triplets
sequence | passage
stringlengths 0
32.9k
| label
stringlengths 4
48
⌀ | label_id
int64 0
1k
⌀ | synonyms
sequence | __index_level_1__
int64 312
64.1k
⌀ | __index_level_0__
int64 0
2.4k
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Republic of Ancona",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Republic of Ancona"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Orseolo",
"topic's main category",
"Category:House of Orseolo"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Gilbertine Order",
"founded by",
"Gilbert of Sempringham"
] | The Gilbertine Order of Canons Regular was founded around 1130 by Saint Gilbert in Sempringham, Lincolnshire, where Gilbert was the parish priest. It was the only completely English religious order and came to an end in the 16th century at the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Modest Gilbertine revivals have taken place in the late 20th and early 21st centuries on three continents.Founding
Gilbert initially established a community for enclosed contemplative nuns. He accepted seven women whom he had taught in the village school and in 1131 founded an order of nuns based on the Cistercian Rule. Gilbert set up buildings and a cloister for them against the north wall of the church, which stood on his land at Sempringham, and gave them a rule of life, enjoining upon them chastity, humility, obedience, and charity. Their daily necessaries were passed to them through a window by some girls chosen by Gilbert from among his people.As the serving maids requested that they too might have a dress and rule of life, on the advice of William, abbot of Rievaulx, he decided to add lay sisters to the community. Eventually Gilbert added lay brothers to work the fields. In 1139 the small order opened its first new foundation on the island of Haverholm, a gift from Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln. Each Gilbertine house now practically consisted of four communities, one of nuns, one of canons, one of lay sisters, and one of lay brothers. Over the years, more and more new foundations were established.
In 1147 he left England for Continental Europe to seek assistance, and approached the Cistercian Order at its major house in Cîteaux to take on the running of his foundations. The Cistercians declined, apparently because they felt unable to administer houses for both men and women, but Pope Eugene III, himself a Cistercian, intervened to ask the abbot, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, to assist Gilbert in drawing up Institutes for a new Order, which combined Benedictine and Cistercian influences. Pope Eugene then appointed Gilbert as the first Master of the Order of Sempringham or Gilbertines. Gilbert returned to England in 1148, and completed the order, by appointing canons, who lived according to variant of the Augustinian rule, to serve his community as priests, and to help him in the work of administration. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Gilbertine Order",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Gilbertine Order"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Fraticelli of Monte Malbe",
"founded by",
"Francesco di Niccolò of Perugia"
] | The Fraticelli of Monte Malbe (Italian: Fraticelli di Monte Malbe) were a religious order founded in the fourteenth century in Monte Malbe, near Perugia, by Francesco di Niccolò of Perugia. The order then spread and erected hermitages also at Sansepolcro and Mount Subasio, near Assisi. The order followed the Rule of St. Augustine, and was approved by the bishops of Perugia and Città di Castello. In 1363 the bishop of Perugia nominated Liberato di Simone from Sansepolcro as leader. The movement was affected by the Inquisition in 1361–1362, which ultimately led to its dissolution in the last decades of the fourteenth century.
The Fraticelli of Monte Malbe were a Mendicant order. One of their core principles was radical voluntary poverty, in contrast to the Franciscans, whom they accused of deviating from their origins and of committing simony. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Westminster Abbey",
"owned by",
"English Heritage"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Westminster Abbey",
"significant event",
"wedding of Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Westminster Abbey",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Westminster Abbey"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"Westminster Abbey",
"significant event",
"wedding of Princess Anne and Mark Philips"
] | null | null | null | null | 23 |
|
[
"Westminster Abbey",
"significant event",
"wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"Westminster Abbey",
"significant event",
"coronation"
] | Royal occasions
The abbey has strong connections with the royal family, being patronised by various monarchs; as the location for coronations, royal weddings and funerals; and where several monarchs have attended services. In addition, one monarch was born and one died at Westminster Abbey. In 1413, Henry IV collapsed while praying at the shrine of Edward the Confessor. He was moved into the Jerusalem Chamber and died shortly afterwards. Between 1470 and 1471, because of fallout from the Wars of the Roses, Elizabeth Woodville, the wife of Edward IV, took sanctuary at Westminster Abbey while her husband was deposed, and gave birth to the future Edward V in the abbot's house.
The first jubilee celebration held at the abbey was for Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee in 1887. Rather than wearing the full regalia that she had worn at her coronation, instead she wore her ordinary black mourning clothes topped with the insignia of the Order of the Garter and a miniature crown. She sat in the Coronation Chair, which was given a coat of dark varnish for the occasion which afterwards had to be painstakingly removed, making her the only monarch to have sat in the chair twice. Queen Elizabeth II and her husband, Prince Philip, also marked their silver, gold, and diamond wedding anniversaries with services at the abbey, and regularly attended annual observances there for Commonwealth Day.The monarch participates in the Office of the Royal Maundy on Maundy Thursday each year, during which selected elderly people receive alms consisting of coins, given out to as many people of each sex as the monarch has years of their life. Since 1952, the service moved to various churches around the country, returning to the abbey every 10 years.Choir
Since its foundation in the fourteenth century, the primary role of the Westminster Abbey choir has been to sing for daily services while also playing a central role in many state occasions, including royal weddings and funerals, coronations and memorial services for national and international figures. The choir also pursues a varied programme of recordings, concerts and tours, both nationally and internationally. | null | null | null | null | 32 |
[
"Westminster Abbey",
"significant event",
"wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton"
] | 21st century
In June 2009 the first major building work in 250 years was proposed. A corona – a crown-like architectural feature – was suggested to be built around the lantern over the central crossing, replacing an existing pyramidal structure dating from the 1950s. This was part of a wider £23m development of the abbey completed in 2013. On 4 August 2010, the Dean and Chapter announced that, "[a]fter a considerable amount of preliminary and exploratory work", efforts toward the construction of a corona would not be continued.
The Cosmati pavement was re-dedicated by the Dean at a service on 21 May 2010 after undergoing a major cleaning and conservation programme. On 17 September 2010, Pope Benedict XVI became the first pope to set foot in the abbey, and on 29 April 2011, the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton took place at the abbey.In 2018, the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries were created in the medieval triforium. This is a display area for the abbey's treasures in the galleries high up around the sanctuary. A new Gothic access tower with lift was designed by the abbey architect and Surveyor of the Fabric, Ptolemy Dean.In 2020, a 13th-century sacristy was uncovered in the grounds of the abbey as part of an archaeological excavation. The sacristy was used by the monks of the abbey to store objects used in the Mass, such as vestments and chalices. Also on the site were hundreds of burials, mostly of abbey monks.On 10 March 2021, a vaccination centre opened in Poets' Corner to administer doses of COVID-19 vaccines.The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries
The Westminster Abbey Museum was located in the 11th-century vaulted undercroft beneath the former monks' dormitory. This is one of the oldest areas of the abbey, dating almost to the foundation of the church by Edward the Confessor in 1065. This space had been used as a museum since 1908 but was closed to the public in June 2018, when it was replaced as a museum by the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries, high up in the abbey's triforium, and accessed by the new Weston Tower, enclosing a lift and stairs.The exhibits include a set of life-size effigies of English and British monarchs and their consorts, originally made to lie on the coffin in the funeral procession or to be displayed over the tomb. The effigies date from the 14th to the 18th century, and some include original clothes.On display in the galleries is a portrait of the Queen called The Coronation Theatre, Westminster Abbey: A Portrait of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, painted by the artist Ralph Heimans, depicting the monarch standing on the Cosmati pavement of Westminster Abbey, where she was crowned in 1953. Other exhibits include a model of an unbuilt tower, designed by architect Christopher Wren; a paper model of the abbey showing Queen Victoria's 1837 coronation; and the wedding licence of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, who were married in the abbey in 2011. | null | null | null | null | 35 |
[
"Oprichnina",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Oprichniki"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Wetheral Priory Gatehouse",
"owned by",
"English Heritage"
] | Wetheral Priory Gatehouse is a 15th-century stone fortification in Wetheral, Cumbria. The priory was founded at the start of the 12th century and the gatehouse controlled the entrance to its outer courtyard. When the priory was dissolved in 1538 the gatehouse and a nearby stretch of wall were the only parts to survive. The gatehouse passed into the control of Carlisle Cathedral and became the local vicarage during the 16th and 17th centuries, before being used to store hay. Now part of a modern farm that occupies the former priory site, it is controlled by English Heritage and open to visitors. The crenellated gatehouse has three storeys, with the main entrance and porters' lodge on the ground floor and two domestic chambers on the upper floors. English Heritage considers the building to be "the finest medieval gatehouse in Cumbria".History
Wetheral Priory Gatehouse was probably built in the 15th century and formed the entrance to the priory's outer courtyard. Wetheral Priory was a small Benedictine institution, founded by Ranulf le Meschin following the Norman invasion of Cumbria at the beginning of the 12th century. The motherhouse of the priory was St Mary's Abbey in York. The priory was known for a special right of sanctuary for criminals that had been granted to it by Henry I, allowing the priory to shelter felons who could reach the church and ring the bell there.The gatehouse originally formed part of a range of buildings running along the side of the outer courtyard, and would have controlled access to the institution, as well as symbolising its power and status. The Anglo-Scottish border was also still dangerous in the 15th century, and many monasteries in the area, like Wetheral, had protective fortifications.By the 16th century, the priory was in decline, but its closure came as a result of the dissolution of the monasteries in England and Wales under Henry VIII. To help speed the process of closing the institution, Ralf Hartley was appointed as the prior of Wetheral by Henry's minister, Thomas Cromwell; royal commissioners visited in 1536, and the priory was finally surrendered to the Crown in 1538. The priory's belongings were sold off or taken by Henry, depending on their value, but the lands were given to Carlisle Cathedral. Although the rest of the priory soon fell into disrepair, the gatehouse became the local vicarage; it was still intact and in use by the minister in 1687.The gatehouse was later used as a hayloft. In 1978 it passed into the guardianship of the state, and is now in the care of English Heritage and open to the public. Still well preserved, it is protected under UK law as a Grade I listed building.Architecture
English Heritage considers the building to be "the finest medieval gatehouse in Cumbria". It closely resembles the larger fortifications at Thornton and Tynemouth abbeys, forming a three-storey building built of coursed red sandstone, and now stands on the edge of the modern Wetheral Priory Farm, which occupies the site of the original priory. The gatehouse is 12.5 by 8.9 metres (41 by 29 ft) across, with the floors linked by a spiral staircase in the north-east corner, and an adjacent barrel vaulted cellar. The marks of the range of buildings that once ran alongside the gatehouse can be seen on the external walls, and the gatehouse is topped by battlements.The ground floor includes a barrel vaulted entrance passageway and a porters' lodge, the latter 5.3 by 3 metres (17.4 by 9.8 ft) in size. The first and second floors both formed single rooms, approximately 7.6 by 5.2 metres (25 by 17 ft) across internally, and would have been used as domestic chambers for the officials of the priory. They had fireplaces, garderobes and small bed chambers in the walls. The roof is predominantly built of timbers dating from between 1512 and 1536; the current structure was probably built around 1540, possibly when the building was converted for use as a vicarage.North-east of the gatehouse is a 23-metre (75 ft) medieval, red sandstone wall, 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in) high, probably originally the east wall of the priory's chapter house. This medieval wall had four windows running along it, with a staircase at one end. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Principality of Minsk",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Principality of Minsk"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"County of Savoy",
"topic's main category",
"Category:County of Savoy"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Tewkesbury Abbey",
"has use",
"structure of worship"
] | The Abbey Church of St Mary the Virgin, Tewkesbury, commonly known as Tewkesbury Abbey, is located in the English county of Gloucestershire. A former Benedictine monastery, it is now a parish church. Considered one of the finest examples of Norman architecture in Britain, it has the largest Romanesque crossing tower in Europe.
Tewkesbury had been a centre for worship since the 7th century. A priory was established there in the 10th century. The present building was started in the early 12th century. It was unsuccessfully used as a sanctuary in the Wars of the Roses. After the dissolution of the monasteries, Tewkesbury Abbey became the parish church for the town. George Gilbert Scott led the restoration of the building in the late 19th century. The church and churchyard within the abbey precincts include tombs and memorials to many of the aristocracy of the area.
Services have been high church but now include Parish Eucharist, choral Mass, and Evensong. These services are accompanied by one of the church's three organs and choirs. There is a ring of twelve bells, hung for change ringing. | null | null | null | null | 14 |
[
"Cardigan Priory",
"followed by",
"St Mary's Church"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Cardigan Priory",
"followed by",
"Cardigan Priory"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Judicate of Arborea",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Kingdom of Arborea"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Santa Elena (Spanish Florida)",
"founded by",
"Pedro Menéndez de Avilés"
] | Santa Elena, a Spanish settlement on what is now Parris Island, South Carolina, was the capital of Spanish Florida from 1566 to 1587. It was established under Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, the first governor of Spanish Florida. There had been a number of earlier attempts to establish colonies in the area by both the Spanish and the French, who had been inspired by the earlier accounts by Chicora and Hernando de Soto of rich territories in the interior. Menéndez's Santa Elena settlement was intended as the new capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida, shifting the focus of Spanish colonial efforts north from St. Augustine, which had been established in 1565 to oust the French from their colony of Fort Caroline. Santa Elena was ultimately built at the site of the abandoned French outpost of Charlesfort, founded in 1562 by Jean Ribault.
In 1565 Menéndez destroyed the French Fort Caroline and then founded Santa Elena. This colony had a sizeable population, including missionaries and soldiers. The settlement housed a sizeable community, and became the base of operations for the Jesuits and military working in the northern zone of Spanish Florida. From this base the Spanish founded six other forts during the Captain Juan Pardo expedition into the interior and the Appalachian Mountains. But local Native American tribes resisted, killing the garrisons and destroying all the forts in 1568. Spain abandoned thoughts of colonizing this area.In 1586 Francis Drake led an English force in a raid on St. Augustine. The Spanish abandoned Santa Elena the following year, and its remaining settlers were relocated to St. Augustine to strengthen it. The Spanish never pressed their colonial claims to the area again, focusing on other areas of the American continent. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Fifth Monarchists",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Fifth Monarchists"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Rötteln Castle",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Rötteln Castle"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Décapole",
"founded by",
"Free City of Colmar"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Décapole",
"founded by",
"Free City of Haguenau"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Décapole",
"founded by",
"Free City of Kaysersberg"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Décapole",
"founded by",
"Free City of Turckheim"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Décapole",
"founded by",
"Free City of Wissembourg"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Décapole",
"founded by",
"Free City of Munster"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Décapole",
"founded by",
"Charles IV"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Décapole",
"founded by",
"Free City of Obernai"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Décapole",
"founded by",
"Free City of Rosheim"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Décapole",
"founded by",
"Free City of Sélestat"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"Décapole",
"founded by",
"Republic of Mulhouse"
] | null | null | null | null | 27 |
|
[
"Décapole",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Décapole"
] | null | null | null | null | 41 |
|
[
"House of Luxembourg",
"founded by",
"Henry V, Count of Luxembourg"
] | Earlier Luxembourg counts
The royal House of Luxemburg are named after their ancestors in the Luxembourg branch of the earlier House of Ardenne (or Ardennes, French Maison d'Ardenne). This was an important noble family from Lotharingia, known from at least the tenth century. They had several important branches, descended from several brothers:
The House of Ardenne–Luxembourg, including the counts of Luxembourg, descended from Count Sigfried of Luxembourg
The House of Ardenne–Verdun, with several dukes of Lower Lotharingia, descended from Count Gozlin of Bidgau
The House of Ardenne–Bar, with several dukes of Upper Lotharingia, descended from Duke Frederick I of Upper Lorraine.{{chart top|The Luxembourg ancestry of Henry V, count of Luxembourg, ancestor of the royal house of Luxembourg | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"House of Luxembourg",
"topic's main category",
"Category:House of Luxembourg"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Visconti of Milan",
"founded by",
"Ottone Visconti"
] | The Visconti of Milan are a noble Italian family. They rose to power in Milan during the Middle Ages where they ruled from 1277 to 1447, initially as Lords then as Dukes, and several collateral branches still exist. The effective founder of the Visconti Lordship of Milan was the Archbishop Ottone, who wrested control of the city from the rival Della Torre family in 1277. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Visconti of Milan",
"topic's main category",
"Category:House of Visconti"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Spanish Armada",
"followed by",
"2nd Spanish Armada"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Spanish Armada",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Spanish Armada"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Concordat of Bologna",
"replaces",
"Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Saxe-Gotha",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Saxe-Gotha"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"University of Nijmegen (1655–1680)",
"founded by",
"Johannes Smetius"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Kingdom of Bosnia",
"follows",
"Banate of Bosnia"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Kingdom of Bosnia",
"replaces",
"Banate of Bosnia"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Kingdom of Bosnia",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Kingdom of Bosnia"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Earldom of Orkney",
"followed by",
"Scottish Earldom of Orkney"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Despotate of the Morea",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Despotate of the Morea"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Plymouth Colony",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Plymouth Colony"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Swedish Livonia",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Swedish Livonia"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Swedish Ingria",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Swedish Ingria"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Härnösand Cathedral",
"has part(s) of the class",
"building"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Härnösand Cathedral",
"has use",
"church with cemetery"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Gushikawa Castle (Kume)",
"located on terrain feature",
"Kume Island"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Lighthouse of Alexandria",
"significant event",
"earthquake"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Lighthouse of Alexandria",
"significant event",
"demolition"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Lighthouse of Alexandria",
"significant event",
"construction"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Lighthouse of Alexandria",
"significant event",
"1303 Crete earthquake"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Lighthouse of Alexandria",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Pharos of Alexandria"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"Humska zemlja",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Duchy of Hum"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Mausoleum at Halicarnassus",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Mausoleum at Halicarnassus",
"owned by",
"Artaxerxes III"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"HMS Newcastle (1653)",
"significant event",
"ship launching"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Zrinski family",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Zrinski"
] | Nikola IV Zrinski (Hungarian: Szigeti Zrínyi Miklós; 1508–1566), ban from 1542 until 1556
Juraj V Zrinski (Hungarian: Zrínyi György; 1599–1626), ban from 1622 until 1626
Nikola VII Zrinski (Hungarian: Zrínyi Miklós; 1620–1664), ban from 1647 until 1664
Petar Zrinski (Hungarian: Zrínyi Péter; 1621–1671), ban from 1665 until 1670 | null | null | null | null | 10 |
[
"Ifriqiya",
"different from",
"Africa"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Ifriqiya",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ifriqiya"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Tateyama Castle",
"founded by",
"Satomi Yoshiyori"
] | History
Satomi Yoshiyori, virtually independent lord of all of the Bōsō Peninsula during the Sengoku Period, erected Tateyama Castle in 1580 to guard the entry to Edo Bay and the southern portions of his domains. After the Satomi clan was destroyed by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1614 and Tateyama Domain suppressed, the castle was allowed to fall into ruin.
In 1781, the domain was reinstated, with Inaba Masaaki as the first daimyō of Tateyama Domain under the Inaba clan. He rebuilt the fortifications of the old castle, but apparently did not erect a donjon, as his successor, Inaba Masatake was only allowed to build a jinya fortified residence. The Inaba clan remained in residence at Tateyama until the Meiji Restoration.
The current donjon was reconstructed in 1982 to boost local tourism and to function as an annex to the local Tateyama City Museum. As there are no surviving records indicating the appearance of the original donjon, the current structure was modeled after Inuyama Castle. The interior is devoted primarily to exhibits pertaining to the epic novel Nanso Satomi Hakkenden, by Edo period author Takizawa Bakin.
The surrounding Shiroyama Park (城山公園, Shiroyama-kōen) is a popular local spot for bird-watching, and for sakura blossoms in spring. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Palace of the Kings of Navarre of Olite",
"founded by",
"Charles III of Navarre"
] | The Palace of the Kings of Navarre of Olite or Royal Palace of Olite is a castle-palace in the town of Olite, in Navarre, Spain. It was one of the seats of the Court of the Kingdom of Navarre, since the reign of Charles III "the Noble" until its conquest by Castile (1512). | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Palace of the Kings of Navarre of Olite",
"owned by",
"Patrimonio Nacional"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Crnojević printing house",
"founded by",
"Georg Crnojević"
] | The Crnojević printing house (Serbian: Штампарија Црнојевића, romanized: Štamparija Crnojevića) or Cetinje printing house (Serbian: Цетињска штампарија, romanized: Cetinjska štamparija), was the first printing house in Southeastern Europe; the facility operated between 1493 and 1496 in Cetinje, Zeta (modern Montenegro).It was founded by Đurađ Crnojević, the ruler of Zeta between 1490 and 1496. The printing press was operated by Serbian Orthodox monks at the supervision of Hieromonk Makarije. Five Orthodox liturgical books were printed in this printshop: Oktoih Prvoglasnik, Oktoih Petoglasnik, Psaltir, Trebnik (Molitvenik) and Cvetni Triod. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"New Kingdom of Granada",
"topic's main category",
"Category:New Kingdom of Granada"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Parliament of Scotland",
"different from",
"Scottish Parliament"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Parliament of Scotland",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Parliament of Scotland"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Duchy of Bavaria",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Duchy of Bavaria"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Wenden Voivodeship",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Wenden Voivodeship"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Dorpat Voivodeship",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Dorpat Voivodeship"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Parnawa Voivodeship",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Parnawa Voivodeship"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Peacock Throne",
"different from",
"Sun Throne"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Patriarchate of Aquileia",
"owner of",
"Predjama Castle"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Patriarchate of Aquileia",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Patriarchate of Aquileia"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Patriarchate of Aquileia",
"followed by",
"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Udine"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Patriarchate of Aquileia",
"followed by",
"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gorizia"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"France Antarctique",
"different from",
"French Southern and Antarctic Lands"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Privy Council of England",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Privy Council of England"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Iberian Union",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Iberian Union"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Iberian Union",
"follows",
"War of the Portuguese Succession"
] | The Iberian Union was the dynastic union of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon and the Kingdom of Portugal that existed between 1580 and 1640 and brought the entire Iberian Peninsula, as well as Portuguese and Spanish overseas possessions, under the Spanish Habsburg monarchs Philip II, Philip III, and Philip IV. The union began after the Portuguese crisis of succession and the ensuing War of the Portuguese Succession, and lasted until the Portuguese Restoration War, during which the House of Braganza was established as Portugal's new ruling dynasty with the acclamation of John IV as the new King of Portugal. This was a personal union, so the Kingdoms of Portugal and Spain remained independent states, sharing only a single monarch.
The kings from the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg were the only element that connected the multiple kingdoms and territories, ruled by the six separate government councils of Castile, Aragon, Portugal, Italy, Flanders-Burgundy, and the Indies. For periods, Portugal maintained a viceroy, appointed by the King, although the turnover was often rapid; in the 60 years of the Union, the country had 13 viceroys and four regency councils (see List of viceroys of Portugal). The governments, institutions, and legal traditions of each kingdom remained independent of one another. Alien laws (Leyes de extranjería) determined that a national of one kingdom was a foreigner in all other kingdoms. | null | null | null | null | 16 |
[
"Iberian Union",
"followed by",
"Portuguese Restoration War"
] | The Iberian Union was the dynastic union of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon and the Kingdom of Portugal that existed between 1580 and 1640 and brought the entire Iberian Peninsula, as well as Portuguese and Spanish overseas possessions, under the Spanish Habsburg monarchs Philip II, Philip III, and Philip IV. The union began after the Portuguese crisis of succession and the ensuing War of the Portuguese Succession, and lasted until the Portuguese Restoration War, during which the House of Braganza was established as Portugal's new ruling dynasty with the acclamation of John IV as the new King of Portugal. This was a personal union, so the Kingdoms of Portugal and Spain remained independent states, sharing only a single monarch.
The kings from the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg were the only element that connected the multiple kingdoms and territories, ruled by the six separate government councils of Castile, Aragon, Portugal, Italy, Flanders-Burgundy, and the Indies. For periods, Portugal maintained a viceroy, appointed by the King, although the turnover was often rapid; in the 60 years of the Union, the country had 13 viceroys and four regency councils (see List of viceroys of Portugal). The governments, institutions, and legal traditions of each kingdom remained independent of one another. Alien laws (Leyes de extranjería) determined that a national of one kingdom was a foreigner in all other kingdoms.Restoration War and the end of the Union
The subsequent Portuguese Restoration War against Philip III (Portuguese: Guerra da Restauração) consisted mainly of small skirmishes near the border. The most significant battles were the Battle of the Lines of Elvas (1659), the Battle of Ameixial (1663), the Battle of Castelo Rodrigo (1664), and the Battle of Montes Claros (1665); the Portuguese were victorious in all of these battles. However, the Spaniards won the Battle of Vilanova (1658) and the Battle of the Berlengas (1666). The Battle of Montijo (1644) was indecisive, starting out with great Spanish success and ending with Portuguese success; the number of casualties were nearly equal.
Several decisions made by John IV to strengthen his forces made these victories possible. On 11 December 1640, the Council of War was created to organize all the operations. Next, the king created the Junta of the Frontiers, to take care of the fortresses near the border, the hypothetical defense of Lisbon, and the garrisons and sea ports. In December 1641, a tenancy was created to assure upgrades on all fortresses that would be paid with regional taxes. John IV also organized the army, established the Military Laws of King Sebastian, and developed intense diplomatic activity focused on restoring good relations with England. Meanwhile, the best Spanish forces were pre-occupied with their battles against the French in Catalonia, along the Pyrenees, Italy and the Low Countries. The Spanish forces in Portugal never received adequate support. Nevertheless, Philip IV felt he could not give up what he regarded as his rightful inheritance. By the time the war with France ended in 1659, the Portuguese military were well established and ready to confront the last major attempt of a worn out Spanish regime to reclaim control.
English soldiers were sent to Portugal and helped the Portuguese rout Don John's army at Ameixial near Estremoz on June 8, 1663. The Spaniards lost 8,000 men and all their artillery while the Portuguese had only 2,000 casualties. On 7 July 1664 about 3,000 Portuguese met 7,000 Spaniards near Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo and killed 2,000 and took 500 prisoners. Many Spanish communities lost population and blamed their decline on the war against Portugal. Louis XIV sent French troops to Lisbon, and on 17 June 1665 the German General Friedrich Hermann Schomberg led about 20,000 Portuguese forces to victory at Montes Claros near Vila Viçosa with only 700 killed and 2,000 wounded. The Spanish army of 22,600 men was devastated with 4,000 dead and 6,000 captured. Protests erupted in Madrid as Spain had wasted 25 million ducats on the disastrous Portuguese war. The Spanish tried to carry on the war for two years more. Spain recognized Portugal's sovereignty and made peace on 13 February 1668. | null | null | null | null | 17 |
[
"Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Latin Church"
] | The Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia was a Latin patriarchal see of the Catholic Church in Ethiopia from 1555 to 1663.
The "archbishopric" was held primarily by Portuguese bishops and all members of the Society of Jesus.List of Latin Patriarchs of Ethiopia
All Roman Rite Jesuits. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Polish hussars",
"uses",
"horse"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Polish hussars",
"uses",
"bracer"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Polish hussars",
"uses",
"kettle hat"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Polish hussars",
"uses",
"lance"
] | The Polish hussars (; Polish: husaria [xuˈsarja]), alternatively known as the winged hussars, were a heavy cavalry formation active in Poland and in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1503 to 1702. Their epithet is derived from large rear wings, which were intended to demoralize the enemy during charge. The hussars ranked as the elite of Polish cavalry until their official disbanding in 1776.
The hussar dress was ostentatious and comprised plated body armour (cuirass, spaulders, bevors, and arm bracers) adorned by gold ornaments, a burgonet or lobster-tailed pot helmet and jackboots as well as versatile weaponry such as lances, koncerz, sabres, backswords, pistols, maces, and hatchets. It was customary to maintain a red-and-white colour scheme, and to be girded with tanned animal hide. The wings were traditionally assembled from the feathers of raptors, and the angel-like frame was fastened onto the armour or saddle.
The early hussars were light cavalry units of exiled Serbian warriors who came to Poland as mercenaries in the early 16th century from Hungary. Following the reforms of king Stephen Báthory (r. 1576–1586), the Polish military adopted the unit and transformed it into heavy shock cavalry, with troops recruited from the Polish nobility. The Polish hussar differs greatly from the light, unarmored hussars that developed concurrently outside Poland.
The hussar formation proved effective against Swedish, Russian and Ottoman forces, notably at the Battles of Kircholm (1605), Klushino (1610) and Khotyn (1673). Their military prowess peaked at the Siege of Vienna in 1683, when hussar banners participated in the largest cavalry charge in history and successfully repelled the Ottoman attack. From their last engagement in 1702 (at the Battle of Kliszów) until 1776, the obsolete hussars were demoted and largely assigned to ceremonial roles. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Polish hussars",
"uses",
"horseman's pick"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Polish hussars",
"uses",
"Koncerz"
] | The Polish hussars (; Polish: husaria [xuˈsarja]), alternatively known as the winged hussars, were a heavy cavalry formation active in Poland and in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1503 to 1702. Their epithet is derived from large rear wings, which were intended to demoralize the enemy during charge. The hussars ranked as the elite of Polish cavalry until their official disbanding in 1776.
The hussar dress was ostentatious and comprised plated body armour (cuirass, spaulders, bevors, and arm bracers) adorned by gold ornaments, a burgonet or lobster-tailed pot helmet and jackboots as well as versatile weaponry such as lances, koncerz, sabres, backswords, pistols, maces, and hatchets. It was customary to maintain a red-and-white colour scheme, and to be girded with tanned animal hide. The wings were traditionally assembled from the feathers of raptors, and the angel-like frame was fastened onto the armour or saddle.
The early hussars were light cavalry units of exiled Serbian warriors who came to Poland as mercenaries in the early 16th century from Hungary. Following the reforms of king Stephen Báthory (r. 1576–1586), the Polish military adopted the unit and transformed it into heavy shock cavalry, with troops recruited from the Polish nobility. The Polish hussar differs greatly from the light, unarmored hussars that developed concurrently outside Poland.
The hussar formation proved effective against Swedish, Russian and Ottoman forces, notably at the Battles of Kircholm (1605), Klushino (1610) and Khotyn (1673). Their military prowess peaked at the Siege of Vienna in 1683, when hussar banners participated in the largest cavalry charge in history and successfully repelled the Ottoman attack. From their last engagement in 1702 (at the Battle of Kliszów) until 1776, the obsolete hussars were demoted and largely assigned to ceremonial roles. | null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Polish hussars",
"uses",
"Kalkan"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Polish hussars",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Polish Winged Hussars"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"New Jersey Provincial Council",
"followed by",
"New Jersey Legislative Council"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"HMS Laurel (1779)",
"significant event",
"keel laying"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"HMS Laurel (1779)",
"significant event",
"ship completed"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.