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Two Sides of the Moon ( 1975 )
= CryoSat @-@ 2 =
CryoSat @-@ 2 is a European Space Agency environmental research satellite which was launched in April 2010 . It provides scientists with data about the polar ice caps and tracks changes in the thickness of the ice with a resolution of about 1 @.@ 3 centimetres ( 1 ⁄ 2 in ) .
CryoSat @-@ 2 was built as a replacement for CryoSat @-@ 1 , whose Rokot carrier rocket was unable to achieve orbit . Compared to its predecessor , CryoSat @-@ 2 features software upgrades , greater battery capacity and an updated instrument package . Its main instrument is an interferometric radar range @-@ finder with twin antennas , which measures the height difference between floating ice and open water .
CryoSat @-@ 2 is operated as part of the CryoSat programme to study the Earth 's polar ice caps , which is itself part of the Living Planet programme . The CryoSat @-@ 2 spacecraft was constructed by EADS Astrium , and was launched by ISC Kosmotras , using a Dnepr @-@ 1 carrier rocket , on 8 April 2010 . On 22 October 2010 , CryoSat @-@ 2 was declared operational following six months of on @-@ orbit testing .
= = Background = =
The initial proposal for the CryoSat programme was submitted as part of a call for proposals in July 1998 for Earth Explorer missions as part of the European Space Agency 's Living Planet programme . It was selected for further studies in 1999 , and following completion of a feasibility study the mission was authorised . The construction phase began in 2001 , and in 2002 EADS Astrium was awarded a contract to build the spacecraft . A contract was also signed with <unk> , to conduct the launch of the satellite using a Rokot / Briz @-@ KM carrier rocket .
Construction of the original spacecraft was completed in August 2004 . Following testing the spacecraft was shipped to the <unk> Cosmodrome in August 2005 , and arrived on 1 September . The launch occurred from Site 133 / 3 on 8 October , however due to a missing command in the rocket 's flight control system , the second stage engine did not shut down at the end of its planned burn , and instead the stage burned to depletion . This prevented the second stage and Briz @-@ KM from separating , and as a result the rocket failed to achieve orbit . The spacecraft was lost when it reentered over the Arctic Ocean , North of Greenland .
Due to the importance of the CryoSat mission for understanding global warming and reductions in polar ice caps , a replacement satellite was proposed . The development of CryoSat @-@ 2 was authorised in February 2006 , less than five months after the failure .
= = Development = =
Like its predecessor , CryoSat @-@ 2 was constructed by EADS Astrium , with its main instrument being built by Thales Alenia Space . Construction and testing of the spacecraft 's primary instrument was completed by February 2008 , when it was shipped for integration with the rest of the spacecraft . In August 2009 , the spacecraft 's ground infrastructure , which had been redesigned since the original mission , was declared ready for use . Construction and testing of the spacecraft had been completed by mid @-@ September . The Project Manager for the CryoSat @-@ 2 mission was Richard Francis , who had been the Systems Manager on the original CryoSat mission .
CryoSat @-@ 2 is an almost @-@ identical copy of the original spacecraft , however modifications were made including the addition of a backup radar altimeter . In total , 85 improvements were made to the spacecraft when it was rebuilt .
= = Supporting Measurements : CRYOVEX = =
It was clear from the beginning of the CryoSat programme that an extensive series of measurements would be needed , both to understand interaction of the radar waves with the surface of the ice caps and to relate the measured freeboard of floating sea ice with its thickness . This latter , in particular , would have to take account of snow loading . For sea ice , which moves as it is blown by the wind , it was also necessary to develop techniques which could give consistent results when measured from platforms travelling at different speed ( scientists on the surface , helicopter @-@ towed sounders , aircraft @-@ borne radars and CryoSat itself ) . A number of campaigns were performed under a programme called CRYOVEX which aimed to address each of the identified areas of uncertainty . These campaigns continued through the development of the original CryoSat and were planned to continue after its launch .
Following the announcement that CryoSat @-@ 2 would be built the CRYOVEX programme was extended . Experiments were conducted in Antarctica to determine how snow could affect its readings , and to provide data for calibrating the satellite . In January 2007 the European Space Agency issued a request for proposals for further calibration and validation experiments . Further <unk> experiments were conducted on Svalbard in 2007 , followed by a final expedition to Greenland and the Devon Ice Cap in 2008 . Additional snow measurements were provided by the Arctic Arc Expedition , and the Alfred Wegener Institute 's Airborne Synthetic Aperture and Interferometric Radar Altimeter System ( <unk> ) instrument , mounted aboard a Dornier Do 228 aircraft .
= = Final preparations = =
When it was approved in February 2006 , the launch of CryoSat @-@ 2 was planned for March 2009 . It was originally planned that like its predecessor it would be launched by a Rokot , however due to a lack of available launches a Dnepr @-@ 1 rocket was selected instead . ISC Kosmotras were contracted to perform the launch . Due to delays to earlier missions and range availability problems , the launch was delayed until February 2010 .
The Dnepr rocket assigned to launch CryoSat @-@ 2 arrived at the Baikonur Cosmodrome by train on 29 December 2009 . On 12 January 2010 , the first two stages of the rocket were loaded into the launch canister , and the canister was prepared for transportation to the launch site . On 14 January , it was rolled out to Site 109 / 95 , where it was installed into its silo . The next day saw the third stage transported to the silo , and installed atop the rocket .
Following the completion of its construction , CryoSat @-@ 2 was placed into storage to await launch . In January 2010 , the spacecraft was removed from storage , and shipped to Baikonur for launch . It departed Munich Franz Josef Strauss Airport aboard an Antonov An @-@ 124 aircraft on 12 January , and arrived at Baikonur the next day . Following arrival at the launch site , final assembly and testing were conducted .
During final testing , engineers detected that the spacecraft 's X band ( NATO H / I / J bands ) communications antenna was transmitting only a tiny fraction of the power that it should . Thermal imaging showed that the waveguide to the antenna , deep inside the spacecraft , was very hot . Clearly that was where the missing power was being dissipated . The waveguide could not normally be inspected or repaired without major disassembly of the satellite , which would have required a return to the facilities in Europe and resulted in a major delay to the launch . To avoid doing this , a local surgeon was brought in to inspect the component with an endoscope . The surgeon , Tatiana <unk> , discovered that two pieces of ferrite were lodged in the tube , and was able to remove both of them . Engineers were able to assist the removal of the second one with a magnet . It was determined that the ferrite had come from an absorption load installed deep inside the antenna , which was intended to improve its performance . Some ferrite ( the remaining stump of this load ) was removed from inside the base of the antenna in order to prevent any further debris falling into the waveguide .
On 4 February , the CryoSat @-@ 2 spacecraft was fuelled for launch . Then on 10 February it was attached to the payload adaptor , and encapsulated in the payload fairing , to form a unit known as the Space Head Module . This was transported to the launch pad by means of a vehicle known as the crocodile , and installed atop the carrier rocket . Rollout occurred on 15 February , and the next day the satellite was activated in order to test its systems following integration onto the rocket .
= = Launch = =
When the spacecraft was installed atop the Dnepr , launch was scheduled to occur on 25 February , at 13 : 57 UTC . Prior to this , a practice countdown was scheduled for 19 February . Several hours before the practice was scheduled to begin ISC Kosmotras announced that the launch had been delayed , and as a result the practice did not take place . The delay was caused by a concern that the second stage manoeuvring engines did not have a sufficient quantity of reserve fuel .
Following the delay , the Space Head Module was removed from the rocket , and returned to its integration building on 22 February . Whilst it was in the integration building , daily inspections were made to ensure that the spacecraft was still functioning normally . Once the fuel issue had been resolved , the launch was rescheduled for 8 April , and launch operations resumed . On 1 April , the Space Head Module was returned to the silo , and reinstalled atop the Dnepr . Following integrated tests , the practice countdown was successfully conducted on 6 April .
CryoSat @-@ 2 was launched at 13 : 57 : 04 UTC on 8 April 2010 . Following a successful launch , CryoSat @-@ 2 separated from the upper stage of the Dnepr into a low Earth orbit . The first signals from the satellite were detected by a ground station at the <unk> Space Centre in Malindi , Kenya , seventeen minutes after launch .
= = Mission = =
CryoSat @-@ 2 's mission is to study the Earth 's polar ice caps , measuring , and looking for variation in , the thickness of the ice . Its mission is identical to that of the original CryoSat .
The primary instruments aboard CryoSat @-@ 2 are SIRAL @-@ 2 , the SAR / Interferometric Radar <unk> ; which uses radar to determine and monitor the spacecraft 's altitude in order to measure the elevation of the ice . Unlike the original CryoSat , two SIRAL instruments are installed aboard CryoSat @-@ 2 , with one serving as a backup in case the other fails .
A second instrument , Doppler Orbit and Radio Positioning Integration by Satellite , or <unk> , is used to calculate precisely the spacecraft 's orbit . An array of <unk> are also carried aboard the spacecraft , and allow measurements to be made from the ground to verify the orbital data provided by <unk> .
Following launch , CryoSat @-@ 2 was placed into a low Earth orbit with a perigee of 720 kilometres ( 450 mi ) , an apogee of 732 kilometres ( 455 mi ) , 92 degrees of inclination and an orbital period of 99 @.@ 2 minutes . It had a mass at launch of 750 kilograms ( 1 @,@ 650 lb ) , and is expected to operate for at least three years .
Launch and Early Orbit Phase operations were completed in the morning of 11 April 2010 , and SIRAL @-@ 2 was activated later the same day . At 14 : 40 UTC , the spacecraft returned its first scientific data . Initial data on ice thickness was presented by the mission 's Lead Investigator , Duncan <unk> , at the 2010 Living Planet Symposium on 1 July . Later the same month , data was made available to scientists for the first time . The spacecraft underwent six months of on @-@ orbit testing and commissioning , which concluded with a review on 22 October 2010 that found the spacecraft was operating as expected , and that it was ready to begin operations .
The exploitation phase of the mission started on the 26 October 2010 under the responsibility of Tommaso <unk> who is currently the Mission Manager .
= = Results = =
Data from CryoSat @-@ 2 has shown 25 @,@ 000 seamounts , with more to come as data is interpreted .
= German cruiser Admiral Scheer =
Admiral Scheer was a Deutschland @-@ class heavy cruiser ( often termed a pocket battleship ) which served with the Kriegsmarine of Nazi Germany during World War II . The vessel was named after Admiral Reinhard Scheer , German commander in the Battle of Jutland . She was laid down at the Reichsmarinewerft shipyard in Wilhelmshaven in June 1931 and completed by November 1934 . Originally classified as an armored ship ( Panzerschiff ) by the Reichsmarine , in February 1940 the Germans reclassified the remaining two ships of this class as heavy cruisers .
The ship was nominally under the 10 @,@ 000 long tons ( 10 @,@ 000 t ) limitation on warship size imposed by the Treaty of Versailles , though with a full load displacement of 15 @,@ 180 long tons ( 15 @,@ 420 t ) , she significantly exceeded it . Armed with six 28 cm ( 11 in ) guns in two triple gun turrets , Admiral Scheer and her sisters were designed to outgun any cruiser fast enough to catch them . Their top speed of 28 knots ( 52 km / h ; 32 mph ) left only a handful of ships in the Anglo @-@ French navies able to catch them and powerful enough to sink them .
Admiral Scheer saw heavy service with the German Navy , including a deployment to Spain during the Spanish Civil War , where she bombarded the port of Almería . Her first operation during World War II was a commerce raiding operation into the southern Atlantic Ocean ; she also made a brief foray into the Indian Ocean . During the operation , she sank 113 @,@ 223 gross register tons ( GRT ) of shipping , making her the most successful capital ship surface raider of the war . Following her return to Germany , she was deployed to northern Norway to interdict shipping to the Soviet Union . She was part of the abortive attack on Convoy PQ 17 and conducted Operation Wunderland , a sortie into the Kara Sea . After returning to Germany at the end of 1942 , the ship served as a training ship until the end of 1944 , when she was used to support ground operations against the Soviet Army . She was sunk by British bombers on 9 April 1945 and partially scrapped ; the remainder of the wreck lies buried beneath a quay .
= = Design = =
Admiral Scheer was 186 meters ( 610 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 21 @.@ 34 m ( 70 @.@ 0 ft ) and a maximum draft of 7 @.@ 25 m ( 23 @.@ 8 ft ) . The ship had a design displacement of 13 @,@ 660 t ( 13 @,@ 440 long tons ; 15 @,@ 060 short tons ) and a full load displacement of 15 @,@ 180 long tons ( 15 @,@ 420 t ) , though the ship was officially stated to be within the 10 @,@ 000 long tons ( 10 @,@ 000 t ) limit of the Treaty of Versailles . Admiral Scheer was powered by four sets of MAN nine @-@ cylinder double @-@ acting two @-@ stroke diesel engines . The ship 's top speed was 28 @.@ 3 knots ( 52 @.@ 4 km / h ; 32 @.@ 6 mph ) , at 52 @,@ 050 shaft horsepower ( 38 @,@ 810 kW ) . At a cruising speed of 20 knots ( 37 km / h ; 23 mph ) , the ship could steam for 9 @,@ 100 nautical miles ( 16 @,@ 900 km ; 10 @,@ 500 mi ) . As designed , her standard complement consisted of 33 officers and 586 enlisted men , though after 1935 this was significantly increased to 30 officers and 921 – 1 @,@ 040 sailors .
Admiral Scheer 's primary armament was six 28 cm ( 11 @.@ 0 in ) SK C / 28 guns mounted in two triple gun turrets , one forward and one aft of the superstructure . The ship carried a secondary battery of eight 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) SK C / 28 guns in single turrets grouped amidships . Her anti @-@ aircraft battery originally consisted of three 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) L / 45 guns , though in 1935 these were replaced with six 8 @.@ 8 cm L / 78 guns . By 1940 the ship 's anti @-@ aircraft battery was significantly increased , consisting of six 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) C / 33 guns , four twin @-@ mounted 3 @.@ 7 cm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) C / 30 guns and up to twenty @-@ eight 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) Flak 30 guns . By 1945 , the anti @-@ aircraft battery had again been reorganized and comprised six 4 cm guns , eight 3 @.@ 7 cm guns , and thirty @-@ three 2 cm guns .
The ship also carried a pair of quadruple 53 @.@ 3 cm ( 21 @.@ 0 in ) deck @-@ mounted torpedo launchers placed on her stern . The ship was equipped with two Arado Ar 196 seaplanes and one catapult . Admiral Scheer 's armored belt was 60 to 80 mm ( 2 @.@ 4 to 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick ; her upper deck was 17 mm ( 0 @.@ 67 in ) thick while the main armored deck was 17 to 45 mm ( 0 @.@ 67 to 1 @.@ 77 in ) thick . The main battery turrets had 140 mm ( 5 @.@ 5 in ) thick faces and 80 mm thick sides . Radar initially consisted of a FMG 39 G ( gO ) set , though in 1941 this was replaced with an FMG 40 G ( gO ) set and a FuMO 26 system .
= = Service history = =
Admiral Scheer was ordered by the Reichsmarine from the Reichsmarinewerft shipyard in Wilhelmshaven . Naval rearmament was not popular with the Social Democrats and the Communists in the German Reichstag , so it was not until 1931 that a bill was passed to build a second Panzerschiff . The money for Panzerschiff B , which was ordered as Ersatz Lothringen , was secured after the Social Democrats abstained to prevent a political crisis . Her keel was laid on 25 June 1931 , under construction number 123 . The ship was launched on 1 April 1933 ; at her launching , she was christened by Marianne <unk> , the daughter of Admiral Reinhard Scheer , the ship 's namesake . She was completed slightly over a year and a half later on 12 November 1934 , the day she was commissioned into the German fleet . The old battleship Hessen was removed from service and her crew transferred to the newly commissioned <unk> .
At her commissioning in November 1934 , Admiral Scheer was placed under the command of Kapitän zur See ( KzS ) Wilhelm Marschall . The ship spent the remainder of 1934 conducting sea trials and training her crew . In 1935 , she had a new catapult and landing sail system to operate her Arado seaplanes on heavy seas installed . From 1 October 1935 to 26 July 1937 her first officer was Leopold <unk> , later to become head of foreign intelligence in the Third Reich . By October 1935 , the ship was ready for her first major cruise , when on 25 – 28 October she visited Madeira , returning to Kiel on 8 November . The following summer , she cruised out through the Skagerrak and the English Channel into the Irish Sea , before visiting Stockholm on the return voyage .
= = = Spanish Civil War = = =
Admiral Scheer 's first overseas deployment began in July 1936 when she was sent to Spain to evacuate German civilians caught in the midst of the Spanish Civil War . From 8 August 1936 she served together with her sister ship Deutschland on non @-@ intervention patrols off the Republican @-@ held coast of Spain . She served four tours of duty with the non @-@ intervention patrol through June 1937 . Her official objective was to control the influx of war materiel into Spain , though she also recorded Soviet ships carrying supplies to the Republicans and protected ships delivering German weapons to Nationalist forces . During the deployment to Spain , Ernst Lindemann served as the ship 's first gunnery officer . After Deutschland was attacked on 29 May 1937 by Spanish Republican Air Force aircraft off Ibiza , Admiral Scheer was ordered to bombard the Republican @-@ held port of Almería in reprisal . On 31 May 1937 , the anniversary of the Battle of Jutland , Admiral Scheer , flying the Imperial War Flag , arrived off Almería at 07 : 29 and opened fire on shore batteries , naval installations and ships in the harbor . On 26 June 1937 , she was relieved by her sister ship Admiral Graf Spee , allowing her to return to Wilhelmshaven on 1 July . She returned to the Mediterranean between August and October , however . In September 1936 KzS Otto Ciliax replaced Marschall as the ship 's commanding officer .
= = = World War II = = =
At the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 , Admiral Scheer remained at anchor in the Schillig roadstead outside Wilhelmshaven , along with the heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper . On 4 September , two groups of five Bristol Blenheim bombers attacked the ships . The first group surprised the anti @-@ aircraft gunners aboard Admiral Scheer , who nevertheless managed to shoot down one of the five Blenheims . One bomb struck the ship 's deck and failed to explode , and two detonated in the water near the ship . The remaining bombs also failed to explode . The second group of five Blenheims were confronted by the alerted German defenses , which shot down four of the five bombers . Admiral Scheer emerged from the attack undamaged . In November 1939 , KzS Theodor Krancke became the ship 's commanding officer .
Admiral Scheer underwent a refit while her sister ships set out on commerce raiding operations in the Atlantic . Admiral Scheer was modified during the early months of 1940 , including the installation of a new , raked clipper bow . The heavy command tower was replaced with a lighter structure , and she was reclassified as a heavy cruiser . Additional anti @-@ aircraft guns were also installed , along with updated radar equipment . On 19 – 20 July RAF bombers attacked Admiral Scheer and the battleship Tirpitz , though they failed to score any hits . On 27 July , the ship was pronounced ready for service .
= = = = Atlantic sortie = = = =
Admiral Scheer sailed in October 1940 on her first combat sortie . On the night of 31 October she slipped through the Denmark Strait and broke into the open Atlantic . Her B @-@ Dienst radio intercept equipment identified the convoy HX @-@ 84 , sailing from Halifax Nova Scotia . Admiral Scheer 's Arado seaplanes located the convoy on 5 November 1940 , The armed merchant cruiser HMS Jervis Bay , the sole escort for the convoy , issued a report of the German raider and attempted to prevent her from attacking the convoy . The convoy was ordered to scatter under cover of a smoke screen . Admiral Scheer 's first salvo scored hits on Jervis Bay , disabling her wireless equipment and steering gear . Shells from her second salvo struck the bridge and killed her commander , Edward <unk> . Admiral Scheer quickly sank Jervis Bay , but the delay allowed the majority of the convoy to escape . The Germans sank only five of the convoy 's 37 ships .
On 18 December , Admiral Scheer encountered and sank the refrigerator ship Duquesa , of some 8 @,@ 651 long tons ( 8 @,@ 790 t ) displacement . The ship sent off a distress signal , which the German raider deliberately allowed , to draw British naval forces to the area . Krancke wanted to lure British warships to the area to draw attention away from Admiral Hipper , which had just exited the Denmark Strait . The aircraft carriers HMS Formidable and Hermes , the cruisers Dorsetshire , Neptune , and Dragon , and the armed merchant cruiser Pretoria Castle converged to hunt down the German raider , but she eluded the British .
Between 26 December and 7 January , Admiral Scheer rendezvoused with the supply ships Nordmark and <unk> , the auxiliary cruiser Thor , and the prizes Duquesa and Storstad . The raiders transferred some 600 prisoners to Storstad while they refueled from Nordmark and <unk> . Between 18 and 20 January Admiral Scheer captured three Allied merchant ships totalling 18 @,@ 738 gross register tons ( GRT ) , including the Norwegian oil tanker Sandefjord . She spent Christmas 1940 at sea in the mid @-@ Atlantic , several hundred miles from Tristan da Cunha , before making a foray into the Indian Ocean in February 1941 .
On 14 February , Admiral Scheer rendezvoused with the auxiliary cruiser Atlantis and the supply ship <unk> about 1 @,@ 000 nmi ( 1 @,@ 900 km ; 1 @,@ 200 mi ) east of Madagascar . The raiders resupplied from <unk> and exchanged information on Allied merchant traffic in the area , parting company on 17 February . Admiral Scheer then steamed to the Seychelles north of Madagascar , where she found two merchant vessels with her Arado floatplanes . She took the 6 @,@ 994 GRT oil tanker British Advocate as a prize and sank the 2 @,@ 456 GRT Greek @-@ flagged Grigorios . A third ship , the 7 @,@ 178 GRT Canadian Cruiser , managed to send a distress signal before Admiral Scheer sank her on 21 February . The raider encountered and sank a fourth ship the following day , the 2 @,@ 542 GRT Dutch steamer <unk> , though she too was able to send a distress signal before she sank .
The British cruiser HMS Glasgow , which was patrolling in the area , received both messages from Admiral Scheer 's victims . Glasgow launched reconnaissance aircraft that spotted Admiral Scheer on 22 February . Vice Admiral Ralph <unk> , the commander of the East Indies Station , deployed the carrier Hermes and cruisers Capetown , Emerald , Hawkins , Shropshire , and the Australian HMAS Canberra to join the hunt . Krancke turned to the south @-@ east to evade his pursuers , reaching the South Atlantic by 3 March . The British , meanwhile , had abandoned the hunt on 25 February when it became clear that Admiral Scheer had withdrawn from the area .
Admiral Scheer then sailed northwards , breaking through the Denmark Strait on 26 – 27 March and evading the cruisers Fiji and Nigeria . She reached Bergen , Norway on 30 March , where she spent a day in the Grimstadfjord . A destroyer escort joined the ship for the voyage to Kiel , which they reached on 1 April . In the course of her raiding operation , she had steamed over 46 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 85 @,@ 000 km ) and sank seventeen merchant ships for a total of 113 @,@ 223 GRT . She was by far the most successful German capital ship commerce raider of the entire war . After returning to Germany , Krancke left the ship and was replaced by KzS Wilhelm Meendsen @-@ Bohlken in June 1941 . The loss of the battleship Bismarck in May 1941 , and more importantly , the Royal Navy 's destruction of the German supply ship network in the aftermath of the Bismarck operation forced a planned Atlantic raiding operation for Admiral Scheer and her sister Lützow at the end of 1941 to be abandoned . On 4 – 8 September , Admiral Scheer was briefly moved to Oslo . There , on 5 and 8 September , No. 90 Squadron RAF , equipped with Boeing B @-@ 17 Flying Fortress bombers , mounted a pair of unsuccessful attacks on the ship . On 8 September , the ship left Oslo and returned to Swinemünde .
= = = = Deployment to Norway = = = =
On 21 February 1942 , Admiral Scheer , the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen , and the destroyers Z4 Richard Beitzen , Z5 Paul Jakobi , Z25 , Z7 Hermann Schoemann , and Z14 Friedrich Ihn steamed to Norway . After stopping briefly in Grimstadfjord , the ships proceeded on to Trondheim . On 23 February , the British submarine Trident torpedoed Prinz Eugen , causing serious damage . The first operation in Norway in which Admiral Scheer took part was Operation Rösselsprung , in July 1942 . On 2 July , the ship sortied as part of the attempt to intercept Arctic convoy PQ @-@ 17 . Admiral Scheer and Lützow formed one group while Tirpitz and Admiral Hipper composed another . While en route to the rendezvous point , Lützow and three destroyers ran aground , forcing the entire group to abandon the operation . Admiral Scheer was detached to join Tirpitz and Admiral Hipper in Altafjord . The British detected the German departure and ordered the convoy to scatter . Aware that surprise had been lost , the Germans broke off the surface attack and turned the destruction of PQ @-@ 17 over to the U @-@ boats and Luftwaffe . Twenty @-@ four of the convoy 's thirty @-@ five transports were sunk .
In August 1942 , she conducted Operation Wunderland , a sortie into the Kara Sea to interdict Soviet shipping and attack targets of opportunity . The length of the mission and the distances involved precluded a destroyer escort for the operation ; three destroyers would escort Admiral Scheer until they reached Novaya Zemlya , at which point they would return to Norway . Two U @-@ boats — U @-@ 251 and U @-@ 456 — patrolled the Kara Gate and the <unk> Strait . The Germans originally intended to send Admiral Scheer with her sister ship Lützow , but since the latter had run aground the previous month , she was unavailable for the operation .
The operational plan called for strict radio silence to ensure surprise could be maintained . This required Meendsen @-@ Bohlken to have total tactical and operational control of his ship ; shore @-@ based commands would be unable to direct the mission . On 16 August , Admiral Scheer and her destroyer escort left Narvik on a course to pass to the north of Novaya Zemlya . Upon entering the Kara Sea , she encountered heavy ice ; in addition to searching for merchant shipping , the Arado floatplane was used to scout paths through the ice fields . On 25 August , she encountered the Soviet icebreaker <unk> . Admiral Scheer sank the icebreaker , but not before she sent a distress signal . The German ship then turned south , and two days later , arrived off the port of <unk> . Admiral Scheer damaged two ships in the port and shelled harbor facilities . Meendsen @-@ Bohlken considered sending a landing party ashore , but firing from Soviet shore batteries convinced him to abandon the plan . After breaking off the bombardment , Meendsen @-@ Bohlken decided to return to Narvik . She reached port on 30 August without having achieved any significant successes .
On 23 October Admiral Scheer , Tirpitz and the destroyers Z4 Richard Beitzen , Z16 Friedrich Eckoldt , Z23 , Z28 , and Z29 left Bogen Bay and proceeded to Trondheim . There , Tirpitz stopped for repairs , while Admiral Scheer and Z28 continued on to Germany . Fregattenkapitän Ernst Gruber served as the ship 's acting commander at the end of November . In December 1942 , Admiral Scheer returned to Wilhelmshaven for major overhaul , where she was attacked and slightly damaged by RAF bombers . Consequently , Admiral Scheer moved to the less exposed port of Swinemünde . In February 1943 , KzS Richard Rothe @-@ Roth took command of the ship . Until the end of 1944 Admiral Scheer was part of the Fleet Training Group .
= = = = Return to the Baltic = = = =
KzS Ernst @-@ Ludwig <unk> , the ship 's final commander , took command of Admiral Scheer in April 1944 . On 22 November 1944 , Admiral Scheer , the destroyers Z25 and <unk> , and the 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotilla relieved the cruiser Prinz Eugen and several destroyers supporting German forces fighting the Soviets on the island of Ösel in the Baltic . The Soviet Air Force launched several air attacks on the German forces , all of which were successfully repelled by heavy anti @-@ aircraft fire . The ship 's Arado floatplane was shot down , however . On the night of 23 – 24 November , the German naval forces completed the evacuation of the island . In all , 4 @,@ 694 troops were evacuated from the island .
In early February 1945 , Admiral Scheer stood off Samland with several torpedo boats in support of German forces fighting Soviet advances . On 9 February , the ships began shelling Soviet positions . Between 18 and 24 February , German forces launched a local counterattack ; Admiral Scheer and the torpedo boats provided artillery support , targeting Soviet positions near <unk> and Gross @-@ <unk> . The German attack temporarily restored the land connection to Königsberg . The ship 's guns were badly worn out by March and in need of repair . On 8 March , Admiral Scheer departed the eastern Baltic to have her guns relined in Kiel ; she carried 800 civilian refugees and 200 wounded soldiers . An uncleared minefield prevented her from reaching Kiel , and so she unloaded her passengers in Swinemünde . Despite her worn @-@ out gun barrels , the ship then shelled Soviet forces outside Kolberg until she used up her remaining ammunition .