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= = Orbit and rotation = =
Ida is a member of the Koronis family of asteroid @-@ belt asteroids . Ida orbits the Sun at an average distance of 2 @.@ 862 AU ( 428 @.@ 1 Gm ) , between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter . Ida takes 4 @.@ <unk> years to complete one orbit .
Ida 's rotation period is 4 @.@ 63 hours , making it one of the fastest rotating asteroids yet discovered . The calculated maximum moment of inertia of a uniformly dense object the same shape as Ida coincides with the spin axis of the asteroid . This suggests that there are no major variations of density within the asteroid . Ida 's axis of rotation precesses with a period of 77 thousand years , due to the gravity of the Sun acting upon the <unk> shape of the asteroid .
= = Origin = =
Ida originated in the breakup of the roughly 120 km ( 75 mi ) diameter Koronis parent body . The progenitor asteroid had partially differentiated , with heavier metals migrating to the core . Ida carried away insignificant amounts of this core material . It is uncertain how long ago the disruption event occurred . According to an analysis of Ida 's cratering processes , its surface is more than a billion years old . However , this is inconsistent with the estimated age of the Ida – Dactyl system of less than 100 million years ; it is unlikely that Dactyl , due to its small size , could have escaped being destroyed in a major collision for longer . The difference in age estimates may be explained by an increased rate of cratering from the debris of the Koronis parent body 's destruction .
= = Moon = =
Ida has a moon named Dactyl , official designation ( 243 ) Ida I Dactyl ( / <unk> / <unk> @-@ til ) . It was discovered in images taken by the Galileo spacecraft during its flyby in 1993 . These images provided the first direct confirmation of an asteroid moon . At the time , it was separated from Ida by a distance of 90 kilometres ( 56 mi ) , moving in a prograde orbit . Dactyl is heavily cratered , like Ida , and consists of similar materials . Its origin is uncertain , but evidence from the flyby suggests that it originated as a fragment of the Koronis parent body .
= = = Discovery = = =
Dactyl was found on 17 February 1994 by Galileo mission member Ann <unk> , while examining delayed image downloads from the spacecraft . Galileo recorded 47 images of Dactyl over an observation period of 5 @.@ 5 hours in August 1993 . The spacecraft was 10 @,@ 760 kilometres ( 6 @,@ 690 mi ) from Ida and 10 @,@ 870 kilometres ( 6 @,@ 750 mi ) from Dactyl when the first image of the moon was captured , 14 minutes before Galileo made its closest approach .
Dactyl was initially designated 1993 ( 243 ) 1 . It was named by the International Astronomical Union in 1994 , for the mythological dactyls who inhabited Mount Ida on the island of Crete .
= = = Physical characteristics = = =
Dactyl is an " egg @-@ shaped " but " remarkably spherical " object measuring 1 @.@ 6 by 1 @.@ 4 by 1 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 99 mi × 0 @.@ 87 mi × 0 @.@ 75 mi ) . It was oriented with its longest axis pointing towards Ida . Like Ida , Dactyl 's surface exhibits saturation cratering . It is marked by more than a dozen craters with a diameter greater than 80 m ( 260 ft ) , indicating that the moon has suffered many collisions during its history . At least six craters form a linear chain , suggesting that it was caused by locally produced debris , possibly ejected from Ida . Dactyl 's craters may contain central peaks , unlike those found on Ida . These features , and Dactyl 's spheroidal shape , imply that the moon is gravitationally controlled despite its small size . Like Ida , its average temperature is about 200 K ( − 73 ° C ; − 100 ° F ) .
Dactyl shares many characteristics with Ida . Their albedos and reflection spectra are very similar . The small differences indicate that the space weathering process is less active on Dactyl . Its small size would make the formation of significant amounts of regolith impossible . This contrasts with Ida , which is covered by a deep layer of regolith .
The two largest imaged craters on Dactyl were named <unk> and <unk> , after two of the mythological dactyls . <unk> is the largest crater in the above image , and <unk> is near the bottom , mostly obscured in shadow . The craters are 300 and 200 meters in diameter , respectively .
= = = Orbit = = =
Dactyl 's orbit around Ida is not precisely known . Galileo was in the plane of Dactyl 's orbit when most of the images were taken , which made determining its exact orbit difficult . Dactyl orbits in the prograde direction and is inclined about 8 ° to Ida 's equator . Based on computer simulations , Dactyl 's <unk> must be more than about 65 km ( 40 mi ) from Ida for it to remain in a stable orbit . The range of orbits generated by the simulations was narrowed down by the necessity of having the orbits pass through points at which Galileo observed Dactyl to be at 16 : 52 : 05 UT on 28 August 1993 , about 90 km ( 56 mi ) from Ida at longitude 85 ° . On 26 April 1994 , the Hubble Space Telescope observed Ida for eight hours and was unable to spot Dactyl . It would have been able to observe it if it were more than about 700 km ( 430 mi ) from Ida .
If in a circular orbit at the distance at which it was seen , Dactyl 's orbital period is about 20 hours . Its orbital speed is roughly 10 m / s ( 33 ft / s ) , " about the speed of a fast run or a slowly thrown baseball " .
= = = Age and origin = = =
Dactyl may have originated at the same time as Ida , from the disruption of the Koronis parent body . However , it may have formed more recently , perhaps as ejecta from a large impact on Ida . It is extremely unlikely that it was captured by Ida . Dactyl may have suffered a major impact around 100 million years ago , which reduced its size .
= Trobairitz =
The trobairitz ( Occitan pronunciation : [ <unk> ] ) were Occitan female troubadours of the 12th and 13th centuries , active from around 1170 to approximately 1260 . The word trobairitz was first used in the 13th @-@ century romance <unk> . It comes from the Provençal word <unk> , the literal meaning of which is " to find " , and the technical meaning of which is " to compose " . The word trobairitz is used very rarely in medieval Occitan , as it does not occur in lyrical poetry , grammatical treatises , or in the biographies of the trobairitz or troubadours . Trobairitz composed , wrote verses , and performed for the Occitan noble courts . They are exceptional in musical history as the first known female composers of Western secular music ; all earlier known female composers wrote sacred music . The trobairitz were part of courtly society , as opposed to their lower class counterparts the <unk> . Although troubadours sometimes came from humble origins — <unk> de Ventadorn may have been the son of a castle 's baker — the trobairitz were nobly born . The most important trobairitz are <unk> de Castelnau , Azalais de <unk> , Maria de Ventadorn , <unk> , <unk> , <unk> de Proença , <unk> de <unk> , and the <unk> de <unk> .
= = Position in medieval society = =
Throughout the 13th century , women of the court were expected to be able to sing , play instruments , and write <unk> <unk> , or <unk> ( a debate or dialogue in the form of a poem ) . The cultivation of these womanly skills may have led to the writings of the trobairitz .
The trobairitz may also have arisen due the power women held in southern France during the 12th and 13th centuries . Women had far more control over land ownership , and Occitan society was far more accepting of women than were most other societies of the time . During the Crusades many men were away , which left women with more administrative responsibility , and thus , power . Nevertheless , this society was not " feminist " , nor was fin ' amor , which exalted women while at the same time circumscribing many aspects of their lives and behavior .
There is difficulty in labeling the trobairitz as either amateurs or professionals . The distinction between these two roles was complicated in the medieval era , since professionals were generally lower class , and amateurs had as much time as professionals to devote to their craft . <unk> were lower class , professional composers far less respected than the trobairitz .
Both troubadours and trobairitz wrote of fin ' <unk> , or courtly love . Women were generally the subject of the writings of troubadours , however : " No other group of poets give women so exalted a definition within so tightly circumscribed a context of female suppression . " The tension between the suppression of women present in the poetry of the troubadours and similar themes in the poetry of the trobairitz is a major source of discussion for modern commentators . Trobairitz poetry pertaining to love tended to offer a less idealized conception of the subject than the poetry of their male counterparts , with a more conversational and less flourished style of writing intended to more closely emulate a more grounded vision of relationships . The trobairitz wrote in the <unk> ( strophic song ) and <unk> ( debate poem ) genres . Besides <unk> and <unk> , trobairitz also wrote <unk> ( political poems ) , <unk> ( lament ) , <unk> d ’ amor ( a love letter not in strophic form ) , alba ( dawn songs ) , and <unk> ( dance songs ) . Judging by what survives today , the trobairitz wrote no <unk> or <unk> songs , unlike their troubadour counterparts . Furthermore , in keeping with the troubadour tradition , the trobairitz closely linked the action of the singing to the action of loving . <unk> de Dia demonstrates this in her poem Fin <unk> me don <unk> , stating that " Fin <unk> me dona <unk> / per qu <unk> chan plus <unk> , " translated as " Happiness brings me pure joy / which makes me sing more cheerfully . "
= = Attribution = =
The number of works attributed to the trobairitz is estimated at thirty @-@ two songs , but ranges anywhere from 23 to 46 . There are a number of reasons why an exact number is not known . In the courtly love tradition it was common for poems to be written as an exchange of letters , or a debate , as in a <unk> . Some of these may have been originally written by one poet ; however , some were originally an actual exchange of epistles , later gathered together in a manuscript . Some of these were between men , and some were between a man and a woman . Some modern editors attribute these solely to the man who originated the exchange , and some attribute them to both the man and the woman involved . There is a long history of attributing these solely to men , even when all evidence points to the contrary .
Since poetry was highly stylized , it is difficult to determine when a poet speaking as a woman actually was a woman , or a man speaking as a woman . This adds to the difficulty of attribution , especially of anonymous writers . There is some debate as to whether or not the poems by the trobairitz represent genuine feminine voices , since they worked within the highly circumscribed conventions of the troubadours . Matilda Bruckner suggests that the trobairitz " spoke in her own voice as channeled through the voices of many others " . By manipulating the strict constructs of troubadour lyric , the trobairitz were able to create their own " fictions of the female voice " .
There is one notable instance where clear attribution is given to a woman , <unk> de Romans ( also given as Beatritz ) , but the subject of the poem is another woman , Na Maria . In the poem " Na Maria " Beatritz expresses her love for Maria in the traditional fin ' <unk> style , both in terms of physical longing and courtly admiration . This poem , if not clearly marked as by a woman , would be assumed to be by a man . Some controversy surrounds the works of the <unk> de Romans , as scholars have suggested that her <unk> expresses " lesbian desire . " The troubadour would typically speak to the <unk> ( woman ) ; the fact that the lyrical dialogue takes place exclusively between one woman and another is an extreme rarity .
= = List of trobairitz works = =
= = = Anonymous = = =
Bona <unk> , un <unk> vos <unk>
= = = Attributed = = =
Alais <unk> and Carenza : Na Carenza al bel cors <unk>
<unk> de Castelnau
<unk> de Castelnau and <unk> de Capio : Domna n ’ <unk> , si @-@ us <unk>
Azalais d <unk>
Azalais de <unk>
Beatriz de <unk>
Beatritz de Romans : Na Maria , <unk> e <unk> <unk>
<unk>
Clara d <unk>
<unk>
<unk> de Proença : Vos <unk> ’ m <unk> dels corals <unk>
<unk> : <unk> e <unk> ( not extant )
<unk> de <unk>
<unk> de <unk>
Domna H.
<unk>
Maria de Ventadorn : Gui d <unk> , <unk> <unk> de vos
<unk> de <unk>
<unk>
= Ny @-@ Ålesund Airport , Hamnerabben =
Ny @-@ Ålesund Airport , Hamnerabben ( Norwegian : Ny @-@ Ålesund flyplass , Hamnerabben ; ICAO : <unk> ) is an airport serving the research community of Ny @-@ Ålesund in Svalbard , Norway . The airport is owned by Kings Bay , who also owns the company town . The only flights available are to Svalbard Airport , Longyear , operated two to four times a week by Lufttransport using Dornier Do 228 aircraft . The services are organized as corporate charters and tickets are only available after permission from Kings Bay .
Between 1925 and 1928 , Ny @-@ Ålesund saw four air expeditions to the North Pole , two of which required the construction of an airship hangar and mast . The first proposal for an airport in Ny @-@ Ålesund was launched in 1956 by Norsk Polar <unk> , who proposed an airport at <unk> . Soviet protests against the airport caused the Norwegian authorities to oppose the plans , which were laid to rest in the early 1960s . Construction at Hamnerabben started in 1965 following the decision to build Kongsfjord Telemetry Station . The airport first hosted service to temporary landing strips near Longyearbyen , but from 1975 served Svalbard Airport . Lufttransport started flights with helicopters in the 1980s , but from 1989 has flown with fixed @-@ wing aircraft .
= = History = =
= = = Early aviation in Ny @-@ Ålesund = = =
Ny @-@ Ålesund was established as a mining company town by Kings Bay in 1916 . Between 1925 and 1928 , four attempts were made to reach the North Pole by air from Ny @-@ Ålesund . In May 1925 , Roald Amundsen used Ny @-@ Ålesund as a base for two flying boats , but the expedition failed to come closer than 88 degrees north . On 9 May 1926 , Floyd Bennett and Richard E. Byrd used Ny @-@ Ålesund as both the starting and landing for their expedition . Although they claimed to have reached the pole , there is strong evidence that they could not have accomplished this . On 11 May , Amundsen and Umberto Nobile 's airship Norge left Ny @-@ Ålesund and traveled via the North Pole to Alaska . This is regarded as the first successful expedition to the North Pole . After two short skirmishes , Nobile 's airship Italia left Ny @-@ Ålesund on 23 May 1928 to reach the North Pole , but crashed on the return .
The flying boats did not require any specific infrastructure , although they had to be brought by ship to Ny @-@ Ålesund , where they were assembled . They took off from a manually groomed air strip on snow . For the airship expeditions , a hangar and a mast were needed . Twenty @-@ two carpenters arrived in October 1925 along with supplies on SS <unk> . Materials were transported to the site by railway after a track had been laid to the site from the port . The 35 @-@ meter ( 115 ft ) tall steel mast was completed in December . The wooden hangar was 110 by 34 meters ( 361 by 112 ft ) with a height of 30 meters ( 98 ft ) . It was covered in 10 @,@ 000 square meters ( 110 @,@ 000 sq ft ) of tarp . The hangar was completed on 15 February 1926 .
Mining ceased in Ny @-@ Ålesund in 1929 ; it was taken up again in 1941 , but because of the Second World War the town was evacuated the following year . From 1946 , the Royal Norwegian Air Force started serving Ny @-@ Ålesund with their Consolidated PBY Catalina amphibian aircraft . The aircraft were able to land if there was no ice on the fjord and lighting and weather permitted it . The first flight took place on 10 May and consisted of post drops . No further flights were carried out until 1949 ; one of the flights that year was an air ambulance operation . The service also dropped post at the other Norwegian settlements in Svalbard . In 1961 , the Catalinas were replaced with Grumman HU @-@ 16B Albatross aircraft .
= = = <unk> proposal = = =
The first proposal for an airport serving Ny @-@ Ålesund was launched by the brothers Einar Sverre Pedersen and Gunnar Sverre Pedersen . Einar worked as chief navigator in the Scandinavian Airlines System ( SAS ) and was instrumental in developing the airline routes over the North Pole . He envisioned that the airport in Svalbard could serve as an emergency landing aerodrome for intercontinental flights , and proposed that the Norwegian trunk airline service be extended to Svalbard .
The brothers went on an expedition to Spitsbergen in 1956 to conduct further surveys . Their initial observations concluded that <unk> , the outermost part of <unk> , was the best @-@ suited place for a major airport . They initially planned for a 1 @,@ 600 @-@ meter ( 5 @,@ 200 ft ) long runway , which could easily be expanded to 3 @,@ 000 meters ( 9 @,@ 800 ft ) . Hotellneset and Adventdalen , both close to Longyearbyen , were rejected because the areas were too small and due to poor weather conditions .
The brothers presented the idea to the Government of Norway and SAS , but neither party was interested in investing in an airport . They contacted Kings Bay and asked the company to lease or purchase land to build the airport . The company was positive , but required that the airport remained under Norwegian ownership and regulations . On 22 October 1958 , negotiations started with Vestlandske <unk> to start an airline service from the mainland to Svalbard . Financing of the airport was in part to be secured through a Hilton hotel , which would provide accommodation for tourists , and the " Roald Amundsen Institute , " a planned research station .