ProfessorBob/relation_extraction · Datasets at Hugging Face

triplets sequence	passage stringlengths 0 32.9k	label stringlengths 4 48 ⌀	label_id int64 0 1k ⌀	synonyms sequence	__index_level_1__ int64 312 64.1k ⌀	__index_level_0__ int64 0 2.4k ⌀
[ "Arianism", "different from", "Polish Brethren" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Arianism", "topic's main category", "Category:Arianism" ]		null	null	null	null	9
[ "Al-'Adudi Hospital", "founded by", "'Adud al-Dawla" ]	The Al-'Adudi Hospital was established during the era of organized hospitals developed in medieval Islamic culture. Some of these early hospitals were located in Baghdad and among those was the bimaristan Al-'Adudi. The hospital came to be when King of the Buyid Dynasty, 'Adud al-Dawla, decided to construct the hospital a few years before he died. Al-'Adudi was considered one of the most innovative and modern hospitals of the medieval Islamic time period. Amongst well-known physicians of the time period, this hospital was known as an institution for learning and practicing medicine.	null	null	null	null	2
[ "Northern Song (960–1127)", "replaces", "Later Shu" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Northern Song (960–1127)", "replaces", "Northern Han" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Northern Song (960–1127)", "replaces", "Southern Han" ]		null	null	null	null	9
[ "Northern Song (960–1127)", "replaces", "Jingnan" ]		null	null	null	null	10
[ "Northern Song (960–1127)", "replaces", "Southern Tang" ]		null	null	null	null	11
[ "Northern Song (960–1127)", "topic's main category", "Category:Northern Song Dynasty" ]		null	null	null	null	12
[ "Northern Song (960–1127)", "replaces", "Later Zhou dynasty" ]		null	null	null	null	35
[ "Northern Song (960–1127)", "replaces", "Wuyue" ]		null	null	null	null	36
[ "Bagratuni dynasty", "topic's main category", "Category:Bagratuni dynasty" ]		null	null	null	null	12
[ "Bagratuni dynasty", "founded by", "Ashot I of Armenia" ]		null	null	null	null	13
[ "Pontic Olbia", "different from", "Olbia" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "Pontic Olbia", "significant event", "Siege of Pontic Olbia" ]		null	null	null	null	10
[ "Pontic Olbia", "topic's main category", "Category:Olbia" ]		null	null	null	null	15
[ "Kamakura shogunate", "replaces", "Taira administration" ]	History Establishment Historically in Japan, the power of civilian government was primarily held by the ruling emperor of Japan and their regents, typically appointed from the ranks of the Imperial Court and the aristocratic clans that vied for influence there. Military affairs were handled under the auspices of the civil government. From 1180 to 1185, the Genpei War was fought between the Taira and Minamoto clans as part of a longstanding violent rivalry for influence over the Emperor and his court. Minamoto no Yoritomo defeated the Taira clan, but in his victory seized power from the civil aristocracy, politically relegating the Emperor and his court to symbolic figureheads. In 1192, Yoritomo and the Minamoto clan established a military government in Kamakura.	null	null	null	null	0
[ "Kamakura shogunate", "founded by", "Minamoto no Yoritomo" ]	The Kamakura shogunate (Japanese: 鎌倉幕府, Hepburn: Kamakura bakufu) was the feudal military government of Japan during the Kamakura period from 1185 to 1333.The Kamakura shogunate was established by Minamoto no Yoritomo after victory in the Genpei War and appointing himself as shōgun. Yoritomo governed Japan as military dictator from the eastern city of Kamakura with the emperor of Japan and his Imperial Court in the official capital city of Heian-kyō (Kyoto) as figureheads. The Kamakura shōguns were members of the Minamoto clan until 1226, the Fujiwara clan until 1252, and the last six were minor princes of the imperial family. The Hōjō clan were the de facto rulers of Japan as shikken (regent) of the shōgun from 1203. The Kamakura shogunate saw the Jōkyū War in 1221 and the Mongol invasions of Japan under Kublai Khan in 1274 and 1281. The Kamakura shogunate was overthrown in the Kenmu Restoration under Emperor Go-Daigo in 1333, re-establishing Imperial rule until Ashikaga Takauji and his offsprings overthrew the imperial government and founded the Ashikaga shogunate in 1336 (Nanboku-chō period).History Establishment Historically in Japan, the power of civilian government was primarily held by the ruling emperor of Japan and their regents, typically appointed from the ranks of the Imperial Court and the aristocratic clans that vied for influence there. Military affairs were handled under the auspices of the civil government. From 1180 to 1185, the Genpei War was fought between the Taira and Minamoto clans as part of a longstanding violent rivalry for influence over the Emperor and his court. Minamoto no Yoritomo defeated the Taira clan, but in his victory seized power from the civil aristocracy, politically relegating the Emperor and his court to symbolic figureheads. In 1192, Yoritomo and the Minamoto clan established a military government in Kamakura.The Hōjō Regency Yoritomo unexpectedly died in an accident in 1199, leaving the Minamoto clan weakened. Hōjō Tokimasa, the father of Yoritomo's widow, Hōjō Masako, and former guardian and protector of Yoritomo, claimed the title of regent (shikken) to Yoritomo's son Minamoto no Yoriie, eventually making that claim hereditary to the Hōjō clan. At the same time, Hōjō Masako maneuvered herself into such a powerful, albeit informal, position that people began calling her the "nun shogun" in the place of her son Yoriie. As Minamoto no Yoriie grew older, however, he attempted to exert real power, resulting in a power struggle with the Hōjō clan of his own mother. These conflicts caused considerable tensions within the shogunate. In 1201, the Jo clan unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow the Minamoto clan in the Kennin Rebellion. Eventually, Tokimasa deposed Yoriie, backed up his younger brother, Minamoto no Sanetomo, as a new shōgun, and assumed the post of shikken. Sanetomo was only twelve at this point, and accordingly power factually rested with his mother Hōjō Masako. The Minamoto remained the titular shōguns, with the Hōjō holding the real power. In 1204, loyalists of Yoriie attempted an uprising to topple the Hōjō domination, but the latter defeated the rebels and assassinated Yoriie.In 1205, Hōjō Tokimasa attempted to depose Sanetomo, hoping to install his son-in-law as new shogun. However, his daughter Hōjō Masako saw this as threat to her own status; she arranged the pretender's murder and banished her father to a monastery. In 1219, Sanetomo was assassinated by his nephew Kugyō. Since Sanetomo died childless, the line of shōguns from the Minamoto clan ended with him. From this point onwards, the Hōjō were in total control. With Sanetomo's death in 1219, his mother Hōjō Masako continued to serve as the shogunate's real center of power. As long as she lived, regents and shōguns would come and go, while she stayed at the helm. Since the Hōjō family did not have the rank to nominate a shōgun from among its members, Masako had to find a convenient puppet. The problem was solved by choosing Kujo Yoritsune, a distant relation of the Minamoto, who would be the fourth shōgun and figurehead, while Hōjō Yoshitoki would take care of day-to-day business. However powerless, future shōguns would always be chosen from either Fujiwara or imperial lineage to keep the bloodline pure and give legitimacy to the rule. This succession proceeded for more than a century.As a result, the Kamakura shogunate rested on an unusual pyramid of regents and de facto usurpation: The true rulers, namely the Hōjō regents, had usurped power from the Minamoto, who had usurped it from the Emperor, descending from Emperor Kōkō, who usurped it from the children of Emperor Seiwa. At the same time, the regents, shoguns, and emperors all still maintained their nominal positions and existed alongside each other. The regime nonetheless proved to be stable enough to last a total of 135 years, 9 shōguns and 16 regents.In 1221, Emperor Go-Toba tried to regain power in what would be called the Jōkyū War (承久の乱, Jōkyū no Ran), but the attempt failed. The power of the Hōjō remained unchallenged until 1324, when Emperor Go-Daigo orchestrated a plot to overthrow them, but the plot was discovered almost immediately and foiled.	null	null	null	null	6
[ "Kamakura shogunate", "topic's main category", "Category:Kamakura shogunate" ]		null	null	null	null	9
[ "Neuenburg am Rhein", "topic's main category", "Category:Neuenburg am Rhein" ]		null	null	null	null	8
[ "County of Champagne", "topic's main category", "Category:County of Champagne" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Library of Alexandria", "different from", "Bibliotheca Alexandrina" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "Library of Alexandria", "topic's main category", "Category:Library of Alexandria" ]		null	null	null	null	19
[ "Library of Alexandria", "significant event", "Destruction of the Library of Alexandria" ]	Arabic sources on Muslim invasion In 642 AD, Alexandria was captured by the Muslim army of Amr ibn al-As. Several later Arabic sources describe the library's destruction by the order of Caliph Omar. Bar-Hebraeus, writing in the thirteenth century, quotes Omar as saying to Yaḥyā al-Naḥwī: "If those books are in agreement with the Quran, we have no need of them; and if these are opposed to the Quran, destroy them." Later scholars—beginning with Father Eusèbe Renaudot's remark in 1713 in his translation of the History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria that the tale "had something untrustworthy about it"—are skeptical of these stories, given the range of time that had passed before they were written down and the political motivations of the various writers. According to Diana Delia, "Omar's rejection of pagan and Christian wisdom may have been devised and exploited by conservative authorities as a moral exemplum for Muslims to follow in later, uncertain times, when the devotion of the faithful was once again tested by proximity to nonbelievers".	null	null	null	null	20
[ "Jin dynasty (266–420)", "followed by", "Northern and Southern dynasties" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "Jin dynasty (266–420)", "follows", "Three Kingdoms" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Jin dynasty (266–420)", "topic's main category", "Category:Jin dynasty (266–420)" ]		null	null	null	null	14
[ "Thawri school", "founded by", "Sufyan al-Thawri" ]	The Thawri school (Arabic: الثوري) was a short-lived school of Fiqh. Its founder was Sufyan Al-Thawri, a great 8th century scholar, jurist and hadith compiler.History Sufyan Al-Thawri was born in Kufa in 719, and became the main scholar of Fiqh of the aforementioned city's Hadith school. He held similar views to that of his contemporary, Imam Abu Hanifa, founder of the Hanafi school of Fiqh, though he opposed his use of Qiyas and Istihsan.After Ath-Thawri's move to Basra later in his life, his jurisprudential thought (usul) became more closely aligned to that of the Umayyads and of Al-Awza'i.He spent the last year of his life hiding after a dispute between him and the Abbasid Caliph Muhammad Ibn Mansur Al-Mahdi. The Caliph had sent a letter to Al-Thawri requesting him to accept the post of Judge of Kufa on the condition that he did not make any judgment or ruling in opposition to the state policy. Al-Thawri tore this letter up and threw it into the Tigris river in disgust. After his death, the Thawri Madhhab was taken up by his students, including notably Yahya al-Qattan. However, his school did not survive, but his jurisprudential thought and especially hadith transmission are highly regarded in Islam, and have influenced all the major schools, although not in the form of organized school like other Madhhabs.	null	null	null	null	0
[ "Order of the Lion (France)", "founded by", "Enguerrand I, Lord of Coucy" ]	The Order of the Lion was an order of knighthood set up by Enguerrand I of Coucy (or, according to other sources, his son Enguerrand II), to keep alive the memory of his killing a dangerous lion. It was short-lived and was forgotten after its founder's death. His successor Enguerrand VII founded the Order of the Crown in 1378 Gustav Adolph Ackermann mentions the two orders as among the historical orders of France.Sources Gustav Adolph Ackermann, Ordensbuch, Sämtlicher in Europa blühender und erloschener Orden und Ehrenzeichen. Annaberg, 1855, p 209 n°83. "Orden des Löwen" - Google Books (Former orders of France : p. 205-214)	null	null	null	null	2
[ "Order of the Lion (France)", "founded by", "Enguerrand II, Lord of Coucy" ]	Sources Gustav Adolph Ackermann, Ordensbuch, Sämtlicher in Europa blühender und erloschener Orden und Ehrenzeichen. Annaberg, 1855, p 209 n°83. "Orden des Löwen" - Google Books (Former orders of France : p. 205-214)	null	null	null	null	3
[ "Diocese of Gaul", "topic's main category", "Category:Diocese of Gallia" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Praetorian prefecture of Gaul", "topic's main category", "Category:Praetorian prefecture of Gaul" ]		null	null	null	null	5
[ "Caucasian Albania", "topic's main category", "Category:Caucasian Albania" ]		null	null	null	null	24
[ "Western Satraps", "topic's main category", "Category:Western Satraps" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Catechetical School of Alexandria", "different from", "Alexandrian school" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "Catechetical School of Alexandria", "followed by", "Coptic Theological and Clerical College" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Catechetical School of Alexandria", "topic's main category", "Category:Catechetical School of Alexandria" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Arsacid dynasty of Armenia", "topic's main category", "Category:Arsacid dynasty of Armenia" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "Arsacid dynasty of Armenia", "founded by", "Tiridates I of Armenia" ]	The Arsacid dynasty, called the Arshakuni (Armenian: Արշակունիներ, romanized: Aršakuni) in Armenian, ruled the Kingdom of Armenia from 12 to 428. The dynasty was a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia. Arsacid kings reigned intermittently throughout the chaotic years following the fall of the Artaxiad dynasty until 62, when Tiridates I, brother of Parthian King Vologases I, secured Arsacid rule in Armenia as a client king of Rome. However, he did not succeed in establishing his line on the throne, and various princes of different Arsacid lineages ruled until the accession of Vologases II, who succeeded in establishing his own line on the Armenian throne, which ruled the kingdom until its abolishment by the Sasanian Empire in 428.Two of the most notable events under Arsacid rule in Armenian history were the conversion of Armenia to Christianity by Gregory the Illuminator and Tiridates III in 301/314 and the creation of the Armenian alphabet by Mesrop Mashtots in c. 405. In contrast to the more Hellenic-influenced Artaxiads, the reign of the Arsacids of Armenia was marked by greater Iranian influence in the country.Vonones I 12–18 Artaxias III (Zeno Artaxias, non-Arsacid) 18–34 Arsaces I of Armenia 35 Mithridates of Armenia (Pharnavazid dynasty) 35–37 Orodes of Armenia 37–42 Mithridates of Armenia (again) 42–51 Rhadamistus (Pharnavazid dynasty) 51–53, 54–55 Tiridates/Trdat I 52–58, 62–66, officially 66–88 Tigranes VI (Herodian dynasty) 59–62 Sanatruces (Sanatruk) 88–110 Axidares (Ashkhadar) 110–113 Parthamasiris (Partamasir) 113–114 Roman annexation 114–117/8 Vologases I (Vagharsh I) 117/8–144 Sohaemus (non-Arsacid) 144–161, 164–186 Pacorus (Bakur) 161–164 Vologases II (Vagharsh II) 186–198 Khosrov I 198–217 Trdat II 217–252 Khosrov II c. 252 Hormizd-Ardashir (Sassanid dynasty) 252–c. 270 Narseh (Sassanid dynasty) c. 271–293 Trdat III 287–330 Khosrov III 330–339 Tiran 339-c. 350 Arshak II c. 350–368 Sassanid conquest (Shapur II) 368–370 Pap 370–374 Varazdat 374–378 Arshak III 378–387 with co-ruler Vagharshak 378–386 Khosrov IV 387–389 Vramshapuh 389–417 Possibly Khosrov IV (again) 417–418 Shapur (Sassanid dynasty) 418–422 Artashes/Artashir 422–428	null	null	null	null	11
[ "Huns", "topic's main category", "Category:Huns" ]		null	null	null	null	9
[ "Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)", "different from", "Western Xia" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)", "founded by", "Helian Bobo" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)", "replaces", "Western Qin" ]		null	null	null	null	7
[ "Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)", "topic's main category", "Category:Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)" ]		null	null	null	null	8
[ "Lingbao School", "founded by", "Ge Chaofu" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "Sasanian Armenia", "follows", "Kingdom of Armenia" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "Sasanian Armenia", "topic's main category", "Category:Sasanian Armenia" ]		null	null	null	null	7
[ "Xianbei", "separated from", "Donghu people" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "Xianbei", "topic's main category", "Category:Xianbei" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Geʽez", "different from", "Ethiopic" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "Geʽez", "topic's main category", "Category:Ge'ez language" ]		null	null	null	null	11
[ "Nürburg", "topic's main category", "Category:Nürburg" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Nürburg", "located on terrain feature", "Nordschleife Nürburgring" ]		null	null	null	null	11
[ "Maya civilization", "topic's main category", "Category:Maya civilization" ]		null	null	null	null	11
[ "Kalmar Union", "topic's main category", "Category:Kalmar Union" ]		null	null	null	null	5
[ "Tenochtitlan", "significant event", "fall of Tenochtitlan" ]		null	null	null	null	14
[ "Tenochtitlan", "founded by", "Mexica" ]		null	null	null	null	16
[ "Tenochtitlan", "topic's main category", "Category:Tenochtitlan" ]		null	null	null	null	17
[ "Sonnefeld Abbey", "topic's main category", "Category:Kloster Sonnefeld" ]		null	null	null	null	5
[ "Principality of Zeta", "follows", "Duklja" ]		null	null	null	null	11
[ "Principality of Zeta", "topic's main category", "Category:Principality of Zeta" ]		null	null	null	null	17
[ "Heian Palace", "topic's main category", "Category:Heian Palace" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "Nagaoka-kyō", "founded by", "Emperor Kanmu" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Nagaoka-kyō", "followed by", "Heian-kyō" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "Nagaoka-kyō", "follows", "Heijō-kyō" ]		null	null	null	null	9
[ "Nagaoka-kyō", "located on terrain feature", "Kyoto Basin" ]	Nagaoka-kyō (長岡京) was the capital of Japan from 784 to 794. Its location was reported as Otokuni District, Yamashiro Province, and Nagaokakyō, Kyoto, which took its name from the capital. Parts of the capital were in what is now the city of Nagaokakyō, while other parts were in the present-day Mukō and Nishikyō-ku, the latter of which belongs to the city of Kyoto. In 784, the Emperor Kanmu moved the capital from Nara (then called Heijō-kyō). According to the Shoku Nihongi, his reason for moving was that the new location had better water transportation routes. Other explanations have been given, including the wish to escape the power of the Buddhist clergy and courtiers, and the backing of the immigrants from whom his mother was descended. In 785, the administrator in charge of the new capital, Fujiwara no Tanetsugu, was assassinated. The emperor's brother, Prince Sawara, was implicated, exiled to Awaji Province, and died on the way there. In 794, Emperor Kammu moved the capital to Heian (in the center of the present-day city of Kyoto). Reasons cited for this move include frequent flooding of the rivers that had promised better transportation; disease caused by the flooding, affecting the empress and crown prince; and fear of the spirit of the late Prince Sawara. Excavations begun in 1954 revealed the remains of a gate to the imperial residence.	null	null	null	null	13
[ "Serbian Empire", "topic's main category", "Category:Serbian Empire" ]		null	null	null	null	14
[ "Anazarbus", "topic's main category", "Category:Anazarbus" ]		null	null	null	null	10
[ "Maymun-Diz", "significant event", "Siege of Maymun-Diz" ]	Maymūn-Diz (Persian: میمون دز) was a major fortress of the Nizari Ismailis of the Alamut Period described in historical records. It has been variously identified with the Alamut Castle, Navizar Shah Castle, Shirkuh Castle, Shahrak Castle, and Shams Kalayeh Cave. Recently, Enayatollah Majidi located it on top of Mount Shatan (کوه شاتان Kūh-e Shātān; 36.4762463°N 50.6069645°E / 36.4762463; 50.6069645) near Khoshk Chal.The fortress was surrendered by Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah, who was residing there, to the invading Mongols under Hulagu Khan and was subsequently demolished. This was followed by surrender of Alamut and almost all other strongholds and the disestablishment of the Nizari state.	null	null	null	null	7
[ "Maymun-Diz", "different from", "Meimoon Ghal'eh" ]		null	null	null	null	11
[ "Palace of the Golden Gate", "significant event", "Siege of Baghdad" ]		null	null	null	null	8
[ "Kaneda Castle", "located on terrain feature", "Shimono-shima" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Kingdom of León" ]		null	null	null	null	8
[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Kingdom of Castile" ]		null	null	null	null	9
[ "Almohad Caliphate", "replaces", "Almoravid dynasty" ]	The Almohad Caliphate (IPA: ; Arabic: خِلَافَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or دَوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or ٱلدَّوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِيَّةُ from Arabic: ٱلْمُوَحِّدُونَ, romanized: al-Muwaḥḥidūn, lit. 'those who profess the unity of God': 246 ) was a North African Berber Muslim empire founded in the 12th century. At its height, it controlled much of the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) and North Africa (the Maghreb).The Almohad movement was founded by Ibn Tumart among the Berber Masmuda tribes, but the Almohad caliphate and its ruling dynasty were founded after his death by Abd al-Mu'min al-Gumi. Around 1120, Ibn Tumart first established a Berber state in Tinmel in the Atlas Mountains. Under Abd al-Mu'min (r. 1130–1163) they succeeded in overthrowing the ruling Almoravid dynasty governing Morocco in 1147, when he conquered Marrakesh and declared himself caliph. They then extended their power over all of the Maghreb by 1159. Al-Andalus soon followed, and all of Muslim Iberia was under Almohad rule by 1172.The turning point of their presence in the Iberian Peninsula came in 1212, when Muhammad III, "al-Nasir" (1199–1214) was defeated at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena by an alliance of the Christian forces from Castile, Aragon and Navarre. Much of the remaining territories of al-Andalus were lost in the ensuing decades, with the cities of Córdoba and Seville falling to the Christians in 1236 and 1248 respectively. The Almohads continued to rule in Africa until the piecemeal loss of territory through the revolt of tribes and districts enabled the rise of their most effective enemies, the Marinids, from northern Morocco in 1215. The last representative of the line, Idris al-Wathiq, was reduced to the possession of Marrakesh, where he was murdered by a slave in 1269; the Marinids seized Marrakesh, ending the Almohad domination of the Western Maghreb.	null	null	null	null	11
[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Zayyanid Dynasty" ]		null	null	null	null	12
[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Kingdom of Aragon" ]		null	null	null	null	13
[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Emirate of Granada" ]		null	null	null	null	14
[ "Almohad Caliphate", "replaces", "Fatimid Caliphate" ]		null	null	null	null	15
[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Taifa of Niebla" ]		null	null	null	null	16
[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Taifa of Baeza" ]		null	null	null	null	17
[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Marinid dynasty" ]	Collapse in the Maghreb In their African holdings, the Almohads encouraged the establishment of Christians even in Fez, and after the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa they occasionally entered into alliances with the kings of Castile. They were successful in expelling the garrisons placed in some of the coast towns by the Norman kings of Sicily. The history of their decline differs from that of the Almoravids, whom they had displaced. They were not assailed by a great religious movement, but lost territories, piecemeal, by the revolt of tribes and districts. Their most effective enemies were the Banu Marin (Marinids) who founded the next dynasty. The last representative of the line, Idris al-Wathiq, was reduced to the possession of Marrakesh, where he was murdered by a slave in 1269.	null	null	null	null	22
[ "Almohad Caliphate", "topic's main category", "Category:Almohad Caliphate" ]		null	null	null	null	24
[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Taifa of Arjona" ]		null	null	null	null	26
[ "Almohad Caliphate", "replaces", "Hammadid dynasty" ]		null	null	null	null	28
[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Hafsid dynasty" ]		null	null	null	null	30
[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Taifa of Orihuela" ]		null	null	null	null	31
[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Kingdom of Seville" ]		null	null	null	null	33
[ "Caesarea Maritima", "significant event", "slighting" ]		null	null	null	null	9
[ "Caesarea Maritima", "significant event", "Siege of Caesarea" ]	Crusader/Ayyubid period Caesarea was taken by Baldwin I in the wake of the First Crusade, in 1101. Baldwin sent a message to emir of Caesarea, demanding him to surrender the city or face a siege, but the Muslims refuse. On May 2, 1101, Baldwin began sieging the city with trebuchets. After fifteen days of resistance, the Crusader army broke through the defenses. Like in Jerusalem in 1099, the Crusaders proceeded to slaughter a portion of the male populace, enslave the women and children and loot the city. Baldwin spared the emir and qadi for a hefty ransom. Baldwin appointed a cleric veteran of the First Crusade, also named Baldwin, as the new Latin archbishop of Caesarea.It was under Crusader control between 1101 and 1187 and again between 1191 and 1265.William of Tyre (10.15) describes the use of catapults and siege towers, and states that the city was taken in an assault after fifteen days of siege and given over to looting and pillaging. Syriac Orthodox patriarch Michael the Syrian (born ca. 1126) records that the city was "devastated upon its capture".William of Tyre mentions (10.16) the discovery of a "vessel of the most green colour, in the shape of a serving dish" (vas coloris viridissimi, in modum parapsidis formatum) which the Genuese thought to be made of emerald, and accepted as their share of the spoils. This refers to the hexagonal bowl known as the Sacro Catino in Italian, which was brought to Genoa by Guglielmo Embriaco and was later identified as the Holy Chalice.Caesarea was incorporated as a lordship (dominion) within the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and the Latin See of Caesarea was established, with ten archbishops listed for the period 1101–1266 (treated as titular see from 1432–1967). Archbishop Heraclius attended the Third Lateran Council in 1179. Saladin retook the city in 1187, but it was once again captured by the Crusaders during the Third Crusade in 1191. In 1251, Louis IX of France fortified the city, ordering the construction of high walls (parts of which are still standing) and a deep moat.The Arab geographer Yaqut, writing in the 1220s, named Kaisariyyah as one of the principal towns in Filastîn (Palestine).In 1251, Louis IX fortified the city, ordering the construction of high walls (parts of which are still standing) and a deep moat.The city was finally recovered in 1265, when it was reconquered by the Mamluk armies of Sultan Baibars, who ordered his troops to scale the walls in several places simultaneously, enabling them to penetrate the city. Baibars destroyed the fortified city completely to prevent its re-emergence as a Crusader stronghold, in line with the Mamluk practice in other formerly-Crusader coastal cities.During the Mamluk period, the ruins of ancient Caesarea and of the Crusader fortified town lay uninhabited.Al-Dimashqi, writing around 1300, noted that Kaisariyyah belonged to the Kingdom of Ghazza (Gaza).	null	null	null	null	18
[ "Caesarea Maritima", "topic's main category", "Category:Caesarea Maritima" ]		null	null	null	null	19
[ "Caesarea Maritima", "replaces", "Straton's Tower" ]		null	null	null	null	28
[ "Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad", "founded by", "Nizam al-Mulk" ]		null	null	null	null	5
[ "Shunten dynasty", "replaces", "Tenson Dynasty" ]		null	null	null	null	0
[ "Kumo Xi", "separated from", "Wuhuan" ]	The Kumo Xi (traditional Chinese: 庫莫奚; simplified Chinese: 库莫奚; pinyin: Kùmò Xī), also known as the Tatabi, were a Mongolic steppe people located in current Northeast China from 207 CE to 907 CE. After the death of their ancestor Tadun in 207, they were no longer called Wuhuan but joined the Khitan Xianbei in submitting to the Yuwen Xianbei. Their history is widely linked to the more famous Khitan.During their history, the Kumo Xi engaged in conflict with numerous Chinese dynasties and with the Khitan tribes, eventually suffering a series of disastrous defeats to Chinese armies and coming under the domination of the Khitans. In 907, the Kumo Xi were completely assimilated into the Khitan-led Liao dynasty of China.	null	null	null	null	4
[ "Wari culture", "topic's main category", "Category:Wari culture" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Ewenny Priory", "owned by", "Cadw" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Alsnö hus", "founded by", "Magnus III of Sweden" ]		null	null	null	null	8
[ "Alsnö hus", "located on terrain feature", "Adelsö" ]	Alsnö hus (Alsnö House) is the ruin of a palace at the Hovgården settlement archaeological site, located on the island of Adelsö (formerly called Alsnö) in Lake Mälaren in central-eastern Sweden. The ruins are part of the combined Birka and Hovgården UNESCO World Heritage Site.History The ruin is next to five burial mounds, up to 45 meters in diameter, which date back to the Vendel Period (i.e. Late Iron Age, c. 500-800 AD) when Hovgården was a King's Court (Kungsgård). The royal castle Alsnö hus reflects the importance of Birka, the trade settlement on Björkö island just south of Adelsö. However, Birka was abandoned around 975, but apparently the royal mansion continued to be of importance as the runestone U 11 (c. 1070 CE) was erected next to it.	null	null	null	null	9
[ "Republic of Ancona", "different from", "Anconine Republic" ]		null	null	null	null	9

[ "Arianism", "different from", "Polish Brethren" ]

null

4

[ "Arianism", "topic's main category", "Category:Arianism" ]

null

9

[ "Al-'Adudi Hospital", "founded by", "'Adud al-Dawla" ]

The Al-'Adudi Hospital was established during the era of organized hospitals developed in medieval Islamic culture. Some of these early hospitals were located in Baghdad and among those was the bimaristan Al-'Adudi. The hospital came to be when King of the Buyid Dynasty, 'Adud al-Dawla, decided to construct the hospital a few years before he died. Al-'Adudi was considered one of the most innovative and modern hospitals of the medieval Islamic time period. Amongst well-known physicians of the time period, this hospital was known as an institution for learning and practicing medicine.

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2

[ "Northern Song (960–1127)", "replaces", "Later Shu" ]

null

3

[ "Northern Song (960–1127)", "replaces", "Northern Han" ]

null

4

[ "Northern Song (960–1127)", "replaces", "Southern Han" ]

null

9

[ "Northern Song (960–1127)", "replaces", "Jingnan" ]

null

10

[ "Northern Song (960–1127)", "replaces", "Southern Tang" ]

null

11

[ "Northern Song (960–1127)", "topic's main category", "Category:Northern Song Dynasty" ]

null

12

[ "Northern Song (960–1127)", "replaces", "Later Zhou dynasty" ]

null

35

[ "Northern Song (960–1127)", "replaces", "Wuyue" ]

null

36

[ "Bagratuni dynasty", "topic's main category", "Category:Bagratuni dynasty" ]

null

12

[ "Bagratuni dynasty", "founded by", "Ashot I of Armenia" ]

null

13

[ "Pontic Olbia", "different from", "Olbia" ]

null

2

[ "Pontic Olbia", "significant event", "Siege of Pontic Olbia" ]

null

10

[ "Pontic Olbia", "topic's main category", "Category:Olbia" ]

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15

[ "Kamakura shogunate", "replaces", "Taira administration" ]

History Establishment Historically in Japan, the power of civilian government was primarily held by the ruling emperor of Japan and their regents, typically appointed from the ranks of the Imperial Court and the aristocratic clans that vied for influence there. Military affairs were handled under the auspices of the civil government. From 1180 to 1185, the Genpei War was fought between the Taira and Minamoto clans as part of a longstanding violent rivalry for influence over the Emperor and his court. Minamoto no Yoritomo defeated the Taira clan, but in his victory seized power from the civil aristocracy, politically relegating the Emperor and his court to symbolic figureheads. In 1192, Yoritomo and the Minamoto clan established a military government in Kamakura.

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0

[ "Kamakura shogunate", "founded by", "Minamoto no Yoritomo" ]

The Kamakura shogunate (Japanese: 鎌倉幕府, Hepburn: Kamakura bakufu) was the feudal military government of Japan during the Kamakura period from 1185 to 1333.The Kamakura shogunate was established by Minamoto no Yoritomo after victory in the Genpei War and appointing himself as shōgun. Yoritomo governed Japan as military dictator from the eastern city of Kamakura with the emperor of Japan and his Imperial Court in the official capital city of Heian-kyō (Kyoto) as figureheads. The Kamakura shōguns were members of the Minamoto clan until 1226, the Fujiwara clan until 1252, and the last six were minor princes of the imperial family. The Hōjō clan were the de facto rulers of Japan as shikken (regent) of the shōgun from 1203. The Kamakura shogunate saw the Jōkyū War in 1221 and the Mongol invasions of Japan under Kublai Khan in 1274 and 1281. The Kamakura shogunate was overthrown in the Kenmu Restoration under Emperor Go-Daigo in 1333, re-establishing Imperial rule until Ashikaga Takauji and his offsprings overthrew the imperial government and founded the Ashikaga shogunate in 1336 (Nanboku-chō period).History Establishment Historically in Japan, the power of civilian government was primarily held by the ruling emperor of Japan and their regents, typically appointed from the ranks of the Imperial Court and the aristocratic clans that vied for influence there. Military affairs were handled under the auspices of the civil government. From 1180 to 1185, the Genpei War was fought between the Taira and Minamoto clans as part of a longstanding violent rivalry for influence over the Emperor and his court. Minamoto no Yoritomo defeated the Taira clan, but in his victory seized power from the civil aristocracy, politically relegating the Emperor and his court to symbolic figureheads. In 1192, Yoritomo and the Minamoto clan established a military government in Kamakura.The Hōjō Regency Yoritomo unexpectedly died in an accident in 1199, leaving the Minamoto clan weakened. Hōjō Tokimasa, the father of Yoritomo's widow, Hōjō Masako, and former guardian and protector of Yoritomo, claimed the title of regent (shikken) to Yoritomo's son Minamoto no Yoriie, eventually making that claim hereditary to the Hōjō clan. At the same time, Hōjō Masako maneuvered herself into such a powerful, albeit informal, position that people began calling her the "nun shogun" in the place of her son Yoriie. As Minamoto no Yoriie grew older, however, he attempted to exert real power, resulting in a power struggle with the Hōjō clan of his own mother. These conflicts caused considerable tensions within the shogunate. In 1201, the Jo clan unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow the Minamoto clan in the Kennin Rebellion. Eventually, Tokimasa deposed Yoriie, backed up his younger brother, Minamoto no Sanetomo, as a new shōgun, and assumed the post of shikken. Sanetomo was only twelve at this point, and accordingly power factually rested with his mother Hōjō Masako. The Minamoto remained the titular shōguns, with the Hōjō holding the real power. In 1204, loyalists of Yoriie attempted an uprising to topple the Hōjō domination, but the latter defeated the rebels and assassinated Yoriie.In 1205, Hōjō Tokimasa attempted to depose Sanetomo, hoping to install his son-in-law as new shogun. However, his daughter Hōjō Masako saw this as threat to her own status; she arranged the pretender's murder and banished her father to a monastery. In 1219, Sanetomo was assassinated by his nephew Kugyō. Since Sanetomo died childless, the line of shōguns from the Minamoto clan ended with him. From this point onwards, the Hōjō were in total control. With Sanetomo's death in 1219, his mother Hōjō Masako continued to serve as the shogunate's real center of power. As long as she lived, regents and shōguns would come and go, while she stayed at the helm. Since the Hōjō family did not have the rank to nominate a shōgun from among its members, Masako had to find a convenient puppet. The problem was solved by choosing Kujo Yoritsune, a distant relation of the Minamoto, who would be the fourth shōgun and figurehead, while Hōjō Yoshitoki would take care of day-to-day business. However powerless, future shōguns would always be chosen from either Fujiwara or imperial lineage to keep the bloodline pure and give legitimacy to the rule. This succession proceeded for more than a century.As a result, the Kamakura shogunate rested on an unusual pyramid of regents and de facto usurpation: The true rulers, namely the Hōjō regents, had usurped power from the Minamoto, who had usurped it from the Emperor, descending from Emperor Kōkō, who usurped it from the children of Emperor Seiwa. At the same time, the regents, shoguns, and emperors all still maintained their nominal positions and existed alongside each other. The regime nonetheless proved to be stable enough to last a total of 135 years, 9 shōguns and 16 regents.In 1221, Emperor Go-Toba tried to regain power in what would be called the Jōkyū War (承久の乱, Jōkyū no Ran), but the attempt failed. The power of the Hōjō remained unchallenged until 1324, when Emperor Go-Daigo orchestrated a plot to overthrow them, but the plot was discovered almost immediately and foiled.

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6

[ "Kamakura shogunate", "topic's main category", "Category:Kamakura shogunate" ]

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9

[ "Neuenburg am Rhein", "topic's main category", "Category:Neuenburg am Rhein" ]

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8

[ "County of Champagne", "topic's main category", "Category:County of Champagne" ]

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4

[ "Library of Alexandria", "different from", "Bibliotheca Alexandrina" ]

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2

[ "Library of Alexandria", "topic's main category", "Category:Library of Alexandria" ]

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19

[ "Library of Alexandria", "significant event", "Destruction of the Library of Alexandria" ]

Arabic sources on Muslim invasion In 642 AD, Alexandria was captured by the Muslim army of Amr ibn al-As. Several later Arabic sources describe the library's destruction by the order of Caliph Omar. Bar-Hebraeus, writing in the thirteenth century, quotes Omar as saying to Yaḥyā al-Naḥwī: "If those books are in agreement with the Quran, we have no need of them; and if these are opposed to the Quran, destroy them." Later scholars—beginning with Father Eusèbe Renaudot's remark in 1713 in his translation of the History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria that the tale "had something untrustworthy about it"—are skeptical of these stories, given the range of time that had passed before they were written down and the political motivations of the various writers. According to Diana Delia, "Omar's rejection of pagan and Christian wisdom may have been devised and exploited by conservative authorities as a moral exemplum for Muslims to follow in later, uncertain times, when the devotion of the faithful was once again tested by proximity to nonbelievers".

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20

[ "Jin dynasty (266–420)", "followed by", "Northern and Southern dynasties" ]

null

2

[ "Jin dynasty (266–420)", "follows", "Three Kingdoms" ]

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3

[ "Jin dynasty (266–420)", "topic's main category", "Category:Jin dynasty (266–420)" ]

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14

[ "Thawri school", "founded by", "Sufyan al-Thawri" ]

The Thawri school (Arabic: الثوري) was a short-lived school of Fiqh. Its founder was Sufyan Al-Thawri, a great 8th century scholar, jurist and hadith compiler.History Sufyan Al-Thawri was born in Kufa in 719, and became the main scholar of Fiqh of the aforementioned city's Hadith school. He held similar views to that of his contemporary, Imam Abu Hanifa, founder of the Hanafi school of Fiqh, though he opposed his use of Qiyas and Istihsan.After Ath-Thawri's move to Basra later in his life, his jurisprudential thought (usul) became more closely aligned to that of the Umayyads and of Al-Awza'i.He spent the last year of his life hiding after a dispute between him and the Abbasid Caliph Muhammad Ibn Mansur Al-Mahdi. The Caliph had sent a letter to Al-Thawri requesting him to accept the post of Judge of Kufa on the condition that he did not make any judgment or ruling in opposition to the state policy. Al-Thawri tore this letter up and threw it into the Tigris river in disgust. After his death, the Thawri Madhhab was taken up by his students, including notably Yahya al-Qattan. However, his school did not survive, but his jurisprudential thought and especially hadith transmission are highly regarded in Islam, and have influenced all the major schools, although not in the form of organized school like other Madhhabs.

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0

[ "Order of the Lion (France)", "founded by", "Enguerrand I, Lord of Coucy" ]

The Order of the Lion was an order of knighthood set up by Enguerrand I of Coucy (or, according to other sources, his son Enguerrand II), to keep alive the memory of his killing a dangerous lion. It was short-lived and was forgotten after its founder's death. His successor Enguerrand VII founded the Order of the Crown in 1378 Gustav Adolph Ackermann mentions the two orders as among the historical orders of France.Sources Gustav Adolph Ackermann, Ordensbuch, Sämtlicher in Europa blühender und erloschener Orden und Ehrenzeichen. Annaberg, 1855, p 209 n°83. "Orden des Löwen" - Google Books (Former orders of France : p. 205-214)

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2

[ "Order of the Lion (France)", "founded by", "Enguerrand II, Lord of Coucy" ]

Sources Gustav Adolph Ackermann, Ordensbuch, Sämtlicher in Europa blühender und erloschener Orden und Ehrenzeichen. Annaberg, 1855, p 209 n°83. "Orden des Löwen" - Google Books (Former orders of France : p. 205-214)

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3

[ "Diocese of Gaul", "topic's main category", "Category:Diocese of Gallia" ]

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3

[ "Praetorian prefecture of Gaul", "topic's main category", "Category:Praetorian prefecture of Gaul" ]

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5

[ "Caucasian Albania", "topic's main category", "Category:Caucasian Albania" ]

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24

[ "Western Satraps", "topic's main category", "Category:Western Satraps" ]

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4

[ "Catechetical School of Alexandria", "different from", "Alexandrian school" ]

null

2

[ "Catechetical School of Alexandria", "followed by", "Coptic Theological and Clerical College" ]

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3

[ "Catechetical School of Alexandria", "topic's main category", "Category:Catechetical School of Alexandria" ]

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4

[ "Arsacid dynasty of Armenia", "topic's main category", "Category:Arsacid dynasty of Armenia" ]

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6

[ "Arsacid dynasty of Armenia", "founded by", "Tiridates I of Armenia" ]

The Arsacid dynasty, called the Arshakuni (Armenian: Արշակունիներ, romanized: Aršakuni) in Armenian, ruled the Kingdom of Armenia from 12 to 428. The dynasty was a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia. Arsacid kings reigned intermittently throughout the chaotic years following the fall of the Artaxiad dynasty until 62, when Tiridates I, brother of Parthian King Vologases I, secured Arsacid rule in Armenia as a client king of Rome. However, he did not succeed in establishing his line on the throne, and various princes of different Arsacid lineages ruled until the accession of Vologases II, who succeeded in establishing his own line on the Armenian throne, which ruled the kingdom until its abolishment by the Sasanian Empire in 428.Two of the most notable events under Arsacid rule in Armenian history were the conversion of Armenia to Christianity by Gregory the Illuminator and Tiridates III in 301/314 and the creation of the Armenian alphabet by Mesrop Mashtots in c. 405. In contrast to the more Hellenic-influenced Artaxiads, the reign of the Arsacids of Armenia was marked by greater Iranian influence in the country.Vonones I 12–18 Artaxias III (Zeno Artaxias, non-Arsacid) 18–34 Arsaces I of Armenia 35 Mithridates of Armenia (Pharnavazid dynasty) 35–37 Orodes of Armenia 37–42 Mithridates of Armenia (again) 42–51 Rhadamistus (Pharnavazid dynasty) 51–53, 54–55 Tiridates/Trdat I 52–58, 62–66, officially 66–88 Tigranes VI (Herodian dynasty) 59–62 Sanatruces (Sanatruk) 88–110 Axidares (Ashkhadar) 110–113 Parthamasiris (Partamasir) 113–114 Roman annexation 114–117/8 Vologases I (Vagharsh I) 117/8–144 Sohaemus (non-Arsacid) 144–161, 164–186 Pacorus (Bakur) 161–164 Vologases II (Vagharsh II) 186–198 Khosrov I 198–217 Trdat II 217–252 Khosrov II c. 252 Hormizd-Ardashir (Sassanid dynasty) 252–c. 270 Narseh (Sassanid dynasty) c. 271–293 Trdat III 287–330 Khosrov III 330–339 Tiran 339-c. 350 Arshak II c. 350–368 Sassanid conquest (Shapur II) 368–370 Pap 370–374 Varazdat 374–378 Arshak III 378–387 with co-ruler Vagharshak 378–386 Khosrov IV 387–389 Vramshapuh 389–417 Possibly Khosrov IV (again) 417–418 Shapur (Sassanid dynasty) 418–422 Artashes/Artashir 422–428

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11

[ "Huns", "topic's main category", "Category:Huns" ]

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9

[ "Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)", "different from", "Western Xia" ]

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2

[ "Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)", "founded by", "Helian Bobo" ]

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4

[ "Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)", "replaces", "Western Qin" ]

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7

[ "Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)", "topic's main category", "Category:Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)" ]

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8

[ "Lingbao School", "founded by", "Ge Chaofu" ]

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2

[ "Sasanian Armenia", "follows", "Kingdom of Armenia" ]

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2

[ "Sasanian Armenia", "topic's main category", "Category:Sasanian Armenia" ]

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7

[ "Xianbei", "separated from", "Donghu people" ]

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2

[ "Xianbei", "topic's main category", "Category:Xianbei" ]

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4

[ "Geʽez", "different from", "Ethiopic" ]

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6

[ "Geʽez", "topic's main category", "Category:Ge'ez language" ]

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11

[ "Nürburg", "topic's main category", "Category:Nürburg" ]

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3

[ "Nürburg", "located on terrain feature", "Nordschleife Nürburgring" ]

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11

[ "Maya civilization", "topic's main category", "Category:Maya civilization" ]

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11

[ "Kalmar Union", "topic's main category", "Category:Kalmar Union" ]

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5

[ "Tenochtitlan", "significant event", "fall of Tenochtitlan" ]

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14

[ "Tenochtitlan", "founded by", "Mexica" ]

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16

[ "Tenochtitlan", "topic's main category", "Category:Tenochtitlan" ]

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17

[ "Sonnefeld Abbey", "topic's main category", "Category:Kloster Sonnefeld" ]

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5

[ "Principality of Zeta", "follows", "Duklja" ]

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11

[ "Principality of Zeta", "topic's main category", "Category:Principality of Zeta" ]

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17

[ "Heian Palace", "topic's main category", "Category:Heian Palace" ]

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1

[ "Nagaoka-kyō", "founded by", "Emperor Kanmu" ]

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3

[ "Nagaoka-kyō", "followed by", "Heian-kyō" ]

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6

[ "Nagaoka-kyō", "follows", "Heijō-kyō" ]

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9

[ "Nagaoka-kyō", "located on terrain feature", "Kyoto Basin" ]

Nagaoka-kyō (長岡京) was the capital of Japan from 784 to 794. Its location was reported as Otokuni District, Yamashiro Province, and Nagaokakyō, Kyoto, which took its name from the capital. Parts of the capital were in what is now the city of Nagaokakyō, while other parts were in the present-day Mukō and Nishikyō-ku, the latter of which belongs to the city of Kyoto. In 784, the Emperor Kanmu moved the capital from Nara (then called Heijō-kyō). According to the Shoku Nihongi, his reason for moving was that the new location had better water transportation routes. Other explanations have been given, including the wish to escape the power of the Buddhist clergy and courtiers, and the backing of the immigrants from whom his mother was descended. In 785, the administrator in charge of the new capital, Fujiwara no Tanetsugu, was assassinated. The emperor's brother, Prince Sawara, was implicated, exiled to Awaji Province, and died on the way there. In 794, Emperor Kammu moved the capital to Heian (in the center of the present-day city of Kyoto). Reasons cited for this move include frequent flooding of the rivers that had promised better transportation; disease caused by the flooding, affecting the empress and crown prince; and fear of the spirit of the late Prince Sawara. Excavations begun in 1954 revealed the remains of a gate to the imperial residence.

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13

[ "Serbian Empire", "topic's main category", "Category:Serbian Empire" ]

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14

[ "Anazarbus", "topic's main category", "Category:Anazarbus" ]

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10

[ "Maymun-Diz", "significant event", "Siege of Maymun-Diz" ]

Maymūn-Diz (Persian: میمون دز) was a major fortress of the Nizari Ismailis of the Alamut Period described in historical records. It has been variously identified with the Alamut Castle, Navizar Shah Castle, Shirkuh Castle, Shahrak Castle, and Shams Kalayeh Cave. Recently, Enayatollah Majidi located it on top of Mount Shatan (کوه شاتان Kūh-e Shātān; 36.4762463°N 50.6069645°E / 36.4762463; 50.6069645) near Khoshk Chal.The fortress was surrendered by Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah, who was residing there, to the invading Mongols under Hulagu Khan and was subsequently demolished. This was followed by surrender of Alamut and almost all other strongholds and the disestablishment of the Nizari state.

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7

[ "Maymun-Diz", "different from", "Meimoon Ghal'eh" ]

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11

[ "Palace of the Golden Gate", "significant event", "Siege of Baghdad" ]

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8

[ "Kaneda Castle", "located on terrain feature", "Shimono-shima" ]

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4

[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Kingdom of León" ]

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8

[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Kingdom of Castile" ]

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9

[ "Almohad Caliphate", "replaces", "Almoravid dynasty" ]

The Almohad Caliphate (IPA: ; Arabic: خِلَافَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or دَوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or ٱلدَّوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِيَّةُ from Arabic: ٱلْمُوَحِّدُونَ, romanized: al-Muwaḥḥidūn, lit. 'those who profess the unity of God': 246 ) was a North African Berber Muslim empire founded in the 12th century. At its height, it controlled much of the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) and North Africa (the Maghreb).The Almohad movement was founded by Ibn Tumart among the Berber Masmuda tribes, but the Almohad caliphate and its ruling dynasty were founded after his death by Abd al-Mu'min al-Gumi. Around 1120, Ibn Tumart first established a Berber state in Tinmel in the Atlas Mountains. Under Abd al-Mu'min (r. 1130–1163) they succeeded in overthrowing the ruling Almoravid dynasty governing Morocco in 1147, when he conquered Marrakesh and declared himself caliph. They then extended their power over all of the Maghreb by 1159. Al-Andalus soon followed, and all of Muslim Iberia was under Almohad rule by 1172.The turning point of their presence in the Iberian Peninsula came in 1212, when Muhammad III, "al-Nasir" (1199–1214) was defeated at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena by an alliance of the Christian forces from Castile, Aragon and Navarre. Much of the remaining territories of al-Andalus were lost in the ensuing decades, with the cities of Córdoba and Seville falling to the Christians in 1236 and 1248 respectively. The Almohads continued to rule in Africa until the piecemeal loss of territory through the revolt of tribes and districts enabled the rise of their most effective enemies, the Marinids, from northern Morocco in 1215. The last representative of the line, Idris al-Wathiq, was reduced to the possession of Marrakesh, where he was murdered by a slave in 1269; the Marinids seized Marrakesh, ending the Almohad domination of the Western Maghreb.

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11

[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Zayyanid Dynasty" ]

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12

[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Kingdom of Aragon" ]

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13

[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Emirate of Granada" ]

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14

[ "Almohad Caliphate", "replaces", "Fatimid Caliphate" ]

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15

[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Taifa of Niebla" ]

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16

[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Taifa of Baeza" ]

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17

[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Marinid dynasty" ]

Collapse in the Maghreb In their African holdings, the Almohads encouraged the establishment of Christians even in Fez, and after the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa they occasionally entered into alliances with the kings of Castile. They were successful in expelling the garrisons placed in some of the coast towns by the Norman kings of Sicily. The history of their decline differs from that of the Almoravids, whom they had displaced. They were not assailed by a great religious movement, but lost territories, piecemeal, by the revolt of tribes and districts. Their most effective enemies were the Banu Marin (Marinids) who founded the next dynasty. The last representative of the line, Idris al-Wathiq, was reduced to the possession of Marrakesh, where he was murdered by a slave in 1269.

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22

[ "Almohad Caliphate", "topic's main category", "Category:Almohad Caliphate" ]

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24

[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Taifa of Arjona" ]

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26

[ "Almohad Caliphate", "replaces", "Hammadid dynasty" ]

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28

[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Hafsid dynasty" ]

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30

[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Taifa of Orihuela" ]

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31

[ "Almohad Caliphate", "followed by", "Kingdom of Seville" ]

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33

[ "Caesarea Maritima", "significant event", "slighting" ]

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9

[ "Caesarea Maritima", "significant event", "Siege of Caesarea" ]

Crusader/Ayyubid period Caesarea was taken by Baldwin I in the wake of the First Crusade, in 1101. Baldwin sent a message to emir of Caesarea, demanding him to surrender the city or face a siege, but the Muslims refuse. On May 2, 1101, Baldwin began sieging the city with trebuchets. After fifteen days of resistance, the Crusader army broke through the defenses. Like in Jerusalem in 1099, the Crusaders proceeded to slaughter a portion of the male populace, enslave the women and children and loot the city. Baldwin spared the emir and qadi for a hefty ransom. Baldwin appointed a cleric veteran of the First Crusade, also named Baldwin, as the new Latin archbishop of Caesarea.It was under Crusader control between 1101 and 1187 and again between 1191 and 1265.William of Tyre (10.15) describes the use of catapults and siege towers, and states that the city was taken in an assault after fifteen days of siege and given over to looting and pillaging. Syriac Orthodox patriarch Michael the Syrian (born ca. 1126) records that the city was "devastated upon its capture".William of Tyre mentions (10.16) the discovery of a "vessel of the most green colour, in the shape of a serving dish" (vas coloris viridissimi, in modum parapsidis formatum) which the Genuese thought to be made of emerald, and accepted as their share of the spoils. This refers to the hexagonal bowl known as the Sacro Catino in Italian, which was brought to Genoa by Guglielmo Embriaco and was later identified as the Holy Chalice.Caesarea was incorporated as a lordship (dominion) within the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and the Latin See of Caesarea was established, with ten archbishops listed for the period 1101–1266 (treated as titular see from 1432–1967). Archbishop Heraclius attended the Third Lateran Council in 1179. Saladin retook the city in 1187, but it was once again captured by the Crusaders during the Third Crusade in 1191. In 1251, Louis IX of France fortified the city, ordering the construction of high walls (parts of which are still standing) and a deep moat.The Arab geographer Yaqut, writing in the 1220s, named Kaisariyyah as one of the principal towns in Filastîn (Palestine).In 1251, Louis IX fortified the city, ordering the construction of high walls (parts of which are still standing) and a deep moat.The city was finally recovered in 1265, when it was reconquered by the Mamluk armies of Sultan Baibars, who ordered his troops to scale the walls in several places simultaneously, enabling them to penetrate the city. Baibars destroyed the fortified city completely to prevent its re-emergence as a Crusader stronghold, in line with the Mamluk practice in other formerly-Crusader coastal cities.During the Mamluk period, the ruins of ancient Caesarea and of the Crusader fortified town lay uninhabited.Al-Dimashqi, writing around 1300, noted that Kaisariyyah belonged to the Kingdom of Ghazza (Gaza).

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18

[ "Caesarea Maritima", "topic's main category", "Category:Caesarea Maritima" ]

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19

[ "Caesarea Maritima", "replaces", "Straton's Tower" ]

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28

[ "Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad", "founded by", "Nizam al-Mulk" ]

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5

[ "Shunten dynasty", "replaces", "Tenson Dynasty" ]

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0

[ "Kumo Xi", "separated from", "Wuhuan" ]

The Kumo Xi (traditional Chinese: 庫莫奚; simplified Chinese: 库莫奚; pinyin: Kùmò Xī), also known as the Tatabi, were a Mongolic steppe people located in current Northeast China from 207 CE to 907 CE. After the death of their ancestor Tadun in 207, they were no longer called Wuhuan but joined the Khitan Xianbei in submitting to the Yuwen Xianbei. Their history is widely linked to the more famous Khitan.During their history, the Kumo Xi engaged in conflict with numerous Chinese dynasties and with the Khitan tribes, eventually suffering a series of disastrous defeats to Chinese armies and coming under the domination of the Khitans. In 907, the Kumo Xi were completely assimilated into the Khitan-led Liao dynasty of China.

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4

[ "Wari culture", "topic's main category", "Category:Wari culture" ]

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4

[ "Ewenny Priory", "owned by", "Cadw" ]

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3

[ "Alsnö hus", "founded by", "Magnus III of Sweden" ]

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8

[ "Alsnö hus", "located on terrain feature", "Adelsö" ]

Alsnö hus (Alsnö House) is the ruin of a palace at the Hovgården settlement archaeological site, located on the island of Adelsö (formerly called Alsnö) in Lake Mälaren in central-eastern Sweden. The ruins are part of the combined Birka and Hovgården UNESCO World Heritage Site.History The ruin is next to five burial mounds, up to 45 meters in diameter, which date back to the Vendel Period (i.e. Late Iron Age, c. 500-800 AD) when Hovgården was a King's Court (Kungsgård). The royal castle Alsnö hus reflects the importance of Birka, the trade settlement on Björkö island just south of Adelsö. However, Birka was abandoned around 975, but apparently the royal mansion continued to be of importance as the runestone U 11 (c. 1070 CE) was erected next to it.

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9

[ "Republic of Ancona", "different from", "Anconine Republic" ]

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9