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The ship then loaded refugees and left Swinemünde ; she successfully navigated the minefields on the way to Kiel , arriving on 18 March . Her stern turret had its guns replaced at the Deutsche Werke shipyard by early April . During the repair process , most of the ship 's crew went ashore . On the night of 9 April 1945 , a general RAF bombing raid by over 300 aircraft struck the harbor in Kiel . Admiral Scheer was hit by five Tallboy bombs and capsized . She was partially broken up for scrap after the end of the war , though part of the hull was left in place and buried with rubble from the attack in the construction of a new quay . The number of casualties from her loss is unknown .
= Barrhill , New Zealand =
Barrhill is a lightly populated locality in the Canterbury region of New Zealand 's South Island . It is situated on the Canterbury Plains , on the right bank of the Rakaia River , about 17 kilometres ( 11 mi ) inland from Rakaia . It was founded by Cathcart Wason in the mid @-@ 1870s and named by him after his old home Barrhill in South Ayrshire , Scotland . Wason set it up as a model village for the workers of his large sheep farm . The population of the village peaked in the mid @-@ 1880s before the general recession initiated a downturn for the village . Wason had expected for the Methven Branch railway to run past Barrhill , but the line was built in 1880 on an alignment many miles away , which caused Barrhill population to decrease .
Three of the original buildings of Barrhill plus the gatehouse at Wason 's homestead were constructed of concrete , and they still exist to this day . One of those buildings , St John 's Church , is registered by Heritage New Zealand as a Category II heritage building , and the gatehouse is a museum that is open on request . Today , few buildings exist in the village , but the formal layout of avenues still exists , giving the setting a charming appearance .
= = Geography = =
Barrhill is a small settlement between the Rakaia Barrhill Methven Road and the Rakaia River , located 210 metres ( 690 ft ) above sea level . It is about 17 kilometres ( 11 mi ) from the town of Rakaia and 21 kilometres ( 13 mi ) from Methven . The four outer streets , one of which is the Rakaia Barrhill Methven Road , form a trapezoid with the longest side at 200 metres ( 660 ft ) . Two internal roads run at right angles to one another , dividing the area into four quadrants . The intersection of the internal roads forms the market place .
Apart from the main road , there are five avenues , each planted in its own species and named accordingly : oak , poplar , birch , lime , and sycamore . The tree @-@ lined avenues give Barrhill a charming appearance . Wason had trees planted in an unusual pattern around the market square . Residents only noticed in 1975 when viewing an aerial photo that those trees form what appears to be the three circles of Trinity , with the two inner avenues possibly symbolising a crucifix .
= = History = =
Wason emigrated from Scotland to New Zealand in late 1868 . In February 1869 or April 1870 ( sources vary ) , he bought the <unk> sheep run ( Run 116 ) in mid @-@ Canterbury . <unk> was a 20 @,@ 000 acres ( 81 km2 ) run on the south bank of the Rakaia River . The land had first been taken up by John Hall , but had changed ownership several times before Wason bought it , including 1 @,@ 250 acres ( 5 @.@ 1 km2 ) of freehold land . Wason renamed his property Corwar after his father 's lands in Scotland , and the first advertisement placed in newspapers by Wason mentions Corwar in October 1869 , hence the April 1870 date appears less likely . Wason set about trying to create an estate village on land bought from the adjacent Lavington run ( Run 117 ) . He also bought part of the Hororata Station on the other side of the Rakaia River from John Cordy ( Run 67 ) .
His planting of pine trees and of oaks , walnuts and poplars extended over 600 acres ( 2 @.@ 4 km2 ) and allowed shelter from the prevailing north @-@ west winds to allow sheep farming and the growing of wheat , while water power was used for agricultural machinery . He bought and sold land , and by 1882 Corwar was consolidated as a freehold estate of just over 5 @,@ 000 acres ( 20 km2 ) with a large mansion overlooking the river , complete with gate lodge and gate @-@ keeper .
On the estate , Wason built a model village called Barrhill , with avenues forming a grid layout and a central market square . Barrhill had 28 sections , including a post office , bakery , school , church , other facilities , and fifteen cottages were built . Wason named the village after his old home in South Ayrshire , Scotland . The post office opened in 1876 and in the same year , construction of the church began , and these buildings mark the beginning of Barrhill .
However , Wason had expected the Methven Branch railway to be built near Barrhill , but when it was built on a more southerly route along Thompsons Track and what was later to become known as Lauriston , the village began to decline . Dwindling population forced the closure of the school in 1938 , although the Church of St John the Evangelist is still in use . Most of the buildings were constructed from pine wood grown on the estate , but the three original concrete buildings remain : church , school and schoolhouse .
Without the railway , Wason saw his project as doomed , and sold up in 1900 . A rural mail service was discussed for the Ashburton District in September 1924 and after the contracts were let in February 1925 , the Barrhill post office was closed . The school closed in 1938 .
The Ashburton Branch of New Zealand Historic Places Trust , since renamed to Heritage New Zealand , unveiled an information panel on Anzac Day in 2012 in Barrhill 's market square . It was their last project as a branch committee before the pending disestablishment of branch committees through the Heritage New Zealand <unk> <unk> Bill , and they chose Barrhill to relaunch themselves as the Historic Places Mid Canterbury regional society as part of the unveiling of the historic panel .
= = = Population = = =
Barrhill flourished until about 1885 , when population in the village itself peaked at 50 , and two effects caused a population decline . Firstly , a recession set in across New Zealand that made people move to where work opportunities presented themselves , and locally those opportunities were created near the stations of the Methven Branch railway . Wason began to gradually sell off parts of his land holdings from the mid @-@ 1880s .
More recent population data can be obtained from Statistics New Zealand . The smallest unit for which data are available is a meshblock , and Barrhill is located within the meshblock with ID <unk> . This meshblock has an area of 36 square kilometres ( 14 sq mi ) , i.e. a rural area much larger than just the village , and 5 square kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 sq mi ) is within the river bed . Population in this meshblock was recorded at 60 in the 1996 census , 60 in 2001 , 69 in 2006 , and 66 in 2013 .
= = Notable places = =
Three buildings in the township remain from the time of its founding . In addition , there is the historic gatehouse some 2 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 4 mi ) northwest of Barrhill . Those buildings remain partly because they were built in concrete , with some of the walls 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) thick . The cement was landed in barrels on <unk> Spit , barged across Lake Ellesmere / Te <unk> , and then transported by dray overland and along the bed of the Rakaia River . All four buildings are registered as Category A ( " high value " ) heritage structures by Ashburton District Council .
St John 's Church was mostly paid for by Wason , and construction started in 1876 , with the first service held on 8 July 1877 by the vicar of Ashburton , W. E. Paige . A vicarage was also envisaged , but it was never built . A lych gate was added as a centennial project . St John 's belongs to the Rakaia parish of the Waipounamu diocese of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa , New Zealand and Polynesia , with services each second Sunday of the month . The church was registered as a heritage building by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust ( since renamed to Heritage New Zealand ) on 23 June 1983 with registration number 1765 classified as C. With the change of the classification system , the building later became a Category II listing . The church is owned by Church Property Trustees ( i.e. the Anglican Church ) .
After the land had been surveyed , the first buyer was the Education Board , securing land for a school in the market square , and a teacher 's house on the adjacent section . Both these buildings were also built in concrete and exist to this day . The school was built to a northern hemisphere design and has windows on the south side only to stop children from becoming distracted , but the windows are on the wrong side to utilise the sun . Since the school closed in 1938 it has been used for functions and as a hall . The former teacher 's house is used as a bach . Both buildings are owned by Ashburton District Council .
The other remaining 1870s concrete building is the gate house , located some distance away on the Rakaia Barrhill Methven Road . Wason 's homestead was at the end of a drive starting at this gate house , on a cliff top overlooking the Rakaia River . The homestead burnt down not long after Wason had left the country , and a new homestead was built nearby . The gatekeeper 's lodge originally had a slate roof , but this was later replaced by iron . The last family moved out in 1935 . During the second world war , the iron was stripped off the empty building , and it fell into ruin . A later owner , Colin McLachlan , donated the land and the ruin to the people of the district ; it is now vested in the Ashburton District Council . The renovation began in 1970 , with work carried out and financed by descendants of previous inhabitants of the building . A plaque on the building states that it was reopened in March 1979 by the Prime Minister of the time , Robert Muldoon , but his plane ran late and the opening ceremony was conducted by Colin McLachlan . The gate house is fitted out as a museum , and viewing can be arranged through the Ashburton or Methven information centres .
Barrhill Cemetery is located 200 metres ( 660 ft ) south @-@ west of the village on Lauriston Barrhill Road . It is one of 11 open cemeteries in the Ashburton District . The oldest recorded burial was in 1881 .
= = Notable people = =
Barrhill 's founder , Cathcart Wason , was a member of parliament in two countries : first in New Zealand for a total of six years , and then in the United Kingdom for twenty years . New Zealand actress Tania Nolan , born in nearby Rakaia , lived in Barrhill for two years as a child .
= 243 Ida =
243 Ida ( / <unk> / ) is an asteroid in the Koronis family of the asteroid belt . It was discovered on 29 September 1884 by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa and named after a nymph from Greek mythology . Later telescopic observations categorized Ida as an S @-@ type asteroid , the most numerous type in the inner asteroid belt . On 28 August 1993 , Ida was visited by the unmanned Galileo spacecraft , while en route to Jupiter . It was the second asteroid visited by a spacecraft and the first found to have a natural satellite .
Like all main @-@ belt asteroids , Ida 's orbit lies between the planets Mars and Jupiter . Its orbital period is 4 @.@ 84 years , and its rotation period is 4 @.@ 63 hours . Ida has an average diameter of 31 @.@ 4 km ( 19 @.@ 5 mi ) . It is irregularly shaped and elongated , and apparently composed of two large objects connected together . Its surface is one of the most heavily cratered in the Solar System , featuring a wide variety of crater sizes and ages .
Ida 's moon , Dactyl , was discovered by mission member Ann <unk> in images returned from Galileo . It was named after the <unk> , creatures which inhabited Mount Ida in Greek mythology . Dactyl , being only 1 @.@ 4 kilometres ( 4 @,@ 600 ft ) in diameter , is about one @-@ twentieth the size of Ida . Its orbit around Ida could not be determined with much accuracy . However , the constraints of possible orbits allowed a rough determination of Ida 's density , which revealed that it is depleted of metallic minerals . Dactyl and Ida share many characteristics , suggesting a common origin .
The images returned from Galileo , and the subsequent measurement of Ida 's mass , provided new insights into the geology of S @-@ type asteroids . Before the Galileo flyby , many different theories had been proposed to explain their mineral composition . Determining their composition permits a correlation between meteorites falling to the Earth and their origin in the asteroid belt . Data returned from the flyby pointed to S @-@ type asteroids as the source for the ordinary chondrite meteorites , the most common type found on the Earth 's surface .
= = Discovery and observations = =
Ida was discovered on 29 September 1884 by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at the Vienna Observatory . It was his 45th asteroid discovery . Ida was named by Moriz von <unk> , a Viennese brewer and amateur astronomer . In Greek mythology , Ida was a nymph of Crete who raised the god Zeus . Ida was recognized as a member of the Koronis family by Kiyotsugu Hirayama , who proposed in 1918 that the group comprised the remnants of a destroyed precursor body .
Ida 's reflection spectrum was measured on 16 September 1980 by astronomers David J. Tholen and Edward F. Tedesco as part of the eight @-@ color asteroid survey ( <unk> ) . Its spectrum matched those of the asteroids in the S @-@ type classification . Many observations of Ida were made in early 1993 by the US Naval Observatory in Flagstaff and the Oak Ridge Observatory . These improved the measurement of Ida 's orbit around the Sun and reduced the uncertainty of its position during the Galileo flyby from 78 to 60 km ( 48 to 37 mi ) .
= = Exploration = =
= = = Galileo flyby = = =
Ida was visited in 1993 by the Jupiter @-@ bound space probe Galileo . Its encounters of the asteroids Gaspra and Ida were secondary to the Jupiter mission . These were selected as targets in response to a new NASA policy directing mission planners to consider asteroid flybys for all spacecraft crossing the belt . No prior missions had attempted such a flyby . Galileo was launched into orbit by the Space Shuttle Atlantis mission STS @-@ 34 on 18 October 1989 . Changing Galileo 's trajectory to approach Ida required that it consume 34 kg ( 75 lb ) of propellant . Mission planners delayed the decision to attempt a flyby until they were certain that this would leave the spacecraft enough propellant to complete its Jupiter mission .
Galileo 's trajectory carried it into the asteroid belt twice on its way to Jupiter . During its second crossing , it flew by Ida on 28 August 1993 at a speed of 12 @,@ 400 m / s ( 41 @,@ 000 ft / s ) relative to the asteroid . The onboard imager observed Ida from a distance of 240 @,@ 350 km ( 149 @,@ 350 mi ) to its closest approach of 2 @,@ 390 km ( 1 @,@ 490 mi ) . Ida was the second asteroid , after Gaspra , to be imaged by a spacecraft . About 95 % of Ida 's surface came into view of the probe during the flyby .
Transmission of many Ida images was delayed due to a permanent failure in the spacecraft 's high @-@ gain antenna . The first five images were received in September 1993 . These comprised a high @-@ resolution mosaic of the asteroid at a resolution of 31 – 38 m / pixel . The remaining images were sent in February 1994 , when the spacecraft 's proximity to the Earth allowed higher speed transmissions .
= = = Discoveries = = =
The data returned from the Galileo flybys of Gaspra and Ida , and the later NEAR Shoemaker asteroid mission , permitted the first study of asteroid geology . Ida 's relatively large surface exhibited a diverse range of geological features . The discovery of Ida 's moon Dactyl , the first confirmed satellite of an asteroid , provided additional insights into Ida 's composition .
Ida is classified as an S @-@ type asteroid based on ground @-@ based spectroscopic measurements . The composition of S @-@ types was uncertain before the Galileo flybys , but was interpreted to be either of two minerals found in meteorites that had fallen to the Earth : ordinary chondrite ( OC ) and stony @-@ iron . Estimates of Ida 's density are constrained to less than 3 @.@ 2 g / cm3 by the long @-@ term stability of Dactyl 's orbit . This all but rules out a stony @-@ iron composition ; were Ida made of 5 g / cm3 iron- and nickel @-@ rich material , it would have to contain more than 40 % empty space .
The Galileo images also led to the discovery that space weathering was taking place on Ida , a process which causes older regions to become more red in color over time . The same process affects both Ida and its moon , although Dactyl shows a lesser change . The weathering of Ida 's surface revealed another detail about its composition : the reflection spectra of freshly exposed parts of the surface resembled that of OC meteorites , but the older regions matched the spectra of S @-@ type asteroids .
Both of these discoveries — the space weathering effects and the low density — led to a new understanding about the relationship between S @-@ type asteroids and OC meteorites . S @-@ types are the most numerous kind of asteroid in the inner part of the asteroid belt . OC meteorites are , likewise , the most common type of meteorite found on the Earth 's surface . The reflection spectra measured by remote observations of S @-@ type asteroids , however , did not match that of OC meteorites . The Galileo flyby of Ida found that some S @-@ types , particularly the Koronis family , could be the source of these meteorites .
= = Physical characteristics = =
Ida 's mass is between 3 @.@ 65 and 4 @.@ 99 × 1016 kg . Its gravitational field produces an acceleration of about 0 @.@ 3 to 1 @.@ 1 cm / s2 over its surface . This field is so weak that an astronaut standing on its surface could leap from one end of Ida to the other , and an object moving in excess of 20 m / s ( 70 ft / s ) could escape the asteroid entirely .
Ida is a distinctly elongated asteroid , with an irregular surface . Ida is 2 @.@ 35 times as long as it is wide , and a " waist " separates it into two geologically dissimilar halves . This constricted shape is consistent with Ida being made of two large , solid components , with loose debris filling the gap between them . However , no such debris was seen in high @-@ resolution images captured by Galileo . Although there are a few steep slopes tilting up to about 50 ° on Ida , the slope generally does not exceed 35 ° . Ida 's irregular shape is responsible for the asteroid 's very uneven gravitational field . The surface acceleration is lowest at the extremities because of their high rotational speed . It is also low near the " waist " because the mass of the asteroid is concentrated in the two halves , away from this location .
= = Surface features = =
Ida 's surface appears heavily cratered and mostly gray , although minor color variations mark newly formed or uncovered areas . Besides craters , other features are evident , such as grooves , ridges , and protrusions . Ida is covered by a thick layer of regolith , loose debris that obscures the solid rock beneath . The largest , boulder @-@ sized , debris fragments are called ejecta blocks , several of which have been observed on the surface .
= = = <unk> = = =
The surface of Ida is covered in a blanket of pulverized rock , called regolith , about 50 – 100 m ( 160 – 330 ft ) thick . This material is produced in impact events and redistributed across Ida 's surface by geological processes . Galileo observed evidence of recent downslope regolith movement .
Ida 's regolith is composed of the silicate minerals olivine and pyroxene . Its appearance changes over time through a process called space weathering . Because of this process , older regolith appears more red in color compared to freshly exposed material .
About 20 large ( 40 – 150 m across ) ejecta blocks have been identified , embedded in Ida 's regolith . Ejecta blocks constitute the largest pieces of the regolith . Because ejecta blocks are expected to break down quickly by impact events , those present on the surface must have been either formed recently or uncovered by an impact event . Most of them are located within the craters Lascaux and Mammoth , but they may not have been produced there . This area attracts debris due to Ida 's irregular gravitational field . Some blocks may have been ejected from the young crater Azzurra on the opposite side of the asteroid .
= = = Structures = = =
Several major structures mark Ida 's surface . The asteroid appears to be split into two halves , here referred to as region 1 and region 2 , connected by a " waist " . This feature may have been filled in by debris , or blasted out of the asteroid by impacts .
Region 1 of Ida contains two major structures . One is a prominent 40 km ( 25 mi ) ridge named Townsend <unk> that stretches 150 degrees around Ida 's surface . The other structure is a large indentation named Vienna Regio .
Ida 's region 2 features several sets of grooves , most of which are 100 m ( 330 ft ) wide or less and up to 4 km ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) long . They are located near , but are not connected with , the craters Mammoth , Lascaux , and <unk> . Some grooves are related to major impact events , for example a set opposite Vienna Regio .
= = = Craters = = =
Ida is one of the most densely cratered bodies yet explored in the Solar System , and impacts have been the primary process shaping its surface . Cratering has reached the saturation point , meaning that new impacts erase evidence of old ones , leaving the total crater count roughly the same . It is covered with craters of all sizes and stages of degradation , and ranging in age from fresh to as old as Ida itself . The oldest may have been formed during the breakup of the Koronis family parent body . The largest crater , Lascaux , is almost 12 km ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) across . Region 2 contains nearly all of the craters larger than 6 km ( 3 @.@ 7 mi ) in diameter , but Region 1 has no large craters at all . Some craters are arranged in chains .
Ida 's major craters are named after caves and lava tubes on Earth . The crater Azzurra , for example , is named after a submerged cave on the island of Capri , also known as the Blue Grotto . Azzurra seems to be the most recent major impact on Ida . The ejecta from this collision is distributed discontinuously over Ida and is responsible for the large @-@ scale color and albedo variations across its surface . An exception to the crater morphology is the fresh , asymmetric Fingal , which has a sharp boundary between the floor and wall on one side . Another significant crater is Afon , which marks Ida 's prime meridian .
The craters are simple in structure : bowl @-@ shaped with no flat bottoms and no central peaks . They are distributed evenly around Ida , except for a protrusion north of crater <unk> which is smoother and less cratered . The ejecta excavated by impacts is deposited differently on Ida than on planets because of its rapid rotation , low gravity and irregular shape . Ejecta blankets settle asymmetrically around their craters , but fast @-@ moving ejecta that escapes from the asteroid is permanently lost .
= = Composition = =
Ida was classified as an S @-@ type asteroid based on the similarity of its reflectance spectra with similar asteroids . S @-@ types may share their composition with stony @-@ iron or ordinary chondrite ( OC ) meteorites . The composition of the interior has not been directly analyzed , but is assumed to be similar to OC material based on observed surface color changes and Ida 's bulk density of 2 @.@ 27 – 3 @.@ 10 g / cm3 . OC meteorites contain varying amounts of the silicates olivine and pyroxene , iron , and feldspar . Olivine and pyroxene were detected on Ida by Galileo . The mineral content appears to be homogeneous throughout its extent . Galileo found minimal variations on the surface , and the asteroid 's spin indicates a consistent density . Assuming that its composition is similar to OC meteorites , which range in density from 3 @.@ 48 to 3 @.@ 64 g / cm3 , Ida would have a porosity of 11 – 42 % .
Ida 's interior probably contains some amount of impact @-@ fractured rock , called megaregolith . The megaregolith layer of Ida extends between hundreds of meters below the surface to a few kilometers . Some rock in Ida 's core may have been fractured below the large craters Mammoth , Lascaux , and Undara .