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e5q7ir
|
if you put an anvil (an object that sinks) on top of a cruiseship (an object that floats), why won't the cruiseship sink with it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e5q7ir/eli5_if_you_put_an_anvil_an_object_that_sinks_on/
|
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"The amount of water displaced by the cruise ship is more than enough to compensate both the cruise ship and the additional weight of an anchor/anvil. If we reduce the size of the ship to a, say, a canoe, the anchor could very well cause it to sink by overcoming that ratio of water displacement.\n\nNow, if your anchor weighed more than the maximum gross tonnage of the cruise ship, the ship would sink (assuming the anchor wouldn't just crash straight through the ship, because all that weight is being put into one spot).\n\n & #x200B;\n\nTo add some numbers: one of the world's largest cruise ships (the Oasis) displaces about 100,000 tons of water. To stay afloat, the ship **must** displace **at least** 100,000 tons of water. This thing isn't floating in your swimming pool or a small river, it needs a lake or an ocean. It can hold 225,000 gross registered tons of weight, which is the weight of the ship + everything on the ship. It does this by displacing a whole lot of water, which it does by having a very, very wide hull (**66 meters! About 3/4ths a football field! Twice the width of the Panama Canal!)** and resting about 9 meters (about 30 feet) below the surface.",
"To answer this, you need to understand why ships float in the first place, After all, ships are made of steel just like anvils. Ships (and all things, really) float because they are buoyant. When an object is placed in a fluid, like water, it takes up space and pushes that water out of the way. This is called displacement. The amount of water displaced by some object has a weight, and if that object weights less than the amount of water it displaces, it will float. Ships are made of steel, but they're not solid. Much of the volume of a ship is air. That means the ship, overall, weighs less the the amount of water it displaces, so it floats. Obviously, an anvil that weights, at most, a few hundred kilograms is nothing compared to ship with a displacement of, say, 100,000 tons, so it doesn't alter the ships buoyancy in any measurable amount. Now, a fully loaded ship with a few thousand people and a bunch of cargo will make a ship sit lower in the water, because that's enough weight to make a difference, but still not enough to make the ship negatively buoyant."
]
}
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[] |
[] |
[
[],
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||
51c4wb
|
why is there such a strong urge to tell secrets to people?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/51c4wb/eli5_why_is_there_such_a_strong_urge_to_tell/
|
{
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"Because humans crave connection with other humans. That urge isn't so strong if the person you share the secret with is present, but as soon as you're the only one in the room who knows the secret, you want to be connected again. Telling someone else will satiate that connection desire",
"When you tell someone a secret there is a very brief moment where you know more than they do, and this gives the human ego a little rush. Generally secrets are of a scandalous nature and this is something people are excited to hear. Telling a secret is a way for someone to attribute a person's feeling of excitement to themselves. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
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||
d4h63o
|
did people stop believing in greek gods overnight or was their atheism a gradual thing? or was it replaced by another belief system? how quick was it's death?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d4h63o/eli5_did_people_stop_believing_in_greek_gods/
|
{
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"In a very oversimplified way: the Greek pantheon broadly got merged with the Roman one when the Roman Empire took control of Greece - Jupiter and Zeus or Neptune and Poseidon for example, they were considered comparable. After Christ, Rome for a long time didn’t tolerate what was then his fringe cult of Judaism but then emperor Constantine converted and decriminalised Christianity. \n\nChristianity then became the Empire’s official religion and, thanks to the infrastructure Rome had built up, the influence of it was able to spread from the Holy Land all the way up to France and Britain. A series of crusades brought Christianity to the northeast of Europe over the next centuries, and by about 1000AD Europe was basically totally Christian, save some parts of modern Spain. \n\nThis isn’t really comparable to any modern decline in any religion. After the Western Empire fell and Europe fractured into smaller kingdoms Christianity had the home field advantage over more local gods. It had gotten around and had power on its side for a while, and over time its prevalence just stamped out those local deities. The Pope became the EU of the time with kings and dukes referring to him as the representative of God’s will and mediating certain disputes - he gave God’s blessing to the Norman conquest of England, for instance. \n\nModern day though, humanity has come leaps and bounds in self sufficiency, resilience through hardship and understanding why things happen. We understand the processes behind plagues and disasters and can recover from them much easier now - this, plus access to information, has kind of displaced the need for a higher power. Faith will still live on, the major religions aren’t going anywhere for a while, but with understanding of how these things work we don’t really need a supernatural explanation any more.",
"Did it happen over night? nope took centuries of persecution, murder mutilations and a few crusades to Convert the empire.\n\nAtheism literally means a lack of the belief in the state gods of Rome when Rome Christianized the state god became the christian god. The Greek gods were co-opted to be Roman gods and they were all part of the empire.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nLong rambling over generalized 6 am account of history:\n\n & #x200B;\n\nRoman gods were officially changed, empire split between east and west as did the church.\n\nThe death of Theodosius I in 395 caused a resurgence of greco-roman polytheism.\n\nLast hold outs of \"total conversion\" of the Empire were killed during a 4 year siege by emperor Zeno around 484. They slaughtered the pagan intellectuals so they called it a success!\n\nCenturies of repression rape murder continue despite \"total conversion\".\n\nRe-surged again - Islamic threat so meh deal with new guys on the block.\n\nin 804 the Hellenes of Laconia ( Mani Peninsula) resisted conversion and then the eastern Roman empire collapsed so let's bring on the Ottoman repression, rape and murder spiced with times of toleration to add on to the Orthodox and Catholic. Evidence of it still existing comes from the penal codes in regards to atheist and pagans - basically mutilation and death.\n\nFragments survive.\n\nCrusade era - sent to wipe in the 12th and 13th centuries but these were for other pagan groups such as the Balts.\n\nGalindians, Curonians, and Yotvingians exterminated."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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||
mnvvz
|
mendel's laws of inheritance
|
I just....what. D:
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/mnvvz/eli5_mendels_laws_of_inheritance/
|
{
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"1) The Law of Segregation states what you already seem to know: you get one allele per trait from each parent (the \"segregation\" bit comes from the fact that your parents' chromosomes physically separate from one another when gametes are formed), and you may inherit these in any combination of dominant/recessive. \n\n2) Independent Assortment means that when chromosomes divide and gametes are formed, the separation of one pair of alleles (e.g. those for hair color) has no effect on the separation of another pair (like eye color). If you know that an egg holds an allele for blue eyes, and that's ALL you know, you don't have enough information to conclude that it also holds the allele for brown hair. It could be ANY hair color, regardless of eye color, because they both separate on their own and end up there randomly. (There are, however, some \"linked traits\" that get dragged along with one another, but they are exceptions to this law.)\n\nIf that isn't what you wanted to know, I'll try again!",
"1) The Law of Segregation states what you already seem to know: you get one allele per trait from each parent (the \"segregation\" bit comes from the fact that your parents' chromosomes physically separate from one another when gametes are formed), and you may inherit these in any combination of dominant/recessive. \n\n2) Independent Assortment means that when chromosomes divide and gametes are formed, the separation of one pair of alleles (e.g. those for hair color) has no effect on the separation of another pair (like eye color). If you know that an egg holds an allele for blue eyes, and that's ALL you know, you don't have enough information to conclude that it also holds the allele for brown hair. It could be ANY hair color, regardless of eye color, because they both separate on their own and end up there randomly. (There are, however, some \"linked traits\" that get dragged along with one another, but they are exceptions to this law.)\n\nIf that isn't what you wanted to know, I'll try again!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
1mgzse
|
how they record commentary for games like madden, fifa, etc.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1mgzse/eli5_how_they_record_commentary_for_games_like/
|
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"With microphones.\n\nBut seriously they probably record it in sound bytes and when a certain event happens (touchdown/goal) they play that. They probably record a lot of different versions for different teams. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
a5ejtt
|
why does increasing the length of a pendulum increase its period?
|
Say I have 3 pendulums dropped at the same angle, why does the longest pendulum have the longest period?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a5ejtt/eli5_why_does_increasing_the_length_of_a_pendulum/
|
{
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"ebm01dq"
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"text": [
"Longer pendulums have to travel a greater distance than shorter ones. \n\nIncreasing the pendulum's length is the same as increasing the radius of the pendulum. Consequently that also increases the circumference the ball at the end has to travel. \n\nso longer pendulums traveling at the same speed as shorter ones will always have a longer period."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
5geaaj
|
why do so many innovations show up in headlines but eventually disappear?
|
Every week or so, there is a new process that could help our lives drastically. However, it seems as if the majority of these fizzle out in a week or so. Why does this happen?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5geaaj/eli5_why_do_so_many_innovations_show_up_in/
|
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"text": [
"Because they're written by people who are far more interested in attracting readers with supposedly revolutionary news than understanding and presenting the innovation properly. ",
"Because developing a great concept is much, much easier than bringing a new idea to market and making it commercially viable for everyone, and also because tech writers will underestimate how long this entire process will take. \n\nFor example: new gene editing technique comes out and researchers cure 100% if cancers in mice using it. Wired flips the fuck out, publishes an article about how we'll all be cancer free tomorrow. \n\nBut mice are not humans. So gene therapies dont have a perfect 1:1 conversion from mice to humans.\n\nHumans are much more complex, with many different cancers. And theyre a lot harder to recklessly experiment on and then perform autopsies on for the sake of science. So perfecting that same cure in humans is a bigger uphill battle than it seems. \n\nThen theres the FDA, clinical trials, fundraising, fighting outright or indirect sabotage by pharmaceuticals. Even in less restrictive countries than the US, youre looking at at least a decade. \n\nEven in non-medical breakthroughs, a whole shitload of great concepts get scrapped because they are too expensive to mass produce. A company cant sustain itself, so the idea goes away. \n\nIts frustrating; we lose a LOT of great imnovations because either the world isnt ready for it and doesnt recognize the incredible value, or the comoany cant figure out cost effective ways to brjnf it to market.\n\n",
"Because they are often reporting based on press releases from the PR people who made the innovation, or based on a poor understanding of the published results. \n\n\nPretty much anyone can report any \"findings\" to a journal and get it published. Usually if these findings are bunk they are quickly debunked. That's why once a year someone claims they found the key to cold fusion, and then you never hear about them again. ",
"Because, by and large, journalists are idiots when it comes to science, medicine, and technology. And university press departments are usually not much better.\n\nThe process usually goes like this:\n\n* scientists make a significant but incremental discovery (\"new drug kills 20% more cancer cells in mice\")\n* the university, looking for publicity and grant money, issues a press release (\"new drug kills cancer cells in mice\")\n* journalist doesn't understand press release and wants to write a sexy story that will get published (\"new drug kills cancer cells\")\n* editor skims story and writes attention grabbing headline to sell more ads (\"breakthrough may cure cancer\")\n\n"
]
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[],
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84pqis
|
why do mobile networks have to “bid” for spectrum? can’t they simply broadcast on it?
|
Not sure if this is just a UK thing but here mobile networks have to bid for spectrum. Is this like bidding for the right or the technology or?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/84pqis/eli5_why_do_mobile_networks_have_to_bid_for/
|
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"text": [
"You can broadcast into any spectrum you have the hardware for, but if you and everyone else are broadcasting in the same spectrum then you'll have terrible performance and tons of noise and this is no way to run a business\n\nTo avoid this, the spectrum is split into licensed and unlicensed portions.\n\nUnlicensed portions are like 2.4 GHz, you don't need a special license to broadcast in that band but since everyone else can too you have unreliable performance\n\nLicensed spectrums are sold to companies in certain areas, this let's them use that spectrum without competition creating noise in their band. This results in much better performance and licensed blocks allow for much higher power since interference is less of an issue",
" > Is this like bidding for the right\n\nYes, it is exactly like that. If people were allowed to just transmit over whatever frequency they wanted then you would end up with companies and even private citizens all trying to talk over each other and interfering with their signals. Instead the government regulates who can transmit on what frequencies, and sells off the spots to whoever will pay for them.",
"The specifics vary by country, but as a general rule, airwaves are considered a public good that is owned by the government. It's divided into different chunks with different rules and certain chunks require you to buy a license from the government. This may be done as an auction for previously-unlicensed spectrum from the government, or buying a license that was previously granted to another company.",
"The airwaves are divided into frequency spectrums (read up on Fourier theory if you want to delve into the specifics). Different frequencies require different technologies. The easy way to remember how it works is that the frequency of the signal times the length of the antenna should be at least the speed of light.\n \nSo very small frequencies require giant antennas. The human brain works in low frequencies ( < 15Hz), so it would probably be good if nobody tried.\n \nIf you want an antenna that is so small that it can fit on a handheld device, you therefore require a very high frequency, so the high frequencies are very popular.\n \nSo up in the higher frequencies, you have a bit allocated for the military. One for emergency vehicles. An area for ham radio. And then there's some space allocated for mobile communications. The governments realised that this was a really valuable commodity, and so they rent it out.\n \nIf you start broadcasting in a band that you're not allowed to, you had better not get caught, because in most places, it would be considered a criminal offense.\n \nFew more tidbits (Sorry, I had too much beer at lunch): Wifi and Bluetooth share the same spectrum (~2.5GHz).\n \nMy favourite: At a conference in 1979 where they decided to cut up the spectrum, they agreed to leave the area around 3x10^8 Hz empty assuming that if aliens wanted to contact us, they would probably do this at around that frequency. So if there are any aliens browsing this subreddit, that's what you've been doing wrong!"
]
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[],
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78y8gu
|
on windows (and possibly other oss), why is the system's only recourse in the event of a software error to completely nuke the program?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/78y8gu/eli5_on_windows_and_possibly_other_oss_why_is_the/
|
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"It is the latter option. Bugs, errors, and glitches happen all the time, and most often they end up fixing themselves or just terminating and trying again. You can look at countless video games to see this is the case. \n\nThey rarely break programs. It's just that occasionally one will crash you out.",
"When a bug happens, it's something unforeseen by the programmer. It means that the program is an unexpected state, or a condition thought to be impossible to reach. \n\nWhen this happens, the program (and the system) have two options. They can either kill the program immediately. Or, they can try to muddle along and make things work as best they can.\n\nThe problem with trying to muddle along is that you have literally no idea what's wrong with the program's internal state. And letting it continue to run could cause a lot more damage, like unrecoverable data corruption. \n\nTherefore, it is better to just kill a program immediately when it runs into a bug whose occurrence was not foreseen. Think of it like driving your car on the highway. You press the brake, and you are terrified to find out that it doesn't work. You can either try to gradually slow the car to the stop with the emergency brake, then get out and take the bus. Or, you can try to keep driving, using the emergency brake as necessary. Which sounds like a better plan?",
"That's really not how it works. \n\nIt's up to the program to catch it's own errors and deal with them. In the Olden Days, if that didn't happen then that program could take other programs (including the OS!) down with them.\n\nSo now OSes put a cage around programs. When they misbehave and can't handle their own mess, the OS nukes them. ",
"Most programs have all sorts of contingencies for when something doesn't go quite according to plan. Most get solved in some way or another without the user ever learning of it, sometimes every attempt to solve the problem by itself fails and the program tries to involve the user in the process with a dialogue or error message.\n\nSometimes a problem goes so horribly wrong that it really doesn't do anything at all anymore and the OS monitoring the problem only sees that the program appears to have stopped working and suggest to you that it might be best to kill the unresponsive program and start it anew from scratch.\n\nTrying to diagnose what exactly caused a program to stop working and fixing the problem automatically from the OS is something far beyond its capabilities in most cases.",
" > system's only recourse\n\nThis is simply not true. Most software errors *don't* result in the program being nuked. It just goes on running, with or without an error message, and with or without a visible impact on its action.\n\nFor example if a program asks for a nonexistent font, typically another font is used, and it just goes right on running. \n\nYou're just looking at the *most severe* errors.",
"When you get that message, it doesn't mean \"there's a bug in the software\". Windows doesn't know or care how many errors there are in a piece of software. What it cares about is when the software gets so buggy that it tries to step on Windows' toes.\n\nThat message most commonly indicates that the application tried to access memory that didn't belong to it. When that happens, the OS is notified, and since the application doesn't have access to the memory location it's trying to access, there's no option but to halt the program.\n\nPrograms can contain as many bugs and errors as they like. The OS only stops them when they violate its rules and try to do something they don't have permission to do.\n\nSo if you want an analogy, think of the OS as hosting a party.\n\nAs long as the guests are just getting drunk and vomiting over themselves or accidentally sitting on another guest's glasses or spilling beer on the floor, that's ok, you can live with that. There's going to be some cleanup afterwards, but that's to be expected when you're hosting a party.\n\nBut if they start actually breaking your furniture, or if they start trying to knock down the wall to the neighbor's flat to see what's in there, you're going to have to stop them and kick them out. Once they start trying to cause actual damage to your property (the OS) or to your neighbors (other applications running on the system) then it's \"Party's over, everybody go home, it's been nice seeing you, but you've got to leave *now*\".\n\nAt that point, you simply can't tolerate what they're doing, and you have to shut the whole thing down. And that is what this error message means. It means that the program wasn't just doing stupid things, it was trying to do something that would harm the rest of the system.",
" > Or am I simply not seeing the countless errors and bugs that the software does continue on from as normal, and is it only the Ebola-level errors that cause the software to forcibly close down?\n\nThis is the case.\n\nPrograms are generally written to deal with a lot of \"normal\" scenarios. But there are other scenarios that aren't normal, but they imagine they could happen. For example, if you let users browse files, and then let them delete them, sometimes you'll encounter an issue where the file no longer exists (it was deleted in another program). That's often referred to as an \"exception\", it's not common, but programs should be written to handle those situations as well.\n\nSo really good programs will handle all of the conceivable exceptions that their code could cause. BUT there are always some exceptions that can't be handled in your code, not in a meaningful way. For example, if your program uses up too much memory, there rarely is a way to recover, so it'll crash.\n\nSo what you're seeing when this happens is one of three things:\n\n* There was an exception they could have handled, conceivably, which they failed to.\n* There was an exception they noticed, but realized if this exception happened, there's no way to recover\n* There was an exception they couldn't catch (like out of memory) and the program basically gives up out of their hands.\n\nI'd wager the majority of the time, it's the first case. It's really hard to catch all the exceptions.",
"The OS *does* handle most software errors without having to terminate the program. It does it quietly in the background, so you don't notice it like with the more serious errors.\n\nIt is kind of like when you are trying to count something and lose your place. Sometimes you are able to backtrack and resume, sometimes it is so messed up you have to start over.",
"To add on all of these answer, Windows and all home computer OS are not trying to resolve problem. What this mean is that it kill the program that is in an unstable state instead of trying to fix it. However, if the computer of a nuclear central is in an unstable state, the OS is trying and will do everything to fix the issue since if it doesn't, people will die. In the case of Windows, the only downside of crashing the program is you lost all the work you've not save.",
"You can continue using it. It's just not responding, and thus it won't react to anything you do. That's why Windows offers to shut it down.\n\nYour OS can't really tell what's exactly stopping your program from responding. Maybe it's doing it on purpose. Maybe there's something it's busy with, and soon it will become responsive again. Maybe due to some error it's waiting for something to happen before it responds, and that something will never happen. Maybe it will. No one knows. All Windows can tell you is that it's been unresponsive for a while and here's a button to nuke it if you want to.\n\nThat's really all Windows detects. A normal functional program will continuously interact with Windows to check for user input, for example. If program isn't doing anything to check for user input for a couple of seconds, then something's gone wrong, typically a program would do that hundreds of times every second. If program doesn't check for any user input, it's not going to see any of your clicks, it's not gonna react to you pressing hotkeys, it's not gonna respond to window being moved on the screen.",
"A program is, basically, just a big list of instructions. When you run a program, you're telling your computer to read those instructions and do what they say. If an instruction doesn't make sense, such as trying to figure out what 1 + Cat equals, it will stop the program and display an error. The computer doesn't have the ability to try to figure these things out on its own, so it just says \"I can't do that! ERROR!!\" and stops the program.\n\nNow, programs (these lists of instructions) are written by people. These people try to anticipate possible problems that may arise and write additional instructions to tell the computer what to do in these cases. This is called error handling. But, a lot of programs are very complicated and it can be really hard to account for every problem that might happen. So, that's why we get errors. It is something that the programmer didn't leave instructions for the computer on how to deal with it.\n\nOften times there are several programs all running at the same time, all using the same computer's resources. Each one written by different people. So, if you think about it, it is pretty amazing that we don't see more errors than we do."
]
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[],
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64acf1
|
why does the hour before work starts feel shorter than the hour before work ends?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/64acf1/eli5_why_does_the_hour_before_work_starts_feel/
|
{
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"text": [
"Put your hand on a hot stove for a minute, and it seems like an hour. Sit with a pretty girl for an hour, and it seems like a minute. That's relativity.\nAlbert Einstein"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
6angdv
|
why are erogenous zones pleasurable but can become tender or painful after orgasm?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6angdv/eli5_why_are_erogenous_zones_pleasurable_but_can/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dhfxid4"
],
"score": [
2
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"text": [
"Anatomy student here. \n\nIt's just a case of overstimulation. The nerves in those spots are very sensitive, and an orgasm is one of the strongest signals the body can produce. It basically floods the tissues with lots of different hormones all at once, and it takes a while to sort out and process all the signals."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3xuazb
|
why do we seem larger than other objects when we are sick?
|
When i get really sick it sometimes seems like i am larger than everything around me or that i have to move longer distances than it really is.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3xuazb/eli5_why_do_we_seem_larger_than_other_objects/
|
{
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"cy7tt0c"
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"text": [
"There're actually 2 things going on here.\n\n > it sometimes seems like i am larger than everything around me\n\n**Micropsia** is a condition affecting human visual perception in which objects are perceived to be smaller than they actually are.\n\n_URL_1_\n\n > i have to move longer distances than it really is.\n\n**Macropsia** (also known as megalopia) is a neurological condition affecting human visual perception, in which objects within an affected section of the visual field appear larger than normal, causing the person to feel smaller than they actually are.\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macropsia",
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropsia"
]
] |
|
2nokgd
|
why can i lay in bed sleeping for 8 hours and feel great when i wake up, but my body starts to hurt after laying down and watching netflix for 2 hours?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2nokgd/eli5_why_can_i_lay_in_bed_sleeping_for_8_hours/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cmffmi5",
"cmfg43r"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Your body unconsciously moves while asleep to avoid discomfort. While awake you might move but not nearly enough.\n\nAt least that's what I think. Maybe something to do with different stages of sleep turning off pain.",
"There are certain chemicals your body releases while you sleep to relax and paralyze your body, and other hormones that are active while you are awake are suppressed. Essentially your sleeping body doesn't have the same properties as an awake body. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1wa82v
|
why do two prong power cords have one wide prong and one narrow prong, and am i causing any damage to electronics by ignoring it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wa82v/eli5_why_do_two_prong_power_cords_have_one_wide/
|
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"text": [
"Master Electrician here.\nthe larger prong is the neutral 0volt side of the power, the smaller one is the 110v side.\nthe recepticle you plugging it into is configured the same way.\nit is mostly for items like a lamp. the lamp should be wired in such a way, that the pin at the bottom of the socket is the 110v, the screw in rim is the neutral 0volts, for safety reasons, it keeps the power lower in the socket. if you were unscrewing a bulb, of a lamp that was on, and that screw portion of the base were live with 110v, there is a potential for shock. so the large pin ensures the power is going to the safe place.\nunfortunatley, products coming from china do not always adhere to this rule.\nalways look for a UL label on any appliance you purchace, this ensures it has meet the criteria for safty according to the rules of Underwriters lab.",
"im sorry, to answer the latter part of your question, no, you will not harm your electronics by ignoring it, but, the plug should only fit in one way, if your forcing it, then you could damage the recepticle your trying to jam it into.",
"EE major here.\n\nIt is for safety purposes, especially on old equipment. A friend in college had an old tube radio and if it was plugged in backwards (it didn't have a polarized plug) the antennae would have 110V on it. If you had two of them sitting next to each other and had one plugged in right and the other wrong you'd get shocked.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5838c7
|
i have heard that dolphins have the same intelligence level of a 2 year old human. what does this actually mean?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5838c7/eli5i_have_heard_that_dolphins_have_the_same/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d8x47mk",
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],
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"text": [
"Dolphins are known to be intelligent, social creatures. It's a little unfair to compare the intelligence of a 2 year old human to that of a dolphin. However, this statement is made in light of the following reasons:\n\n1. Like two year old humans, dolphins are known to have the capacity to use tools. What this means is that they use sponges and other things they find for fishing and hunting.\n\n2. Dolphins are known to be able to make \"sounds\". They have a signature whistle, but can imitate the whistle of other dolphins. Researchers believe these signature whistles act like names and can be used to call another dolphin of the same family. This is much like young children do.\n\n3. Dolphins are extremely social and known to \"play\" and interact in groups. Research suggests that they are also sentient and conscious beings because they exhibit sentient behaviour. For example, when one male from a group of males is mating with a female, the rest of the males from the group protect them and make sure they aren't disturbed.\n\n",
"Basically, it is a rough approximation saying that, when presented with a problem or task, dolphins tend to perform at a similar level as a young human would at solving that problem.\n\n[This is a good example of the type of intelligence dolphins are capable of.](_URL_0_)\n\nFor those that can't view the video, Dolphins have been trained to perform tricks or tasks in exchange for a reward like food - similar to training a dog to sit or roll over.\n\n > One of the 'tricks' that researchers came up with was called 'create' - in order to receive the reward the dolphin must perform a trick that it has not been trained to do, or ever done for the trainer. This was intended to test the dolphin's ability for memory and recall, as it must remember what tricks it has done before and come up with something new.\n\n > Another trick was called 'together' - two dolphins would perform the same trick in unison in order to receive the reward. This command would be used in conjunction with another trick command - ie 'roll over together'. This tested the dolphins' ability to coordinate their efforts, highlighting their social and cooperative nature.\n\n > So, what the researched did was instructed a pair of dolphins to 'create together'. In order to properly execute this trick, the dolphins would need to communicate with each other at a high level.\n\n > If they performed a trick that either dolphin had done in the past, they would not get the reward. If they did not execute the trick in unison, they would not get the reward.\n\nThe fact that the dolphins were able to successfully complete this task is impressive because it shows that these animals communicated with each other in a way that very few animals other than higher order apes have been shown to do. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YSjqEopnC9w"
]
] |
||
bmme73
|
what are these physics terms?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bmme73/eli5_what_are_these_physics_terms/
|
{
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"emxrglv"
],
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"text": [
"Let's start with a particle. A particle is simply a thing on which you can apply the basic physics formulae without taking into consideration what it's shape is.\n\nA rigid body, is a collection of particles, whose distances do not change with respect to each other. In short, take a solid block of wood. Mark two points A and B on it. Now move/stretch/squeeze the block. The distance between A and B does not change(actually it changes, but the change is too insignificant here). So it's rigid. \n\nTake an elastic band, Mark two points on it. Pull it. The distance between the points increases. It's not rigid.\n\n\nNow, every object has a \"center of mass\" which just means, if you replace it with another object of another shape but the same mass, but keep the center of mass same, the physical effects (at least the ones that don't involve any shape) don't change. It's essentially where the mass seems to concentrate. (this is different from density) \n\n\nMoment of inertia, is a measure of how much an object will try to stop you from moving it if it's not moving, or stop you from stopping it if it's moving. The calculations are kind of advanced, so I'll just say, it's kind of depends on the mass, and a quantity very similar to center of mass. The more massive an object is, obviously it's harder to turn. The other quantity depends on the shape. Remember fidget spinners? Different shapes required different amount of force to make them spin. Or try this: get into one of those armchairs that rotate. Now spin with your arms out. Once you have a good speed, pull your arms in. You'll find you are now faster. Generally, objects with mass closer to the centre tend to require less force to rotate them. \n\n\nAnother example is opening a door. Try opening from the both ends, from near the handle, and from near the hinge. You'll find the latter harder. \n\nWe all know physics intuitively. It's just harder for some to write it down."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
k3lm1
|
european power plugs
|
So the system I'm used to (Australian) is: 1 positive, negative, and earth prong. In Europe, the earth prong seems to be non existent (except in Paris?) and the plugs work right side up AND upside down.
What's going on there exactly?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/k3lm1/eli5_european_power_plugs/
|
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"text": [
"Actually in Europe we have some different power plugs. The most important are:\n\n- the German schuko (there's also the French schuko): both have three wires. ([this](_URL_2_) is the German, the earth is that metallic square just above the prongs)\n\n- the one used in Great Britain: has three wires ([this](_URL_1_))\n\n- the Italian: both with two and three wires. The most common is with 3 wires. (Low power stuff usually has only the \"positive\" and \"negative\") ([this](_URL_0_), the earth is the middle one)\n\n\nAnother different kind are the \"razor\" plug: with only two thicker and shorter prongs.\n\n > and the plugs work right side up AND upside down.\n\nThat is because the prongs are arranged in a way that makes it possible (in Great Britain this is not possible). Even in Australia if you could switch \"positive\" with \"negative\" everything would work. **Positive and negative prongs don't even make sense in AC, actually.**\n\nKeep in mind that the earth prong is not really useful to power up a device (in AC, the one you get at home). It's useful only for safety purpose.",
"Wait, do you always have a ground prong? In the US they're only on devices that use a lot of power. So televisions have a ground prong, but lamps don't.",
"Australian here.\n\nDo you have a \"boombox\"-style radio in the house? Does the power cable come unplug from the back of it? Take a look at the plug that goes into the radio - usually it's a \"figure 8 cable\" and it can go in either way. It really doesn't matter which way up it goes when there's no earth (when the device is double insulated).\n\nHowever, when you have an earth wire too, then it becomes more important to know which wire is which.\n\n_URL_1_ Can go in either way.\n\n_URL_0_ Can go in only one way.",
"Actually in Europe we have some different power plugs. The most important are:\n\n- the German schuko (there's also the French schuko): both have three wires. ([this](_URL_2_) is the German, the earth is that metallic square just above the prongs)\n\n- the one used in Great Britain: has three wires ([this](_URL_1_))\n\n- the Italian: both with two and three wires. The most common is with 3 wires. (Low power stuff usually has only the \"positive\" and \"negative\") ([this](_URL_0_), the earth is the middle one)\n\n\nAnother different kind are the \"razor\" plug: with only two thicker and shorter prongs.\n\n > and the plugs work right side up AND upside down.\n\nThat is because the prongs are arranged in a way that makes it possible (in Great Britain this is not possible). Even in Australia if you could switch \"positive\" with \"negative\" everything would work. **Positive and negative prongs don't even make sense in AC, actually.**\n\nKeep in mind that the earth prong is not really useful to power up a device (in AC, the one you get at home). It's useful only for safety purpose.",
"Wait, do you always have a ground prong? In the US they're only on devices that use a lot of power. So televisions have a ground prong, but lamps don't.",
"Australian here.\n\nDo you have a \"boombox\"-style radio in the house? Does the power cable come unplug from the back of it? Take a look at the plug that goes into the radio - usually it's a \"figure 8 cable\" and it can go in either way. It really doesn't matter which way up it goes when there's no earth (when the device is double insulated).\n\nHowever, when you have an earth wire too, then it becomes more important to know which wire is which.\n\n_URL_1_ Can go in either way.\n\n_URL_0_ Can go in only one way."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.piccolauniversitaitaliana.com/de/faqs/images/l_plug.jpg",
"http://i00.i.aliimg.com/photo/v0/233339602/Uk_standard_BSI_approved_Great_Britain_plug.jpg",
"http://cannabinoidsociety.org/SYMPOSIUM.2006/Type%20F%20plug.jpg"
],
[],
[
"http://dicksmith.com.au/product/W1350/mains-lead-fig-8-earth",
"http://dicksmith.com.au/product/W1360/mains-lead-figure-8"
],
[
"http://www.piccolauniversitaitaliana.com/de/faqs/images/l_plug.jpg",
"http://i00.i.aliimg.com/photo/v0/233339602/Uk_standard_BSI_approved_Great_Britain_plug.jpg",
"http://cannabinoidsociety.org/SYMPOSIUM.2006/Type%20F%20plug.jpg"
],
[],
[
"http://dicksmith.com.au/product/W1350/mains-lead-fig-8-earth",
"http://dicksmith.com.au/product/W1360/mains-lead-figure-8"
]
] |
|
1z85yl
|
poison oak, and why are some people allergic to it but i'm not?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1z85yl/poison_oak_and_why_are_some_people_allergic_to_it/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfrei3j"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"You have a tolerance to the oils on the leaves of the poison oak. This means that your immune system recognizes the poison oak as foreign but does not trigger an inflammatory response. Contact dermatitis is a type 4 hypersensitivity reaction, which means that there is a chance that repeated exposure will cause a more severe reaction. It's still a good idea to avoid poison oak because you are not immune to it you just haven't developed an allergy yet, and every exposure increases the risk."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1k641c
|
why are aircraft carriers always described as the key to military hegemony?
|
I've consistently heard the US carrier fleet described this way. What makes an aircraft carrier so much more potent than any other weapons platform?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1k641c/eli5why_are_aircraft_carriers_always_described_as/
|
{
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"cblqt7v",
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3,
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"text": [
"Air power is considered to be the true key to a modern military's might. Aircraft are fast, versatile, carry powerful armaments, and are not limited by geographical boundaries. A carrier is a mobile airfield, so you can pretty much operate aircraft anywhere in the world without needing a ground base.",
"An aircraft carrier is literally a mobile air base. With a carrier you have the ability to take on almost anything you want. You could fight on sea, in the air, even shell a beach or perform bombing runs.\n\nAn aircraft carrier also never sails alone, it is usually the flagship of a large naval fleet. \n\nHaving these carriers stationed at various points around the globe means the US can literally begin fighting anyone on planet earth within hours of deciding they wish to if not sooner. ",
"Aircraft Carriers can provide something very important in international relations and influence called Projection of Power, which is basically how bad-ass you want to come across to pesky neighbors that piss you off; and this is done by showing them you have the ability to park a couple of warheads into their grandmother's wine cellar if you wanted to, even though your country is 2500 miles away. It shows that you can establish a foothold and a pivot of operation anywhere in the world and engage in combat. Aircraft Carriers (along with ICBMs, strategic bombers, and missile submarines) allows you to do this. In contrast, mass-producing 3 million machine guns and tanks will not allow you to do that.\n\nMoreover, carriers (especially homemade ones) are a display of technological and engineering prowess. It shows that a country has an advanced defense industry with the R & D and funding required to build the said carrier. \n\nBut all said and done, everyone should just be friends with each other and get drunk together\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
8taa5a
|
how do you program a self driving car to do this or that?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8taa5a/eli5_how_do_you_program_a_self_driving_car_to_do/
|
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"text": [
" > I just read about some debate on what the car should do in terms of the trolley-problem\n\nThe answer to this, is that the self-driving car should plan far enough ahead so that it doesn't get into a situation where this is even a possibility. Nevertheless, I understand that this is not the core of your question. The bit you're really asking about is:\n\n > But don't neural nets and all that stuff work by learning themselves?\n\nNot quite, no. Neural networks are given a desired output that they're supposed to achieve. They learn themselves the best way of achieving that output, but the it's entirely down to the human programmers what the desired output is.",
"It’s a popular misconception that AI programmers can even begin to deal with ethical problems in self driving cars. \n\nThe answer is NO, they do not program choices into driving (hit the woman with baby or hit the 5 people on sidewalk).\n\nBottom line is that self driving vehicles are programmed to stop and slow down given what is in front of them. If a baby crosses the street in front of the car, the only “decision” the car makes is “obstacle detected. Slam on brakes, downshift, stop”\n\nAnything else you’ve heard on the subject is pure fantasy.",
"The vast amount if not all of the incidents are not caused by what you think of a decision. \"I saw the obstable and chose not to slam on the brakes\" but either \n\nI didn't see the obstacle because my sensors we're blocked\n\nI made a mistake in recognizing the obstacle because it was something I didn't recognize (semi trailer on bright sky background)\n\nI couldn't see the obstable because it's pitch black and dark obstacle was crossing into my path where I wasn't expecting (Uber death)\n\nI didn't recognize the obstacle because I was told to follow the official approved lines of the road but those lines led me to a abruptt obstacle. (Tesla crash into lane split)\n\nBut anyway, people also seem to misunderstand what AI neural networks learning is and expectations. AI, just like humans, learn from training and mistakes. How many high school kids have accidents because they don't have years of experience? Why do we expect AI to do it perfectly when it doesn't have experience?\n\nLook at this example of neural learning. It's an AI plaing super Mario by learning the positive and negative outcomes of its actions. \n\n_URL_0_\n\nHow many times did a Mario die in order for the AI to learn to be perfect?",
"Lets approach this philosophically for a second. The trolley problem is where the subject (the car in this case) is required to make moral decisions about which person(s) to kill. In this case, the decision is between the passenger(s) of the car and some person or group in the road.\n\nI would argue that even when cars can determine that it is a living human that has run into the road, that the car should not endanger the passengers. Obviously the car should apply breaks as soon and as hard as possible, but swerving should only be an action to avert collision entirely and never to decide which thing to hit. This stance rests on a few points:\n\n1. If there's a protocol in the self driving car that prompts it to kill or endanger the passengers, then it can be tricked into killing the passengers.\n\n2. I won't buy a car that might decide to hurt me for some reason.\n\n3. If cars and the software engineers behind them make those decisions, they become liable for those decisions, opening a legal and moral can of worms that nobody wants to touch. Imagine if the car swerves, killing the passenger and 10 old people in order to miss 3 children. Who decides that my life and those of 10 old people is greater than the children? Are 3 children even worth 11 adults? The answer to that question depends on who you ask. It's far better to not force the car to make that decision at all because...\n\n4. Above all else, cars on the road need to be **predictable**. That's the whole point here. The goal of the self-driving car is not perfection. The goal is a highly predictable and safer-than-human driver.\n\ntl;dr: Sorry this isn't exactly answering your question, but I think your question is wrong from the outset. The trolley problem isn't relevant to self-driving cars. There are plenty of great explanations of neural nets on ELI5."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/qv6UVOQ0F44"
],
[]
] |
|
8uv4fd
|
can someone explain the numbers on nvidia and amd video cards? like why are some higher number cards worse than the lower number cards?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8uv4fd/eli5_can_someone_explain_the_numbers_on_nvidia/
|
{
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"e1ideyi",
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"text": [
"The numbering scheme is arbitrary, set by the GPU manufacturer. \n\nFor the past few generations, the first number number(s) have incidated the generation of the card while the latter digits ondictae where the model stands within that generations lineup. For example, Amd's 580 is a more powerful card then the 570. Both cards are part of AMD's mid-tier lineup of the 500 series of cards.",
"So generally, it's the series number first, followed by the model number.\n\nLet's take AMD. So an RX480 is a \"4\" series card, model 80. The higher model #, the more powerful the card tends to be in that generation.\n\nAn RX480 is more powerful than an RX560, because the 60 model cards are lower powered, despite it being a newer architecture.",
"As somebody else said, first number (or 2 numbers) is the generation and the last 2 numbers are the level *compared to others of the same generation*.\n\nA good **rule of thumb** (not exact!) is with each generation, the cards are equivalent to one “level” higher from the old one.\n\nNVidia GTX670 = GTX 580\nNVidia GTX770 = GTX 680\nAMD R9 370 = R9 280\nAMD RX 480 = R9 390\n\nThe newer generations are exceptions as NVidia’s jump from 9 to 10 brought a bigger improvement (GTX1070 > GTX980) and some AMD generations were disappointing (RX 580 = RX 480) but it’s still an okay approximation. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
8dfcy5
|
why are chicken and duck chicks able bodied, but other bird’s young not?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8dfcy5/eli5_why_are_chicken_and_duck_chicks_able_bodied/
|
{
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"dxmo188",
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7
],
"text": [
"Chickens and similar wild birds forage for vegetable matter and bugs for food.\n\nOthers may catch fish etc, and for those birds it may not be possible for a newborn chick to engage in those activities-- even it seems like an advantage \"if\" it were possible. \n\nDomestication may also play a role in this. Chickens were likely domesticated (partly) *because of* large eggs and the size of the eggs (and bird) have been increased throughout the history of domestication.\n\nWhile chickens don't have the largest eggs nor the largest compared to their body size, an egg that is *somewhat* large would be important to allow an able-bodied chick to be hatched.\n\nGiving birth through hips which are shaped for walking upright requires small babies (compared to adult size), especially a small head and that is a major reason *human* babies aren't able to care for themselves for quite a long time, to give a similar example. ",
"Chicken nests on the ground, so their young are a lot more vulnerable to predators or getting stepped on by some large animal. Therefore it's necessary for chicks to be able to move."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
77m0ob
|
how does silicone hold information. basically giving us computers
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/77m0ob/eli5_how_does_silicone_hold_information_basically/
|
{
"a_id": [
"domwqvo"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"It is silicon. [Measured by mass, silicon makes up 27.7% of the Earth's crust](_URL_0_) Silicon is next to aluminum It is a member of group 14 in the periodic table, along with carbon above it and germanium, tin, and lead below. \n\nIt is a semiconductor, neither a good conductor like aluminum or an insulator. As such it can be loaded with electrons, or have electrons removed leaving 'gaps, or spaces for electrons. This means it can be used as a 'gate' to regulate the flow of electrons, or current.\n\nFarmers know gates are very useful. So do electrical engineers, the ability to start and stop a current flow makes transistors, printed circuits, chips, and diodes possible."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon"
]
] |
||
3fl0ul
|
taylor series to a student just starting calculus
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3fl0ul/eli5_taylor_series_to_a_student_just_starting/
|
{
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"ctpl4je",
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2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"It will likely take more than just an ELI5 answer to get your head in the right place but [this](_URL_0_) will definitely get you started.",
"There's no easy way to say it. you just take f(a) and then add that to f^n^th ^derivative (a)/n!\n\nJust memorize, it'll get really simple.",
"My ELI5 answer won't help you compute or use them, but here's what they mean:\n\nCertain functions can be expressed by a sum of simpler functions that are \"just about right\" with some error added. So the first term of a Taylor Series Expansion is a *very, very* rough approximation of the original function, then all the terms on the right (the higher powers of x) are error terms that make the expansion more and more like the original function.\n\nSo in sin(x), the first term of the expansion is x, which isn't very accurate. The second term is -(x^3)/3!, which at least moves in the right direction (starts to oscillate back downwards), and the third term, +(x^5)/5!, gets it even closer to a sinusoid. \n\nWhat's useful is that when x is very close to zero (but not actually zero) we can say that (x^3)/6 and all higher powers of x are so small that those error terms are essentially equal to zero, so for small x, sin(x) ~= x. That's called the small angle approximation, and it's extremely useful for simplifying small-scale physics problems. There are other similar simplifications you can use with the first one or two terms of Taylor series for various functions."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://m.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1CbxROoA2JhEPbNB8pYkpChNelMkjVve"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
3wrk29
|
why is it that most mobile applications are not considered like a malware ?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3wrk29/eli5why_is_it_that_most_mobile_applications_are/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cxyicr0",
"cxykh0r"
],
"score": [
7,
3
],
"text": [
"When you download the app, it asks permission. If you give it permission, it's generally not considered malicious software. When you get malware on your computer, you generally didn't want it in the first place and you probably didn't give it permission.",
"Because we've accepted this arrangement in the world of mobile apps so that we can get most apps for free."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
40ng84
|
does temperature effect how long a smell lingers? if so what causes it to linger in the cold/heat longer than the opposite?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/40ng84/eli5_does_temperature_effect_how_long_a_smell/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cyvkicp"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Yes. Temperature has an effect on the existence and motion of smells, the warmer the temperature, the more \"active\" smell molecules are (smell molecules are basically a gas given off by the smelly object).\n\nThis means that smelly things are smellier when they are warmer.\n\nAs for lingering, that is impacted more by the conditions (wind, rain) than by the temperature. Although the warmer gas will become more diffuse, which should lead to the smell being less strong, it will also allow the source to produce more gas molecules, which will strengthen the smell.\n\nFrom personal experience, having temperatures below freezing drastically reduces the amount and duration of any odours. The most interesting thing about spring is having smells return as the snow melts (snow being both cold and a nice blanket, reducing the production of smells and then keeping any smells produced trapped)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
8c64hq
|
why some noses bleed every summer while others seem to never leak blood.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8c64hq/eli5_why_some_noses_bleed_every_summer_while/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dxcf5km"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Nose bleeds are caused by blood vessels rupturing. Nasal dryness from cold weather or air conditioning (summer) often causes this to happen. [Nose bleeds in summer as well as nose bleeds in winter are very common due to the extreme temperatures that can cause the nerves to burst.] (_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.home-remedies-for-you.com/articles/1619/medicines-and-remedies/nose-bleed-in-summer.html"
]
] |
||
2eycf8
|
since everyone hates isis, why arent all western nations already bombing the piss out of them 6 ways to sunday?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2eycf8/eli5_since_everyone_hates_isis_why_arent_all/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ck43xl6",
"ck441dr",
"ck441p4"
],
"score": [
5,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Every time you kill some people, it makes other people mad.",
"I would think it's a large part the politics of it all. Countries don't often take kindly to foreign soldiers on their turf, even for what is apparently a no brainer kind of operation. In other words, for example, Syria's government might not like ISIS or agree with them ideologically (apologies, I don't know their stance on the issue I'm just using them as an example) but that's a far cry from allowing, say, American troops and hardware to operate in country. Even the smartest or smart bombs, expertly utilized, has collateral damage involved and no country wants to be seen as allowing civilians to die at the hands of a foreign nation for any reason.\n\nAdd to that the possibility of bad intel, retaliation from ISIS themselves (they are after all a terrorist organization and have proven more than willing to attack civilians directly) and possible religious or ideological allegiance to ISIS principles in their operating countries, and you get a geopolitical nightmare.",
"what good would that do?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
48kyov
|
how do paper airplanes fly?
|
The wing of a paper airplane is flat, so how is the lift generated? I've been told that lift is generated because the curvature of wing causes the air above to go faster than below which causes a pressure difference.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/48kyov/eli5how_do_paper_airplanes_fly/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d0kgv9k"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Airfoils make flight more efficient, but they are not *required* for lift.\n\nA flat sheet will fly nicely if held at the right angle of attack and propelled with enough force to overcome the drag. \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
fagp7e
|
how can time be different from the present in space?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fagp7e/eli5_how_can_time_be_different_from_the_present/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fixz3h5"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The viewing dinosaurs thing. \n\nOk. So light travels very fast, but it still has a finite speed. And you see things because light bounces off them and radiates in all directions at the speed of light. \n\nThe dinosaurs lived millions of years ago. On a planet millions of light years (how far light travels in one of your years) away, the light that bounced off Earth and the dinosaurs millions of years ago is _just now getting there_. So if alien astronomers have a strong enough telescope and are looking at just the right part of their sky as to see the light just now arriving from Earth, they'd see Earth as how it appeared millions of years ago. With dinosaurs. If they were to keep looking and watching, for millions of years they'd eventually see light from right. now.... but millions of years in the future, by the time that light got to them."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
7lqv2w
|
why do people curse when they have an orgasm?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7lqv2w/eli5_why_do_people_curse_when_they_have_an_orgasm/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dro919g"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"I’m guessing cause it’s a single syllable word that can have a lot of feeling behind it. Saying “fuck!” Is WAY more efficient than “Mmm, yes, Capital job, ol chap. Got me good this time hohoho!”"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
b7st0s
|
why is it that when using the shower head underwater it pushes against my leg until it's a few millimetres away and then sucks it towards it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b7st0s/eli5_why_is_it_that_when_using_the_shower_head/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eju7u5b"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"[Bernoulli's Principle](_URL_0_). When the shower head is close, the water is obstructed by your body and forced to move sideways at a higher flow rate / through a narrower path, and that creates a lower pressure.\n\nSame reason why two ships that move forward in close together formation will be \"sucked\" together."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_principle"
]
] |
||
1l0a34
|
how is body damage on a car (dents, scratches, etc) repaired?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1l0a34/eli5_how_is_body_damage_on_a_car_dents_scratches/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cbuggpm",
"cbugp6o",
"cbuolm8"
],
"score": [
5,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"- Most scratches can be fixed with touch-up paint.\n\n- Minor, non-creased dents can be fixed with a dent puller, basically a suction cup.\n\n- Larger dents, or creases, can be fixed with something called body puddy, or bondo-o. Essentially you fill in the dent with the puddy until it approximates the original curve of the body, sand it smooth and then paint it to match the surrounding body.",
"Depending on the damage to the car, there can be two ways a body shop will fix damage.\n\n1) Replace parts, bumpers, fenders, hood, lights etc. There are companies that make replacement parts for cars. Another option to find a replacement body part is to buy one from a salvage yard - the place where totaled cars go to be parted out and finally crushed and sent off to be processed(melted).\n\n-OR-\n\nIf the part is not damaged enough to need to be replaced, a bodyman will use a variety of tools and methods to fix the body panel. \n\nSometimes a hammer is all that is need to make the body panel line back up. If the panel has a large dent in it, sometimes the body man will weld or attach rods to the panel and use a special tool to pull on the rods which makes the dent pop out. Now these types of repair can get the body panel close, but not perfect. \n\nThe final thing a body man will do before painting the panel is to fill the panel and make it smooth. They use different types of body filler - think like clay - and once is dries it becomes very hard. Next they sand and file the filler to match the original shape. Body filler is normally a thin coat on top of the metal. \n\nThere are body shops that will simply just add a bunch of filler to a dent instead of trying to shape it back before adding filler, in order to cut corners or cheat you.\n\nHope that helps, if you wanted info on something else like painting or salvage vehicle repair, I'll try my best to answer",
"Dents are hammered out and filled in with a filler after the area is sanded down to bare metal (an inch around the dent is sanded to bare metal to feather out the paint and filler.) Body shops don't use bondo because it sucks and can lift up paint. The filler is sanded out until it blends in with the sheet metal, and you don't feel any high or low spots when you run your whole hand over it. \n\nAfter the filler is sanded smooth and all that, the area is primed, sanded again, painted, covered with a clear coat, and buffed out.\n\nIf you ever go to a body shop and they just hammer a dent out and that's it, go somewhere else because it's impossible to perfectly hammer a dent out.\n\nIf you want to know my source, it's my auto body teacher who has been in the business since the seventies.\n\nEDIT: I'm a dumbass and accidentally put a random slash somewhere."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1swe97
|
why can i render a 1440p video of crysis 3 maxed out on youtube and watch it flawlessly, when my graphics card could never handle such graphics?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1swe97/eli5_why_can_i_render_a_1440p_video_of_crysis_3/
|
{
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"ce1vfnf",
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"ce1vic1",
"ce1vk64",
"ce1xmdb"
],
"score": [
40,
5,
38,
9,
5
],
"text": [
"Because the majority of the work is involved in *creating* the image, not displaying it. It's easy to view a painting, or even copy one. It's hard to paint it in the first place.",
"You're not rendering a video when you watch it on YouTube, all that heavy lifting has been done by someone else's computer - your computer is just displaying it.",
"A camera can take a picture in a fraction of a second, even if the cathedral took a century to build.",
"The same reason you can watch Transformers on your computer even though each frame with a transformer in it took a day or 2 to render. \n\nYou computer isn't rendering it. It was rendered elsewhere and recorded. All you're doing is watching a movie.",
"Let's examine the difference between your computer (watching a video) and another computer (playing Crysis).\n\nYour computer is rendering a video to draw on the monitor. It does this by reading a file. The file has specific instructions regarding which pixels to put where. The speed at which this can be done is only *really* limited by how fast your computer can \"read\" the \"instructions\" (the video file). If your hard drive is really slow, or if your CPU can't understand the file fast enough, you might get stutter (this is rare with advanced video codecs like H.264 because they're very easy to read by the CPU).\n\nThe person actually playing Crysis, however, doesn't have a nifty file with instructions on exactly how to display each image. It has to \"build\" each image from scratch. It has the components - this tree, that building, this character. It has to put them all together, then it has to figure out how the light plays across each object, how these individual parts connect and collide with each other. Quite often it has to run other calculations in the background too - game mechanics, timers, numbers, the UI has to be drawn in too, scripts that determine how the game progresses.\n\nSo we can see, the job of the computer actually playing the game is quite a bit more involved. Essentially the latter computer is CREATING the file that the former computer is just reading. Contrast writing a book with reading one."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
a5n7z7
|
why/ when is a good time to turn off traction control?
|
I know Google's explanation, but please ELI5. Why is there even a button to turn off tire traction? Seems dangerous as the only time I ever see it go off by itself is when I hydroplane.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a5n7z7/eli5_why_when_is_a_good_time_to_turn_off_traction/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ebnu28k",
"ebnukru",
"ebnv97y",
"ebohvsn",
"ebtedev"
],
"score": [
6,
3,
8,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"If you want to race, drift, or die.\n\n\nProbably when you want to go on a track with your car (like Franchorchamp and the Nurburgring, that are open to public) to race legally.\n\n",
"I live in a cold weather climate. I turn the traction control off when there’s ice. My car is not going to gain traction on ice so I don’t want it to keep trying. ",
"You might wanna temporarily switch it off while trying to dig yourself out of snow or mud. Other than that, unless you're doing some \"high performance driving\" (racing, drifting, whatevering), you should keep it on.",
"When you're stuck in ice or icey snow. Traction control will prevent you from applying rocking back and forth to get out.",
"Turn it off in ice or snow, it can confuse the car and not let it send power to the wheels, as it is modulating wheel speed to try and gain traction but failing."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1v9bod
|
why do zippers make noise when you zip and unzip them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1v9bod/eli5_why_do_zippers_make_noise_when_you_zip_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cepz8az",
"cepz8xe"
],
"score": [
12,
2
],
"text": [
"Just like anything makes noise - they vibrate, which pushes the air around. In a zipper, each tooth of the zip whacks into the slider body, making a click. You zip past these teeth at a rate of a few hundred per second, and all those clicks come together to make the sound.",
"FRICTION.\nSame reason doing it feels good. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2zkiri
|
what's the purpose of a preamp?
|
How is a preamp in a listening setup different from an amp?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2zkiri/eli5whats_the_purpose_of_a_preamp/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpjqh7u"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"A preamp boosts a weak signal to line level so an amp can amplify it further. Having multiple stages of amplification is important for minimizing noise. A Danish dude named Friis figured it out."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
bfhjsi
|
does taking 10mg of a drug every day, the same as taking 20mg every other day, when it comes to building a tolerance?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bfhjsi/eli5_does_taking_10mg_of_a_drug_every_day_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eldpc0y"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"No. Your body will always acclimate to things in smaller doses on a more regular basis.\n\nAn example would be radiation. The same amount of Rems spread over time will have less of an impact than a massive dose at once.\n\nOr if that doesn't work for you, think sipping beer vs doing shots."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1m9ug3
|
how did life evolve from non-living compounds?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1m9ug3/eli5_how_did_life_evolve_from_nonliving_compounds/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cc74vjj",
"cc75c71",
"cc75k3l"
],
"score": [
14,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"No one knows... yet. \n\nBut there are many theories. The area of science to look at is called [abiogenesis](_URL_0_).\n\nAnother way of looking at things is that \"life\" is really no different from \"non living compounds\". The properties that we label as \"life\" are likely just [Emergent properties](_URL_0_) of the correct combination of materials and conditions.\n\n",
"There's also \n\nPanspermia\n\nArtificial creation\n\nAutocatalysm\n\nClay Hypothesis\n\n\nAnd so on... basically there are many ideas on how life started. This is because life started out as such a small organism, so long ago, so we can't really be sure. There are so many ideas because we really don't know for sure. Abiogenesis (non-life-creation) is most likely, simply because it's been proven to be possible through an experiment like [this one](_URL_0_) among another few is a good place to start. \n\nSo, in conclusion, we really don't know what started life. Sorry.",
"Imagine a bunch of stuff swirling around in a little pond before life began. This stuff is swirling around basically randomly. It is composed of various elements and molecules, whatever the environment happens to consist of. \n\nEventually, under just the right circumstances, some of this stuff rubs against some other stuff in just the right way that it forms a molecule that *replicates itself*. It replicates itself over and over again until it happens to rub up against another bit of stuff that helps it replicate *even better*. Eventually this process happens enough until you have the first bit of RNA. Then the first cell. Then the first multicellular organism. Etc.\n\nNot a bit of evidence to support this of course. It's just one theory. Look up [RNA World](_URL_0_) and [The Selfish Gene](_URL_1_)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenesis"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photochemical_reaction"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene"
]
] |
||
5mqzvn
|
why do boy bikes typically have a bar across the top whereas girl bikes do not?
|
And that carries over from kids' bikes to bikes for adults. Just seems to me that, if anything, given human anatomy it would be reversed.
Edit to add: Thank you all for pointing out that women/girls traditionally wore skirts in which that bar would present a problem. So, I guess two better questions would be:
1. Why is it still common?
2. Why do male bikes have that bar at all?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5mqzvn/eli5why_do_boy_bikes_typically_have_a_bar_across/
|
{
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"dc5n7nk",
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"dc6bagz"
],
"score": [
9,
50,
15,
9,
2,
6,
3,
6
],
"text": [
"I thought this was a holdover from olden times, when girls' bikes had to accommodate for dresses. ",
"Women used to wear long dresses to used to have to have to \"step through\" the frame in order to preserve their modesty. Males on the other hand could just pop their leg over the top. The tradition has just been maintained on most commercial bikes. ",
"It's a carry-over from the days when girls and women only work dresses or skirts-and-blouse outfits. The bar on a \"men's\" bike would make riding one in a dress quite awkward.",
"Because girls traditionally wear skirts and dresses which get pushed up by the bar on boys bikes. In Scotland boys bikes also have the low crossbar because of the tradition of wearing kilts.",
"It's still common because people like gendered stuff. I'm surprised that the step-through \"girl\" style didn't become the dominant simply because it's easier to get on and off. Since kind of top bar is helpful/necessary for structural support, but there's not much reason for it to be a high rail. ",
"As for 2, it's because of physics. Both men and women's bikes have the bar, which is necessary to form a truss in the central bike structure which is far, far stronger than just a single pipe. The only difference is the women's bar connects much lower than the men's, which structurally makes it weaker. This is due to a combination of men being physically heavier and that stereotypically men do more mountain biking/crazy outdoor stunts which would require the stronger frame. Where or not that's really true, men's bikes are actually the better design from a strength standpoint, and the altered frame on women's bikes is a concession due to the whole skirt thing and it's stuck around for marketing purposes.",
"I used to rent bikes.\n\nLow step are still good now particularly for people with hip or leg issues. I had an elder man renting specifically request the low step option for this reason. Also good for people who might lose their balance swinging a leg around, and of course, riding in compromising clothing.\n\nWSD options (low step) typically have a shorter distance from person to handle bars. This smaller space was built intentionally with women and their shorter wing span in mind. \n\nPersonally I like having the bar there, and I do happen to have a longer wing span, so I typically take the male option of bikes.",
"Women used to wear dresses/skirts. They still do, but they used to too.\n\nThe design of the front half of a bike is referred to as the \"front triangle\" (the portion of the frame from the forks to the seatpost). Triangles are the strongest shape in nature because forced is added/displaced equally on all three sides. The step-through frame, generally regarded as a \"woman's\" bike was to allow a woman to get onto the bike while wearing a dress/skirt (they are different things). The ability to use a bicycle was hugely liberating for women when first introduced.\n\nWhile the step-through allowed women (and those with hip issues) the ability to get on a bike, structurally the frame is not as strong as the triangle (where the top tube is much higher). There was the [Penny in Yo Pants initiative](_URL_0_), demonstrating a trick using pocket change to allow women in skirts to ride bicycles.\n\nThere isn't really anything in cycling that is \"gender specific\". Men and womens seats now have options that have no center channel. Beyond that, it's just a matter of frame size - cranks, gears, wheels, handlebars (incl. tape) is a lot of personal preference and bike fit.\n\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://vimeo.com/98808131"
]
] |
|
2z8928
|
how are video game exploits discovered?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2z8928/eli5_how_are_video_game_exploits_discovered/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpgimyd"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Are you referring to glitches? Most of them are discovered by accident. When you have millions of people playing the game and doing things the developers never thought of, some glitches will inevitably be found. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3l6mi1
|
why do smartphone manufacturers make phones with high specs and hd screens more fitting for small pcs while the small pc market is still a niche?
|
They would be much more useful as Linux PCs (I know that Android is Linux but it doesn't have most of the features of Linux).
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3l6mi1/eli5_why_do_smartphone_manufacturers_make_phones/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cv3l27y"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"Don't be fooled by the clock speed of mobile processors. Your smartphone is not nearly as fast as even a low-end modern PC.\n\nAlso, phone screens may be high resolution, but they're *small*. A 4\" screen is cheaper to make than a 12\" screen with the same number of pixels.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
22g177
|
where are all the bodies of animals that die of natural causes?
|
Many more animals die every day than humans, right? But we dispose of our dead (for the most part). So where are all the squirrels, birds, coyotes, and other common animals' dead bodies?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/22g177/eli5_where_are_all_the_bodies_of_animals_that_die/
|
{
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"cgmfnlk",
"cgmfpkf",
"cgmg633",
"cgmgg52"
],
"score": [
8,
2,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Vultures, predators and scavengers gotta eat right? Just because it died on its own doesn't mean it isn't food.\n\nAlso \"natural causes\" in the case of something like a squirrel is usually \"a hawk caught and ate me\" which *naturally* ends your life.",
"Rotting on the ground, scavenged by vermin and insects, eaten by other animals higher on the food chain, found by city workers and disposed of, swept away by a river...\n\nThere are a ton of places dead animals could end up. I see dead birds on the ground very often in the spring and summer. ",
"get down on your hands and knees and comb through the tall grass sometime. you'll be surprised by what you find.",
"Singing....\"the circle of life\". "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
fkm8f4
|
how do genetic mutations happen as a result of environmental factors. does the body decide to mutate on its own because it might be beneficial, sort if like an adaptation, or do the mutations just happen randomly and sometimes they are beneficial.
|
So for example, let's say that the environment a certain animal lives in has a shortage of water. A mutation for water conservation would be beneficial to this animal. Would the body of the animal identify this factor and mutate on purpose, or would the mutation happen randomly as a result of this environmental factor, and if so, how does this mutation happen precisely to match the environmental factor.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fkm8f4/eli5_how_do_genetic_mutations_happen_as_a_result/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fkthph5",
"fktkamx",
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"text": [
"Randomly. The Darwin finch example. Some bird randomly has a genetic difference that makes it easier for him to eat nuts. The other bird doesn’t. The other bird dies and can’t reproduce. The first bird lives and his children also genetically have his useful beak, so they also survive. Etc etc. but yeah it’s random genes don’t choose to change or not",
"The body has no way to identify what a good mutation would be. So as you thought, the mutations happen randomly. Then obviously, in an environment that has a shortage of water, the animal with a mutation that helps it conserve water would, on average, be more likely to survive than an animal of the same kind but without that specific mutation. So, the animal WITH the mutation lives long enough to pass his genes on to the next generation, who, if they also inherit this mutation, also stand a higher chance to survive, and so on until this gene becomes common within the species",
"The change happens over generations, as individuals with one genetic variation or another survive and reproduce. \n\nEach individual is born with a combination of DNA from the two parents.Mutations aren't changes in a an individua's genetic code, causing a third eye to grow or something like how they portray in movies about nuclear blasts etc. Your DNA is for life. \nOne example that stuck with me from school was of a species of moth that varied in color from a off-white to dark grey. \n\nResearchers took samples of the population and counted that most of the moths were more white than grey. These whiter moths camouflaged well on paperbark trees and were able to escape predators better than the darker individuals.\n\nOnce the industrial revolution was in its hey-day, soot from factories began to color trees grey. Populations of the moths were counted again- now the darker moths were more populous, as they were hidden from birds now. \n\nThe offspring of these survivors were passed down the genes that made them darker. Now that factory production has changed to somewhat cleaner methods, the moths are mostly middle grey, as the lighter and darker ones stand out, are eaten and dont live to pass down their coloring.\n\nThe individuals whose genetic mutations enable them to survive in their environment pass on the traits that gave them the edge over others. Over generations these traits can seperate a population from another into a different species. \nHope that all made sense as a summary, lmk if you have any questions",
"My understanding is that mutations are random. They are not triggered by a specific need. But if a mutation happens to be beneficial, even if it increases the chances of surviving and reproducing by a tiny fraction of a percent and passing on the mutation to the next generation, if you do the math that’s enough where over millions of generations that trait becomes a prominent feature of the species.",
"It's a bit of both, actually, although not in the way you think. An animal doesn't go \"hm there's no water here, better change my DNA to be something that can better withstand drought\". Rather, most organisms have a degree to which they allow random mutations to occur. We could be much more resistant to stuff like radiation if we had better DNA repair mechanisms, but we have evolved to have slightly bad DNA repair mechanisms because a certain number of mutations are beneficial - an organism that always repairs every mutation it gets is incapable of evolving to a changing environment. It's a trade-off really - an organism has a DNA repair mechanism that is weak enough it allows mutations, but strong enough that it doesn't allow *too many* mutations. \n\nIn terms of environmental factors, mutations don't happen to \"match\" them, they just happen spontaneously. Natural selection is the force responsible for the *appearance* of adaptation on the macro level: If, just by random chance, a mutation appears that happens to make an organism more resistant to drought, that organism has a better chance of reproducing if a drought occurs later on. That better chance of reproducing means that a certain portion of the next generation of the species will have the same drought resistance gene. That means they'll also have a better chance of surviving long enough to reproduce, so if the drought continues, an even larger proportion of the next generation is now drought resistant. This is because the ones without drought resistance are dying, so their genes are represented less in the next generation. No individual animal is actually adapting in real time, it's just that the ones who suck at resisting droughts are dying, so a disproportionate number of the ones reproducing to make the next generation are the ones with drought resistance.\n\nOf course, it is entirely possible that this drought resistance mutation never occurs. This is why climate change is a mass extinction event: Climate change is killing animals so quickly that species simply don't have time to wait until a \"climate change resistance\" gene randomly mutates. Rapid changes in environment always lead to mass extinctions, because it takes time for the right random mutations to occur, if they occur at all, and rapid changes in environment don't give enough time. \n\nAlso, mutations only act on offspring. Mutations in an already-existing organism only cause cancer, because when a mutation occurs the mutation is specific to the cell. You need every cell of the organism to have the same mutation for it to have a cohesive effect on the organism's chance of survival. Offspring always start off as one cell however, which divides during growth to become multiple cells. Those cells all have whatever DNA the original cell did. So if you get a mutation in the original cell, that mutation will reprogram the organism rather than just causing cancer."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
ox8yt
|
mixers
|
A mixer is basically something that takes two input signals and multiplies them. This is a incredibly simple thing to do with mathematics, but when I plugged in two cables to a mixer yesterday I couldn't help but wonder what is actually going on. How can you multiply two signals together with a physical process? i.e. what is going on inside this mystical box?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ox8yt/eli5_mixers/
|
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"A mixer by itself only routes selected signals to an output. By moving the faders for the various inputs on its controls, all you're doing is opening and closing electrical connections to the mixer's various outputs. The EQ controls (e.g. high, mid, low) route the signal through various transistors, resistors and capacitors that have the corresponding effects on the signal. \n\nThink of it as guiding an audio signal through a maze, telling it which turns to take and which exit to leave from.\n\nA powered mixer also acts as amplifier, while a standard mixer must be connected to a separate amplifier.\n\nedit: Accidentally a word.",
"Well, a mixing amplifier uses a component called an operational amplifier. The op amp has two input pins called the non-inverting and inverting pin. I'll try to explain it simply. Modern designs configure the amplifier to look at the voltage at the inverting pin, so that's what I'll briefly talk about.\n\nAn op amp is a comparator - it gives an output based on the difference between the two inputs. Now, just getting the wires carrying the signal to touch is enough to ‘combine the signals’, but the problem with this is the signals will then interfere with each other - current from your bass guitar input would end up going into your drums and vice versa. What you need a separate device to measure the voltage at the point where the signals join (this point is called the summing node) that will completely isolate the input signals from each other, but still mix them together in the output signal. This is what the op amp does. The non-inverting pin is grounded (essentially 0v). The inverting pin is connected to the summing node, which is, as well as being connected to the input signals, going to be connected to the output of the op-amp. This is called a feedback loop, because the output *feeds back* to the input. Why would you do this? Op amp gives an output based on the difference between the two inputs. Connecting the output back to the input constantly returns the difference to 0.\n\nThis inverting pin is now a ‘virtual ground’ because it is held the same voltage as the non-inverting pin (which is at ground) by the feedback loop. Now what happens is we feed the signal into the summing node. Suddenly, our inverting pin isn't at 0v. An output signal is given from the op amp, which is now your newly mixed signal and can go to whatever buss you like on your mixer. Now, because the inverting pin *inverts* the signal, if we have 1v in, we'd now have -1v out, which, because it is connected back to the input, returns the voltage to 0 (1-1=0). Why not just let the signal stop so the amp stops giving output? Because this feedback loop constantly holding the voltage between the pins as low as possible creates a ‘virtual ground’ point, almost like a current black hole (all current wants to get to ground). This stops your multiple signals you have connected from interfering with each other and going back up each others inputs - they just all want to be at this imaginary ground point.\n\n[Diagram.](_URL_0_) The big triangle is the op-amp. The input with the - sign is the inverting input. The input with the + sign is connected to ground. Rf is the resistor in feedback loop. Rin represents an input, but really you could connect lots of Rins to this design.\n\nAll you have to do is connect multiple signals to the op-amp now. The output will be the sum of them all, none of the signals will ‘cross-talk’ back into each other because our feedback loop create a virtual ground. What I haven't talked about is the use of resistors in here, because different resistors will give us different output gains and that would complicate things.\n\nEdit: feel free to ask me to clarify anything here. It's pretty hard to type an explanation without 100 diagrams.",
"A mixer is a non-alcoholic flavouring added to drinks to make them more interesting or to make them less alcoholic.",
"You're confusing an audio mixer with an RF mixer.\n\nAn audio mixer is just a [(weighted) summing circuit.](_URL_2_) It adds the two (or more) incoming signals together and outputs their sum - usually the sum of their voltages.\n\nYou can change how much of each signal makes it into the final output by changing the weights, which is usually done by changing a resistor. That's what's happening when you move the slider on an audio mixer, you're moving a potentiometer and changing the resistance of the resistor that allows more or less of that incoming audio signal to make it into the final output.\n\n\nOn the other hand, [an RF mixer/frequency mixer,](_URL_0_) actually is an analog multiplier circuit, and exploits the mathematical relationship:\n\n sin(A) * sin(B) = (1/2) cos(A + B) - (1/2) cos(A - B)\n\n...to separate out the sinusoidal carrier wave of a radio signal from the actual information that's \"riding on\" the carrier.\n\nRF mixers can be made in many ways, but the predominant one right now is the [Gilbert Cell.](_URL_3_) Named after the guy who invented it in the 1960's, Barry Gilbert. Of course, this is just the latest incarnation. The most frequent use of a mixer is in a superheterodyne receiver, [and those were invented way back in the early 1900s.](_URL_1_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Op-Amp_Inverting_Amplifier.svg/300px-Op-Amp_Inverting_Amplifier.svg.png"
],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_mixer",
"http://antiqueradios.com/superhet/",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier_applications#Summing_amplifier",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_cell"
]
] |
|
306b8i
|
if mars has little to no atmosphere/water, then why do people think there is life there?
|
Edit: tl;dr We aren't expecting life *exactly* but rather looking for signs of life that existed on Mars.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/306b8i/eli5_if_mars_has_little_to_no_atmospherewater/
|
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"text": [
"you haven't seriously ever thought about possible life existence that requires no water or no atmosphere or any other kind of essential phenomenon that we're familiar with ??",
"Scientists believe the planet had liquid water in the past. Now they are primarily looking for signs that life did, at that point, exist.",
"We know at one time in Mars's ancient history, it was warm and had liquid water. We're not so much looking for life, though if we did find any that would be extraordinary, but signs of ancient life. Fossils. Even on the microscopic scale of bacteria.",
"Just because there is little atmosphere now doesn't mean it was always like that. If Mars once had a molten core and and electromagnetic protection of it's atmosphere like Earth has, it could have had water and life as we'd recognize it.\n\nMars is smaller than Earth, so it could have cooled quicker and lost it's magnetic field and then atmosphere, but signs of prior life could be detected there.\n\nWe're not talking Marvin the Martian life, more like algae life.",
"I know your question has already been answered, but here is another interesting point. \n\nRemember that in billions of years, the sun will increase its luminosity and the Earth will have conditions similar to venus. At the same time, Mars will adopt conditions similar to Earth during the ice age. So in 2 billion years, you could have intelligent life on Mars asking if there was ever life on a planet as uninhabitable as Earth."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
39xpce
|
if you hire a prostitute and don't pay is it theft of services or rape?
|
This came across my mind. Because it's only consensual because you are paying the prostitute afterwards (let's assume you didn't pay the prostitute before hand)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/39xpce/eli5_if_you_hire_a_prostitute_and_dont_pay_is_it/
|
{
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"text": [
"Legally speaking this varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Precedent is still very much not established on this issue, particularly as definitions of rape also vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.\n\nIf you want to know which jurisdiction has the 'most correct' view of rape, that's not really an ELI5 question.",
"Theft of services is the legal term for a crime which is committed when a person obtains valuable services — as opposed to goods — by deception, force, threat or other unlawful means, i.e., without lawfully compensating the provider for these services.\n\nCrimes of this sort are typically prosecuted as larceny, and may be either a misdemeanor or a felony, based upon the value of the services illegally obtained. This category encompasses a wide variety of criminal activity including, but not limited to, tampering with (or bypassing) a utility meter so that the true level of consumption is understated, leaving a hotel or restaurant or similar establishment without paying for the service and \"turnstile jumping\" or other methods of evading the payment of a fare or fee when using a public transit vehicle or entering a private facility normally requiring payment (e.g., jumping over the fence at a fair or country concert). Theft of services also occurs in the taxi industry, when a passenger in a taxi flees from the taxi to avoid paying the fee.\n\nTheft of this sort should not be confused with reasonable rejection, where, for example, a customer does not pay because the services provided were not as advertised or because the services did not meet reasonable standards of quality. For example, if a roofer installs a new roof, but the roof leaks, the customer might be able to withhold payment until the leak has been fixed."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
9x0xi5
|
what does the cloudflare 1.1.1.1 app do and what are the benefits of using something like this?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9x0xi5/eli5_what_does_the_cloudflare_1111_app_do_and/
|
{
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"It sets up a local DNS resolver on your phone. Then it tells all the other apps on your phone to use the local resolver to get IP addresses for the servers they want to talk to.\n\nPros:\n\n* The resolver caches more than the operating system default does, so more of the time the IP address will already be on your phone, saving one transaction across the network.\n\n* The app always goes to the Cloudflare DNS (1.1.1.1). This is \"better\" than the default of using whatever DNS the service provider offers, if: your service provider runs a slow DNS, sells ads based on your DNS lookups, gives you search results rather than errors for not-found names (because the results are much bigger + it sells search answers), your service provider spies on you, ...\n\nCons:\n\n* You have to trust Cloudflare not to spy on you."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
4pywci
|
the big short, why were there no repercussions for banks or bankers?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4pywci/eli5_the_big_short_why_were_there_no/
|
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" > if anything did change to prevent it in the future\n\nNot sure about the US, but in the EU there has been a lot of banking regulations, banking reserve funds, and minimum reserve requirements for banks that have been added.\n\n > what happened to all of the bailout money.\n\nThe bailouts were loans. They were paid back, and in at least a few countries he governement made a profit on it.",
"Most of what they did was not illegal. I haven't seen the movie, but someone told me that that was explained in the movie? For charges of fraud and everything else, you'd have to charge so many people that you would probably end up with a market panic and it would be really ineffective to try to imprison them when they have teams of lawyers ready. There were repercussions for banks or bankers, not arrests. Fines, lawsuits, mostly. \n\nYes, the dodd-frank bill did a lot to combat the not-quite-illegal stuff, forced them to keep larger reserves, more transparency, cracked down on the rating agencies, etc.\n\n688 billion was repaid to the treasury by the banks from the 620b that they borrowed. ",
"The Big Short's problem is that they have still spun you a story that wasn't entirely unbiased; those who bet big against the housing market had every reason to push it over the edge, in order to make their bets pay out. The main characters themselves didn't do so as they were relatively small players, but they conveniently leave out the fact that companies with much larger resources than they had did precisely the same thing. Magnetar Capital, in particular, benefited hugely from doing this. They didn't set up the markets to fail, but they are at least partially responsible for pushing it over the brink.\n\nFurthermore, there can't be legal repercussions for bankers if there's no crime they committed, or no way to prove said crime was committed, or by whom.\n\nFinally, the bailout was a loan, and almost all of that loan was paid back.",
"There have been punishments, banks across the world have had their reserves raised (which basically equals lower profits) and are still going up even today ",
"So this is the thing, It might be illegal to keep a 14 inch striped bass in the potomac, but bundling subprime mortgages wasn't illegal. The laws weren't broken. The bankers mainly just did what the laws allowed. Some things some banks did were illegal, but it gets complex. First, you have to be able to prosecute. You have to gather evidence, only so many people even understand banking regulations well enough to know if what they are looking at is illegal. You aren't talking about one bank with one transaction, You are talking about every bank and every mortgage they wrote. Imagine if one night every person decided to just go full out The Purge, there just wouldn't be enough cops to stop all of them. Also, the government loaned a ton of money to the banks, so if the banks got buttfucked by harsh punishments they might fail, and the government would be out all the money that they loaned the banks. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
6buuoy
|
why do we call a spouse's family by brother in-law, mother in-law, etc?
|
I.e. it would seem strange to call your wife's brother, your brother., almost meaning your wife is your sister.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6buuoy/eli5_why_do_we_call_a_spouses_family_by_brother/
|
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"text": [
"Because marriage is a legal obligation/contract, so the spouse's family are your \"in-laws\" because they are your family also, but you aren't actually related to them, you are just connected through legal status.",
"Because they are now legally (in law) your family member. So while they're not blood related, they are related \"in law\". ",
"When you get married you take on the same \"position\" so to speak in your spouses family as what they have. So your marriage contract which is a legal document makes their relatives your \"family in-law\" and the persons relationship to you is the relationship that they have to your spouse plus the suffix \"in-law\". \n\nYou are correct that calling your wife's brother your brother would be strange, because that would imply that your wife is your sister. That is why we have the \"in-law\" suffix. It specifically denotes the relationship without the connotation of incest. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
333xm8
|
how does google wallet work?
|
A few more specific questions:
- Do a lot of stores accept payment in this form?
- How do you get one and how do you use it?
- What are the benefits?
- Are there any disadvantages?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/333xm8/eli5_how_does_google_wallet_work/
|
{
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"text": [
"Works like Apple Pay. Both use NFC (Near Field Communication), which is a type of RFID (Radio-Frequency ID) which uses radio waves. RFID is more basic, some hotels use it for their room keys, just tap the door lock to unlock it. \n \nI have an iPhone, so I don't know the specifics of Google Wallet, but for Apple Pay, you input your card details, and then it goes through verification, such as text message, phone call, or using the bank's app. \n \nThere are many benefits, one is that is much quicker than using a card: taking out your wallet, finding and taking out your card, swipe the card, put card back into wallet, put wallet away. Another is that it doesn't require PIN or signature, some merchants may require it however. It prevents identity theft on the merchants side and it negates the purpose for people to steal your info/card, as there are security and privacy measures. For Apple Pay, no info is shared during your transaction, because it is 100% secure, the credit card companies are happy to give Apple a 0.15% fee (15¢ per $100). \n \nThe only disadvantage is that if your phone dies, you can't use it. \n \nThe main difference between Apple Pay and Google Wallet is that Apple cares about privacy, Google Wallet shares your info with the merchant and of course, themselves, whereas as Apple Pay doesn't, Apple doesn't even know if you use Apple Pay."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
c33hlb
|
do amphibians or reptiles live together?
|
Usually when I see reptiles or amphibians they roam independently unlike other animals that have a proper family or a clan etc. What happens after reproduction? Do the "couple" mate and just walk off? Or do they stay together?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c33hlb/eli5_do_amphibians_or_reptiles_live_together/
|
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"text": [
"It depends on each species. \"Other animals\" don't always have \"a proper family\"; wolves form packs, bears are usually solo.\n\nReptiles and amphibians reproduce via eggs, so often the case is the \"couple\" mates and then separate, and the female lays eggs somewhere and leaves them.\n\nHere's [an article](_URL_0_)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://web.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Parental_Care.html"
]
] |
|
f8h2ic
|
how does the us college admissions process work for international students?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f8h2ic/eli5_how_does_the_us_college_admissions_process/
|
{
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"text": [
"International students or US student admission works basically the same way. The main difference is that International students from non-English speaking areas may need to take a standardized test called [TOEFL](_URL_0_) to prove their English language ability as a requirement. But really, the admission process is pretty much the same as local students. Each university may have some internal differences for selecting students to attend, but they rarely reveal the in depth details of their internal methods of student selection"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.ets.org/toefl"
]
] |
||
7npmsj
|
why is it recommended to connect the black jumper cable to a bolt on the engine and not the negative post on the dead battery when jumping a car?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7npmsj/eli5_why_is_it_recommended_to_connect_the_black/
|
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"A battery can release hydrogen gas. Hydrogen gas is very flammable. When you connect the ground cable there's usually Sparks, which in the presence of hydrogen gas can create an explosion.",
"Batteries generate hydrogen gas when the are charging. This can sometimes explode when connecting the battery cable as there are usually sparks. Ideally, connect the positive first, then connect the ground further away from the battery.",
"Because that final connection is likely to spark, and the battery can have hydrogen gas at the terminal (enough to combust, and flying lead and acid makes for a bad day for someone). \n\nSince the battery and engine are directly connected to each other, connecting the jumper cable to a large piece of metal on the car, accomplishes completing the circuit with less risk of a spark igniting any hydrogen gas that has built up near the dead battery. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1g897k
|
why do american cable networks censor movies and syndicated programs despite facing no legal backlash?
|
I personally have never understood this. Why would a TV network choose to ruin an iconic line with this from [Snakes on a plane](_URL_1_) or completely destroy a film in bad langauge is integral like [Scarface](_URL_0_) when there is no legal authority to stop them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1g897k/eli5why_do_american_cable_networks_censor_movies/
|
{
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"text": [
"Some sponsors don't want their products associated with crude language, sexual content, or in some cases extreme violence because the demographic that buys their product does not support those things. A channel could play completely unedited films but they risk upsetting sponsors and having that source of funding pulled."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KcJ61KEynm4",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z4t6zNZ-b0A"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
7cr1la
|
why are there still relatively low speed limits on most highways throughout the united states?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7cr1la/eli5_why_are_there_still_relatively_low_speed/
|
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"text": [
"Name one besides the Autobahn?\n\nCanada is 66, China is 75, Belgium is 56, England is 70.\n\nThe US is pretty much on par with the rest of the world.\n\nEDIT: Even Germany uses 80 on the rest of its highways",
"Most highways are not like the Autobahn, even in the rest of the world. \n\nAlso, states control highway speeds. For example, in Utah, many highways are now 80mph. ",
"The answer is mostly safety with an element of energy efficiency too. Higher speed limits mean more highway deaths. There's no escaping this fact: it's true even if other countries have higher limits; and it's true even if cars are safer now. People want their car safety dividend in fewer fatalities, not shorter trip times or, at least, so the politicians who ultimately set the limits have judged. It will be interesting to see if autonomous cars can do well enough to have higher limits. Energy efficiency, the thing that drove the 55 limit for a time, hasn't gone away either. Fuel use is something like the square of speed so already 70 uses 60% more fuel than 55.",
"To put it simply, our drivers aren't good enough. The driving education system here is an absolute joke, and enforcement of the rules is incredibly lackluster. Just drive on a highway and note the amount of people using their phones/otherwise distracted, the amount of people using the left lane(which is a designated passing lane, and has laws governing this in most states) as a cruising lane, lack of turn signal use and just general disregard for the laws, you'll be astounded. \n\nThe Germans have better driving education than we do, but even then take a look at what's required for the swedes to get their drivers license and realize that's what it takes to get some of the best drivers in the world. We just aren't there, and with the way things are going with automated driving becoming a big deal, we never will."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
23jnq2
|
how is it possible for drug trafficking, underage pornography, and other websites featuring illegal activities to exist in the deep web?
|
I've recently heard of the Deep Web. Naturally, curiosity got the better of me and I started clicking links. I came across some very, sick things.
I would think that these sites could be taken down by the authorities without question. Why are they still up? I'm confused.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/23jnq2/eli5_how_is_it_possible_for_drug_trafficking/
|
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"text": [
"Imagine a classroom of kids passing around the answers for a test, the teacher may find the piece of paper on a kid, but has no way of knowing if he wrote the answer, used it or was just passing it on. Tor which is one of the programs that lets you browse the deep web will go through a number of nodes to fetch you the site you are looking for, and authorities don't know if you are looking for, hosting or accesing the illegal website or simply passing it on. ",
"Most material is either hosted on hacked webservers, so the person running the server doesn't even realise they've got a folder of child porn or something on there. They just quietly drop in a folder somewhere like < _URL_1_; and noone even notices this innocuous folder. Or it's run from countries without robust law enforcement. The FBI or various US Police Departments do not have jurisdiction over a server hosted in Kenya or Mexico. The best they can do is notify the local authorities if they find something - and the local authorities may or may not care, if they've got more pressing matters to deal with like a civil war or local uprising.\n\nThey can try and block it - the USA (for instance) connects to the rest of the world through a finite number of undersea fibre-optic cables and satellite connections, so they can attempt to filter it at their own border. \n\nHowever, the internet is - by design - a highly resiliant network. Think of a spider's web - break one strand and you can just go around the hole via other strands. It treats censorship as damage and routes around it. \n\nAdditionally it's not terribly hard to use a proxy server in a third country, which is a server that connects to your end location on your behalf and streams the data back to you. So it doesn't appear to the border filters that you're connecting to blocked content - just to some random other server in another country. If your connection is encrypted they won't be able to inspect that data and establish that you're bouncing illegal content off that server.\n\nThe web is big. Anyone can hook up a server, even on a domestic line. You don't need a web address like _URL_0_ (which would have to go through a registrar and create a paper trail), just an IP address is sufficient (every computer connected to the internet has one), and as most ISPs use dynamic IP address allocation for domestic lines, your address will change frequently - not a problem for your child porn subscribers, just tell them what the new address to connect to is, but a major problem for people trying to trace or block them as it's basically whack-a-mole. They can block your address but if you power-cycle your router you'll be allocated a new one, and the previous block won't work.",
"The term deep web has nothing to do with \"sick, sick\" things, and you can't click your way to deep web information (for the most part). Accessing deep web information generally requires human input, which is what separates it from surface web information.\n\nThe surface internet is made up of publicly accessible files and folders. These are things that a search engine can usually robotically catalog for you. So when you search for cat pictures, you get links pertaining to cat pictures. All of the listed results are surface web information.\n\nAn example of deep web information would be that list of search results itself. It's generated dynamically, based on your specific search terms, and is then destroyed when you leave the page. It cannot be cataloged for search if the cataloger doesn't know to post those exact search terms to that page.\n\nAn easier to grasp example would be a members only web forum. When anyone makes a post there it's written to a database by time and user. When a user wants to read the latest posts, he logs into the forum, and the database is queried for the latest posts which is then echoed to the browser. A robotic cataloguer has no idea how to index that information, because it cannot validate itself as a verified user, so the information sitting in that database remains completely opaque to it. When it tries to goto the URL the user did, which contains all the latest posts, it receives data for the login page, and that's as far as it can go. The nature of these mechanics can lend itself to illicit media and information, because the only way to know what's really there is to already know what's there. However, the vast majority of deep web information is stuff you probably don't care about. Ffinancial, product and inventory data for companies you've never heard of, someone's Amazon order history, bank statements or medical bills, etc.\n\nWhat some others are describing is darknet, which is a system for ip-less connect and forget networking. It may be completely peer to peer in some cases. That would be more synonymous with illicit or illegal content, but even this type of network can have legitimate uses.\n\nThe reason illegal networks are not shutdown is the same reason a lot of other illegal enterprises are not. There's more money and human resources going into sustaining it than there are available to police it.",
"What you shouldn't do and I can't stress this enough, is if a site or link is labelled or includes cp; don't click it. That stands for child porn. It is highly illegal to access those websites and some are run or hacked by the government as traps. \nHowever some websites like hitman for hire and the silk road aren't illegal to view if it's for educational purposes.\n\nAlso the deep web doesn't only contain sick things. It can be very useful for research.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"www.reddit.com",
"webaddress.com/admin/media/photos/stuff>"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
91bipm
|
why does the size of north america change so much from the 2002 nasa earth photo to the 2012 nasa earth photo?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/91bipm/eli5_why_does_the_size_of_north_america_change_so/
|
{
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"text": [
"likely just zoom or positioning of the satelite, do you happen to have a link to the photos?",
"Because one of them was taken from a greater distance than the other. As you move away from Earth, you can see more of its surface at a given moment, and visible features appear smaller by contrast.\n\n[Here’s a graphic to illustrate the concept](_URL_0_)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://i.imgur.com/a8Z7yJ1.png"
]
] |
||
culu2z
|
why is there a scientific name and a common name for every animal?
|
Like why not just call them by the name the general public calls them, why does there have to be a longer more confusing name?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/culu2z/eli5_why_is_there_a_scientific_name_and_a_common/
|
{
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"text": [
"Because the general public may call them different things depending on the region. The inverse of this is also true, different species may be called the same thing because they look kinda similar.\n\nEdit: As an example, consider Armadillidium vulgare. This species has several common names (of which i've only heard of two); pill bug, roly poly, potato bug, pill woodlouse, doodle bug, and carpenter. And that's just from wikipedia, i'm sure there's more names.",
"Because it is a more accurate name of the animal. If you say \"cat\" there are many different kinds of \"cat\". What even defines a \"cat\"? The very reason is to have a universal, well defined, unambiguous system to classify the animals and plants. Also, the entire nomenclature of an animal gives more information than just the common name. The scientific name is, in fact, much less confusing.\n\nSimilarly for any branch of study, there should be a well defined, unambiguous definition to describe something. It may look confusing to someone who's not interested in studying, but it makes it absolutely clear what that thing is.",
"There’s a whole taxonomic system underlying those scientific names. You don’t just make up a fancy Latin name. The name tells you lots about where that organism is in a “tree of life,” what its closest relatives might be, and much more. I love taxonomy.",
"Because scientific name conveys more information, namely, relations. The latin names weren't invented for the purpose of complicating things up, they were byproduct of other invention (or rather concept), taxonomy - the science of how different animals are related to each other. Everybody knows brown bear is related to black bear because the name points at it, and everybody knows wolf is related to dog because it's very common knowledge, but for example, what's the relation between cabbage, turnipand radish?\n\nEach scientific name has two or more parts. First word is \"genus\". All animals sharing that part are very closely related (like wolf and dog). Second word is species. SHaring that part means the belong to same species and can reproduce. There can be more words - for subspecies and for other subdivisions, like cultivars with plants. I don't think there are any cases of scientific name longer than 4 words.\n\nAnd as for \"confusing\" part... well, that's because you don't know latin. It's a language like any other, if you don't know it then words sound gibberish, if you know it, then they don't, kind of obvious. And if you know latin, the scientific names drop all the mystique and high air, because they are usually common names like dog, wolf, bug, and so on, with other words being very descriptive... like black, big, \"with longer ears\" or in many cases \"common\" \"typical\". It's just different language.",
"The common name is language specific but the scientific name is same all around the world. \nYou have no idea what Ekorre is but even if I translated it to english as squirrel do you know what color the fur is?\n\nWhat people in english would call a squirrel depend on where they live and it might be a Red squirrel or a Eastern gray squirrel. But if I would write down Sciurus vulgaris there is only one option. So calling animals what the general public does is not exact enough.\n\nAll animals do not have a common name in all languages.",
"To tag onto this (great btw), the scientific name is in Latin because it’s considered a “dead language” meaning it’s no longer used, thus will never change or evolve with time. This ensure that each carefully studied and classified species has one true and exact name for all of the “common names” that exist for every species based on region or language. This makes sharing research and open streamlined discussion much easier across different cultures or languages",
"The two naming systems are used to give different amounts of information depending on the need.\n\nTo give an analogy, the general name for an animal is like the average person referring to 'the wheel' on their car - a simple name that everyone understands, and gives as much information as most people need.\n\nThe Latin name is equivalent to the full technical spec of the wheel - the diameter of the steel rim, the thickness of it, the bolt pattern used to mount it to the hub and the spec of tyre that fits it. \nPretty much unnecessary information for most people, but useful if you want to buy a new set of wheels.\n\nAnimal names are just the same - most people are fine discussing general species names, while the full Latin names are much more specific on how they describe and categorise animals."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
20owz9
|
natural lsd trip simulation; what is going on in my brain after i stare at my monitor like a zombie for 30 seconds?
|
So my friend had recently shown me a video on Youtube of a "natural LSD trip sim". He said it worked for him so I should give it a shot. It makes you read letters in the center of the screen. This happens as "natural" black and white lines whirl around the letters. Then .... well here's what it was:
_URL_0_
^^
(not sure if links are allowed on this subreddit, let me know and I can take it down)
I recommend watching the video as it is the only way to experience what I am talking about.
But the question is how can this video change my perception of eyesight with just clever trickery of black and white bars? What is happening in my brain and eyes that makes this happen? Btw, does this hurt my eyes?.. cuz i've been doin it for like an hour now.
Thanks ELI5 =]
p.s. This is my first post to here.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20owz9/eli5_natural_lsd_trip_simulation_what_is_going_on/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cg5jqfv"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"That sort of optical illusion plays with your brain, not your eyes. It won't hurt your eyes any more than starting intently at any other fixed image on your screen, like paying a video game.\n\nI can't remember why it works right now."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SChPpgRuIg"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
3rihkz
|
why is the price of bitcoin skyrocketing so fast right now?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3rihkz/eli5_why_is_the_price_of_bitcoin_skyrocketing_so/
|
{
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"cwobbh6",
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"text": [
"There's been a lot of people buying Bitcoins from China who never had participated before.\n\nAlso, there have been lots of stories (such as last week's Economist) about the underlying value of blockchain technology to financial services that help give more visibility to Bitcoin.\n\n",
"The \"problem\" with the bitcoin market is that there's not enough coin changing hands every day for the price to be stable. You can't really have insider trading with bitcoin, because there is nothing to be inside of. \n\nSimply put, the price of bitcoin is 100% dependant on how many people want to buy vs how many people want to sell. A single indivdual choosing to buy or sell a large amount of coin could be enough to move the market price.\n\nThe real answer is likely very boring. Lots of people were burned when the coin crashed from $1,000 to where it was. But that was some time ago, so people who were scared away before are now coming into the market looking to buy coin. More buyers and fewer sellers means the price goes up. \n\nReally there could be any reason. But an increase in price means there are 1 of 2 conditions. More buyers, or fewer sellers.",
"It is almost certainly a speculative bubble; there have been several such bubbles in the history of Bitcoin and there's no compelling reason to think that this bubble will be any different.\n\nIn short, Bitcoin is something that you can buy and sell fairly easily; so easily that a lot of inexperienced traders get into the market. They look at the historical rise of Bitcoin and see that it has gone from taking 10,000 bitcoins to buy a single pizza to the point where 10,000 bitcoins is enough to retire comfortably. A lot of people see past performance as an indicator of future success, so they buy, hoping to sell their bitcoins later at a higher price.\n\nThis makes the price go up, just as anyone buying for any other reason would affect the price. However, when people are buying with the intent to sell later and the price starts going up you get a lot of people that race to the exchanges to buy in with as much money as possible as soon as possible—it's free money! Right?\n\nThe problem is that this meteoric rise in price isn't based on a sudden change in the utility or scarcity of Bitcoin. There hasn't been any major news about favorable regulations regarding Bitcoin, at least not to the degree that would justify a 60% increase in price over the course of a week. People buying bitcoins with the expectation of selling them later will hold these coins until the price stops going up—and it can't go up forever—at which point they'll try to cash out. This inevitably causes a catastrophic crash in the price—once people start selling and the price starts dropping everyone who's in it for short-term gains will try to jump ship. Previous times this has happened have seen exchanges freeze up or even just take people's money and run. \n\nIf I had to guess as to the trigger for this rise, I know that Bitcoin was on the cover of some popular business magazines recently, which likely sparked interest. I should emphasize that this is only a trigger, not an explanation for the rise. The rise is almost certainly built almost entirely on speculation and when that bubble pops the price will fall sharply. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5f5vwt
|
why is whiskey so seemingly integral to the irish identity?
|
I love Irish folk music and have visited Ireland twice and I don't think it's hyperbole to say that Whiskey really is a part of Ireland. What about it or the Irish makes the two so synonymous? Beyond the outside perceived stereotype (if it's not just that).
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5f5vwt/eli5why_is_whiskey_so_seemingly_integral_to_the/
|
{
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13
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"text": [
"Because it was more or less invented there. Distillation was invented in the east but it was used to make perfumes, not alchohol. When the Italians got their hands on the process they discovered they could distil liquor from wine and from there the process spread via the network of monasteries throughout Europe. When it got to Ireland, they made whiskey.\n\nTrivia: Whiskey is the anglicised version of an Irish phrase, **uisce beatha** (Ishka Baha), water of life. ",
"You need to put the juice of life into its proper historical perspective. Take away everything from a man. His land. His name, language, heritage and ultimately his hope for a better anything in his life and you make him a prisoner to his fate. Which frankly isn't going to end well. Once you feel that kind of systemic hopelessness you will bond with anything that gives you a break from living in actual hell. Consciously or not. We have alcoholism in Irish history for a good reason, it's been hell. We as Irish men are only one or two generations away from the people who went through the famine. It's a sweeping generalization of the voluminous tumultuous story of Ireland and it's people. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
588q5a
|
why do we have to reset our passwords when we forget it?
|
Why can't they just email the password
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/588q5a/eli5_why_do_we_have_to_reset_our_passwords_when/
|
{
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"d8yegq9"
],
"score": [
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"text": [
"TL;DR they can't because they don't store your password as you think they do\n\nA site that has a minimum concern for the security of their users won't store the password in a way that it can be read. More often than not, they will modify your password in such a way that it is very easy to validate, but super, super hard to get it back. \n\nThat modification they do to your password is called *hashing*. More formally, it is a function (very similar to a mathematical function) that takes your password (or any text for that matter) and *hashes* (or calculates) a new string of letters and numbers. \n\nThe next time you try to login, your password will go through the same function and it will output the same string of letters and numbers. It is then checked against the stored value and, if there is a match, it will let you in. \n\nPopular *hashing algorithms* are **MD5** and **SHA**, which, like I mentioned, are very easily calculated forwards but almost impossible to reverse."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2eo7l1
|
why does sweet & low reduce burning when bleaching your hair?
|
My mother was a cosmetologist & would use it in her her bleach mixture. My brother is now a cosmetologist/barber & doesn't use it. Sitting in on one of his hair jobs raised this question.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2eo7l1/eli5_why_does_sweet_low_reduce_burning_when/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ck1c9mr"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I would assume that the saccharin or some other compound in the sweetener works as a topical analgesic on the scalp. That being said mixing chemicals is never a good practice and should be avoided if possible. No one wants to learn the ammonia and bleach reaction in person.\n\nedit!\n\nI just looked it up and saccharin is an inhibitor of morphine meaning that it likely bonds to the same receptor site. This may explain your question."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1qstq2
|
how is the southwestern part of the u.s. still hospitable after all the atomic devices tested there?
|
After watching this [video](_URL_0_), I don't understand how the southwestern part of the U.S. is still hospitable after all the atomic devices tested there. I guess I would assume that from the radiation and overall damage to the area it would be pretty dangerous to live there.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1qstq2/eli5how_is_the_southwestern_part_of_the_us_still/
|
{
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"text": [
"They test them on military compounds in the middle of the desert. It was never habitated in the first place and all the poisoned areas are strictly off limits.",
"I used to live in a town where there are still very high rates of cancer due to testing, dozens of people in this very small town are sick but the government pays for their treatment.",
"There are a few factors:\n\n1. Most of the tests you saw in that video (almost everything post-1962) were underground test. That means there was very little contamination except the ground immediately around the test.\n\n2. Almost all of the atmospheric tests there were of relatively low yields that would not spread contamination very far. Nevada is a big state and most of it is uninhabited and owned by the federal government, so it doesn't matter that people probably shouldn't live there. \n\n3. Some of the atmospheric tests were airbursts, which reduces local fallout. (When the nuclear fireball does not touch the ground, it does not create much radioactive contamination in the nearby area.)\n\n4. They did try to time the shots so the weather was optimal for not spreading contamination into inhabited areas.\n\nBut there was still some significant downwind contamination into areas in Nevada and Utah in particular, and the communities exposed (the \"downwinders\") have had significant health issues related to this. These were generally low individual doses (but not always), but radiation risk is cumulative, so it all kind of adds up, especially for kids. One of the worst places affected was St. George, Utah, which is right on the Utah/Nevada border.\n\nThe US government passed a law in 1990 to provide compensation for people affected downwind of the Nevada Test Site (the [Radiation Exposure Compensation Act](_URL_0_)), in the states of Nevada, Utah, and Arizona. As of this writing they have awarded some 17,300 claims totaling some $866 million dollars. "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9U8CZAKSsNA"
] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.justice.gov/civil/common/reca.html"
]
] |
|
3lvsss
|
why do people more often watch a movie on tv even though they own the dvd?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3lvsss/eli5_why_do_people_more_often_watch_a_movie_on_tv/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cv9r1zo"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"We humans are lazy creatures, the act of finding the DVD, turning on the DVD player, inserting the DVD, switching the tv input source, and playing the DVD is just too cumbersome."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
fg1fu6
|
fps how does fps work in relation to gaming i play on ps4 at 60 fps and a pc player at 240 fps how does this relate to the pc being better and more competitive?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fg1fu6/eli5_fps_how_does_fps_work_in_relation_to_gaming/
|
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"text": [
"I found this video to be good about explaining and showing the difference between refresh rates. Part of the argument for PC being better is that a mouse and keyboard is accurate than a controller.\n\n_URL_0_",
"Consider that each frame a game renders contains information. If you can render more frames in a given amount of time, this means that you can output more information about ongoing events in those frames being rendered, including more accurately replicating the effects of player inputs as they actually affect the game. Additionally, if you *can* render the same information at a much higher framerate, you have a buffer against computationally-taxing changes (e.g. a lot of post-processing effects) which might otherwise cause the framerate to drop below your desired level.\n\nEven though the difference between, say, 60fps and 144fps seems subtle, it can make a meaningful difference in games where players are expected to act in a precise, accurate way. If you tried to turn around and shoot another player in the head in an FPS game, for example, it is less likely at 144fps that the exact moment you can do this will be lost because that moment coincided with the space between frames rendering. This makes high, stable framerates very desirable for playing games (especially competitive games) at a high skill level -- because the framerate can directly impact how your skills translate to the game.",
"FPS, or *frames per second* tells you how often the image on the screen is updated while you're playing a video game. A higher FPS gives you a more pleasant gaming experience in which motion looks more fluid and also you get more immediate feedback from the inputs you give to the game. \n\nYou need a more powerful computer to render more frames per second. So, the FPS achieved in a certain game is one way to judge whether a PC or console is powerful enough for your needs. However, at some point it really doesn't make a difference. There will always be snobs who claim that they can tell the difference between 100 and 200 FPS, but it's doubtful whether this really matters in practice to the average person. \n\nI should note, though, that FPS often isn't constant. If (in the game) you're surrounded by a bunch of enemies who are moving around and throwing projectiles at you, while trees are swaying their branches and fire and smoke are coming out of a nearby building, that takes more computing power than if you're standing in a barren rocky landscape with no movement whatsoever. So your FPS might drop quite steeply in the first situation compared to the second one. If you started off with an FPS of 120 and this drops by 75% to 40 FPS, that's still a playable game. Whereas if you started off at 40 and drop to 10, it will be very frustrating (if not impossible) to try and move around and fight your enemies. So if you're comparing *average* FPS numbers, then 200 might actually be significantly better than 100, not because you can tell 200 from 100 FPS, but because 200 gives you a better safety margin."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://youtu.be/OX31kZbAXsA"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
1c9yw3
|
dadaism
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1c9yw3/eli5_dadaism/
|
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],
"text": [
"Dadaism is an artistic movement that started after World War 1. The purpose was to make fun of the modern art of the day and go against what was considered normal. Like drawing a dog body with a cat head an alligator tail and horse legs to make fun of a regular dog. _URL_0_",
"It was an artistic movement born in the aftermath of World War One. Pre-war, modernism was the dominant school of art, which was very optimistic that the world, by committing to rationalism, was becoming a better and better place. Then the war happened. At a very basic level, it was a response to this pre-war optimism: look at the horror your rationality has brought us. Irrationality is the new way.",
"Dada means nothing.",
"Like all art movements it was a reaction to the movements that came before And a reaction to society. The basic premise of dada is embracing the absurd.",
"Okay, little buddy... sit down, and I'll make it all make sense, alright?\n\nNo, not there... you're blocking my view of your mother. There you go, that works.\n\nNo, better yet -- here, sit over on this rock. Can you hear me from there?\n\nOkay, good. Don't mind if I'm not looking at you the whole time we're talking.\n\nAlright, now... you know, how in class, your teacher will ask you to draw something? Maybe you're supposed to draw a dog, or a spring day. Maybe... uh, maybe what your *dad* does for a living? Like his job?\n\nNo? Hmm. I'll remember that.\n\nAnyhow, do you remember how you had a rough time remembering exactly what you were supposed to draw? Yeah? Do you remember how hard it was to draw the dog, or the house, or the rainy spring day?\n\nNow, instead, I want you to remember the days when your teacher let you draw whatever you wanted. Remember those days? They were fun, huh? You could draw planets, or flowers with dogs falling out. You could draw gloves on a mouse or your father's watch, melting onto a horse thingy?\n\nNo watch, huh? Good. Mental note.\n\nNow, which day did you prefer? The days where you could draw whatever you wanted, right? The drawings that didn't necessarily need to look like something. It could be ridiculous, it could be silly... it could even be gross! Ew!\n\nOne last thing, and then I promise we're done. Now, do you think that you would have enjoyed those days, where you could draw whatever you wanted, if you weren't forced to draw what the teacher wanted? Was it more fun, because it was different from the other drawing?\n\nThat's Dadaism, little buddy. It's that silly, funny difference.\n\nThat said, here are the cookies I promised and a copy of that new Ice Age movie. No, I promise... it's the new one. They only made two of them.\n\nNow, I need to go and ask your mom to show me her... uhh... drawings. Here Dadaist drawings. Or, er... her, \"Da da\"'s.\n\nBah, it doesn't matter. Just turn the TV up real loud, okay? Later, gator!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadaism"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3abovd
|
when using mobile data, do you still have a traceable ip address?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3abovd/eli5_when_using_mobile_data_do_you_still_have_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"csb3lf4"
],
"score": [
8
],
"text": [
"Yes. The Internet works by sending messages back and forth. If you didn't have a traceable IP address, there wouldn't be a way for the web server to send those messages to you."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2hp3b0
|
why are fastfood stores always so close next to eachother?
|
[Like for example here in Amsterdam](_URL_0_)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2hp3b0/eli5_why_are_fastfood_stores_always_so_close_next/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckuoe9e",
"ckuq3sp",
"ckurvhk",
"ckutrij",
"ckuuy9k",
"ckuzrh8"
],
"score": [
41,
17,
5,
5,
3,
4
],
"text": [
"Because McDonalds spends a crap ton of time and money researching the best locations. The others just sit back and wait for McDonalds to do the leg work.",
"Fast food isn't a destination restaurant, people usually don't plan a night out at Taco Bell.\n\nFast food is about convenience and impulse. They are about someone saying \"gee, I'm hungry\" and looking up and seeing a sign for a restaurant. So if you own a fast food restaurant, you need to find the intersections, off ramps, and pedestrian malls that get a lot of traffic, and those same places will attract a lot of other restaurants.",
"More generally you will see categories of businesses clustered like this. If a block has an auto dealer, there's probably one in the next block. If there's a gas station on a corner, odds are good there's a gas station on the other corner. If there's a Starbucks on one side of the street, there's probably one on the other.\n\nA big part of the reason is that these businesses are all looking for similar real estate. A car dealership needs inexpensive land that is fairly close to a city center. The \"downtown\" side of an commercial/industrial zoning usually fills the bill. Gas stations and drive-through fast food also want relatively cheap real estate but they would rather be near major traffic centers: large intersections or highways. Banks used to make a point of displaying their status by making sure they were on the most expensive property available (the central intersection of the city) and so forth. Coffee shops and walk up fast food typically want to be in areas of peak pedestrian traffic and, because they can be quite compact, are less sensitive to rent. McDonalds has a leg up in a tourist area like this since they only need their sign to be visible to many pedestrians. Anyone looking for a quick \"safe\" bite sees the sign and heads over to it. If you were opening a competing fast food restaurant, you would want that stream of hungry people to have to pass your door so you would set up shop as close as you can like this.",
"[This video](_URL_0_) might be the best explanation for this",
"This is an example of the economic principle called Hotellings boardwalk. \n\n_URL_0_\n\nThey are trying to capture the largest portion of the market. ",
"Part of the reason is, as /u/vigpounder points out, that other restaurants let McDonalds do their research for them and simply follow suit with their locations. Economically speaking, the reason is [Hotelling's Law](_URL_1_).\n\nSuppose you have a beach and two hotdog vendors. Ideally for the customers, the vendors would be located 1/4 and 3/4 of the way along the beach. This would minimize the walk for the customers as the nearest hotdog stand would be no more than 1/4 of the beach length away, and the two vendors would split the customers 50/50 assuming customers were evenly spread along the beach and would generally go to the nearest hotdog stand. \n\nOne day one of the vendors decides to move a little closer to the middle of the beach. Now he is the nearest hotdog stand to over half of the beach and gets more customers at the expense of the other guy. The other stand-owner responds by moving his stand closer to the center. This continues until both hotdog stands are smacked up against each other in the middle of the beach. Neither hotdog owner ~~will~~ can move his hotdog stand away from the middle without losing customers to the other guy. This is an example of a [Nash Equilibrium](_URL_0_) because neither hotdog stand owner can benefit by moving his stand."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://static1.absolut-amsterdam.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Nieuwendijk.gif"
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jILgxeNBK_8"
],
[
"http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotelling's_law"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_equilibrium",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotelling's_law"
]
] |
|
21u2vq
|
what does positive and negative mean when you are talking about blood types?
|
I hear people say they are positive and negative when they get their blood type taken. I have always wondered what this means.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21u2vq/eli5_what_does_positive_and_negative_mean_when/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cgghwn5",
"cgghyjw",
"cgghzyo"
],
"score": [
3,
6,
3
],
"text": [
"Presence or absence of the RH factor.\n\nIf you are + than you have it and you can get both + and - blood donations. If you are - then you can only get - blood because your body will reject RH + blood.\n\n",
"\"+\" and \"-\" refers to the Rhesus Factor (RhF). It's just another \"identifier\", like A/B/AB/O, but much simpler. Basically, if you're RhF+, you can receive + or -, because the lack of RhF does not cause an immunological reaction; however, you can only donate to other +s. If you're RhF-, you can only receive other -s, because blood that is RhF+ will appear foreign to your body and cause a reaction; however, you can donate to anyone.\n\nSo, O-s can donate to pretty much anyone, but are very picky about who they receive from. AB+s can only donate to other AB+s, but can receive from anyone.",
"The + or - refers to being either Rh+ or Rh-. People who are Rh+ have the RH protein on the surface of their red blood cells, people who are Rh- do not. This is important to know because people who are Rh- cannot recieve Rh+ blood or their immune systems will react to the Rh protein"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2stobw
|
why do women have easier physical standards than men in the military? shouldn't it be the same?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2stobw/eli5why_do_women_have_easier_physical_standards/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnsr46g",
"cnsrdpk",
"cnsro0q",
"cnt4i3u"
],
"score": [
8,
5,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"It depends on the country/military. In the Canadian Armed Forces (where I'm a recruiting clerk) the fitness test is the exact same for both men and women. Both genders qualify for all the trades and physical aptitude isn't even tested until a member joins. (The first fitness test is during basic training, except in the reserves it is before enrollment, but there are reasons for that). \n\n",
"I wasn't in a combat arms MOS, but I did serve on a Quick Reaction Force in Iraq in 2003 that had female Soldiers on the team.\n\nTheir lack of upper-body strength was never an issue. They had more than enough leg strength and stamina for their size. They were good shooters, and absolutely necessary when dealing with female Iraqis. It is considered a pretty bad insult through much of Iraq for a man to speak to a woman he doesn't know, especially when male members of her family are present. But, when you're running a check point, you need to be able to talk to and sometimes search both men and women.\n\nThe women on our team were a great asset, and saved lives.\n\nI wouldn't want to have a team of all women in a situation like that. But, a team of all men in that situation would have got someone killed.\n",
"Because situations in the field will magically change depending on the gender of the person attempting a task. /s",
"I agree we are but different but the test itself is not. If male and female soldiers are doing the same jobs (which they should be) they should have the same standards. Also I am not a female but do max the male scale (300)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3zz2a4
|
why are parents so afraid of nudity or sexual content?
|
I see parents everywhere not giving a darn about their kids playing Street Fighter or some other game/movie with extreme violence that should not be tolerable for young children, but at the concept of sex the parents go all crazy about it. Sex is a natural thing and should not be hidden away from children, but murder is completely unnatural and only an insane person would do such a thing. Why do parents think its fine for violence, but freak out over basic human nature in media? Please explain.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3zz2a4/eli5why_are_parents_so_afraid_of_nudity_or_sexual/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cyq5vxn",
"cyq64cv",
"cyq64yt",
"cyqch37"
],
"score": [
2,
4,
5,
2
],
"text": [
"Because that is just how sexually repressed our country is. Something natural is disgusting. It is a sad sad reality",
"Because a woman's bare breast are somehow more harmful than dismemberment.\n\nFor example, my mother wouldn't let me see Shakespeare in Love when I was in my mid-teens, but had no problems showing me Se7en when I was twelve.",
"A lot of it is cultural. If you go to Europe, parents will be more concerned about violence and less concerned about sex.\n\nBut if you want me to try and justify it, sex is something that people are more likely to imitate. For all the media talks about school shootings, they're extremely rare. But teen pregnancy is a big problem.\n\nAlso, sex and murder are both natural. That doesn't make it okay.",
"I think alot of it has to do with the parents not wanting to, or knowing when to, talk to their child about the birds and the bees. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
a6vmag
|
what does the rocket equation find?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a6vmag/eli5_what_does_the_rocket_equation_find/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ebycwh3",
"ebyf5o8",
"ebyfteq"
],
"score": [
6,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"The [rocket equation](_URL_0_) says: Δv = v_e * ln(m_0 / m_f), where Δv is the change of velocity of the rocket, v_e is the velocity of the exhaust, m_0 is the initial mass (the mass of the rocket plus fuel), and m_f is the final mass (just the rocket without the fuel).\n\nIf you know three of those variables, you can use it to find the fourth.",
"The rocket equation has 4 parameters\n\nDelta V - desired change in velocity to reach the orbit you want\n\nV_e - Effective Exhaust Velocity - This is a parameter of the engine that you're using\n\nm_f - Mass Final - This is the mass of the payload and any other rocket support that you're lifting\n\nm_0 - Initial mass - this is the starting mass of the rocket including all structure, engines, and fuel, basically anything that needs to go up\n\nWith this, if you know your engine and your target orbit you can figure out your payload ratio(m_0/m_f) which tells you how much you can lift with your rocket, or tells you how much fuel you'll need to burn to reach your desired orbit with your specified engine. You can also determine how much you can change your speed based off how much fuel you have onboard and your engine's V_e.",
"The equation relates the size of the rocket you need to the speed you need to achieve. Let's say you have a rocket that's 10 times heavier than the cargo and can accelerate the cargo to 3 & #8239;km/s. If you need a speed of 6 & #8239;km/s then you now need a rocket 100 times heavier than the cargo. For 9 & #8239;km/s it's 1000 times heavier. And so on."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiolkovsky_rocket_equation"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
3kq2gm
|
what is happening in my brain when i'm in a mood where everything makes me irrationally angry?
|
I'm extremely angry at literally everything right now and wondering what's going on, since I've felt this way before.
**Edit:** I'm mostly describing a temporary frame of mind, one that only lasts a few hours before subsiding.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3kq2gm/eli5_what_is_happening_in_my_brain_when_im_in_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cuzi5sl",
"cuziqq1",
"cuzobo3"
],
"score": [
12,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Look for physical causes: you could be hungry, tired, or suffering an allergic reaction without realizing that it *is* an allergic reaction. People think allergies are only about itchy eyes and sneezing, but they can cause sometimes extreme irritability, as well as severe depression, while never causing a single sneeze. (For me, a single spider bite can produce nearly homicidal rage.)\n\nPsychologically, it could be that your mind is trying to avoid recognizing something troublesome, resulting in a self-defensive diversionary mental tactic that manifests as thinking everybody is an idiot except you.\n\nWhatever it is, I hope you get past it and are able to enjoy life and friends sooner than later. ",
"Try to look for feedback loops. For example, if you're getting angry at yourself for being angry, that's a feedback loop. Or, if your head hurts, and the pain is annoying the shit out of you, that could be as well. Look for this kind of cycle and focus on trying to break it. ",
"I'd like to know. This is almost my default state of mind. Raining? Angry. Red light? Angry. Dropped a pencil? Angry. I'm OK with people strangely. But just about any thing else makes me angry"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1qpl68
|
why cameras can't capture so dynamic photos such as our eyes can, especially at night?
|
I mean, if I set it to "AUTO", pictures won't be so colourful as we see at night, they would be darker and with less details.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1qpl68/eli5_why_cameras_cant_capture_so_dynamic_photos/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cdf5i7y",
"cdf5k1s",
"cdg06iw"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"While the automatic logic of a camera trying to take pictures under different conditions can definitely stand to be improved, much of our ability to see in the dark has to do with our brains increasing sensitivity to light contrast when we have been in the dark for a while.\n\nMany dark photos can be touched up surprisingly well by manually adjusting contrast settings to create a bigger difference between slightly lighter and slightly darker areas. The biggest problem with this is many cameras are set to automatically apply compression (such as JPEG) to photos, which loses a lot of this useful contrast information.\n\nAlso, it is rather difficult to design a camera which can take pictures both in bright light and low light conditions, so a multi-purpose, point-and-shoot camera (or often worse yet, a phone camera) tends to try to be good at the pictures people take the most of and be adequate at taking other pictures.",
"This is just a guess. Most cameras are designed to operate in daylight, and the sensors to detect light are designed to capture large variations in light that result. However, at night, color differences are much more subtle. Your standard camera's sensor wasn't designed for the small contrast, so the pictures come out underwhelming. However, you can probably find professional camera options designed specifically for night photography to account for this.",
"On the contrary a camera set up with a long exposure could capture detail, colours and dynamic range we could never hope of seeing with our eyes."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1v4i2y
|
what does a java interface do? when is it ever useful?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1v4i2y/eli5_what_does_a_java_interface_do_when_is_it/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ceom6b1"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"It allows you to specify that multiple classes implement some common functionality. For example, let's say that you're programming a game. You have lots of monsters that the player can fight, but all monsters need to be able to be killed. So you have an interface called \"Killable\", which specifies two abstract methods, \"playDeathSound\" and \"playDeathAnimation\".\n\nNow you make all of your monster classes implement your \"Killable\" interface, which forces every one of them to have \"playDeathSound\" and \"playDeathAnimation\", or your code won't even compile.\n\nThen, later on, when you have the code that runs when a player kills a monster, you might have something like this:\n\n Killable target = Player.getTarget();\n target.playDeathSound();\n target.playDeathAnimation();\n\nNotice that you don't have to care which monster class you're dealing with. As long as you define Player.getTarget() as always returning something that extends Killable, then this code will always work, and you don't have to duplicate the code 1,000 times to cover each possible thing you can kill."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
5zrkqs
|
why are there no drugs for sale with the same effects as illegal drugs that do absolutely no harm to the body or mind? is it impossible to make them totally harmless? or are they illegal for some reason?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5zrkqs/eli5_why_are_there_no_drugs_for_sale_with_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"df0f6kd",
"df0fp0i",
"df0gdxj",
"df0k349",
"df0k9x6",
"df0xe0m"
],
"score": [
28,
6,
5,
2,
19,
3
],
"text": [
"Making something that does something interesting to the body without any side effects is really difficult due to how complicated the body is. And even if you could make a \"harmless\" drug, any risk of addiction or dependence would be an obstacle to legality.",
"People with more experience with drugs may correct me on this, but I think LSD has no lasting harmful effects. It's not even biologically addictive. Last time I posted about LSD I talked about flashbacks, but I was quickly schooled and told these are largely myth. The main danger of LSD is the potential for injuring yourself in reaction to hallucinations that aren't representing the reality around you.",
"The problem with any sort of pharmaceutical is that it's impossible to control how the body processes them. This is why side effects are a thing. You can create a drug that interacts with your body in a certain (preferably good) way, but it will always interact with another part of the body in a different way. Sometimes nothing happens, sometimes it's beneficial (like the accidental discovery of Viagra), but usually it's negative.\n\nThink of it like the body being set of very similar locks. Any time you want to unlock one of them, you have to put the key in every single lock. It's easy to design a key that can fit into one lock; but it's near impossible to make one that will fit *only* that one, and none of the others.",
"It's impossible to make *anything* that does \"absolutely no harm to the body or mind.\" Evan water can kill in large enough doses. That said, current drug policy in the USA is that drugs can be made illegal if they offer no medicinal benefit. That is what Schedule 1 of the Controlled Substances Act states.",
"There are really no drugs, legal or not, with no side effects, especially when you start taking them in unregulated doses and manners. You die if you don't breathe air- but if you inject it in your veins it will also kill you. That's what a doctor is for - it's easy to say \"x drug for y sickness\", the difficult part is knowing how much, how often, and managing side effects and interactions with other things in your body. Most \"illegal drugs\" are either currently used in medicine, were used in medicine, or have very similar drugs that are used in medicine. Doctors will manage drug intake so that the help the drug does outweighs the negative side effects. \"Illegal drugs\" tend to be \"bad\" for you because the user doesn't need the drug for any health reason, so the side effect isn't worth it, then they tend to use with a focus on enjoyment rather than limiting side effects, and finally, illicit drugs tend to not be produced in nice clean factories, so it's a lot easier for contaminants to be included.",
"There's a fine line between therapeutic window (the doses that are high enough to have a therapeutic effect, but low enough to avoid major side effects) and overdose, especially when we talk about drugs that affect the brain. For example, antidepressants such as citalopram are used by thousands of people every day, and its a pretty safe drug with little side effects (compared to other antidepressants). However, up the dose too much and you could get pretty nasty side effects, or even die. There is no drug that has no side effect. As a matter of fact, in studies comparing drugs to placebos, the patients who take the placebo report side effects. Technically, the effects that drug addicts search when using drugs are side effects, or abuse of therapeutic effects. For example, rape drug was created as an anesthetic. Cocaïne has been used for centuries. They even used to give it as drops to babies for toothaches. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
26j5d5
|
the soft smooth feeling on hands after mowing the lawn
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/26j5d5/eli5_the_soft_smooth_feeling_on_hands_after/
|
{
"a_id": [
"chrivda"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The handle of the mower has been vibrating constantly as you hold it, and your body has tuned out the sensation after a while. Your hands were overstimulated so you can't feel textures as well as normally, meaning everything feels smooth for a while."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
a6b7np
|
why can static electricity be heard really well through earbuds but not normally?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a6b7np/eli5_why_can_static_electricity_be_heard_really/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ebtfr2v"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It's interference with the low voltage DC used for carrying the signals to the speakers. Speakers use electromagnet and the outside static messes with how the speakers should behave."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1dj8nt
|
what is the deal with china and indian at the moment?
|
So I keep seeing in the news that some areas in India are being occupied by China. What's going on?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1dj8nt/eli5_what_is_the_deal_with_china_and_indian_at/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c9qwei8"
],
"score": [
9
],
"text": [
"It's just a random border dispute. In that part of the world the borders have never been properly defined and agreed on for two reasons. Firstly, at least traditionally, the areas are primarily tribal and the people there are not that bothered about borders that were decided on by the British et al. Secondly it is on the biggest mountain range in the world and so the actual line was never that important as it was half-way up a huge mountain and so not that relevant. A grey area was acceptable as the few people that lived there didn't care. Now, with mining etc, the mountains are worth a lot of money so each government wants to claim as much land as possible so as many potential mine sites as possible can be owned by the government."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
51zgjq
|
what is with the hype over the amd zen processor? why do people want it so much?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/51zgjq/eli5_what_is_with_the_hype_over_the_amd_zen/
|
{
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"d7g4nzj",
"d7g4pyn",
"d7g4wks"
],
"score": [
2,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Basically. It's fast. And cheap. Relative to a comparable Intel CPU. Also low power consumption means it's great for laptops.",
"Most new CPU architectures are using the previous generation as a starting point. They change things around to make it faster and with more features. AMD have had some issues with their CPU architectures which have made it difficult to add certain features without redesigning everything. For example the ability to run multiple threads in the same core and cache write-back in addition to a ton of minor bad design decisions in the past. This have caused the AMD processors to lack the performance of the Intel processors. The Zen architecture is just such a redesign of the architecture. It have been a huge gamble by AMD who have spent a lot of time and money on it compared to just changing what they had. It is however hoped that the Zen architecture will match the Intel CPUs or maybe even outperform them. There is also a lot of new features for virtualization and security which is lacking in the current Intel CPUs. It may be that the Zen architecture will be the go to CPU for enterprise users which dominates the market.",
"AMD hasn't been competitive with the only remaining (mainstream) x86 processor maker, Intel, for almost a decade. AMD has fallen so far behind that it has eight core processors (that aren't truly octa core, but that's another story) with core clocks of 4Ghz that are outperformed by Intel's dual core processors running at ~3.4Ghz by a considerable margin (this is on top of AMDs processors using much more power and running hotter).\n\nZen is a new architecture that AMD and tech enthusiasts hope will improve their IPC (instructions per clock - how many instructions the processor can handle at a given clock, currently they're way behind Intel, which is why Intel chips running at lower clocks outperform AMD chips) and again make them competitive with Intel."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
didmai
|
how do animal shelters get their animals?
|
I have a rescue pup that came from North Carolina. How did she get from North Carolina to a shelter in NJ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/didmai/eli5_how_do_animal_shelters_get_their_animals/
|
{
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"text": [
"Lots get started as owner abandons or by the pound getting them. From there, lots of rescues work together shifting dogs around to try an even out numbers versus resources. A rescue i work with will go weeks or months, only taking in overflow dogs from other rescues. Then, one week, they will end up with 4 litters of puppies with the mom in a week. \n\nSimple answer, the rescues shift dogs around to prevent any single rescue from being overwhelmed.",
"I work in a large apartment building and a lot of people foster dogs.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nThe local shelter is a no-kill shelter, and they work with high-kill shelters all over the country. They bring on dogs that they believe they can find homes for, and put them in foster homes until they're adopted. \n\n & #x200B;\n\nAfter hurricane Katrina, my sister adopted a dog from Louisiana. They couldn't find the owners, no one had shown interest in him, so he was scheduled to go to a high-kill shelter - Instead, they brought him into my area and found him a family.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nA lot of people are just super passionate about saving animals, and are willing to go outside of their area to do so.",
"1) They are strays collected by the local law enforcement.\n\n2) Previous owners give them to the shelter when they are not able to care foe the pet. Either by legal decree due to negligence or voluntarily when they observe they are not able to care for it properly. \n\n3) They are evacuated from a region due to natural disaster such as a hurricane. These could have been collected by rescue teams as apparent strays, or they could already be in a shelter and are relocated to an affiliated shelter due to the natural disaster when that city is evacuated.",
"There are rescue networks set up that use volunteers to transport dogs over long distances. Each leg on the route is anywhere from 1 - 1.5 hours and you pass the dog along from driver to driver until the dog gets to where it’s going. If you are looking to volunteer the website Doobert is a great place to start! That’s where I got involved and now shelters contact me directly through email if there is a transport happening in my area."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
22fh65
|
how do television torrent scene groups (2hd, eztv, lol, killers) capture, encode, and release so many shows in such a timely fashion?
|
Also: How do they decide which shows to record?
When sometimes my cable provider or OTA is jittery, their video is pristine.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/22fh65/eli5_how_do_television_torrent_scene_groups_2hd/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cgma149",
"cgma2n2"
],
"score": [
3,
8
],
"text": [
"Nice try Mr. Cable company lobbyist. Stop poking around for ways to shut down sharing.",
"Well, the main reason they do this is actually mostly for bragging rights. \"We got it faster.\" or \"Ours looks better.\" or \"Ours has the best sound.\" \n\nScene rules are very strict, dictating minimum / maximum bitrates, audio codec type, naming convention, and so on.\n\nHow they actually do it is usually the same way we would do it, but they do it much quicker because they've done so many. Usually through a capture card on a computer and someone who lives in an area where the \"early\" broadcast comes on. They'll encode it as the show is still showing, so that by the time the show ends, there's minimal processing still needing to be done, so that 15 minutes after the show ends, they'll have a file ready. They will then split this video file up into the customary .rars and put them up on newsgroups, where big seeders with big pipes will pull them and seed them. \n\nThe shows they capture are basically anything they think will get viewers. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
aimr7d
|
how do sports scientists collect data about what a player does in a game?
|
I am thinking specifically of football (English football), but this is applicable to most sports I imagine. Nowadays there are detailed statistics about an individual player's movements during a match, such as:
\- Which direction/angle he usually passes in
\- How often does he touch the ball
\- How many goal is he expected to score xG (calculated by computing the average number of times a player is able to score a goal from the same shooting position)
& #x200B;
How are all these data points collected? Is it computer vision? Manual tracking? Wearable sensors?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aimr7d/eli5_how_do_sports_scientists_collect_data_about/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eeotc7h"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The overwhelming majority of it is people simply watching the game and writing all the stuff down. \n\nOf course, nowadays computers make it much, much easier to actually sort through all that data and come up with all these weird statistics."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
30m8p8
|
why do flames come out the exhaust of high performance cars?
|
So, I'm looking through Instagram, and I follow a lot of car accounts and i saw a video of a McLaren shooting at least 4 inch flames out of its exhaust pipes in a constant stream. What's going on and why does this happen?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/30m8p8/eli5_why_do_flames_come_out_the_exhaust_of_high/
|
{
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"text": [
"The cars are tuned for maximum power without regard to efficiency. Lots of fuel gets dumped into the combustion chambers to get a big explosion to move the pistons. Not all of the fuel gets burned. Leftover fuel can ignite in a hot exhaust system, causing the flames you see coming out of the exhaust tips. ",
"Some un-spent fuel can get into the exhaust, and if the cars been running for a while the exhaust can get hot enough to ignite the fuel, leading to the flames.",
"In order to try and generate as much power as possible, they are trying to burn as much fuel as possible. Anything leftover afterwards is sent out with the exhaust. The exhaust pipes get really hot, so the leftover fuel burns. For racing I assume it's because they'd rather run a little rich than not burning as much fuel as they could.",
"There are two explanations, one has been explained a lot and it usually is the reason why flames come out of the exhaust in stock high performance cars. Those cars usually send a really rich fuel mixture into the cilinders to create maximum power possible with the displacement the engine has. \n\nHowever, in rallyracing and tuning there is another way cars can spit flames out of the exhaust, and that's the anti-lag system. The anti-lag system basically makes sure the turbo remains spooled up as you let go of the throttle, making sure you don't experience the lag a turbo usually generates. I could explain you in fine detail, but this guy does it 10 times better anyway, so I'm going to shoot you a link. _URL_0_",
"In addition to what /u/ez2typ and /u/SonnenDude said, I would like to mention anti-lag systems.\n\nIn order to do that, you have to know how turbo's work. A turbo uses exhaust gasses to spin a turbine that creates high air pressures. Gas needs a 14:1 oxygen to gas ratio for optimum combustion. Therefore, if you can get more oxygen into the cylinder then you can put more gas into the cylinder and then you get a bigger boom and more power. The engine takes advantage of this high pressure air created by the turbo, and gets more oxygen into the cylinders.\n\nNow that you know how turbo's work, you have to know about turbo lag. Because turbo's use exhaust gasses, when your engine is only revving at 1000rpm, the turbo isn't spinning that much because you aren't making that much exhaust. The time it takes for the turbo to really start working from when you start accelerating (or change gears) is called turbo lag. This is the archenemy of any turbo enthusiast. We ***HATE*** turbo lag.\n\nSo then, what is anti-lag? Anti-lag engages when you let off the accelerator, and it essentially tricks your engine into igniting gas in the exhaust after the engine but before the turbo, therefore keeping the turbo spinning, and keeping boost high. However, when you ignite fuel in the exhaust, you can have some [very](_URL_1_) [dramatic](_URL_2_) results.\n\nBy the way, if you are just finding your inner interest in cars and want to know more about how parts work, check out engineering explained on youtube. He does an amazing job at ELI5ing nearly anything car related. Here are his videos relevant to this thread:\n\n* Turbo: _URL_0_\n\n* Turbo lag: _URL_3_\n\n* Anti-Lag: _URL_4_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5g6cHs5vMRE"
],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zenMEj0cAC4",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HhFFJgmhnIs",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXxU-_a5Fh0",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c_IFh_6bpUo",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyJn40ExwZY"
]
] |
|
22fsgp
|
why do i have windows updates available immediately after installing all updates and rebooting?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/22fsgp/eli5_why_do_i_have_windows_updates_available/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cgmd4u1"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Because some updates require prior updates before they can be installed. Can't put the second floor on before you build the first."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1ncx41
|
the secret service
|
Specifically, how are Secret Service Agents selected and vetted?
There is so much trust involved in this position...how is it not a high target for imposters/spies/hostiles who may want to harm the President or his staff?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ncx41/eli5_the_secret_service/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cchg539"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"To be CONSIDERED you must:\n\n* Be a U.S. Citizen\n* Be between the ages of 21 and less than 37 at the time of appointment\n* Possess a current valid driver's license\n* Possess visual acuity no worse than 20/60 uncorrected, correctable to 20/20 in each eye\n\nTypically, a full background investigation takes approximately six to nine months to complete. During this period, various information is verified including employment history, police records, credit history, school transcripts, neighborhood references and military records.\n\nFor an unrelated position, I needed a security clearance (about 5 years ago). After their research into all the above stated aspects of my life, I had a face to face interview with a federal employee. I had a previously suspended license and they grilled me about the details of that and all my traffic violations for about an hour. That was for a 'secret' level security clearance. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4t6w64
|
how can youtube musicians upload cover after cover of mainstream hits without requesting a license or paying royalties?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4t6w64/eli5_how_can_youtube_musicians_upload_cover_after/
|
{
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"d5f12de",
"d5f2gay"
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2,
2
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"text": [
"Because they're creating an interpretation, making no money off of it, and not using the original background music, as well as give credit to the artists I.E. \"My cover of 'Hello' by Adelle\" \nThey're not profiting and they're making the music. So. ",
"[Here](_URL_0_) you can read about the actual laws regarding cover versions. \n\nTo answer your question, the YouTube auto-filter will not detect the cover version, which is why it usually remains online until somebody flags it. Usually the major companies will not take it down, but rather display ads on the video, from which they will receive the profit. They are not really losing any profit with the cover versions, so why take them down..."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version#U.S._copyright_law"
]
] |
||
2w11ta
|
why are geeks and nerds becoming a part of the "mainstream" culture? how does this effect the definition of what qualifies a person as a geek/nerd?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2w11ta/eli5_why_are_geeks_and_nerds_becoming_a_part_of/
|
{
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"Geeks tend to be obsessed with culture that is more accessible than highbrow culture (opera, fine arts). Nerds tend to be geeks who are more socially awkward. The culture that both nerds and geeks like is easier to access, and it's easier for them to find communities of like-minded people online. \n\nBecause people don't need to settle for the lowest common denominator in their media (a person can watch/read/listen to anything they want at any time) most people will eventually find some obscure corner of media that would have been exclusive to geeks and nerds in another time, and this has given credibility and community to both geeks and nerds.\n\nThe problem is that nerds, by definition, will always struggle socially, but people around them will be more understanding than in the past. Geeks have it made, though.",
"They're really not.\n\nGeeks have a reputation for being smart, and for being underdogs so it's a nice label to attach to yourself, all that's happened is the bar has been lowered enough so that your average Joe can pat himself on the back for watching star wars and reading at least one book without being told to.\n\nThis bit by Chelsea Peretti sums it up pretty well _URL_0_",
"It's just a fashion trend. Cowboys used to be popular, now it's super heroes. The \"new\" nerd culture is manga and anime, but even that's becoming popular now. ",
"\"mainstream culture\" isn't actually a thing that ever existed, at least not in the sense I think you're thinking of. popular culture is and always has been no more and no less than the sum of all its components. i think what's happened recently is that the amount of pop culture in existence has hit critical mass and there's no longer any kind of defined mainstream, especially with the internet",
"My understanding of the definitions of nerds and geeks is that geeks are reeeeaaalllyy into something, usually something like Tolkein, anime, comic books, star trek etc. Nerds are really smart, and while they may be seen to be reeeeaaalllyy into something its more that they are reeeaaalllyy good at it/really intelligent. Like a science nerd, or a maths nerd. Neil Degrasse Tyson, Bill Gates and Brian Cox are Nerds, Joss Whedon and Stephen Colbert are geeks. \n\nI'm sure people will disagree with my definitions, and I guess it may be that the definitions are widely fluid and interchangeable that it seems it has become \"mainstream\" to call yourself a nerd or geek. ",
"Well nerds is cool now! No more getting stuffed in a locker now that bullies are pumping our gas. ",
"New, even more bizarre departures from \"mainstream\" culture are now the outcasts. Neckbeards for example, are the new nerds. These guys take it to a new level, living exclusively in their parents' basements, having \"relationships\" with cartoon characters which are not always even humanoid, wearing fedoras, eating pretty much nothing but doritos and drinking mountain dew. The are self-loathing social outcasts in complete denial and insist they are enlightened and euphoric.",
"Because a confluence of things (such as the computer revolution) resulted in geeks recently becoming a demographic with disproportionate discretionary income, i.e. lots of spending power, to spend on whatever appeals to them.\n\nThis resulted in (among other things) stuff like lots of Hollywood movies being targeted at this lucrative new demographic, and when Hollywood is using it's cultural super-megaphone to spotlight and glamorize geeks and the things geeks love, then geeks (and the things geeks love) become mainstream.\n\nTL:DR; Geeks got money, and money shapes culture.",
"Because \"geeks\" now have money and influence. This is the only reason.\n\nCertain groups attain representation in media only when companies want to target them. Advertisers then put pressure on networks and content creators to manufacture cultural products (tv shows, movies, books, etc.) that cater to that demographic.",
"Note: The specifics of the definitions of both \"nerd\" and \"geek\" (as well as a few other related terms) have changed a number of times over the past fifty years -- and have had regional variations as well for those fifty years.\n\nSo it's a mistake to come across the term \"geek\" in a 1970s story and assume it means precisely the same thing as the term \"geek\" when found in a 2010s story, for example.",
"You know how people into cars, tuning, fixing etc are generally popular? What about sports fans? They are genuinely seen as nothing wrong with them.\n\nWell... Car nuts used to be grease monkey's, odd people always stuck with their head in the cars. Not normal they said. Off, not doing things normally. Same thing with sports fans.\n\nWell... Then they grew up. Raised there kids in the culture, things normalized, older generations that didn't get it die off and well... It's seen as cool and hot to build cars, fix a car etc.\n\nSo build a PC? You're an odd duck. 10-30 years or more from now? Seen as classy, hot and cool.\n\nIt's the same with any new introduction and this isn't just with nerds and geeks(Way to many sub groups etc) but in general what is occuring... Well old nerds and geeks grew up. People are already used to their culture, and they raised their kids in that culture. It's seen as less \"weird\" and at the same time due to a lot of successful people who were geeks and nerds give a face of... Well success. It's good to be nerdy, you could be the next Steve Jobs!\n\nPeople adopt, people like being with it. Times change and nerdy/geeky stuff(Even cars were nerdy once) are fun, but people only join in to the fun when it's more accepted. Anime when I was a kid? I'd be laughed at, so you'd pretend to not watch it and never discuss it at school etc. Hell some of the worst experiences in school was some friends would avoid you at school just to avoid accidentally talking about anime to be in the clique they wanted to belong to but really weren't that person and neither were most in those cliques. They wanted to fit in, these people are fitting in!... Oh they hate what I like... But I want to fit in... Yeah I hate that to!(After school watches a season of X show) etc.\n\nIt's really hard to give a concrete answer but mostly anything new is seen as strange. Over time that new thing is accepted, older people die off, large subsets of the strange people grow up and raise strange kids, those kids proliferate the culture more in a more accepting environment.",
"I would put it down to two different factors.\n\nThe first is the rise of IT and tech companies. Computers, programming, the internet etc. have generally attracted people who were a little off-kilter by mainstream society's standards. However, they've become an essential and valuable part of everyday life, and the tech industry is massively profitable--there's still that aura of weirdness around IT workers and such, but they're now a part of everyday life on all levels.\n\nSecondly, I would put it down to a shift in media trends and consumption. Like computer-related things, entertainments such as video games, fantasy fiction, and comic books were very much niche hobbies. But now in 2014, video games are a massive cultural enterprise, the most avidly-watched TV show is based on a long-running fantasy novel series, and Marvel's movies routinely rake in billions. So all of these weird niche hobbies...aren't so niche anymore.",
"I read an article a while ago where somebody said that geek culture and mainstream aren't actually (and will never be) integrated. It's more like (and this is how the article put it) there's a thick wall between geek culture and mainstream and the mainstream occasionally fires a harpoon through the wall and pulls something out from the geeky side into the mainstream side, and then the hole gets patched up.\n\nI think it makes some sense. There will always be geeky things and ideas hidden away from the mainstream."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://weknowmemes.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/chelsea-peretti-quote.jpg"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2v4ptd
|
the brian williams scandal.
|
He reads the news, they have tons of writers and producers who actually decide what he says. So what exactly did he do?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2v4ptd/eli5_the_brian_williams_scandal/
|
{
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"text": [
"He admitted to telling a false story about his time in Iraq.",
"He lied about being on a helicopter that was almost shot down. He got some credibility and recognition for it. Someone finally called him.out on it and he admitted that he lied about it. ",
"He's also told some stories about being in New Orleans after Katrina which were questioned. For example, he said he saw a dead body float by his hotel in the French Quarter. Those who were there said that the Quarter is on high ground.",
"Turns out he's also changed his story about meeting Mandela after his election, and about rescuing puppies from a burning building.\n\nHe's not just a news reader; he's NBC News's managing editor. Everything that goes on the news program gets approved by him.\n\nHe's admitted to *misremembering*, not lying. Now it turns out the reason his crew didn't call him on it all these years is that they were in on it - splicing audio from the *attacked* helicopter into the *video* of Williams's copter (which followed an hour later).\n\nRemember, this is the same news program that creatively edited the Zimmerman 911 call tape to make it look like Zimmerman was obsessed with Martin's race."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2qbx4t
|
how was the christmas music canon developed?
|
It seems like there are a set of songs from a specific time period that defines "Christmas music."
How did this happen? What existed beforehand? Will my grandchildren have new "classics" by artists like Beyoncé and Ariana Grande?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qbx4t/eli5_how_was_the_christmas_music_canon_developed/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cn4rqyb"
],
"score": [
3
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"text": [
"I dont think they are specific to a time. This has been discussed before, but new songs are added through popular culture, but their addition takes longer or is limited by the amount of time then are played. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
66qfd6
|
how is travel sickness affected by the position in which someone sits in a vehicle?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/66qfd6/eli5_how_is_travel_sickness_affected_by_the/
|
{
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"text": [
"Travel sickness is caused by your body thinking it's poisoned and it acts appropriately by making you feel sick. A way to migrate this is to have a clear view of a window as a way of unconsciously telling your body that you're travelling. That's why it's pretty difficult to read when you're in a car.",
"Motion sickness is when your inner-ear fluid and your eyes are telling your brain conflicting information.\n\nIf the fluid tells your brain that you're moving, turning, etc, and your eyes are not seeing this (like you're reading, phone doinking, etc), you can get motion sickness.\n\nThe position in the car matters if it's a position where you cannot see where you are going. You'll notice the driver of a car doesn't get motion sickness."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
5wb8pw
|
how does vector and matrix operations differs in cpu vs gpu?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5wb8pw/eli5how_does_vector_and_matrix_operations_differs/
|
{
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"text": [
"It's the same thing in both except that gpu's are specialized to do a ton of vector and matrix operations in parallel. Gpu's have hundreds of simple processing cores (thousands these days actually) that can handle doing those calculations in a massively parallel fashion which is necessary for 3d rendering and beneficial for other things like physics simulations. Cpu's these days can also handle some work in parallel but not nearly on the level that a gpu can.",
"Getting from the calculation to the answer doesn't differ. However GPU's are designed for parallel processing. The colour of every pixel in a frame at a rate of ~60 frames per sec needs to be calculated and the output stored in VRAM to be displayed, thus you could more successfully increase the amount of operations on a GPU simultaneously. \n\nMany people are creating massive arrays of GPU's to handle intense physics and mathematical simulation! I'm not talking collision detection and some mesh-based physics like in a video game, but big 'ol equations and computational problems because if you can divide the problem in many smaller sections and process them in parallel a bugger-load of GPU's is far more efficient than a very powerful CPU!",
"Most modern CPUs have vector units, so they do not differ from GPUs in any meaningful way.\n\nIntel's x86 family of microprocessors initially supported IEEE scalar floating point arithmetic with the x87 family of coprocessors. This architecture was integrated into the CPU starting with the 80486, providing a separate register stack of 8x64-bit (80-bit internal) registers usable only by the FPU.\n\nIn 1997, Intel introduced the MMX instruction set. The MMX instruction set used the same register stack as the x87 FPU, but used the register stack for vector integer and vector logical operations. The base x86 instruction set supports only scalar integer and scalar vector operations on the CPU's general purpose registers.\n\nIn 1999, Intel introduced the Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) instruction set. The SSE instruction set extended the register stack used by x87 and SSE to 128 bits and added even more vector integer and vector logical operations.\n\nIn 2001, Intel introduced the SSE2 instruction set. SSE2 is intended to fully replace MMX and x87 (although x87 computes to a higher precision as it uses 80-bits rather than only 64).\n\nWhen AMD introduced the x86_64 microarchitecture, SSE2 was adopted as a standard component. Furthermore, the number of registers in the SSE stack was doubled from 8x 128-bit registers to 16x 128-bit registers.\n\nSubsequent instruction set extensions including SSE3, SSSE3, and SSE4.x were introduced over the years.\n\nIn 2011, Intel introduced the Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX) instruction set which greatly simplified vector instructions for reasons that aren't germane to this post. This instruction set expanded the vector registers from 128 bits to 256 bits. AVX extended vector integer and vector logical instructions to 256 bits.\n\nIn 2013, Intel introduced the AVX2 instruction set which extends floating point instructions to 256 bits.\n\nA 512 bit version of AVX2 is available on Intel's Xeon Phi coprocessor.\n\nIntel's architecture uses the same hardware to execute scalar and vector floating point operations. That is, scalar floating point operations are performed on the vector FPU hardware. This is not true for scalar integer and scalar logical operations; there are multiple scalar integer ALUs per core in addition to vector integer ALUs and vector logical ALUs.\n\nThe vector portion of Intel's CPUs is remarkably similar to that found in a GPU, with a few key differences.\n\n1. The instructions driving the CPU's vector extensions are all proper x86 instructions and are executed on the CPU. No special setup, driver, or runtime is needed for a program to invoke them. However, the operating system does need to be aware of the instruction set to ensure that it will save the registers during context switches. \n\n2. Memory is loaded into the vector registers in the same way that it is loaded into the general purpose registers; same for storing.\n\n3. The CPU's vector extensions run at the CPU's clock speed and are a part of the CPU's pipeline.\n\nFrom an efficiency perspective, there is virtually no overhead involved in setting up vector arithmetic on Intel's CPUs. There is however overhead involved in setting up vector arithmetic on any GPU. However, GPUs have a massive number of vector units and for particularly large and parallelizable working sets the overhead will quickly be overcome by the sheer amount of throughput.\n\nFor any non-parallelizable working set, the CPU will usually be the best option.\n\nFor a small parallelizable working set, the CPU will usually be the best option.\n\nFor a large parallelizable working set, the GPU will usually be the best option."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
mvq24
|
why do so many people/subreddits hate r/atheism?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/mvq24/eli5_why_do_so_many_peoplesubreddits_hate_ratheism/
|
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"Because the subreddit can tend to get a bit circle-jerky and overreactionary to minor things (\"She said god bless you when I sneezed how dare she so I told her off for being such a presumptious bitch and shoving her religion down my throat LOLOL\"). There's a fair amount of pedantry there, too. You could make a comment like 'Well, thank god that X happened' and someone might jump down your throat for using the commonly used phrase 'thank god'. \n\nAnd even though I myself am an atheist, even posting something like the paragraph above there would very likely get me downvoted and called mean names. Atheists can be just as intolerant as the religious.\n\n\nTo be fair, there is, in American society at least, a bit of a stigma attatched to being an atheist. A lot of people tend to look at someone who says they don't believe that someone who doesn't believe in god and think that there's something wrong with them or that they can't be a genuinely good person. \n\n\nIn reality, it's probably a combination of these things.\n",
"\"Most\" people here are atheist or similar. When you get a bunch of people to discuss their opinion with other like-minded individuals, it turns into what people call a \"circle jerk\". a circle jerk (other than its sexual context) is basically a bunch of people agreeing with each other, and building themselves up on positive stuff said.\n\nTry having an argument with 3 people who all believe the same thing, it doesn't work. You end up just supporting eachother",
"I also imagine a lot of it has to do with what gets upvoted to the front page. Think about it, what are the only posts from r/atheism you see on the first handful of pages of reddit? Facebook posts where somebody says something and than the atheist jumps down their throat or ragecomics that are too long and contain little to no funny. Couple those together and you get a recipe that doesn't make them look good.\n\nThe subreddit has a lot of good discussion, stories, and debate, but that doesn't get upvoted as much as the aforementioned things. ",
"Being overly zealous about atheism is just as bad as any religous fanatic.",
"Because the subreddit can tend to get a bit circle-jerky and overreactionary to minor things (\"She said god bless you when I sneezed how dare she so I told her off for being such a presumptious bitch and shoving her religion down my throat LOLOL\"). There's a fair amount of pedantry there, too. You could make a comment like 'Well, thank god that X happened' and someone might jump down your throat for using the commonly used phrase 'thank god'. \n\nAnd even though I myself am an atheist, even posting something like the paragraph above there would very likely get me downvoted and called mean names. Atheists can be just as intolerant as the religious.\n\n\nTo be fair, there is, in American society at least, a bit of a stigma attatched to being an atheist. A lot of people tend to look at someone who says they don't believe that someone who doesn't believe in god and think that there's something wrong with them or that they can't be a genuinely good person. \n\n\nIn reality, it's probably a combination of these things.\n",
"\"Most\" people here are atheist or similar. When you get a bunch of people to discuss their opinion with other like-minded individuals, it turns into what people call a \"circle jerk\". a circle jerk (other than its sexual context) is basically a bunch of people agreeing with each other, and building themselves up on positive stuff said.\n\nTry having an argument with 3 people who all believe the same thing, it doesn't work. You end up just supporting eachother",
"I also imagine a lot of it has to do with what gets upvoted to the front page. Think about it, what are the only posts from r/atheism you see on the first handful of pages of reddit? Facebook posts where somebody says something and than the atheist jumps down their throat or ragecomics that are too long and contain little to no funny. Couple those together and you get a recipe that doesn't make them look good.\n\nThe subreddit has a lot of good discussion, stories, and debate, but that doesn't get upvoted as much as the aforementioned things. ",
"Being overly zealous about atheism is just as bad as any religous fanatic."
]
}
|
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[],
[],
[],
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||
55vvc3
|
why do diseases kill us? what's the benefit of a parasite killing its host?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/55vvc3/eli5_why_do_diseases_kill_us_whats_the_benefit_of/
|
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"It only needs the host long enough to reproduce and spread to a new host or hosts. There is an evolutionary drawback, in that if they eventually kill off all the available hosts, then that's the end of the line. But if one person infects two people, then dies, the disease has now doubled its scope, so the death of the host doesn't impact it, evolution-wise.",
"It's not usually the bacteria itself which causes death, it's the body's attempts to kill it. A fever is caused by the body trying to cook the bacteria to death. A blocked nose is not the virus replicating, it's the blood vessels dilating to get more white blood cells to the area.\n\n_URL_0_",
"The deadliest diseases are those that have mutated from one host organism to another, like say, smallpox. Smallpox is a mutated form of cow pox, a relatively harmless virus to both humans and cows, but especially cows. Smallpox doesn't really do much to cows, either, but it murders humans. But it isn't trying to murder us, it's trying to make us mildly ill, just enough to reproduce and spread. The virus doesn't know it's in a person, it just does all the normal things it normally does to make a cow mildly ill, which happens to be really terrible for us.\n\nConsider the most successful human infecting virus, herpes. Literally more than 90% of the *world* has some form of herpes. At worst, herpes can give you some mildly irritating and socially unacceptable red sores around your genitals or your mouth. Actually, herpes can cause some very serious complications for fetal development, but...that's pretty rare. The vast, vast majority of people never experience symptoms at all, or maybe some red bumps. That's it. And is hugely successful. The Human Papilloma Virus is also incredibly prolific and while it definitely increases your risk of some cancers, it's not guaranteed and you have plenty of time to pass it around before that happens.\n\nYou're exactly right, diseases don't want to kill their host. The deadly ones are just doing it accidentally. That's what makes outbreaks of things like swine flu and bird flu so scary, because they have the potential to cause a lot of death.\n\nThere are a few deadly viruses that are perfectly fine killing us, like rabies and Ebola, but those are obscenely contagious and their symptoms are very conducive to making it spread.\n\n[Relevant CGP Grey](_URL_0_)",
"There are a few parasites that live in you for a time but then want to live elsewhere. Killing you is one way to end up in an environment that's better for them.\n\nOther parasites and diseases kill you unintentionally. One might say that they get a little too hyped up about living in this fantastic environment of plenty and gorge themselves silly. Not unlike the way many humans have gone to a lovely place filled with great resources and trashed it. The human behavior is no more sensible than that of the diseases and parasites - and we're supposed to be much smarter.",
"Deadly viruses are relatively young, too inexperienced in that host to realize its actions are potentially killing its host. Cold/flu give us minor issues by rarely kill and have been around and infecting us for a long time"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/biology-of-infectious-disease/defenses-against-infection"
],
[
"https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=JEYh5WACqEk"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
4a00un
|
what's the difference between the world bank, the imf, and the wto?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4a00un/eli5_whats_the_difference_between_the_world_bank/
|
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"The World Bank provides funding for development projects (so if a nation wants to provide electricity to a remote, poverty stricken area the World Bank will provide a loan). \n\nThe IMF provides central bank like responses to international currency crisis. So if trade stops because the currency has devalued the IMF will provide expert advice and financial support (usually this support is tied to market reforms that may be costly to the nation). \n\nThe WTO provides a means for nations to negotiate international trade deals, and dispute resolution when allegations of violations of said international trade deals arise. They don't generally provide funds for projects like the other two. \n\nAll three tend to increase globalization which isn't a goal of many people, so all three organizations tend to have large groups that dislike their actions. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
65ez2e
|
how does hbo use so many brand names and products?
|
Normal television dances around the idea of logos and brand names but not HBO.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/65ez2e/eli5_how_does_hbo_use_so_many_brand_names_and/
|
{
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"HBO has it easier because they don't have commercials in a show. One of the biggest reasons regular TV blurs out brand names (or uses fake names) is for future advertising. If your TV show always shows people drinking Coca Cola, you're guaranteeing that your show will never have Pepsi as a sponsor after it's in Syndication and Re-runs.\n\nHBO shows are always on HBO (or other media like a DVD that isn't running commercials). This also allows them to get paid product placements without worrying about the future use.",
"Normal television has to worry about advertisers being angry about a competitor's product being shown, or their own product being shown in a negative light.\n\nHBO is a subscription service, so they don't have advertisers to worry about."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
cbael9
|
generally speaking, how do architects and engineers design multi story buildings knowing that they will withstand the weight burden?
|
Watching the MLB all star game and the thought occurred to me. How do we know that the upper deck of a stadium will hold the weight without collapsing?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cbael9/eli5_generally_speaking_how_do_architects_and/
|
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"Engineers work with worst case scenario and safety factor. So let’s say a stadium can hold 1000 people.. let’s say the average person weighs 175-200 lb. you would take 200x 1000 for your max weight and then you would say I want a safety factor of 15 because people could get hurt if the structure fails. So you end up with 200x 1000 x 15 as you max load. The rest gets more complex dealing with physics and statics.",
"There are weight estimates and building code requirements for live/dead loads, spans, materials etc. Reinforced Concrete at x cubic feet weighs Y plus your live and static loads generate Z force. In order to hold Z force up you need a column A thickness or 3 columns B thickness or 5 columns C thickness, etc. \n\nA lot of the architectural software takes that into account when designed and suggests materials to meet the requirements of the drawing.",
"The weights of everything are carefully calculated and structures are over designed slightly.",
"As everyone else has said, engineers calculate the loads and adjust for factors of safety. Architects generally aren't concerned with how to make it work, just how it should look.",
"I’ve heard it this way, you build it from the top down. Let’s say the top floor is 100 tons so the next floor down has to support that weight and is 120 tons itself. Now the floor below that has to support 220 tons, etc. \n\nPart of the weight of each floor is all the stuff that goes in it; furniture, people, etc and each floor is rated to support X times it’s real life load.",
"As an Architect I can answer this question. Some other answers are correct but are only partial.\n\nFirst you establish the intended usage for each level of the building. Think of it this way: An inaccessible roof holds a lot less weight than a level intended for parking. Once you know what it's going to be used for, you find out how much it weighs. Each floor has to support what you put on it (people, furniture, machinery, parked cars) plus its own weight.\n\nEach level is supported by columns - each column has to support every level above it. So the columns on the top floor only have to support the weight of the roof over that floor, but the columns on the ground floor have to support the weight of EVERY level above it.\n\nThen you also have safety margins, so whatever you build should support a little bit more \"just in case\" to account for variations in load (things like the building being used for a slightly different purpose later in its lifetime or oblivious people putting things they shouldn't) and chemical/mechanical imperfections in the materials used.\n\nAnd then, if you want to be absolutely sure the actual materials hold as much as you calculated, when you're actually building it you take samples of structural materials (such as concrete) and send them to a materials laboratory that will take those samples and put things on them until they break, and send you a report on how much it actually supports.\n\nIf by any chance the test results are less than what you expected, and it's greater than the safety margins you used, you re-do all the calculations and if it *still* won't hold, you *will* have to take the whole thing down and re-build it because you're criminally liable and it's your responsibility to deliver a building that will hold well for the purpose that was requested. It is, however, not your responsibility if it later breaks because someone decided to use it beyond its capacity without asking a qualified professional first.\n\nAn example of this is the [Sampoong Department Store collapse in Seoul, Korea, in 1995](_URL_4_). After construction started, the owner decided to add another floor AND make it a very heavy floor. The Architects refused because it wouldn't hold, so he fired them and finished it anyway. It miraculously held due to the original safety margins, until a few years later when additional work was done that weakened the structure further, dooming it to collapse almost immediately. There are several documentaries [about](_URL_0_) [this](_URL_1_) [event](_URL_3_).\n\nOn tall enough buildings you also have to account for wind sway, so that it neither bends far enough to crack, nor leans far enough to topple over. On the plus side, if you're ever in a very tall building and it sways because of the winds, you can be sure it won't topple over because it's been accounted for. Except at the [Citicorp Center in New York](_URL_2_) (1976), where only well after construction was finished and the building was occupied, did the structural engineer realize he did the calculations wrong and the building would collapse in strong wind. They went and did heavy structural reinforcements quietly at night so that nobody knew. Of course, people eventually found out and they were quite displeased with this course of action. The building stands today and now it *should* be safe."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9GWw3wtGXw",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8Yw9hill1k",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citigroup_Center",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=On-ngOexalA",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampoong_Department_Store_collapse"
]
] |
|
3ka2n3
|
how can a jury "disregard" something heard in trail when ordered by a judge.
|
While watching Law and Order I keep hearing the Judge telling Juries to disregard something they have heard. This happens a lot in the TV series but surely it wouldn't happen in a real trail, is this a tactic used to taint a Jury at your own reputation as a lawyer?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ka2n3/eli5_how_can_a_jury_disregard_something_heard_in/
|
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"They can't internally disregard the statement, as it's something they've already heard. But when it comes to deliberations, they can't discuss anything having to do with the statement - and they can't use the statement at all when making a final decision.",
"It doesn't happen frequently, but sometimes a lawyer (usually defense) wants to insert a question into the mind of jury, it might be a question that they know they can't ask. \n\nSo the lawyer will ask a question, the judge will order the jury to disregard that question, and technically not consider it in their deliberations to determine guilt or not.\n\nOf course, you can't un-hear a question, so the question has done it's job, even if it can't be discussed. ",
"Lawyer here.\n\n > surely it wouldn't happen in a real trail\n\nIt does all the time. There's no guarantee what a witness or attorney is going to do or say, and it's up to the judge to instruct the jury on what may/may not be considered.\n\nMore often than not, it's an honest mistake on the part of an attorney or witness. For example, a lawyer might try to offer a document but can't lay the proper foundation for it. Or a witness answers a question and adds some gratuitous (and inadmissible) hearsay.\n\nIf you're caught trying to distract the jury with inadmissible evidence *on purpose,* you're going to lose a lot of credibility with the judge and jury both, to say nothing about potential sanctions from the court.\n\nAs for whether juries actually disregard inadmissible evidence, I think they generally do, if they're properly instructed. Unless it's terribly unimportant, the judge should say more than \"Disregard that.\" He should break down the reasoning of his instruction in an easy-to-understand way. \"The jury should disregard the document offered by X because we cannot verify its authenticity,\" or \"The jury should ignore the witness's last statement because it was unverifiable hearsay. The witness can't testify for someone else.\" I think most jurors will respond to instructions like that. \n\nAnd if they *don't,* well, they risk a mistrial and potential charges/sanctions for juror misconduct."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
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