit of the glass sheet. | Methods and apparatus provide for performing an ion exchange process by immersing a glass sheet into a molten salt bath at one or more first temperatures for a first period of time such that ions within the glass sheet proximate to a surface thereof are exchanged for larger ions from the molten salt bath, thereby producing: (i) an initial compressive stress (iCS) at the surface of the glass sheet, (ii) an initial depth of compressive layer (iDOL) into the glass sheet, and (iii) an initial central tension (iCT) within the glass sheet; and annealing the glass sheet, after the ion exchange process has been completed, by elevating the glass sheet to one or more second temperatures for a second period of time such that at least one of the initial compressive stress (iCS), the initial depth of compressive layer (iDOL), and the initial central tension (iCT) are modified.1. A method, comprising:
performing an ion exchange process by immersing a glass sheet into a molten salt bath at one or more first temperatures for a first period of time such that ions within the glass sheet proximate to a surface thereof are exchanged for larger ions from the molten salt bath, thereby producing: (i) an initial compressive stress (iCS) at the surface of the glass sheet, (ii) an initial depth of compressive layer (iDOL) into the glass sheet, and (iii) an initial central tension (iCT) within the glass sheet; and annealing the glass sheet, after the ion exchange process has been completed, by elevating the glass sheet to one or more second temperatures for a second period of time such that at least one of the initial compressive stress (iCS), the initial depth of compressive layer (iDOL), and the initial central tension (iCT) are modified. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein during the ion exchange process, at least one of: (i) the molten salt bath includes KNO3, (ii) the one or more first temperatures are within the range of about 370-500° C., and (iii) the first time period is within the range of about 4-24 hours. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein during the annealing process, at least one of: (i) the anneal process is carried out in an air environment; (ii) the one or more second temperatures are within the range of about 400-550° C., and (iii) the second time period is within the range of about 0.5-24 hours. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein after the ion exchange process, the initial compressive stress (iCS) exceeds a predetermined value, and after the annealing process the initial compressive stress (iCS) is reduced to a final compressive stress (fCS) which is at or below the predetermined value. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein after the ion exchange process, the initial depth of compressive layer (iDOL) is below a predetermined value, and after the annealing process the initial depth of compressive layer (iDOL) is increased to a final depth of compressive layer (fDOL) which is at or above the predetermined value. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein after the ion exchange process, the initial central tension (iCT) exceeds a predetermined value, and after the annealing process the initial central tension (iCT) is reduced to a final central tension (fCT) which is at or below the predetermined value. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the initial compressive stress (iCS) is at or greater than about 500 MPa, and the final compressive stress (fCS) is at or less than about 350 MPa. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the initial depth of compressive layer (IDOL) at or less than about 75 μm, and the final depth of compressive layer (fDOL) is at or above about 80 μm. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the initial central tension (iCT) is at or above a frangibility limit of the glass sheet, and the final central tension (fCT) is below the frangibility limit of the glass sheet. 10. An apparatus, comprising a glass sheet having: (i) a compressive stress (CS) at a surface of the glass sheet, having been subject to ion exchange, that is at or less than about 350 MPa, (ii) a depth of compressive layer (DOL) into the glass sheet that is at or above about 80 μm, and (iii) a central tension (CT) within the glass sheet that is below a frangibility limit of the glass sheet. | 1,700 |
1,589 | 13,996,626 | 1,747 | An insert comprising a substrate and a flavouring agent, wherein the flavouring agent is present in an amount from 50 to 500 mg per cm 3 volume of the substrate. The insert is used for introducing a flavour, or increasing the level of flavour applied, to one or more smoking articles in a package of smoking articles, by enclosing the insert within such a package.
O | 1. An insert comprising a substrate and a flavouring agent, wherein the flavouring agent is present in an amount from 50 to 500 mg per cm3 volume of the substrate. 2. An insert according to claim 1 wherein the flavouring agent is present in an amount from 100 to 475 mg per cm3 volume of the substrate. 3. An insert comprising a substrate and a flavouring agent, wherein the substrate is not a smoking article or a package liner. 4. An insert according to claim 1 wherein the flavouring agent is or comprises menthol. 5. An insert according to claim 1 wherein the flavouring agent is or comprises menthol and the flavouring agent is present in an amount from 300 to 500 mg per cm3 volume of the substrate. 6. An insert according to claim 1 wherein the flavouring agent is or comprises cloves and the flavouring agent is present in an amount from 100 to 400 mg per cm3 volume of the substrate. 7. An insert according to claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a fibrous material. 8. An insert according to claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises cellulose acetate. 9. An insert according to claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a cylindrical rod. 10. An insert according to claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a sheet of material. 11. An insert according to claim 1 further comprising a wrapper or membrane for the substrate. 12. An insert according to claim 1 further comprising a barrier region. 13. An insert according to claim 1 further comprising an adhesive portion. 14. (canceled) 15. An insert according to claim 1 for enclosure within a package of smoking articles or a package of tobacco. 16. A method of introducing flavour, or increasing the level of flavour applied, to at least one smoking article in a package of smoking articles, comprising a step of enclosing within the package a discrete insert comprising a substrate* and a flavouring agent. 17. A method according to claim 16 in which the flavouring agent is present in an amount from 50 to 500 mg per cm3 volume of the substrate. 18. A method according to claim 16 comprising a further step of heating the package with the discrete insert and the at least one smoking article therein to a temperature above 25 degrees C. 19. An insert according to claim 2 wherein the flavouring agent is present in an amount from 250 to 450 mg per cm3 volume of the substrate. 20. An insert according to claim 2 wherein the flavouring agent is present in an amount from 380 to 420 mg per cm3 volume of the substrate. 21. An insert according to claim 9 wherein the cylindrical rod has a length of 70 to 120 mm and a circumference of about 14 to about 24.5 mm. 22. An insert according to claim 9 wherein the cylindrical rod has a length of 84 mm and a circumference of 24.5 mm. | An insert comprising a substrate and a flavouring agent, wherein the flavouring agent is present in an amount from 50 to 500 mg per cm 3 volume of the substrate. The insert is used for introducing a flavour, or increasing the level of flavour applied, to one or more smoking articles in a package of smoking articles, by enclosing the insert within such a package.
O1. An insert comprising a substrate and a flavouring agent, wherein the flavouring agent is present in an amount from 50 to 500 mg per cm3 volume of the substrate. 2. An insert according to claim 1 wherein the flavouring agent is present in an amount from 100 to 475 mg per cm3 volume of the substrate. 3. An insert comprising a substrate and a flavouring agent, wherein the substrate is not a smoking article or a package liner. 4. An insert according to claim 1 wherein the flavouring agent is or comprises menthol. 5. An insert according to claim 1 wherein the flavouring agent is or comprises menthol and the flavouring agent is present in an amount from 300 to 500 mg per cm3 volume of the substrate. 6. An insert according to claim 1 wherein the flavouring agent is or comprises cloves and the flavouring agent is present in an amount from 100 to 400 mg per cm3 volume of the substrate. 7. An insert according to claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a fibrous material. 8. An insert according to claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises cellulose acetate. 9. An insert according to claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a cylindrical rod. 10. An insert according to claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a sheet of material. 11. An insert according to claim 1 further comprising a wrapper or membrane for the substrate. 12. An insert according to claim 1 further comprising a barrier region. 13. An insert according to claim 1 further comprising an adhesive portion. 14. (canceled) 15. An insert according to claim 1 for enclosure within a package of smoking articles or a package of tobacco. 16. A method of introducing flavour, or increasing the level of flavour applied, to at least one smoking article in a package of smoking articles, comprising a step of enclosing within the package a discrete insert comprising a substrate* and a flavouring agent. 17. A method according to claim 16 in which the flavouring agent is present in an amount from 50 to 500 mg per cm3 volume of the substrate. 18. A method according to claim 16 comprising a further step of heating the package with the discrete insert and the at least one smoking article therein to a temperature above 25 degrees C. 19. An insert according to claim 2 wherein the flavouring agent is present in an amount from 250 to 450 mg per cm3 volume of the substrate. 20. An insert according to claim 2 wherein the flavouring agent is present in an amount from 380 to 420 mg per cm3 volume of the substrate. 21. An insert according to claim 9 wherein the cylindrical rod has a length of 70 to 120 mm and a circumference of about 14 to about 24.5 mm. 22. An insert according to claim 9 wherein the cylindrical rod has a length of 84 mm and a circumference of 24.5 mm. | 1,700 |
1,590 | 13,169,562 | 1,782 | A bio-based polyethylene terephthalate polymer comprising from about 25 to about 75 weight percent of a terephthalate component and from about 20 to about 50 weight percent of a diol component, wherein at least about one weight percent of at least one of the terephthalate and/or the diol component is derived from at least one bio-based material. A method of producing a bio-based polyethylene terephthalate polymer comprising obtaining a diol component comprising ethylene glycol, obtaining a terephthalate component comprising terephthalic acid, wherein at least one of the diol component and/or the diol component is derived from at least one bio-based material, and reacting the diol component and the terephthalate component to form a bio-based polyethylene terephthalate polymer comprising from about 25 to about 75 weight percent of the terephthalate component and from about 20 to about 50 weight percent of the diol component. | 1-29. (canceled) 30. A beverage or food container comprising polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer, wherein the polymer comprises a terephthalate component and a diol component, and wherein greater than about 30 weight percent of the container is derived from at least one bio-based material. 31. The beverage or food container of claim 30, wherein the terephthalate component is selected from the group consisting of terephthalic acid, dimethyl terephthalate, and isophthalic acid. 32. The beverage or food container of claim 30, wherein the terephthalate component is terephthalic acid. 33. The beverage or food container of claim 30, wherein the diol component is selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol and cyclohexane dimethanol. 34. The beverage or food container of claim 30, wherein the diol component is ethylene glycol. 35. The beverage or food container of claim 30, wherein the terephthalate component is terephthalic acid and the diol component is ethylene glycol. 36. The beverage or food container of claim 30, wherein the at least one bio-based material is corn, sugarcane, beet, potato, starch, citrus fruit, woody plant, cellulosic lignin, plant oil, natural fiber, oily wood feedstock, sugars, cellulosics, hemicellulosics, pectin, chitin, levan, and pullulan. 37. The beverage or food container of claim 30, wherein the terephthalate component is derived from at least one bio-based material. 38. The beverage or food container of claim 37, wherein the terephthalate component is terephthalic acid. 39. The beverage or food container of claim 38, wherein the terephthalic acid is derived from corn. 40. The beverage or food container of claim 38, wherein the terephthalic acid is derived from sugarcane. 41. The beverage or food container of claim 37, wherein the diol component is derived from at least one bio-based material. 42. The beverage or food container of claim 41, wherein the diol component is ethylene glycol. 43. The beverage or food container of claim 42, wherein the ethylene glycol is derived from sugarcane. 44. The beverage or food container of claim 39, wherein the diol component is ethylene glycol derived from sugarcane. 45. The beverage or food container of claim 30, further comprising one or more supplemental components selected from the group consisting of coloring agents, fast reheat resistant additives, gas barrier additives and UV blocking additives. 46. The beverage or food container of claim 30, wherein the polymer comprises about 70 weight percent of the terephthalate component and about 30 weight percent of the diol component. 47. The beverage or food container or claim 46, wherein the terephthalate component is terephthalic acid and the diol component is ethylene glycol. 48. The beverage or food container of claim 47, wherein the terephthalic acid is derived from corn and the ethylene glycol is derived from sugarcane. 49. The beverage or food container of claim 47, wherein the terephthalic acid and the ethylene glycol are derived from sugarcane. 50. The beverage or food container of claim 48, wherein the beverage container has an intrinsic viscosity from about 0.45 dL/g to about 1.0 dL/g. 51. The beverage or food container of claim 49, wherein the beverage container has an intrinsic viscosity from about 0.45 dL/g to about 1.0 dL/g. 52. The beverage or food container of claim 30, wherein greater than about 50 weight percent of the container is derived from at least one bio-based material. 53. The beverage or food container of claim 30, wherein greater than about 70 weight percent of the container is derived from at least one bio-based material. | A bio-based polyethylene terephthalate polymer comprising from about 25 to about 75 weight percent of a terephthalate component and from about 20 to about 50 weight percent of a diol component, wherein at least about one weight percent of at least one of the terephthalate and/or the diol component is derived from at least one bio-based material. A method of producing a bio-based polyethylene terephthalate polymer comprising obtaining a diol component comprising ethylene glycol, obtaining a terephthalate component comprising terephthalic acid, wherein at least one of the diol component and/or the diol component is derived from at least one bio-based material, and reacting the diol component and the terephthalate component to form a bio-based polyethylene terephthalate polymer comprising from about 25 to about 75 weight percent of the terephthalate component and from about 20 to about 50 weight percent of the diol component.1-29. (canceled) 30. A beverage or food container comprising polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer, wherein the polymer comprises a terephthalate component and a diol component, and wherein greater than about 30 weight percent of the container is derived from at least one bio-based material. 31. The beverage or food container of claim 30, wherein the terephthalate component is selected from the group consisting of terephthalic acid, dimethyl terephthalate, and isophthalic acid. 32. The beverage or food container of claim 30, wherein the terephthalate component is terephthalic acid. 33. The beverage or food container of claim 30, wherein the diol component is selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol and cyclohexane dimethanol. 34. The beverage or food container of claim 30, wherein the diol component is ethylene glycol. 35. The beverage or food container of claim 30, wherein the terephthalate component is terephthalic acid and the diol component is ethylene glycol. 36. The beverage or food container of claim 30, wherein the at least one bio-based material is corn, sugarcane, beet, potato, starch, citrus fruit, woody plant, cellulosic lignin, plant oil, natural fiber, oily wood feedstock, sugars, cellulosics, hemicellulosics, pectin, chitin, levan, and pullulan. 37. The beverage or food container of claim 30, wherein the terephthalate component is derived from at least one bio-based material. 38. The beverage or food container of claim 37, wherein the terephthalate component is terephthalic acid. 39. The beverage or food container of claim 38, wherein the terephthalic acid is derived from corn. 40. The beverage or food container of claim 38, wherein the terephthalic acid is derived from sugarcane. 41. The beverage or food container of claim 37, wherein the diol component is derived from at least one bio-based material. 42. The beverage or food container of claim 41, wherein the diol component is ethylene glycol. 43. The beverage or food container of claim 42, wherein the ethylene glycol is derived from sugarcane. 44. The beverage or food container of claim 39, wherein the diol component is ethylene glycol derived from sugarcane. 45. The beverage or food container of claim 30, further comprising one or more supplemental components selected from the group consisting of coloring agents, fast reheat resistant additives, gas barrier additives and UV blocking additives. 46. The beverage or food container of claim 30, wherein the polymer comprises about 70 weight percent of the terephthalate component and about 30 weight percent of the diol component. 47. The beverage or food container or claim 46, wherein the terephthalate component is terephthalic acid and the diol component is ethylene glycol. 48. The beverage or food container of claim 47, wherein the terephthalic acid is derived from corn and the ethylene glycol is derived from sugarcane. 49. The beverage or food container of claim 47, wherein the terephthalic acid and the ethylene glycol are derived from sugarcane. 50. The beverage or food container of claim 48, wherein the beverage container has an intrinsic viscosity from about 0.45 dL/g to about 1.0 dL/g. 51. The beverage or food container of claim 49, wherein the beverage container has an intrinsic viscosity from about 0.45 dL/g to about 1.0 dL/g. 52. The beverage or food container of claim 30, wherein greater than about 50 weight percent of the container is derived from at least one bio-based material. 53. The beverage or food container of claim 30, wherein greater than about 70 weight percent of the container is derived from at least one bio-based material. | 1,700 |
1,591 | 14,119,379 | 1,734 | A negative electrode active material for an electric device includes an alloy containing Si in a range of greater than or equal to 27% by mass and less than 100% by mass, Sn in a range of greater than 0% by mass and less than or equal to 73% by mass, V in a range of greater than 0% by mass and less than or equal to 73% by mass, and inevitable impurities as a residue. The negative electrode active material can be obtained with, for example, a multi DC magnetron sputtering apparatus by use of Si, Sn, and V as targets. An electric device using the negative electrode active material can achieve long cycle life and ensure a high capacity and cycle durability. | 1.-9. (canceled) 10. A negative electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery, comprising: an alloy containing Si in a range of greater than or equal to 27% by mass and less than 100% by mass, Sn in a range of greater than 10% by mass and less than or equal to 73% by mass, V in a range of greater than 6% by mass and less than or equal to 73% by mass, and inevitable impurities as a residue. 11. The negative electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 10, wherein the alloy contains Si of less than or equal to 84% by mass. 12. The negative electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 11, wherein the alloy contains Sn in the range from 10% by mass to 63% by mass, and V in the range from 6% by mass to 63% by mass. 13. The negative electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 12, wherein the alloy contains Si of less than or equal to 52% by mass. 14. The negative electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 13, wherein the alloy contains Sn of less than or equal to 40% by mass, and V of greater than or equal to 20% by mass. 15. A negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery, comprising: the negative electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 10. 16. A lithium ion secondary battery comprising: the negative electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 10. 17. A lithium ion secondary battery comprising: the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 15. | A negative electrode active material for an electric device includes an alloy containing Si in a range of greater than or equal to 27% by mass and less than 100% by mass, Sn in a range of greater than 0% by mass and less than or equal to 73% by mass, V in a range of greater than 0% by mass and less than or equal to 73% by mass, and inevitable impurities as a residue. The negative electrode active material can be obtained with, for example, a multi DC magnetron sputtering apparatus by use of Si, Sn, and V as targets. An electric device using the negative electrode active material can achieve long cycle life and ensure a high capacity and cycle durability.1.-9. (canceled) 10. A negative electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery, comprising: an alloy containing Si in a range of greater than or equal to 27% by mass and less than 100% by mass, Sn in a range of greater than 10% by mass and less than or equal to 73% by mass, V in a range of greater than 6% by mass and less than or equal to 73% by mass, and inevitable impurities as a residue. 11. The negative electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 10, wherein the alloy contains Si of less than or equal to 84% by mass. 12. The negative electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 11, wherein the alloy contains Sn in the range from 10% by mass to 63% by mass, and V in the range from 6% by mass to 63% by mass. 13. The negative electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 12, wherein the alloy contains Si of less than or equal to 52% by mass. 14. The negative electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 13, wherein the alloy contains Sn of less than or equal to 40% by mass, and V of greater than or equal to 20% by mass. 15. A negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery, comprising: the negative electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 10. 16. A lithium ion secondary battery comprising: the negative electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 10. 17. A lithium ion secondary battery comprising: the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 15. | 1,700 |
1,592 | 14,207,196 | 1,792 | The invention is an improved process and system for producing a shaped snack chip. A shaping oven, which uses a chain edge conveyor having transverse slats with at least one spring affixed to the slats, is used to convert dough pieces into shaped pre-forms, which can optionally be further dehydrated to form shaped snack chips. | 1. A method for making a plurality of shaped food products, said method comprising the steps of:
providing food product preforms; transferring said preforms to a shaping oven, wherein said shaping oven comprises a conveyor comprising at least one convex mold; and drying said preforms inside said shaping oven to form shaped pre-forms, wherein said method lacks any alignment step. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein each said shaped pre-form comprises an undulating shape. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein said at least one spring comprises a plurality of coil springs. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said at least one convex mold comprises at least one wire mesh spring. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said providing comprises: sheeting a dough and cutting said dough into preforms. 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising finish drying said shaped pre-forms to produce shaped snack chips. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein said finish drying comprises at least one of hot oil frying, hot air drying, vacuum drying, impingement drying, infrared drying or microwave drying. 8. (canceled) 9. The method of claim 6 wherein said at least one convex mold comprises a bar affixed to said conveyor, and wherein said finish drying step produces said shaped snack chips having a rolled shape. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein said conveyor further comprises a wire mesh conveyor having at least one said convex mold attached. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein said conveyor further comprises a chain edge conveyor with slats attached to said chain edge, wherein said at least one convex mold is affixed to said slats. 12. The method of claim 5 wherein said dough is at least one of a masa dough, a potato flake dough, and a wheat-based dough. 13. A shaped pre-form made by the method of claim 1. 14. A shaping oven comprising a heated cavity having an endless conveyor adapted to transfer food product preforms through said heated cavity, wherein said conveyor comprises at least one convex mold. 15. The shaping oven of claim 14 wherein said conveyor further comprises a chain edge conveyor with slats attached to said chain edge, wherein said at least one convex mold is affixed to said slats. 16. The shaping oven of claim 14 wherein said conveyor further comprises a wire mesh conveyor wherein said at least one convex mold is affixed to said conveyor. 17. The method of claim 1 wherein substantially all of the dough preforms at least partially touch at least one mold surface during said drying step. | The invention is an improved process and system for producing a shaped snack chip. A shaping oven, which uses a chain edge conveyor having transverse slats with at least one spring affixed to the slats, is used to convert dough pieces into shaped pre-forms, which can optionally be further dehydrated to form shaped snack chips.1. A method for making a plurality of shaped food products, said method comprising the steps of:
providing food product preforms; transferring said preforms to a shaping oven, wherein said shaping oven comprises a conveyor comprising at least one convex mold; and drying said preforms inside said shaping oven to form shaped pre-forms, wherein said method lacks any alignment step. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein each said shaped pre-form comprises an undulating shape. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein said at least one spring comprises a plurality of coil springs. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said at least one convex mold comprises at least one wire mesh spring. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said providing comprises: sheeting a dough and cutting said dough into preforms. 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising finish drying said shaped pre-forms to produce shaped snack chips. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein said finish drying comprises at least one of hot oil frying, hot air drying, vacuum drying, impingement drying, infrared drying or microwave drying. 8. (canceled) 9. The method of claim 6 wherein said at least one convex mold comprises a bar affixed to said conveyor, and wherein said finish drying step produces said shaped snack chips having a rolled shape. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein said conveyor further comprises a wire mesh conveyor having at least one said convex mold attached. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein said conveyor further comprises a chain edge conveyor with slats attached to said chain edge, wherein said at least one convex mold is affixed to said slats. 12. The method of claim 5 wherein said dough is at least one of a masa dough, a potato flake dough, and a wheat-based dough. 13. A shaped pre-form made by the method of claim 1. 14. A shaping oven comprising a heated cavity having an endless conveyor adapted to transfer food product preforms through said heated cavity, wherein said conveyor comprises at least one convex mold. 15. The shaping oven of claim 14 wherein said conveyor further comprises a chain edge conveyor with slats attached to said chain edge, wherein said at least one convex mold is affixed to said slats. 16. The shaping oven of claim 14 wherein said conveyor further comprises a wire mesh conveyor wherein said at least one convex mold is affixed to said conveyor. 17. The method of claim 1 wherein substantially all of the dough preforms at least partially touch at least one mold surface during said drying step. | 1,700 |
1,593 | 13,078,168 | 1,778 | The present invention provides a fuel cell stack with enhanced freeze-thaw durability. In particular, the fuel cell stack includes a gas diffusion layer between a membrane-electrode assembly and a bipolar plate. The gas diffusion layer has a structure that reduces contact resistance in a fuel cell and is cut at a certain angle such that the machine direction (high stiffness direction) of GDL roll is not in parallel with the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate, resulting in an increased GDL stiffness in a width direction perpendicular to a major flow field direction of a bipolar plate. | 1. A fuel cell stack with enhanced freeze-thaw durability, the fuel cell stack comprising
a gas diffusion layer between a membrane-electrode assembly and a bipolar plate, wherein the gas diffusion layer has a structure that reduces contact resistance at interfaces in a fuel cell and has a stiffness in a width direction perpendicular to a major flow field direction of a bipolar plate that is increased by cutting a rolled GDL material at a certain angle such that the machine direction (high stiffness direction) of GDL roll is not in parallel with the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate. 2. The fuel cell stack of claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion layer is cut such that an angle between the machine direction (high stiffness direction) of the GDL roll and the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate is greater than 0 degree, and equal to or smaller than 90 degrees. 3. The fuel cell stack of claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion layer is cut such that an angle between the machine direction (high stiffness direction) of the GDL roll and the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate is greater than 25 degrees, and equal to or smaller than 90 degrees. 4. The fuel cell stack of claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion layer has a Taber bending stiffness of the machine direction (high stiffness direction) of the gas diffusion layer roll that ranges from 20 gf·cm to 150 gf·cm. 5. The fuel cell stack of claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion layer has a Taber bending stiffness of the machine direction (high stiffness direction) of the gas diffusion layer roll that ranges from 50 gf·cm to 100 gf·cm. 6. The fuel cell stack of claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion layer comprises a micro-porous layer contacting an outer surface of each electrode of a membrane-electrode assembly, and a macro-porous substrate contacting a flow field of the bipolar plate, wherein the macro-porous substrate is formed of one of carbon fiber felt and carbon fiber paper or a combination thereof. 7. A gas diffusion layer for a fuel cell with enhanced freeze-thaw durability, the gas diffusion layer comprising
a structure that reduces contact resistance at interfaces in a fuel cell and has a stiffness in a width direction perpendicular to a major flow field direction of a bipolar plate, wherein the stiffness is increased by cutting a rolled GDL material at a certain angle such that the machine direction (high stiffness direction) of GDL roll is not in parallel with the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate. 8. The fuel cell stack of claim 7, wherein the gas diffusion layer is cut such that an angle between the machine direction (high stiffness direction) of the GDL roll and the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate is greater than 0 degree, and equal to or smaller than 90 degrees. 9. The fuel cell stack of claim 7, wherein the gas diffusion layer is cut such that an angle between the machine direction (high stiffness direction) of the GDL roll and the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate is greater than 25 degrees, and equal to or smaller than 90 degrees. 10. The fuel cell stack of claim 7, wherein the gas diffusion layer has a Taber bending stiffness of the machine direction (high stiffness direction) of the gas diffusion layer roll that ranges from 20 gf·cm to 150 gf·cm. 11. The fuel cell stack of claim 7, wherein the gas diffusion layer has a Taber bending stiffness of the machine direction (high stiffness direction) of the gas diffusion layer roll that ranges from 50 gf·cm to 100 gf·cm. 12. The fuel cell stack of claim 7, wherein the gas diffusion layer comprises a micro-porous layer contacting an outer surface of each electrode of a membrane-electrode assembly, and a macro-porous substrate contacting a flow field of the bipolar plate, wherein the macro-porous substrate is formed of one of carbon fiber felt and carbon fiber paper or a combination thereof. | The present invention provides a fuel cell stack with enhanced freeze-thaw durability. In particular, the fuel cell stack includes a gas diffusion layer between a membrane-electrode assembly and a bipolar plate. The gas diffusion layer has a structure that reduces contact resistance in a fuel cell and is cut at a certain angle such that the machine direction (high stiffness direction) of GDL roll is not in parallel with the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate, resulting in an increased GDL stiffness in a width direction perpendicular to a major flow field direction of a bipolar plate.1. A fuel cell stack with enhanced freeze-thaw durability, the fuel cell stack comprising
a gas diffusion layer between a membrane-electrode assembly and a bipolar plate, wherein the gas diffusion layer has a structure that reduces contact resistance at interfaces in a fuel cell and has a stiffness in a width direction perpendicular to a major flow field direction of a bipolar plate that is increased by cutting a rolled GDL material at a certain angle such that the machine direction (high stiffness direction) of GDL roll is not in parallel with the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate. 2. The fuel cell stack of claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion layer is cut such that an angle between the machine direction (high stiffness direction) of the GDL roll and the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate is greater than 0 degree, and equal to or smaller than 90 degrees. 3. The fuel cell stack of claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion layer is cut such that an angle between the machine direction (high stiffness direction) of the GDL roll and the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate is greater than 25 degrees, and equal to or smaller than 90 degrees. 4. The fuel cell stack of claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion layer has a Taber bending stiffness of the machine direction (high stiffness direction) of the gas diffusion layer roll that ranges from 20 gf·cm to 150 gf·cm. 5. The fuel cell stack of claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion layer has a Taber bending stiffness of the machine direction (high stiffness direction) of the gas diffusion layer roll that ranges from 50 gf·cm to 100 gf·cm. 6. The fuel cell stack of claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion layer comprises a micro-porous layer contacting an outer surface of each electrode of a membrane-electrode assembly, and a macro-porous substrate contacting a flow field of the bipolar plate, wherein the macro-porous substrate is formed of one of carbon fiber felt and carbon fiber paper or a combination thereof. 7. A gas diffusion layer for a fuel cell with enhanced freeze-thaw durability, the gas diffusion layer comprising
a structure that reduces contact resistance at interfaces in a fuel cell and has a stiffness in a width direction perpendicular to a major flow field direction of a bipolar plate, wherein the stiffness is increased by cutting a rolled GDL material at a certain angle such that the machine direction (high stiffness direction) of GDL roll is not in parallel with the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate. 8. The fuel cell stack of claim 7, wherein the gas diffusion layer is cut such that an angle between the machine direction (high stiffness direction) of the GDL roll and the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate is greater than 0 degree, and equal to or smaller than 90 degrees. 9. The fuel cell stack of claim 7, wherein the gas diffusion layer is cut such that an angle between the machine direction (high stiffness direction) of the GDL roll and the major flow field direction of the bipolar plate is greater than 25 degrees, and equal to or smaller than 90 degrees. 10. The fuel cell stack of claim 7, wherein the gas diffusion layer has a Taber bending stiffness of the machine direction (high stiffness direction) of the gas diffusion layer roll that ranges from 20 gf·cm to 150 gf·cm. 11. The fuel cell stack of claim 7, wherein the gas diffusion layer has a Taber bending stiffness of the machine direction (high stiffness direction) of the gas diffusion layer roll that ranges from 50 gf·cm to 100 gf·cm. 12. The fuel cell stack of claim 7, wherein the gas diffusion layer comprises a micro-porous layer contacting an outer surface of each electrode of a membrane-electrode assembly, and a macro-porous substrate contacting a flow field of the bipolar plate, wherein the macro-porous substrate is formed of one of carbon fiber felt and carbon fiber paper or a combination thereof. | 1,700 |
1,594 | 13,634,587 | 1,783 | Optical stack is disclosed. The optical stack includes a light redirecting film that includes a first structured major surface that includes a plurality of unitary discrete structures. The optical stack also includes an optical adhesive layer that is disposed on the light directing film. At least portions of at least some unitary discrete structures in the plurality of unitary discrete structures penetrate into the optical adhesive layer. At least portions of at least some unitary discrete structures in the plurality of unitary discrete structures do not penetrate into the optical adhesive layer. The peel strength of the light redirecting film and the optical adhesive layer is greater than about 30 grams/inch. The average effective transmission of the optical stack is not less or is less than by no more than about 10% as compared to an optical stack that has the same construction except that no unitary discrete structure penetrates into the optical adhesive layer. | 1. An optical stack comprising:
a light redirecting film comprising a first structured major surface comprising a plurality of unitary discrete structures; and an optical adhesive layer disposed on the light directing film, at least portions of at least some unitary discrete structures in the plurality of unitary discrete structures penetrating into the optical adhesive layer, at least portions of at least some unitary discrete structures in the plurality of unitary discrete structures not penetrating into the optical adhesive layer, a peel strength of the light redirecting film and the optical adhesive layer being greater than about 30 grams/inch, an average effective transmission of the optical stack not being less or being less than by no more than about 4% as compared to an optical stack that has the same construction except that no unitary discrete structure penetrates into the optical adhesive layer. 2. The optical stack of claim 1, wherein each of at least some unitary discrete structures in the plurality of unitary discrete structures comprises:
a light directing portion primarily for directing light and comprising a plurality of side facets, each side facet making an angle that is greater than about 40 degrees with a normal to the light directing film; and a bonding portion primarily for penetrating at least partially into the optical adhesive layer and comprising:
a base having a minimum dimension; and
a maximum height, a ratio of the maximum height to the minimum dimension being at least about 1.5. 3-10. (canceled) 11. The optical stack of claim 1 comprising a reflective polarizer layer. 12. An optical stack comprising:
a light directing film comprising a plurality of unitary discrete structures; and an optical adhesive layer disposed on the light directing film for adhering the light directing film to a surface, portions of each unitary discrete structure penetrating into the optical adhesive layer, portions of each unitary discrete structure not penetrating into the optical adhesive layer, each unitary discrete structure defining a penetration depth and a penetration base at an interface between the penetrating and non-penetrating portions of the unitary discrete structure, the penetration base having a minimum penetration base dimension, the plurality of unitary discrete structures having an average penetration depth and an average minimum penetration base dimension, a ratio of the average penetration depth to the average minimum penetration base dimension being at least 1.5, a peel strength between the light directing film and the surface being greater than about 30 grams/inch. 13. The optical stack of claim 12 comprising a plurality of voids between the optical adhesive layer and the light directing film. 14. The optical stack of claim 12, wherein each unitary discrete structure comprises a light directing portion primarily for directing light and a bonding portion primarily for bonding the light directing film to the surface, at least portions of the bonding portion of each unitary discrete structure penetrating the optical adhesive layer, at least portions of the light directing portion of each unitary discrete structure not penetrating the optical adhesive layer. 15. The optical stack of claim 12, wherein the average minimum penetration base dimension is less than about 10 microns. 16. The optical stack of claim 12, wherein the average minimum penetration base dimension is less than about 5 microns. 17. The optical stack of claim 12, wherein each unitary discrete structure has a base and a minimum base dimension, the plurality of unitary discrete structures having an average minimum base dimension, the average minimum penetration base dimension being less than about 10% of the average minimum base dimension. 18. An optical stack comprising:
a light directing film comprising a first plurality of unitary discrete structures; and an optical layer disposed on the light directing film, portions of each unitary discrete structure in the first plurality of unitary discrete structures penetrating into the optical layer, portions of each unitary discrete structure in the first plurality of unitary discrete structures not penetrating into the optical layer, each unitary discrete structure in the first plurality of unitary discrete structures defining a penetration depth and a penetration base at an interface between the penetrating and non-penetrating portions of the unitary discrete structure, the penetration base having a minimum penetration base dimension, the first plurality of unitary discrete structures having an average penetration depth and an average minimum penetration base dimension, a ratio of the average penetration depth to the average minimum penetration base dimension being at least 1.5, a peel strength between the light directing film and the optical layer being greater than about 30 grams/inch. 19. The optical stack of claim 18, wherein the optical layer is a pressure sensitive adhesive. 20. The optical stack of claim 18, wherein the optical layer is a lightguide having means for extracting light that propagates within the lightguide by total internal reflection. 21. The optical stack of claim 18, wherein the optical layer comprises a glass transition temperature that is greater than a maximum operating temperature of the optical stack. 22. The optical stack of claim 18, wherein the light directing film comprises a second plurality of unitary discrete structures, at least one unitary discrete structure in the second plurality of unitary discrete structures not penetrating into the optical layer. 23. The optical stack of claim 18, wherein the unitary discrete structures in the second plurality of discrete structures are shorter than the unitary discrete structures in the first plurality of discrete structures. | Optical stack is disclosed. The optical stack includes a light redirecting film that includes a first structured major surface that includes a plurality of unitary discrete structures. The optical stack also includes an optical adhesive layer that is disposed on the light directing film. At least portions of at least some unitary discrete structures in the plurality of unitary discrete structures penetrate into the optical adhesive layer. At least portions of at least some unitary discrete structures in the plurality of unitary discrete structures do not penetrate into the optical adhesive layer. The peel strength of the light redirecting film and the optical adhesive layer is greater than about 30 grams/inch. The average effective transmission of the optical stack is not less or is less than by no more than about 10% as compared to an optical stack that has the same construction except that no unitary discrete structure penetrates into the optical adhesive layer.1. An optical stack comprising:
a light redirecting film comprising a first structured major surface comprising a plurality of unitary discrete structures; and an optical adhesive layer disposed on the light directing film, at least portions of at least some unitary discrete structures in the plurality of unitary discrete structures penetrating into the optical adhesive layer, at least portions of at least some unitary discrete structures in the plurality of unitary discrete structures not penetrating into the optical adhesive layer, a peel strength of the light redirecting film and the optical adhesive layer being greater than about 30 grams/inch, an average effective transmission of the optical stack not being less or being less than by no more than about 4% as compared to an optical stack that has the same construction except that no unitary discrete structure penetrates into the optical adhesive layer. 2. The optical stack of claim 1, wherein each of at least some unitary discrete structures in the plurality of unitary discrete structures comprises:
a light directing portion primarily for directing light and comprising a plurality of side facets, each side facet making an angle that is greater than about 40 degrees with a normal to the light directing film; and a bonding portion primarily for penetrating at least partially into the optical adhesive layer and comprising:
a base having a minimum dimension; and
a maximum height, a ratio of the maximum height to the minimum dimension being at least about 1.5. 3-10. (canceled) 11. The optical stack of claim 1 comprising a reflective polarizer layer. 12. An optical stack comprising:
a light directing film comprising a plurality of unitary discrete structures; and an optical adhesive layer disposed on the light directing film for adhering the light directing film to a surface, portions of each unitary discrete structure penetrating into the optical adhesive layer, portions of each unitary discrete structure not penetrating into the optical adhesive layer, each unitary discrete structure defining a penetration depth and a penetration base at an interface between the penetrating and non-penetrating portions of the unitary discrete structure, the penetration base having a minimum penetration base dimension, the plurality of unitary discrete structures having an average penetration depth and an average minimum penetration base dimension, a ratio of the average penetration depth to the average minimum penetration base dimension being at least 1.5, a peel strength between the light directing film and the surface being greater than about 30 grams/inch. 13. The optical stack of claim 12 comprising a plurality of voids between the optical adhesive layer and the light directing film. 14. The optical stack of claim 12, wherein each unitary discrete structure comprises a light directing portion primarily for directing light and a bonding portion primarily for bonding the light directing film to the surface, at least portions of the bonding portion of each unitary discrete structure penetrating the optical adhesive layer, at least portions of the light directing portion of each unitary discrete structure not penetrating the optical adhesive layer. 15. The optical stack of claim 12, wherein the average minimum penetration base dimension is less than about 10 microns. 16. The optical stack of claim 12, wherein the average minimum penetration base dimension is less than about 5 microns. 17. The optical stack of claim 12, wherein each unitary discrete structure has a base and a minimum base dimension, the plurality of unitary discrete structures having an average minimum base dimension, the average minimum penetration base dimension being less than about 10% of the average minimum base dimension. 18. An optical stack comprising:
a light directing film comprising a first plurality of unitary discrete structures; and an optical layer disposed on the light directing film, portions of each unitary discrete structure in the first plurality of unitary discrete structures penetrating into the optical layer, portions of each unitary discrete structure in the first plurality of unitary discrete structures not penetrating into the optical layer, each unitary discrete structure in the first plurality of unitary discrete structures defining a penetration depth and a penetration base at an interface between the penetrating and non-penetrating portions of the unitary discrete structure, the penetration base having a minimum penetration base dimension, the first plurality of unitary discrete structures having an average penetration depth and an average minimum penetration base dimension, a ratio of the average penetration depth to the average minimum penetration base dimension being at least 1.5, a peel strength between the light directing film and the optical layer being greater than about 30 grams/inch. 19. The optical stack of claim 18, wherein the optical layer is a pressure sensitive adhesive. 20. The optical stack of claim 18, wherein the optical layer is a lightguide having means for extracting light that propagates within the lightguide by total internal reflection. 21. The optical stack of claim 18, wherein the optical layer comprises a glass transition temperature that is greater than a maximum operating temperature of the optical stack. 22. The optical stack of claim 18, wherein the light directing film comprises a second plurality of unitary discrete structures, at least one unitary discrete structure in the second plurality of unitary discrete structures not penetrating into the optical layer. 23. The optical stack of claim 18, wherein the unitary discrete structures in the second plurality of discrete structures are shorter than the unitary discrete structures in the first plurality of discrete structures. | 1,700 |
1,595 | 14,173,193 | 1,763 | A one-component composition comprising:
1) a ketimine which is the reaction product of:
a) a dimer diamine; and b) a ketone; and
2) a blocked isocyanate. | 1. A one-component composition comprising:
1) a ketimine which is the reaction product of:
a) a dimer diamine; and
b) a ketone; and
2) a blocked isocyanate. 2. The one-component composition of claim 1, wherein:
the ketimine comprises the reaction product of a) (12E,15E)-N-[(21E,24E)-hexatriaconta-21,24-dienyl]hexatriaconta-12,15-dien-1-amine; and b) a ketone selected from the group consisting of methyl isobutyl ketone, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, diisobutyl ketone, cyclohexanones and acetophenones. 3. The one-component composition of claim 2, wherein the ketone comprises methyl isobutyl ketone. 4. The one-component composition of claim 1, wherein the blocked isocyanate comprises a phenolic blocking agent or an oxime. 5. The one-component composition of claim 1, wherein the blocked isocyanate comprises a urethane prepolymer based on toluene diisocyanate having blocked isocyanate functionality. 6. The one component composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is a sealant composition. 7. The one component composition of claim 1, further comprising plasticizers and fillers. 8. The one component composition of claim 1, wherein the blocked isocyanate has a functionality of greater than 1.5. 9. A one-component composition comprising:
1) a ketimine which is the reaction product of:
a) 12E,15E)-N-[(21E,24E)-hexatriaconta-21,24-dienyl]hexatriaconta-12,15-dien-1-amine; and
b) a ketone selected from the group consisting of methyl isobutyl ketone, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, diisobutyl ketone, cyclohexanones and acetophenones a dimer diamine; and
2) a blocked isocyanate comprising a phenolic blocking agent or an oxime 10. The one-component composition of claim 9, wherein the blocked isocyanate comprises a urethane prepolymer based on toluene diisocyanate having blocked isocyanate functionality. 11. The one component composition of claim 9, wherein the composition is a sealant composition. 12. The one component composition of claim 9, further comprising plasticizers and fillers. 13. The one component composition of claim 9, wherein the blocked isocyanate has a functionality of greater than 1.5. | A one-component composition comprising:
1) a ketimine which is the reaction product of:
a) a dimer diamine; and b) a ketone; and
2) a blocked isocyanate.1. A one-component composition comprising:
1) a ketimine which is the reaction product of:
a) a dimer diamine; and
b) a ketone; and
2) a blocked isocyanate. 2. The one-component composition of claim 1, wherein:
the ketimine comprises the reaction product of a) (12E,15E)-N-[(21E,24E)-hexatriaconta-21,24-dienyl]hexatriaconta-12,15-dien-1-amine; and b) a ketone selected from the group consisting of methyl isobutyl ketone, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, diisobutyl ketone, cyclohexanones and acetophenones. 3. The one-component composition of claim 2, wherein the ketone comprises methyl isobutyl ketone. 4. The one-component composition of claim 1, wherein the blocked isocyanate comprises a phenolic blocking agent or an oxime. 5. The one-component composition of claim 1, wherein the blocked isocyanate comprises a urethane prepolymer based on toluene diisocyanate having blocked isocyanate functionality. 6. The one component composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is a sealant composition. 7. The one component composition of claim 1, further comprising plasticizers and fillers. 8. The one component composition of claim 1, wherein the blocked isocyanate has a functionality of greater than 1.5. 9. A one-component composition comprising:
1) a ketimine which is the reaction product of:
a) 12E,15E)-N-[(21E,24E)-hexatriaconta-21,24-dienyl]hexatriaconta-12,15-dien-1-amine; and
b) a ketone selected from the group consisting of methyl isobutyl ketone, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, diisobutyl ketone, cyclohexanones and acetophenones a dimer diamine; and
2) a blocked isocyanate comprising a phenolic blocking agent or an oxime 10. The one-component composition of claim 9, wherein the blocked isocyanate comprises a urethane prepolymer based on toluene diisocyanate having blocked isocyanate functionality. 11. The one component composition of claim 9, wherein the composition is a sealant composition. 12. The one component composition of claim 9, further comprising plasticizers and fillers. 13. The one component composition of claim 9, wherein the blocked isocyanate has a functionality of greater than 1.5. | 1,700 |
1,596 | 14,350,890 | 1,729 | A flooded lead-acid battery include a pasting substrate embedded into an active material of at least one surface of either the positive plates or the negative plates of each respective plurality, wherein the pasting substrate has an initial thickness. The pasting substrate thickness has a compressed thickness within the container that is at least 10 to 20% less than the initial thickness. | 1. A flooded lead-acid battery, comprising:
a container; a plurality of positive plates disposed in the container; a plurality of negative plates disposed in the container; a pasting substrate embedded into an active material of at least one surface of either the positive plates or the negative plates of each respective plurality, wherein the pasting substrate has a basis weight of 23 g/m2 to 31 g/m2 and the pasting substrate and comprises greater than about 50 wt. % glass fibers based on a total weight of the pasting substrate; and an electrolyte disposed in the container to a sufficient level to flood the plurality of positive and negative plates. 2. The flooded lead-acid battery according to claim 1, wherein the pasting substrate comprises a blend of fibers having an average fiber diameter of 5 μm to 8 μm with fibers having an average fiber diameter of 11 to 14 μm. 3. The flooded lead-acid battery according to claim 2, wherein the pasting substrate comprises a blend of fibers having an average fiber length of 5 millimeters to 7 millimeters with fibers having an average fiber length of 11 millimeters to 14 millimeter. 4. The flooded lead-acid battery according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the pasting substrate is a non-woven substrate comprising glass fibers. 5. The flooded lead-acid battery according to claim 4, wherein the glass fibers have an average diameter/fiber length ratios of 11 micrometers/13 mm to 13 micrometers/13 mm. 6. The flooded lead-acid battery according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the pasting substrate thickness has a compressed thickness within the container that is at least 10 to 20% less than the initial thickness. 7. The flooded lead-acid battery according to claim 6, wherein the electrolyte comprises sulfuric acid in an amount such that the electrolyte has a specific gravity of 1.260 to 1.300 g/cm3 measured at 15° C. in a fully charged state. 8. The flooded lead-acid battery according to claim 7, wherein the electrolyte has a specific gravity less than 1.280 g/cm3 measured at 15° C. in a fully charged state. 9. The flooded lead-acid battery according to claim 6, further comprising an additional separator disposed in the container between each of the plurality of positive plates and each of the plurality of negative plates. 10. The flooded lead-acid battery according to claim 9, wherein the pasting substrate has a thickness of 0.12 mm to 0.25 mm measured at 10 kPa. | A flooded lead-acid battery include a pasting substrate embedded into an active material of at least one surface of either the positive plates or the negative plates of each respective plurality, wherein the pasting substrate has an initial thickness. The pasting substrate thickness has a compressed thickness within the container that is at least 10 to 20% less than the initial thickness.1. A flooded lead-acid battery, comprising:
a container; a plurality of positive plates disposed in the container; a plurality of negative plates disposed in the container; a pasting substrate embedded into an active material of at least one surface of either the positive plates or the negative plates of each respective plurality, wherein the pasting substrate has a basis weight of 23 g/m2 to 31 g/m2 and the pasting substrate and comprises greater than about 50 wt. % glass fibers based on a total weight of the pasting substrate; and an electrolyte disposed in the container to a sufficient level to flood the plurality of positive and negative plates. 2. The flooded lead-acid battery according to claim 1, wherein the pasting substrate comprises a blend of fibers having an average fiber diameter of 5 μm to 8 μm with fibers having an average fiber diameter of 11 to 14 μm. 3. The flooded lead-acid battery according to claim 2, wherein the pasting substrate comprises a blend of fibers having an average fiber length of 5 millimeters to 7 millimeters with fibers having an average fiber length of 11 millimeters to 14 millimeter. 4. The flooded lead-acid battery according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the pasting substrate is a non-woven substrate comprising glass fibers. 5. The flooded lead-acid battery according to claim 4, wherein the glass fibers have an average diameter/fiber length ratios of 11 micrometers/13 mm to 13 micrometers/13 mm. 6. The flooded lead-acid battery according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the pasting substrate thickness has a compressed thickness within the container that is at least 10 to 20% less than the initial thickness. 7. The flooded lead-acid battery according to claim 6, wherein the electrolyte comprises sulfuric acid in an amount such that the electrolyte has a specific gravity of 1.260 to 1.300 g/cm3 measured at 15° C. in a fully charged state. 8. The flooded lead-acid battery according to claim 7, wherein the electrolyte has a specific gravity less than 1.280 g/cm3 measured at 15° C. in a fully charged state. 9. The flooded lead-acid battery according to claim 6, further comprising an additional separator disposed in the container between each of the plurality of positive plates and each of the plurality of negative plates. 10. The flooded lead-acid battery according to claim 9, wherein the pasting substrate has a thickness of 0.12 mm to 0.25 mm measured at 10 kPa. | 1,700 |
1,597 | 14,952,509 | 1,736 | A pellet for fertilizing and watering plants may include wool having fibers having lengths between about 1.5 cm and about 17 cm and natural lanolin. The pellet may also include a binding agent. Soil compositions for growing plants may include a growing media and a plurality of the pellets distributed within the growing media. Methods for providing a substance to roots of plants may include distributing pellets throughout a soil composition, adding water to the pellets and soil composition, and allowing the pellets to release the substance to the soil composition and roots of the plants. | 1. A pellet for fertilizing and watering plants, comprising:
wool comprising:
fibers having lengths between about 1.5 cm and about 17 cm; and
natural lanolin; and
a binding agent. 2. The pellet of claim 1, wherein each of the fibers of the wool has a length between about 2.5 cm and about 15 cm. 3. The pellet of claim 1, wherein each of the fibers of the wool has a length between about 5.0 cm and about 10 cm. 4. The pellet of claim 1, wherein the pellet has a diameter within a range of about 3 mm to about 10 mm and a length within a range of about 5 mm to about 20 mm. 5. The pellet of claim 1, wherein the pellet has a diameter within a range of about 5 mm to about 8 mm and a length within a range of about 10 mm to about 15 mm. 6. The pellet of claim 1, wherein the pellet comprises a stake having an outer diameter within a range of about 1.5 cm to about 6 cm and a length within a range of about 2.5 cm to about 30 cm. 7. The pellet of claim 1, wherein the wool consists essentially of wool from a belly area of one or more sheep. 8. The pellet of claim 1, wherein the binding agent comprises one or more of sawdust, grain, coir, blood meal, animal manure, and poultry manure. 9. The pellet of claim 1, wherein the wool comprises sheep wool. 10. A soil composition for growing plants, comprising:
a growing media; and a plurality of pellets distributed within the growing media, each pellet of the plurality of pellets comprising:
virgin sheep wool; and
a binding agent. 11. The soil composition of claim 10, wherein the virgin sheep wool of the plurality of pellets comprises fibers having lengths within the range of about 2.5 cm to about 15 cm. 12. The soil composition of claim 10, wherein the virgin sheep wool of the plurality of pellets comprises belly-area wool of one or more sheep. 13. The soil composition of claim 10, wherein the plurality of pellets are distributed throughout the growing media from a top of the growing media to a bottom of the growing media. 14. The soil composition of claim 10, wherein the plurality of pellets comprises between about 1% and about 30% of the soil composition by volume. 15. The soil composition of claim 10, wherein the plurality of pellets comprises between about 31% and about 50% of the soil composition by volume. 16. The soil composition of claim 10, wherein the plurality of pellets comprises between about 51% and about 75% of the soil composition by volume. 17. The soil composition of claim 10, wherein the growing media comprises at least one of peat, perlite, coir, wood, wheat straw, composted bark, biodigester remains, uncomposted bark, animal manure, or poultry manure. 18. A method of providing a substance to roots of a plant, the method comprising:
distributing a plurality of pellets throughout a soil composition, the plurality of pellets comprising:
wool from a belly area of a sheep, the wool including natural lanolin; and
a binding agent;
adding water to the plurality of pellets and soil composition; and allowing the plurality of pellets to release the substance to the soil composition and roots of the plant. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the substance comprises water. 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising storing water in the pellets. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein storing water in the pellets comprises storing water in the pellets in an amount of at least about 10 times a dry weight of the plurality of pellets. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein storing water in the pellets comprises storing water in the pellets in an amount of at least about 20 times a dry weight of the plurality of pellets. 23. The method of claim 18, wherein distributing pellets throughout a soil composition comprises distributing the pellets from a top of the soil composition to a bottom of the soil composition. 24. The method of claim 18, wherein distributing pellets throughout a soil composition comprises distributing the pellets to comprise between about 1% and about 30% of the soil composition by volume. 25. The method of claim 18, wherein distributing pellets throughout a soil composition comprises distributing the pellets to comprise between about 31% and about 50% of the soil composition by volume. | A pellet for fertilizing and watering plants may include wool having fibers having lengths between about 1.5 cm and about 17 cm and natural lanolin. The pellet may also include a binding agent. Soil compositions for growing plants may include a growing media and a plurality of the pellets distributed within the growing media. Methods for providing a substance to roots of plants may include distributing pellets throughout a soil composition, adding water to the pellets and soil composition, and allowing the pellets to release the substance to the soil composition and roots of the plants.1. A pellet for fertilizing and watering plants, comprising:
wool comprising:
fibers having lengths between about 1.5 cm and about 17 cm; and
natural lanolin; and
a binding agent. 2. The pellet of claim 1, wherein each of the fibers of the wool has a length between about 2.5 cm and about 15 cm. 3. The pellet of claim 1, wherein each of the fibers of the wool has a length between about 5.0 cm and about 10 cm. 4. The pellet of claim 1, wherein the pellet has a diameter within a range of about 3 mm to about 10 mm and a length within a range of about 5 mm to about 20 mm. 5. The pellet of claim 1, wherein the pellet has a diameter within a range of about 5 mm to about 8 mm and a length within a range of about 10 mm to about 15 mm. 6. The pellet of claim 1, wherein the pellet comprises a stake having an outer diameter within a range of about 1.5 cm to about 6 cm and a length within a range of about 2.5 cm to about 30 cm. 7. The pellet of claim 1, wherein the wool consists essentially of wool from a belly area of one or more sheep. 8. The pellet of claim 1, wherein the binding agent comprises one or more of sawdust, grain, coir, blood meal, animal manure, and poultry manure. 9. The pellet of claim 1, wherein the wool comprises sheep wool. 10. A soil composition for growing plants, comprising:
a growing media; and a plurality of pellets distributed within the growing media, each pellet of the plurality of pellets comprising:
virgin sheep wool; and
a binding agent. 11. The soil composition of claim 10, wherein the virgin sheep wool of the plurality of pellets comprises fibers having lengths within the range of about 2.5 cm to about 15 cm. 12. The soil composition of claim 10, wherein the virgin sheep wool of the plurality of pellets comprises belly-area wool of one or more sheep. 13. The soil composition of claim 10, wherein the plurality of pellets are distributed throughout the growing media from a top of the growing media to a bottom of the growing media. 14. The soil composition of claim 10, wherein the plurality of pellets comprises between about 1% and about 30% of the soil composition by volume. 15. The soil composition of claim 10, wherein the plurality of pellets comprises between about 31% and about 50% of the soil composition by volume. 16. The soil composition of claim 10, wherein the plurality of pellets comprises between about 51% and about 75% of the soil composition by volume. 17. The soil composition of claim 10, wherein the growing media comprises at least one of peat, perlite, coir, wood, wheat straw, composted bark, biodigester remains, uncomposted bark, animal manure, or poultry manure. 18. A method of providing a substance to roots of a plant, the method comprising:
distributing a plurality of pellets throughout a soil composition, the plurality of pellets comprising:
wool from a belly area of a sheep, the wool including natural lanolin; and
a binding agent;
adding water to the plurality of pellets and soil composition; and allowing the plurality of pellets to release the substance to the soil composition and roots of the plant. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the substance comprises water. 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising storing water in the pellets. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein storing water in the pellets comprises storing water in the pellets in an amount of at least about 10 times a dry weight of the plurality of pellets. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein storing water in the pellets comprises storing water in the pellets in an amount of at least about 20 times a dry weight of the plurality of pellets. 23. The method of claim 18, wherein distributing pellets throughout a soil composition comprises distributing the pellets from a top of the soil composition to a bottom of the soil composition. 24. The method of claim 18, wherein distributing pellets throughout a soil composition comprises distributing the pellets to comprise between about 1% and about 30% of the soil composition by volume. 25. The method of claim 18, wherein distributing pellets throughout a soil composition comprises distributing the pellets to comprise between about 31% and about 50% of the soil composition by volume. | 1,700 |
1,598 | 12,809,462 | 1,787 | Provided is a thermoplastic polymer composition, including a thermoplastic elastomer (A) and a polyvinyl acetal (B), wherein the thermoplastic elastomer (A) is a styrene-based thermoplastic elastomer or an olefin-based thermoplastic elastomer. Thus, a thermoplastic polymer composition is provided that has good flexibility as a thermoplastic elastomer composition, is excellent in mechanical properties and formability, and also itself has excellent adhesion to a ceramic, a metal, or a polar polymer. In addition, provided is a shaped article in which the thermoplastic polymer composition is adhered to a ceramic, a metal, or a polar polymer, in particular a shaped article adhered to a glass. | 1. A thermoplastic polymer composition, comprising a thermoplastic elastomer (A) and a polyvinyl acetal (B), wherein the thermoplastic elastomer (A) is a styrene-based thermoplastic elastomer or an olefin-based thermoplastic elastomer. 2. The thermoplastic polymer composition according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic elastomer (A) is a block copolymer, having a polymer block of an aromatic vinyl compound and a polymer block of a conjugated diene compound, or a hydrogenation product thereof. 3. The thermoplastic polymer composition according to claim 1, comprising from 0.1 to 100 parts by mass of the polyvinyl acetal (B) in terms of 100 parts by mass of the thermoplastic elastomer (A). 4. The thermoplastic polymer composition according to claim 1, wherein particles of the polyvinyl acetal (B) are dispersed in a matrix of the thermoplastic elastomer (A). 5. The thermoplastic polymer composition according to claim 4, wherein the polyvinyl acetal (B) has an average particle diameter of 5 μm or less. 6. The thermoplastic polymer composition according to claim 1, wherein JIS-A hardness according to JIS K6253 is 93 or less. 7. The thermoplastic polymer composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyvinyl acetal (B) is obtained by acetalizing polyvinyl alcohol having an average degree of polymerization of from 100 to 4000. 8. The thermoplastic polymer composition according to claim 1, wherein a degree of acetalization of the polyvinyl acetal (B) is from 55 to 88 mol %. 9. The thermoplastic polymer composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyvinyl acetal (B) is polyvinyl butyral. 10. The thermoplastic polymer composition according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic elastomer (A) comprises both a thermoplastic elastomer (A1) not comprising a polar functional group and a thermoplastic elastomer (A2) comprising a polar functional group, and a ratio by weight of from 0.1/100 to 100/0.1. 11. A shaped article, comprising the thermoplastic polymer composition according to claim 1. 12. The shaped article according to claim 11, wherein the thermoplastic polymer composition is adhered to a ceramic or a metal. 13. The shaped article according to claim 12, wherein the thermoplastic polymer composition is adhered to a glass. 14. The shaped article according to claim 12, wherein a continuous layer of the polyvinyl acetal (B) exists at an interface between the thermoplastic polymer composition and the ceramic or the metal. 15. The shaped article according to claim 11, wherein the thermoplastic polymer composition is adhered to a polar polymer having a functional group selected from the group consisting of amide group, ester group, carbonate group, acetal group, ether group, sulfide group, nitrile group, hydroxyl group, carbonyl group, carboxyl group, amino group, and sulfonic acid group. 16. The shaped article according to claim 15, wherein the polar polymer is at least one selected from the group consisting of polyamide, polyester, polycarbonate, polyacetal, polyphenylene sulfide, ABS resin (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer), polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, polyvinyl acetal, polyvinyl acetate, poly(meth)acrylate, polyether, polyketone, ionomer, polyurethane, and polyurea. 17. An adhesive, comprising the thermoplastic polymer composition according to claim 1. | Provided is a thermoplastic polymer composition, including a thermoplastic elastomer (A) and a polyvinyl acetal (B), wherein the thermoplastic elastomer (A) is a styrene-based thermoplastic elastomer or an olefin-based thermoplastic elastomer. Thus, a thermoplastic polymer composition is provided that has good flexibility as a thermoplastic elastomer composition, is excellent in mechanical properties and formability, and also itself has excellent adhesion to a ceramic, a metal, or a polar polymer. In addition, provided is a shaped article in which the thermoplastic polymer composition is adhered to a ceramic, a metal, or a polar polymer, in particular a shaped article adhered to a glass.1. A thermoplastic polymer composition, comprising a thermoplastic elastomer (A) and a polyvinyl acetal (B), wherein the thermoplastic elastomer (A) is a styrene-based thermoplastic elastomer or an olefin-based thermoplastic elastomer. 2. The thermoplastic polymer composition according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic elastomer (A) is a block copolymer, having a polymer block of an aromatic vinyl compound and a polymer block of a conjugated diene compound, or a hydrogenation product thereof. 3. The thermoplastic polymer composition according to claim 1, comprising from 0.1 to 100 parts by mass of the polyvinyl acetal (B) in terms of 100 parts by mass of the thermoplastic elastomer (A). 4. The thermoplastic polymer composition according to claim 1, wherein particles of the polyvinyl acetal (B) are dispersed in a matrix of the thermoplastic elastomer (A). 5. The thermoplastic polymer composition according to claim 4, wherein the polyvinyl acetal (B) has an average particle diameter of 5 μm or less. 6. The thermoplastic polymer composition according to claim 1, wherein JIS-A hardness according to JIS K6253 is 93 or less. 7. The thermoplastic polymer composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyvinyl acetal (B) is obtained by acetalizing polyvinyl alcohol having an average degree of polymerization of from 100 to 4000. 8. The thermoplastic polymer composition according to claim 1, wherein a degree of acetalization of the polyvinyl acetal (B) is from 55 to 88 mol %. 9. The thermoplastic polymer composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyvinyl acetal (B) is polyvinyl butyral. 10. The thermoplastic polymer composition according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic elastomer (A) comprises both a thermoplastic elastomer (A1) not comprising a polar functional group and a thermoplastic elastomer (A2) comprising a polar functional group, and a ratio by weight of from 0.1/100 to 100/0.1. 11. A shaped article, comprising the thermoplastic polymer composition according to claim 1. 12. The shaped article according to claim 11, wherein the thermoplastic polymer composition is adhered to a ceramic or a metal. 13. The shaped article according to claim 12, wherein the thermoplastic polymer composition is adhered to a glass. 14. The shaped article according to claim 12, wherein a continuous layer of the polyvinyl acetal (B) exists at an interface between the thermoplastic polymer composition and the ceramic or the metal. 15. The shaped article according to claim 11, wherein the thermoplastic polymer composition is adhered to a polar polymer having a functional group selected from the group consisting of amide group, ester group, carbonate group, acetal group, ether group, sulfide group, nitrile group, hydroxyl group, carbonyl group, carboxyl group, amino group, and sulfonic acid group. 16. The shaped article according to claim 15, wherein the polar polymer is at least one selected from the group consisting of polyamide, polyester, polycarbonate, polyacetal, polyphenylene sulfide, ABS resin (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer), polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, polyvinyl acetal, polyvinyl acetate, poly(meth)acrylate, polyether, polyketone, ionomer, polyurethane, and polyurea. 17. An adhesive, comprising the thermoplastic polymer composition according to claim 1. | 1,700 |
1,599 | 14,787,884 | 1,771 | The present invention relates to an engine oil additive composition, whereby a hydrophobically surface-modified nanodiamond is capable of being stably dispersed in oil for a long time by being used together with a specific dispersant. According to the present invention, the nanodiamond is stably dispersed in the engine oil for a long time, thereby reducing friction and abrasion of the machine such as an engine and thus improving fuel efficiency. | 1. An engine oil additive composition, comprising:
60˜99% by weight of a base oil; 0.001˜0.5% by weight of a nano-diamond the surface of which is modified into a hydrophobic state; and a dispersion agent which is formed of 0.05˜10% by weight of oleylamine, 0.01˜5% by weight of polyalkenyl succinimide, and 0.5˜35% by weight of oleic acid, wherein the engine oil additive composition contains nano-diamonds. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the nano-diamond the surface of which is modified into a hydrophobic state is prepared by:
a process (first step) wherein the nano-diamonds are treated with one or more of acids selected from a group consisting of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide; a process (second step) wherein the nano-diamonds acid-treated in the first step are reacted with one or more of acid chlorides selected from a group consisting of thionyl chloride, phosphorous trichloride, and phosphorous pentachloride; and a process (third step) wherein the nano-diamonds obtained in the second step are reacted with alkyl amine having 16˜18 carbons. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polyalkenyl succinimide is polyisobutenyl succinimide. 4. A method for preparing an engine oil additive composition, comprising:
treating (first step) nano-diamonds with one or more of acids selected from a group consisting of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide; reacting (second step) the nano-diamonds acid-treated in the first step with one or more of acid chlorides selected from a group consisting of thionyl chloride, phosphorous trichloride, and phosphorous pentachloride; reacting (third step) the nano-diamonds obtained in the second step with alkyl amine having 16˜18 carbons, thus preparing nano-diamonds the surfaces of which are modified into a hydrophobic state; obtaining (fourth step) a dispersed thing by mixing the nano-diamonds the surfaces of which are modified into a hydrophobic state, with oleylamine and dispersing with ultrasonic waves; and inputting (fifth step) polyalkenyl succinimide, oleic acid, and a base oil into the dispersed thing obtained in the fourth step and dispersing with ultrasonic waves. | The present invention relates to an engine oil additive composition, whereby a hydrophobically surface-modified nanodiamond is capable of being stably dispersed in oil for a long time by being used together with a specific dispersant. According to the present invention, the nanodiamond is stably dispersed in the engine oil for a long time, thereby reducing friction and abrasion of the machine such as an engine and thus improving fuel efficiency.1. An engine oil additive composition, comprising:
60˜99% by weight of a base oil; 0.001˜0.5% by weight of a nano-diamond the surface of which is modified into a hydrophobic state; and a dispersion agent which is formed of 0.05˜10% by weight of oleylamine, 0.01˜5% by weight of polyalkenyl succinimide, and 0.5˜35% by weight of oleic acid, wherein the engine oil additive composition contains nano-diamonds. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the nano-diamond the surface of which is modified into a hydrophobic state is prepared by:
a process (first step) wherein the nano-diamonds are treated with one or more of acids selected from a group consisting of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide; a process (second step) wherein the nano-diamonds acid-treated in the first step are reacted with one or more of acid chlorides selected from a group consisting of thionyl chloride, phosphorous trichloride, and phosphorous pentachloride; and a process (third step) wherein the nano-diamonds obtained in the second step are reacted with alkyl amine having 16˜18 carbons. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polyalkenyl succinimide is polyisobutenyl succinimide. 4. A method for preparing an engine oil additive composition, comprising:
treating (first step) nano-diamonds with one or more of acids selected from a group consisting of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide; reacting (second step) the nano-diamonds acid-treated in the first step with one or more of acid chlorides selected from a group consisting of thionyl chloride, phosphorous trichloride, and phosphorous pentachloride; reacting (third step) the nano-diamonds obtained in the second step with alkyl amine having 16˜18 carbons, thus preparing nano-diamonds the surfaces of which are modified into a hydrophobic state; obtaining (fourth step) a dispersed thing by mixing the nano-diamonds the surfaces of which are modified into a hydrophobic state, with oleylamine and dispersing with ultrasonic waves; and inputting (fifth step) polyalkenyl succinimide, oleic acid, and a base oil into the dispersed thing obtained in the fourth step and dispersing with ultrasonic waves. | 1,700 |
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