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stringlengths 56
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[
"Flughafen München GmbH",
"owned by",
"Landeshauptstadt München"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Flughafen München GmbH<\e1> and <e2>Landeshauptstadt München<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 101,062 |
[
"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Luxembourg",
"founded by",
"John Paul II"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Luxembourg<\e1> and <e2>John Paul II<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,063 |
[
"Polheim",
"founded by",
"Roald Amundsen"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Polheim<\e1> and <e2>Roald Amundsen<\e2>.
Polheim ("Home at the Pole") was Roald Amundsen's name for his camp (the first ever) at the South Pole. He arrived there on 14 December 1911, along with four other members of his expedition: Helmer Hanssen, Olav Bjaaland, Oscar Wisting, and Sverre Hassel. | founded by | 33,666 | 101,066 |
[
"Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei",
"founded by",
"John Paul II"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei<\e1> and <e2>John Paul II<\e2>.
The Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei (Latin: Pontificia Commissio Ecclesia Dei) was a commission of the Catholic Church established by Pope John Paul II's motu proprio Ecclesia Dei of 2 July 1988 for the care of those former followers of Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre who broke with him as a result of his consecration of four priests of his Society of St. Pius X as bishops on 30 June 1988, an act that the Holy See deemed illicit and a schismatic act. It was also tasked with trying to return to full communion with the Holy See those traditionalist Catholics who are in a state of separation, of whom the Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX) is foremost, and of helping to satisfy just aspirations of people unconnected with these groups who want to keep alive the pre-1970 Roman Rite liturgy.
Pope Benedict XVI gave the Commission additional functions on 7 July 2007, and on 8 July 2009 he made the Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith the ex officio head of the Commission. Pope Francis suppressed the Commission and merged its responsibilities into the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on 17 January 2019. | founded by | 33,667 | 101,068 |
[
"John Paul II Pontifical Theological Institute for Marriage and Family Sciences",
"founded by",
"John Paul II"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>John Paul II Pontifical Theological Institute for Marriage and Family Sciences<\e1> and <e2>John Paul II<\e2>.
History
In 1981, Pope John Paul II founded the Pontifical Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family in the Apostolic Constitution Magnum Matrimonii Sacramentum, as part of the effort to develop study on the themes around the marriage and family, as well as Catholic theology on the body.In 2017, Pope Francis issued a motu proprio Summa familiae cura ("By the greatest concern for the family"), replacing the institute with the John Paul II Pontifical Theological Institute for Marriage and Family Sciences, with a new constitution and mission. It was also affiliated to the Congregation for Catholic Education, Pontifical Academy for Life, and Dicastery for the Laity, Family and Life. The institute's chancellor Archbishop Vincenzo Paglia also anticipated inviting additional faculty and experts in light of the Institute's expanded mandate, including non-Catholics.Locations
The institute's locations include:
Rome, Italy, at the Lateran University (central session)
Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family at The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, United States
Cotonou, Benin
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Changanacherry, India
Mexico City, Mexico
Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
Monterrey, Mexico
León, Guanajuato, Mexico
Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
Valencia, Spain
Melbourne, Australia (a former associated campus, ceased 2018)
Bacolod, Negros Occidental, Philippines (Associated Campus) | founded by | 33,668 | 101,069 |
[
"Qatar Media Corporation",
"founded by",
"Qatar"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Qatar Media Corporation<\e1> and <e2>Qatar<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,070 |
[
"GraphQL",
"founded by",
"Meta Platforms"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>GraphQL<\e1> and <e2>Meta Platforms<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,071 |
[
"JSX (JavaScript)",
"founded by",
"Meta Platforms"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>JSX (JavaScript)<\e1> and <e2>Meta Platforms<\e2>.
JSX (JavaScript Syntax Extension and occasionally referred as JavaScript XML) is an extension to the JavaScript language syntax which provides a way to structure component rendering using syntax familiar to many developers commonly used in React. It is similar in appearance to HTML.: 5 : 11 React components are typically written using JSX, although they do not have to be as components may also be written in pure JavaScript. JSX is created by Meta (formerly Facebook). It is similar to another extension syntax created by Meta for PHP called XHP. Apart from React, JSX was adopted by other frontend frameworks such as SolidJS. | founded by | 33,669 | 101,074 |
[
"WebGPU",
"founded by",
"Apple"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>WebGPU<\e1> and <e2>Apple<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,080 |
[
"Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument",
"founded by",
"George W. Bush"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument<\e1> and <e2>George W. Bush<\e2>.
History
The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) were first protected on February 3, 1909, when U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt created the Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation through Executive Order 1019, as a response to the over-harvesting of seabirds, and in recognition of the importance of the NWHI as seabird nesting sites. President Franklin D. Roosevelt converted it into the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge in 1940. A series of incremental protection expansions followed, leading to the establishment of Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge in 1988, Kure Atoll State Wildlife Sanctuary in 1993, and the NWHI Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve in 2000.President Bill Clinton established the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve on December 4, 2000, with Executive Order 13178. Clinton's executive order initiated a process to designate the waters of the NWHI as a National Marine Sanctuary. A public comment period began in 2002. In 2005, Governor of Hawaii Linda Lingle declared parts of the monument a state marine refuge.In April 2006, President George W. Bush and his wife viewed a screening of the documentary film Voyage to Kure at the White House along with its director, Jean-Michel Cousteau. Compelled by the film's portrayal of the flora and fauna, Bush moved quickly to expand protections.
On June 15, 2006, Bush signed Proclamation 8031, designating the waters of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands a national monument under the 1906 Antiquities Act. Using the Antiquities Act bypassed the normal year of consultations and halted the public input process and came just before the draft environmental impact statement for the proposed Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Marine Sanctuary was to be published. This was the second use by Bush of the Antiquities Act, following the declaration of the African Burial Ground National Monument on Manhattan in February 2006. The legislated process for stakeholder involvement in the planning and management of a marine protected area (MPA) had already taken five years of effort, but the abrupt establishment of the NWHI as a National Monument, rather than a Sanctuary, provided immediate and more resilient protection. The protection is revocable only by legislation.Joshua Reichert proclaimed the importance of the timely designation, saying: | founded by | 33,670 | 101,082 |
[
"Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees",
"founded by",
"Jimmy Wales"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees<\e1> and <e2>Jimmy Wales<\e2>.
three selected by the community encompassed by all the different Wikimedia projects;
two selected by Wikimedia chapters;
four appointed by the board itself; and
one founder's seat, reserved for Jimmy Wales.Over time, the size of the board and details of the selection processes have evolved. As of 2020, the board may have up to 16 trustees:
eight seats sourced from the wider Wikimedia community (affiliates and volunteer community);
seven appointed by the board itself; and
one founder's seat reserved for Wales.As of February 2023, the board comprised six community-and-affiliate-selected trustees (Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Dariusz Jemielniak, Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight, Victoria Doronina, Mike Peel and Lorenzo Losa); five Board-appointed trustees (McKinsey & Company director Raju Narisetti, Bahraini human rights activist and blogger Esra'a Al Shafei, management consulting executive Lisa Lewin, Nataliia Tymkiv, and McAfee executive Tanya Capuano); and Wales. Tymkiv chairs the board, with Al Shafei and Sigalov as vice chairs.In 2015, James Heilman, a trustee recently elected to the board by the community, was removed from his position by a vote of the rest of the board. This decision generated dispute among members of the Wikipedia community. Heilman later said that he "was given the option of resigning [by the Board] over the last few weeks. As a community elected member I see my mandate as coming from the community which elected me and thus declined to do so. I saw such a move as letting down those who elected me." He subsequently added that while on the Board, he had pushed for greater transparency regarding the Wikimedia Foundation's Knowledge Engine project and its financing, and indicated that his attempts to make public the Knight Foundation grant for the engine had been a factor in his dismissal. Heilman was reelected to the board by the community in 2017.In January 2016, Arnnon Geshuri joined the board before stepping down amid community controversy about a "no poach" agreement he executed when at Google, which violated United States antitrust law and for which the participating companies paid US$415 million in a class action suit on behalf of affected employees. | founded by | 33,671 | 101,085 |
[
"Russian Wikinews",
"founded by",
"Wikimedia Foundation"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Russian Wikinews<\e1> and <e2>Wikimedia Foundation<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,088 |
[
"Russian Wikinews",
"owned by",
"Wikimedia Foundation"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Russian Wikinews<\e1> and <e2>Wikimedia Foundation<\e2>.
Wikinews is a free-content news wiki and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation that works through collaborative journalism. Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales has distinguished Wikinews from Wikipedia by saying, "On Wikinews, each story is to be written as a news story as opposed to an encyclopedia article." Wikinews's neutral point of view policy aims to distinguish it from other citizen journalism efforts such as Indymedia and OhmyNews. In contrast to most Wikimedia Foundation projects, Wikinews allows original work in the form of original reporting and interviews.As of July 2023, Wikinews sites are active in 30 languages, with a total of 1,745,202 articles and 574 recently active editors. | owned by | 33,672 | 101,089 |
[
"Prost Grand Prix",
"founded by",
"Alain Prost"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Prost Grand Prix<\e1> and <e2>Alain Prost<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,093 |
[
"American Forces Network",
"founded by",
"United States Armed Forces"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>American Forces Network<\e1> and <e2>United States Armed Forces<\e2>.
The American Forces Network (AFN) is a government television and radio broadcast service the U.S. military provides to those stationed or assigned overseas. Headquartered at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, AFN's broadcast operations, which include global radio and television satellite feeds, emanate from the AFN Broadcast Center/Defense Media Center in Riverside, California. AFN was founded on 26 May 1942, in London as the Armed Forces Radio Service (AFRS). | founded by | 33,673 | 101,096 |
[
"United States Department of Housing and Urban Development",
"founded by",
"Lyndon B. Johnson"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>United States Department of Housing and Urban Development<\e1> and <e2>Lyndon B. Johnson<\e2>.
The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is one of the executive departments of the U.S. federal government. It administers federal housing and urban development laws. It is headed by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, who reports directly to the President of the United States and is a member of the president's Cabinet.
Although its beginnings were in the House and Home Financing Agency, it was founded as a Cabinet department in 1965, as part of the "Great Society" program of President Lyndon B. Johnson, to develop and execute policies on housing and metropolises.History
The idea of a department of Urban Affairs was proposed in a 1957 report to President Dwight D. Eisenhower, led by New York Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller. The idea of a department of Housing and Urban Affairs was taken up by President John F. Kennedy, with Pennsylvania Senator and Kennedy ally Joseph S. Clark Jr. listing it as one of the top seven legislative priorities for the administration in internal documents. The department was established on September 9, 1965, when Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Department of Housing and Urban Development Act into law. It stipulated that the department was to be created no later than November 8, sixty days following the date of enactment. The actual implementation was postponed until January 14, 1966, following the completion of a special study group report on the federal role in solving urban problems.
HUD is administered by the U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Its headquarters is located in the Robert C. Weaver Federal Building. Some important milestones for HUD's development include:
June 27, 1934 – The National Housing Act creates the Federal Housing Administration, which helps provide mortgage insurance on loans made by FHA-approved lenders.
September 1, 1937 – Housing Act of 1937 creates the U.S. Housing Authority, which helps enact slum-clearance projects and construction of low-rent housing.
February 3, 1938 – The National Housing Act Amendments of 1938 is signed into law. The law creates the Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA), which provides a secondary market to the Federal Housing Administration.
February 24, 1942 – Executive Order 9070, Establishing the National Housing Agency. The Federal Housing Administration, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board, The Home Owners' Loan Corporation, The United States Housing Authority, defense housing under the Federal Works Agency, the War Department, the Navy Department, the Farm Security Administration, the Defense Homes Corporation, the Federal Loan Administration, and the Division of Defense Housing Coordination were consolidated. The National Housing Agency would be made up of three units, each with its own commissioner. The units were the Federal Housing Administration, the Federal Home Loan Bank Administration, and the United States Housing Authority.
July 27, 1947 – The Housing and Home Finance Agency is established through Reorganization Plan Number 3.
July 15, 1949 – The Housing Act of 1949 is enacted to help eradicate slums and promote community development and redevelopment programs.
August 2, 1954 – The Housing Act of 1954 establishes comprehensive planning assistance.
September 23, 1959 – The Housing Act of 1959 allows funds for elderly housing.
September 2, 1964 – The Housing Act of 1964 allows rehabilitation loans for homeowners.
August 10, 1965 – The Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 instituted several major expansions in federal housing programs.
September 1965 – HUD is created as a cabinet-level agency by the Department of Housing and Urban Development Act.
April 1968 – The Fair Housing Act is passed to ban discrimination in housing.
During 1968 – The Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 establishes the Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae).
August 1969 – The Brooke Amendment establishes that low income families only pay no more than 25 percent of their income for rent.
August 1974 – Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 allows community development block grants and help for urban homesteading.
October 1977 – The Housing and Community Act of 1977 sets up Urban Development Grants and continues elderly and handicapped assistance.
July 1987 – The Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act gives help to communities to deal with homelessness. It includes the creation of the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness of which HUD is a member.
February 1988 – The Housing and Community Development Act provides for the sale of public housing to resident management corporations.
October 1992 – The HOPE VI program starts to revitalize public housing and how it works.
October 1992 – The Housing and Community Development Act of 1992 codifies within its language the Federal Housing Enterprises Financial Safety and Soundness Act of 1992 that creates the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight, and mandates HUD to set goals for lower income and underserved housing areas for the GSEs Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
1992 – Federal Housing Enterprises' Financial Safety and Soundness Act of 1992 creates HUD Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight to provide public oversight of FNMA and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac).
1993 – Henry G. Cisneros is named Secretary of HUD by President William J. Clinton, January 22. Empowerment Zone and Enterprise Community program becomes law as part of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993.
1995 – "Blueprint for Reinvention of HUD" proposes sweeping changes in public housing reform and FHA, consolidation of other programs into three block grants.
1996 – Homeownership totals 66.3 million American households, the largest number ever.
1997 – Andrew M. Cuomo is named by President Clinton to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, the first appointment ever from within the Department.
1998 – HUD opens Enforcement Center to take action against HUD-assisted multifamily property owners and other HUD fund recipients who violate laws and regulations. Congress approves Public Housing reforms to reduce segregation by race and income, encourage and reward work, bring more working families into public housing, and increase the availability of subsidized housing for very poor families.
2000 – America's homeownership rate reaches a new record-high of 67.7 percent in the third quarter of 2000. A total of 71.6 million American families own their homes - more than at any time in American history.
2001 – Mel Martinez, named by President George W. Bush to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, is unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate on January 23, 2001.
2004 – Alphonso Jackson, named by President George W. Bush to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, is unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate on March 31, 2004. Mr. Jackson is the first Deputy Secretary to subsequently be named Secretary.
2007 – HUD initiates program providing seller concessions to buyers of HUD homes, allowing them to use a down payment of $100.
2013 – HUD announces it will "close its offices on May 24 and possibly six other days" as a result of the budget sequestration in 2013. | founded by | 33,674 | 101,100 |
[
"Warren Commission",
"founded by",
"Lyndon B. Johnson"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Warren Commission<\e1> and <e2>Lyndon B. Johnson<\e2>.
Formation
The creation of the Warren Commission was a direct consequence of the murder by Jack Ruby of the alleged assassin Lee Harvey Oswald on 24 Nov 1963, carried live on national television in the basement of the Dallas police station.
With the impossibility of a public process associated to the mistakes of the Dallas Police Forces, which concluded that the case was closed, the doubt progressed in the public opinion.The new president, Lyndon Johnson, himself from Texas, the state where the double assassination had taken place, faced with the risks of a weakening of his presidency and confronted with the results obtained by the Texas authorities, themselves seriously discredited and criticized, decided, after various consultations including in particular that of J. Edgar Hoover, the director of the FBI, to create a presidential commission of inquiry by decree (executive order no. 11 130) of November 29, 1963. This act allowed to avoid an independent investigation led by Congress and on the other hand not to entrust the case to the Attorney General, Robert Kennedy, deeply affected by the assassination and whose federal jurisdiction would have been applied in the event of withdrawal of the share of the State of Texas for the benefit of the federal authorities in Washington.At the same time, Nicholas Katzenbach has been named as providing advice after the assassination of John F. Kennedy that led to the creation of the Warren Commission. On November 25 he sent a memo to Johnson's White House aide Bill Moyers recommending the formation of a Presidential Commission to investigate the assassination. To combat speculation of a conspiracy, Katzenbach said that the results of the FBI's investigation should be made public. He wrote, in part: "The public must be satisfied that Oswald was the assassin; that he did not have confederates who are still at large".Four days after Katzenbach's memo, Johnson appointed some of the nation's most prominent figures, including Earl Warren, the current Chief Justice of the United States, to the Commission. At first, Warren refused to take the head of the commission because he stated the principle of law that a member of the judicial power could not be at the service of the executive power. It was only under pressure from President Lyndon Johnson, who spoke of international tensions and the risks of war resulting from the death of his predecessor, that he agreed to chair the commission.The other members of the commission were chosen from among the representatives of the Republican and Democratic parties, in both chambers (Senate and House of Representatives). added diplomat John J. McCloy, former president of the World Bank and former CIA director, Allen Dulles, sacked by John F Kennedy in November 1961, following the resounding failure of the Bay Pigs Invasion in April 1961. | founded by | 33,676 | 101,104 |
[
"Metropolitan Transportation Authority",
"founded by",
"Nelson Rockefeller"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Metropolitan Transportation Authority<\e1> and <e2>Nelson Rockefeller<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,109 |
[
"United States Intelligence Community",
"founded by",
"Ronald Reagan"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>United States Intelligence Community<\e1> and <e2>Ronald Reagan<\e2>.
The United States Intelligence Community (IC) is a group of separate United States government intelligence agencies and subordinate organizations that work both separately and collectively to conduct intelligence activities which support the foreign policy and national security interests of the United States. Member organizations of the IC include intelligence agencies, military intelligence, and civilian intelligence and analysis offices within federal executive departments.
The IC is overseen by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), which is headed by the director of national intelligence (DNI) who reports directly to the president of the United States. The IC was established by Executive Order 12333 ("United States Intelligence Activities"), signed on December 4, 1981, by President Ronald Reagan. The statutory definition of the IC, including its roster of agencies, was codified as the Intelligence Organization Act of 1992 (Pub. L. 102–496, H.R. 5095, 106 Stat. 3188).The Washington Post reported in 2010 that there were 1,271 government organizations and 1,931 private companies in 10,000 locations in the United States that were working on counterterrorism, homeland security, and intelligence, and that the intelligence community as a whole would include 854,000 people holding top-secret clearances. According to a 2008 study by the ODNI, private contractors make up 29% of the workforce in the U.S. intelligence community and account for 49% of their personnel budgets. | founded by | 33,677 | 101,110 |
[
"Instituto Superior de Arte",
"founded by",
"Fidel Castro"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Instituto Superior de Arte<\e1> and <e2>Fidel Castro<\e2>.
History
The ISA has four schools, the previous three and one for Arts and Audiovisual Communication Media. There are also four teaching schools in the provinces, one in Camagüey, two in Holguín and one in Santiago de Cuba.
ISA offers pre-degree and post-degree courses, as well as a wide spectrum of brief and extension courses, including preparation for Cuban and foreign professors for a degree of Doctor on Sciences in Art.
Predegree education has increased to five careers: Music, Visual Arts, Theatre Arts, Dance Arts and Arts and Audiovisual Communication Media.
In 1996, the ISA established the National Award of Artistic Teaching, conceived for recognizing a lifework devoted to arts teaching. | founded by | 33,678 | 101,113 |
[
"Higher Institute of Technologies and Applied Sciences",
"founded by",
"Fidel Castro"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Higher Institute of Technologies and Applied Sciences<\e1> and <e2>Fidel Castro<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,114 |
[
"Polytechnic José Antonio Echeverría",
"founded by",
"Fidel Castro"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Polytechnic José Antonio Echeverría<\e1> and <e2>Fidel Castro<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,116 |
[
"Tang dynasty",
"founded by",
"Emperor Gaozu of Tang"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Tang dynasty<\e1> and <e2>Emperor Gaozu of Tang<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,118 |
[
"Operation Gladio",
"founded by",
"Antonio Segni"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Operation Gladio<\e1> and <e2>Antonio Segni<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,125 |
[
"Camp Ashraf",
"founded by",
"Saddam Hussein"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Camp Ashraf<\e1> and <e2>Saddam Hussein<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,128 |
[
"Internet Governance Forum",
"founded by",
"United Nations"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Internet Governance Forum<\e1> and <e2>United Nations<\e2>.
The Internet Governance Forum (IGF) is a multistakeholder governance group for policy dialogue on issues of Internet governance. It brings together all stakeholders in the Internet governance debate, whether they represent governments, the private sector or civil society, including the technical and academic community, on an equal basis and through an open and inclusive process. The establishment of the IGF was formally announced by the United Nations Secretary-General in July 2006. It was first convened in October–November 2006 and has held an annual meeting since then.IGF XIV — Berlin, Germany 2019
The fourteenth IGF meeting took place in Berlin, from 25 to 29 November 2019.IGF XV — online, 2020
The Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) was hosted online by the United Nations under the overarching theme: Internet for human resilience and solidarity. The first phase was hosted on 2-6 November and the second one on 9-17 November 2020. Visit IGF 2020 Meeting Page: https://www.intgovforum.org/vIGF/IGF XVI — Katowice, Poland 2021
The 16th annual IGF meeting was hosted by the Government of Poland in Katowice from 6-10 December, under the overarching theme: Internet United, see https://www.gov.pl/web/igf2021-enIGF XVII — Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2022
The 17th annual IGF meeting was hosted by the Government of Ethiopia in Addis Ababa from 28 November to 2 December, under the overarching theme: Resilient Internet for a Shared Sustainable and Common Future, see https://igf2022.intgovforum.org/enUpcoming IGF meetings
IGF XVIII — Kyoto, Japan 2023
The 18th annual IGF meeting will be hosted by the Government of Japan in Kyoto from 8-12 October. | founded by | 33,681 | 101,130 |
[
"Internado Nacional Barros Arana",
"founded by",
"José Manuel Balmaceda"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Internado Nacional Barros Arana<\e1> and <e2>José Manuel Balmaceda<\e2>.
The Internado Nacional Barros Arana (INBA), also known by its code A-17, is a high school located in Santiago, Chile, particularly in front of Quinta Normal Park. It began its operations independently on 20 May 1902, under the presidency of Germán Riesco. The idea of its creation was of former president José Manuel Balmaceda in 1887, who appealed to the "social necessity, derived of Chilean customs, and the dispersion of two thirds of the population in hills and valleys of the territory".== References == | founded by | 33,682 | 101,131 |
[
"Internado Nacional Barros Arana",
"founded by",
"Diego Barros Arana"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Internado Nacional Barros Arana<\e1> and <e2>Diego Barros Arana<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,132 |
[
"Working Group on Arbitrary Detention",
"founded by",
"United Nations"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Working Group on Arbitrary Detention<\e1> and <e2>United Nations<\e2>.
The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention (WGAD) is a body of independent human rights experts that investigate cases of arbitrary arrest and detention. Arbitrary arrest and detention is the imprisonment or detainment of an individual, by a State, without respect for due process. These actions may be in violation of international human rights law.
The Working Group was established by resolution in 1991 by the former Commission on Human Rights. It is one of the thematic special procedures overseen by the United Nations Human Rights Council, and is therefore a subsidiary body of the UN. | founded by | 33,683 | 101,134 |
[
"International Holocaust Remembrance Day",
"founded by",
"United Nations"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>International Holocaust Remembrance Day<\e1> and <e2>United Nations<\e2>.
The International Holocaust Remembrance Day, or the International Day in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust, is an international memorial day on 27 January that commemorates the victims of the Holocaust, which resulted in the genocide of one third of the Jewish people, along with countless members of other minorities by Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945, an attempt to implement its "final solution" to the Jewish question. 27 January was chosen to commemorate the date when the Auschwitz concentration camp was liberated by the Red Army in 1945.
The day remembers the killing of six million Jews, two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population, and millions of others by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. It was designated by United Nations General Assembly resolution 60/7 on 1 November 2005. The resolution came after a special session was held earlier that year on 24 January to mark the 60th anniversary of the liberation of the Nazi concentration camps and the end of the Holocaust.Many countries have instituted their own Holocaust memorial days. Many, such as the UK's Holocaust Memorial Day, also fall on 27 January, while others, such as Israel's Yom HaShoah, are observed at other times of the year. | founded by | 33,684 | 101,135 |
[
"Curse of the ninth",
"founded by",
"Gustav Mahler"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Curse of the ninth<\e1> and <e2>Gustav Mahler<\e2>.
History
The curse of the ninth superstition originated in the late-Romantic period of classical music. According to Arnold Schoenberg, the superstition began with Gustav Mahler, who, after writing his Eighth Symphony, wrote Das Lied von der Erde, which, while structurally a symphony, was able to be disguised as a song cycle, each movement being a setting of a poem for soloist and orchestra. Then he wrote his Ninth Symphony and thought he had beaten the curse, but died with his Tenth Symphony incomplete.This superstition, however, was only hatched by Mahler. Before him, Beethoven and Schubert had died before or while writing their tenth symphonies. Upon realizing this, Mahler created the curse of the ninth and led this superstition into popularity by seemingly proving it true. This superstition has, however, lost popularity, and while it is spoken about, proof of it has not happened recently as it did in the era of Beethoven and Mahler. As Maddy Shaw Roberts writes, "The Curse of the Nine is a great story, and it probably fueled a lot of the angst behind Mahler’s heart-wrenching symphonies. But perhaps it’s best to treat it as a superstition."After Beethoven, Schubert and Mahler, some composers cited as examples of the curse include:
Malcolm Arnold
Kurt Atterberg
Anton Bruckner (he completed 10 symphonies, but "Study Symphony" and "Symphony No.0" are not counted)
Antonín Dvořák (only 5 of his symphonies were known during his lifetime)
Alexander Glazunov
Gustav Mahler (although he completed 10 symphonies if Das Lied von der Erde is seen as a symphony)
David Maslanka
Vincent Persichetti
Alfred Schnittke
Roger Sessions
Ralph Vaughan WilliamsIn 2012, composer Philip Glass stated, "Everyone is afraid to do a ninth. It is a jinx that people think about". | founded by | 33,685 | 101,136 |
[
"Trinity College Dublin",
"founded by",
"Elizabeth I of England"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Trinity College Dublin<\e1> and <e2>Elizabeth I of England<\e2>.
Trinity College (Irish: Coláiste na Tríonóide), officially The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin, is the sole constituent college of the University of Dublin, a research university in Dublin, Ireland. Queen Elizabeth I founded the college in 1592 as "the mother of a university" that was modelled after the collegiate universities of Oxford and Cambridge, but unlike these affiliated institutions, only one college was ever established; as such, the designations "Trinity College" and "University of Dublin" are usually synonymous for practical purposes.Trinity is Ireland's oldest university and retains a reputation as a research-intensive centre. The college has repeatedly been ranked as Ireland's highest ranking university, and is widely considered to be among Europe's elite academic institutions. Academically, it is divided into three faculties comprising 23 schools, offering degree and diploma courses at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The admission procedure is based exclusively on academic merit, with the college being known for programs in law, literature and humanities. It also carries out extensive research in nanotechnology, information technology, immunology, mathematics, engineering, psychology, politics and English.Trinity College Dublin is one of the seven ancient universities of Britain and Ireland, and it is a sister college to both St John's College, Cambridge, and Oriel College, Oxford, and by incorporation, a graduate of Dublin, Oxford or Cambridge can be conferred the equivalent degree at either of the other two without further examination. The university is legally incorporated by "the Provost, Fellows, Foundation Scholars and other members of the Board," as outlined by its founding charter.The university has educated many of Ireland's most successful poets, playwrights and authors, including Oscar Wilde, Jonathan Swift, Bram Stoker, Percy French, William Trevor, John Millington Synge, Oliver Goldsmith, Thomas Moore and William Congreve; Nobel Laureates Samuel Beckett, Ernest Walton, Mairead Maguire and William Cecil Campbell; former Presidents of Ireland Douglas Hyde, Éamon de Valera, Mary Robinson, and Mary McAleese; philosophers George Berkeley and Edmund Burke; politicians David Norris, Edward Carson, Robert Emmet, Wolfe Tone and John Redmond, as well as mathematicians George Salmon, Robert Mallet, Bartholomew Lloyd and William Rowan Hamilton. Notable faculty members at the university included Humphrey Lloyd, J. B. Bury and E. T. Whittaker. As of 2023, Trinity is ranked 81st in the world by the QS World University Rankings. | founded by | 33,686 | 101,137 |
[
"Ada Initiative",
"founded by",
"Valerie Aurora"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Ada Initiative<\e1> and <e2>Valerie Aurora<\e2>.
The Ada Initiative was a non-profit organization that sought to increase women's participation in the free culture movement, open source technology and open culture. The organization was founded in 2011 by Linux kernel developer and open source advocate Valerie Aurora and open source developer and advocate Mary Gardiner (the founder of AussieChix, the largest organization for women in open source in Australia). It was named after Ada Lovelace, who is often celebrated as the world's first computer programmer, as is the Ada programming language. In August 2015, the Ada Initiative board announced that the organization would shut down in October 2015. According to the announcement, the Initiative's executive leadership decided to step down, and the organization was unable to find acceptable replacement leaders. | founded by | 33,687 | 101,142 |
[
"Ada Initiative",
"founded by",
"Mary Gardiner"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Ada Initiative<\e1> and <e2>Mary Gardiner<\e2>.
The Ada Initiative was a non-profit organization that sought to increase women's participation in the free culture movement, open source technology and open culture. The organization was founded in 2011 by Linux kernel developer and open source advocate Valerie Aurora and open source developer and advocate Mary Gardiner (the founder of AussieChix, the largest organization for women in open source in Australia). It was named after Ada Lovelace, who is often celebrated as the world's first computer programmer, as is the Ada programming language. In August 2015, the Ada Initiative board announced that the organization would shut down in October 2015. According to the announcement, the Initiative's executive leadership decided to step down, and the organization was unable to find acceptable replacement leaders.Board and advisory board
The Ada Initiative was governed by a seven-person board of directors, who oversaw its management. The board included co-founder Mary Gardiner, Sue Gardner, Amelia Greenhall, Rachel Chalmers, Alicia Gibb, Andrea Horbinski and Marina Zhurakhinskaya. An advisory board of about 30 members provided input about ideas and projects. | founded by | 33,688 | 101,143 |
[
"Eastern Han",
"founded by",
"Emperor Guangwu of Han"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Eastern Han<\e1> and <e2>Emperor Guangwu of Han<\e2>.
Wang Mang's reign and civil war
Wang Zhengjun (71 BC – 13 AD) was first empress, then empress dowager, and finally grand empress dowager during the reigns of the Emperors Yuan (r. 49–33 BC), Cheng (r. 33–7 BC), and Ai (r. 7–1 BC), respectively. During this time, a succession of her male relatives held the title of regent. Following the death of Ai, Wang Zhengjun's nephew Wang Mang (45 BC – 23 AD) was appointed regent as Marshall of State on 16 August under Emperor Ping (r. 1 BC – 6 AD).When Ping died on 3 February 6 AD, Ruzi Ying (d. 25 AD) was chosen as the heir and Wang Mang was appointed to serve as acting emperor for the child. Wang promised to relinquish his control to Liu Ying once he came of age. Despite this promise, and against protest and revolts from the nobility, Wang Mang claimed on 10 January that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the Han dynasty and the beginning of his own: the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD).Wang Mang initiated a series of major reforms that were ultimately unsuccessful. These reforms included outlawing slavery, nationalizing land to equally distribute between households, and introducing new currencies, a change which debased the value of coinage. Although these reforms provoked considerable opposition, Wang's regime met its ultimate downfall with the massive floods of c. 3 AD and 11 AD. Gradual silt buildup in the Yellow River had raised its water level and overwhelmed the flood control works. The Yellow River split into two new branches: one emptying to the north and the other to the south of the Shandong Peninsula, though Han engineers managed to dam the southern branch by 70 AD.The flood dislodged thousands of peasant farmers, many of whom joined roving bandit and rebel groups such as the Red Eyebrows to survive. Wang Mang's armies were incapable of quelling these enlarged rebel groups. Eventually, an insurgent mob forced their way into the Weiyang Palace and killed Wang Mang.The Gengshi Emperor (r. 23–25 AD), a descendant of Emperor Jing (r. 157–141 BC), attempted to restore the Han dynasty and occupied Chang'an as his capital. However, he was overwhelmed by the Red Eyebrow rebels who deposed, assassinated, and replaced him with the puppet monarch Liu Penzi. Gengshi's distant cousin Liu Xiu, known posthumously as Emperor Guangwu (r. 25–57 AD), after distinguishing himself at the Battle of Kunyang in 23 AD, was urged to succeed Gengshi as emperor.Under Guangwu's rule the Han Empire was restored. Guangwu made Luoyang his capital in 25 AD, and by 27 AD his officers Deng Yu and Feng Yi had forced the Red Eyebrows to surrender and executed their leaders for treason. From 26 until 36 AD, Emperor Guangwu had to wage war against other regional warlords who claimed the title of emperor; when these warlords were defeated, China reunified under the Han.The period between the foundation of the Han dynasty and Wang Mang's reign is known as the Western Han (traditional Chinese: 西漢; simplified Chinese: 西汉; pinyin: Xīhàn) or Former Han (traditional Chinese: 前漢; simplified Chinese: 前汉; pinyin: Qiánhàn) (206 BC – 9 AD). During this period the capital was at Chang'an (modern Xi'an). From the reign of Guangwu the capital was moved eastward to Luoyang. The era from his reign until the fall of Han is known as the Eastern Han or Later Han (25–220 AD). | founded by | 33,689 | 101,145 |
[
"Yandex.Map editor",
"founded by",
"Yandex"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Yandex.Map editor<\e1> and <e2>Yandex<\e2>.
Yandex Maps (Russian: Яндекс Карты, tr. Yandeks Karty) is a Russian web mapping service developed by Yandex. The service provides detailed maps of the whole world, directions and estimated times of arrival for driving, walking, cycling, kick scooter, and public transportation navigation. It includes a search, information about traffic jams, routing and street panoramas. The service was launched in 2004.Yandex Maps is the most popular cartographic service in Russia. It has about 11.5 million users in Russia per month, and over 20 million worldwide. | founded by | 33,691 | 101,150 |
[
"Yandex.Map editor",
"owned by",
"Yandex"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Yandex.Map editor<\e1> and <e2>Yandex<\e2>.
Yandex Maps (Russian: Яндекс Карты, tr. Yandeks Karty) is a Russian web mapping service developed by Yandex. The service provides detailed maps of the whole world, directions and estimated times of arrival for driving, walking, cycling, kick scooter, and public transportation navigation. It includes a search, information about traffic jams, routing and street panoramas. The service was launched in 2004.Yandex Maps is the most popular cartographic service in Russia. It has about 11.5 million users in Russia per month, and over 20 million worldwide. | owned by | 33,691 | 101,151 |
[
"Rubenshuis",
"founded by",
"Peter Paul Rubens"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Rubenshuis<\e1> and <e2>Peter Paul Rubens<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,152 |
[
"Rubenshuis",
"owned by",
"Peter Paul Rubens"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Rubenshuis<\e1> and <e2>Peter Paul Rubens<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 101,153 |
[
"Rubenshuis",
"owned by",
"Antwerp"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Rubenshuis<\e1> and <e2>Antwerp<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 101,156 |
[
"Microsoft Research",
"founded by",
"Bill Gates"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Microsoft Research<\e1> and <e2>Bill Gates<\e2>.
Microsoft Research (MSR) is the research subsidiary of Microsoft. It was created in 1991 by Richard Rashid, Bill Gates and Nathan Myhrvold with the intent to advance state-of-the-art computing and solve difficult world problems through technological innovation in collaboration with academic, government, and industry researchers. The Microsoft Research team has more than 1,000 computer scientists, physicists, engineers, and mathematicians, including Turing Award winners, Fields Medal winners, MacArthur Fellows, and Dijkstra Prize winners.
Between 2010 and 2018, 154,000 AI patents were filed worldwide, with Microsoft having by far the largest percentage of those patents, at 20%. According to estimates in trade publications, Microsoft spent about $6 billion annually in research initiatives from 2002-2010 and has spent from $10–14 billion annually since 2010.Microsoft Research has made significant advances in the field of AI which it has infused in its products including Kinect, Bing, Holo Lens, Cortana, Microsoft Translator, Linkedin, Havok and Dynamics to provide its customers with more benefits and better service.The mission statement of MSR is: | founded by | 33,692 | 101,157 |
[
"Physical geography",
"founded by",
"Alexander von Humboldt"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Physical geography<\e1> and <e2>Alexander von Humboldt<\e2>.
Notable physical geographers
Eratosthenes (276 – 194 BC) who invented the discipline of geography. He made the first known reliable estimation of the Earth's size. He is considered the father of mathematical geography and geodesy.
Ptolemy (c. 90 – c. 168), who compiled Greek and Roman knowledge to produce the book Geographia.
Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī (973 – 1048 AD), considered the father of geodesy.
Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980–1037), who formulated the law of superposition and concept of uniformitarianism in Kitāb al-Šifāʾ (also called The Book of Healing).
Muhammad al-Idrisi (Dreses, 1100 – c. 1165), who drew the Tabula Rogeriana, the most accurate world map in pre-modern times.
Piri Reis (1465 – c. 1554), whose Piri Reis map is the oldest surviving world map to include the Americas and possibly Antarctica
Gerardus Mercator (1512–1594), an innovative cartographer and originator of the Mercator projection.
Bernhardus Varenius (1622–1650), Wrote his important work "General Geography" (1650), first overview of the geography, the foundation of modern geography.
Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765), father of Russian geography and founded the study of glaciology.
Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), considered the father of modern geography. Published Cosmos and founded the study of biogeography.
Arnold Henry Guyot (1807–1884), who noted the structure of glaciers and advanced the understanding of glacial motion, especially in fast ice flow.
Louis Agassiz (1807–1873), the author of a glacial theory which disputed the notion of a steady-cooling Earth.
Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913), founder of modern biogeography and the Wallace line.
Vasily Dokuchaev (1840–1903), patriarch of Russian geography and founder of pedology.
Wladimir Peter Köppen (1846–1940), developer of most important climate classification and founder of Paleoclimatology.
William Morris Davis (1850–1934), father of American geography, founder of Geomorphology and developer of the geographical cycle theory.
John Francon Williams FRGS (1854-1911), wrote his seminal work Geography of the Oceans published in 1881.
Walther Penck (1888–1923), proponent of the cycle of erosion and the simultaneous occurrence of uplift and denudation.
Sir Ernest Shackleton (1874–1922), Antarctic explorer during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.
Robert E. Horton (1875–1945), founder of modern hydrology and concepts such as infiltration capacity and overland flow.
J Harlen Bretz (1882–1981), pioneer of research into the shaping of landscapes by catastrophic floods, most notably the Bretz (Missoula) floods.
Luis García Sáinz (1894–1965), pioneer of physical geography in Spain.
Willi Dansgaard (1922–2011), palaeoclimatologist and quaternary scientist, instrumental in the use of oxygen-isotope dating and co-identifier of Dansgaard-Oeschger events.
Hans Oeschger (1927–1998), palaeoclimatologist and pioneer in ice core research, co-identifier of Dansgaard-Orschger events.
Richard Chorley (1927–2002), a key contributor to the quantitative revolution and the use of systems theory in geography.
Sir Nicholas Shackleton (1937–2006), who demonstrated that oscillations in climate over the past few million years could be correlated with variations in the orbital and positional relationship between the Earth and the Sun. | founded by | 33,694 | 101,159 |
[
"Yandex Translate",
"founded by",
"Yandex"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Yandex Translate<\e1> and <e2>Yandex<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,161 |
[
"Yandex Translate",
"owned by",
"Yandex"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Yandex Translate<\e1> and <e2>Yandex<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 101,162 |
[
"Order of the Indian Empire",
"founded by",
"Victoria of the United Kingdom"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Order of the Indian Empire<\e1> and <e2>Victoria of the United Kingdom<\e2>.
The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire is an order of chivalry founded by Queen Victoria on 1 January 1878. The Order includes members of three classes:Knight Grand Commander (GCIE)
Knight Commander (KCIE)
Companion (CIE)No appointments have been made since 1947, the year that British India gained independence as the Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. With the death of the last surviving knight, the Maharaja Meghrajji III of Dhrangadhra, the order became dormant in 2010.
The motto of the Order is Imperatricis auspiciis, (Latin for "Under the auspices of the Empress"), a reference to Queen Victoria, the first Empress of India. The Order is the junior British order of chivalry associated with the British Indian Empire; the senior one is The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India. | founded by | 33,695 | 101,163 |
[
"Order of the Star of India",
"founded by",
"Victoria of the United Kingdom"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Order of the Star of India<\e1> and <e2>Victoria of the United Kingdom<\e2>.
The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India is an order of chivalry founded by Queen Victoria in 1861. The Order includes members of three classes:Knight Grand Commander (GCSI)
Knight Commander (KCSI)
Companion (CSI)No appointments have been made since the 1948 New Year Honours, shortly after the Partition of India in 1947. Following the death in 2009 of the last surviving knight, the Maharaja of Alwar, the order became dormant.
The motto of the order was "Heaven's Light Our Guide". The Star of India emblem, the insignia of order and the informal emblem of British India, was also used as the basis of a series of flags to represent the Indian Empire.
The order was the fifth most senior British order of chivalry, following the Order of the Garter, Order of the Thistle, Order of St Patrick and Order of the Bath. It is the senior order of chivalry associated with the British Raj; junior to it is the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire, and there is also, for women only, the Imperial Order of the Crown of India. | founded by | 33,696 | 101,165 |
[
"BBC World Service",
"founded by",
"BBC"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>BBC World Service<\e1> and <e2>BBC<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,167 |
[
"BBC World Service",
"owned by",
"BBC"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>BBC World Service<\e1> and <e2>BBC<\e2>.
The BBC World Service is an international broadcaster owned and operated by the BBC. It is the world's largest external broadcaster in terms of reception area, language selection and audience reach. It broadcasts radio news, speech and discussions in more than 40 languages to many parts of the world on analogue and digital shortwave platforms, internet streaming, podcasting, satellite, DAB, FM and MW relays. In 2015, the World Service reached an average of 210 million people a week (via TV, radio and online). In November 2016, the BBC announced that it would start broadcasting in additional languages including Amharic and Igbo, in its biggest expansion since the 1940s.BBC World Service English maintains eight regional feeds with several programme variations, covering, respectively, East and South Africa; West and Central Africa; Europe and Middle East; the Americas and Caribbean; East Asia; South Asia; Australasia; and the United Kingdom. There are also two separate online-only streams with one being more news-oriented, known as News Internet. The service broadcasts 24 hours a day.
The World Service claims that its aim is to be "the world's best-known and most-respected voice in international broadcasting", while retaining a "balanced British view" of international developments. Former director Peter Horrocks visualised the organisation as fighting an "information war" of soft power against Russian and Chinese international state media, including RT. As such, the BBC has been banned in both Russia and China, the former following its 2022 invasion of Ukraine and the latter for having "violated regulations that news bulletins should be 'truthful and fair".The director of the BBC World Service is Liliane Landor; the controller of the BBC World Service in English is Jon Zilkha. | owned by | 33,698 | 101,168 |
[
"Torchwood Institute",
"founded by",
"Victoria of the United Kingdom"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Torchwood Institute<\e1> and <e2>Victoria of the United Kingdom<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,171 |
[
"Communist League",
"founded by",
"Friedrich Engels"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Communist League<\e1> and <e2>Friedrich Engels<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,175 |
[
"Communist League",
"founded by",
"Karl Schapper"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Communist League<\e1> and <e2>Karl Schapper<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,176 |
[
"Communist League",
"founded by",
"Karl Marx"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Communist League<\e1> and <e2>Karl Marx<\e2>.
The Communist League (German: Bund der Kommunisten) was an international political party established on 1 June 1847 in London, England. The organisation was formed through the merger of the League of the Just, headed by Karl Schapper, and the Communist Correspondence Committee of Brussels, Belgium, in which Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were the dominant personalities. The Communist League is regarded as the first Marxist political party and it was on behalf of this group that Marx and Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto late in 1847. The Communist League was formally disbanded in November 1852, following the Cologne Communist Trial. | founded by | 33,699 | 101,177 |
[
"European Solidarity Corps",
"founded by",
"European Commission"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>European Solidarity Corps<\e1> and <e2>European Commission<\e2>.
History
Since the early 1990s, the European Commission was engaged in financing international voluntary service projects for young people as part of the program Youth for Europe. The Association of Voluntary Service Organisations, then known as Steering Group of Voluntary Organisations (CC-EYE), was active in lobbying for the rights of volunteers during this period. In 1996, the European Voluntary Service was established, when 200 volunteers were sent abroad for six to twelve months in a pilot project.The European Voluntary Service was the second of the five "actions" of the European Union's programme Youth in Action. Until 2016, more than 100.000 volunteers had participated in the European Voluntary Service program. In 2017 and 2018, the European Voluntary Service was replaced by the European Solidarity Corps, which is an expanded version of the European Voluntary Service.The program is being administered by the Directorate General for Education and Culture of the European Commission. | founded by | 33,700 | 101,178 |
[
"Erasmus+",
"founded by",
"European Commission"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Erasmus+<\e1> and <e2>European Commission<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,179 |
[
"Single European Sky ATM Research",
"founded by",
"European Commission"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Single European Sky ATM Research<\e1> and <e2>European Commission<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,181 |
[
"Amadeus IT Group",
"founded by",
"Lufthansa"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Amadeus IT Group<\e1> and <e2>Lufthansa<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,182 |
[
"Amadeus IT Group",
"founded by",
"Scandinavian Airlines"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Amadeus IT Group<\e1> and <e2>Scandinavian Airlines<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,183 |
[
"Amadeus IT Group",
"founded by",
"Air France"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Amadeus IT Group<\e1> and <e2>Air France<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,184 |
[
"Amadeus IT Group",
"founded by",
"Iberia"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Amadeus IT Group<\e1> and <e2>Iberia<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,185 |
[
"Lutheranism",
"founded by",
"Martin Luther"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Lutheranism<\e1> and <e2>Martin Luther<\e2>.
History
Lutheranism has its roots in the work of Martin Luther, who sought to reform the Western Church to what he considered a more biblical foundation. The reaction of the government and church authorities to the international spread of his writings, beginning with the Ninety-five Theses, divided Western Christianity. During the Reformation, Lutheranism became the state religion of numerous states of northern Europe, especially in northern Germany, Scandinavia and the then-Livonian Order. Lutheran clergy became civil servants and the Lutheran churches became part of the state.Spread to Northern Europe
Lutheranism spread through all of Scandinavia during the 16th century as the monarch of Denmark–Norway, also ruling Iceland and the Faroe Islands, and the monarch of Sweden, also ruling Finland, adopted Lutheranism. Through Baltic-German and Swedish rule, Lutheranism also spread into Estonia and Latvia. It also began spreading into Lithuania Proper with practically all members of the Lithuanian nobility converting to Lutheranism or Calvinism, but at the end of the 17th century Protestantism at large began losing support due to Counter-Reformation and religious persecutions. In German-ruled Lithuania Minor, however, Lutheranism remained to be the dominant branch of Christianity. Lutheranism played a crucial role in preserving the Lithuanian language.Since 1520, regular Lutheran services have been held in Copenhagen. Under the reign of Frederick I (1523–33), Denmark–Norway remained officially Catholic. Although Frederick initially pledged to persecute Lutherans, he soon adopted a policy of protecting Lutheran preachers and reformers, the most significant of which was Hans Tausen.During Frederick's reign, Lutheranism made significant inroads in Denmark. At an open meeting in Copenhagen attended by King Christian III in 1536, the people shouted; "We will stand by the holy Gospel, and do not want such bishops anymore". Frederick's son, the later Christian III, was openly Lutheran, which prevented his election to the throne upon his father's death in 1533. However, following his victory in the civil war that followed, in 1536 he became Christian III and advanced the Reformation in Denmark–Norway.
The constitution upon which the Danish Norwegian Church, according to the Church Ordinance, should rest was "The pure word of God, which is the Law and the Gospel". It does not mention the Augsburg Confession. The priests had to understand the Holy Scripture well enough to preach and explain the Gospel and the Epistles to their congregations.
The youths were taught from Luther's Small Catechism, available in Danish since 1532. They were taught to expect at the end of life: "forgiving of their sins", "to be counted as just", and "the eternal life". Instruction is still similar.The first complete Bible in Danish was based on Martin Luther's translation into German. It was published in 1550 with 3,000 copies printed in the first edition; a second edition was published in 1589. Unlike Catholicism, the Lutheran Church does not believe that tradition is a carrier of the "Word of God", or that only the communion of the Bishop of Rome has been entrusted to interpret the "Word of God".The Reformation in Sweden began with Olaus and Laurentius Petri, brothers who took the Reformation to Sweden after studying in Germany. They led Gustav Vasa, elected king in 1523, to Lutheranism. The pope's refusal to allow the replacement of an archbishop who had supported the invading forces opposing Gustav Vasa during the Stockholm Bloodbath led to the severing of any official connection between Sweden and the papacy in 1523.Four years later, at the Diet of Västerås, the king succeeded in forcing the diet to accept his dominion over the national church. The king was given possession of all church properties, as well as the church appointments and approval of the clergy. While this effectively granted official sanction to Lutheran ideas, Lutheranism did not become official until 1593. At that time the Uppsala Synod declared Holy Scripture the sole guideline for faith, with four documents accepted as faithful and authoritative explanations of it: the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed, the Athanasian Creed, and the unaltered Augsburg Confession of 1530. Mikael Agricola's translation of the first Finnish New Testament was published in 1548. | founded by | 33,701 | 101,186 |
[
"Abrahamic religions",
"founded by",
"Abraham"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Abrahamic religions<\e1> and <e2>Abraham<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,189 |
[
"Buddhism",
"founded by",
"Gautama Buddha"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Buddhism<\e1> and <e2>Gautama Buddha<\e2>.
Buddhism ( BUUD-ih-zəm, US also BOOD-), also known as Buddha Dharma, and Dharmavinaya (transl. "doctrines and disciplines"), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in present-day North India as a śramaṇa–movement in the 5th century BCE, and gradually spread throughout much of Asia via the Silk Road. It is the world's fourth-largest religion, with over 520 million followers (Buddhists) who comprise seven percent of the global population.The Buddha's central teachings emphasize the aim of attaining liberation from attachment or clinging to existence, which is said to be marked by impermanence (anitya), dissatisfaction/suffering (duḥkha), and the absence of lasting essence (anātman). He endorsed the Middle Way, a path of spiritual development that avoids both extreme asceticism and hedonism. A summary of this path is expressed in the Noble Eightfold Path, a cultivation of the mind through observance of meditation and Buddhist ethics. Other widely observed practices include: monasticism; "taking refuge" in the Buddha, the dharma, and the saṅgha; and the cultivation of perfections (pāramitā).Buddhist schools vary in their interpretation of the paths to liberation (mārga) as well as the relative importance and 'canonicity' assigned to various Buddhist texts, and their specific teachings and practices. Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravāda (lit. 'School of the Elders') and Mahāyāna (lit. 'Great Vehicle'). The Theravada tradition emphasizes the attainment of nirvāṇa (lit. 'extinguishing') as a means of transcending the individual self and ending the cycle of death and rebirth (saṃsāra), while the Mahayana tradition emphasizes the Bodhisattva-ideal, in which one works for the liberation of all beings. The Buddhist canon is vast, with many different textual collections in different languages (such as Sanskrit, Pali, Tibetan, and Chinese).The Theravāda branch has a widespread following in Sri Lanka as well as in Southeast Asia, namely Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia. The Mahāyāna branch—which includes the traditions of Zen, Pure Land, Nichiren, Tiantai, Tendai, and Shingon—is predominantly practised in Nepal, Bhutan, China, Malaysia, Vietnam, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan. Additionally, Vajrayāna (lit. 'Indestructible Vehicle'), a body of teachings attributed to Indian adepts, may be viewed as a separate branch or tradition within Mahāyāna. Tibetan Buddhism, which preserves the Vajrayāna teachings of eighth-century India, is practised in the Himalayan states as well as in Mongolia and Russian Kalmykia. Historically, until the early 2nd millennium, Buddhism was widely practised in the Indian subcontinent; it also had a foothold to some extent elsewhere in Asia, namely Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. | founded by | 33,702 | 101,190 |
[
"Youzhou Jiedushi",
"founded by",
"Emperor Xuanzong of Tang"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Youzhou Jiedushi<\e1> and <e2>Emperor Xuanzong of Tang<\e2>.
History
Youzhou and Fanyang
Tang Xuanzong created the Youzhou Jiedushi from the Sui dynasty's Zhuo Commandery in the year 713 as a buffer against the Kumo Xi and Khitans.
In the year 742 the jiedushi's name was changed to Fanyang Jiedushi. | founded by | 33,703 | 101,194 |
[
"National Missing Children's Day",
"founded by",
"Ronald Reagan"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>National Missing Children's Day<\e1> and <e2>Ronald Reagan<\e2>.
National Missing Children's Day has been commemorated in the United States on May 25, since 1983, when it was first proclaimed by President Ronald Reagan. It falls on the same day as the International Missing Children's Day, which was established in 2001.
In the several years preceding the establishment of National Missing Children's day, a series of high-profile missing-children cases made national headlines.
On May 25, 1979, Etan Patz was only six years old when he disappeared from his New York City home on his way from bus to school. The date of his disappearance was designated as National Missing Children's Day. At the time, cases of missing children rarely garnered national media attention, but his case quickly received extensive coverage. His father, a professional photographer, distributed black-and-white photographs of him in an effort to find him. The resulting massive search and media attention that followed focused the public's attention on the problem of child abduction and the lack of plans to address it.
For almost three years, media attention was focused on Atlanta, Georgia, where the bodies of young children were discovered in lakes, marshes, and ponds along roadside trails. Twenty-nine bodies were recovered in the Atlanta murders of 1979–1981 before a suspect was arrested and convicted. | founded by | 33,704 | 101,197 |
[
"Malawi Independence Medal",
"founded by",
"Elizabeth II"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Malawi Independence Medal<\e1> and <e2>Elizabeth II<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,198 |
[
"Muhammad in Medina",
"founded by",
"Muhammad"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Muhammad in Medina<\e1> and <e2>Muhammad<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,199 |
[
"European Data Portal",
"founded by",
"European Commission"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>European Data Portal<\e1> and <e2>European Commission<\e2>.
On April 21, 2021 data.europa.eu was launched as a single access point for open data published by EU Institutions, national portals of EU Member states and non-member states, as well as international organisations of predominantly European scope. The portal consolidates datasets previously available via the EU Open Data Portal and the European Data Portal into a single meta-catalogue. The European Data Portal, launched in its beta version on November 16, 2015, was an initiative of the European Commission, and part of the Digital Single Market.Currently, more than 1,600,000 datasets are published on the portal, originating from 178 catalogues.The portal is a metadata catalogue: in it, metadata from other data and geospatial data catalogues are published following a common ontology, namely the DCAT Application Profile for data portals in Europe (DCAT-AP) with the aim of fostering and facilitating re-use of open data, promotion and support for the publication of (meta)data of high quality and use of Linked Open Data.
The contents of the portal are available in all 24 EU Official Languages and can be freely re-used for any purpose as Open Data, following the specific license terms of datasets.Legal basis
Directive 2003/98/EC on the re-use of public sector information set the path for both EU and member state portals.
Decision 2006/291/EC on the reuse of Commission documents provided the rules for the opening of the European Commission's data for re-use and was later amended by Commission Decision 2011/833/EU, which committed to making data available in machine-readable formats and established the creation of an EU Open Data Portal, publishing data from all EU Institutions, agencies and bodies.
In 2013, Directive 2013/37/EU and later Directive (EU) 2019/1024, revising the 2003 Directive, established that public sector information shall be available to public for free or at a very low cost by default.
Alongside these Directives, in 2007 the INSPIRE Directive (Directive 2007/2/EC) defined an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community. The Directive sets forth, via a series of implementing rules, standards for making geo-spatial data interoperable and re-usable among member states and the geo-spatial data community. Many of the geodata portals harvested by data.europa.eu were first created in keeping with the Directive.
The portal is funded by the EU and managed by the Publications Office of the European Union. The Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology of the European Commission is responsible for the implementation of EU open data policy, in collaboration with the project’s management.
The delivery of the portal is contracted to a consortium of organisations led by Capgemini Invent, including Agiledrop, con terra, Data Excellence, Fraunhofer FOKUS, INTRASOFT International, OMMAX, the Lisbon Council and Timelex. | founded by | 33,705 | 101,201 |
[
"Manufacture Royale",
"founded by",
"Voltaire"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Manufacture Royale<\e1> and <e2>Voltaire<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,202 |
[
"French Foreign Legion",
"founded by",
"Louis-Philippe I"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>French Foreign Legion<\e1> and <e2>Louis-Philippe I<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,203 |
[
"George Washington Carver National Monument",
"founded by",
"Franklin Delano Roosevelt"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>George Washington Carver National Monument<\e1> and <e2>Franklin Delano Roosevelt<\e2>.
George Washington Carver National Monument is a unit of the National Park Service in Newton County, Missouri. The national monument was founded on July 14, 1943, by Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who dedicated $30,000 to the monument. It was the first national monument dedicated to an African American and first to a non-president.The site preserves of the boyhood home of George Washington Carver, as well as the 1881 Moses Carver house and the Carver cemetery. His boyhood home consists of rolling hills, woodlands, and prairies. The 240-acre (97 ha) park has a 3⁄4-mile (1.2 km) nature trail, film, museum, and an interactive exhibit area for students.
The park is two miles west of Diamond along Missouri Route V and approximately ten miles southeast of Joplin.It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. | founded by | 33,706 | 101,205 |
[
"George Washington Carver National Monument",
"owned by",
"National Park Service"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>George Washington Carver National Monument<\e1> and <e2>National Park Service<\e2>.
George Washington Carver National Monument is a unit of the National Park Service in Newton County, Missouri. The national monument was founded on July 14, 1943, by Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who dedicated $30,000 to the monument. It was the first national monument dedicated to an African American and first to a non-president.The site preserves of the boyhood home of George Washington Carver, as well as the 1881 Moses Carver house and the Carver cemetery. His boyhood home consists of rolling hills, woodlands, and prairies. The 240-acre (97 ha) park has a 3⁄4-mile (1.2 km) nature trail, film, museum, and an interactive exhibit area for students.
The park is two miles west of Diamond along Missouri Route V and approximately ten miles southeast of Joplin.It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. | owned by | 33,706 | 101,206 |
[
"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission",
"founded by",
"Franklin Delano Roosevelt"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission<\e1> and <e2>Franklin Delano Roosevelt<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,210 |
[
"National Archives and Records Administration",
"founded by",
"Franklin Delano Roosevelt"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>National Archives and Records Administration<\e1> and <e2>Franklin Delano Roosevelt<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,212 |
[
"Alpes Maritimae",
"founded by",
"Nero"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Alpes Maritimae<\e1> and <e2>Nero<\e2>.
The Alpes Maritimae (Latin pronunciation: [ˈaɫpeːs maˈrɪtɪmae̯]; English: 'Maritime Alps') were a small province of the Roman Empire founded in 63 AD by Nero. It was one of the three provinces straddling the Alps between modern France and Italy, along with the Alpes Graiae et Poeninae and Alpes Cottiae. The Alpes Maritimae included parts of the present-day French departments of Alpes-Maritimes (in which the name survives), Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Hautes-Alpes.The capital of the province was Cemenelum (modern Cimiez, a neighbourhood of Nice), until it was replaced by Eburodunum (modern Embrun) during the reign of Diocletian (284–305). | founded by | 33,708 | 101,215 |
[
"Lusus Troiae",
"founded by",
"Julius Caesar"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Lusus Troiae<\e1> and <e2>Julius Caesar<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,216 |
[
"International Day of Education",
"founded by",
"United Nations"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>International Day of Education<\e1> and <e2>United Nations<\e2>.
International Day of Education is an annual international observance day held on January 24 and is dedicated to education. On December 3, 2018, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution proclaiming January 24 as International Day of Education, in celebration of the role of education for bringing global peace and sustainable development.History
January 24 was declared the international Day of Education by a resolution that was passed by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) on 3rd December 2018. Thereafter, on 24th January 2019 the first International Day of Education was celebrated. The message by UNGA is being spread across the globe. Their sincere efforts world wide have shown promising results in the betterment of an educated individual that constitute a cultured society, which is supported with optimism and opportunities. | founded by | 33,709 | 101,217 |
[
"École nationale d'administration",
"founded by",
"Charles de Gaulle"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>École nationale d'administration<\e1> and <e2>Charles de Gaulle<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,218 |
[
"French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission",
"founded by",
"Charles de Gaulle"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission<\e1> and <e2>Charles de Gaulle<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,223 |
[
"Pravda",
"founded by",
"Vladimir Lenin"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Pravda<\e1> and <e2>Vladimir Lenin<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,224 |
[
"Pravda",
"owned by",
"Communist Party of the Russian Federation"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Pravda<\e1> and <e2>Communist Party of the Russian Federation<\e2>.
Pravda (Russian: Правда, IPA: [ˈpravdə] (listen), "Truth") is a Russian broadsheet newspaper, and was the official newspaper of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, when it was one of the most influential papers in the country with a circulation of 11 million. The newspaper began publication on 5 May 1912 in the Russian Empire, but was already extant abroad in January 1911. It emerged as the leading government newspaper of the Soviet Union after the October Revolution. The newspaper was an organ of the Central Committee of the CPSU between 1912 and 1991.After the dissolution of the Soviet Union Pravda was sold by Russian President Boris Yeltsin to a Greek business family in 1992, and the paper came under the control of their private company Pravda International.In 1996, there was an internal dispute between the owners of Pravda International and some of the Pravda journalists which led to Pravda splitting into different entities. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation acquired the Pravda paper, while some of the original Soviet Pravda journalists separated to form Russia's first online paper Pravda Online (now Pravda.ru), which is not connected to the Communist Party. After a legal dispute between the rival parties, the Russian court of arbitration stipulated that both entities would be allowed to continue using the Pravda name.The Pravda paper is today run by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, whereas the online Pravda.ru is privately owned and has international editions published in Russian, English, French and Portuguese.Post-Soviet period
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union Pravda was sold by Russian President Boris Yeltsin to a Greek business family – the Giannikoses – in 1992, and the paper came under the control of their private company Pravda International.In 1996, there was an internal dispute between the owners of Pravda International and some of the Pravda journalists which led to Pravda splitting into different entities. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation acquired the Pravda paper, while some of the original Pravda journalists separated to form Russia's first online paper (and the first online English paper) Pravda.ru, which is not connected to the Communist Party, but is run by journalists associated with the defunct Soviet Pravda. After a legal dispute between the rival parties, the Russian court of arbitration stipulated that both entities would be allowed to continue using the Pravda name. The Pravda paper is today run by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, whereas the online Pravda.ru is privately owned and has international editions published in Russian, English, French and Portuguese.
Pravda was a daily newspaper during the Soviet era but nowadays it is published three times a week, and its readership is largely online where it has a presence. Pravda still operates from the same headquarters at Pravda Street in Moscow from where journalists used to work on Pravda during the Soviet era. It operates under the leadership of journalist Boris Komotsky, who is also a member of the Russian State Duma.On 5 May 2012, Pravda marked its centenary, with a grand celebration at the Trade Unions house organised by the Communist Party. The gala was attended by the former and current employees of the newspaper, its readers and party members, representatives of other communist media organisations. Gennady Zyuganov made a speech, and congratulatory messages were received from Russian president Dmitry Medvedev and Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko. | owned by | 33,712 | 101,226 |
[
"Baths of Titus",
"founded by",
"Titus"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Baths of Titus<\e1> and <e2>Titus<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,231 |
[
"United Nations Mission to Investigate Alleged Uses of Chemical Weapons in the Syrian Arab Republic",
"founded by",
"Ban Ki-moon"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>United Nations Mission to Investigate Alleged Uses of Chemical Weapons in the Syrian Arab Republic<\e1> and <e2>Ban Ki-moon<\e2>.
The United Nations Mission to Investigate Allegations of the Use of Chemical Weapons in the Syrian Arab Republic was a United Nations fact-finding mission to investigate possible use of chemical weapons in Syria. The mission was established by the U.N. Secretary-general Ban Ki-moon on 21 March 2013 to investigate the 19 March 2013 Khan al-Assal chemical attack that was brought to the Secretary-general's attention by the Syrian Government. On 27 March 2013, the secretary-general appointed Åke Sellström to head the mission. The mission had an OPCW component headed by Scott Cairns and a WHO component headed by Maurizio Barbeschi.
On 16 September 2013, the mission published a report with focus on the Ghouta chemical attack that occurred on 21 August 2013. The next day, Åke Sellström and his team, answered questions about the report on a press conference. On 12 December 2013, the mission delivered its final report to the U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.The mission investigated 7 of 16 alleged chemical attacks: | founded by | 33,714 | 101,232 |
[
"Bayreuth Festival",
"founded by",
"Richard Wagner"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Bayreuth Festival<\e1> and <e2>Richard Wagner<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,234 |
[
"Sodales Augustales",
"founded by",
"Tiberius"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Sodales Augustales<\e1> and <e2>Tiberius<\e2>.
The Sodales or Sacerdotes Augustales (singular Sodalis or Sacerdos Augustalis), or simply Augustales, were an order (sodalitas) of Roman priests originally instituted by Tiberius to attend to the maintenance of the cult of Augustus and the Julii. Their establishment in 14 AD is described in the Annales of Tacitus. Their membership and organisation was very different from that of the Augustales or seviri Augustales, found throughout the cities and towns of the western Roman empire and usually selected by town councilors. Up to 95% of attested Augustales were freedmen. Many were members of professional associations, not invariably wealthy but still respectable, acting as benefactors to their communities and the State by funding public gifts (Munera), such as entertainments, new buildings and distribution of the Cura Annonae (annona or grain dole).In Rome, the twenty one sodales were chosen by lot from among the aristocracy, to which were added Tiberius, Drusus, Claudius, and Germanicus, as members of the imperial family. Women might be appointed priestesses of Augustus, a practice probably originating in the appointment of Livia by a decree of the Senate as priestess to her deceased husband. A flamen could also be a member of the Augustales. These senatorial sodales Augustales were very different from the municipal seviri Augustales, as Linderski put it: “two vastly dissimilar organizations sharing a similar name”. Related to the sodales Augustales were lesser known priesthoods that maintained the cults to deceased, deified emperors, each of whom had their own dedicated sodality. | founded by | 33,715 | 101,236 |
[
"Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana",
"founded by",
"Narendra Modi"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana<\e1> and <e2>Narendra Modi<\e2>.
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (transl. Prime Minister's Public Finance Scheme) is a financial inclusion program of the Government of India open to Indian citizens (minors of age 10 and older can also open an account with a guardian to manage it), that aims to expand affordable access to financial services such as bank accounts, remittances, credit, insurance and pensions. This financial inclusion campaign was launched by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi on 28 August 2014. He had announced this scheme on his first Independence Day speech on 15 August 2014.
Run by Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance, under this scheme 15 million bank accounts were opened on inauguration day. The Guinness Book of World Records recognized this achievement, stating: "The most bank accounts opened in one week as a part of the financial inclusion campaign is 18,096,130 and was achieved by the Government of India from August 23 to 29, 2014". By 27 June 2018, over 318 million bank accounts were opened and over ₹792 billion (US$12 billion) were deposited under the scheme. | founded by | 33,716 | 101,240 |
[
"Blue Brain Project",
"founded by",
"IBM"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Blue Brain Project<\e1> and <e2>IBM<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,241 |
[
"Blue Brain Project",
"founded by",
"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Blue Brain Project<\e1> and <e2>Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,242 |
[
"Temple Mount",
"founded by",
"Solomon"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Temple Mount<\e1> and <e2>Solomon<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,245 |
[
"Hermitage Theatre",
"founded by",
"Catherine II of Russia"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Hermitage Theatre<\e1> and <e2>Catherine II of Russia<\e2>.
The Hermitage Theatre (Russian: Эрмитажный Театр, tr. Èrmitážnyj Teátr, IPA: [ɪrmʲɪˈtaʐnɨj tʲɪˈat(ə)r]) in Saint Petersburg, Russia is one of five Hermitage buildings lining the Palace Embankment of the Neva River.
The Hermitage Theatre was the second theatre of the Winter Palace. It replaced the Russian Imperial Theater, which operated from 1764 until 1783. The Hermitage Theatre was built between 1783 and 1787 at the behest of Catherine the Great to a Palladian design by Giacomo Quarenghi. The crumbling Third Winter Palace of Peter the Great was demolished to make room for the new structure, although its old foundations are still visible in the ground floor. Quarenghi's designs for the theatre were engraved and published in 1787, earning him a European reputation.
The semicircular auditorium is decorated with color marble and surrounded with ten niches for statues of Apollo and the muses. As the interior has never been overhauled, the original stage machinery remains in situ, but the elaborate sets, an acclaimed work of the Italian artist Pietro Gonzaga (1751-1831), were lost during the years of Soviet neglect.
The ceremonial opening of the theatre took place on 22 November 1785. Though the auditorium could seat no more than 250 spectators, it was often overcrowded. Usually, the performance would be attended by several dozen aristocratic spectators, all invited by the monarch herself. As a sign of gratitude, a separate loge was reserved for the architect Quarenghi and his family. In the 19th century, selected members of the diplomatic corps were admitted to the theatre as well.
Although the building was used to entertain the imperial family until the Russian Revolution, it came to be viewed as a rare monument to Catherine's personal tastes and affections. The empress brought out several comedies specifically to be staged in this theatre, which also saw the premieres of Domenico Cimarosa's operas composed to her own librettos. As for the costumes, they were chosen from a 15,000-dress personal wardrobe of the late Empress Elizabeth.
Mathilde Kschessinska, Anna Pavlova, and Fyodor Chaliapin were among the great artists who performed at the Hermitage Theatre for the last Russian tsar. Among the ballets performed there was the premiere of Marius Petipa's Harlequinade, in 1900. The Bolsheviks closed the theatre and utilised the building for administrative purposes. It was not until 1991 that performances were resumed on this stage, with the likes of Svyatoslav Richter, Mstislav Rostropovich and Yelena Obraztsova appearing as guest stars. | founded by | 33,718 | 101,246 |
[
"Hermitage Theatre",
"founded by",
"Emperor of all the Russias"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Hermitage Theatre<\e1> and <e2>Emperor of all the Russias<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,247 |
[
"Tsaritsyno Palace",
"founded by",
"Catherine II of Russia"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Tsaritsyno Palace<\e1> and <e2>Catherine II of Russia<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,248 |
[
"Tsaritsyno Palace",
"owned by",
"Catherine II of Russia"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Tsaritsyno Palace<\e1> and <e2>Catherine II of Russia<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 101,249 |
[
"Hermitage Museum",
"founded by",
"Catherine II of Russia"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Hermitage Museum<\e1> and <e2>Catherine II of Russia<\e2>.
The State Hermitage Museum (Russian: Государственный Эрмитаж, tr. Gosudarstvennyj Ermitaž, IPA: [ɡəsʊˈdarstvʲɪn(ː)ɨj ɪrmʲɪˈtaʂ]) is a museum of art and culture in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It is the second largest art museum in the world by gallery space. It was founded in 1764 when Empress Catherine the Great acquired a collection of paintings from the Berlin merchant Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky. The museum celebrates the anniversary of its founding each year on 7 December, Saint Catherine's Day. It has been open to the public since 1852. The Art Newspaper ranked the museum 6th in their list of the most visited art museums, with 1,649,443 visitors in 2021.Its collections, of which only a small part is on permanent display, comprise over three million items (the numismatic collection accounts for about one-third of them). The collections occupy a large complex of six historic buildings along Palace Embankment, including the Winter Palace, a former residence of Russian emperors. Apart from them, the Menshikov Palace, Museum of Porcelain, Storage Facility at Staraya Derevnya, and the eastern wing of the General Staff Building are also part of the museum. The museum has several exhibition centers abroad. The Hermitage is a federal state property. Since July 1992, the director of the museum has been Mikhail Piotrovsky.Of the six buildings in the main museum complex, five—namely the Winter Palace, Small Hermitage, Old Hermitage, New Hermitage, and Hermitage Theatre—are all open to the public. The entrance ticket for foreign tourists costs more than the fee paid by citizens of Russia and Belarus. However, entrance is free of charge the third Thursday of every month for all visitors, and free daily for students and children. The museum is closed on Mondays. The entrance for individual visitors is located in the Winter Palace, accessible from the Courtyard. | founded by | 33,719 | 101,255 |
[
"Beaumont College",
"founded by",
"Society of Jesus"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Beaumont College<\e1> and <e2>Society of Jesus<\e2>.
Beaumont College was between 1861 and 1967 a public school in Old Windsor in Berkshire. Founded and run by the Society of Jesus, it offered a Roman Catholic public school education in rural surroundings, while lying, like the neighbouring Eton College, within easy reach of London. It was therefore for many professional Catholics with school-age children a choice preferable to Stonyhurst College, the longer-standing Jesuit public school in North Lancashire. After the college's closure in 1967 the property was used in turn as a training centre, a conference centre and an hôtel; St John's Beaumont, the college's preparatory school for boys aged 3–13, continues, functioning in part as a feeder school for Stonyhurst. | founded by | 33,720 | 101,264 |
[
"House of Deréon",
"founded by",
"Beyoncé"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>House of Deréon<\e1> and <e2>Beyoncé<\e2>.
House of Deréon North American relaunch
In 2012, House of Deréon will be revitalized with new clothing designs that will range from chic ready-to-wear to more upscale sophisticated clothing. The brand will also include a new design team with Tina Lawson still remaining as head designer. | founded by | 33,721 | 101,265 |
[
"House of Deréon",
"founded by",
"Tina Knowles"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>House of Deréon<\e1> and <e2>Tina Knowles<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,266 |
[
"Athénée de Luxembourg",
"founded by",
"Society of Jesus"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Athénée de Luxembourg<\e1> and <e2>Society of Jesus<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,267 |
[
"The Supremes",
"founded by",
"Diana Ross"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>The Supremes<\e1> and <e2>Diana Ross<\e2>.
Personnel
The Supremes (aka the Primettes and Diana Ross & the Supremes) | founded by | 33,722 | 101,269 |
[
"The Supremes",
"founded by",
"Florence Ballard"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>The Supremes<\e1> and <e2>Florence Ballard<\e2>.
Personnel
The Supremes (aka the Primettes and Diana Ross & the Supremes)Mary Wilson (1959–1977, 1983; died 2021)
Diana Ross (1959–1970, 1983, 2000)
Florence Ballard (1959–1967; died 1976)
Betty McGlown (1959–1960; died 2008)
Barbara Martin (1960–1962; died 2020)
Cindy Birdsong (1967–1972, 1973–1976, 1983)
Jean Terrell (1970–1973)
Lynda Laurence (1972–1973, 2000)
Scherrie Payne (1973–1977, 2000)
Susaye Greene (1976–1977) | founded by | 33,723 | 101,270 |
[
"The Supremes",
"founded by",
"Mary Wilson"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>The Supremes<\e1> and <e2>Mary Wilson<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 101,271 |
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