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Historically , Cornell 's colleges have operated with great autonomy , each with a separate admissions policy , separate faculty , separate fundraising staff and in many cases , separate tuition structure . However , the University has taken steps to encourage collaboration between related academic fields within the University and with outside organizations . In the 1960s , the University created a Division of Biological Sciences to unify related programs in the Art and Agriculture colleges . Although a success , the structure was ultimately dropped in 1999 due to difficulty with funding .
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A " Faculty of Computing and Information Science " was established in 1999 to unify computer science efforts throughout the University . This structure <unk> the need for a separate school or college of computer science . For its first ten years , Robert Constable served as its Dean .
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= = <unk> and use of the endowment = =
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Since the 1970s , tuition at Cornell and other Ivy League schools has grown much faster than inflation . This trend coincided with the creation of Federally guaranteed student loan programs . At the same time , the endowments of these schools continue to grow due to gifts and successful investments . Critics called for universities to keep their tuition at affordable levels and to not hoard endowment earnings . As a result , in 2008 , Cornell and other Ivy Schools decided to increase the spending of endowment earnings in order to subsidize tuition for low and middle income families , reducing the amount of debt that Cornell students will incur . Cornell also placed a priority to soliciting endowed scholarships for undergraduates . In fall 2007 , Cornell had 1 @,@ 863 undergraduates ( 14 % of all undergraduates ) receiving federal Pell Grants . Cornell 's Pell Grant students roughly totals the combined Pell Grant recipients studying at Harvard , Princeton and Yale .
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= = Portrayal in fiction = =
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Students and faculty have chronicled Cornell in works of fiction . The most notable was The Widening Stain which first appeared anonymously . It was since revealed to have been written by Morris Bishop . Alison Lurie wrote a fictional account of the campus during the Vietnam War protests called The War Between the <unk> . Matt Ruff captured Cornell around 1985 in The Fool on the Hill . Richard Fariña wrote a novel based on a real 1958 protest led by Kirkpatrick Sale against in loco parentis policies in Been Down So Long It Looks Like Up to Me .
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= Grift of the Magi =
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" Grift of the Magi " is the ninth episode of the eleventh season of the American animated television sitcom The Simpsons . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 19 , 1999 . In the episode , mafia boss Fat Tony successfully extorts a large sum of money from Springfield Elementary School , forcing Principal Skinner to close it down . However , a toy company called Kid First Industries , led by Jim Hope , later buys the school and <unk> it . Classes now start focusing on toys and marketing only , and soon a new toy called Funzo that resembles the children 's ideas is released by Kid First Industries in time for the Christmas shopping season . Bart and Lisa decide to destroy all <unk> in Springfield but Gary Coleman , Kid First Industries ' security guard , tries to intercept them .
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" Grift of the Magi " , which satirizes the commercialization of Christmas , was written by Tom Martin and directed by Matthew Nastuk . The episode features several guest appearances ; Tim Robbins as Jim Hope , Gary Coleman as himself , Joe Mantegna as Fat Tony , and Clarence Clemons as a narrator that tells the viewers at the end of the episode how the story ends .
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Around 7 @.@ 76 million American homes tuned in to watch the episode during its original airing . It was first released on DVD in 2003 in a collection of five Christmas @-@ related Simpsons episodes , titled Christmas With the Simpsons . Critics have given " Grift of the Magi " generally mixed to negative reviews , particularly because of its plot . The episode has , however , been praised for some of its gags and Coleman 's appearance .
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= = Plot = =
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Bart and Milhouse have to remain inside the Simpsons ' house when an ozone hole moves over Springfield . The two dress up as ladies and jump on the bed , singing " Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves " . When Homer comes in abruptly , Bart falls off of the bed and lands on one of Homer 's bowling balls and breaks his coccyx . Dr. Hibbert informs Homer and Marge that Bart will have to use a wheelchair until the bone has healed . When Bart arrives at Springfield Elementary School the following day , he finds that he cannot enter because the school lacks ramps for the disabled . As Principal Skinner considers a ramp for the school , mafia boss Fat Tony emerges and suggests that his construction company would be a good choice of company to build it . Although the new ramp system almost immediately collapses , Fat Tony informs Skinner that the construction supposedly cost US $ 200 @,@ 000 and that the school will still have to pay . In response , Principal Skinner decides to close Springfield Elementary due to lack of funds ( having used them to pay off Fat Tony and thus avoid brutal mob reprisals ) .
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All pleas for financial help are in vain , including a private school play performed in front of Mr. Burns at his mansion , until Jim Hope , the president of a company named Kid First Industries , buys the school and <unk> it . The school 's staff is replaced , and classes now focus on toys and marketing . Lisa soon discovers that the company that bought Springfield Elementary is a toy company , using students for research to make a new popular toy in time for the Christmas shopping season . She is then frightened by the appearance of a robotic figure . When Bart and Lisa are back at home , watching television , they see an advertisement for a toy named Funzo . It has many features suggested by Springfield Elementary students during a brainstorming session at the school . They visit Jim Hope 's office to complain , and he apologetically gives them a free Funzo toy . Bart and Lisa later discover that Funzo is programmed to destroy other toys .
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On Christmas Eve , with Homer 's help , the two steal all the Funzo toys from underneath every Christmas tree in Springfield with the intention of burning them in the town 's long @-@ running tire fire . However , Gary Coleman , who is a security guard at Kid First Industries , comes to stop them . The two parties argue all night until the next morning when they settle down into civilized discussion about the commercialization of Christmas . Coleman changes his opinion about the toy company and helps the Simpsons destroy the remaining functioning Funzo toys that were not destroyed in the tire fire . Afterwards , Homer invites Coleman to Christmas dinner at the Simpson family 's house , where Mr. Burns shows up after deciding to donate money to Springfield Elementary following an epiphany he had that night .
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= = Production = =
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" Grift of the Magi " was written by Tom Martin and directed by Matthew Nastuk as part of the eleventh season of The Simpsons ( 1999 – 2000 ) . It was the first episode that Martin wrote on his own , having previously co @-@ written the season ten episode " Sunday , Cruddy Sunday " with George Meyer , Brian Scully , and The Simpsons showrunner Mike Scully . Martin got the inspiration for " Grift of the Magi " after reading a magazine article about how major companies were receiving permission to advertise their products in school students ' textbooks . He thought it " seemed like a gigantic conflict that could lead to big problems " , and therefore believed an episode based on it would be a good idea . According to DVD Talk reviewer Adam Tyner , the episode is a satire of the commercialization of Christmas . A writer for Newsday has commented that episode skewers " the annual craze for that one ' hot ' toy . " This has also been pointed out by Mike Scully , who said in 2008 that " Grift of the Magi " was produced around the time when " every year there seemed to be a hot toy . Like the <unk> , or whatever – some toy that kids just had to have that year . " In response to Scully 's comment , Martin added that every year " the media would create this gigantic rush at the toy store for various things . This [ episode ] was coming on the heels of , yeah , the <unk> . "
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Guest stars in the episode include Tim Robbins as Jim Hope , Gary Coleman as himself , Joe Mantegna as Fat Tony , and Clarence Clemons as a narrator . Scully thought Robbins " did a great job " because the Simpsons staff wanted the character of Jim Hope to be " fun and upbeat and somebody the kids would love . " Clemons narrates a few scenes at the end of the episode , telling the viewers how the story ends . When Coleman agrees to spend Christmas with the Simpsons , Clemons says , for example : " And Gary Coleman was as good as his word , and as for old Mr. Burns , he was visited by three ghosts during the night and agreed to fund the school with some money he found in his tuxedo pants . " Shortly after Coleman 's death in 2010 , an article appeared in the newspaper El Comercio that noted that " the nod to the harsh reality of Gary Coleman in [ the episode ] is given : in real life a few years ago Gary had to make a living as a shop security guard . "
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= = Release = =
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" Grift of the Magi " originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 19 , 1999 . It was viewed in approximately 7 @.@ 76 million households that night . With a Nielsen rating of 7 @.@ 7 , the episode finished 39th in the ratings for the week of December 13 – 19 , 1999 ( tied with an episode of the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) ' s 20 / 20 ) . It was the second highest @-@ rated broadcast on Fox that week , following an episode of Ally McBeal ( which received a 9 @.@ 9 rating ) . On October 14 , 2003 , " Grift of the Magi " was released in the United States on a DVD collection titled Christmas With the Simpsons , along with the season one episode " Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire " , the season four episode " Mr. Plow " , the season nine episode " Miracle on Evergreen Terrace " , and the season thirteen episode " She of Little Faith " . On October 7 , 2008 , the episode was released on DVD again as part of the box set The Simpsons – The Complete Eleventh Season . Staff members Martin , Scully , Meyer , Matt Groening , Ian Maxtone @-@ Graham , Matt Selman , Tim Long , and Lance Kramer participated in the DVD audio commentary for " Grift of the Magi " . Deleted scenes from the episode were also included on the box set .
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Since airing , " Grift of the Magi " has received generally mixed to negative reception from critics . While reviewing the eleventh season of The Simpsons , DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson commented that the episode " feels like an amalgamation of elements from prior holiday programs and never really elicits much humor . Christmas is commercialized and corporations use and abuse their customers ? Those aren ’ t exactly rich insights , so [ ' Grift of the Magi ' ] comes across as a below average episode . " In his review of the DVD Christmas With the Simpsons , Digitally Obsessed critic Joel Cunningham wrote that the episode " comes from Season 11 , well past the point when the series had sacrificed character for absurdist humor . Unless you don 't think evil toy marketers , sentient <unk> , and Gary Coleman qualify . Anyway , after the school nearly goes bankrupt , Principal Skinner signs a contract with corporate backers who use the kids to conduct market research . There are some good gags , but the story doesn 't hang together very well . " Adam Tyner of DVD Talk argued that the episode " has a couple of good gags ( Gary Coleman chatting on the phone being my favorite ) but is quickly forgettable " . Brian James of PopMatters described Coleman 's cameo as " hysterical " in 2004 , and Meghan <unk> of the same website listed " Grift of the Magi " at number eight on her 2009 list of the " 10 best holiday themed TV episodes . "
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= Falklands ' 82 =
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Falklands ' 82 ( released as Malvinas ' 82 in Spanish markets ) is a 1986 turn @-@ based strategy video game developed and published by Personal Software Services for the ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64 . It is the fifth instalment of the Strategic Wargames series . The game is set during the 1982 Falklands War and revolves around the Argentine occupation and subsequent British re @-@ capture of the Falkland Islands . The player controls the British Task Force as they must either defeat all Argentine forces on the archipelago or re @-@ capture every settlement .
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A port for the Amstrad CPC was advertised but never released . During development , the developers obtained information and statistics of the war from NATO . The game met with mixed reviews and controversy : critics praised the detailed graphics , but some were divided over the gameplay and authenticity ; others criticised the in @-@ game potential of an Argentine " victory " .
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= = Gameplay = =
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Falklands ' 82 is a turn @-@ based strategy game focusing on land battles during the Falklands War . The player commands the British Task Force against the Argentine ground forces , who are occupying the islands . The game begins by allocating fifteen Royal Navy ships for the task force ; a proportionate amount must be devoted for attack and defence purposes . The player must then choose four landing spots in northern East Falkland to begin the invasion : Port Stanley , Berkeley Sound , Cow Bay and San Carlos Bay . The SAS or SBS are available throughout the game to provide intelligence on Argentine movements ; however , intelligence is limited and may only be collected a certain number of times . At any time , the player may request reinforcements from either one of the two aircraft carriers , HMS Hermes or HMS Invincible .
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The main objective of the game is to either defeat all occupying Argentine forces in the archipelago , or to capture and hold all ten settlements of the Falklands simultaneously . Depending on the difficulty setting , the game lasts 25 or 30 turns ; if every settlement has not been occupied or any Argentine forces remain by the end of the last turn , the game will end . The capital of the Falklands , Stanley , has the highest concentration of Argentine forces and is usually the last settlement to be captured . There are a total of four choices for combat : attack , move , pass , and " recce " . The game includes a weather system that changes from every turn and provides obstructions for various forces . For example , stormy seas will temporarily render naval vessels and troop reinforcements unavailable , while fog will render both naval and air forces unavailable .
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During the course of the game , Argentine airstrikes will frequently sink Royal Navy ships , depending on how many of them were initially allocated to defensive positions . In addition , Argentine air forces will occasionally bomb and destroy British forces on the ground , which are represented as animated sprites on the map . The map also displays terrain details , including rivers and mountains . If troops are situated on top of a mountain , they will receive a defensive bonus once attacked ; however , due to the steep terrain , they will move more slowly . If the player chooses to enter an enemy @-@ controlled zone , the move will instantly end , leaving the unit vulnerable to an Argentine attack .
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= = Background and release = =
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Personal Software Services was founded in Coventry , England , by Gary Mays and Richard Cockayne in November 1981 . The company was known for creating games that revolved around historic war battles and conflicts , such as Theatre Europe , Bismarck and Battle of Britain . The company had a partnership with French video game developer ERE Informatique and published localised versions of their products to the United Kingdom . The Strategic Wargames series was conceptualised in 1984 by software designer Alan Steel ; during development of these titles , Steel would often research the upcoming game 's topic and pass on his findings to associates in Coventry and London . In 1983 , the company was recognised as " one of the top software houses " in the United Kingdom , and was a finalist for BBC Radio 4 's New Business Enterprise Award .
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During development of both games , Cockayne and Mays obtained statistics for both the Cold War and Falklands War from NATO and the Soviet embassy in London . In an interview with Your Computer magazine , Richard Cockayne stated that both Theatre Europe and Falklands ' 82 received heavy criticism from the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and The Sun newspaper , respectively . An editor from The Sunday Press suggested that Falklands ' 82 was " distasteful " because of the game 's possibility of an Argentine victory . The game was planned for an Amstrad CPC port , but was never released for that computer . In Spanish markets , the game was released as Malvinas ' 82 ( the Spanish name for the Falkland Islands ) and included a manual which was never translated into English .
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In 1986 , Cockayne decided to alter products for release on 16 @-@ bit consoles , since smaller 8 @-@ bit consoles , such as the ZX Spectrum , lacked the processing power for larger strategy games . The decision was falsely interpreted by video game journalist Phillipa Irving as " pulling out " from the Spectrum market . Following years of successful sales throughout the mid @-@ 1980s , Personal Software Services experienced financial difficulties , and Cockayne admitted in a retrospective interview that " he took his eye off the ball " . The company was acquired by Mirrorsoft in February 1987 , and was later dispossessed due to debt .
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= = Reception = =
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The game received mostly positive reviews from critics upon release . Rachael Smith of Your Sinclair praised the overall experience of the gameplay , stating that it was " ideal " for newcomers and plays " smooth " ; however , she criticised it for being " annoyingly slow " at times . Sean Masterson of Crash criticised the gameplay , stating that it fails to " offer a serious challenge " and prohibits the player from experimenting with choices the real commanders never had , such as planning tactical air strikes . A reviewer from Sinclair User praised the gameplay , stating that it was " swift " and had " nice touches " for beginners to the wargame genre . He sarcastically remarked that the inability to play on the Argentine side would help improve Anglo @-@ Argentinian relations . A reviewer from Zzap ! 64 criticised the game 's lack of authenticity and strategy , stating that the developer 's previous games had more credence if the player " played them with their eyes shut " .
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A reviewer from ZX Computing heralded the graphics and details of the map but suggested that " hardened wargamers " would not be interested in graphical advancements . A reviewer from Computer Gamer praised its simplicity , stating that it was a " simple game " and would prove to be an " excellent " introduction to the wargame strategy genre . In a retrospective review , Tim Stone of Rock , Paper , Shotgun praised the game 's ability to display the war in a neutral manner ; however , he questioned the inability to play on the Argentine side . Stone concluded that the game had " greater significance " over other war strategy games at the time and had an " undeniable quality " . Upon release , The Sun newspaper criticised Falklands ' 82 for including a scenario where " Argentina could win , " but Cockayne maintained that his company 's video games did not <unk> the war .
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= Dive ( Usher song ) =
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" Dive " is a song recorded by American recording artist Usher for his seventh studio album Looking 4 Myself ( 2012 ) . It was written and produced by Rico Love , Jim Jonsin , Danny Morris and Frank Romano . " Dive " is a slow @-@ paced R & B ballad with elements of pop music , with Usher making use of his falsetto range . Its lyrics use the metaphor of diving , which was interpreted by critics to discuss a commitment to a relationship . The song was announced by Usher via Twitter as the fifth single from Looking 4 Myself on August 21 , 2012 . It was released to urban radio on August 28 , 2012 .
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" Dive " was received well by critics , who praised its production and Usher 's vocals , particularly his falsetto . An accompanying music video directed by Chris Applebaum , portrays Victoria 's Secret Angel model Chanel Iman as Usher 's love interest , showing them being intimate and making love in several scenes . Upon the release of Looking 4 Myself , the song debuted at number 50 on the South Korea Gaon International Chart , with sales of 6 @,@ 546 digital copies . " Dive " peaked at number 34 on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs , remaining on the chart for twelve weeks before dropping out .
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= = Composition and lyrics = =
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The track is a slow @-@ paced R & B ballad with elements of pop music , that runs for a length of three minutes and 47 seconds . Throughout the song , Usher makes use of his falsetto range , to which Billboard 's Erika Ramirez described as " soulful " . Chuck Arnold of People complimented Usher 's falsetto on both " Dive " and lead single " Climax " , adding that the songs show " that he 's a " better singer than ever " . Matt Cibula of PopMatters wrote that " Dive " contains a triple entendre in its lyrics : seemingly singing about diving or oral sex , " only to realize that what he 's really discussing " is commitment to a relationship . Trent Fitzgerald of PopCrush perceived that the song 's lyrics " metaphorically compares love to the crashing waters of the ocean " . Carrie Battan of Pitchfork interpreted the lyrics as " explicit " which might " make you cringe if they 'd come from of anyone else " in the line : " It 's raining inside your bed / No parts are dry / Lovin ' made you so wet / Your Legs / Your thighs " .
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= = Critical reception = =
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" Dive " received universally positive acclaim from music critics . DJ Booth described its production as " sultry " and noted the song as a potential hit for Usher . Erika Ramirez of Billboard also saw the song as a success , writing that it is " slower and more sensual " than Jim Jonsin and Rico Love 's " Motivation " ( 2011 ) performed by Kelly Rowland . Ramirez also praised Usher 's vocals , more specifically his falsetto , the reasoning to why " we fell in love with the singer to begin with " . Complex 's Brad Wete perceived the song as a " sexy slow @-@ winding cut " , that is " powered by Usher ’ s falsetto " . Ryan Hadfield of Consequence of Sound also praised Usher 's vocals , with " Dive " and lead single " Climax " showing his " superior R & B vocal range " . Pitchfork 's Carry Battan wrote that Usher 's " vocal mastery " allows him to turn the chorus of " Dive " — which she viewed as " cornball " — into something " more specific , as if he were addressing just one woman [ ... ] " . PopMatters ' Matt Cibula saw the lyric 's as " clever " for incorporating a triple @-@ entendre . Cibula further lauded Usher 's falsetto , which he wrote Usher sings in an " urgent " whisper .
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= = Music video and live performances = =
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The music video for " Dive " was filmed in July 2012 , directed by Chris Applebaum , and released to VEVO on August 25 , 2012 . In the video , Victoria 's Secret Angel model Chanel Iman plays as Usher 's love interest . Set on a luxury Yacht in the open sea , the video begins with Usher talking , before showing him singing the first verse . The video intercuts to Iman , and Usher inside a cabin with water gushing in . For the chorus , Usher and Iman are being intimate , with water further entering the singer 's cabin . Usher and Iman are once again being intimate for the second verse , sat outside of the Yacht , with water now level with Usher 's waist inside the cabin , entering the second chorus , where Usher and Iman make love . During the bridge , both are romancing within the cabin 's bathroom , with the video intercutting to different romantic scenarios . Further scenarios are shown in the final chorus , with the water now fully submerging the cabin and Usher . The video closes with Usher swimming to safety , but before reaching the surface , he and Iman approach each other , embracing in the water . Opening the 2012 iTunes Festival , Usher performed " Dive " for the first time along with " Can 't Stop Won 't Stop " , " Twisted " and " Numb " and other songs .
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= = Credits and personnel = =
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Recording
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Vocal recording – Parkland Playhouse , Parkland , FL ; <unk> Studios , Miami , FL
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Mixing – Parkland Playhouse , Parkland , FL
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Personnel
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Credits adapted from the liner notes of Looking 4 Myself , RCA Records .
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= = Charts = =
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Upon the release of Looking 4 Myself , due to digital downloads , " Dive " entered the singles chart in South Korea . It debuted on the South Korea Gaon International Chart at number 50 on June 10 , 2012 , with sales of 6 @,@ 546 digital copies . It debuted at number eight on the US Bubbling Under Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles chart for the chart issue dated September 8 , 2012 . On the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , " Dive " peaked at number 34 , remaining on the chart for twelve weeks before dropping out .
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= = Release history = =
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= Justinian I =
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Justinian I ( / <unk> / ; Latin : Flavius Petrus <unk> Iustinianus Augustus , Greek : Φλάβιος <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ) ( c . 482 – 14 November 565 ) , traditionally known as Justinian the Great and also Saint Justinian the Great in the Eastern Orthodox Church , was a Byzantine ( East Roman ) emperor from 527 to 565 . During his reign , Justinian sought to revive the empire 's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the historical Roman Empire . Justinian 's rule constitutes a distinct epoch in the history of the Later Roman empire , and his reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized <unk> imperii , or " restoration of the Empire " .
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Because of his restoration activities , Justinian has sometimes been called the " last Roman " in modern historiography . This ambition was expressed by the partial recovery of the territories of the defunct western Roman empire . His general , Belisarius , swiftly conquered the Vandal kingdom in North Africa . Subsequently Belisarius , Narses , and other generals conquered the Ostrogothic kingdom , restoring Dalmatia , Sicily , Italy , and Rome to the empire after more than half a century of rule by the Ostrogoths . The prefect Liberius reclaimed the south of the Iberian peninsula , establishing the province of Spania . These campaigns re @-@ established Roman control over the western Mediterranean , increasing the Empire 's annual revenue by over a million solidi . During his reign Justinian also subdued the <unk> , a people on the east coast of the Black Sea that had never been under Roman rule before .
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A still more resonant aspect of his legacy was the uniform rewriting of Roman law , the Corpus Juris Civilis , which is still the basis of civil law in many modern states . His reign also marked a blossoming of Byzantine culture , and his building program yielded such masterpieces as the church of Hagia Sophia . A devastating outbreak of bubonic plague in the early 540s marked the end of an age of splendour .
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= = Life = =
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