triplets
list | passage
stringlengths 0
32.9k
| label
stringlengths 4
48
⌀ | label_id
int64 0
1k
⌀ | synonyms
list | __index_level_1__
int64 312
64.1k
⌀ | __index_level_0__
int64 0
2.4k
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Cais do Sodré railway station",
"owned by",
"Infraestruturas de Portugal"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Endoplasmic reticulum",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Endoplasmic reticulum"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Endoplasmic reticulum",
"connects with",
"nuclear outer membrane"
] |
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is, in essence, the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding. It is a type of organelle made up of two subunits – rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). The endoplasmic reticulum is found in most eukaryotic cells and forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs known as cisternae (in the RER), and tubular structures in the SER. The membranes of the ER are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane. The endoplasmic reticulum is not found in red blood cells, or spermatozoa.
The two types of ER share many of the same proteins and engage in certain common activities such as the synthesis of certain lipids and cholesterol. Different types of cells contain different ratios of the two types of ER depending on the activities of the cell. RER is found mainly toward the nucleus of cell and SER towards the cell membrane or plasma membrane of cell.
The outer (cytosolic) face of the RER is studded with ribosomes that are the sites of protein synthesis. The RER is especially prominent in cells such as hepatocytes. The SER lacks ribosomes and functions in lipid synthesis but not metabolism, the production of steroid hormones, and detoxification. The SER is especially abundant in mammalian liver and gonad cells.
The ER was observed with light microscope by Garnier in 1897, who coined the term ergastoplasm. With electron microscopy, the lacy membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were first seen in 1945 by Keith R. Porter, Albert Claude, and Ernest F. Fullam. Later, the word reticulum, which means "network", was applied by Porter in 1953 to describe this fabric of membranes.
| null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Telomere-binding protein",
"connects with",
"telomere"
] |
TERF1
TERF1 is present during all stages of the cell cycle, acting as a negative regulator in tandem with TERF2 while in contrast to telomerase. Its main function seems to be observed in controlling the telomere lengths via inhibition of telomerase. Removal of TERF1 will therefore lead to an increase in telomere length. TERF1 may reduce the accessibility of telomerase towards the end of the DNA length, which results in its inhibition. There may be potential post-translation modifications of TERF1 by adding ribose to induce regulation of telomerase. After the lengthening of the telomere, TERF1 reassembles to form an inaccessible T-loop structure.It has homology to the Myb transcription factors as the protein-DNA complex requires both Myb repeats. TERF1 binds near the N-terminus on a highly conserved domain to form a homodimer interaction. Since TERF1 bends the telomeric site, it may be a critical step in properly functioning telomeres to maintain its length. TERF1 also serves to prevent problematic secondary structures from hindering progression by interacting with helicase for unobstructed unwinding.TERF2
TERF2 is a homolog to TERF1, exhibiting many functional and biochemical similarities. TERF2, like TERF1 has some relation to the Myb DNA binding motif. It serves as a secondary negative regulator, as overexpression of TERF2 produces a shortened telomere. TERF2 may also conceal the ends of the telomere in order to prevent detection from degradation. There is more conservation across species in TERF2 possibly due to higher risk of senescence when mutated.TERF2 binds directly to the DNA sequence, forming a T-loop structure. Therefore, TERF2 plays a role in inducing loop formation by folding the 3’ TTAGGG sequence back into the duplex sequence. When removed, degradation of telomeric 3’ overhangs can be observed. However, this requires the work of excision repair exonuclease ERCC1/XPF so inhibition of TERF2 alone may not necessarily lead to immediate shortening. Upon deletion of TERF2, there is co-localization with TERF1 with the association of DNA damage response factors. Under regular cell conditions, TERF2 is known to suppress the ATM pathway, however, the mechanisms of which, are currently unclear.
| null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Europa Point",
"connects with",
"Keightley Way"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Britannia Bridge",
"connects with",
"John Evans"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Britannia Bridge",
"has use",
"road transport"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Britannia Bridge",
"has use",
"rail transport"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Royal Charter (ship)",
"connects with",
"John Evans"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Forbes' Batteries",
"connects with",
"Prince's Lines"
] |
Description
The Forbes' Batteries are on the eastern end of the Northern Defences. These batteries had five guns arranged on two levels. There is a famous quarry behind the batteries which shares the same name.
This complex group of fortifications is located at the end of Princes Lines and was named after Lt. George Forbes RN, ADC to Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt, third Earl of Granard (1685-1765) who took part as a midshipman in the attack of 1704 and who fought on shore in the siege of 1727.In 1727 the battery mounted two 6-pdr guns. In 1761 the British constructed Upper and Lower Forbes' Batteries.Upper Forbes' Battery has two fine magazines, one brick and one stone, built against the cliff wall. Above the two batteries is Forbes' Lookout. During the Second World War a 40-mm Mark 3 gun on a mobile mounting was placed in Upper Forbes Battery in 1942 and remained there until December 1944. A Second World War iron cupola cantilevered out from the rock face housed a searchlight.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Forbes' Batteries",
"connects with",
"Queen's Lines"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"S4C",
"topic's main category",
"Category:S4C"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"S4C",
"owner of",
"Hughes and Sons"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"S4C",
"connects with",
"Huw Jones"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"S4C",
"owned by",
"S4C Authority"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Aberystwyth and Tregaron Bank",
"connects with",
"droving"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Lar Dam",
"connects with",
"Lavarak Power Plant"
] |
Lar Dam (Persian: سد لار sad-de lār) is a dam located at the foot of Mount Damavand in Amol county, Mazandaran, Iran. The dam is located within the protected Lar National Park and situated just 70 kilometers northeast of the capital and the most populous city of the country, Tehran. The primary purpose of the dam is municipal water supply to Tehran but prior to the water reaching the city filtration plant, it is used to power the Kalan and Lavarak Hydroelectric Power Stations, with a combined installed capacity of 162.5 MW.
| null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Lar Dam",
"connects with",
"Kalan Power Plant"
] |
Lar Dam (Persian: سد لار sad-de lār) is a dam located at the foot of Mount Damavand in Amol county, Mazandaran, Iran. The dam is located within the protected Lar National Park and situated just 70 kilometers northeast of the capital and the most populous city of the country, Tehran. The primary purpose of the dam is municipal water supply to Tehran but prior to the water reaching the city filtration plant, it is used to power the Kalan and Lavarak Hydroelectric Power Stations, with a combined installed capacity of 162.5 MW.Construction
The construction began on the dam in 1974, and ended four years later in 1981. When the reservoir began in 1980, leakage was discovered downstream. The leakage is due to a karst foundation. The foundation was grouted from 1983 until 1989 with no success. With the population growth occurring in Amol, there was a need for more water and energy. The ideal place for the dam was over the Lar river, in the northeast section of the city, at the elevated heights of the Kalanbasteh mountain on the slope of Mount Damavand. The area is called Polour, and operations began in 1984.
One of the aims for building the Lar dam was to supply part of Amol with drinking water; it was not possible initially to operate the dam at its nominal capacity, because of a water seepage problem. Water stored in the dam's reservoir is first transferred to the Kalan Power Station (35°48′24.87″N 51°47′29.46″E) then to the Lavark Power Station (35°48′34.97″N 51°44′54.67″E), a distance of 3 kilometers from the Latyan Dam's reservoir, through the 20 kilometer long Kalan tunnel (3 meters in size). After electricity generation, the water joins and feeds the Latyan dam's reservoir. The Kalan Power Station was commissioned in 1998 and the Lavarak in March 2012 and July 2013.Uncontrolled growth and expansion of Tehran created a situation where the existing water resources at Karaj, Latyan and Lar dams and the deep wells which were supposed to be exploited only in the during the peak water consumption period. These were no longer capable of meeting the city's water demand, so inevitable abstraction from ground resources started to increase in a manner that at the present situation, the quantity of drilled deep wells has amounted to 230 rings. In fact, from 1997-2000, it had been orderly abstracted, 317, 289, 374 and 357 MCM (million cubic metres) of water from groundwater resources of the city.
| null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Ruthin Gaol",
"connects with",
"John Jones"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Orange Bastion",
"connects with",
"Line Wall Road"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"King's Bastion",
"owned by",
"Gibraltar"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"King's Bastion",
"connects with",
"Line Wall Road"
] |
King's Bastion is a coastal bastion on the western front of the fortifications of the British overseas territory of Gibraltar, protruding from the Line Wall Curtain. It is located between Line Wall Road and Queensway and overlooks the Bay of Gibraltar . It played a crucial role in defending The Rock during the Great Siege of Gibraltar. In more recent history the bastion was converted into a generating station which powered Gibraltar's electricity needs. Today it continues to serve the community as Gibraltar's leisure centre.
| null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Calpe Hole Generating station",
"connects with",
"Great North Road, Gibraltar"
] |
The Calpe Hole Generating station is an abandoned power station located in the rock of Gibraltar, accessed via the Great North Road, Gibraltar. The turbines were made by Ruston (engine builder) which were taken over by English Electric in the early 20th century. The roof in the station was made by Herbert Morris Ltd from Loughborough.
| null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Valkenburg Castle",
"significant event",
"slighting"
] |
History
In the year 1115, fortifications were erected at the site by Gosewijn I, Lord of Valkenburg. This original wooden keep survived until 1122 when it was destroyed under siege by Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor. The castle was rebuilt in the following centuries but was again destroyed in a siege, this time by John III, Duke of Brabant. The current ruins are those of the castle rebuilt in the 14th century.
The castle suffered heavily in the Dutch Spanish war as it wasn't built to withstand the new heavy duty cannons and mortars. The Spanish armies severely crippled the defensive walls of Valkenburg and left the castle in a far state of disrepair with its magnificent towers now collapsed and its roofs burned to ashes. The Dutch armies attempted to repair the castle but were unsuccessful due to the ongoing wars with the Spaniards and the French.
The castle was slighted during the Franco-Dutch War, in 1672, by the army of King-Stadtholder Willem III to prevent it falling into French hands.
| null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Valkenburg Castle",
"located on terrain feature",
"Heunsberg"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Valkenburg Castle",
"connects with",
"terrain in which remains of the castle Valkenburg on the Heunsberg"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Valkenburg Castle",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Valkenburg Castle"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Death of Nqobile Nzuza",
"connects with",
"Marikana Land Occupation"
] |
Nqobile Nzuza was a resident in the Marikana Land Occupation in Cato Crest, which is part of Cato Manor in Durban, South Africa. She was a member of the shackdwellers' movement Abahlali baseMjondolo.Death
On 30 September 2013, at the age of 17 years, Ms. Nzuza was shot dead in the back of her head during an anti-eviction protest organised by Marikana residents. She was the third member of Abahlali baseMjondolo killed that year. The Independent Police Investigative Directorate (IPID) later opened a case of murder against the Cato Manor police.Police admitted to shooting Nzuza, and another resident who was wounded, but claimed they were acting in self-defence. Representatives of Abahlali baseMjondolo said it was the fault of the police.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Marikana land occupation (Cape Town)",
"connects with",
"Marikana Land Occupation"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Marikana land occupation (Durban)",
"connects with",
"Marikana Land Occupation"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Marikana land occupation (Durban)",
"connects with",
"death of Nqobile Nzuza"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Dolakha-Sindhupalchwok ropeway",
"connects with",
"Kharidhunga mine"
] |
Dolakha-Sindhupalchwok ropeway
The Dolakha-Sindhupalchwok ropeway is an ropeway conveyor connecting the talc and magnesium mine at Kharidhunga with the processing plant at Lamosanghu in Nepal. It is one of the longest ropeways in Nepal, crossing two districts: Sindhupalchok and Dolakha. The talc plant used to be 3rd largest talc plant in South Asia.The ropeway is 10.3 kilometres (6.4 mi) long. It was operational in the 1990s, but has since been closed down. It travels through Kharidhunga, Tauthali, Tekanpur and Lamosangu.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Zoca Flank Battery",
"connects with",
"Prince Albert's Front"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Anwoth Old Church",
"connects with",
"Anwoth, Old Kirk, Churchyard And Gordon Tomb"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"King Edward Building",
"connects with",
"General Post Office, Newgate Street"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Phoebe (moon)",
"connects with",
"Phoebe ring"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Phoebe (moon)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Phoebe (moon)"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Khaznadar",
"connects with",
"Hazinedar"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Flag of Ceredigion",
"connects with",
"Pryse Pryse"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Flag of Ceredigion",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Kingdom of Ceredigion"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Flag of Ceredigion",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Ceredigion County Council"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"West Wing",
"connects with",
"West Colonnade"
] |
The West Wing of the White House houses the offices of the president of the United States. The West Wing contains the Oval Office, the Cabinet Room, the Situation Room, and the Roosevelt Room.The West Wing's four floors contain offices for the vice president, White House chief of staff, the counselor to the president, the senior advisor to the president, the White House press secretary, and their support staffs. Adjoining the press secretary's office, in the colonnade between the West Wing and the Executive Residence, is the James S. Brady Press Briefing Room, along with workspace for the White House press corps.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"East Wing",
"different from",
"East Wing"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"East Wing",
"connects with",
"East Colonnade"
] |
The East Wing of the White House is a two-story structure that serves as office space for the First Lady and her staff, including the White House social secretary, White House Graphics and Calligraphy Office and correspondence staff. The East Wing also includes the visitors' entrance and the East Colonnade, a corridor connecting the body of the East Wing to the residence. Along the corridor is the White House theater, also called the Family theater. Social and touring visitors to the White House usually enter through the East Wing. The East Wing was built on top of the Presidential Emergency Operations Center, a secure emergency underground shelter for the President.Visitors touring the White House enter through the wood-paneled lobby, where portraits of presidents and first ladies hang. They go through the Garden Room and along the East Colonnade, which has a view of the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden, past the theater to the Visitors' Foyer. They enter the residence at the ground floor.
| null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"De Brouckère metro station",
"owned by",
"Brussels Intercommunal Transport Company"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"De Brouckère metro station",
"connects with",
"Galerie Anspach - Anspachgalerij"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"De Brouckère metro station",
"connects with",
"The Mint"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Tir Iarll",
"connects with",
"Welsh language culture"
] |
Tir Iarll (meaning "Earl's Land" in English; Welsh pronunciation: [ˌtiːr ˈjarɬ]), is the traditional name of an area of Glamorgan, Wales, which has long had a particular resonance in Welsh culture.In medieval times Tir Iarll was a cwmwd covering the present-day parishes of Llangynwyd, Betws, Cynffig and Margam. It long preserved traditional customs, notably the Mari Lwyd or Grey Mare.
The late medieval Welsh poets Rhys Brydydd, his son Rhisiart ap Rhys and brother (or son) Gwilym Tew all came from Tir Iarll.
| null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Olympiastadion (Munich)",
"owned by",
"Munich"
] |
Election
To make room for the arena, the terminal building of the old airport had to be blown up. On 9 June 1969 work began on the stadium, the multi-purpose Olympic arena and swimming pool. However, it was only on 14 July 1969 with the laying of the cornerstone in a symbolic ceremony that the construction officially begun. In addition to the three buildings emerging on the Oberwiesenfeld, the Werner von Linde Hall, a volleyball hall, the Olympic Radstadion, the Olympic Village and various other buildings such as stations for U-Bahn and S-Bahn were built. During the time of the construction there was a spirit of optimism in Munich. The inner city received a pedestrian zone between Marienplatz and the Stachus and the metro was implemented. on the Oberwiesenfeld alone, there were 60 construction sites. From a total of 1.35 billion German marks, 137 million were used in the construction of the Olympic Stadium and another 170.6 million in the tent roof. About 5,000 construction workers worked at the construction site for more than one million hours. Contrary to the custom of German construction, the Olympic Stadium was built largely without prefabricated parts.
According to Behnisch, the stadium was to be a "democratic sports venue" according to the ideas of the Mayor of Munich Hans-Jochen Vogel and the specifications of the Federal Chancellor Willy Brandt, creating a contrast to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin during the period of National Socialism, the hitherto single summer Olympics in Germany. Since the time of National Socialism, Munich had the reputation of being the "capital of the Nazi movement". The Olympics were intended to help improve Munich's reputation. The foundation's deed stated that the planned games should "bear witness to the spirit of our people in the last third of the 20th century".Behnisch wanted Frei Otto as a partner architect, whose tent roof construction at the EXPO 1967 in Montreal was a model for the stadium tent roof. Otto had already been involved in numerous construction projects with suspended and membrane structures and became the development consultant for the Olympiastadion tent roof construction. In addition to Behnisch and Otto, an architect team was also formed to realize the roof construction, including Fritz Leonhardt and Wolf Andrä. The planning management was done by Fritz Auer. Otto developed parts of the roof by means of the trial-and-error principle by making larger models of the roof construction, while Andrä and Leonhardt developed the roof with a CAD program elsewhere. Under the direction of civil engineer Jörg Schlaich, the roof over the stadium was completed on 21 April 1972. But the planned flat tent roof to cover an additional 15,000 seats in the eastern stands of the stadium, was never built; only the main foundations to hold the second roof were built, and they are still visible; one in each of the curves: behind, respectively under the existing roof. (In total some 60,000 seats would have been covered by the two separate tent roofs.)
Already in the summer of 1970 the shell of the buildings was finished and on 23 July 1970 the topping-out ceremony was celebrated. The plans for the stadium had forgotten to allocate cabins for football teams in the stadium interior. For this reason, from 24 May 1972 to the official opening of the stadium on 26 May 1972, two medical rooms were provisionally converted into changing rooms. There was enough room to set up a room for paramedics and referees as well. Later, the cabins were further equipped and remained in place. At the turn of the year 1971/1972 the main works were finished and at the end of June 1972 the finished buildings were handed over to the organizing committee. The planning, construction and financing of the buildings were controlled by the 1967 founded Olympia-Baugesellschaft mbH Munich, which was founded by the Federal Republic of Germany, the Free State of Bavaria and the City of Munich. The stadium is property of the Olympiapark München GmbH, a society wholly owned by the City of Munich's Referat für Arbeit und Wirtschaft.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Olympiastadion (Munich)",
"different from",
"Stadion Olimpijski"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Olympiastadion (Munich)",
"connects with",
"Olympic Roof Munich"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Olympiastadion (Munich)",
"significant event",
"1974 FIFA World Cup"
] |
Olympiastadion (German pronunciation: [ʔoˈlʏmpi̯aːˌʃtaːdi̯ɔn] (listen)) is a stadium located in Munich, Germany. Situated at the heart of the Olympiapark München in northern Munich, the stadium was the main venue for the 1972 Summer Olympics.
The original capacity was maximally and officially around 75,000 seats, during the Olympics; yet average audiences of 80.000 to 90.000 people were registered daily. Also the stadium has hosted many major football matches including the 1974 FIFA World Cup Final and the UEFA Euro 1988 Final – originally the official capacity was 73.000 for football. The stadium hosted the European Cup Finals in 1979, 1993 and 1997. Its current capacity is 69,250. The stadium could support until 11,800 standing places and 57,450 seats; or alternatively 63,540 seated spectators.The roof covers around 40,000 seats.Until the construction of Allianz Arena for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the stadium was home to FC Bayern Munich and TSV 1860 Munich. Unlike the Olympiastadion, the new stadium was purpose-built for football alone.Association football
1974 FIFA World Cup
The stadium was one of the venues for the 1974 FIFA World Cup.
The following games were played at the stadium during the World Cup of 1974:
| null | null | null | null | 13 |
[
"Olympiastadion (Munich)",
"located on terrain feature",
"Olympiapark"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Olympiastadion (Munich)",
"significant event",
"renovation"
] | null | null | null | null | 23 |
|
[
"Olympiastadion (Munich)",
"significant event",
"start of manufacturing or construction"
] | null | null | null | null | 27 |
|
[
"Yomi",
"connects with",
"Yomotsuhirasaka"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Yomi",
"different from",
"Huang Quan"
] |
Yomi or Yomi-no-kuni (黄泉, 黄泉の国, or 黄泉ノ国) is the Japanese word for the land of the dead (World of Darkness). According to Shinto mythology as related in Kojiki, this is where the dead go in the afterlife. Once one has eaten at the hearth of Yomi it is (mostly) impossible to return to the land of the living. Yomi in Japanese mythology is comparable to Hades or Sheol and is most commonly known for Izanami's retreat to that place after her death. Izanagi followed her there and upon his return he washed himself, creating Amaterasu, Susanoo, and Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto in the process.
This realm of the dead seems to have geographical continuity with this world and certainly cannot be thought of as a paradise to which one would aspire, nor can it appropriately be described as a hell in which one suffers retribution for past deeds; rather, all deceased carry on a gloomy and shadowy existence in perpetuity, regardless of their behavior in life. Many scholars believe that the image of Yomi was derived from ancient Japanese tombs in which corpses were left for some time to decompose.
The kanji that are sometimes used to transcribe Yomi actually refer to the mythological Chinese realm of the dead called Diyu or Huángquán (黄泉, lit. "Yellow Springs"), which appears in Chinese texts as early as the eighth century BCE. This dark and vaguely defined realm was believed to be located beneath the earth, but it was not until the Han dynasty that the Chinese had a clearly articulated conception of an underworld below in contrast with a heavenly realm above. The characters are jukujikun, i.e. were used without regard to the actual meaning of the word Yomi, which is unknown. With regard to Japanese mythology, Yomi is generally taken by commentators to lie beneath the earth and is part of a triad of locations discussed in Kojiki: Takamahara (高天原, also: Takamagahara, lit. "high heavenly plane", located in the sky), Ashihara-no-Nakatsukuni (葦原の中つ国, lit. "central land of reed plane") located on earth, and Yomo-tsu-kuni (黄泉国) or Yomi-no-Kuni (黄泉の国, lit. "Land of Yomi") located underground. Yomi has also often been associated with the mythological realm of Ne-no-kuni (根の国, lit. "Root Land / Land of Origin"), also known as Ne-no-Katasukuni (根の堅洲国, lit. "firm/hard-packed shoal land of origin").
Yomi is ruled over by Izanami no Mikoto, the Grand Deity of Yomi (Yomo-tsu-Ōkami 黄泉大神). According to Kojiki, the entrance to Yomi lies in Izumo province and was sealed off by Izanagi upon his flight from Yomi, at which time he permanently blocked the entrance by placing a massive boulder (Chigaeshi no ōkami 道反の大神) at the base of the slope that leads to Yomi (Yomotsu Hirasaka 黄泉平坂 or 黄泉比良坂). Upon his return to Ashihara-no-Nakatsukuni, Izanagi noted that Yomi is a "polluted land" (kegareki kuni). This opinion reflects the traditional Shinto association between death and pollution. Later Susanoo takes this position over.
| null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Istedgade",
"connects with",
"Reventlowsgade"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Atala Riffo and Daughters v. Chile",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Chile"
] |
Child custody
Karen Atala Riffo is a Chilean judge and lesbian mother of three daughters. Atala was separated from her husband in 2001, and originally reached a settlement with her ex-husband that she would retain custody of the children. When Atala came out as a lesbian in 2002, however, the ex-husband sued for custody, where the case was eventually heard by the Supreme Court of Chile. That court awarded the husband custody, saying that Atala's relationship put the development of her children at risk.
| null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Atala Riffo and Daughters v. Chile",
"main subject",
"LGBT+ rights"
] |
Atala Riffo and Daughters v. Chile (Spanish: Atala Riffo y Niñas vs. Chile) was an LGBT rights child custody case in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, which reviewed a Chilean court ruling that in 2005 awarded custody to a father because of the mother's sexual orientation. In 2012, the IACHR ruled in favor of the mother. It was the first case the Inter-American Court took regarding LGBT rights. The Court's ruling also determined sexual orientation to be a suspect classification.
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Atala Riffo and Daughters v. Chile",
"connects with",
"Karen Atala"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Aberford Railway",
"connects with",
"Selby Line"
] |
The Aberford Railway was a privately owned light railway built in the 19th century between Garforth and Aberford in West Yorkshire, England. It was owned by the Gascoigne family of Yorkshire to transport coal from their collieries via the Great North Road and a connection with the Leeds and Selby Railway. The railway was locally known as the Fly Line.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Aberford Railway",
"has use",
"freight transport"
] |
The Aberford Railway was a privately owned light railway built in the 19th century between Garforth and Aberford in West Yorkshire, England. It was owned by the Gascoigne family of Yorkshire to transport coal from their collieries via the Great North Road and a connection with the Leeds and Selby Railway. The railway was locally known as the Fly Line.History and description
Mining in the Garforth area of West Yorkshire dates back centuries, and the Gascoignes, being major landholders in the area, had owned pits since at least the 17th century. The introduction of steam-driven pumps in the 18th century allowed deeper mines to be worked, and extended the usefulness of the Gascoignes' mines. The area around Garforth and Aberford was at a disadvantage compared to other mining regions because of poor transportation. High turnpike fees, and the inability to access the Aire and Calder Navigation due to competing interests owning land on the few miles to the canal meant that the sale of coal to nearby Leeds was uneconomic.Circa 1833, surveying of the line began, by William Harker and William Walker; at the same time, the Leeds and Selby Railway was under construction, and Gascoigne, also a shareholder in the Leeds and Selby had obtained favourable rates for transport of coal to Selby on that line. The route was designed on a falling gradient from Garforth to Aberford, with a maximum gradient of 1 in 72 at the Sisters pit, horse traction was the motive power. The line opened in the late 1830s with the cooperation of the Leeds and Selby, and carried both freight and passengers. A stationary engine was installed on the line between the Isabella and Sisters' pits which was also double tracked; the rest of the railway was single track.Passenger traffic briefly ceased as a result of loss of a connection to Leeds whilst the Leeds and Selby railway was under George Hudson's control and was closed to passengers in favour of other lines. The line was successful in aiding the transport and sale of coal, in particular to the agricultural areas to the north such as Tadcaster and Wetherby, which lacked indigenous coal resources.From the 1870s, horse-powered transport was replaced by steam engines – the first being a Manning Wardle Class H 0-4-0 locomotive named Mulciber purchased in 1870.Having reached its zenith at the beginning of the 20th century, with 440,000 tons per year being produced, 120,000 of which exported via Hull. The First World War, and the death of many men during it, as well as an embargo on exported coal, contributed to the decline of the pits; in 1920, the Gascoignes sold the pits and railway, both of which were steadily run down in the next decade. The line closed in 1924, the collieries in 1930.
| null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Natural Resources Wales",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Wales"
] |
Natural Resources Wales (Welsh: Cyfoeth Naturiol Cymru) is a Welsh Government sponsored body, which became operational from 1 April 2013, when it took over the management of the natural resources of Wales. It was formed from a merger of the Countryside Council for Wales, Environment Agency Wales, and the Forestry Commission Wales, and also assumed some other roles formerly performed by the Welsh Government.Roles and responsibilities
Purpose
NRW's purpose is to "pursue sustainable management of natural resources” and “apply the principles of sustainable management of natural resources” as stated in the Environment (Wales) Act 2016.Remit
NRW receives a Remit Letter at the start of each financial year setting out what the Welsh Government wants it to achieve during that year.
Its main responsibilities are:
Adviser: principal adviser to Welsh Government, and adviser to industry and the wider public and voluntary sector, and communicator about issues relating to the environment and its natural resources.
Regulator of the marine, forest and waste industries, and prosecuting those who breach the regulations that NRW is responsible for.
Designator for Sites of Special Scientific Interest – areas of value for their wildlife or geology, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs), and National Parks, as well as declaring National Nature Reserves, and describing Marine Character Areas.
Responder to about 9,000 reported environmental incidents a year as a Category 1 emergency responder.
Statutory consultee to about 7,000 development planning applications a year.
Manager/Operator: managing seven per cent of Wales’ land area including woodlands, National Nature Reserves, water and flood defences, and operating five visitor centres, recreation facilities, hatcheries and a laboratory.
Partner, Educator and Enabler: collaborator with the public, private and voluntary sectors, providing grant aid, and helping a wide range of people use the environment as a learning resource; acting as a catalyst for others’ work.
Evidence gatherer: monitoring the environment, commissioning and undertaking research, developing knowledge, and being a public records body.
Employer of almost 1,900 staff, as well as supporting other employment through contract work, and work experience.
| null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Natural Resources Wales",
"replaces",
"Forestry Commission Wales"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Natural Resources Wales",
"connects with",
"Forestry in Wales"
] |
Natural Resources Wales (Welsh: Cyfoeth Naturiol Cymru) is a Welsh Government sponsored body, which became operational from 1 April 2013, when it took over the management of the natural resources of Wales. It was formed from a merger of the Countryside Council for Wales, Environment Agency Wales, and the Forestry Commission Wales, and also assumed some other roles formerly performed by the Welsh Government.
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Natural Resources Wales",
"replaces",
"Forestry Commission"
] |
Merger debate
As a justification for the merger, the Welsh Government claimed that the new body would produce savings of £158 million over ten years. Whilst the three agencies were broadly supportive of the move, the board appointed by Environment minister John Griffiths did not include any representatives from the forestry sector, and Forestry Commission Wales chairman Jon Owen Jones - the former Welsh Labour MP for Cardiff Central - raised concerns that the forestry industry's voice would not be adequately heard in the new organisation.
| null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Natural Resources Wales",
"replaces",
"Environment Agency Wales"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Natural Resources Wales",
"replaces",
"Countryside Council for Wales"
] |
Natural Resources Wales (Welsh: Cyfoeth Naturiol Cymru) is a Welsh Government sponsored body, which became operational from 1 April 2013, when it took over the management of the natural resources of Wales. It was formed from a merger of the Countryside Council for Wales, Environment Agency Wales, and the Forestry Commission Wales, and also assumed some other roles formerly performed by the Welsh Government.Roles and responsibilities
Purpose
NRW's purpose is to "pursue sustainable management of natural resources” and “apply the principles of sustainable management of natural resources” as stated in the Environment (Wales) Act 2016.Remit
NRW receives a Remit Letter at the start of each financial year setting out what the Welsh Government wants it to achieve during that year.
Its main responsibilities are:
Adviser: principal adviser to Welsh Government, and adviser to industry and the wider public and voluntary sector, and communicator about issues relating to the environment and its natural resources.
Regulator of the marine, forest and waste industries, and prosecuting those who breach the regulations that NRW is responsible for.
Designator for Sites of Special Scientific Interest – areas of value for their wildlife or geology, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs), and National Parks, as well as declaring National Nature Reserves, and describing Marine Character Areas.
Responder to about 9,000 reported environmental incidents a year as a Category 1 emergency responder.
Statutory consultee to about 7,000 development planning applications a year.
Manager/Operator: managing seven per cent of Wales’ land area including woodlands, National Nature Reserves, water and flood defences, and operating five visitor centres, recreation facilities, hatcheries and a laboratory.
Partner, Educator and Enabler: collaborator with the public, private and voluntary sectors, providing grant aid, and helping a wide range of people use the environment as a learning resource; acting as a catalyst for others’ work.
Evidence gatherer: monitoring the environment, commissioning and undertaking research, developing knowledge, and being a public records body.
Employer of almost 1,900 staff, as well as supporting other employment through contract work, and work experience.
| null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"National Archaeological Museum of the Marche Region",
"connects with",
"Palazzo Ferretti"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Oberbaum Bridge",
"significant event",
"repair"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Oberbaum Bridge",
"connects with",
"Am Oberbaum"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Oberbaum Bridge",
"connects with",
"Oberbaumstraße"
] |
The Oberbaum Bridge (German: Oberbaumbrücke) is a double-deck bridge crossing Berlin, Germany's River Spree, considered one of the city's landmarks. It links Friedrichshain and Kreuzberg, former boroughs that were divided by the Berlin Wall, and has become an important symbol of Berlin's unity.The lower deck of the bridge carries a roadway, which connects Oberbaum Straße to the south of the river with Warschauer Straße to the north. The upper deck of the bridge carries Berlin U-Bahn lines U1 and U3, between Schlesisches Tor and Warschauer Straße stations.
The bridge appears prominently in the films Run Lola Run and Unknown as well as the TV series Berlin Station.
| null | null | null | null | 19 |
[
"Oberbaum Bridge",
"significant event",
"start of manufacturing or construction"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"Oberbaum Bridge",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Oberbaumbrücke (Berlin)"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Oberbaum Bridge",
"connects with",
"Falckensteinstraße"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"Munich Marienplatz station",
"uses",
"Spanish solution"
] |
First Level: The first level sprawls underneath the Marienplatz, with exits on all four ends of the square (clockwise from north-west: Weinstraße, north-east: Fischbrunnen/Tal, south-east: Rindermarkt, south-west: Sendlinger Straße). It contains a shopping passage, an MVG service centre, ticket booths, and the entrances to the S- and U-Bahn.
Second Level: The second level contains the eastbound S-Bahn track with two side platforms, in Spanish solution. The larger platform is for embarking, the smaller for disembarking and connection to the subways. The platforms are each 210 metres long and 96 cm high. The Olympic Park station in Sydney copies this arrangement, albeit with two tracks and four platforms.
Third Level: The third level contains the westbound S-Bahn track with two side platforms, also laid out in Spanish solution.
Fourth Level: The fourth level, accessible directly from all three levels, contains the two U-Bahn tracks on two side platforms connected to the rest of the station by wide newly built access tunnels.
| null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Munich Marienplatz station",
"connects with",
"Marienplatz metro station"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Munich Marienplatz station",
"significant event",
"redevelopment"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Nanaimo Harbour",
"connects with",
"McKay Channel"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Nanaimo Harbour",
"connects with",
"Meakin Channel"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Nanaimo Harbour",
"connects with",
"Newcastle Island Passage"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Spesolimab",
"connects with",
"Interleukin 1 receptor like 2"
] |
Spesolimab, sold under the brand name Spevigo, is a monoclonal antibody medication used for the treatment of generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP). It is an interleukin-36 receptor (IL1RL2/IL1RAP) antibody.It was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2022, and in European Union in December 2022. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.
| null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Vilnius St. Joseph Seminary",
"founded by",
"Jerzy Radziwiłł"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Vilnius St. Joseph Seminary",
"connects with",
"Faculty of Theology of the Stefan Bathory University in Wilno"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Vilnius St. Joseph Seminary",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Vilnius St. Joseph Seminary"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Vilnius St. Joseph Seminary",
"followed by",
"Archidiecezjalne Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne w Białymstoku"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"Tasman Bay",
"connects with",
"Delaware Bay"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Magnolia Crescent",
"connects with",
"Magnolia Road"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Magnolia Crescent",
"connects with",
"Alleyway between Magnolia Crescent and Wisteria Walk"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Florida East Coast Railway",
"founded by",
"Henry Morrison Flagler"
] |
The Florida East Coast Railway (reporting mark FEC) is a Class II railroad operating in the U.S. state of Florida, currently owned by Grupo México.
Built primarily in the last quarter of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, the FEC was a project of Standard Oil principal Henry Flagler. He originally visited Florida with his first wife, Mary; they sought assistance with the health issues she faced. A key strategist who worked closely with John D. Rockefeller building the Standard Oil Trust, Flagler noted both great potential and a lack of services during his stay at St. Augustine. He subsequently began what amounted to his second career, developing resorts, industries, and communities all along Florida's shores abutting the Atlantic Ocean.
The FEC is possibly best known for building the railroad to Key West, completed in 1912. When the FEC's line from the mainland to Key West was heavily damaged by the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935, the State of Florida purchased the remaining right-of-way and bridges south of Dade County, and they were rebuilt into road bridges for vehicle traffic and became known as the Overseas Highway. However, a greater and lasting Flagler legacy was the developments along Florida's eastern coast.
During the Great Depression, control was purchased by heirs of the du Pont family. After 30 years of fragile financial condition, the FEC, under leadership of a new president, Ed Ball, took on the labor unions. Ball claimed the company could not afford the same costs as larger Class 1 railroads and needed to invest saved funds in its infrastructure, the condition of which was fast becoming a safety issue. The company—using replacement workers—and some of its employees engaged from 1963 until 1977 in one of the longest and more violent labor conflicts of the 20th century. Ultimately, federal authorities had to intervene to stop the violence, which included bombings, shootings and vandalism. However, the courts ruled in the FEC's favor with regard to the right to employ strikebreakers. During this time Ball invested heavily in numerous steps to improve the railroad's physical plant, and installed various forms of automation. The FEC was the first US railroad to operate two-man train crews, eliminate cabooses, and end all of its passenger services (which were unprofitable) by 1968.
Today, the company's primary rail revenues come from its intermodal and rock trains. In 2018, Brightline, an inter-city rail route, began using FEC tracks between West Palm Beach and Miami.
The FEC was historically a Class I railroad owned by Florida East Coast Industries (FECI) from 2000 to 2016, FOXX Holdings between 1983 and 2000, and the St. Joseph Paper Company prior to 1983.History
Henry Flagler: developing Florida's east coast
The Florida East Coast Railway (FEC) was developed by Henry Morrison Flagler, an American tycoon, real estate promoter, railroad developer and John D. Rockefeller's partner in Standard Oil. Formed at Cleveland, Ohio, as Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler in 1867, Standard Oil moved its headquarters in 1877 to New York City. Flagler and his family relocated there as well. He was joined by Henry H. Rogers, another leader of Standard Oil who also became involved in the development of America's railroads, including those on nearby Staten Island, the Union Pacific, and later in West Virginia, where he eventually built the remarkable Virginian Railway to transport coal to Hampton Roads, Virginia.
Flagler's non-Standard Oil interests went in a different direction, however, when in 1878, on the advice of his physician, he traveled to Jacksonville, Florida, for the winter with his first wife, Mary, who was quite ill. Two years after she died in 1881, he married Mary's former caregiver, Ida Alice Shourds. After their wedding, the couple traveled to St. Augustine, Florida, in 1883. Flagler found the city charming, but the hotel facilities and transportation systems inadequate. He recognized Florida's potential to attract out-of-state visitors. Though Flagler remained on the Board of Directors of Standard Oil, he gave up his day-to-day involvement in the firm in order to pursue his Florida interests.
When Flagler returned to Florida, in 1885 he began building a grand St. Augustine hotel, the Ponce de Leon Hotel. Flagler realized that the key to developing Florida was a solid transportation system. At the time, St. Augustine was served by the Jacksonville, St. Augustine and Halifax River Railway (JStA&HR), a 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge railway that began service in 1883 between South Jacksonville and St. Augustine. While the JStA&HR was used to transport building materials for the hotel's construction, Flagler found it was poorly constructed and its passenger services would be inadequate for patrons to reach his hotel. Flagler joined the board of the JStA&HR on December 10, 1885 before fully purchasing the line three weeks later. Flagler then rehabilitated the line to his standards, purchased new rolling stock, and converting the track to standard gauge.: 65–66 He built a modern depot facility as well as schools, hospitals and churches, systematically revitalizing the largely abandoned historic city.The Ponce de Leon Hotel opened on January 10, 1888. By April of that year, Flagler acquired a second hotel in St. Augustine, the Casa Monica Hotel, which he renamed Cordova. He then built a third hotel, the Hotel Alcazar, which opened in 1898.: 49 With the success of his three St. Augustine hotels, Flagler incorporated the Jacksonville Bridge Company to build a bridge across the St. Johns River and connect the JStA&HR to the rest of Jacksonville's railroads. Passengers needed to ferried across the St. Johns River in Jacksonville to access the line at the time, which was a time-consuming process. Construction began in 1889 and the bridge opened on January 5, 1890, allowing a direct connection for private railcars and Pullman coaches to reach St. Augustine.By 1888, Flagler was interested in expanding his network beyond St. Augustine. He acquired three additional railroad that year to expand further south. He acquired the St. Johns Railway, which ran from St. Augustine west to the St. Johns River at Tocoi Landing. The St. Johns Railway first opened in 1858 and Flagler purchased the line from New York millionaire William Astor. Flagler also acquired another railroad from Astor, the St. Augustine and Palatka Railway which ran from Tocoi Junction (about half way between St. Augustine and Tocoi Landing) on the St. Johns Railway and ran southwest to East Palatka. Finally, Flagler acquired the St. Johns and Halifax River Railroad which opened in the early 1880s from East Palatka southeast to Ormond Beach and Daytona. It was extended west into Palatka after the completion of a bridge over the St. Johns River in 1888. In addition to expanding the network, the acquired railroads gave Flagler two additional accesses to the St. Johns River at Tocoi Landing and East Palatka, as well as additional connections to other railroads in Palatka. Continuing to develop hotel facilities to entice northern tourists to visit Florida, Flagler bought and expanded the Ormond Hotel in Ormond Beach.: 66 Flagler created the Jacksonville, St. Augustine and Indian River Railway Company in 1892 as a holding company for his railroad newtork.: 27Mayport Branch
This was originally built by the Jacksonville and Atlantic Railroad, a 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge line from Jacksonville to Pablo Beach (now Jacksonville Beach). In late 1899 it was bought by Henry Flagler, who had the line converted to 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge and extended it north along the coast to Mayport. The new branch opened in March 1900 and was abandoned in October 1932.
| null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Florida East Coast Railway",
"owned by",
"Henry Morrison Flagler"
] |
History
Henry Flagler: developing Florida's east coast
The Florida East Coast Railway (FEC) was developed by Henry Morrison Flagler, an American tycoon, real estate promoter, railroad developer and John D. Rockefeller's partner in Standard Oil. Formed at Cleveland, Ohio, as Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler in 1867, Standard Oil moved its headquarters in 1877 to New York City. Flagler and his family relocated there as well. He was joined by Henry H. Rogers, another leader of Standard Oil who also became involved in the development of America's railroads, including those on nearby Staten Island, the Union Pacific, and later in West Virginia, where he eventually built the remarkable Virginian Railway to transport coal to Hampton Roads, Virginia.
Flagler's non-Standard Oil interests went in a different direction, however, when in 1878, on the advice of his physician, he traveled to Jacksonville, Florida, for the winter with his first wife, Mary, who was quite ill. Two years after she died in 1881, he married Mary's former caregiver, Ida Alice Shourds. After their wedding, the couple traveled to St. Augustine, Florida, in 1883. Flagler found the city charming, but the hotel facilities and transportation systems inadequate. He recognized Florida's potential to attract out-of-state visitors. Though Flagler remained on the Board of Directors of Standard Oil, he gave up his day-to-day involvement in the firm in order to pursue his Florida interests.
When Flagler returned to Florida, in 1885 he began building a grand St. Augustine hotel, the Ponce de Leon Hotel. Flagler realized that the key to developing Florida was a solid transportation system. At the time, St. Augustine was served by the Jacksonville, St. Augustine and Halifax River Railway (JStA&HR), a 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge railway that began service in 1883 between South Jacksonville and St. Augustine. While the JStA&HR was used to transport building materials for the hotel's construction, Flagler found it was poorly constructed and its passenger services would be inadequate for patrons to reach his hotel. Flagler joined the board of the JStA&HR on December 10, 1885 before fully purchasing the line three weeks later. Flagler then rehabilitated the line to his standards, purchased new rolling stock, and converting the track to standard gauge.: 65–66 He built a modern depot facility as well as schools, hospitals and churches, systematically revitalizing the largely abandoned historic city.The Ponce de Leon Hotel opened on January 10, 1888. By April of that year, Flagler acquired a second hotel in St. Augustine, the Casa Monica Hotel, which he renamed Cordova. He then built a third hotel, the Hotel Alcazar, which opened in 1898.: 49 With the success of his three St. Augustine hotels, Flagler incorporated the Jacksonville Bridge Company to build a bridge across the St. Johns River and connect the JStA&HR to the rest of Jacksonville's railroads. Passengers needed to ferried across the St. Johns River in Jacksonville to access the line at the time, which was a time-consuming process. Construction began in 1889 and the bridge opened on January 5, 1890, allowing a direct connection for private railcars and Pullman coaches to reach St. Augustine.By 1888, Flagler was interested in expanding his network beyond St. Augustine. He acquired three additional railroad that year to expand further south. He acquired the St. Johns Railway, which ran from St. Augustine west to the St. Johns River at Tocoi Landing. The St. Johns Railway first opened in 1858 and Flagler purchased the line from New York millionaire William Astor. Flagler also acquired another railroad from Astor, the St. Augustine and Palatka Railway which ran from Tocoi Junction (about half way between St. Augustine and Tocoi Landing) on the St. Johns Railway and ran southwest to East Palatka. Finally, Flagler acquired the St. Johns and Halifax River Railroad which opened in the early 1880s from East Palatka southeast to Ormond Beach and Daytona. It was extended west into Palatka after the completion of a bridge over the St. Johns River in 1888. In addition to expanding the network, the acquired railroads gave Flagler two additional accesses to the St. Johns River at Tocoi Landing and East Palatka, as well as additional connections to other railroads in Palatka. Continuing to develop hotel facilities to entice northern tourists to visit Florida, Flagler bought and expanded the Ormond Hotel in Ormond Beach.: 66 Flagler created the Jacksonville, St. Augustine and Indian River Railway Company in 1892 as a holding company for his railroad newtork.: 27
| null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Florida East Coast Railway",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Florida East Coast Railway"
] |
The Florida East Coast Railway (reporting mark FEC) is a Class II railroad operating in the U.S. state of Florida, currently owned by Grupo México.
Built primarily in the last quarter of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, the FEC was a project of Standard Oil principal Henry Flagler. He originally visited Florida with his first wife, Mary; they sought assistance with the health issues she faced. A key strategist who worked closely with John D. Rockefeller building the Standard Oil Trust, Flagler noted both great potential and a lack of services during his stay at St. Augustine. He subsequently began what amounted to his second career, developing resorts, industries, and communities all along Florida's shores abutting the Atlantic Ocean.
The FEC is possibly best known for building the railroad to Key West, completed in 1912. When the FEC's line from the mainland to Key West was heavily damaged by the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935, the State of Florida purchased the remaining right-of-way and bridges south of Dade County, and they were rebuilt into road bridges for vehicle traffic and became known as the Overseas Highway. However, a greater and lasting Flagler legacy was the developments along Florida's eastern coast.
During the Great Depression, control was purchased by heirs of the du Pont family. After 30 years of fragile financial condition, the FEC, under leadership of a new president, Ed Ball, took on the labor unions. Ball claimed the company could not afford the same costs as larger Class 1 railroads and needed to invest saved funds in its infrastructure, the condition of which was fast becoming a safety issue. The company—using replacement workers—and some of its employees engaged from 1963 until 1977 in one of the longest and more violent labor conflicts of the 20th century. Ultimately, federal authorities had to intervene to stop the violence, which included bombings, shootings and vandalism. However, the courts ruled in the FEC's favor with regard to the right to employ strikebreakers. During this time Ball invested heavily in numerous steps to improve the railroad's physical plant, and installed various forms of automation. The FEC was the first US railroad to operate two-man train crews, eliminate cabooses, and end all of its passenger services (which were unprofitable) by 1968.
Today, the company's primary rail revenues come from its intermodal and rock trains. In 2018, Brightline, an inter-city rail route, began using FEC tracks between West Palm Beach and Miami.
The FEC was historically a Class I railroad owned by Florida East Coast Industries (FECI) from 2000 to 2016, FOXX Holdings between 1983 and 2000, and the St. Joseph Paper Company prior to 1983.
| null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Florida East Coast Railway",
"connects with",
"Jacksonville Terminal Subdivision"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Florida East Coast Railway",
"connects with",
"Miami Subdivision"
] |
The Florida East Coast Railway (reporting mark FEC) is a Class II railroad operating in the U.S. state of Florida, currently owned by Grupo México.
Built primarily in the last quarter of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, the FEC was a project of Standard Oil principal Henry Flagler. He originally visited Florida with his first wife, Mary; they sought assistance with the health issues she faced. A key strategist who worked closely with John D. Rockefeller building the Standard Oil Trust, Flagler noted both great potential and a lack of services during his stay at St. Augustine. He subsequently began what amounted to his second career, developing resorts, industries, and communities all along Florida's shores abutting the Atlantic Ocean.
The FEC is possibly best known for building the railroad to Key West, completed in 1912. When the FEC's line from the mainland to Key West was heavily damaged by the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935, the State of Florida purchased the remaining right-of-way and bridges south of Dade County, and they were rebuilt into road bridges for vehicle traffic and became known as the Overseas Highway. However, a greater and lasting Flagler legacy was the developments along Florida's eastern coast.
During the Great Depression, control was purchased by heirs of the du Pont family. After 30 years of fragile financial condition, the FEC, under leadership of a new president, Ed Ball, took on the labor unions. Ball claimed the company could not afford the same costs as larger Class 1 railroads and needed to invest saved funds in its infrastructure, the condition of which was fast becoming a safety issue. The company—using replacement workers—and some of its employees engaged from 1963 until 1977 in one of the longest and more violent labor conflicts of the 20th century. Ultimately, federal authorities had to intervene to stop the violence, which included bombings, shootings and vandalism. However, the courts ruled in the FEC's favor with regard to the right to employ strikebreakers. During this time Ball invested heavily in numerous steps to improve the railroad's physical plant, and installed various forms of automation. The FEC was the first US railroad to operate two-man train crews, eliminate cabooses, and end all of its passenger services (which were unprofitable) by 1968.
Today, the company's primary rail revenues come from its intermodal and rock trains. In 2018, Brightline, an inter-city rail route, began using FEC tracks between West Palm Beach and Miami.
The FEC was historically a Class I railroad owned by Florida East Coast Industries (FECI) from 2000 to 2016, FOXX Holdings between 1983 and 2000, and the St. Joseph Paper Company prior to 1983.Palm Beach was to be the terminus of the Flagler railroad, but during 1894 and 1895, severe freezes hit all of Central Florida, whereas the Miami area remained unaffected, causing Flagler to rethink his original decision not to move the railroad south of Palm Beach. The fable that Julia Tuttle, one of two main landowners in the Miami area along with the Brickell family, sent orange blossoms to Flagler to prove to him that Miami, unlike the rest of the state, was unaffected by the frost, is untrue. The truth is that she wired him to advise him that "the region around the shores of Biscayne Bay is untouched by the freezes." He sent his two lieutenants, James E. Ingraham and Joseph R. Parrott—now famous in Florida history—to investigate; they brought boxes of truck (produce) and citrus back to Flagler, who then wired Tuttle, asking, "Madam, what is it that you propose?" To convince Flagler to continue the railroad to Miami, both Tuttle and William Brickell offered half of their holdings north and south of the Miami River to him. Tuttle added 50 acres (200,000 m2) for shops and yards if Flagler would extend his railroad to the shores of Biscayne Bay and build one of his great hotels. An agreement was made and contracts were signed. On September 7, 1895, the name of Flagler's system was officially changed from the Jacksonville, St. Augustine and Indian River Railway Company to the Florida East Coast Railway Company and incorporated. The Florida East Coast Railway reached Fort Lauderdale on March 3, 1896. On April 15, 1896, track reached Biscayne Bay, the site of present-day downtown Miami. At the time, it was a small settlement of less than 50 inhabitants. When the town incorporated, on July 28, 1896, its citizens wanted to honor the man responsible for the city's development by naming it Flagler. He declined the honor, persuading them to retain its old Indian name, "Miami." The area was actually previously known as Fort Dallas after the fort built there in 1836 during the Second Seminole War. To further develop the area surrounding the Miami railroad station, Flagler dredged a channel, built streets and The Royal Palm Hotel, instituted the first water and power systems, and financed the town's first newspaper, the Metropolis.
In 1903, Flagler extended the main line an additional 12 miles from Downtown Miami southwest to access much of the unsettled lowlands near Cutler Ridge which he felt could generate agricultural traffic. This proved successful and the following year, the line was extended to Homestead.: 57 : 69–70
| null | null | null | null | 11 |
[
"Szombierki Coal Mine",
"connects with",
"Karol coal mine"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Leidsevaart",
"connects with",
"Brouwersvaart"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Linköping Cathedral",
"has use",
"parish church"
] |
Linköping Cathedral (Swedish: Linköpings domkyrka) is an active Lutheran church in the Swedish city of Linköping, the episcopal seat of the Diocese of Linköping in the Church of Sweden. One of the largest Gothic cathedrals in Europe, it is situated opposite Linköping Castle, on a site that has been in use as a church since the 11th century.
| null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Linköping Cathedral",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Linköpings domkyrka"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"La Fortaleza",
"has use",
"official residence"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
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