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[
"Methuselah",
"father",
"Enoch"
] | Mistranslation
Some believe that Methuselah's extreme age is the result of an ancient mistranslation that converted "months" to "years", producing a more credible 969 lunar months, or 78½ years, but the same calculation applied to Enoch would have him fathering Methuselah at the age of 5 using numbers from the Masoretic Text. Donald V. Etz suggested that the Genesis 5 numbers "might for convenience have all been multiples of 5 or 10".Ellen Bennet argued that the Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers are in tenths of years, which "will explain how it was that they read 930 years for the age of Adam instead of 93 years, and 969 years for Methuselah instead of 96 years, and 950 years for that of Noah instead of 95 years"... "Surely it is much more rational to conclude that Noah lived 50 years instead of 500 years before he took a wife and begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth..." and then lists the Septuagint total ages with decimal points: 93.0 for Adam, 91.0 for Cainan, 96.9 for Methuselah, 95.0 for Noah, etc.Symbolic
Methuselah's father Enoch, who does not die but is taken by God, is the seventh patriarch, and Methuselah, the eighth, dies in the year of the Flood, which ends the ten-generational sequence from Adam to Noah, in whose time the world is destroyed. Boia believes that Methuselah serves the symbolic function of linking the Creation and the Flood, as Adam would have died during Methuselah's lifetime and Methuselah could have learned about the Garden of Eden from Adam. The kings of the Sumerian King List lived for over a thousand years, and Mesopotamians believed both that living over a thousand years made someone divine or somewhat divine, and that their contemporary kings were descended from the kings of the Sumerian King List. Robert Gnuse hypothesizes that the author of Genesis made all of its characters die before they turned one-thousand as a polemic against these Mesopotamian beliefs, as well as any claim that a king is divine. Gnuse also believes that the author of Genesis said that Methuselah died before he lived a thousand years to show that he was not divine. | father | 57 | [
"dad",
"daddy",
"papa",
"pop",
"sire"
] | null | null |
[
"Methuselah",
"present in work",
"Book of Enoch"
] | Methuselah (US: ) (מְתוּשֶׁלַח Məṯūšélaḥ, in pausa מְתוּשָׁלַח Məṯūšālaḥ, "His death shall send" or "Man of the javelin" or "Death of Sword"; Greek: Μαθουσάλας Mathousalas) was a biblical patriarch and a figure in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. He had the longest lifespan of all those given in the Bible, having died at the age 969. According to the Book of Genesis, Methuselah was the son of Enoch, the father of Lamech, and the grandfather of Noah. Elsewhere in the Bible, Methuselah is mentioned in genealogies in 1 Chronicles and the Gospel of Luke.
His life is described in further detail in other texts such as the Book of Enoch, Slavonic Enoch, and the Book of Moses. Bible commentators have offered various explanations as to why the Book of Genesis describes him as having died at such an advanced age; some believe that Methuselah's age is the result of a mistranslation, while others believe that his age is used to give the impression that part of Genesis takes place in a very distant past. Methuselah's name has become synonymous with longevity, and he has been portrayed and referenced in film, television and music. | present in work | 69 | [
"featured in work",
"appears in work",
"mentioned in work",
"depicted in work",
"portrayed in work"
] | null | null |
[
"Methuselah",
"present in work",
"Second Book of Enoch"
] | Methuselah (US: ) (מְתוּשֶׁלַח Məṯūšélaḥ, in pausa מְתוּשָׁלַח Məṯūšālaḥ, "His death shall send" or "Man of the javelin" or "Death of Sword"; Greek: Μαθουσάλας Mathousalas) was a biblical patriarch and a figure in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. He had the longest lifespan of all those given in the Bible, having died at the age 969. According to the Book of Genesis, Methuselah was the son of Enoch, the father of Lamech, and the grandfather of Noah. Elsewhere in the Bible, Methuselah is mentioned in genealogies in 1 Chronicles and the Gospel of Luke.
His life is described in further detail in other texts such as the Book of Enoch, Slavonic Enoch, and the Book of Moses. Bible commentators have offered various explanations as to why the Book of Genesis describes him as having died at such an advanced age; some believe that Methuselah's age is the result of a mistranslation, while others believe that his age is used to give the impression that part of Genesis takes place in a very distant past. Methuselah's name has become synonymous with longevity, and he has been portrayed and referenced in film, television and music. | present in work | 69 | [
"featured in work",
"appears in work",
"mentioned in work",
"depicted in work",
"portrayed in work"
] | null | null |
[
"Methuselah",
"present in work",
"Book of Moses"
] | Methuselah (US: ) (מְתוּשֶׁלַח Məṯūšélaḥ, in pausa מְתוּשָׁלַח Məṯūšālaḥ, "His death shall send" or "Man of the javelin" or "Death of Sword"; Greek: Μαθουσάλας Mathousalas) was a biblical patriarch and a figure in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. He had the longest lifespan of all those given in the Bible, having died at the age 969. According to the Book of Genesis, Methuselah was the son of Enoch, the father of Lamech, and the grandfather of Noah. Elsewhere in the Bible, Methuselah is mentioned in genealogies in 1 Chronicles and the Gospel of Luke.
His life is described in further detail in other texts such as the Book of Enoch, Slavonic Enoch, and the Book of Moses. Bible commentators have offered various explanations as to why the Book of Genesis describes him as having died at such an advanced age; some believe that Methuselah's age is the result of a mistranslation, while others believe that his age is used to give the impression that part of Genesis takes place in a very distant past. Methuselah's name has become synonymous with longevity, and he has been portrayed and referenced in film, television and music. | present in work | 69 | [
"featured in work",
"appears in work",
"mentioned in work",
"depicted in work",
"portrayed in work"
] | null | null |
[
"Methuselah",
"present in work",
"1 Chronicles"
] | When Enoch had lived sixty-five years, he became the father of Methuselah. Enoch walked with God after the birth of Methuselah three hundred years, and had other sons and daughters. Thus all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty-five years. Enoch walked with God; then he was no more, because God took him. When Methuselah had lived one hundred eighty-seven years, he became the father of Lamech. Methuselah lived after the birth of Lamech seven hundred eighty-two years, and had other sons and daughters. Thus all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty-nine years; and he died. 5:21–27
According to the Bible, Methuselah died the year of the flood but the Bible does not record whether he died during or prior to the flood. He was also the oldest of all the figures mentioned in the Bible. Methuselah is mentioned once in the Hebrew Bible outside of Genesis, in 1 Chronicles 1:3 he is mentioned in a genealogy of Saul. Methuselah is mentioned a single time in the New Testament, when the Gospel of Luke traces Jesus' lineage back to Adam in Luke 3. | present in work | 69 | [
"featured in work",
"appears in work",
"mentioned in work",
"depicted in work",
"portrayed in work"
] | null | null |
[
"Methuselah",
"has quality",
"longevity"
] | Cultural influence
According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, Methuselah's name "has become a synonym for longevity". Saying that someone is "as old as Methuselah" is a humorous way of saying that someone is very elderly. In this context, dogs which have lived long lives have been described as "Methuselah dogs".The word "Methuselarity", a blend of Methuselah and singularity, was coined in 2010 by the biomedical gerontologist Aubrey de Grey to mean a future point in time where people are expected not to die from age-related causes anymore, however long they live.A 4,854-year-old Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) tree growing high in the White Mountains of Inyo County in eastern California is called Methuselah.The lyrics of Ira Gershwin's song "It Ain't Necessarily So" (1935) cast doubt on various aspects of the Bible, such as the idea that Methuselah lived so long, the idea that the devil is evil, the story of Jonah, and the story of David and Goliath.In the 1970s mathematician John Conway introduced the Game of Life, a cellular automaton. In cellular automata, methuselahs refer to a small initial state of cells that continue to grow for a large number of generations. | has quality | 99 | [
"possesses quality",
"exhibits quality",
"displays quality",
"features quality",
"has characteristic"
] | null | null |
[
"Methuselah",
"instance of",
"human biblical figure"
] | In the Bible
Methuselah is a biblical patriarch mentioned in Genesis 5:21–27, as part of the genealogy linking Adam to Noah. The following is taken from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible:When Enoch had lived sixty-five years, he became the father of Methuselah. Enoch walked with God after the birth of Methuselah three hundred years, and had other sons and daughters. Thus all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty-five years. Enoch walked with God; then he was no more, because God took him. When Methuselah had lived one hundred eighty-seven years, he became the father of Lamech. Methuselah lived after the birth of Lamech seven hundred eighty-two years, and had other sons and daughters. Thus all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty-nine years; and he died. 5:21–27
According to the Bible, Methuselah died the year of the flood but the Bible does not record whether he died during or prior to the flood. He was also the oldest of all the figures mentioned in the Bible. Methuselah is mentioned once in the Hebrew Bible outside of Genesis, in 1 Chronicles 1:3 he is mentioned in a genealogy of Saul. Methuselah is mentioned a single time in the New Testament, when the Gospel of Luke traces Jesus' lineage back to Adam in Luke 3. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Methuselah",
"present in work",
"Genesis 5"
] | In the Bible
Methuselah is a biblical patriarch mentioned in Genesis 5:21–27, as part of the genealogy linking Adam to Noah. The following is taken from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible:When Enoch had lived sixty-five years, he became the father of Methuselah. Enoch walked with God after the birth of Methuselah three hundred years, and had other sons and daughters. Thus all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty-five years. Enoch walked with God; then he was no more, because God took him. When Methuselah had lived one hundred eighty-seven years, he became the father of Lamech. Methuselah lived after the birth of Lamech seven hundred eighty-two years, and had other sons and daughters. Thus all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty-nine years; and he died. 5:21–27
According to the Bible, Methuselah died the year of the flood but the Bible does not record whether he died during or prior to the flood. He was also the oldest of all the figures mentioned in the Bible. Methuselah is mentioned once in the Hebrew Bible outside of Genesis, in 1 Chronicles 1:3 he is mentioned in a genealogy of Saul. Methuselah is mentioned a single time in the New Testament, when the Gospel of Luke traces Jesus' lineage back to Adam in Luke 3. | present in work | 69 | [
"featured in work",
"appears in work",
"mentioned in work",
"depicted in work",
"portrayed in work"
] | null | null |
[
"Ötzi",
"instance of",
"human"
] | Ötzi, also called the Iceman, is the natural mummy of a man who lived between 3350 and 3105 BC. Ötzi was discovered in September 1991 in the Ötztal Alps (hence the nickname "Ötzi", German: [œtsi]) at the border between Austria and Italy. He is Europe's oldest known natural human mummy, offering an unprecedented view of Chalcolithic (Copper Age) Europeans.
Due to the presence of an arrowhead embedded in his left shoulder and various other wounds, researchers believe Ötzi was murdered. The nature of his life and the circumstances of his death are the subject of much investigation and speculation. His remains and personal belongings are on exhibit at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, South Tyrol, Italy.Genetic analysis
Ötzi's full genome has been sequenced; the report on this was published on 28 February 2012. The Y chromosome DNA of Ötzi belongs to a subclade of G defined by the SNPs M201, P287, P15, L223 and L91 (G-L91, ISOGG G2a2b, former "G2a4"). He was not typed for any of the subclades downstreaming from G-L91; however, an analysis of his BAM file revealed that he belongs to the L166 and FGC5672 subclades below L91. G-L91 is now mostly found in South Corsica.Analysis of his mitochondrial DNA showed that Ötzi belongs to the K1 subclade, but cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade (K1a, K1b, or K1c). The new subclade has provisionally been named K1ö for Ötzi. A multiplex assay study was able to confirm that the Iceman's mtDNA belongs to a previously unknown European mtDNA clade with a very limited distribution among modern data sets.By autosomal DNA, Ötzi is most closely related to Southern Europeans, especially to geographically isolated populations like Corsicans and Sardinians. He was part of the migration of early European farmers who migrated from Anatolia to Europe in large numbers during the 7th millennium BC, replacing earlier Europe's hunter-gatherers.DNA analysis also showed him at high risk of atherosclerosis and lactose intolerance, with the presence of the DNA sequence of Borrelia burgdorferi, possibly making him the earliest known human with Lyme disease. A later analysis suggested the sequence may have been a different Borrelia species.In October 2013, it was reported that 19 modern Tyrolean men were descendants of Ötzi or of a close relative of Ötzi. Scientists from the Institute of Legal Medicine at Innsbruck Medical University had analysed the DNA of over 3,700 Tyrolean male blood donors and found 19 who shared a particular genetic mutation with the 5,300-year-old man.Blood
In May 2012, scientists announced the discovery that Ötzi still had intact blood cells. These are the oldest complete human blood cells ever identified. In most bodies this old, the blood cells are either shrunken or mere remnants, but Ötzi's have the same dimensions as living red blood cells and resembled a modern-day sample. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Ötzi",
"significant event",
"death"
] | Ötzi, also called the Iceman, is the natural mummy of a man who lived between 3350 and 3105 BC. Ötzi was discovered in September 1991 in the Ötztal Alps (hence the nickname "Ötzi", German: [œtsi]) at the border between Austria and Italy. He is Europe's oldest known natural human mummy, offering an unprecedented view of Chalcolithic (Copper Age) Europeans.
Due to the presence of an arrowhead embedded in his left shoulder and various other wounds, researchers believe Ötzi was murdered. The nature of his life and the circumstances of his death are the subject of much investigation and speculation. His remains and personal belongings are on exhibit at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, South Tyrol, Italy. | significant event | 30 | [
"Landmark event",
"Key happening",
"Pivotal occurrence",
"Momentous incident",
"Notable episode"
] | null | null |
[
"Ötzi",
"part of",
"Chalcolithic"
] | Ötzi, also called the Iceman, is the natural mummy of a man who lived between 3350 and 3105 BC. Ötzi was discovered in September 1991 in the Ötztal Alps (hence the nickname "Ötzi", German: [œtsi]) at the border between Austria and Italy. He is Europe's oldest known natural human mummy, offering an unprecedented view of Chalcolithic (Copper Age) Europeans.
Due to the presence of an arrowhead embedded in his left shoulder and various other wounds, researchers believe Ötzi was murdered. The nature of his life and the circumstances of his death are the subject of much investigation and speculation. His remains and personal belongings are on exhibit at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, South Tyrol, Italy. | part of | 15 | [
"a component of",
"a constituent of",
"an element of",
"a fragment of",
"a portion of"
] | null | null |
[
"Ötzi",
"place of burial",
"South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology"
] | Ötzi, also called the Iceman, is the natural mummy of a man who lived between 3350 and 3105 BC. Ötzi was discovered in September 1991 in the Ötztal Alps (hence the nickname "Ötzi", German: [œtsi]) at the border between Austria and Italy. He is Europe's oldest known natural human mummy, offering an unprecedented view of Chalcolithic (Copper Age) Europeans.
Due to the presence of an arrowhead embedded in his left shoulder and various other wounds, researchers believe Ötzi was murdered. The nature of his life and the circumstances of his death are the subject of much investigation and speculation. His remains and personal belongings are on exhibit at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, South Tyrol, Italy.Border dispute
At the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of 1919, the border between North and South Tyrol was defined as the watershed of the rivers Inn and Etsch. Near Tisenjoch, the glacier (which has since retreated) complicated establishing the watershed and the border was drawn too far north. Although Ötzi's find site drains to the Austrian side, surveys in October 1991 showed that the body had been located 92.56 m (101.22 yd) inside Italian territory as delineated in 1919. The province of South Tyrol claimed property rights but agreed to let Innsbruck University finish its scientific examinations. Since 1998, it has been on display at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, the capital of South Tyrol. | place of burial | 58 | [
"final resting place",
"burial site",
"last resting place",
"grave site",
"interment location"
] | null | null |
[
"Menes",
"noble title",
"pharaoh"
] | Menes (fl. c. 3200–3000 BC; ; Ancient Egyptian: mnj, probably pronounced */maˈnij/; Ancient Greek: Μήνης) was a pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period of ancient Egypt credited by classical tradition with having united Upper and Lower Egypt and as the founder of the First Dynasty.The identity of Menes is the subject of ongoing debate, although mainstream Egyptological consensus identifies Menes with the Naqada III ruler Narmer or First Dynasty pharaoh Hor-Aha. Both pharaohs are credited with the unification of Egypt to different degrees by various authorities. | noble title | 61 | [
"aristocratic title",
"rank of nobility",
"peerage",
"nobility rank",
"aristocratic rank"
] | null | null |
[
"Menes",
"cause of death",
"killing"
] | Death
According to Manetho, Menes reigned for either 30, 60 or 62 years and was killed by a hippopotamus. | cause of death | 43 | [
"manner of death",
"reason for death",
"mode of death",
"source of death",
"factors leading to death"
] | null | null |
[
"Narmer",
"noble title",
"pharaoh"
] | Narmer (Ancient Egyptian: nꜥr-mr, meaning "painful catfish," "stinging catfish," "harsh catfish," or "fierce catfish;" (reign beginning at a date estimated to fall in the range 3273–2987 BC) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period. He was the successor to the Protodynastic king Ka. Many scholars consider him the unifier of Egypt and founder of the First Dynasty, and in turn the first non-mythical king of a unified Egypt. He also had a prominently noticeable presence in Canaan, compared to his predecessors and successors. A majority of Egyptologists believe that Narmer was the same person as Menes. Neithhotep is thought to be his queen consort or his daughter. | noble title | 61 | [
"aristocratic title",
"rank of nobility",
"peerage",
"nobility rank",
"aristocratic rank"
] | null | null |
[
"Narmer",
"time period",
"Early Dynastic Period of Egypt"
] | Reign
The date commonly given for the beginning of Narmer's reign is c. 3100 BC. Other mainstream estimates, using both the historical method and radiocarbon dating, are in the range c. 3273–2987 BC. | time period | 97 | [
"duration",
"period of time",
"timeframe",
"time interval",
"temporal period"
] | null | null |
[
"Narmer",
"place of burial",
"Umm el-Qa'ab"
] | Two necropolis sealings, found in 1985 and 1991 in Abydos (Umm el-Qa'ab), in or near the tombs of Den and Qa'a, show Narmer as the first king on each list, followed by Hor-Aha. The Qa'a sealing lists all eight of the kings of what scholars now call the First Dynasty in the correct order, starting with Narmer. These necropolis sealings are strong evidence that Narmer was the first king of the First Dynasty and hence is the same person as Menes.Tomb and artefacts
Tomb
Narmer's tomb in Umm el-Qa'ab near Abydos in Upper Egypt consists of two joined chambers (B17 and B18), lined in mud brick. Although both Émile Amélineau and Petrie excavated tombs B17 and B18, it was only in 1964 that Kaiser identified them as being Narmer's. Narmer's tomb is located next to the tombs of Ka, who likely ruled Upper Egypt just before Narmer, and Hor-Aha, who was his immediate successor.As the tomb dates back more than 5,000 years, and has been pillaged, repeatedly, from antiquity to modern times, it is amazing that anything useful could be discovered in it. Because of the repeated disturbances in Umm el-Qa'ab, many articles of Narmer's were found in other graves, and objects of other kings, were recovered in Narmer's grave. However, Flinders Petrie during the period 1899–1903, and, starting in the 1970s, the German Archaeological Institute (DAI) have made discoveries of the greatest importance to the history of Early Egypt by their re-excavation of the tombs of Umm el-Qa'ab.
Despite the chaotic condition of the cemetery, inscriptions on both wood and bone, seal impressions, as well as dozens of flint arrowheads were found. (Petrie says with dismay that "hundreds" of arrowheads were discovered by "the French", presumably Amélineau. What happened to them is not clear, but none ended up in the Cairo Museum.) Flint knives and a fragment of an ebony chair leg were also discovered in Narmer's tomb, all of which might be part of the original funerary assemblage. The flint knives and fragment of a chair leg were not included in any of Petrie's publications, but are now at the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology (University College London), registration numbers UC35679, UC52786, and UC35682. According to Dreyer, these arrowheads are probably from the tomb of Djer, where similar arrowheads were found.It is likely that all of the kings of Ancient Egypt buried in Umm el-Qa'ab had funerary enclosures in Abydos' northern cemetery, near the cultivation line. These were characterized by large mud brick walls that enclosed space in which funerary ceremonies are believed to have taken place. Eight enclosures have been excavated, two of which have not been definitely identified. While it has yet to be confirmed, one of these unidentified funerary enclosures may have belonged to Narmer. | place of burial | 58 | [
"final resting place",
"burial site",
"last resting place",
"grave site",
"interment location"
] | null | null |
[
"Hedju Hor",
"instance of",
"human"
] | Hedju Hor was a ruler in northern Egypt from the Predynastic Period. His existence is controversial. The name Hedju-Hor means The maces of Horus.It is thought that his reign was around 3250 BC, but almost nothing is known of it, as he is known only from inscriptions found in the Nile Delta region and pottery shards from Tura. It has been conjectured that he was the first pharaoh of Lower Egypt, or the last; or that he was a member of Dynasty 0.Hedju-Hor is only known from two clay jugs on which his serekh appears: one from Tura in the eastern Nile Delta and one from Abu Zeidan on the northeastern tip of the Nile Delta.Egyptologist Wolfgang Helck held him as a Pharaoh of Dynasty 0 and identified him with Wash, who is known as the ruler defeated by Narmer on the Narmer Palette, an opinion later shared by Edwin van den Brink. By contrast, Toby Wilkinson and Jochem Kahl both argue that Hedju Hor was not a pre-dynastic Pharaoh but, rather, a ruler of a small proto-state of the pre-dynastic era and have attributed to him the title King.
Hedju-Hor has no known tomb and is not found in the text of the Palermo Stone, the oldest-known king list, further making the claims of both Helck and van den Brink unlikely. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Hedju Hor",
"occupation",
"monarch"
] | Hedju Hor was a ruler in northern Egypt from the Predynastic Period. His existence is controversial. The name Hedju-Hor means The maces of Horus.It is thought that his reign was around 3250 BC, but almost nothing is known of it, as he is known only from inscriptions found in the Nile Delta region and pottery shards from Tura. It has been conjectured that he was the first pharaoh of Lower Egypt, or the last; or that he was a member of Dynasty 0.Hedju-Hor is only known from two clay jugs on which his serekh appears: one from Tura in the eastern Nile Delta and one from Abu Zeidan on the northeastern tip of the Nile Delta.Egyptologist Wolfgang Helck held him as a Pharaoh of Dynasty 0 and identified him with Wash, who is known as the ruler defeated by Narmer on the Narmer Palette, an opinion later shared by Edwin van den Brink. By contrast, Toby Wilkinson and Jochem Kahl both argue that Hedju Hor was not a pre-dynastic Pharaoh but, rather, a ruler of a small proto-state of the pre-dynastic era and have attributed to him the title King.
Hedju-Hor has no known tomb and is not found in the text of the Palermo Stone, the oldest-known king list, further making the claims of both Helck and van den Brink unlikely. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Hedju Hor",
"time period",
"Predynastic Period of Egypt"
] | Hedju Hor was a ruler in northern Egypt from the Predynastic Period. His existence is controversial. The name Hedju-Hor means The maces of Horus.It is thought that his reign was around 3250 BC, but almost nothing is known of it, as he is known only from inscriptions found in the Nile Delta region and pottery shards from Tura. It has been conjectured that he was the first pharaoh of Lower Egypt, or the last; or that he was a member of Dynasty 0.Hedju-Hor is only known from two clay jugs on which his serekh appears: one from Tura in the eastern Nile Delta and one from Abu Zeidan on the northeastern tip of the Nile Delta.Egyptologist Wolfgang Helck held him as a Pharaoh of Dynasty 0 and identified him with Wash, who is known as the ruler defeated by Narmer on the Narmer Palette, an opinion later shared by Edwin van den Brink. By contrast, Toby Wilkinson and Jochem Kahl both argue that Hedju Hor was not a pre-dynastic Pharaoh but, rather, a ruler of a small proto-state of the pre-dynastic era and have attributed to him the title King.
Hedju-Hor has no known tomb and is not found in the text of the Palermo Stone, the oldest-known king list, further making the claims of both Helck and van den Brink unlikely. | time period | 97 | [
"duration",
"period of time",
"timeframe",
"time interval",
"temporal period"
] | null | null |
[
"Hat Hor",
"instance of",
"human"
] | Hat Hor, also called Hat-Hor (actually Hor-hat), is a possible pharaoh or king of Dynasty 0 who ruled around the Naqada IIIb period.He is known only from two inscriptions: one inscription found in the eastern Nile Delta and a piece of pottery from Tura.
his name on a vase found in tomb 1702 of the necropolis of Tarkhan. This inscription has an image of a city that looks like Memphis but lacking a hawk identifier. However, the reading and interpretation of his name is not clear.
a second inscription from Tura. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Hat Hor",
"position held",
"pharaoh"
] | Hat Hor, also called Hat-Hor (actually Hor-hat), is a possible pharaoh or king of Dynasty 0 who ruled around the Naqada IIIb period.He is known only from two inscriptions: one inscription found in the eastern Nile Delta and a piece of pottery from Tura.
his name on a vase found in tomb 1702 of the necropolis of Tarkhan. This inscription has an image of a city that looks like Memphis but lacking a hawk identifier. However, the reading and interpretation of his name is not clear.
a second inscription from Tura. | position held | 59 | [
"occupation",
"job title",
"post",
"office",
"rank"
] | null | null |
[
"Hat Hor",
"time period",
"Predynastic Period of Egypt"
] | Hat Hor, also called Hat-Hor (actually Hor-hat), is a possible pharaoh or king of Dynasty 0 who ruled around the Naqada IIIb period.He is known only from two inscriptions: one inscription found in the eastern Nile Delta and a piece of pottery from Tura.
his name on a vase found in tomb 1702 of the necropolis of Tarkhan. This inscription has an image of a city that looks like Memphis but lacking a hawk identifier. However, the reading and interpretation of his name is not clear.
a second inscription from Tura. | time period | 97 | [
"duration",
"period of time",
"timeframe",
"time interval",
"temporal period"
] | null | null |
[
"Hat Hor",
"occupation",
"sovereign"
] | Hat Hor, also called Hat-Hor (actually Hor-hat), is a possible pharaoh or king of Dynasty 0 who ruled around the Naqada IIIb period.He is known only from two inscriptions: one inscription found in the eastern Nile Delta and a piece of pottery from Tura.
his name on a vase found in tomb 1702 of the necropolis of Tarkhan. This inscription has an image of a city that looks like Memphis but lacking a hawk identifier. However, the reading and interpretation of his name is not clear.
a second inscription from Tura. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Lamech (father of Noah)",
"child",
"Noah"
] | Biblical genealogy
Lamech is the eighth-generation descendant of Adam (Genesis 5:25), the son of Methuselah, and the father of Noah (Genesis 5:29), in the genealogy of Seth in Genesis 5. In Genesis 5:12-25, Lamech was a son of Methuselah, who was a grandson of Jared, who was a grandson of Kenan descended from Adam.Genesis 5:28–31 records that Lamech was 182 (according to the Masoretic Text; 188 according to the Septuagint) years old at the birth of Noah and lived for another 595 years, attaining an age at death of 777 years, five years before the Flood in the Masoretic chronology. With such numbers in this genealogical account, Adam would still have been alive for about the first 56 years of Lamech's life.Prophetic naming
When Lamech named his son Noah, he prophesied: "This [same] shall comfort us concerning our work and toil of our hands, because of the ground which the LORD hath cursed." (Genesis 5:29) The people were cumbered with the toil of cultivating a ground that had been cursed in Genesis 3:17, and they hoped for relief through Noah. Albert Barnes noted: "In stating the reason of the name, they employ a word which is connected with it only by a second remove. נוּח nûach and נחם nācham are stems not immediately connected; but they both point back to a common root נח (n-ch) signifying 'to sigh, to breathe, to rest, to lie down.'" At Noah's sacrifice in the new world after the flood, the LORD said, "I will not again curse the ground any more for man’s sake; for the imagination of man’s heart [is] evil from his youth; neither will I again smite any more every thing living, as I have done." | child | 39 | [
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Lamech (father of Noah)",
"present in work",
"Genesis 5"
] | Biblical genealogy
Lamech is the eighth-generation descendant of Adam (Genesis 5:25), the son of Methuselah, and the father of Noah (Genesis 5:29), in the genealogy of Seth in Genesis 5. In Genesis 5:12-25, Lamech was a son of Methuselah, who was a grandson of Jared, who was a grandson of Kenan descended from Adam.Genesis 5:28–31 records that Lamech was 182 (according to the Masoretic Text; 188 according to the Septuagint) years old at the birth of Noah and lived for another 595 years, attaining an age at death of 777 years, five years before the Flood in the Masoretic chronology. With such numbers in this genealogical account, Adam would still have been alive for about the first 56 years of Lamech's life.Prophetic naming
When Lamech named his son Noah, he prophesied: "This [same] shall comfort us concerning our work and toil of our hands, because of the ground which the LORD hath cursed." (Genesis 5:29) The people were cumbered with the toil of cultivating a ground that had been cursed in Genesis 3:17, and they hoped for relief through Noah. Albert Barnes noted: "In stating the reason of the name, they employ a word which is connected with it only by a second remove. נוּח nûach and נחם nācham are stems not immediately connected; but they both point back to a common root נח (n-ch) signifying 'to sigh, to breathe, to rest, to lie down.'" At Noah's sacrifice in the new world after the flood, the LORD said, "I will not again curse the ground any more for man’s sake; for the imagination of man’s heart [is] evil from his youth; neither will I again smite any more every thing living, as I have done." | present in work | 69 | [
"featured in work",
"appears in work",
"mentioned in work",
"depicted in work",
"portrayed in work"
] | null | null |
[
"Lamech (father of Noah)",
"father",
"Methuselah"
] | And all the days of Lamech were seven hundred seventy and seven years: and he died.Biblical genealogy
Lamech is the eighth-generation descendant of Adam (Genesis 5:25), the son of Methuselah, and the father of Noah (Genesis 5:29), in the genealogy of Seth in Genesis 5. In Genesis 5:12-25, Lamech was a son of Methuselah, who was a grandson of Jared, who was a grandson of Kenan descended from Adam.Genesis 5:28–31 records that Lamech was 182 (according to the Masoretic Text; 188 according to the Septuagint) years old at the birth of Noah and lived for another 595 years, attaining an age at death of 777 years, five years before the Flood in the Masoretic chronology. With such numbers in this genealogical account, Adam would still have been alive for about the first 56 years of Lamech's life. | father | 57 | [
"dad",
"daddy",
"papa",
"pop",
"sire"
] | null | null |
[
"Lamech (father of Noah)",
"part of",
"Lamech"
] | Lamech (; Hebrew: לֶמֶךְ Lemeḵ, in pausa לָמֶךְ Lāmeḵ; Greek: Λάμεχ Lámekh) was a patriarch in the genealogies of Adam in the Book of Genesis. He is part of the genealogy of Jesus in Luke 3:36.Lamech (Arabic: لامك, romanized: Lāmik) is also mentioned in Islam in the various collections of tales of the prophets who preceded Muhammad, which mentions him in an identical manner.Bible narrative
And Lamech lived an hundred eighty and two years, and begat a son:
And he called his name Noah, saying, This same shall comfort us concerning our work and toil of our hands, because of the ground which the LORD hath cursed.
And Lamech lived after he begat Noah five hundred ninety and five years, and begat sons and daughters:Biblical genealogy
Lamech is the eighth-generation descendant of Adam (Genesis 5:25), the son of Methuselah, and the father of Noah (Genesis 5:29), in the genealogy of Seth in Genesis 5. In Genesis 5:12-25, Lamech was a son of Methuselah, who was a grandson of Jared, who was a grandson of Kenan descended from Adam.Genesis 5:28–31 records that Lamech was 182 (according to the Masoretic Text; 188 according to the Septuagint) years old at the birth of Noah and lived for another 595 years, attaining an age at death of 777 years, five years before the Flood in the Masoretic chronology. With such numbers in this genealogical account, Adam would still have been alive for about the first 56 years of Lamech's life. | part of | 15 | [
"a component of",
"a constituent of",
"an element of",
"a fragment of",
"a portion of"
] | null | null |
[
"Iry-Hor",
"instance of",
"human"
] | Resolution
Dreyer's excavations of the necropolis of Abydos revealed that Iry-Hor was in fact well attested there with over 27 objects bearing his name and that his tomb was of royal proportions.
Furthermore, in 2012 an inscription mentioning Iry-Hor was discovered in the Sinai, the inscription comprising furthermore an archaic empty serekh on the right of Iry-Hor's name. The inscription mentions the city of Memphis, pushing back its foundation to before Narmer and establishing that Iry-Hor was already reigning over it. Following this discovery, most Egyptologists, including G. Dreyer and the discoverers of the inscription, Pierre Tallet and Damien Laisney, now believe that Iry-Hor was indeed a king.
Continuing excavations of Iry-Hor's tomb at Abydos by Dreyer established that the tomb was of similar dimensions and layout as those of Ka and Narmer and must, therefore, have belonged to a king. This was consequently accepted by von Beckerath and Iry-Hor is now the first entry in the latest edition of von Beckerath's Handbook of Egyptian Pharaohs. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Iry-Hor",
"noble title",
"pharaoh"
] | Iry-Hor (or Ro) was a predynastic pharaoh of Upper Egypt during the 32nd century BC. Excavations at Abydos in the 1980s and 1990s and the discovery in 2012 of an inscription of Iry-Hor in the Sinai confirmed his existence. Iry-Hor is the earliest ruler of Egypt known by name and is sometimes cited as the earliest-living historical person known by name. | noble title | 61 | [
"aristocratic title",
"rank of nobility",
"peerage",
"nobility rank",
"aristocratic rank"
] | null | null |
[
"Iry-Hor",
"work location",
"Abydos"
] | Tomb
Iry-Hor's tomb is the oldest tomb of the Abydos necropolis B in the Umm el-Qa'ab. It comprises two separate underground chambers B1 (6 m × 3.5 m) and B2 (4.3 m × 2.45 m) excavated by Petrie in 1899 and later by Werner Kaiser. A further chamber, now known as "B0", was uncovered during re-excavations of Iry-Hor's tomb in the 1990s. These chambers have a size similar to those found in the tombs of Ka and Narmer. No superstructure, if there ever was one, survives to this day. Chamber B1 yielded jar fragments incised with his name. Chamber B2 produced another incised jar fragment, a seal impression, several ink inscriptions and vessel fragments bearing the names of Ka and Narmer. Parts of a bed were also found onsite. | work location | 67 | [
"place of work",
"office location",
"employment site",
"workplace",
"job site"
] | null | null |
[
"Iry-Hor",
"sex or gender",
"male"
] | Iry-Hor (or Ro) was a predynastic pharaoh of Upper Egypt during the 32nd century BC. Excavations at Abydos in the 1980s and 1990s and the discovery in 2012 of an inscription of Iry-Hor in the Sinai confirmed his existence. Iry-Hor is the earliest ruler of Egypt known by name and is sometimes cited as the earliest-living historical person known by name.Name
Iry-Hor's name is written with the Horus falcon hieroglyph (Gardiner sign G5) above a mouth hieroglyph (Gardiner D21). While the modern reading of the name is "Iry-Hor", Flinders Petrie, who discovered and excavated Iry-Hor's tomb at the end of the 19th century, read it "Ro", which was the usual reading of the mouth hieroglyph at the time.Given the archaic nature of the name, the translation proved difficult and, in the absence of a better alternative, Ludwig D. Morenz proposed that the literal translation be retained, giving "Horus mouth".In the 1990s, Werner Kaiser and Günter Dreyer translated Iry-Hor's name as "Companion of Horus".Toby Wilkinson translated the signs as "Property of the king".The Egyptologists Jürgen von Beckerath and Peter Kaplony proposed that the known inscriptions referred to a private person whose name is to be read Wer-Ra, wr-rꜣ (lit. "great mouth"), i.e. reading the bird above the mouth-sign as the swallow hieroglyph G36 rather than the Horus falcon. They translated the name as "Spokesman" or "Chief". | sex or gender | 65 | [
"biological sex",
"gender identity",
"gender expression",
"sexual orientation",
"gender classification"
] | null | null |
[
"Iry-Hor",
"occupation",
"sovereign"
] | Iry-Hor (or Ro) was a predynastic pharaoh of Upper Egypt during the 32nd century BC. Excavations at Abydos in the 1980s and 1990s and the discovery in 2012 of an inscription of Iry-Hor in the Sinai confirmed his existence. Iry-Hor is the earliest ruler of Egypt known by name and is sometimes cited as the earliest-living historical person known by name. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Iry-Hor",
"place of burial",
"Umm el-Qa'ab"
] | Reign and attestations
Iry-Hor was most likely Ka's immediate predecessor and thus would have reigned during the early 32nd century BC. He probably ruled from Hierakonpolis over Abydos and the wider Thinite region and controlled Egypt at least as far north as Memphis, since the Sinai rock inscription relates a visit of Iry-Hor to this city. The Egyptologists Tallet and Damien Laisney further propose that Iry-Hor also controlled parts of the Nile Delta.He was buried in the royal cemetery of Umm el-Qa'ab near Ka, Narmer and the First Dynasty kings. Iry-Hor's name appears on clay vessels from his tomb in Abydos and a clay seal with the hieroglyphs for r-Ḥr was found in Narmer's tomb and may refer to Iry-Hor. In total no less than 22 pottery jars incised with Iry-Hor's name have been in Abydos as well as at least 5 ink-inscribed fragments and a cylinder seal.
A similar seal was also found far to the north in the tomb Z 401 of Zawyet el'Aryan in Lower Egypt. An incision on a spindle whorl found in Hierakonpolis during James E. Quibell and Petrie excavations there in 1900 may refer to him. Finally, the discovery of a rock inscription of Iry-Hor in the Sinai constitutes his northernmost attestation. The inscription shows the name of Iry-Hor on a boat, next to the word Inebu-hedj meaning "white walls", the ancient name of Memphis.Tomb
Iry-Hor's tomb is the oldest tomb of the Abydos necropolis B in the Umm el-Qa'ab. It comprises two separate underground chambers B1 (6 m × 3.5 m) and B2 (4.3 m × 2.45 m) excavated by Petrie in 1899 and later by Werner Kaiser. A further chamber, now known as "B0", was uncovered during re-excavations of Iry-Hor's tomb in the 1990s. These chambers have a size similar to those found in the tombs of Ka and Narmer. No superstructure, if there ever was one, survives to this day. Chamber B1 yielded jar fragments incised with his name. Chamber B2 produced another incised jar fragment, a seal impression, several ink inscriptions and vessel fragments bearing the names of Ka and Narmer. Parts of a bed were also found onsite. | place of burial | 58 | [
"final resting place",
"burial site",
"last resting place",
"grave site",
"interment location"
] | null | null |
[
"Enmerkar",
"instance of",
"human"
] | Enmerkar was an ancient Sumerian ruler to whom the construction of Uruk and a 420-year reign was attributed. According to literary sources, he led various campaigns against the land of Aratta.Historical king
Late Uruk period
The tradition of Enmerkar as the founder of Uruk seems to date from the Jemdet Nasr period (3100-2900 BC) as found in the Ad-gi4 list. The lexical list mentions Enmerkar and his wife Enmerkarzi as the builders of a town and the bringers of agriculture. A bilingual edition of the list has been found at Nineveh, indicating that the tradition was transmitted into the first millennium.Enmerkar and (his) wife Enmerkar-zi,
who know (how to build) towns (made) brick and brick pavements.
When the yearly flood reached its proper level,Later influence
In antiquity
In a much later Greek legend related by Aelian (ca. AD 200), the king of Babylon, Euechoros or Seuechoros (also appearing in many variants as Sevekhoros, earlier Sacchoras, etc.), is said to be the grandfather of Gilgamos, who later becomes king of Babylon (i.e., Gilgamesh of Uruk). Several recent scholars have suggested that this "Seuechoros" or "Euechoros" is moreover to be identified with Enmerkar of Uruk, as well as the fictional Euechous named by Berossus as being the first king of Chaldea and Assyria. This last name Euechous (also appearing as Evechius, and in many other variants) has, along with a number of other fictional and real Mesopotamian rulers, been identified with the historically unattested biblical figure of Nimrod. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Djer",
"position held",
"pharaoh"
] | Length of reign
Although the Egyptian priest Manetho, writing in the third century BC, stated that Djer ruled for 57 years, modern research by Toby Wilkinson in Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt stresses that the near-contemporary and therefore, more accurate Palermo Stone ascribes Djer a reign of "41 complete and partial years." Wilkinson notes that years 1–10 of Djer's reign are preserved in register II of the Palermo Stone, while the middle years of this pharaoh's reign are recorded in register II of Cairo stone fragment C1. | position held | 59 | [
"occupation",
"job title",
"post",
"office",
"rank"
] | null | null |
[
"Djer",
"father",
"Hor-Aha"
] | Family
Djer was a son of the pharaoh Hor-Aha and his wife Khenthap. His grandfather was probably Narmer. Djer fathered Merneith, wife of Djet and mother of Den. Women carrying titles later associated with queens such as Great One of the Hetes-Sceptre and She who Sees/Carries Horus were buried in subsidiary tombs near the tomb of Djer in Abydos or attested in Saqqara. These women are thought to be the wives of Djer and include: | father | 57 | [
"dad",
"daddy",
"papa",
"pop",
"sire"
] | null | null |
[
"Djer",
"spouse",
"Herneith"
] | Family
Djer was a son of the pharaoh Hor-Aha and his wife Khenthap. His grandfather was probably Narmer. Djer fathered Merneith, wife of Djet and mother of Den. Women carrying titles later associated with queens such as Great One of the Hetes-Sceptre and She who Sees/Carries Horus were buried in subsidiary tombs near the tomb of Djer in Abydos or attested in Saqqara. These women are thought to be the wives of Djer and include: | spouse | 51 | [
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Djer",
"mother",
"Khenthap"
] | Family
Djer was a son of the pharaoh Hor-Aha and his wife Khenthap. His grandfather was probably Narmer. Djer fathered Merneith, wife of Djet and mother of Den. Women carrying titles later associated with queens such as Great One of the Hetes-Sceptre and She who Sees/Carries Horus were buried in subsidiary tombs near the tomb of Djer in Abydos or attested in Saqqara. These women are thought to be the wives of Djer and include: | mother | 52 | [
"mom",
"mommy",
"mum",
"mama",
"parent"
] | null | null |
[
"Djer",
"spouse",
"Merieme"
] | Family
Djer was a son of the pharaoh Hor-Aha and his wife Khenthap. His grandfather was probably Narmer. Djer fathered Merneith, wife of Djet and mother of Den. Women carrying titles later associated with queens such as Great One of the Hetes-Sceptre and She who Sees/Carries Horus were buried in subsidiary tombs near the tomb of Djer in Abydos or attested in Saqqara. These women are thought to be the wives of Djer and include: | spouse | 51 | [
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Semerkhet",
"mother",
"Betrest"
] | Identity
Virtually nothing is known about Semerkhet's family. His parents are unknown, but it is thought that one of his predecessors, king Den, might have been his father. Possibly, Semerkhet was born to queen Betrest. On the Cairo Stone she is described as his mother, but definite evidence for that view has not yet been found. It would be expected that Semerkhet had sons and daughters, but their names have not been preserved in the historical record. A candidate as a possible member of his family line is his immediate successor, king Qa'a. | mother | 52 | [
"mom",
"mommy",
"mum",
"mama",
"parent"
] | null | null |
[
"Den (pharaoh)",
"instance of",
"human"
] | Den, also known as Hor-Den, Dewen and Udimu, is the Horus name of a pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period who ruled during the First Dynasty of Egypt. He is the best archaeologically-attested ruler of this period. Den is said to have brought prosperity to his realm and numerous innovations are attributed to his reign. He was the first to use the title "King of Upper and Lower Egypt", and the first depicted as wearing the double crown (red and white). The floor of his tomb at Umm El Qa'ab near Abydos is made of red and black granite, the first time in Egypt this hard stone was used as a building material. During his long reign he established many of the customs of court ritual and royalty used by later rulers and he was held in high regard by his immediate successors. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Den (pharaoh)",
"noble title",
"pharaoh"
] | Den, also known as Hor-Den, Dewen and Udimu, is the Horus name of a pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period who ruled during the First Dynasty of Egypt. He is the best archaeologically-attested ruler of this period. Den is said to have brought prosperity to his realm and numerous innovations are attributed to his reign. He was the first to use the title "King of Upper and Lower Egypt", and the first depicted as wearing the double crown (red and white). The floor of his tomb at Umm El Qa'ab near Abydos is made of red and black granite, the first time in Egypt this hard stone was used as a building material. During his long reign he established many of the customs of court ritual and royalty used by later rulers and he was held in high regard by his immediate successors. | noble title | 61 | [
"aristocratic title",
"rank of nobility",
"peerage",
"nobility rank",
"aristocratic rank"
] | null | null |
[
"Den (pharaoh)",
"place of burial",
"Umm el-Qa'ab"
] | Den, also known as Hor-Den, Dewen and Udimu, is the Horus name of a pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period who ruled during the First Dynasty of Egypt. He is the best archaeologically-attested ruler of this period. Den is said to have brought prosperity to his realm and numerous innovations are attributed to his reign. He was the first to use the title "King of Upper and Lower Egypt", and the first depicted as wearing the double crown (red and white). The floor of his tomb at Umm El Qa'ab near Abydos is made of red and black granite, the first time in Egypt this hard stone was used as a building material. During his long reign he established many of the customs of court ritual and royalty used by later rulers and he was held in high regard by his immediate successors. | place of burial | 58 | [
"final resting place",
"burial site",
"last resting place",
"grave site",
"interment location"
] | null | null |
[
"Den (pharaoh)",
"spouse",
"Serethor"
] | Identity
Den's serekh name was "Den" or "Dewen", most likely meaning "he who brings the water". This is consistent with his birth name, which was “Khasty”, meaning “he of the two deserts”. Egyptologists such as Toby Wilkinson and Francesco Tiradritti think that the birth name refers to the eastern and the western desert – both surrounding Egypt like protective shields – or to Lower and Upper Egypt. This is in accord with the introduction of the Nisut-Bity-title by Den. This royal title was designed to legitimise the ruler's power over the whole of Egypt.Den's family has been the subject of significant research. His mother was queen Merneith; this conclusion is supported by contemporary seal impressions and by the inscription on the Palermo Stone. Den's wives were the queens Semat , Seshemet-ka , Serethor, and, possibly, Qaineit. He also had numerous sons and daughters; his possible successors could have been king Anedjib and king Semerkhet.Den's Royal Household is also well researched. Subsidiary tombs and palatial mastabas at Sakkara belonged to high officials such as Ipka, Ankh-ka, Hemaka, Nebitka, Amka, Iny-ka and Ka-Za. In a subsidiary tomb at Den's necropolis, the rare stela of a dwarf named Ser-Inpu was found.The birth name of Den was misread in Ramesside times. The Abydos King List has “Sepatju” written with two symbols for “district”. This derives from the two desert symbols Den originally had used. The Turin King List refers to “Qenentj”, which is quite difficult to translate. The origin of the hieroglyphs used the Royal Canon of Turin remains unknown. The Saqqara Tablet mysteriously omits Den completely. | spouse | 51 | [
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Den (pharaoh)",
"mother",
"Merneith"
] | Identity
Den's serekh name was "Den" or "Dewen", most likely meaning "he who brings the water". This is consistent with his birth name, which was “Khasty”, meaning “he of the two deserts”. Egyptologists such as Toby Wilkinson and Francesco Tiradritti think that the birth name refers to the eastern and the western desert – both surrounding Egypt like protective shields – or to Lower and Upper Egypt. This is in accord with the introduction of the Nisut-Bity-title by Den. This royal title was designed to legitimise the ruler's power over the whole of Egypt.Den's family has been the subject of significant research. His mother was queen Merneith; this conclusion is supported by contemporary seal impressions and by the inscription on the Palermo Stone. Den's wives were the queens Semat , Seshemet-ka , Serethor, and, possibly, Qaineit. He also had numerous sons and daughters; his possible successors could have been king Anedjib and king Semerkhet.Den's Royal Household is also well researched. Subsidiary tombs and palatial mastabas at Sakkara belonged to high officials such as Ipka, Ankh-ka, Hemaka, Nebitka, Amka, Iny-ka and Ka-Za. In a subsidiary tomb at Den's necropolis, the rare stela of a dwarf named Ser-Inpu was found.The birth name of Den was misread in Ramesside times. The Abydos King List has “Sepatju” written with two symbols for “district”. This derives from the two desert symbols Den originally had used. The Turin King List refers to “Qenentj”, which is quite difficult to translate. The origin of the hieroglyphs used the Royal Canon of Turin remains unknown. The Saqqara Tablet mysteriously omits Den completely. | mother | 52 | [
"mom",
"mommy",
"mum",
"mama",
"parent"
] | null | null |
[
"Nynetjer",
"noble title",
"pharaoh"
] | Nynetjer (also known as Ninetjer and Banetjer) is the Horus name of the third pharaoh of the Second Dynasty of Egypt. The length of his reign is unknown. The Turin Canon suggests an improbable reign of 96 years and Egyptian historian Manetho suggested that Nynetjer's reign lasted 47 years. Egyptologists question both statements as misinterpretations or exaggerations. They generally credit Nynetjer with a reign of either 43 years or 45 years. Their estimation is based on the reconstructions of the well known Palermo Stone inscription reporting the years 7–21, the Cairo Stone inscription reporting the years 36–44. According to different authors, Nynetjer ruled Egypt from c. 2850 BC to 2760 BC or later from c. 2760 BC to 2715 BC. | noble title | 61 | [
"aristocratic title",
"rank of nobility",
"peerage",
"nobility rank",
"aristocratic rank"
] | null | null |
[
"Djet",
"noble title",
"pharaoh"
] | Djet, also known as Wadj, Zet, and Uadji (in Greek possibly the pharaoh known as Uenephes or possibly Atothis), was the fourth pharaoh of the First Dynasty, successor of Djer. Djet's Horus name means "Horus Cobra" or "Serpent of Horus".Family
Djet's queen was his sister Merneith, who may have ruled as a pharaoh in her own right after his death. There is a possibility that a woman known as Ahaneith was also one of his wives. Djet and Merneith's son was Den, and their grandson was Anedjib. | noble title | 61 | [
"aristocratic title",
"rank of nobility",
"peerage",
"nobility rank",
"aristocratic rank"
] | null | null |
[
"Djet",
"child",
"Den"
] | Family
Djet's queen was his sister Merneith, who may have ruled as a pharaoh in her own right after his death. There is a possibility that a woman known as Ahaneith was also one of his wives. Djet and Merneith's son was Den, and their grandson was Anedjib. | child | 39 | [
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Djet",
"spouse",
"Ahaneith"
] | Family
Djet's queen was his sister Merneith, who may have ruled as a pharaoh in her own right after his death. There is a possibility that a woman known as Ahaneith was also one of his wives. Djet and Merneith's son was Den, and their grandson was Anedjib. | spouse | 51 | [
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Djet",
"mother",
"Herneith"
] | Family
Djet's queen was his sister Merneith, who may have ruled as a pharaoh in her own right after his death. There is a possibility that a woman known as Ahaneith was also one of his wives. Djet and Merneith's son was Den, and their grandson was Anedjib. | mother | 52 | [
"mom",
"mommy",
"mum",
"mama",
"parent"
] | null | null |
[
"Merneith",
"spouse",
"Djet"
] | Merneith (also written Merit-neith and Meryt-Neith) was a consort and a regent of Ancient Egypt during the First Dynasty. She may have been a ruler of Egypt in her own right, based on several official records. If this was the case and the earlier royal wife Neithhotep never ruled as an independent regent, Merneith may have been the first female pharaoh and the earliest queen regnant in recorded history. Her rule occurred around 2950 BC for an undetermined period. Merneith’s name means "Beloved by Neith" and her stele contains symbols of that ancient Egyptian deity. She may have been Djer's daughter and was probably Djet's senior royal wife. The former meant that she would have been the great-granddaughter of unified Egypt's first pharaoh, Narmer. She was also the mother of Den, her successor.Family
Merneith is linked with the kings Djer, Djet and Den in a variety of seal impressions and inscribed bowls. Merneith may have been the daughter of Djer, but there is no conclusive evidence. As the mother of Den, it is likely that Merneith was the wife of Djet. No information about the identity of her mother has been found.A clay seal found in the tomb of her son, Den, was engraved with "King's Mother, Merneith". It also is known that Den’s father was Djet, making it likely that Merneith was Djet’s royal wife.
From Abydos comes a small ivory fragment with the remains of two figures. It is possible that they show Merneith together with her son king Den. | spouse | 51 | [
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Merneith",
"father",
"Djer"
] | Merneith (also written Merit-neith and Meryt-Neith) was a consort and a regent of Ancient Egypt during the First Dynasty. She may have been a ruler of Egypt in her own right, based on several official records. If this was the case and the earlier royal wife Neithhotep never ruled as an independent regent, Merneith may have been the first female pharaoh and the earliest queen regnant in recorded history. Her rule occurred around 2950 BC for an undetermined period. Merneith’s name means "Beloved by Neith" and her stele contains symbols of that ancient Egyptian deity. She may have been Djer's daughter and was probably Djet's senior royal wife. The former meant that she would have been the great-granddaughter of unified Egypt's first pharaoh, Narmer. She was also the mother of Den, her successor. | father | 57 | [
"dad",
"daddy",
"papa",
"pop",
"sire"
] | null | null |
[
"Merneith",
"occupation",
"sovereign"
] | Merneith (also written Merit-neith and Meryt-Neith) was a consort and a regent of Ancient Egypt during the First Dynasty. She may have been a ruler of Egypt in her own right, based on several official records. If this was the case and the earlier royal wife Neithhotep never ruled as an independent regent, Merneith may have been the first female pharaoh and the earliest queen regnant in recorded history. Her rule occurred around 2950 BC for an undetermined period. Merneith’s name means "Beloved by Neith" and her stele contains symbols of that ancient Egyptian deity. She may have been Djer's daughter and was probably Djet's senior royal wife. The former meant that she would have been the great-granddaughter of unified Egypt's first pharaoh, Narmer. She was also the mother of Den, her successor. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Merneith",
"noble title",
"queen"
] | Merneith (also written Merit-neith and Meryt-Neith) was a consort and a regent of Ancient Egypt during the First Dynasty. She may have been a ruler of Egypt in her own right, based on several official records. If this was the case and the earlier royal wife Neithhotep never ruled as an independent regent, Merneith may have been the first female pharaoh and the earliest queen regnant in recorded history. Her rule occurred around 2950 BC for an undetermined period. Merneith’s name means "Beloved by Neith" and her stele contains symbols of that ancient Egyptian deity. She may have been Djer's daughter and was probably Djet's senior royal wife. The former meant that she would have been the great-granddaughter of unified Egypt's first pharaoh, Narmer. She was also the mother of Den, her successor. | noble title | 61 | [
"aristocratic title",
"rank of nobility",
"peerage",
"nobility rank",
"aristocratic rank"
] | null | null |
[
"Kanefer",
"time period",
"Ancient Egypt"
] | See also article Kanefer (High Priest of Ptah).
Kanefer ("His Ka is beautiful") is the name of an ancient Egyptian prince. He lived during the 4th or early 5th Dynasty of the Old Kingdom period.Identity
According to Rainer Stadelmann and Michael Haase, Kanefer may have been a son of King Sneferu. Their assumption is based on the architectural features of Kanefer's tomb, which were rather typical for the beginning of the 4th dynasty.Next to nothing is known about his family, the name of his wife is lost due to damages on his tomb stela, but two of her titles, "female member of the elite" and "priestess of Hathor", are preserved. She bore several children to Kanefer – Kawab, Kanefer II and Meresankh. | time period | 97 | [
"duration",
"period of time",
"timeframe",
"time interval",
"temporal period"
] | null | null |
[
"Kanefer",
"child",
"Kanefer II"
] | Identity
According to Rainer Stadelmann and Michael Haase, Kanefer may have been a son of King Sneferu. Their assumption is based on the architectural features of Kanefer's tomb, which were rather typical for the beginning of the 4th dynasty.Next to nothing is known about his family, the name of his wife is lost due to damages on his tomb stela, but two of her titles, "female member of the elite" and "priestess of Hathor", are preserved. She bore several children to Kanefer – Kawab, Kanefer II and Meresankh. | child | 39 | [
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Oak of Mamre",
"facet of",
"Abraham"
] | The Oak of Mamre (Greek: η Δρυς της Μαμβρή, hē Drys tēs Mambrḗ) or Oak of Sibta at Khirbet es-Sibte or Ain Sibta in Hebron in the West Bank is a site venerated by some as the "Oak of Abraham". It is distinct from the more ancient site of Mamre. It owes its name to an ancient tree, which seems to be dead but has a young sprig growing next to it, and stands on the grounds of the modern Russian Orthodox Monastery of the Holy Trinity.
The old tree fell in 2019, but there are plans to preserve its trunk and sustain the growth of the young shoot.The site is located two kilometres (1.2 miles) southwest of Mamre (Hebrew: מַמְרֵא), historically near Hebron and now inside the city. Also called The Oak of Abraham, it is an ancient oak tree (Quercus coccifera) which, in one tradition, is said to mark the place where Abraham entertained the three angels or where Abraham pitched his tent. | facet of | 101 | [
"aspect of",
"element of",
"feature of",
"part of",
"component of"
] | null | null |
[
"Oak of Mamre",
"located in the administrative territorial entity",
"Hebron"
] | The Oak of Mamre (Greek: η Δρυς της Μαμβρή, hē Drys tēs Mambrḗ) or Oak of Sibta at Khirbet es-Sibte or Ain Sibta in Hebron in the West Bank is a site venerated by some as the "Oak of Abraham". It is distinct from the more ancient site of Mamre. It owes its name to an ancient tree, which seems to be dead but has a young sprig growing next to it, and stands on the grounds of the modern Russian Orthodox Monastery of the Holy Trinity.
The old tree fell in 2019, but there are plans to preserve its trunk and sustain the growth of the young shoot.The site is located two kilometres (1.2 miles) southwest of Mamre (Hebrew: מַמְרֵא), historically near Hebron and now inside the city. Also called The Oak of Abraham, it is an ancient oak tree (Quercus coccifera) which, in one tradition, is said to mark the place where Abraham entertained the three angels or where Abraham pitched his tent. | located in the administrative territorial entity | 6 | [
"situated in",
"found in",
"positioned in"
] | null | null |
[
"Oak of Mamre",
"instance of",
"remarkable tree"
] | The Oak of Mamre (Greek: η Δρυς της Μαμβρή, hē Drys tēs Mambrḗ) or Oak of Sibta at Khirbet es-Sibte or Ain Sibta in Hebron in the West Bank is a site venerated by some as the "Oak of Abraham". It is distinct from the more ancient site of Mamre. It owes its name to an ancient tree, which seems to be dead but has a young sprig growing next to it, and stands on the grounds of the modern Russian Orthodox Monastery of the Holy Trinity.
The old tree fell in 2019, but there are plans to preserve its trunk and sustain the growth of the young shoot.The site is located two kilometres (1.2 miles) southwest of Mamre (Hebrew: מַמְרֵא), historically near Hebron and now inside the city. Also called The Oak of Abraham, it is an ancient oak tree (Quercus coccifera) which, in one tradition, is said to mark the place where Abraham entertained the three angels or where Abraham pitched his tent. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Oak of Mamre",
"location",
"Abraham's Oak Holy Trinity Monastery"
] | The Oak of Mamre (Greek: η Δρυς της Μαμβρή, hē Drys tēs Mambrḗ) or Oak of Sibta at Khirbet es-Sibte or Ain Sibta in Hebron in the West Bank is a site venerated by some as the "Oak of Abraham". It is distinct from the more ancient site of Mamre. It owes its name to an ancient tree, which seems to be dead but has a young sprig growing next to it, and stands on the grounds of the modern Russian Orthodox Monastery of the Holy Trinity.
The old tree fell in 2019, but there are plans to preserve its trunk and sustain the growth of the young shoot.The site is located two kilometres (1.2 miles) southwest of Mamre (Hebrew: מַמְרֵא), historically near Hebron and now inside the city. Also called The Oak of Abraham, it is an ancient oak tree (Quercus coccifera) which, in one tradition, is said to mark the place where Abraham entertained the three angels or where Abraham pitched his tent. | location | 29 | [
"place",
"position",
"site",
"locale",
"spot"
] | null | null |
[
"Senedjemib Mehi",
"instance of",
"human"
] | Senedjemib Mehi was a vizier from the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt. Senedjemib Mehi started out his career under Djedkare Isesi and eventually became vizier under Unas.Family
Senedjemib Mehi was the son of Senedjemib Inti and Tjefi. Mehi was married to Khentkaus, who was a King's daughter. She could be a daughter of Unas or possibly of Djedkare Isesi. They had at least three children:
Senedjemib, named after his grandfather
Mehi, named after his father
Khentkaus, named after her motherBurial
Senedjemib Mehi was buried in tomb G2378 in Giza West Field immediately next to the tomb of his father. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Senedjemib Mehi",
"time period",
"Ancient Egypt"
] | Senedjemib Mehi was a vizier from the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt. Senedjemib Mehi started out his career under Djedkare Isesi and eventually became vizier under Unas. | time period | 97 | [
"duration",
"period of time",
"timeframe",
"time interval",
"temporal period"
] | null | null |
[
"Senedjemib Mehi",
"father",
"Senedjemib Inti"
] | Family
Senedjemib Mehi was the son of Senedjemib Inti and Tjefi. Mehi was married to Khentkaus, who was a King's daughter. She could be a daughter of Unas or possibly of Djedkare Isesi. They had at least three children:
Senedjemib, named after his grandfather
Mehi, named after his father
Khentkaus, named after her mother | father | 57 | [
"dad",
"daddy",
"papa",
"pop",
"sire"
] | null | null |
[
"Senedjemib Mehi",
"place of burial",
"Giza"
] | Burial
Senedjemib Mehi was buried in tomb G2378 in Giza West Field immediately next to the tomb of his father. | place of burial | 58 | [
"final resting place",
"burial site",
"last resting place",
"grave site",
"interment location"
] | null | null |
[
"Nakhtneith",
"instance of",
"human"
] | Nakhtneith was a Queen consort of ancient Egypt. She lived during the 1st Dynasty. Her name means "strong is (the goddess) Neith".Biography
Nakhtneith(Nḫt Nj.t) was the wife of Pharaoh Djer. She is known from a stela found in Abydos (stela 95) where she was buried near her husband. On the stela she holds the titles "Great one of the hetes scepter" (Wr.t-ḥts) and "she who carries Horus" (Rmn- Ḥr.(w)). The stela is currently in the Cairo Museum (JE 35005). It measures 31.6 cm high by 18.5 cm wide. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Nakhtneith",
"spouse",
"Djer"
] | Biography
Nakhtneith(Nḫt Nj.t) was the wife of Pharaoh Djer. She is known from a stela found in Abydos (stela 95) where she was buried near her husband. On the stela she holds the titles "Great one of the hetes scepter" (Wr.t-ḥts) and "she who carries Horus" (Rmn- Ḥr.(w)). The stela is currently in the Cairo Museum (JE 35005). It measures 31.6 cm high by 18.5 cm wide. | spouse | 51 | [
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Nakhtneith",
"noble title",
"queen"
] | Biography
Nakhtneith(Nḫt Nj.t) was the wife of Pharaoh Djer. She is known from a stela found in Abydos (stela 95) where she was buried near her husband. On the stela she holds the titles "Great one of the hetes scepter" (Wr.t-ḥts) and "she who carries Horus" (Rmn- Ḥr.(w)). The stela is currently in the Cairo Museum (JE 35005). It measures 31.6 cm high by 18.5 cm wide. | noble title | 61 | [
"aristocratic title",
"rank of nobility",
"peerage",
"nobility rank",
"aristocratic rank"
] | null | null |
[
"Ahaneith",
"time period",
"First Dynasty of Egypt"
] | Ahaneith was an ancient Egyptian woman, who lived during the First Dynasty of Egypt. She was named after goddess Neith.
The First Dynasty pharaoh Djet was buried in tomb Z in Umm el-Qa'ab and there is a stele bearing Ahaneith's name in that tomb. The stele is named UC 14268. Whether Ahaneith was the wife of the king, a royal official or a relative of the king, is not known. | time period | 97 | [
"duration",
"period of time",
"timeframe",
"time interval",
"temporal period"
] | null | null |
[
"Ahaneith",
"instance of",
"human"
] | Ahaneith was an ancient Egyptian woman, who lived during the First Dynasty of Egypt. She was named after goddess Neith.
The First Dynasty pharaoh Djet was buried in tomb Z in Umm el-Qa'ab and there is a stele bearing Ahaneith's name in that tomb. The stele is named UC 14268. Whether Ahaneith was the wife of the king, a royal official or a relative of the king, is not known. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Hotepsekhemwy",
"noble title",
"pharaoh"
] | Hotepsekhemwy is the Horus name of an early Egyptian king who was the founder of the Second Dynasty of Egypt. The exact length of his reign is not known; the Turin canon suggests an improbable 95 years while the ancient Egyptian historian Manetho reports that the reign of "Boëthôs" lasted for 38 years. Egyptologists consider both statements to be misinterpretations or exaggerations. They credit Hotepsekhemwy with either a 25- or a 29-year rule. | noble title | 61 | [
"aristocratic title",
"rank of nobility",
"peerage",
"nobility rank",
"aristocratic rank"
] | null | null |
[
"Hotepsekhemwy",
"place of burial",
"Saqqara"
] | Tomb
The location of Hotepsekhemwy's tomb is unknown. Egyptologists such as Flinders Petrie, Alessandro Barsanti and Toby Wilkinson believe it could be the giant underground Gallery Tomb A beneath the funeral passage of the Unas-necropolis at Saqqara. Many seal impressions of king Hotepsekhemwy have been found in these galleries.
Egyptologists such as Wolfgang Helck and Peter Munro are not convinced and think that Gallery Tomb B is instead the burial site of king Raneb, as several seal impressions of this ruler were also found there.The more accepted theory is that Hotepsekhemwy and his son Raneb shared Tomb A. | place of burial | 58 | [
"final resting place",
"burial site",
"last resting place",
"grave site",
"interment location"
] | null | null |
[
"Nebra (pharaoh)",
"father",
"Hotepsekhemwy"
] | Family
The wife of Nebra is unknown. A “son of the king” and “priest of Sopdu” named Perneb might have been his son, but since the clay seals providing his name and titles were found in a gallery tomb which is attributed to two kings equally (Nebra and his predecessor, Hotepsekhemwy), it is unclear whose son Perneb really was. | father | 57 | [
"dad",
"daddy",
"papa",
"pop",
"sire"
] | null | null |
[
"Gaspar Yanga",
"occupation",
"resistance fighter"
] | Yanga's Rebellion
According to the historian Adriana Naveda, Nyanga fled his enslaver in approximately 1570 and took refuge close to what is now the city of Córdoba, leading a group of maroons that gradually grew in number. Although there is no full knowledge of how their movement developed, by 1609 the group included more than 500 men; consequently, rumors of a large-scale revolt were not long in coming.
Warnings increased during the reign of viceroy Luis de Velasco, trying to alert the viceroy of a possible Black uprising on January 6 of that year. According to the rumors, this uprising would see the runaways murder whites and name a Black maroon as king. De Velasco did not give this possibility much importance, responding only by ordering the whipping of several enslaved people who had already been imprisoned for other kinds of crimes. But the danger became evident when Nyanga’s group began to plunder the region’s haciendas. Many historians agree that the land occupied by these apalencados (i.e., palenque-dwellers) was the area surrounding the Cofre de Perote, the Sierra de Zongolica, and the area of Omealca, in what is now the state of Veracruz.
Nyanga’s maroons not only plundered the haciendas and farms within their reach in order to survive: they also attacked the Viceroyalty-era Mexico-Veracruz road, which connected the Gulf’s main port with the capital of New Spain. These attacks were worrisome for the authorities, as, throughout the colonial period, this road was the most transit and communication route in the Americas and its economic importance was essential for the development of New Spain.
This led the viceroy to send militias to subdue the bellicose group. However, the fugitives were able to defend themselves on multiple occasions, as their hiding places were difficult to access and allowed the maroons to quickly defend themselves. This rebellion did not meet the same fate as others did: losses were high, and attacks on the royal road destabilized the viceregal economy. Most affected was the port of Veracruz, whose commodity flow was damaged. This was what, in this case, made waging a war against the maroons an unprofitable and hopeless enterprise.
In 1609, news spread that the Africans intended to kill the inhabitants of the capital and crown one of their own (Yanga), leading the viceroy to take extreme measures against the rebels. Three years later, rumors would come that many Blacks who had been defeated had been dismembered and nailed to pieces along the main roads to serve as an example to the rebels.
In the 16th century, Africans made up 6% (20,569) of the population. Given the need for labor, shipments of Africans would increase. By 1646, there was an average of almost 168,000 enslaved Blacks in New Spain.Spanish 1609 attack
Led by the soldier Pedro González de Herrera, about 550 Spanish troops set out from Puebla in January; an estimated 100 were Spanish regulars and the rest conscripts and adventurers. The maroons were an irregular force of 100 fighters having some type of firearm, and 400 more armed with stones, machetes, bows and arrows, and the like. These maroon troops were led by Francisco de la Matosa, an Angolan. Yanga—who was quite old by this time—decided to use his troops' superior knowledge of the terrain to resist the Spaniards, with the goal of causing them enough pain to draw them to the negotiating table.
Upon the approach of the Spanish troops, Yanga sent terms of peace via a captured Spaniard. He asked for a treaty akin to those that had settled hostilities between Indians and Spaniards: an area of self-rule in return for tribute and promises to support the Spanish if they were attacked. In addition, Yanga said this proposed district would return any slaves who might flee to it. This last concession was necessary to soothe the worries of the many slave owners in the region.The Spaniards refused the terms and went into battle, resulting in heavy losses for both sides. The Spaniards advanced into the maroon settlement and burned it. But, the maroons fought fiercely and were well accustomed to the surrounding terrain. The Spaniards could not achieve a conclusive victory. The resulting stalemate lasted years; finally, the Spanish agreed to parley. Yanga's terms were agreed to, with the additional provisos that only Franciscan priests (including Alonso de Benavides) would tend to the people, and that Yanga's family would be granted the right of rule.: 7 In 1618 the treaty was signed. By 1630 the town of San Lorenzo de los Negros de Cerralvo was established. Located in today's Veracruz province, the town in the 21st century is known as Yanga. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Gaspar Yanga",
"family name",
"Yanga"
] | Early life
Yanga, aka Nyanga, was said to be of the Bran people and a member of the royal family of Gabon. He was captured and sold into slavery in Mexico, where he was called Gaspar Yanga. Before the end of the slave trade, New Spain had the sixth-highest slave population (estimated 200,000) of the Americas after Brazil (over 4.9 million), the Caribbean (over 4 million), Cuba (over 1 million), Hispaniola and the United States (half a million).Around 1570, Yanga led a band of slaves in escaping to the highlands near Veracruz. They built a small maroon colony, or palenque.: 5 Its isolation helped protect it for more than 30 years, and other fugitive slaves found their way there. Because the people survived in part by raiding caravans taking goods along the Camino Real (Royal Road) between Veracruz and Mexico City, in 1609 the Spanish colonial government decided to undertake a campaign to regain control of this territory.: 5 | family name | 54 | [
"surname",
"last name",
"patronymic",
"family surname",
"clan name"
] | null | null |
[
"Frances Goodman",
"instance of",
"human"
] | Frances Goodman (born 1975) is a South African mixed-media artist who currently lives in Johannesburg. Her work makes use of acrylic nails and other unconventional materials and is "interested in the relations between femininity, costuming, and role-playing".Education
From 1994-1997, Goodman worked on a BA in Fine Arts at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. She then moved to London to attend Goldsmiths College in 1999, receiving an MA in Fine Arts in 2000. Afterward, she served as a laureate at the Higher Institute for Fine Art in Antwerp, Belgium from 2001 to 2003. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Frances Goodman",
"country of citizenship",
"Africa"
] | Frances Goodman (born 1975) is a South African mixed-media artist who currently lives in Johannesburg. Her work makes use of acrylic nails and other unconventional materials and is "interested in the relations between femininity, costuming, and role-playing". | country of citizenship | 63 | [
"citizenship country",
"place of citizenship",
"country of origin",
"citizenship nation",
"country of citizenship status"
] | null | null |
[
"Frances Goodman",
"occupation",
"artist"
] | Frances Goodman (born 1975) is a South African mixed-media artist who currently lives in Johannesburg. Her work makes use of acrylic nails and other unconventional materials and is "interested in the relations between femininity, costuming, and role-playing".Education
From 1994-1997, Goodman worked on a BA in Fine Arts at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. She then moved to London to attend Goldsmiths College in 1999, receiving an MA in Fine Arts in 2000. Afterward, she served as a laureate at the Higher Institute for Fine Art in Antwerp, Belgium from 2001 to 2003.Exhibitions and awards
Goodman has exhibited widely since 2002, with solo and group shows across Europe, North America, and Africa. In 2012, she was a resident at the International Studio & Curatorial Program in New York City. She was a recipient of the Cecily Brown Fellowship for Outstanding Woman Artists in 2014. Goodman's work appeared in the exhibition I Am . . .Contemporary Women Artists of Africa at the Smithsonian's National Museum of African Art from June 2019-April 2022. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Frances Goodman",
"educated at",
"University of the Witwatersrand"
] | Education
From 1994-1997, Goodman worked on a BA in Fine Arts at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. She then moved to London to attend Goldsmiths College in 1999, receiving an MA in Fine Arts in 2000. Afterward, she served as a laureate at the Higher Institute for Fine Art in Antwerp, Belgium from 2001 to 2003. | educated at | 56 | [
"studied at",
"graduated from",
"attended",
"enrolled at",
"completed education at"
] | null | null |
[
"Frances Goodman",
"sex or gender",
"female"
] | Frances Goodman (born 1975) is a South African mixed-media artist who currently lives in Johannesburg. Her work makes use of acrylic nails and other unconventional materials and is "interested in the relations between femininity, costuming, and role-playing". | sex or gender | 65 | [
"biological sex",
"gender identity",
"gender expression",
"sexual orientation",
"gender classification"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosamund Everard-Steenkamp",
"instance of",
"human"
] | Rosamund Everard-Steenkamp (1907–1946) was a South African aviator and artist. She was one of the first women to fly a jet airplane, the Gloster Meteor. She was also a talented artist whose work was shown at the South African National Art Gallery. She died in an airplane accident in England. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosamund Everard-Steenkamp",
"occupation",
"artist"
] | Rosamund Everard-Steenkamp (1907–1946) was a South African aviator and artist. She was one of the first women to fly a jet airplane, the Gloster Meteor. She was also a talented artist whose work was shown at the South African National Art Gallery. She died in an airplane accident in England. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosamund Everard-Steenkamp",
"occupation",
"aircraft pilot"
] | Rosamund Everard-Steenkamp (1907–1946) was a South African aviator and artist. She was one of the first women to fly a jet airplane, the Gloster Meteor. She was also a talented artist whose work was shown at the South African National Art Gallery. She died in an airplane accident in England. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosamund Everard-Steenkamp",
"sex or gender",
"female"
] | Rosamund Everard-Steenkamp (1907–1946) was a South African aviator and artist. She was one of the first women to fly a jet airplane, the Gloster Meteor. She was also a talented artist whose work was shown at the South African National Art Gallery. She died in an airplane accident in England. | sex or gender | 65 | [
"biological sex",
"gender identity",
"gender expression",
"sexual orientation",
"gender classification"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosamund Everard-Steenkamp",
"cause of death",
"aircraft crash"
] | Rosamund Everard-Steenkamp (1907–1946) was a South African aviator and artist. She was one of the first women to fly a jet airplane, the Gloster Meteor. She was also a talented artist whose work was shown at the South African National Art Gallery. She died in an airplane accident in England. | cause of death | 43 | [
"manner of death",
"reason for death",
"mode of death",
"source of death",
"factors leading to death"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosamund Everard-Steenkamp",
"has works in the collection",
"Tatham Art Gallery"
] | == References == | has works in the collection | 74 | [
"holds works in the collection"
] | null | null |
[
"Stephen Harper",
"instance of",
"human"
] | Early life and education
Harper was born and raised in Leaside, a neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, the first of three sons of Margaret (née Johnston) and Joseph Harris Harper, an accountant at Imperial Oil. The Harper family traces its ancestry back to Yorkshire, England, with Christopher Harper having emigrated to Nova Scotia in 1784, where he later served as justice of the peace in the area that is now New Brunswick.Harper attended Northlea Public School and, later, John G. Althouse Middle School and Richview Collegiate Institute, both in Etobicoke, Toronto. He graduated from high school in 1978, and was a member of Richview Collegiate's team on Reach for the Top, a televised academic quiz show for high school students. Harper studied at the University of Toronto's Trinity College before moving to Alberta. In an attempt to establish independence from his parents, Harper dropped out of the University of Toronto and then moved to Edmonton, Alberta, where he found work in the mail room at Imperial Oil. Later, he advanced to work on the company's computer systems. He took up post-secondary studies again at the University of Calgary, where he completed a bachelor's degree in economics in 1985. He later returned there to earn a master's degree in economics, completed in 1991. Throughout his career, Harper has kept strong links to the University of Calgary. Trained as an economist, Harper was the first prime minister with an economics degree since Pierre Trudeau and the first prime minister without a law degree since Joe Clark. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Stephen Harper",
"educated at",
"University of Calgary"
] | Early life and education
Harper was born and raised in Leaside, a neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, the first of three sons of Margaret (née Johnston) and Joseph Harris Harper, an accountant at Imperial Oil. The Harper family traces its ancestry back to Yorkshire, England, with Christopher Harper having emigrated to Nova Scotia in 1784, where he later served as justice of the peace in the area that is now New Brunswick.Harper attended Northlea Public School and, later, John G. Althouse Middle School and Richview Collegiate Institute, both in Etobicoke, Toronto. He graduated from high school in 1978, and was a member of Richview Collegiate's team on Reach for the Top, a televised academic quiz show for high school students. Harper studied at the University of Toronto's Trinity College before moving to Alberta. In an attempt to establish independence from his parents, Harper dropped out of the University of Toronto and then moved to Edmonton, Alberta, where he found work in the mail room at Imperial Oil. Later, he advanced to work on the company's computer systems. He took up post-secondary studies again at the University of Calgary, where he completed a bachelor's degree in economics in 1985. He later returned there to earn a master's degree in economics, completed in 1991. Throughout his career, Harper has kept strong links to the University of Calgary. Trained as an economist, Harper was the first prime minister with an economics degree since Pierre Trudeau and the first prime minister without a law degree since Joe Clark. | educated at | 56 | [
"studied at",
"graduated from",
"attended",
"enrolled at",
"completed education at"
] | null | null |
[
"Stephen Harper",
"award received",
"Companion of the Order of Canada"
] | Honours
Harper received the Woodrow Wilson Award on October 6, 2006, for his public service in Calgary. The awards ceremony was held at the Telus Convention Centre in Calgary, the same place where he made his victory speech.Time magazine also named him as Canada's Newsmaker of the Year in 2006. Stephen Handelman wrote "that the prime minister who was once dismissed as a doctrinaire backroom tactician with no experience in government has emerged as a warrior in power".On June 27, 2008, Harper was awarded the Presidential Gold Medallion for Humanitarianism by B'nai B'rith International. He is the first Canadian to be awarded this medal.On July 11, 2011, Harper was honoured by Alberta's Blood tribe. He was made Honorary Chief of the Kainai Nation during a ceremony, in which they recognized him for making an official apology on behalf of the Government of Canada for the residential schools abuse. Harper issued this apology in 2008. The chief of the tribe explained that he believes the apology officially started the healing and rebuilding of relations between the federal and native councils. Lester B. Pearson, John Diefenbaker, and Jean Chrétien are the only other prime ministers of Canada to have been awarded the same honorary title.On September 27, 2012, Harper received the World Statesman of the Year award. This award was offered through a US group of various faith representatives. This occurred at a black tie banquet in New York. Jean Chrétien was one of the previous recipients from Canada.In August 2016 President Petro Poroshenko of Ukraine awarded Stephen Harper with the highest award for foreigners–the Order of Liberty.In December 2019, it was announced by Governor General Julie Payette that Harper had been appointed as a Companion of the Order of Canada. He was formally invested on September 18, 2022, by Governor General Mary Simon in London in a ceremony attended by incumbent Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, and former prime ministers Kim Campbell, Jean Chrétien, Paul Martin and former Governors-General Michaëlle Jean and David Johnston. | award received | 62 | [
"received an award",
"given an award",
"won an award",
"received a prize",
"awarded with"
] | null | null |
[
"Stephen Harper",
"award received",
"Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service"
] | Honours
Harper received the Woodrow Wilson Award on October 6, 2006, for his public service in Calgary. The awards ceremony was held at the Telus Convention Centre in Calgary, the same place where he made his victory speech.Time magazine also named him as Canada's Newsmaker of the Year in 2006. Stephen Handelman wrote "that the prime minister who was once dismissed as a doctrinaire backroom tactician with no experience in government has emerged as a warrior in power".On June 27, 2008, Harper was awarded the Presidential Gold Medallion for Humanitarianism by B'nai B'rith International. He is the first Canadian to be awarded this medal.On July 11, 2011, Harper was honoured by Alberta's Blood tribe. He was made Honorary Chief of the Kainai Nation during a ceremony, in which they recognized him for making an official apology on behalf of the Government of Canada for the residential schools abuse. Harper issued this apology in 2008. The chief of the tribe explained that he believes the apology officially started the healing and rebuilding of relations between the federal and native councils. Lester B. Pearson, John Diefenbaker, and Jean Chrétien are the only other prime ministers of Canada to have been awarded the same honorary title.On September 27, 2012, Harper received the World Statesman of the Year award. This award was offered through a US group of various faith representatives. This occurred at a black tie banquet in New York. Jean Chrétien was one of the previous recipients from Canada.In August 2016 President Petro Poroshenko of Ukraine awarded Stephen Harper with the highest award for foreigners–the Order of Liberty.In December 2019, it was announced by Governor General Julie Payette that Harper had been appointed as a Companion of the Order of Canada. He was formally invested on September 18, 2022, by Governor General Mary Simon in London in a ceremony attended by incumbent Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, and former prime ministers Kim Campbell, Jean Chrétien, Paul Martin and former Governors-General Michaëlle Jean and David Johnston. | award received | 62 | [
"received an award",
"given an award",
"won an award",
"received a prize",
"awarded with"
] | null | null |
[
"Neil Young",
"instance of",
"human"
] | Personal life
Homes and residency
Young's family was from Manitoba, where both his parents were born and married. Young himself was born in Toronto, Ontario, and lived there at various times in his early life (1945, 1957, 1959–1960, 1966–1967), as well as Omemee (1945–1952) and Pickering, Ontario (1956) before settling with his mother in Winnipeg, Manitoba (1958, 1960–1966), where his music career began and which he considers his "hometown". Young has been outside Canada since 1967. After becoming successful, he bought properties in California. He currently holds dual citizenship for Canada and the United States.Young had a home in Malibu, California, which burned to the ground in the 2018 Woolsey Fire.Young owned Broken Arrow Ranch, a property of about 1,000 acres near La Honda, California, which he purchased in 1970 for US$350,000 (US$2.4 million in 2021 dollars); the property was subsequently expanded to thousands of acres. He moved out and gave Pegi Young the ranch after their divorce in 2014. Young's son Ben lives there.Young announced in 2019 that his application for United States citizenship had been held up because of his use of marijuana. In 2020, the issue was resolved and he became a United States citizen. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Neil Young",
"country of citizenship",
"Canada"
] | Early life (1945–1963)
Neil Young was born on November 12, 1945, in Toronto, Canada. His father, Scott Alexander Young (1918–2005), was a journalist and sportswriter who also wrote fiction. His mother, Edna Blow Ragland "Rassy" Young (1918–1990) was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Although Canadian, his mother had American and French ancestry. Young's parents married in 1940 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and moved to Toronto shortly thereafter where their first son, Robert "Bob" Young, was born in 1942.
Shortly after Young's birth in 1945, the family moved to rural Omemee, Ontario, which Young later described fondly as a "sleepy little place". Young contracted polio in the late summer of 1951 during the last major outbreak of the disease in Ontario, and as a result, became partially paralyzed on his left side. After the conclusion of his hospitalization, the Young family wintered in Florida, whose milder weather they believed would help Neil's convalescence. During that period, Young briefly attended Faulkner Elementary School in New Smyrna Beach, Florida. In 1952, upon returning to Canada, Young moved from Omemee to Pickering (1956), and lived for a year in Winnipeg (where he would later return), before relocating to Toronto (1957–1960). While in Toronto, Young briefly attended Lawrence Park Collegiate Institute as a first year student in 1959. It is rumoured that he was expelled for riding a motorcycle down the hall of the school.Young became interested in popular music he heard on the radio. When Young was twelve, his father, who had had several extramarital affairs, left his mother. His mother asked for a divorce, which was granted in 1960. Young went to live with his mother, who had moved back to Winnipeg, while his brother Bob stayed with his father in Toronto.During the mid-1950s, Young listened to rock 'n roll, rockabilly, doo-wop, R&B, country, and western pop. He idolized Elvis Presley and later referred to him in a number of his songs. Other early musical influences included Link Wray, Lonnie Mack, Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs, The Ventures, Cliff Richard and the Shadows, Chuck Berry, Hank Marvin, Little Richard, Fats Domino, The Chantels, The Monotones, Ronnie Self, the Fleetwoods, Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash, Roy Orbison and Gogi Grant. Young began to play music himself on a plastic ukulele, before, as he would later relate, going on to "a better ukulele to a banjo ukulele to a baritone ukulele – everything but a guitar."Personal life
Homes and residency
Young's family was from Manitoba, where both his parents were born and married. Young himself was born in Toronto, Ontario, and lived there at various times in his early life (1945, 1957, 1959–1960, 1966–1967), as well as Omemee (1945–1952) and Pickering, Ontario (1956) before settling with his mother in Winnipeg, Manitoba (1958, 1960–1966), where his music career began and which he considers his "hometown". Young has been outside Canada since 1967. After becoming successful, he bought properties in California. He currently holds dual citizenship for Canada and the United States.Young had a home in Malibu, California, which burned to the ground in the 2018 Woolsey Fire.Young owned Broken Arrow Ranch, a property of about 1,000 acres near La Honda, California, which he purchased in 1970 for US$350,000 (US$2.4 million in 2021 dollars); the property was subsequently expanded to thousands of acres. He moved out and gave Pegi Young the ranch after their divorce in 2014. Young's son Ben lives there.Young announced in 2019 that his application for United States citizenship had been held up because of his use of marijuana. In 2020, the issue was resolved and he became a United States citizen. | country of citizenship | 63 | [
"citizenship country",
"place of citizenship",
"country of origin",
"citizenship nation",
"country of citizenship status"
] | null | null |
[
"Neil Young",
"work location",
"Los Angeles"
] | Neil Percival Young (November 12, 1945) is a Canadian-American singer and songwriter. After embarking on a music career in Winnipeg in the 1960s, Young moved to Los Angeles, joining the folk-rock group Buffalo Springfield. Since the beginning of his solo career, often with backing by the band Crazy Horse, he has released critically acclaimed albums such as Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere (1969), After the Gold Rush (1970), Harvest (1972), On the Beach (1974), and Rust Never Sleeps (1979). He was also a part-time member of Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, with whom he recorded the chart-topping 1970 album Déjà Vu.
His guitar work, deeply personal lyrics and signature high tenor singing voice define his long career. Young also plays piano and harmonica on many albums, which frequently combine folk, rock, country and other musical genres. His often distorted electric guitar playing, especially with Crazy Horse, earned him the nickname "Godfather of Grunge" and led to his 1995 album Mirror Ball with Pearl Jam. More recently he has been backed by Promise of the Real.Young directed (or co-directed) films using the pseudonym "Bernard Shakey", including Journey Through the Past (1973), Rust Never Sleeps (1979), Human Highway (1982), Greendale (2003), CSNY/Déjà Vu (2008), and Harvest Time (2022). He also contributed to the soundtracks of the films Philadelphia (1993) and Dead Man (1995).
Young has received several Grammy and Juno Awards. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducted him twice: in 1995 as a solo artist and in 1997 as a member of Buffalo Springfield. In 2000, Rolling Stone named Young No. 34 on their list of the 100 greatest musical artists. According to Acclaimed Music, he is the seventh most celebrated artist in popular music history. 21 of his albums and singles have been certified Gold and Platinum in U.S. by RIAA certification. Young was awarded the Order of Manitoba in 2006 and was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2009. | work location | 67 | [
"place of work",
"office location",
"employment site",
"workplace",
"job site"
] | null | null |
[
"Neil Young",
"genre",
"rock music"
] | Neil Percival Young (November 12, 1945) is a Canadian-American singer and songwriter. After embarking on a music career in Winnipeg in the 1960s, Young moved to Los Angeles, joining the folk-rock group Buffalo Springfield. Since the beginning of his solo career, often with backing by the band Crazy Horse, he has released critically acclaimed albums such as Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere (1969), After the Gold Rush (1970), Harvest (1972), On the Beach (1974), and Rust Never Sleeps (1979). He was also a part-time member of Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, with whom he recorded the chart-topping 1970 album Déjà Vu.
His guitar work, deeply personal lyrics and signature high tenor singing voice define his long career. Young also plays piano and harmonica on many albums, which frequently combine folk, rock, country and other musical genres. His often distorted electric guitar playing, especially with Crazy Horse, earned him the nickname "Godfather of Grunge" and led to his 1995 album Mirror Ball with Pearl Jam. More recently he has been backed by Promise of the Real.Young directed (or co-directed) films using the pseudonym "Bernard Shakey", including Journey Through the Past (1973), Rust Never Sleeps (1979), Human Highway (1982), Greendale (2003), CSNY/Déjà Vu (2008), and Harvest Time (2022). He also contributed to the soundtracks of the films Philadelphia (1993) and Dead Man (1995).
Young has received several Grammy and Juno Awards. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducted him twice: in 1995 as a solo artist and in 1997 as a member of Buffalo Springfield. In 2000, Rolling Stone named Young No. 34 on their list of the 100 greatest musical artists. According to Acclaimed Music, he is the seventh most celebrated artist in popular music history. 21 of his albums and singles have been certified Gold and Platinum in U.S. by RIAA certification. Young was awarded the Order of Manitoba in 2006 and was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2009. | genre | 85 | [
"category",
"style",
"type",
"kind",
"class"
] | null | null |
[
"Neil Young",
"place of birth",
"Toronto"
] | Early life (1945–1963)
Neil Young was born on November 12, 1945, in Toronto, Canada. His father, Scott Alexander Young (1918–2005), was a journalist and sportswriter who also wrote fiction. His mother, Edna Blow Ragland "Rassy" Young (1918–1990) was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Although Canadian, his mother had American and French ancestry. Young's parents married in 1940 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and moved to Toronto shortly thereafter where their first son, Robert "Bob" Young, was born in 1942.
Shortly after Young's birth in 1945, the family moved to rural Omemee, Ontario, which Young later described fondly as a "sleepy little place". Young contracted polio in the late summer of 1951 during the last major outbreak of the disease in Ontario, and as a result, became partially paralyzed on his left side. After the conclusion of his hospitalization, the Young family wintered in Florida, whose milder weather they believed would help Neil's convalescence. During that period, Young briefly attended Faulkner Elementary School in New Smyrna Beach, Florida. In 1952, upon returning to Canada, Young moved from Omemee to Pickering (1956), and lived for a year in Winnipeg (where he would later return), before relocating to Toronto (1957–1960). While in Toronto, Young briefly attended Lawrence Park Collegiate Institute as a first year student in 1959. It is rumoured that he was expelled for riding a motorcycle down the hall of the school.Young became interested in popular music he heard on the radio. When Young was twelve, his father, who had had several extramarital affairs, left his mother. His mother asked for a divorce, which was granted in 1960. Young went to live with his mother, who had moved back to Winnipeg, while his brother Bob stayed with his father in Toronto.During the mid-1950s, Young listened to rock 'n roll, rockabilly, doo-wop, R&B, country, and western pop. He idolized Elvis Presley and later referred to him in a number of his songs. Other early musical influences included Link Wray, Lonnie Mack, Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs, The Ventures, Cliff Richard and the Shadows, Chuck Berry, Hank Marvin, Little Richard, Fats Domino, The Chantels, The Monotones, Ronnie Self, the Fleetwoods, Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash, Roy Orbison and Gogi Grant. Young began to play music himself on a plastic ukulele, before, as he would later relate, going on to "a better ukulele to a banjo ukulele to a baritone ukulele – everything but a guitar."Personal life
Homes and residency
Young's family was from Manitoba, where both his parents were born and married. Young himself was born in Toronto, Ontario, and lived there at various times in his early life (1945, 1957, 1959–1960, 1966–1967), as well as Omemee (1945–1952) and Pickering, Ontario (1956) before settling with his mother in Winnipeg, Manitoba (1958, 1960–1966), where his music career began and which he considers his "hometown". Young has been outside Canada since 1967. After becoming successful, he bought properties in California. He currently holds dual citizenship for Canada and the United States.Young had a home in Malibu, California, which burned to the ground in the 2018 Woolsey Fire.Young owned Broken Arrow Ranch, a property of about 1,000 acres near La Honda, California, which he purchased in 1970 for US$350,000 (US$2.4 million in 2021 dollars); the property was subsequently expanded to thousands of acres. He moved out and gave Pegi Young the ranch after their divorce in 2014. Young's son Ben lives there.Young announced in 2019 that his application for United States citizenship had been held up because of his use of marijuana. In 2020, the issue was resolved and he became a United States citizen. | place of birth | 42 | [
"birthplace",
"place of origin",
"native place",
"homeland",
"birth city"
] | null | null |
[
"Neil Young",
"native language",
"English"
] | Personal life
Homes and residency
Young's family was from Manitoba, where both his parents were born and married. Young himself was born in Toronto, Ontario, and lived there at various times in his early life (1945, 1957, 1959–1960, 1966–1967), as well as Omemee (1945–1952) and Pickering, Ontario (1956) before settling with his mother in Winnipeg, Manitoba (1958, 1960–1966), where his music career began and which he considers his "hometown". Young has been outside Canada since 1967. After becoming successful, he bought properties in California. He currently holds dual citizenship for Canada and the United States.Young had a home in Malibu, California, which burned to the ground in the 2018 Woolsey Fire.Young owned Broken Arrow Ranch, a property of about 1,000 acres near La Honda, California, which he purchased in 1970 for US$350,000 (US$2.4 million in 2021 dollars); the property was subsequently expanded to thousands of acres. He moved out and gave Pegi Young the ranch after their divorce in 2014. Young's son Ben lives there.Young announced in 2019 that his application for United States citizenship had been held up because of his use of marijuana. In 2020, the issue was resolved and he became a United States citizen. | native language | 46 | [
"mother tongue",
"first language",
"mother language",
"primary language",
"L1"
] | null | null |
[
"Neil Young",
"residence",
"Winnipeg"
] | Personal life
Homes and residency
Young's family was from Manitoba, where both his parents were born and married. Young himself was born in Toronto, Ontario, and lived there at various times in his early life (1945, 1957, 1959–1960, 1966–1967), as well as Omemee (1945–1952) and Pickering, Ontario (1956) before settling with his mother in Winnipeg, Manitoba (1958, 1960–1966), where his music career began and which he considers his "hometown". Young has been outside Canada since 1967. After becoming successful, he bought properties in California. He currently holds dual citizenship for Canada and the United States.Young had a home in Malibu, California, which burned to the ground in the 2018 Woolsey Fire.Young owned Broken Arrow Ranch, a property of about 1,000 acres near La Honda, California, which he purchased in 1970 for US$350,000 (US$2.4 million in 2021 dollars); the property was subsequently expanded to thousands of acres. He moved out and gave Pegi Young the ranch after their divorce in 2014. Young's son Ben lives there.Young announced in 2019 that his application for United States citizenship had been held up because of his use of marijuana. In 2020, the issue was resolved and he became a United States citizen. | residence | 49 | [
"living place",
"dwelling",
"abode",
"habitat",
"domicile"
] | null | null |
[
"Neil Young",
"occupation",
"singer"
] | Neil Percival Young (November 12, 1945) is a Canadian-American singer and songwriter. After embarking on a music career in Winnipeg in the 1960s, Young moved to Los Angeles, joining the folk-rock group Buffalo Springfield. Since the beginning of his solo career, often with backing by the band Crazy Horse, he has released critically acclaimed albums such as Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere (1969), After the Gold Rush (1970), Harvest (1972), On the Beach (1974), and Rust Never Sleeps (1979). He was also a part-time member of Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, with whom he recorded the chart-topping 1970 album Déjà Vu.
His guitar work, deeply personal lyrics and signature high tenor singing voice define his long career. Young also plays piano and harmonica on many albums, which frequently combine folk, rock, country and other musical genres. His often distorted electric guitar playing, especially with Crazy Horse, earned him the nickname "Godfather of Grunge" and led to his 1995 album Mirror Ball with Pearl Jam. More recently he has been backed by Promise of the Real.Young directed (or co-directed) films using the pseudonym "Bernard Shakey", including Journey Through the Past (1973), Rust Never Sleeps (1979), Human Highway (1982), Greendale (2003), CSNY/Déjà Vu (2008), and Harvest Time (2022). He also contributed to the soundtracks of the films Philadelphia (1993) and Dead Man (1995).
Young has received several Grammy and Juno Awards. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducted him twice: in 1995 as a solo artist and in 1997 as a member of Buffalo Springfield. In 2000, Rolling Stone named Young No. 34 on their list of the 100 greatest musical artists. According to Acclaimed Music, he is the seventh most celebrated artist in popular music history. 21 of his albums and singles have been certified Gold and Platinum in U.S. by RIAA certification. Young was awarded the Order of Manitoba in 2006 and was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2009. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Neil Young",
"residence",
"Pickering"
] | Early life (1945–1963)
Neil Young was born on November 12, 1945, in Toronto, Canada. His father, Scott Alexander Young (1918–2005), was a journalist and sportswriter who also wrote fiction. His mother, Edna Blow Ragland "Rassy" Young (1918–1990) was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Although Canadian, his mother had American and French ancestry. Young's parents married in 1940 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and moved to Toronto shortly thereafter where their first son, Robert "Bob" Young, was born in 1942.
Shortly after Young's birth in 1945, the family moved to rural Omemee, Ontario, which Young later described fondly as a "sleepy little place". Young contracted polio in the late summer of 1951 during the last major outbreak of the disease in Ontario, and as a result, became partially paralyzed on his left side. After the conclusion of his hospitalization, the Young family wintered in Florida, whose milder weather they believed would help Neil's convalescence. During that period, Young briefly attended Faulkner Elementary School in New Smyrna Beach, Florida. In 1952, upon returning to Canada, Young moved from Omemee to Pickering (1956), and lived for a year in Winnipeg (where he would later return), before relocating to Toronto (1957–1960). While in Toronto, Young briefly attended Lawrence Park Collegiate Institute as a first year student in 1959. It is rumoured that he was expelled for riding a motorcycle down the hall of the school.Young became interested in popular music he heard on the radio. When Young was twelve, his father, who had had several extramarital affairs, left his mother. His mother asked for a divorce, which was granted in 1960. Young went to live with his mother, who had moved back to Winnipeg, while his brother Bob stayed with his father in Toronto.During the mid-1950s, Young listened to rock 'n roll, rockabilly, doo-wop, R&B, country, and western pop. He idolized Elvis Presley and later referred to him in a number of his songs. Other early musical influences included Link Wray, Lonnie Mack, Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs, The Ventures, Cliff Richard and the Shadows, Chuck Berry, Hank Marvin, Little Richard, Fats Domino, The Chantels, The Monotones, Ronnie Self, the Fleetwoods, Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash, Roy Orbison and Gogi Grant. Young began to play music himself on a plastic ukulele, before, as he would later relate, going on to "a better ukulele to a banjo ukulele to a baritone ukulele – everything but a guitar." | residence | 49 | [
"living place",
"dwelling",
"abode",
"habitat",
"domicile"
] | null | null |
[
"Neil Young",
"occupation",
"singer-songwriter"
] | Neil Percival Young (November 12, 1945) is a Canadian-American singer and songwriter. After embarking on a music career in Winnipeg in the 1960s, Young moved to Los Angeles, joining the folk-rock group Buffalo Springfield. Since the beginning of his solo career, often with backing by the band Crazy Horse, he has released critically acclaimed albums such as Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere (1969), After the Gold Rush (1970), Harvest (1972), On the Beach (1974), and Rust Never Sleeps (1979). He was also a part-time member of Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, with whom he recorded the chart-topping 1970 album Déjà Vu.
His guitar work, deeply personal lyrics and signature high tenor singing voice define his long career. Young also plays piano and harmonica on many albums, which frequently combine folk, rock, country and other musical genres. His often distorted electric guitar playing, especially with Crazy Horse, earned him the nickname "Godfather of Grunge" and led to his 1995 album Mirror Ball with Pearl Jam. More recently he has been backed by Promise of the Real.Young directed (or co-directed) films using the pseudonym "Bernard Shakey", including Journey Through the Past (1973), Rust Never Sleeps (1979), Human Highway (1982), Greendale (2003), CSNY/Déjà Vu (2008), and Harvest Time (2022). He also contributed to the soundtracks of the films Philadelphia (1993) and Dead Man (1995).
Young has received several Grammy and Juno Awards. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducted him twice: in 1995 as a solo artist and in 1997 as a member of Buffalo Springfield. In 2000, Rolling Stone named Young No. 34 on their list of the 100 greatest musical artists. According to Acclaimed Music, he is the seventh most celebrated artist in popular music history. 21 of his albums and singles have been certified Gold and Platinum in U.S. by RIAA certification. Young was awarded the Order of Manitoba in 2006 and was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2009. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
Subsets and Splits