triplets
sequence | passage
stringlengths 0
32.9k
| label
stringlengths 4
48
⌀ | label_id
int64 0
1k
⌀ | synonyms
sequence | __index_level_1__
int64 312
64.1k
⌀ | __index_level_0__
int64 0
2.4k
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Amos (prophet)",
"different from",
"Amos"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Amos (prophet)",
"different from",
"Amoz"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"Setnakhte",
"replaces",
"Twosret"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Seti II",
"replaces",
"Merneptah"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Seti II",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Seti II"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Pythagoras",
"influenced by",
"Zoroaster"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Pythagoras",
"influenced by",
"Thales"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Pythagoras",
"influenced by",
"Anaximander"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Pythagoras",
"influenced by",
"Pherecydes of Syros"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Pythagoras",
"different from",
"Pythagoras"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"Pythagoras",
"different from",
"Pythagoras of Samos"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Pythagoras",
"owner of",
"Zalmoxis"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"Pythagoras",
"different from",
"Pseudo-Pythagoras"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"Pythagoras",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Pythagoras"
] | null | null | null | null | 52 |
|
[
"Uzziah",
"different from",
"Uzzah"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Apollodorus (sculptor)",
"said to be the same as",
"Apollodorus of Phaleron"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Sophistic works of Antiphon",
"different from",
"Antiphon the Athenian"
] | Antiphon the Sophist
A treatise known as On Truth, of which only fragments survive, is attributed to Antiphon the Sophist. It is of great value to political theory, as it appears to be a precursor to natural rights theory. The views expressed in it suggest its author could not be the same person as Antiphon of Rhamnus, since it was interpreted as affirming strong egalitarian and libertarian principles appropriate to a democracy—but antithetical to the oligarchical views of one who was instrumental in the anti-democratic coup of 411 like Antiphon of Rhamnus. It's been argued that that interpretation has become obsolete in light of a new fragment of text from On Truth discovered in 1984. New evidence supposedly rules out an egalitarian interpretation of the text.The following passages may confirm the strongly libertarian commitments of Antiphon the Sophist. | null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Sophistic works of Antiphon",
"said to be the same as",
"Antiphon of Rhamnus"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Jinling Shengmu",
"said to be the same as",
"Dǒumǔ"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Jinling Shengmu",
"different from",
"Dǒumǔ"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Ramesses I",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ramesses I"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Ramesses IX",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ramesses IX"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Akhenaten",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Akhenaten"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Akhenaten",
"different from",
"The Rings of Akhaten"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"Ashur-nirari V",
"different from",
"Aszur-nirari"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Tudhaliya II",
"different from",
"Tudhaliya"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Scylax of Caryanda",
"different from",
"Pseudo-Scylax"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Joshua",
"different from",
"Jozue"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"Joshua",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Joshua"
] | null | null | null | null | 29 |
|
[
"Nebuchadnezzar I",
"different from",
"Nebuchadenzar"
] | Biography
He is unrelated to his later namesake, Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur II, who has come to be known by the Hebrew form of his name "Nebuchadnezzar." Consequently, it is anachronistic but not inappropriate to apply this designation retroactively to the earlier king, as he does not make an appearance in the Bible. He is misidentified in the Chronicle Concerning the Reign of Šamaš-šuma-ukin as the brother of Širikti-šuqamuna probably in place of Ninurta-kudurrῑ-uṣur I. He succeeded his father, Ninurta-nādin-šumi, and was succeeded in turn by his son Enlil-nādin-apli, brother Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē and then nephew Marduk-šāpik-zēri, the only members of this family known to have reigned during the dynasty.
The Enmeduranki legend, or the Seed of kingship, is a Sumero-Akkadian composition relating his endowment with perfect wisdom (nam-kù-zu) by the god Marduk and his claim to belong to a "distant line of kingship from before the flood" and to be an "offspring of Enmeduranki, king of Sippar." It begins with a lament over preceding events: | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Sun Tzu",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Sun Tzu"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Sun Tzu",
"different from",
"Sun Tzu"
] | null | null | null | null | 28 |
|
[
"Tudḫaliya IV",
"different from",
"Tudhaliya"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Ashur-nirari II",
"different from",
"Aszur-nirari"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Thutmose I",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Thutmose I"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Amenhotep I",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Amenhotep I"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"Hegias of Athens",
"said to be the same as",
"Hegesias"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Shalmaneser IV",
"different from",
"Shalmaneser"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Samson",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Samson"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"Ankhesenamun",
"said to be the same as",
"Dakhamunzu"
] | Nothing like this has happened to me in my entire life!
Understandably, he was wary and had an envoy investigate, but by delaying, he missed his apparent opportunity to bring Egypt into his empire. He eventually did send one of his sons, Zannanza, but the prince died en route, perhaps being murdered.The identity of the queen who wrote the letter is uncertain. In the Hittite annals, she is called Dakhamunzu, a transliteration of the Egyptian title, Tahemetnesu (The King's Wife). Possible candidates for the author of the letter are Nefertiti, Meritaten, and Ankhesenamun. Ankhesenamun once seemed likely since there were no royal candidates for the throne on the death of her husband, Tutankhamun, whereas Akhenaten had at least two legitimate successors. But this was based on a 27-year reign for the last 18th dynasty, pharaoh Horemheb, who is now accepted to have had a shorter reign of only 14 years. Since Nefertiti was depicted as powerful as her husband in official monuments smiting Egypt's enemies, researcher Nicholas Reeves believes she might be the Dakhamunzu in the Amarna correspondence. That would make the subject deceased Egyptian king appear to be Akhenaten rather than Tutankhamun. As noted, Akhenaten had potential heirs, including Tutankhamun, to whom Nefertiti could be married. Other researchers focus upon the phrase regarding marriage to 'one of my subjects' (translated by some as 'servants') as possibly a reference to the Grand Vizier Ay or a secondary member of the Egyptian royal family line, however, and that Ankhesenamun may have been being pressured by Ay to marry him and legitimize his claim to the throne of Egypt (which she eventually did). | null | null | null | null | 16 |
[
"Tudhaliya III",
"replaces",
"Arnuwanda I"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Douris (vase painter)",
"different from",
"Duris"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Esau",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Esau"
] | null | null | null | null | 23 |
|
[
"Arnuwanda III",
"replaces",
"Tudhaliya IV"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Aristagoras",
"different from",
"Aristagoras"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Hystaspes (father of Darius I)",
"different from",
"Vishtaspa"
] | Hystaspes (Old Persian: 𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱 Vištāspa; Ancient Greek: Ὑστάσπης Hustáspēs) or Guštāsp (Persian: گشتاسپ Guštāsp) (fl. 550 BC), was a Persian satrap of Bactria and Persis. He was the father of Darius I, emperor of the Achaemenid Empire, and Artabanus, who was a trusted advisor to both his brother Darius as well as Darius's son and successor, Xerxes I.
The son of Arsames, Hystaspes was a member of the Persian royal house of the Achaemenids. He was satrap of Persis under Cambyses II, and probably under his second cousin Cyrus the Great also. He accompanied Cyrus on his expedition against the Massagetae. However, he was sent back to Persis to keep watch over his eldest son, Darius, whom Cyrus, after a dream, suspected of considering treason.
Besides Darius, Hystaspes had three sons: Artabanus, Artaphernes, and Artanes, as well as a daughter who married Darius' lance-bearer Gobryas.Ammianus Marcellinus makes him a chief of the Magians, and tells a story of his studying in India under the Brahmins, an event that would correspond to the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley:
"Hystaspes, a very wise monarch, the father of Darius. Who while boldly penetrating into the remoter districts of upper India, came to a certain woody retreat, of which with its tranquil silence the Brahmans, men of sublime genius, were the possessors. From their teaching he learnt the principles of the motion of the world and of the stars, and the pure rites of sacrifice, as far as he could; and of what he learnt he infused some portion into the minds of the Magi, which they have handed down by tradition to later ages, each instructing his own children, and adding to it their own system of divination".
In ancient sources, Hystaspes is sometimes considered as identical with Vishtaspa (the Avestan name for Hystapes), an early patron of Zoroaster.The name of Hystaspes occurs in the inscriptions at Persepolis and in the Behistun Inscription, where the full lineage of Darius the Great is given: | null | null | null | null | 13 |
[
"Onesimos (vase painter)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Onesimos"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Shalmaneser I",
"different from",
"Shalmaneser"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Amaziah of Judah",
"different from",
"Amazjasz"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Brygos Painter",
"said to be the same as",
"Brygos"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Caleb",
"different from",
"Caleb"
] | Biblical account
Caleb, son of Jephunneh (Book of Numbers, Numbers 13:6) is not to be confused with Caleb, great-grandson of Judah through Tamar (1 Chronicles 2:3–9). This other Caleb was the son of Hezron, and his wife was Azubah (1 Chronicles 2:18,19). | null | null | null | null | 15 |
[
"Caleb",
"said to be the same as",
"Caleb"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Xi Shi",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Xi Shi"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Pygmalion of Tyre",
"different from",
"Pygmalion"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Miriam",
"said to be the same as",
"Mary the Jewess"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Miriam",
"said to be the same as",
"Puah"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"Polygnotos (vase painter)",
"different from",
"Polygnotus of Thasos"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Jonah",
"different from",
"Yunus"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Jonah",
"said to be the same as",
"Yunus"
] | In Islam
Quran
Jonah (Arabic: يُونُس, romanized: Yūnus) is the title of the tenth chapter of the Quran. Yūnus is traditionally viewed as highly important in Islam as a prophet who was faithful to God and delivered His messages. Jonah is the only one of Judaism's Twelve Minor Prophets to be named in the Quran. In Quran 21:87 and 68:48, Jonah is called Dhul-Nūn (Arabic: ذُو ٱلنُّوْن; meaning "The One of the Fish"). In 4:163 and 6:86, he is referred to as "an apostle of Allah". Surah 37:139–148 retells the full story of Jonah:
And verily, Jonah was among the messengers.[Mention] when he ran away to the laden ship.Then (to save it from sinking) he drew straws (with other passengers). He lost and was thrown overboard.Then the whale engulfed him while he was blameworthy.Had it not been that he (repented and) glorified Allah,He would certainly have remained inside the Fish till the Day of Resurrection.But We cast him onto the open (shore), (totally) worn out,and caused a squash plant to grow over him.We (later) sent him (back) to (his city of) at least one hundred thousand people,And they believed, so We allowed them enjoyment for a while.
The Quran never mentions Jonah's father, but Muslim tradition teaches that Jonah was from the tribe of Benjamin and that his father was Amittai. | null | null | null | null | 23 |
[
"Jonah",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Jonah"
] | null | null | null | null | 26 |
|
[
"Jonah",
"said to be the same as",
"Jonah in rabbinic literature"
] | null | null | null | null | 27 |
|
[
"Ramesses III",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ramesses III"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"Ramesses V",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ramesses V"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Ramesses VII",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ramesses VII"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Laozi",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Laozi"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"Laozi",
"said to be the same as",
"Danzi"
] | null | null | null | null | 29 |
|
[
"Laozi",
"said to be the same as",
"Daode Tianzun"
] | null | null | null | null | 32 |
|
[
"Nefertiti",
"said to be the same as",
"Dakhamunzu"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Nefertiti",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Nefertiti"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Gyges of Lydia",
"different from",
"Gyges"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Gyges of Lydia",
"significant event",
"Gyges in the bedchamber of King Candaules"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Jehoiakim",
"significant event",
"abdication"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Jehoiakim",
"participant of",
"Siege of Jerusalem"
] | Reign
Jehoiakim was appointed king by Necho II, king of Egypt, in 609 BC, after Necho's return from the battle in Harran, three months after he had killed King Josiah at Megiddo. Necho deposed Jehoiakim's younger brother Jehoahaz after a reign of only three months and took him to Egypt, where he died. Jehoiakim ruled originally as a vassal of the Egyptians, paying a heavy tribute. To raise the money he "taxed the land and exacted the silver and gold from the people of the land according to their assessments."However, after the Egyptians were defeated by the Babylonians at the battle of Carchemish in 605 BC, Nebuchadnezzar II besieged Jerusalem, and Jehoiakim changed allegiances to avoid the destruction of Jerusalem. He paid tribute from the treasury in Jerusalem, some temple artifacts, and handed over some of the royal family and nobility as hostages. In the Book of Daniel, Daniel is described as being one of these.
Rabbinical literature describes Jehoiakim as a godless tyrant who committed atrocious sins and crimes. He is portrayed as living in incestuous relations with his mother, daughter-in-law, and stepmother, and was in the habit of murdering men, whose wives he then violated and whose property he seized. He also had tattooed his body.The prophet Jeremiah criticised the king's policies, insisting on repentance and strict adherence to the law. Another prophet, Uriah ben Shemaiah, proclaimed a similar message and Jehoiakim ordered his execution (Jeremiah 26:20–23).Jehoiakim continued for three years as a vassal to the Babylonians, until the failure of an invasion of Egypt in 601 BC undermined their control of the area. Jehoiakim switched allegiance back to the Egyptians. In late 598 BC, the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II invaded Judah and again laid siege to Jerusalem, which lasted three months. Jehoiakim died before the siege ended. The Book of Chronicles records that "Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon ... bound him in fetters, to carry him to Babylon." Jeremiah prophesied that he died without proper funeral, describing the people of Judah "shall not lament for him, saying, 'Alas, master!' or 'Alas, his glory!' He shall be buried with the burial of a donkey, dragged and cast out beyond the gates of Jerusalem" (Jeremiah 22:18–19) "and his dead body shall be cast out to the heat of the day and the frost of the night" (Jeremiah 36:30). Josephus writes that Nebuchadnezzar slew Jehoiakim along with high-ranking officers and then commanded Jehoiakim's body "to be thrown before the walls, without any burial."He was succeeded by his son Jeconiah (also known as Jehoiachin). After three months, Nebuchadnezzar deposed Jeconiah (fearing that he would avenge his father's death by revolting, according to Josephus) and installed Zedekiah, Jehoiakim's younger brother, as king in his place. Jeconiah, his household, and much of Judah's population were exiled to Babylon.According to the Babylonian Chronicles, Jerusalem fell on 2 Adar (16 March) 597 BC. The Chronicles state: | null | null | null | null | 29 |
[
"Jehoiakim",
"different from",
"Eliakim"
] | Jehoiakim, also sometimes spelled Jehoikim was the eighteenth and antepenultimate King of Judah from 609 to 598 BC. He was the second son of King Josiah (1 Chronicles 3:15) and Zebidah, the daughter of Pedaiah of Rumah. His birth name was Eliakim.Background
After Josiah's death, Jehoiakim's younger brother Jehoahaz (also known as Shallum) was proclaimed king, but after three months Pharaoh Necho II deposed him, making Eliakim king in his place. When placed on the throne, his name was changed to "Jehoiakim".Jehoiakim reigned for eleven years, until 598 BC and was succeeded by his son Jeconiah (also known as Jehoiachin), who reigned for only three months. | null | null | null | null | 30 |
[
"Ini (pharaoh)",
"different from",
"Ini"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Ephialtes of Trachis",
"different from",
"Ephialtes"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Hiram I",
"different from",
"Hiram Abiff"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Hiram I",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Hiram I"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Takelot I",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Takelot I"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Confucius",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Confucius"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Ahab",
"participant of",
"Battle of Qarqar"
] | Battle of Qarqar
The Battle of Qarqar is mentioned in extra-biblical records, and was perhaps at Apamea, where Shalmaneser III of Assyria fought a great confederation of princes from Cilicia, Northern Syria, Israel, Ammon, and the tribes of the Syrian desert (853 BCE), including Arabs, Ahab the Israelite (A-ha-ab-bu matSir-'a-la-a-a) and Hadadezer (Adad-'idri).Ahab's contribution was estimated at 2000 chariots and 10,000 men. In reality, however, the number of chariots in Ahab's forces was probably closer to a number in the hundreds (based upon archaeological excavations of the area and the foundations of stables that have been found). If, however, the numbers are referring to allies, they could possibly include forces from Tyre, Judah, Edom, and Moab. The Assyrian king claimed a victory, but his immediate return and subsequent expeditions in 849 BC and 846 BC against a similar but unspecified coalition seem to show that he met with no lasting success.
Jezreel has been identified as Ahab's fortified chariot and cavalry base. | null | null | null | null | 12 |
[
"Ahab",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ahab"
] | null | null | null | null | 34 |
|
[
"Pheidippides",
"said to be the same as",
"Eucles"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Psamtik I",
"replaces",
"Necho I"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Callinus",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Callinus"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Feizi",
"different from",
"Han Feizi"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Appius Claudius Sabinus Regillensis (consul 471 BC)",
"said to be the same as",
"Appius Claudius Crassus Inregillensis Sabinus"
] | Appius Claudius Crassus Inregillensis (or Crassinus Regillensis) Sabinus (fl. c. 471–451 BC) was a Roman senator during the early Republic, most notable as the leading member of the ten-man board (the Decemvirate) which drew up the Twelve Tables of Roman law around 451 BC. He is also probably identical with the Appius Claudius who was consul in 471 BC.
As consul in 471, Claudius is portrayed in Roman historical tradition as a violent opponent of the plebeians in matters of voting rights and military discipline. Later, as decemvir, Claudius is said to have behaved as a lustful tyrant, with his attempt to force himself on the maid Verginia resulting in the second secession of the plebs, the downfall of the Decemvirate, and Claudius's own death. These accounts are unreliable and probably ahistorical, fabricated in later times to portray the patrician clan of the Claudii as proud and arrogant aristocrats.Name and identity
Claudius is supposed to have been the son of Appius Claudius Sabinus Inregillensis, the founder of the Claudia gens, who is said to have migrated to Rome with his followers in 504 BC and held the consulship in 495. Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus distinguish a Claudius who was consul in 471 BC with the decemvir in 451 BC, but the Fasti Capitolini identify the two. Modern historians accept the identification due to some inconsistencies and unlikely coincidences in Livy's narrative. Claudius had at least two sons: the elder was Appius Claudius Crassus, consular tribune in 424; the younger was named Publius.The Fasti give his full name as Appius Claudius Crassus Inregillensis Sabinus. Theodor Mommsen found the spelling Inregillensis over Regillensis ('from Regillum') peculiar, and suggested that the abbreviated form of Claudius's name on the stone, 'CRASSINREGILL', should be read instead as 'Crassinus Regillensis', though most sources have not followed him. Crassus, which must have been a personal cognomen, means "thick" or "stout", and could apply equally to a large man or a dullard; although if the latter were intended, it was probably given ironically, for Claudius was by all accounts a very clever schemer. | null | null | null | null | 12 |
[
"Shoshenq III",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Shoshenq III"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Epiktetos",
"different from",
"Epictetus"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Kleophrades Painter",
"different from",
"Kleophrades"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"The Buddha",
"replaces",
"Mahākāśyapa"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"The Buddha",
"influenced by",
"Dīpankara Buddha"
] | null | null | null | null | 41 |
|
[
"The Buddha",
"significant event",
"Siddhārtha's farewell to Channa and Kanthaka"
] | null | null | null | null | 45 |
|
[
"The Buddha",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Gautama Buddha"
] | null | null | null | null | 56 |
|
[
"The Buddha",
"followed by",
"Buddhist"
] | null | null | null | null | 63 |
|
[
"Darius the Great",
"said to be the same as",
"Dhul-Qarnayn"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Darius the Great",
"different from",
"Dariusz"
] | null | null | null | null | 39 |
|
[
"Darius the Great",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Darius I"
] | null | null | null | null | 45 |
|
[
"Xerxes I",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Xerxes I"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Xerxes I",
"different from",
"Xerxes"
] | null | null | null | null | 45 |
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