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At the time , tensions between the northern and the southern United States were growing , in a series of conflicts that eventually resulted in the American Civil War . There was little debate in the United States House of Representatives , but when Stephen A. Douglas introduced the bill in the United States Senate , it caused a firestorm of debate . Northerners saw their chance to add two senators to the side of the free states , while Southerners were sure that they would lose power . Many senators offered polite arguments that the population was too sparse and that statehood was premature . Senator John Burton Thompson of Kentucky , in particular , argued that new states would cost the government too much for roads , canals , forts , and lighthouses . Although Thompson and 21 other senators voted against statehood , the enabling act was passed on February 26 , 1857 .
After the enabling act was passed , territorial legislators had a difficult time writing a state constitution . A constitutional convention was assembled in July 1857 , but Republicans and Democrats were deeply divided . In fact , they formed two separate constitutional conventions and drafted two separate constitutions . Eventually , the two groups formed a conference committee and worked out a common constitution . The divisions continued , though , because Republicans refused to sign a document that had Democratic signatures on it , and vice versa . One copy of the constitution was written on white paper and signed only by Republicans , while the other copy was written on blue @-@ tinged paper and signed by Democrats . These copies were signed on August 29 , 1857 . An election was called on October 13 , 1857 , where Minnesota residents would vote to approve or disapprove the constitution . The constitution was approved by 30 @,@ 055 voters , while 571 rejected it .
The state constitution was sent to the United States Congress for ratification in December 1857 . The approval process was drawn out for several months while Congress debated over issues that had stemmed from the Kansas @-@ Nebraska Act . Southerners had been arguing that the next state should be pro @-@ slavery , so when Kansas submitted the pro @-@ slavery Lecompton Constitution , the Minnesota statehood bill was delayed . After that , Northerners feared that Minnesota 's Democratic delegation would support slavery in Kansas . Finally , after the Kansas question was settled and after Congress decided how many representatives Minnesota would get in the House of Representatives , the bill passed . The eastern half of the Minnesota Territory , under the boundaries defined by Henry Mower Rice , became the country 's 32nd state on May 11 , 1858 . The western part remained unorganized until its incorporation into the Dakota Territory on March 2 , 1861 .
= = Civil War era and Dakota War of 1862 = =
Minnesota strongly supported the Union war effort , with about 22 @,@ 000 Minnesotans serving . The 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry was particularly important to the Battle of Gettysburg . Governor Alexander Ramsey happened to be in Washington D.C. when Ft . Sumter was fired upon . He went immediately to the White House and made his state the first to offer help in putting down the rebellion .
At the same time , the state faced another crisis as the Dakota War of 1862 broke out . The Dakota had signed the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux and Treaty of Mendota in 1851 because they were concerned that without money from the United States government , they would starve , due to the loss of habitat of huntable game . They were initially given a strip of land of ten miles ( 16 km ) north and south of the Minnesota River , but they were later forced to sell the northern half of the land . In 1862 , crop failures left the Dakota with food shortages , and government money was delayed . After four young Dakota men , searching for food , shot a family of white settlers near Acton , the Dakota leadership decided to continue the attacks in an effort to drive out the settlers . Over a period of several days , Dakota attacks at the Lower Sioux Agency , New Ulm and Hutchinson , as well as in the surrounding farmlands , resulted in the deaths of at least 300 to 400 white settlers and government employees , causing panic in the settlements and provoking counterattacks by state militia and federal forces which spread throughout the Minnesota River Valley and as far away as the Red River Valley . The ensuing battles at Fort Ridgely , Birch Coulee , Fort Abercrombie , and Wood Lake punctuated a six @-@ week war , which ended with the trial of 425 Native Americans for their participation in the war . Of this number , 303 men were convicted and sentenced to death .
Episcopal Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple pleaded to President Abraham Lincoln for clemency , and the death sentences of all but 39 men were reduced to prison terms . On December 26 , 1862 , 38 men were hanged by the U.S. Army at Mankato — the largest mass execution in the United States . Many of the remaining Dakota Native Americans , including non @-@ combatants , were confined in a prison camp at Pike Island over the winter of 1862 – 1863 , where more than 300 died of disease . Survivors were later exiled to the Crow Creek Reservation , then later to a reservation near Niobrara , Nebraska .
A small number of Dakota Native Americans managed to return to Minnesota in the 1880s and establish communities near Granite Falls , Morton , Prior Lake , and Red Wing . However , after this time Dakota people were no longer allowed to reside in Minnesota with the exception of the meritorious Sioux called the Loyal Mdewakanton . This separate class of Dakota did not participate in the Dakota War of 1862 , since they were assimilated Christians and instead decided to help some of the missionaries escape the Sioux warriors who chose to fight .
= = Economic and social development = =
= = = Farming and railroad development = = =
After the Civil War , Minnesota became an attractive region for European immigration and settlement as farmland . Minnesota 's population in 1870 was 439 @,@ 000 ; this number tripled during the two subsequent decades . The Homestead Act in 1862 facilitated land claims by settlers , who regarded the land as being cheap and fertile . The railroad industry , led by the Northern Pacific Railway and Saint Paul and Pacific Railroad , advertised the many opportunities in the state and worked to get immigrants to settle in Minnesota . James J. Hill , in particular , was instrumental in reorganizing the Saint Paul and Pacific Railroad and extending lines from the Minneapolis @-@ Saint Paul area into the Red River Valley and to Winnipeg . Hill was also responsible for building a new passenger depot in Minneapolis , served by the landmark Stone Arch Bridge which was completed in 1883 . During the 1880s , Hill continued building tracks through North Dakota and Montana . In 1890 , the railroad , now known as the Great Northern Railway , started building tracks through the mountains west to Seattle . Other railroads , such as the Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad and the Milwaukee Road , also played an important role in the early days of Minnesota 's statehood . Later railways , such as the Soo Line and Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway facilitated the sale of Minneapolis flour and other products , although they were not as involved in attracting settlers .
Oliver Hudson Kelley played an important role in farming as one of the founders of the National Grange , along with several other clerks in the United States Department of Agriculture . The movement grew out of his interest in cooperative farm associations following the end of the Civil War , and he established local Grange chapters in Elk River and Saint Paul . The organization worked to provide education on new farming methods , as well as to influence government and public opinion on matters important to farmers . One of these areas of concern was the freight rates charged by the railroads and by the grain elevators . Since there was little or no competition between railroads serving Minnesota farm communities , railroads could charge as much as the traffic would bear . By 1871 , the situation was so heated that both the Republican and Democratic candidates in state elections promised to regulate railroad rates . The state established an office of railroad commissioner and imposed maximum charges for shipping . Populist Ignatius L. Donnelly also served the Grange as an organizer .
Saint Anthony Falls , the only waterfall of its height on the Mississippi , played an important part in the development of Minneapolis . The power of the waterfall first fueled sawmills , but later it was tapped to serve flour mills . In 1870 , only a small number of flour mills were in the Minneapolis area , but by 1900 Minnesota mills were grinding 14 @.@ 1 % of the nation 's grain . Advances in transportation , milling technology , and water power combined to give Minneapolis a dominance in the milling industry . Spring wheat could be sown in the spring and harvested in late summer , but it posed special problems for milling . To get around these problems , Minneapolis millers made use of new technology . They invented the middlings purifier , a device that used jets of air to remove the husks from the flour early in the milling process . They also started using roller mills , as opposed to grindstones . A series of rollers gradually broke down the kernels and integrated the gluten with the starch . These improvements led to the production of " patent " flour , which commanded almost double the price of " bakers " or " clear " flour , which it replaced . Pillsbury and the Washburn @-@ Crosby Company ( a forerunner of General Mills ) became the leaders in the Minneapolis milling industry . This leadership in milling later declined as milling was no longer dependent on water power , but the dominance of the mills contributed greatly to the economy of Minneapolis and Minnesota , attracting people and money to the region .
= = = Industrial development = = =
At the end of the 19th century , several forms of industrial development shaped Minnesota . In 1882 , a hydroelectric power plant was built at Saint Anthony Falls , marking one of the first developments of hydroelectric power in the United States . Iron mining began in northern Minnesota with the opening of the Soudan Mine in 1884 . The Vermilion Range was surveyed and mapped by a party financed by Charlemagne Tower . Another mining town , Ely began with the foundation of the Chandler Mine in 1888 . Soon after , the Mesabi Range was established when ore was found just under the surface of the ground in Mountain Iron . The Mesabi Range ultimately had much more ore than the Vermilion Range , and it was easy to extract because the ore was closer to the surface . As a result , open @-@ pit mines became well @-@ established on the Mesabi Range , with 111 mines operating by 1904 . To ship the iron ore to refineries , railroads such as the Duluth , <unk> and Iron Range Railway were built from the iron ranges to Two Harbors and Duluth on Lake Superior . Large ore docks were used at these cities to load the iron ore onto ships for transport east on the Great Lakes . The mining industry helped to propel Duluth from a small town to a large , thriving city . In 1904 , iron was discovered in the Cuyuna Range in Crow Wing County . Between 1904 and 1984 , when mining ceased , more than 106 million tons of ore were mined . Iron from the Cuyuna Range also contained significant proportions of manganese , increasing its value .
= = = Mayo Clinic = = =
Dr. William Worrall Mayo , the founder of the Mayo Clinic , emigrated from Salford , United Kingdom to the United States in 1846 and became a medical doctor in 1850 . In 1863 , Mayo moved to Rochester , followed by his family the next year . In the summer of 1883 , an F5 tornado struck , dubbed the 1883 Rochester tornado , causing a substantial number of deaths and injuries . Dr. W. W. Mayo worked with nuns from the Sisters of St. Francis to treat the survivors . After the disaster , Mother Alfred <unk> and Dr. Mayo recognized the need for a hospital and joined together to build the 27 @-@ bed Saint Marys Hospital which opened in 1889 . The hospital , with over 1100 beds , is now part of the Mayo Clinic , which grew out of the practice of William Worrall Mayo and his sons , William James Mayo ( 1861 – 1939 ) and Charles Horace Mayo . Dr. Henry Stanley Plummer joined the Mayo Brothers ' practice in 1901 . Plummer developed many of the systems of group practice which are universal around the world today in medicine and other fields , such as a single medical record and an interconnecting telephone system .
= = = Urbanization and government = = =
As a result of industrialization , the population became more concentrated into urban areas . By 1900 , the Twin Cities were becoming a center of commerce , led by the Minneapolis Grain Exchange and the foundation of the Federal Reserve Bank with its ninth district in Minneapolis . Many of the businessmen who had made money in the railroad , flour milling , and logging industries lived in the Twin Cities and personified the gilded age . They started to donate money for cultural institutions such as the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra ( now the Minnesota Orchestra ) . The parks of Minneapolis , under the direction of Theodore Wirth became famous , and the new Minnesota State Capitol building and the Cathedral of Saint Paul attracted attention to Saint Paul .
The role of government also grew during the early 20th century . In the rural areas , most people obtained food and manufactured goods from neighbors and other people they knew personally . As industry and commerce grew , goods such as food , materials , and medicines were no longer made by neighbors , but by large companies . In response , citizens called on their government for consumer protection , inspection of goods , and regulation of public utilities . The growth of the automobile spurred calls to develop roads and to enforce traffic laws . The state officially started its trunk highway system in 1920 , with the passage of the Babcock Amendment that established 70 Constitutional Routes around the state . New regulation was necessary for banking and insurance . The safety of industrial workers and miners became an increasing concern , and brought about the workers ' compensation system . Since government was getting more complex , citizens demanded more of a role in their government , and became more politically active .
= = = Great Depression = = =
Wilbur Foshay , an owner of several utility companies , built the Foshay Tower in 1929 , just before the Wall Street Crash of 1929 . The building was the tallest building in Minnesota at the time . It remained the tallest building in Minneapolis until 1973 , when the IDS Tower surpassed it . The tower was a symbol of the wealth of the times , but when the stock market crashed , Foshay lost his fortune in the crash .
The Great Depression had several effects on Minnesota , with layoffs on the Iron Range and a drought in the Great Plains from 1931 through 1936 . While the Depression had several causes , one most relevant to Minnesota was that United States businesses in the 1920s had improved their efficiency through standardizing production methods and eliminating waste . Business owners were reaping the benefits of this increase in productivity , but they were not sharing it with their employees because of the weakness of organized labor , nor were they sharing it with the public in the form of lowered prices . Instead , the windfall went to stockholders . The eventual result was that consumers could no longer afford the goods that factories were producing .
Floyd B. Olson of the Minnesota Farmer @-@ Labor Party was elected as the governor in the 1930 election . In his first term , he signed a bonding bill that authorized $ 15 million ( $ 210 million as of 2016 ) for highway construction , in an effort to provide work for the unemployed . He also signed an executive order that provided for a minimum wage of 45 cents per hour for up to 48 hours weekly . This effort predated the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 that established a nationwide minimum wage . By 1932 , with the Depression worsening , the Farmer @-@ Labor Party platform was proposing a state income tax , a graduated tax on nationwide chain stores ( such as J.C. Penney and Sears , Roebuck and Company ) , low @-@ interest farm loans , and a state unemployment insurance program . The progressive 1933 legislative session saw a comprehensive response to the depression including a moratorium on mortgage foreclosures , a reduction in property taxes for farmers and homeowners , the state income tax , and chain store taxes , tavern reform , ratification of a child labor amendment , a state old @-@ age pension system , and steps toward preserving the area that later became the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness .
Meanwhile , formerly quiet labor unions began asserting themselves rather forcefully . The Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934 turned ugly , with the union demanding the right to speak for all trucking employees . As a result of this strike and many others across the nation , Congress passed the National Labor Relations Act in 1935 . Government programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps and Works Progress Administration brought much @-@ needed work projects to the state . Congress passed the Indian Reorganization Act in 1934 , giving Minnesota 's Ojibwa and Dakota tribes more autonomy over their own affairs .
= = Modern Minnesota = =
= = = Arts and culture = = =
The Minneapolis Institute of Arts was established in 1883 . The present building , a neoclassical structure , was opened in 1915 , with additions in 1974 by Kenzo Tange and in 2006 by Michael Graves .
The Minnesota Orchestra dates back to 1903 when it was founded as the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra . It was renamed the Minnesota Orchestra in 1968 and moved into its own building , Orchestra Hall , in downtown Minneapolis in 1974 . The building has a modern look with a brick , glass , and steel exterior , in contrast to the old @-@ world look of traditional concert halls . The interior of the building features more than 100 large cubes that deflect sound and provide excellent acoustics . Later the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra became the second full @-@ time professional orchestral ensemble in the cities .
The Walker Art Center was established in 1927 as the first public art gallery in the Upper Midwest . In the 1940s , the museum shifted its focus toward modern art , after a gift from Mrs. Gilbert Walker made it possible to acquire works by Pablo Picasso , Henry Moore , Alberto Giacometti , and others . The museum continued its focus on modern art with traveling shows in the 1960s .
The Guthrie Theater , opened in 1963 , was the brainchild of Sir Tyrone Guthrie , who wanted to found a regional theater without the commercial constraints of Broadway . The high cost of staging Broadway productions meant that shows had to be immediately successful and return a high amount of revenue . This discouraged innovation and experimentation , and made it difficult to stage important works of literature . These ideas were first disseminated in a 1959 article in the drama section of the New York Times , and citizens in the Minneapolis @-@ Saint Paul area were eager to support the idea . The theater served as a prototype for other resident non @-@ profit theaters .
= = = Minnesota in World War II = = =
Like other U.S. States , Minnesota made its contributions to the effort of World War II in wartime manufacturing and other areas . The United States Navy contracted with Cargill to build ships after seeing their success in building ships and barges used to haul grain . Cargill built facilities in Savage , Minnesota on the south bank of the Minnesota River and turned out 18 refueling ships and four towboats in four years . After the war , the Cargill facilities became a major grain shipping terminal . Honeywell built airplane control systems and periscope sights for submarines , and also developed a proximity fuse for anti @-@ aircraft shells . The United States government built the Twin Cities Ordnance Plant to produce munitions . The plant employed 8 @,@ 500 workers in 1941 , and since there was a shortage of male workers during the war , more than half of the workers at the munitions plant were women . The plant also employed nearly 1000 African American workers , as President Roosevelt had issued an executive order forbidding racial discrimination in defense industries . Native American workers also found opportunities due to workforce shortages in wartime .
During the wartime years , Savage was also the home of Camp Savage , a school designed to improve the foreign language skills of Japanese @-@ American soldiers and to train them in military intelligence gathering . The school was originally established in San Francisco , but moved to Minnesota after the bombing of Pearl Harbor . Eventually , the school outgrew its facilities in Savage and was moved to Fort Snelling . Fort Snelling itself served a major role as a reception center for newly drafted recruits after the Selective Service Act was passed in 1940 . New recruits were given a physical exam and the Army General Qualification Test to determine their fitness for service in a particular branch . The most intelligent recruits , about 37 % of Minnesotans going through Fort Snelling , were assigned to the Army Air Corps . Recruits were also issued uniforms and sent from the fort to other training centers . Over 300 @,@ 000 recruits were processed through Fort Snelling during the World War II years .
= = = Modern economy = = =
Agriculture evolved from an individual occupation into a major industry after World War II . Technological developments increased productivity on farms , such as automation of feedlots for hogs and cattle , machine milking at dairy farms , and raising chickens in large buildings . Planting also became more specialized with hybridization of corn and wheat , fertilization , and mechanical equipment such as tractors and combines became the norm . University of Minnesota professor Norman Borlaug contributed to this knowledge as part of the Green Revolution . Large canneries such as the Minnesota Valley Canning Company fed the country from Minnesota 's productive farmland .
The Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company ( 3M ) was founded in 1902 in Two Harbors , Minnesota , and was later moved to Duluth , Saint Paul , and then Maplewood . The founders of 3M got their start by manufacturing sandpaper . Under the leadership of William L. McKnight , the company established product lines such as abrasives for wet sanding , masking tape and other adhesives , roofing granules , resins , and films .
Suburban development intensified after the war , fueled by the demand for new housing . In 1957 , the Legislature created a planning commission for the Twin Cities metropolitan area . This became the Metropolitan Council in 1967 .
Northwest Airlines , the dominant airline at Minneapolis @-@ Saint Paul International Airport , was founded in 1926 carrying mail from the Twin Cities to Chicago . The airline , long headquartered in Eagan , merged with Delta Air Lines in October 2008 . The company will keep the Delta name and will be headquartered in Atlanta .
= = = The digital state = = =
More than any other Midwestern state , Minnesota attracted engineers , especially in the computer industry . Minnesota also became a center of technology after the war . Engineering Research Associates was formed in 1946 to develop computers for the Navy . It later merged with Remington Rand , and later became Sperry Rand . William Norris left Sperry in 1957 to form Control Data Corporation ( CDC ) . Cray Research was formed when Seymour Cray left CDC to form his own company . Medical device maker Medtronic also was founded in the Twin Cities in 1949 . Honeywell was a national player as well , until 1999 when it was bought out and its headquarters moved to New Jersey . National firms , such as International Business Machines , operated large branch offices . IBM also operated a substantial manufacturing and development site in Rochester , starting in 1956 . State government and powerful politicians such as Hubert Humphrey maintained a favorable climate . The University of Minnesota trained many computer specialists who decided to stay in the Minnesota rather than move to sunny California . Minnesota thus became a successful junior partner to Route 128 around Boston and Silicon Valley .
= = = Postwar politics = = =
Historian Annette Atkins has explored the changing long @-@ term pattern of Minnesota politics . In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century , the heavily rural state was hostile to business and railroads , with the Republicans dominant in the small towns , and the Democrats on the farms . Numerous left @-@ wing groups and third @-@ parties emerged , such as the Anti @-@ Monopolist party in the 1870s , the Populists in the 1890s , the Non @-@ Partisan League in the 1910s , and the Farmer @-@ Labor party in the 1930s . <unk> was strong , Atkins argues , because of the fear that Eastern bankers and industrialists forced the United States into World War I to enlarge their profits . Business fought unions , and the unions fought back , and with the governor on their side unions won some violent battles in the 1930s . In recent decades , however , the liberal coalition has weakened . Labor unions are a shadow of their old strength . Most farmers have left for the towns and especially the Twin Cities , where half the people live . The state high income tax is troublesome , and complaints are often heard about to generous welfare benefits . The New Right has mobilized social conservatives , especially those from traditional religious backgrounds , with abortion a furiously contested issue . State government has become much more friendly toward growth and the needs of business entrepreneurship . Environmentalism has split left and right , with the industrial workers in the Up North and Iron Range districts demanding that their jobs be protected from environmentalists . Atkins finds that :
What makes the North country valuable to conservationists is the seclusion , beauty , isolation , quiet , clear water , and absence of development . The preservationists have tried to limit or prohibit roads , hydroelectric generators , sawmills and lumbering , resorts , power boats , airplanes , and snowmobiles … . The tensions between development and preservation , restraint and grows , beauty and jobs runs deep and strong .
Hubert Humphrey was a Minnesotan who became a nationally prominent politician . He first ran for mayor of Minneapolis in 1943 , but lost the election to the Republican candidate by just a few thousand votes . As a Democrat , Humphrey recognized that his best chance for political success was to obtain the support of the Minnesota Farmer @-@ Labor Party . Other members of the Farmer @-@ Labor Party had been considering the idea , as encouraged by Franklin D. Roosevelt , but the merger only became reality after Humphrey traveled to Washington , D.C. to discuss the issue . Rather than simply absorbing the Farmer @-@ Labor party , with its constituency of 200 @,@ 000 voters , Humphrey suggested calling the party the Minnesota Democratic @-@ Farmer @-@ Labor Party . He was elected mayor of Minneapolis in 1945 , and one of his first actions was to propose an ordinance making racial discrimination by employers subject to a fine . This ordinance was adopted in 1947 , and although few fines were issued , the city 's banks and department stores realized that public relations would improve by hiring blacks in increasing numbers . Humphrey delivered an impassioned speech at the 1948 Democratic National Convention encouraging the party to adopt a civil rights plank in their platform . He was elected to the United States Senate in 1948 and was re @-@ elected in 1954 and 1960 .
In the early 1960s , the topic of civil rights was coming to national prominence with sit @-@ ins and marches organized by Martin Luther King Jr. and other black leaders . In 1963 , President John F. Kennedy sent a comprehensive civil rights bill to Congress , based largely on the ideas that Humphrey had been placing before the Senate for the previous fifteen years . The bill passed the House in early 1964 , but passage through the Senate was more difficult , due to southern segregationists who filibustered for 75 days . Finally , in June 1964 , the Civil Rights Act of 1964 became law . Humphrey called this his greatest achievement . Lyndon B. Johnson recruited Humphrey for his running mate in the 1964 presidential election , and Humphrey became Vice President of the United States . Governor Karl Rolvaag ( DFL ) appointed Walter Mondale to fill Humphrey 's Senate seat . Humphrey voiced doubts about the 1965 bombings of North Vietnam , which alienated him from Johnson . He later defended Johnson 's conduct of the Vietnam War , alienating himself from liberals , who were beginning to oppose the war around 1967 . In the 1968 presidential election , Humphrey ran against Richard Nixon and Independent candidate George Wallace and lost the popular vote by only 0 @.@ 7 % . Humphrey later returned to the Senate in 1971 after Eugene McCarthy left office .
Eugene McCarthy ( DFL ) served in the United States House of Representatives from 1949 through 1959 and in the United States Senate from 1959 through 1971 . He gained a reputation as an intellectual with strong convictions and integrity . In 1967 , he challenged Lyndon B. Johnson for the presidential nomination , running on an anti @-@ war platform in contrast to Johnson 's policies . His strong support in the New Hampshire primary convinced Johnson to leave the race .
Democrat Walter Mondale also achieved national prominence as Vice President under Jimmy Carter . He served in the Senate from his appointment in 1964 until becoming Vice President in 1977 . In 1984 , he ran for President of the United States , choosing Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate . The election proved to be a landslide victory for popular incumbent Ronald Reagan . In 2002 , just 11 days before election day , when incumbent Senator Paul Wellstone was killed in a plane crash , Mondale stepped into the race as the Democratic candidate for the U.S. Senate . He lost the bid by two percentage points to the Republican , Norm Coleman .
In 1970 , Wendell Anderson ( DFL ) was elected as governor of Minnesota . He spent two years working with a split Minnesota Legislature to enact a tax and school finance reform package that shifted the source of public education funding from local property taxes to state sales taxes , as well as adding excise taxes to liquor and cigarettes . This achievement , dubbed the " Minnesota Miracle " , was immensely popular . In the next few years , the Legislature enacted other facets of their " new liberalism " , including ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment , strong environmental laws , increases in workers ' compensation and unemployment benefits , and elimination of income taxes for the working poor . Time Magazine featured Wendell Anderson and the state in an article entitled , " Minnesota : A State That Works " . In 1976 when Mondale resigned his Senate seat to become Jimmy Carter 's running mate , Anderson resigned the governor 's seat and turned it over to Lieutenant Governor Rudy Perpich ( DFL ) , who promptly appointed Anderson to fill Mondale 's vacant Senate seat . Voters turned Perpich and Anderson out of office in 1978 , in an election dubbed the " Minnesota Massacre " . Perpich was again elected as governor in 1983 and served until 1991 .
Paul Wellstone ( DFL ) was elected to the United States Senate in 1990 , defeating incumbent Rudy <unk> ( R ) in one of the biggest election upsets of the decade . In 1996 , he defeated <unk> again in a rematch of the 1990 election . Wellstone was known for being a liberal activist , as evidenced by his books How the Rural Poor Got Power : Narrative of a Grassroots Organizer , describing his work with the group Organization for a Better Rice County , and The Conscience of a Liberal : Reclaiming the Compassionate Agenda . He explored a possible presidential bid in 1998 , telling people he represented the " Democratic wing of the Democratic Party " . On October 25 , 2002 , he was killed in a plane crash near Eveleth , Minnesota , along with his wife , his daughter , three campaign staffers , and the two pilots .
Jesse Ventura , elected governor in 1998 , had a colorful past as a Navy SEAL , a professional wrestler , an actor , mayor of Brooklyn Park , and a radio and TV broadcaster . He left office after one term . His election brought international attention to the Independence Party .
= The Fab Five ( film ) =
The Fab Five is a 2011 ESPN Films documentary about the 1990s Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball players known collectively as the Fab Five : Chris Webber , Jalen Rose , Juwan Howard , Jimmy King , and Ray Jackson . It chronicles the recruitment , glory years , notorious time @-@ out fiasco , cultural impact and the scandal that followed these players who are described as iconic figures in the media . The film originally aired on March 13 , 2011 on a national broadcast on ESPN . On its original airing , the film drew 2 @.@ 7 million viewers , setting a record as the highest @-@ rated ESPN documentary ever .
The film spawned critical commentary in a broad spectrum of media outlets which include leading newspapers such as The New York Times , The Wall Street Journal and The Washington Post ; leading periodicals such as Forbes ; online forums such as Slate ; and leading news outlets such as MSNBC . In particular , the film sparked a verbal war between Jalen Rose and Duke University 's Grant Hill through the media regarding issues of race in sports and education that fueled the Duke – Michigan basketball rivalry . Coincidentally , the following week , the 2011 editions of Michigan and Duke met in the third round of the 2011 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament ; Duke won , 73 @-@ 71 .
= = Story = =
Previously Mitch Albom had chronicled the Fab Five in a book entitled Fab Five : Basketball , Trash Talk , The American Dream , and Fox Sports had attempted to review the group . The press regarded this as the first complete recounting of the fabled group . Rose describes this film as " almost like the Bible of the Fab Five Story " . An ESPN commentator describes the five players as the greatest incoming college basketball recruiting class ever . He notes that they were presented to the world as the embodiment of what was wrong with college sports because they wore revolutionary baggy shorts and black socks and blasted hip @-@ hop music while talking a lot of trash . The film documents the " formation , rise , scandal and epilogue of the team " . It documents the 1991 – 92 and 1992 – 93 teams , the University of Michigan basketball scandal , and related off the court issues such as hate mail . Forbes notes that the legacy of the quintet , which includes successive appearances in the championship game of the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship , was overshadowed by the scandal , which necessitated the removal of Final Four banners and vacating of games . The film is noted for presenting the inside story a group of players who the contemporary media derided as thugs and villains , while enterprise rode them as a multimillion @-@ dollar merchandising juggernaut .
The film chronicles a group of athletes who influenced a nation of basketball fans – some of whom became professional basketball players . It includes commentaries from former Michigan coaches Steve Fisher , Brian Dutcher , and Perry Watson , and rap icons Ice Cube and Chuck D. It also extends to details such as : " Howard discussing his grandmother 's death the day he signed his letter of intent , to Ray Jackson talking about being ' the fifth wheel ' and considering a transfer , to Jimmy King 's brutal honesty about his disdain for Christian Laettner -- in somewhat unpalatable verbiage , to Rose talking about the loitering ticket he got in the Detroit ' crack house . ' " The film also presented numerous other highlights of the era as well as some from the high school days of the featured players . Webber was considered notable for his non @-@ involvement in the production , while the rest of the Fab Five were credited as executive producers . Rose approached ESPN Films about the project and brought the other players into the fold . His production role came through his own company , Three Tier Entertainment . The film was directed by Jason <unk> and narrated by Taye Diggs .
At first , only three of the freshmen started . Although they all played when the season opened on December 2 , 1991 against the University of Detroit , they did not all play at the same time until December 7 against Eastern Michigan and did not start regularly until February 9 , 1992 . In that first game starting together as a regular unit , the five freshmen accounted for all the team 's points in a 74 – 65 victory against Notre Dame . The film presented the opinions of upperclassmen Eric Riley and James <unk> when they were replaced by freshmen in the starting lineup . Both fought off impulses to transfer .
The four members of the Fab Five who participated in the film have had a tense relationship with Chris Webber , the one player who was not in the film . There was speculation that Chris Webber did not participate to avoid questions about the timeout call in the 1993 NCAA tournament title game . Webber said he initially agreed to be in the documentary but backed out after being told shooting would wrap up in a week , giving him insufficient time to prepare . Jimmy King called that assertion “ a flat @-@ out lie . ”
= = Ratings = =
ESPN built up the film with nearly a month of previews and promos . The week before the initial broadcast , ESPN aired clips of the film during some of its other programming ; they featured the team 's feelings about Duke prior to the 1992 championship game . These clips started what would become a national controversy .
The film 's initial airing established a record as the ratings leader among all ESPN documentaries with a 2 @.@ 1 rating according to Nielsen Company , surpassing two of the 30 for 30 films , each of which posted a 1 @.@ 8 rating : Pony Exce $ $ ( aired December 11 , 2010 , focusing on SMU football of the 1980s , a decade that culminated in scandal ) and The U ( aired December 12 , 2009 , detailing the University of Miami football team in the 1980s and 1990s ) . The Fab Five aired at 9 p.m. ET , drawing an average of 2 @,@ 088 @,@ 000 households and 2 @,@ 746 @,@ 000 viewers , both bests among ESPN documentaries ; it surpassed the previous high marks set by Pony Exce $ $ , when it was seen by an average of 1 @,@ 843 @,@ 000 homes and 2 @,@ 517 @,@ 000 viewers on ESPN . The Fab Five was rebroadcast at 11 p.m. on ESPN2 . In excess of 11 million people watched part of the movie on one of the two original national broadcasts on the day of the 2011 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament selections .
The Fab Five also garnered high TV ratings during their playing days ; they were one of the featured teams in both of the two highest rated NCAA Men 's Basketball Championship games ever played in terms of households ( although not viewers ) , The film aired almost precisely twenty years after the legendary group was assembled . In an attempt to meet the same college basketball fan viewer interest on the tournament selection weekend , HBO produced its own hour @-@ long documentary titled Runnin ’ Rebels of UNLV on Jerry <unk> and the UNLV Runnin ' Rebels basketball teams of the 1972 – 92 era . Fox Sports also aired an hour @-@ long special featuring sports agent Rob Pelinka , a Michigan teammate of the Fab Five , called Pelinka Chips In on March 14 , but the special had low ratings . Pelinka had a cameo in the Fab Five film . ⋅
= = Critical review = =
The New York Times described the film as a " flashback to a time when baggy basketball shorts , hip @-@ hop music and black shoes were considered controversial and an affront to hoops purists " . Washington Post columnist Jason Reid noted that the film went out of its way to present the inappropriate racial commentary by Jalen Rose when he described Duke basketball head coach Mike Krzyzewski 's recruits as Uncle Toms . Among those critical of the racial commentary was Duke player Grant Hill , who was cited in an Associated Press story that ran in major national media outlets . Hill blogged on The New York Times with a response naming a litany of <unk> castigated by Rose 's general aspersions . His response was at the top of The New York Times ' " most @-@ emailed list " for several days and was shared on Facebook by nearly 100 @,@ 000 people within its first few days . King responded to Hill in The Wall Street Journal . In the midst of the media exchange , the 2011 editions of the teams advanced to meet on March 20 at 2011 NCAA Tournament West Regional in Charlotte , North Carolina , at the Time Warner Cable Arena with Duke ranked as a # 1 seed and Michigan as an # 8 seed . Duke head coach Mike Krzyzewski did not respond until after both teams were eliminated from the tournament , but he noted that he felt the statements were insulting and gave specific reasons why each of the Fab Five members did not go to Duke . Duke player and Michigan native Shane Battier supported Hill 's statements saying , " Maya Angelou couldn ’ t have written it and expressed it better . "