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bzquw2
|
why is the hong kong government not facing serious international consequences for their actions the last couple days?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bzquw2/eli5_why_is_the_hong_kong_government_not_facing/
|
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"It’s the Chinese government, not the hongkong government. Nobody wants to upset the second largest economy in the world. Everybody is happy to look the other way in return for continued access to the Chinese economy.",
"Because they are an economic and military superpower. They are also a sovereign state. \n\nTraditionally when a state is out of line, other economic superpowers would impose sanctions that hurt the state economically. China is so ingrained in the world economy that we can't really do that. \n\nNow, if they started genocide, someone might step in, but what they are doing isn't so out of line that anyone really feels the need.",
"The \"Hong Kong\" government is effectively the Chinese government, and few countries have the economic/military influence and the political will to hold China and its proxies accountable for any of their domestic and international transgressions.\n\nMore generally, the international community has always been pretty much useless at resolving regional conflicts."
]
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[] |
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[],
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1m502z
|
what are floating point numbers and what is their relevance in computing?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1m502z/eli5_what_are_floating_point_numbers_and_what_is/
|
{
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"Floating point is one way to store a number with a decimal in it. Say we've got five boxes and we can only store on number in each. Normally, that means we could store positive numbers from 0-99999. What if we want to store 1.5? On way is to use a \"fixed point\" method. We just decide that the decimal point goes between the 4th and 5th boxes. So now we can store numbers between 0.0 and 9999.9.\n\nSo now we can do basic stuff, but what happens when we want to store a price like 14.95? Fixed format is a pain here, we have to have magically decided ahead of time how many boxes to save for after the decimal point. What's worse, every box after the decimal point lowers the maximum number we can keep track of.\n\nSo floating point saves one box to say WHERE the decimal point goes. Our biggest number is still 9999 (we'd store it as 9-9-9-9-0 where the 0 says there are zero numbers after the decimal point) but our smallest (that isn't zero) is now 0.0001 (which we'd store as 0-0-0-1-4. We cheat and just leave off the first zero). Our 14.95 example is stored as 1-4-9-5-2.\n\nSo yeah, it's kinda like scientific notation. The whole \"limited number of boxes\" thing comes from computer memory being stored in bytes which are groups of 8 bits. If you're curious, the bits are like the boxes in this example, except they only store a 0 or a 1 for reasons that aren't really relevant for this explanation.\n\nFloating point does lose stuff though, specifically precision. If you only get 4 boxes for numbers and one for the decimal's position, you simply CAN'T store 123.456. You don't have enough boxes. So even though our range now goes from 0.0001 to 9999.0, we end up dropping stuff if you try to put numbers like 1.2345 or 9999.9 into our 5 box setup. 1.2345 and 1.2346 both only have enough room to store 4 numbers, so they both get stored as 1.234. This sort of precision loss can make for surprising errors when you don't know what's going on underneath. Don't do your master's thesis for physics in Excel. ;)\n\nBut on the upside you get easy fast work with numbers that are precise enough for most general purposes.\n\nOkay, so why do it this way? Why not just use more sets of boxes (i.e. bytes)? When the precision needs to be super accurate AND you need to store a large range of numbers, that's exactly what you do. But there's a cost. Because then you have to do lots of extra work to know if you need one set of boxes to hold a number or two or three. And then when you go copying stuff to disk or in memory, you have to keep track of how much space it takes. That cost shows up as more space and slower number crunching speed.\n\n(Another less common option is to just assume every number might need 20 boxes and so you spend forever slowly lugging around a bunch of boxes with nothing but zeros in them because you wanted to store that one big number. Sometimes it's easier to just assume you have a lot of big numbers than to do the detail tracking of exactly how long each number is.)\n\nThe other thing you asked was about the relevance of floating point numbers. Why are they always the cool thing to talk about, right? In short, because they are common. Most of the common stuff people do needs a wide range of numbers (from really small to really large) but doesn't need more precision than what floating point numbers usually provide. Floating point gives a good trade off between range of numbers, precision, and speed, so it's kinda the go-to default for doing computer math. Since computers really only do math underneath (words, letters, pictures, everything really, are converted into numbers internally) you end up talking about CPUs in terms of how much math they can do, in the most common way they do math: floating point operations.\n\nEdit: typos, a couple more sentences to add some clarity."
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2xht3v
|
why does muscle size seemingly have little to do with overall strength? why are bodybuilders much bigger than powerlifters, even though they aren't as strong overall?
|
There's a guy at the gym who is the same height and relatively same body fat % as me. He has some of the skinniest legs in the gym, yet can squat a significant amount for his size. My legs are far more muscular, but our overall strength is basically the same. How is this possible?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2xht3v/eli5_why_does_muscle_size_seemingly_have_little/
|
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"Used to press 945lbs and squat 315 with muscular but \"non-freaky legs\".\n\nA lot of it is due to [the type of muscle developed](_URL_0_) and the muscle fiber density due to the [type of training](_URL_1_). \n\nEdit: Correction. ",
"Just a note. They say a lot of Worlds Strongest Men champions could train for a year and compete as bodybuilders. I mean compete in the sense of compete well.",
"Well, just to get one thing out of the way, a lot of people have this notion that bodybuilders aren't strong at all. Most bodybuilders, in the off season at least, are very strong. Case in point, the strongest guy in my gym is a bodybuilder, I've seen the guy incline bench 450 and squat 550, both for reps.\n\nPart of this idea comes from the idea of a bodybuilder on competition day. He's dieted down to very low body fat, and is incredibly dehydrated on top of that, so on that day he's a weaker version of his usual self.\n\nThere's also the different training styles. Powerlifters tend to squat heavy weight for low reps, which means developing thick core muscles to support the weight, and his central nervous system being equipped to put out max effort for a short period of time. A bodybuilder seeking a classic physique with a narrow waist might opt to do leg press instead of squat, to target the quads without needing the support from the core. He might do higher reps to increase his overall volume. Have them meet somewhere in the middle, and their performance would probably be fairly comparable.",
"Muscle size IS directly related to strength. A large muscle is going to be stronger than a small muscle, ALL THINGS BEING EQUAL\n\nBut there are many additional factors that come into play. Strength training develops neurological efficiency which allows for greater fiber activation. Higher training volumes and repetitions cause a hyperplasia of all 3 fiber types, not just the fast twitch Type B fibers activated mainly in powerlifting. \n\nSo when bodybuilders do higher reps/sets/overall volume they are developing strength along a wider range of demands than someone going only for momentary strength. A by-product of that training adaptation is greater overall muscle size. \n\nTom Platz for example, had the largest legs ever, and while he had power-lifter level short term strength, he also had incredible muscle endurance (495lb squats for 23 reps, 225lbs for 100 reps!!!). All that higher volume high rep training Platz did had the side effect of causing his legs grow to massive size. All fiber types were developed.\n\nGenerally, power lifters are naturally strong people and often have genetic and structural advantages over other people such as favorable muscle tendon insertion locations (ie father away from each joint, resulting in greater leverage)\n\nIn the real world, most athletes train across a spectrum of repetitions and volume at various times, and most powerlifters include at least moderate amounts of lighter volume training. You cant just go in and pound out triples all the time. But if you wanted to create a strongman with the highest strength to weight ratio, you would limit his training to target only the fast twitch fibers so that his overall muscle volume remained as small as possible. he would be great for 1 or 2 reps, but horrible at anything over, say, 5+ reps",
"people always get this wrong. it's not a matter of muscle \"density\". sarcoplasmic hypertrophy (increase in muscle size due to increase in intracellular fluid) and myofibrilar hypertrophy (increase in muscle size due to growth of muscle fibers) are not mutually exclusive- in fact, they're mutually *inclusive*. they can't happen without each other. muscle hypertrophy does not differentiate between fluid and fiber. in fact, the sarcoplasm makes up a very small percent of total muscle cross-sectional area and only increases when the total volume of fibers increases or temporarily after a workout. \n\nthe real reason some bodybuilders aren't as strong as powerlifters is the result of neurological adaptation. the human body is absolutely fantastic at adapting to stress. the type of adaptations your body makes, however, will depend on the type of stress you put on it. for example, someone who runs every day, and increases the total distance by a quarter mile a day, will eventually get better at running longer distances. similarly, a person who trains to increase their strength or size will do so- but there are different ways to train for those goals.\n\nbodybuilders tend to train with rep ranges of 8-12, and sometimes higher, with many sets and variations of exercises. this means that overall, they'll use a lower weight. it's a lot easier to do 5 sets of 8 with 225 pounds than it is to do 5 sets of 8 with 315. in addition, many bodybuilders don't really focus on how much weight they're putting up, but how much they're growing. so, if they can do more volume at the same weight, their muscles will grow, but their nervous system won't adapt to increasing weight, but rather increasing volume.\n\npowerlifters on the other hand train with heavy weight, fewer reps/sets, and lower volume. they're not necessarily concerned with size (although they definitely get beefy if they're not in the super-heavyweight classes, and even then those guys are huge- they're just fat), so they're not really focusing on making their muscles grow as much. they're focusing on lifting the absolute maximum weight that they can. this boils down to a few things- the two i'll discuss here are form and the central nervous system. powerlifters need to practice absolutely perfect form to both take advantage of their natural biomechanics (joint angles and stuff that determine leverages), which will help them lift more weight, and reduce chance of injury. and form is related to the CNS, actually. muscle memory and whatnot. but the more important thing is the central nervous system's ability to make the highest percentage of muscle fibers activate, make them fire at the right time, with the right speed, with the right intensity, and in the right direction.\n\nbodybuilders rely on the CNS as well, but the way that they stress the nervous system has, again, more to do with volume and less with maximal strength.\n\nthere's no such thing as \"massive\" or \"dense\" muscle. a powerlifter who cuts of all his fat will still look very muscular, but he probably won't have the proportions desired by bodybuilders. and in a similar vein, most bodybuilders are actually very strong, but not powerlifter strong. ronnie coleman, largely considered to be the best bodybuilder of all time (sorry arnold) deadlifted well above 800 pounds for reps when he was training. dan green, considered to be one of the best powerlifters around today, looks [stupid good](_URL_0_) and breaks world records. \n\nalso bodybuilders tend to take a lot more steroids, and use insulin, growth hormone, and other peptides that don't necessarily benefit powerlifters as much as bodybuilders.\n\n*edited for a little more eli5ness\n\n*obligatory thanks for the gold edit!",
"Nervous System. \n\nYour nervous is the one that's really doing a lot. It's the reason a girl Olympian can out lift you even though she might be smaller than you. \nAs a strongman You're not just building muscle you're conditioning your nervous system to deal with more stress. Body builders are building size for the look. Look into CNS training for more information. It's heavily studied especially in the Olympic world. ",
"Low reps tend to cause myofibrillar hypertrophy whereas medium to high reps tend to cause a mixture of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic (the sarcoplasm being the fluids and organelles in a muscle cell that aren't contractile fibers) hypertrophy.\n\nSo if you take a cross section of a powerlifter muscle it will mostly be fibers of contractile proteins, whereas a bodybuilder's muscle will have a lot more mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, intracellular fluid containing dissolved glycogen, triglycerides, and a whole host of enzymes, and all other organelles having to do with supporting the energy demands of higher volume, higher rep bodybuilding training.\n\nThis is the theoretical reason why a powerlifter can train for a year to be a bodybuilder. They have maximized their potential for myofibrillar growth and when they go higher volume and higher rep they get \"beginners gains\" of sarcoplasmic factors and blow up seemingly overnight.\n\nSource: got my degree in this crap.\n\nEdit: also, powerlifters train far more on technique in their three big lifts than bodybuilders ever do. Economy of movement can be the difference between an Olympic athlete taking first place, or never even making the final. As athletes' economy of movement increases, there is even an observed tipping point where their physiological fitness can actually decrease while their performance increases simply because they do not have to expend as much effort to get the same result.\n\nChampion runners have been found to have a paradoxical decrease in VO2max while maintaining or increasing their performance simply because their body had figured out the most energy efficient technique to achieve maximum performance and they are actually working less hard to achieve a superior performance. The same principle applies to the strength sports. For the same muscular effort, with slightly tweaked technique thanks to thousands of hours of repetition, will result in more weight on the bar lifted compared to an untrained individual.",
"A lot of it is false perspective. [Watch Mr. Olympia meet one of the world's strongest men.](_URL_0_)",
"Graduate of Kinesiology here, I want to comment on this because the top comment that got gold here is wrong. Yes, neurological adaptation contributes to muscle strength and recruitment, but after about a few months of training neurological recruitment is maxed out no matter what was your repetitions are like. Assuming your both regulars at the gym its a moot point.\n\nThe most likely answer is that your friend has the genetics that give him more Type IIx fibres and you have more Type I muscle fibres. Type IIx have explosive power which is what you need for exercises like squats but they fatigue quickly so he'd probably suck at a marathon and it should be the opposite for you. \n\n\n"
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"http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/hale6.htm"
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"http://crossfitbattlefield.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/dan-green1.jpg"
],
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3cvxmc
|
why the upvotes of some thread are severely reduced by time?
|
I noticed this when I saw that this post: _URL_0_ was up to 20000 upvotes, and now it is with roughly 6000 thousand. Why this happen?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3cvxmc/eli5why_the_upvotes_of_some_thread_are_severely/
|
{
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"I've seen this question on the sub before. I believe the answer is because they start grouping them so instead of 1 Up vote = 1 Karma Point it is 10 Up Votes = 1 Karma Point. This helps keep the front-page fresh and keep track of the growth in a reasonable range 10k vs 100k or 1million."
]
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|
[] |
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/announcements/comments/3cucye/an_old_team_at_reddit/"
] |
[
[]
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|
3mhnbk
|
why do people smell different when they've been outside in the cold?
|
I've noticed that during winter/autumn months, when people go outside into colder weather, they tend to carry a distinctive smell when they return. You can smell it on their clothes, particularly on coats, but it does fade quickly. What is it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3mhnbk/eli5_why_do_people_smell_different_when_theyve/
|
{
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"text": [
"because most of the things we smell are volatile substances (evaporate easily). \n\nhowever when these substances get cold they have more difficulty evaporating. so the person who has been in the cold made their jacket cold and so they stop emitting their normal smell. and any smells in the air condense on the jacket. like the water condenses on the cold toilet. so smelling them only smells the smells that evaporate in the cold. \n\nthen after they have been inside and warm up the compounds can start evaporating easily again and their smell returns to normal. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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|
76eq7u
|
why do retail and restaurant businesses make a weekly ever changing schedule? wouldn't it be easier to give everyone consistent hours?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/76eq7u/eli5_why_do_retail_and_restaurant_businesses_make/
|
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"text": [
"Higher end stores and restaurants give their workers consistent hours, typically, but lower end stores are staffed by high school and college students and other people with multiple jobs or otherwise unpredictable schedules.\n\nMost stores have a few workers that typically work certain shifts, but there has to be a lot of flexibility to account for people requesting time off, rotating workers in so that everyone gets hours, accounting for specific workers that do or don't work well together (easier just to separate them), and that's all without getting into the variable demand caused by holidays and things. \n\nTo answer your question bluntly: quality workers with consistent availability DO get consistent hours, but the nature of the work requires scheduling to be flexible.",
"Of course, this depends on a number of factors. For one thing, many low paying jobs are held by young people, who have unstable schedules due to school work and other similar stuff, and who are not the most reliable people to show up for work on time or at all. So, you need to plan according to their availability and factor in some safeguards. \n\nAnother thing would be the fact that retail stores, unlike office jobs, don't have a steady flow of customers, but rather a relatively low volume, followed by a huge volume due to the lunch break, people getting off work, holidays, discounts, etc. And you can't keep someone working the same hours every day during the busiest times, or you'll burn them out.\n\nFinally, and speaking of burnout, these jobs are usually demanding, and shifts are usually long, so it is not uncommon for staff to work a couple of days, then have a day off to recover, leading to the need to schedule shifts, as well as to trading shifts, which quickly turns into chaos if not managed properly.",
"At the very low end if you don't show up for you you no longer have a job and they can replace you that day. And computers are very efficient at scheduling people around expected peak hours/days/holidays/sales without putting you over 35 hours and having to give you health insurance.\n\nBecause it's more profitable and because computers can do it, basically.\n\nIt's less used now and more companies are moving to better algorithms that take into account employee needs because it's getting harder to replace them because unemployment is down and the wages for service workers aren't up.",
"Food service manager here . Union house . For the most part they have consistent hours . Factors come to play - \ncatering (additional work available)\nManagers are there a lot and sometimes like to take time off, they have lives too , this requires other people’s schedules to change to keep the operation open / afoot .\nAlways increasing productivity to maximize efficiency when busy slow times happen",
"Computer algorithms (like HotSchedules) are easier to run if a manager literally just enters everyone's names and pushes Calculate. The algorithm accounts for stuff like predicted headcount (crowds) and avoiding overtime. \n\nWhen I worked at a restaurant, we used HotSchedules but also had a regular schedule for the waiters every week. It's more difficult to keep up with that than to just put in needed days off. "
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34lcms
|
why does kitchen paper towel have those bumps all over it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34lcms/eli5_why_does_kitchen_paper_towel_have_those/
|
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"If I had to guess, it adds more surface area allowing it have more grip on surfaces and absorb more liquids.",
"The quilting helps to absorb more fluid. \n\nPaper towels are usually two-ply. The top layer is quilted, or raised, while the lower one is flat. This creates small air pockets between them that suck water in, increasing absorption."
]
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[] |
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[],
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3hz6ay
|
why does a natural gas furnace have to be vented out of the house while the gas oven/gas cooktop does not. what happens to the exhaust gases created from the oven/cooktop?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3hz6ay/eli5_why_does_a_natural_gas_furnace_have_to_be/
|
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"It's all the same exhaust gases. Difference is volume. Oven is usually not on for 12 hours of the day, every day during the winter.",
"* A gas furnace burns waaaaay more fuel than a small oven or cook top. That's the reason its gasses have to be vented while for the oven the natural air exchange is good enough.\n* You use the oven only while cooking so you would be aware of problems, while a gas furnace operates automatically.\n* Ovens need to be in a room where you can ventilate (i.e. has windows that can be opened), local building regulations have all the details"
]
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[] |
[] |
[
[],
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40l5k0
|
how do some people maintain that certain minerals and rocks give them specific health benefits? how do companies get to profit off that?
|
Examples:
1. Jade saunas improve blood circulation. (Korean spa)
2. Himalayan Pink Salt lights help clean the air, improve your mood, etc. (Saw them in Germany a lot)
It seems like a scam sometimes. Am I just dense?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/40l5k0/eli5_how_do_some_people_maintain_that_certain/
|
{
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"text": [
"They and other things like them - magnetic bracelets, feng shui, ion baths, \"detoxing\", and so on - are for the most part scams, but they CAN have health benefits even if they're complete bunk. These benefits can come from a couple different sources.\n\nFirst, pampering yourself and believing that you're doing something healthy can reduce your stress. Going to an expensive spa for some sort of oxygen treatment might not actually do much physically for you directly, but it'll reduce your blood pressure and create some happy spoiling-yourself memories, and those can have health benefits.\n\nThere's also some science that says the colour pink can reduce hostile emotions (they have proven this by putting belligerent arrestees in pink-painted rooms to calm them down), so the Himalayan light might have some reality. Lemon scent is proven to increase productivity in workers, nice decor increases personal contentment, and so on. \n\nSo there's often little sidebar benefits to many of these little treatments and doo-dads even if the actual health claims their manufacturers tell us are HORRIBLY exaggerated. "
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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|
2u7s2c
|
why do people sometimes cross between their native language into english for seemingly non specific phrases?
|
I've heard it quite often where someone may be talking in Indian, talking to somebody else who is Indian, but then suddenly use an English phrase, I can't seem to hear a pattern either, the English phrases seem rather random (like, not just names or places)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2u7s2c/eli5_why_do_people_sometimes_cross_between_their/
|
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"text": [
"I suppose their language doesnt have a specific word for it. Like 'rendezvous' for example.",
"A lot of languages are peppered with English phrases and nouns. In the case of the different languages spoken in India for instance, that place was under British rule for a very long time, and English is still considered one of their official languages. Therefore, certain words, particularly describing relatively recent items or concepts, will have an English word. My friend, who's Pakistani and speaks Urdu, told me that such words will often have an Urdu counterpart but that the English versions are more common in everyday speech. It's the same for a lot of countries with ties/influences from the former British empire, or for countries whose cultures have been influenced by the US. I can't speak for non English speaking countries although I imagine it happens a lot with countries connected to French, Spanish etc as well. ",
"I had a friend who got her masters degree in linguistics, and this was the topic she studied for her thesis.\n\nThe technical term for it is code switching ([see Wikipedia](_URL_0_)).\n\nHere's an [NPR article](_URL_1_) about reasons why it happens. One of the five is that the lizard brain kicks in, due to fear or stress, for example. Another is the desire to keep a particular part of the conversation secret.\n\nIt can seem like there's no pattern, but I guess people who study this stuff have found some.",
"If you have spent a significant amount of time mastering English or hearing/seeing it on various media, there will be a point when your brain remembers random words or entire phrase structures quicker than it remembers the equivalents of those words/phrases in your native language. When that happens, your brain usually gets stuck, so it's faster to just say what you have to say in English and get on with it than sit in front of your friend like \"Uuuuuhhhhhhh.....\" for as much as a solid minute. That happens with all the languages with which you have spent a lot of time being in touch. English is the main offender because it is the global language.",
"Firstly, there is no language called \"Indian\". India has over 20 officially recognized languages. The language that most non-Indian people identify as \"Indian\" is actually Hindi, which is the most spoken language overall but it's not spoken at all in the south of the country (including where I live).\n\nIf you were to pick two Indians completely at random, the most probable language in common between them would actually be English.\n\nEnglish education is extensive in urban (read more developed) parts of India. So extensive that most kids of the latest generation cannot speak their native tongue. Moreover, jargon is non-existent in Indian languages. I don't know the words for television, computer, refrigerator, bus or train in my native language. I don't think they even exist. Such words are transliterated instead of being translated even in local print media.\n\nThat is why you find Indians switching to English in the middle of conversations for seemingly simple phrases. These phrases often don't have a widely known alternative in our native language."
]
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[],
[],
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switching",
"http://www.npr.org/blogs/codeswitch/2013/04/13/177126294/five-reasons-why-people-code-switch"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
arpu7w
|
why do most kids like bouncing on things like beds and trampolines?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/arpu7w/eli5_why_do_most_kids_like_bouncing_on_things/
|
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"text": [
"You don't like bouncing on things like beds and trampolines? ",
"Edit: why do most people, including me like bouncing on beds and trampolines? What makes it so stimulating? "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
ctq87m
|
what is the safest way to get rear-ended when you see it coming, but don't have time to move safely out of the way?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ctq87m/eli5_what_is_the_safest_way_to_get_rearended_when/
|
{
"a_id": [
"exmoe44",
"exmoomh",
"exmq77c",
"exmswfw",
"exmv8d2",
"exmz66v"
],
"score": [
2,
18,
2,
2,
4,
3
],
"text": [
"I would say try to go forward a little if you can so you can almost absorb some of the velocity",
"If you see it coming, and you 100% cannot avoid it, I would suggest letting off the brake so when you get hit, the transfer of energy and momentum is continuous into your vehicle. If theres room even, try to accelerate as much as possible. The force of the car hitting you will be lessened if your car is in motion as well, as opposed to holding your foot on the brake and taking the entire force of the car hitting you. A way to picture this is with toy cars.. sending one into a stationary one will show a greater impact than if you start to move the second toy car prior to the contact. Also, try your best to relax as much as possible. Tensing up in anticipation then getting hit can lead to more injuries than if you're relaxed and aren't trying to restrain yourself from moving.",
"Edit: this is in the context of being stopped and getting rear-ended, rather than someone plowing into you because they're speeding but you're not.\n\nThere is no great answer, especially in that split second decision-making and your body reacting to what you need to do.\n\nHaving been in a rear-ending (but didn't see it coming), don't rely on your ability to control your body (and hence your vehicle) at the moment of impact, including holding the brake down. You could injure yourself if you hold your leg too stiff and it gets slammed, or you could just release it by mistake. To reduce injury make sure your seat is adjusted properly That said, I do believe applying the brakes is important, otherwise the shock of the impact can disorientate you and leave the car moving uncontrolled.\n\nI don't know if this is good advice - I feel like it's not - but if you're not braking hard and you get hit from behind, your car will turn in the direction you're steering. My driving instructor taught us that, when waiting for traffic to clear for a turn, wait with the wheels straight so that if you do get rear-ended you don't get pushed into oncoming traffic or hit a pedestrian or something. That said, if you saw an impact coming and can't get out of the way in time, you could still make your car turn on impact if there's something directly in front of you and you're at risk of hitting it. Of course this could go horribly wrong and you lose control which is why I'm not comfortable saying this is something you should do.",
"Put your head on the headrest. That's more important than where your foot is. When it comes to it, if you get rear-ended hard, your foot's gonna come off the break.",
"Try not to tense up, so you can minimize bodily damage. It's the reason there's fewer injuries when drunk or asleep during an accident, due to the body being more relaxed",
"British driving test recommends that you apply handbrake and put the gear into neutral while waiting at lights, leaving 1 and a half car lengths between you and the car infront in case the car infront breaks down or you are hit from behind. They also suggest that if you are turning across oncoming traffic, that you don't point your wheels into that traffic until you are already moving, so that if you are rear ended you aren't pushed into oncoming traffic\n\nIn either situation, don't touch the foot brake."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3o8sfc
|
how do certain sea creatures who swallow their food whole process them without them escaping/eating their way out?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3o8sfc/eli5_how_do_certain_sea_creatures_who_swallow/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvv0net",
"cvv9lte"
],
"score": [
15,
16
],
"text": [
"The prey actually dies very quickly. Usually it's crushed to death by powerful stomach muscles, otherwise it's suffocated within a couple of minutes. After that it's just a matter of powerful stomach acids. Sharks can digest pretty much anything except large bones. ",
"Check out the leatherback turtles' oesophagus. The thing has backwards pointing spines to stop the jellyfish it eats from popping back out "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2vv3jp
|
why do disadvantaged single mothers keep their children? why is infanticide rare?
|
I don't know anything about families, babies, relations, affection, culture, human behaviour, sociology, economics, relevant laws etc... so please bear with me.
Why don't they just dump the babies (either literally or on the state)? Wouldn't they have more time and fewer burdens? What are their incentives? What are their beliefs? Why is infanticide rare - or is it not? How quickly do people bond with babies?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2vv3jp/eli5_why_do_disadvantaged_single_mothers_keep/
|
{
"a_id": [
"col68s5"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"Most people struggle to put down a sick pet, let alone abandon a human child. Orphanage drops are vastly, vastly more common than infanticide, but there's something that some people who live lives of relative comfort miss sometimes.\n\nMazlow's hierarchy of needs is upside down. Above all else, we desire to be loved, to be a part of things, and to live up to our own identity. \n\nWhen governments need to break soldiers, the advanced techniques they use aren't to deprive food unless the person breaks. They try to create a sense that the interrogation subject is resisting society and will be accepted if they talk. Prisoners start hunger strikes - guards never refuse to feed prisoners, because it never breaks them.\n\nThere are homeless people who won't stay in the shelter because the shelter doesn't allow their dog. The love and companionship is a part of it, but more than that, they cannot live with the thought of being the kind of person who abandons their dogs. I can't imagine that a mother would have anything like an easy time abandoning a child - I suspect that when they do, it's not for their own ease, but out of a genuine belief that the child is better off without them.\n\nDisadvantaged people live terrifying and sad lives, where they cling to any sense of hope or meaning in a world they feel is better off without them. Suicide is far more common than infanticide, and now you know why. Feeling loved is more important than not starving to death."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
5pli2g
|
what are the leading theories on how humans started to use fire, and what are the flaws in these?
|
As a sidequestion: How far apart timewise was the use of fire for warmth contra the use of fire for cooking?
E: Used culture as a flair, but don't know if that's the most accurate. Please tell me if I should change it.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5pli2g/eli5_what_are_the_leading_theories_on_how_humans/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dcs76ea"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"It's widely assumed that people initially found fire in the wild, since it occurs naturally as a result of lightning strikes. They would have immediately detected that it's warm, and kept burning stuff around if it was winter. They would have found animals that died and were naturally cooked by the fire, and discovered that they were not only edible but extra good."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
9ygljx
|
why do car windows freeze even though it is not yet sub-zero?
|
I just saw frozen car windows eventho it was around 2 degrees. 2 °C = 35,6 °F = 275,15 K
& #x200B;
Edit: Radio station, online weather and thermometer said it wasnt below 2 °C that day/night
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9ygljx/eli5_why_do_car_windows_freeze_even_though_it_is/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ea1ncq3"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"On a clear still night, you'll get frost, believe it or not, from heat radiating off of the car (and other horizontal surfaces) into the cold void of space. Even a slight breeze can overcome the cooling effects of space, blowing warmer air over the surface and warming it back up faster than it can cool. Cloud cover will also prevent the cooling, as it provides a layer of insulation between the car and the cold void.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nThe ground doesn't suffer from the same problem, since it has far more mass to be cooled."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
eopwvv
|
why does your pencil look flexible when you wiggle it with two fingers?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/eopwvv/eli5_why_does_your_pencil_look_flexible_when_you/
|
{
"a_id": [
"feeag7h",
"feegkb0"
],
"score": [
8,
43
],
"text": [
"You only see the pencil clearly at the points where is moving slowly (when it's switching from going one way to the other) and persistence of vision means you can still see it looking like this: / when it is actually like this: \\\\. So it looks like it's bending.",
"Something I can actually answer!\n\nYour brain actually stutters what your eyes are seeing. It blocks out all images for a split second, but in total, you are blind for about 4 minutes a day. This is to avoid a laggy feel when you are walking, becuase, your brain is processing too much. (Think of it like Fortnite and a computer. The world is at Ultimate settings, while your brain can't handle that, so, instead of lowering the quality of the world {your vision} it instead blocks out a few frames.)\n\nWhen you are watching a pencil wiggle, and it \"bends\" it's because your brain doesn't process the full movement of the pencil, and tries to fill in the blanks with what makes most sense, therefore, BENDY PENCIL"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
bsbb4u
|
how exactly was jordan belfort scamming people and why did it work successfully till his demise?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bsbb4u/eli5_how_exactly_was_jordan_belfort_scamming/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eol3ks2"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"As I understand it he would basically pump and dump stocks. So he would find a cheap stock and buy up alot of it causing the price to inflate then he would hype it up to investors through false information and falsified financial statements of that company and get them to buy in as well at the higher price which inflates it even more. Then he and his brokers would sell their shares at the inflated price which causes the stock price to tumble and they'd just reap the profits of buying low and selling high.\n\nHe got away with it for a while basically because nobody who knew said anything because they profited as well. His success and party lifestyle eventually causedd the SEC to be suspicious and they started to investigate and the rest is history.\n\nMoral of the story: if you're getting rich through illegal means, don't flaunt it and draw attention to yourself"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
mp3yy
|
why do the days get shorter in dlst until dec 21
|
I understand that the earth is on its axis, and that's why, but WHY does that change anything, if the early rotates 360 degrees in 24 hours doesnt every part of the earth get the same time in the sun? And why does December 21 change things? Also why does it get progressively darker?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/mp3yy/eli5_why_do_the_days_get_shorter_in_dlst_until/
|
{
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"c32p3zo",
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"c32p3zo",
"c32plnx",
"c32pml0"
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"score": [
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"December 21st or 22nd is known as the [winter solstice](_URL_0_) and is the shortest day in the year. All days after the winter solstice, up to the summer solstice, get progressively longer.\n\nThis is because the earth is tilted slightly on its axis relative to the sun. Since the earth's axis is not perpendicular to its orbit around the sun, during winter in the Northern Hemisphere, the earth tilts slightly so the Southern Hemisphere is closer to the sun. This means that the Northern hemisphere is farther away and the area that is in the sun is smaller, resulting in shorter days.\n\n[It looks like this](_URL_1_).",
" > I understand that the earth is on its axis, and that's why, but WHY does that change anything.\n\nImagine if the Earth weren't tilted at all. The Earth could always rotate around its axis, and every part would get the same amount of light and dark time.\n\nNow imagine if the Earth were tilted all the way over. The there would be a time in where the whole northern hemisphere were in the dark. Rotating around the north pole doesn't change this. It would always be dark, all day long. (This would also be winter.) There would *also* be a time when the northern hemisphere was always light. (The southern hemisphere would be dark.) Throughout the year, it would alternate between always dark and always light.\n\nThe 23.5 degree tilt we have is just somewhere in the middle.",
"Imagine the Earth is tilted all the way so one of the Poles is facing the sun. As the earth rotates, this Pole is always facing the Sun so the Sun stays up in the sky over head 24 hours a day.\n\nIf you move way from the Pole, the sun would start making circles in the sky overhead. Move far enough away and imagine the Sun making big circles in the sky. It i not straight up, but it is not all the way down.\n\nNow you start to tilt the earth away from the sun. This pole is still sort of leaning toward the sun, but it is not pointing directly at it. What happens to that big circles in the sky? Well, they start to move over to one side. They move so far that part of the circle disappears down the horizon. This is what the Earth has, a bit of tilt.\n\nThis makes makes for very long days and short nights. For this new tilt, it turns out that as the Earth orbits the sun, the Pole will point rotate further away. That will mean that the big circle in the sky will move over even more. This means that sun will spend more and more time below the horizon. That means the nights are getting longer. This means the days are getting shorter.\n\nEventually the Earth orbits half way around the sun and the other Pole is leaning toward the sun. The nights are as long as possible. The days are as short as possible. \n\nThe more the Earth orbits from there, the longer the days get. The shorter the nights get. After one full year, the original Pole is back to leaning toward the Sun and the days are as long as possible. The nights are as short as possible. The cycle repeats for another year.\n\nSo people near one Pole have long days/short nights while the people near the other pole have short days/long nights and they trade off every 6 months. \n\nFor those near the North Pole the shortest day is Dec. 21/22.",
"December 21st or 22nd is known as the [winter solstice](_URL_0_) and is the shortest day in the year. All days after the winter solstice, up to the summer solstice, get progressively longer.\n\nThis is because the earth is tilted slightly on its axis relative to the sun. Since the earth's axis is not perpendicular to its orbit around the sun, during winter in the Northern Hemisphere, the earth tilts slightly so the Southern Hemisphere is closer to the sun. This means that the Northern hemisphere is farther away and the area that is in the sun is smaller, resulting in shorter days.\n\n[It looks like this](_URL_1_).",
" > I understand that the earth is on its axis, and that's why, but WHY does that change anything.\n\nImagine if the Earth weren't tilted at all. The Earth could always rotate around its axis, and every part would get the same amount of light and dark time.\n\nNow imagine if the Earth were tilted all the way over. The there would be a time in where the whole northern hemisphere were in the dark. Rotating around the north pole doesn't change this. It would always be dark, all day long. (This would also be winter.) There would *also* be a time when the northern hemisphere was always light. (The southern hemisphere would be dark.) Throughout the year, it would alternate between always dark and always light.\n\nThe 23.5 degree tilt we have is just somewhere in the middle.",
"Imagine the Earth is tilted all the way so one of the Poles is facing the sun. As the earth rotates, this Pole is always facing the Sun so the Sun stays up in the sky over head 24 hours a day.\n\nIf you move way from the Pole, the sun would start making circles in the sky overhead. Move far enough away and imagine the Sun making big circles in the sky. It i not straight up, but it is not all the way down.\n\nNow you start to tilt the earth away from the sun. This pole is still sort of leaning toward the sun, but it is not pointing directly at it. What happens to that big circles in the sky? Well, they start to move over to one side. They move so far that part of the circle disappears down the horizon. This is what the Earth has, a bit of tilt.\n\nThis makes makes for very long days and short nights. For this new tilt, it turns out that as the Earth orbits the sun, the Pole will point rotate further away. That will mean that the big circle in the sky will move over even more. This means that sun will spend more and more time below the horizon. That means the nights are getting longer. This means the days are getting shorter.\n\nEventually the Earth orbits half way around the sun and the other Pole is leaning toward the sun. The nights are as long as possible. The days are as short as possible. \n\nThe more the Earth orbits from there, the longer the days get. The shorter the nights get. After one full year, the original Pole is back to leaning toward the Sun and the days are as long as possible. The nights are as short as possible. The cycle repeats for another year.\n\nSo people near one Pole have long days/short nights while the people near the other pole have short days/long nights and they trade off every 6 months. \n\nFor those near the North Pole the shortest day is Dec. 21/22."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice",
"http://i.imgur.com/8eoIr.jpg"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice",
"http://i.imgur.com/8eoIr.jpg"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
dqegeu
|
how does matchmaking actually work in aaa games?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dqegeu/eli5_how_does_matchmaking_actually_work_in_aaa/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f62mdwb"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"Every player has a number. That number goes up when you win and down when you lose. Typically, when you start playing, you are assigned either 0 or whatever the average number is for the player base. As you win more, your number goes up, so you play against people with higher numbers. Those people also win more, so they should be better. The same is true in the reverse as players get worse. In other words, the game isn’t tracking how “good” you are, it’s tracking how often you win/lose, how well you do in those wins/losses, and who you win/lose against."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2p14zt
|
i see the usps commercial bragging about 15 billion deliveries last year. how are they still losing money?
|
If you say every package cost 50 cents to ship (nothing other than stamps are so cheap), that's 7.5B last year. How is the service still hemorrhaging money?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2p14zt/eli5_i_see_the_usps_commercial_bragging_about_15/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cmsdb9l",
"cmsdg6i"
],
"score": [
25,
8
],
"text": [
"A few years ago, Congress passed a bill saying they have to pre-fund their pension to absurd levels. Without that, they wouldn't be having much trouble.",
"They were/are set up for failure.\n\nSo let's begin -\n\n1) USPS has to deliver to EVERYONE, its required by law. If you live in the middle of NYC, or in the middle of fucking nowhere Wyoming, the USPS will still deliver to you for the same price.\n\nYou know who won't do that shit for less than an arm and a leg? Fed Ex and UPS.\n\n2) USPS prices are heavily controlled, they are not allowed to charge competitive prices... otherwise it would cost a lot more to deliver to certain parts of the country. \n\nSo the USPS cannot change its prices... but still has to deliver to places where it might cost them 5x more than what they made on the delivery. \n\n3) Politics is stupid. No Congressman wants to stop postal delivery to their constituents... because people like having regular mail delivered. But USPS has become a favorite whipping boy for people saying \"look how inefficient government is\". \n\nIn conclusion - USPS has to deliver to everyone regardless of practicality, it cannot set its prices to reflect its costs, and people like to whip it for failing... but refuse to let it change to become profitable. \n\nEdit: Forgot the Pre-funding pension piece - thanks to /u/blablahblah for reminding me."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
4a9594
|
why do my "stainless steel" knives rust like crazy in the dish washer?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4a9594/eli5_why_do_my_stainless_steel_knives_rust_like/
|
{
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7,
13,
3,
5,
2
],
"text": [
"It's salty in dishwashers, and stainless steel isn't really stainless, and some grades don't cope well with salt. In fact, [here's a list](_URL_0_) of several forms of stainless corrosion.\n\nRust won't hurt you in the quantities you're likely to eat from using rusty cutlery.",
"You're subjecting them to stuff they're not designed to be exposed to. Very harsh cleansers, especially.\n\nKnives are really something you need to take some extra care with if you want them to last long. Especially *good* knives. Never leave them wet or dirty, hand-wash them *as soon* as you're done using them and *hand-dry*. Now if you're using a cheapo $5 knife from wal-mart, that's not a huge deal, that thing won't last a long time anyway, but if you ever get a really, really nice knife, and you treat it right, that thing can be in your family for generations if you treat it well. \n\nAs for your bonus - honestly unless you have flakes of rust actually falling off the thing, you're likely fine. You're probably just seeing rust stains and those aren't coming off when you slice something. ",
"Stainless steel doesn't make a very good knife; carbon steel is more likely and yeah they can rust in the dishwasher esp if you had some plastic bowls or other items in there that don't dry very well which makes a high humidity environment in there. Better to wash them in the sink and dry by hand before putting them away. Tetanus from a (freshly washed) rusty dishwasher knife seems a stretch though...",
"Just because it's stainless steel doesn't mean it won't rust - just means the material has a much higher corrosion resistance than other metals, but will rust eventually in the right environments, i.e. hot and salty dishwashers.",
"If you are talking about table knives it may be because they are touching other cutlery made of different alloys. Often the knives are made of a different alloy than the spoons and forks. When the two different metals touch, this can cause corrosion."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.bssa.org.uk/faq.php?id=9"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
4dehf6
|
how did tesla increase the battery capacity of its model s by 5 kilowatt-hours without adding battery cells?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4dehf6/eli5_how_did_tesla_increase_the_battery_capacity/
|
{
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"The upgrade in capacity from 85 kWh to 90 kWh is a physical battery upgrade. The new better batteries use some *silicon in the anode which allows for more ~~power~~ energy density in the sense that getting the ~~power~~ energy out of the batteries is more efficient and less power is lost over the course of the charge. This means you can have more capacity without increasing the number of battery cells. You still need to change the batteries though.\n\n**Edit** \nIt is Silicon, not Silicone. I heard silicon was added to the 'nodes, but I could be wrong. In any case it was definitely a change in 'node material.\nIt is Energy Density, not Power Density.\n\nThank you everyone for pointing it out.\n\n**Edit 2** \nBy 'node I mean either anode or cathode. I wasn't sure which or if both were altered so sub in anode or cathode as appropriate. ",
"Newer Lithium batteries have gone from 3.6v nominal to 3.8v nominal voltage which in turn gives them a 5 percent higher capacity between fully charged and cutoff voltage. \n\nThis might be the reason for this increase in capacity. The math works out but the real reason could be anything. ",
"I'm not contradicting those that say that there is a different battery pack, but you could see of a situation where this is software only - the following is hypothetical but feasible: \n\nLithium batteries degrade over time based on conditions, worse case is fully charged, hot environment, like the battery on a continuously docked laptop. In these cases the battery will lose about 20% of its capacity a year (year 1: 100 min, year 2: 80 min, year 3: 64 mins). \n\nYou can reduce the percentage loss by keeping batteries cool and not charging to \"full\". (Recommendations for storage are 60% charge in a fridge)\n\nWith a new device you can choose to promise big and fix up errors later, or promise small and over deliver. Tesla has continuously shown the latter option which is one reason that people love them, whereas traditional automobile producers have done the opposite. This is only really possible because Tesla is in a unique market at the moment. \n\nSo, let's say Tesla guaranteed their batteries for 10 years, they model temperatures, charge rates, number of charges etc, stick in a 10% safety margin (because premature battery failure would be super useful to big oil). Real world experience tells them that the batteries are holding up better than expected, so they change the total charge (which is just a case of altering a threshold voltage) and the battery can go further, it will have a shorter lifetime, but still within the original promise so everyone is happy. ",
"Is there truth in the rumours that car manufacturers 'nerf' or purposefully detune their cars when they are first released so that each year/mid life upgrade they can easily 'tweak' it to give it more more without any real re-engineering?\n\n\nAre Tesla potentially doing the same?",
"To elaborate a bit on what others already said:\n\nTesla's strength is the fact that they're researching battery technologies so extensively. There are many ways to create batteries, and Tesla is one of the most prominent companies in battery innovation in terms of efficiency, longevity and energy density. Really the cars they make are nice, but the battery research they do could be way, way more interesting in the long term. Not just for cars, but also for home use and \"wearable tech\". The major sustainable energy sources have as main disadvantage that they can't always deliver the same power: Windpower changes from day to day, and solar power is bound to day/night cycles and seasonal cycles. Tesla as a company is a huge catalyst for the transition from the oil/gas powered era to the fully electrical and possibly fully sustainable area. Their battery research is a mayor part of the company, so it makes sense that every/most new tesla models will have a minor or major innovation in their batteries.",
"The number of cells alone doesn't indicate the kWh. A cell can have a different voltage or capacity. \n[This](_URL_1_) is a 50mAh cell. \nAnd [this](_URL_0_) is a 400 mAh cell\n",
"Wasn't it when they came out with AWD they got more range because of more efficient electric engines and or better power distribution? Which is weird considering most gasoline powered cars, AWD is the least efficient version.",
"Either adding more lithium or increasing the lithium purity or increasing the specific gravity of the electrolyte. Increasing SG will decrease the life of the battery. ",
"Tesla uses so called 18650 cells in their batteries.\n\nThey are cylindrical with 18 mm diameter and 65mm length. Its a standart form factor that has been used in computer laptop since the 90s and also is common in e-cigs, flashlights and the like.\n\nThe battery specs only give the physical outline - not capacity. Over the years, companies got better at making compontents for LiIon batteries and were able to fit more charge into the same size.\n\nFor example, a decade ago a good Panasonic 18650 cell had a capacity in the range of 2000-2400mAh. Nowadays you can buy them with 3600mAh.\n\nSo by upgrading to a newer generation of cells they can increase the battery capacity without changing the nubmer of cells."
]
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],
[],
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] |
||
pziic
|
why can't i eat just one chip?
|
Obviously not in a literal sense, but what is it about chips (and other salty snacks for that matter) that make them addicting to eat?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/pziic/eli5_why_cant_i_eat_just_one_chip/
|
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"When you eat calorie-dense foods, your metabolism fires up and you become hungry to satiate the increased energy demand.",
"The amount of pleasure you receive from eating such a high caloric food causes you to want more. Eventually there is a chemical addiction to it.\n\nYou'll notice that most people eat for pleasure, and not for utility."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
28tra8
|
what makes modern architecture... modern?
|
What makes me look at some buildings and go, "that's modern!" What are some of the current styles and trends?
Edit: Grammar
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/28tra8/eli5_what_makes_modern_architecture_modern/
|
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"First off, architectural styles are products of the time, the environment, materials, technology, needs of the client, the architects parti and personal touch, and social pressures. If you mean modern, as in today's style, we are technically in a \"post-modern\" era, and that I cannot explain simply, because it is hard to determine what the style of a time is when you live in that time. But the modern style, which is an architectural era, was characterized by the new technologies of sheet glass and steel, which allowed for flexibility in design (less structure was needed so more space could be used for other uses) and larger, more sophisticated structures. \n\nArchitects like Le Corbusier, Mies Van der Rohe, Frank Lloyd Wright and, Louis Kahn are among the most influential designers for the modern era, and I would advise looking at their work if you want a good idea of what the modern style looks like. There was a large use of concrete, steel, and glass in all of their work. It should be noted that the modern movement didn't want to create a style, and the underlying idea was was that architecture should be about function. The famous quote of that time was \"form follows function\", which essentially means architects design to the function, and the form of the building follows. Another famous quote by Mies was, \"less is more\", and you see that if you look at his [Farnsworth House](_URL_0_) in Pennsylvania. This movement held that designing with a look or style already in mind was not architecture. That's actually what some current architecture rebels against, looking specifically at [Frank Gehry's](_URL_2_) work and how his main goal is style, and to make his buildings \"interesting\". \n\nIf you want a good look into the current trends, check out the recent [Pritzker Prize](_URL_1_) winners. Also, a new trend is environmental design, which designs around not only people's needs, but the needs of the environment regionally and globally."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://farnsworthhouse.org/",
"http://www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates/year",
"http://www.gehrytechnologies.com/architecture/recent-work"
]
] |
|
31hlye
|
if the government considers you an adult at 18, than why does federal financial aid deem you inelegible for assistance if you're parents make too much money?
|
I have some friends that have this issue and can't go to school because of it. I would guess it's because they assume the parents will pay for it. However many parents either cant or won't pay, leaving alot of kids screwed over something they can't control.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/31hlye/eli5_if_the_government_considers_you_an_adult_at/
|
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"the system is so paranoid about getting cheated they'd rather throw loads of people under the bus. \n\nafter a certain age, you are considered an independent regardless of circumstance.",
"While you are an adult at 18, you continue to be considered a \"dependent\" of your parents until you turn 25. This is because parents typically financially support their children even after their 18th birthday. You don't hear about many 18 year olds being kicked to the curb by their parents on their birthday, although it does occasionally happen. Similarly, at 18 you can remain on your parents' health and car insurance, and they can claim you on their taxes. Because of this, it is expected that 18-24 year olds will have an easier time being supported and paying for school if their parents make $150,000 instead of $40,000 every year. This results in the student from the family with less money receiving more financial aid than one from a higher paid family.\n\nHowever, you CAN qualify under an \"independent\" status where only the student's income is reported and considered when determining financial aid awards. This can be done if the student is homeless, a foster child, an orphan, in a legal guardianship, or has a dependent of his/her own (ex: a 19 year old student has a baby). \n\nEdit: thanks for the additional info, guys! You can also qualify for independent status if you are in the military, emancipated, or are married. Also, a \"dependent\" status on the FAFSA is NOT the same as being claimed as a dependent on your parents' taxes. ",
"Because then every parent would disown their kids on paper and nobody would pay for school anymore. ",
"Because if your parents make enough money then the federal gov't can say its the parents choice to refuse you education, not the gov't's.",
"Because if you can say \"My parent's aren't willing to help pay for anything\", and they take that into account when determining what aid you are eligible for, why would parents ever help pay for anything? Nobody would ever help pay for their kid's tuition, and the government would be giving out tons more money because of it, which would mean they can't afford to give as much out to the people whose parents CAN'T help. The end result is exactly the same, except without anybody's parents paying anything.",
"This might not help you, but Germany has a quite good solution for this. Here the law forces parents to pay for your education.\n\nThe amount of aid (we call it \"Bafög\" which is an acronym standing for a law) is mostly determined by\n\n- the amount of money you have\n\n- the amount of money you earn\n\nand\n\n- the amount of money your parents earn.\n\n\nTo do the calculations your parents must provide proof about their income. If they don't cooperate in this process -- like maybe they kicked you out at 18 -- you're not fucked up:\n\n After a lot of paper stuff the \"Bafög Amt\" will pay you monthly aid, and they will also take actions against your parents to reclaim the money they should have paid.",
"My parents cut me off and kicked me out at 18 when I refused to go to their cult's private university, and because they're well-off I wasn't able to get loans or anything and had to work to put myself through school on top of rent and food and everything else. \n\nMy other siblings got a full ride, even my kid sister who also didn't go to Brazen Cult University.\n\nAnd they wonder why I have a hard time being warm to them.",
"Honestly, the Student Aid website is pretty clear on this matter: \"The federal student aid programs are based on the concept that it is primarily your and your family’s responsibility to pay for your education. And because a dependent student is assumed to have the support of parents, the parents’ information has to be assessed along with the student’s, in order to get a full picture of the family’s financial strength. If you’re a dependent student, it doesn’t mean your parents are required to pay anything toward your education; this is just a way of looking at everyone in a consistent manner.\"\n\nedit: source: _URL_0_",
"They honestly need to change it I'm 19 now but at 18 I stayed with my boyfriend when my parents moved to Texas and when it came to fill it out I was honestly shocked that I needed all their information considering I've been cut off and get absolutely nothing from and they didn't even give me their info when I asked so yeah I'm still not in college. Even if I had their info I'm pretty sure they make too much as well.",
"I don't know why, but I know how to get around it:\n\nYou need at least two letters stating that you were abused, and some proof you aren't living with and can't safely contact your parents.\n\nIn my case it was a letter from a guidance counselor at my school, and a good friend's mom telling what they'd seen, and how they didn't think it was a good idea to have me contact my parents, as well as documentation that I'd been living on my own and supporting myself since leaving home.\n\nI just gave the financial aid office at the college the documentation, and they issued me a fafsa waiver.",
"I have a hard time with this exact situation. My mom makes good money driving our local transit, but I work three jobs and go to school attempting to keep my head from spinning out of control. She also has about eight leans on our house, wages garnished every time I turn around. The woman owes a butt load of money. Including her own student loans. I get $750 on average for the year from Financial Aid. I wish they could take these other factors into consideration ",
"Turned 18, finished High School two months later. Signed paperwork for the Marine Corps and headed to PI the next week after graduation.\n\nKnew I couldn't afford school, my parents could but I didn't think it was appropriate for me to ask them for it.\n\nMy parents came from nothing and made it themselves. My dad and his dad and his dad are all Marines so I kinda knew it was for me.\n\nI have since gotten out got my degree with my GI Bill, family with kids, house I never thought I could ever afford, working for fortune 500 company, making money I never thought about making.\n\nAll in all, there are options out there for people. Not saying the Marine Corps is for everyone but there is the Air Force.",
"Because we live in a broken system, that clearly doesn't work, but very little is being done to fix it.",
"I will never understand this. At 17 I became estranged from my parents, I told FASFA I livrd on my own and was considered independent. Why cant all kids just do this? ",
"I'm 18 and in my second year of uni. My dad has unstable employment and my mother makes ~30,000. I have 2 siblings. They cannot afford to pay for my school because in the years where my dad can't find work, we go into debt. In the years when my dad has worked a lot (and my 'estimated family contribution' is very high) we are paying off the debt from the previous year. The biggest flaw, in my belief, is that the FASFA fails to account for this, nor does it account for medical expenses. Two of my sisters have autoimmune disorders and have doctors appointments and scans frequently. My mother was diagnosed with cancer a few months ago. There is no way for us to know\nhow much more the cancer treatment will cost, so I can't appeal it as easily through my uni, because they ask for receipts, not guesses. So, I guess I don't have much to say aside from the fact that parents shouldn't be expected to pay for their kids' school, and since they are, there needs to be more leniency for special circumstances. \n\nIf I remember correctly, federal student aid website has a list of things students should say to their parents if they refuse to support them financially through college. My personal favorite is probably the section titled 'Quote Scripture at Them,' followed my Bible and Torah verses about parents obligation to teach their kids. ",
"This is one of those policies that I have always hated. \n\nParents have no legal obligation to pay for college. Yet the law assumes they will because it's \"more likely\". \n\nYeah, well what if your parents have serious medical bills, are addicts, are house poor, love to spend their money on themselves, love to travel, etc? It's perfectly legal for them to do that... But it leaves you... as an adult... with less options for your future. \n\nOr from a parent's perspective, let's say you are really concerned about your retirement and worried that you won't have enough. Maybe you have had a rough career and have only recently started to make good money and are trying to play catchup. Now you have a choice of paying for your kid's college and working until you die... or letting them pay for their own and hoping you will be able to retire when you are 70 without being a financial burden on your child. \n\nIt seems like it would make more sense to just treat everyone equally. Once you are an adult, everyone gets the same opportunities. No one gets special treatment. ",
"Not related to tuition, but if you're caught drinking under 21 you'll be charged with \"minor in possession of alcohol\" - a crime for which you'll be charged AS AN ADULT...\n\nHow fucking retarded is that? You're not responsible enough to drink a beer, but you're old enough to go to jail for it",
"However it is \"explained\" legally, the bottom line its simply a national atmosphere of disrespecting the youth and taking away the resources they need to thrive in the future for the profit of some today.\n",
"I read somewhere that it's because financial aid is for kids with poor parents, not asshole parents.",
"Didn't you mean : ELI5 : What's the difference between \"Your\" and \"You're\"",
"Because you still don't know the difference between your and you're.",
"If you or someone you know is actually being prevented from going to college because of this they need to get **emancipated** from their parents. It is unusual to have to be emancipated after the age of 18, but is still possible for these type of reasons. Someone whom is emancipated has the law on their side saying they are not legally supported by their parents whatsoever. \n\nI know this doesn't necessarily answer your question, but does answer something one can do if they are stuck in this predicament.",
"Because they think your parents money is your money, which is clearly not. Yes, I know another way the government is fucking a piece of shit.",
"Got stuck in this same situation and it is bullshit, and I will be paying for it for the next 10 years.\n\n(And mind you, I went to community college to save money and then transferred to university).\n\n1st year of university: No way of getting around being \"dependent\" even though my mom won't contribute a dime to my education, $25,000 for the year.\n\n2nd year of university: got married. Signed a goddamned piece of paper: $5,000 for the year.\n\nFor the exact same thing. It is complete and utter bullshit. I recommend ANYONE who is going to university to get married, even if to a friend for a couple years while you're both in college. Sign a fucking piece of paper, save $20,000 a year. Get a divorce when you're done, it costs about $300 and you guys can split it if you're on the same page. And hey, maybe you end up actually liking eachother and staying together, like I did :)",
"It's important to seperate between negative and positive rights. The government has no obligation to help you pay for school, if they choose to pick certain criteria and help people with less well off parents, they have every right to do that.",
"I think it's mainly to reinforce the idea that your parents are supposed to be helping you out still. Honestly parents that cut off their children at 18 are selfish assholes and don't deserve to be taken care of by their children when they get old, even though they obviously expect it.",
"Crime and selective service wise you're an adult, for everything else you are still a child. Even the healthcare you can stay on your parents healthcare until you're 26 or 27. ",
"It really needs to account for number of children too, I know too many single kids who are living off their parents and spend their financial aid on leisure. \"Lol, can't go to the movies tonight because I spent my financial aid on a new xbox.\" ",
"sad, sad days. I file my own, separate taxes. I work my own, full time job and a part time job to boot. I live in a different city, in my own apartment. I help my mom with HER bills. But what's that? My mom's income combined with mine puts me over the line? EVEN THOUGH SHE'S NOT GIVING ME MONEY AND I'M COMPLETELY INDEPENDENT?! son. of a bitch.",
"The purpose of the grants are to provide equal opportunity. Children raised in wealthier households already have an advantage regardless of whether their parents provide financial assistance.",
"This was another of Reagan's wondrous gifts to America. As a way to basically gut federal education spending and shift everything to private loans run by their banker cronies, the Reagan administration seriously rejiggered the requirements for federal financial aid to assume that you were dependent on your parents - and thus ineligible for most aid because of their income - until you were well past traditional college age. Previously, financial aid was much more about grants than guaranteed student loans.\n\nAs someone who was actually in college back then, it's sometimes hard for me to remember that a lot of you never knew a world before Ronald Reagan, but let me assure you, it was a vastly better world. If you're wondering why something is so shitty, unless it's some universal human blight like racism, the answer can usually be traced back to the early 80s and Ronald Reagan.",
"Classism. It's a way to keep working class kids from elevating themselves above where they \"belong\", by filtering out kids whose parents cannot afford to send them to higher education. It's ridiculous. \n\nThe only way to have a meritocracy where every child can have an equal shot at life is through publicly funded education.\n\nGood thing the government spent trillions invading Iraq and bailing out Wall Street instead...",
"Just wondering - in Germany you are considered a dependent until the completion of your education (job training or university) or your 26th birthday. If your parents refuse to pay, you can sue them. Can't you do that in US of A?",
"I can't believe how people use \"then\" instead of \"than\" and then when it's actually time to write \"then\" they get that wrong too.",
"Because Baby Boomers decided that after they got theirs they wouldn't pay for anyone else. ",
"In my state all you have to do is find a way to get your parents to divorce, then they each each will be legally required to pay for 1/3 of your college.\n",
"Because the financial aid is a finite resource, obviously it can't be given to everyone. So the government has to give it to those in who they think are in need. The rationale behind their system is that even if you are 18+ you are still dependent on your parents for financial support, so if your parents' income will determine your financial aid. \n\nAlthough this seems okay on paper, in practice it has denied some families the ability to give their kids the education they deserve.",
"Many top schools allow you to explain if parents are seriously unable or unwilling to pay and you can still receive financial aid. However, the reason policies are like this is because it would too easy for people to take advantage of it. ",
"Because every 18 year old would then apply for financial aid on the grounds of not having any money. Even 18 year olds with well-off parents who could easily pay for school.\n\nI had this issue in college and it was a huge problem. But I now realize that there's no real solution to it, aside from just making college free for everyone.",
"Easy, they assume that if you come from a higher income family your parents ar not dumb enough to let you fall for the federal loan slavery ring.",
"Literally a ELI5 Answer:\n\nBecause the majority of 18 year olds own nothing in their own name (property, vehicles, stocks, other valued assets), have nothing (Live in a house owned by someone else, or pay rent somewhere), and maybe have a small income to their name, and if they were judged solely on that, just about EVERYONE would qualify, and the system wouldn't be able to handle paying for everyone.",
"Same double standard that says at 18 you are welcome to join the Army and risk your life for your country for two years and come home not be allowed to buy a beer.",
"Financial Aid Advisor here. There's a difference between the things that you're an \"adult\" for at 18, and whether or not you're a dependent or independent student. \n\nFact is, MOST people are not magically vanquished from their home and all parental financial support once they're 18. Even if it's just that they're providing you with a roof over you're head, that's still legally considered \"more than 50% of your support\".\n\nYou absolutely can dispute this, and despite what others have said, it doesn't NEED to be a big deal--that's pretty much just dependent on the school.\n\nThe bare minimum that is required is a signed witness statement that you are not a dependent. This is called a Professional Judgment, or more specifically, a Dependency Override (this is actually specifically my role). The school I work for requires the following for a dependency override:\n\n--Proof that you are not living with your parents (something as simple as a utility bill under your name at a different address)\n\nand one of the following:\n\nPREFERABLY, a form signed by the parent (which we provide) stating that the student is not financially supported by the parent.\n\nOR\n\nTwo signed witness statements stating 1.) who the witness is in relation to the student, and 2.) what the student's situation is (how they are an independent). We PREFER for these statements to be from someone in a \"position of authority\", basically meaning, not just a friend: clergy, doctor, landlord, etc. but we will even accept friend or family statements.\n\nAll in all, MY school is not remarkably picky with this. It's really up to ME to figure out whether or not I believe the student. We're encouraged to be reasonably skeptical, and ask for clarification on points that don't add up, but we're also required by the fed to not be excessive.\n\nBasically, if the evidence you CAN provide paints the picture, I can't continue to require more. If there's something confusing about one of your witness's stories, I might ask for further written clarification.\n\nIf it all seems completely out there, I'll specifically ask for more verifiable sources (eg, a lease, and proof of rent payments, over just a utility in your name).\n\nAgain, I can only speak for my school, but with the way I've learned it over the years, it really makes sense the way WE do it. I've heard horror stories about other schools, though."
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9j0v8j
|
how do multiplayer games like quizup or pubg, get users for the first time?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9j0v8j/eli5how_do_multiplayer_games_like_quizup_or_pubg/
|
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"Before streaming was popular. Devs/publishers would get exposure through gaming conventions/expos before the game is even playable. However, only reasonably big companies would be able to have a booth in these conventions. Indie developers would have a hard time to let the public know their games before they have final product.\n\nAnd then steam became a thing and made it super easy for indie devs to get their games out. But for games like PUBG that got a huge amount of traction. It's usually because of streaming. Game devs can reach out to streamers and offer them free keys when the game is in close alpha stage. The streamers would play the game and people would watch. Probably even offer some giveaways if they were given extra keys. That's about the best publicity you can get these days, especially if a popular streamer plays it. If the game is interesting. You would have tons of people already waiting to buy when it's released for purchase.",
"PUBG began as an alteration to arma, individuals enjoyed their playtime, therefore when an independeny arrived players migrated to that.",
"how did counterstrike get started?\n\nsome kids made a mod and gave it to their friends. it got popular and eventually spread through the internet to other people.\n\nand valve eventually hired the guys (i believe)\n\nso generally, word of mouth, onlinemarketing, friends/family etc."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1dxasl
|
why is it that the more annoying the tune, the harder it is to get it out of your head?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1dxasl/eli5_why_is_it_that_the_more_annoying_the_tune/
|
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"text": [
"Annoying tunes are often so annoying because they're too catchy for their own good. Songs are catchy because they have a nice, and recognizable pattern. Our brains love patterns, so when we hear a really good one, they repeat it over, and over and over and over until something else distracts that part of our brains. ",
"Because a tune you like isn't going to annoy you by being stuck in your head.\nThus you notice it a lot less.",
"If a tune is catchy, but you like it, it isn't a problem so you never get annoyed by it.\nIf a tune isn't catchy, it won't stick. \nThe only tunes that will stick in your head are the catchy ones that you don't like. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
x62jp
|
terry v. ohio
|
I know nothing of political science or constitutional law, but I want to know my rights and the officer's rights if I were ever stopped/pulled over/arrested
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/x62jp/eli5_terry_v_ohio/
|
{
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"c5jkauj"
],
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"text": [
"The Terry vs. Ohio Supreme Court decision says that the police can not hold you against your will unless they have \"reasonable suspicion\" that you are a criminal. \n\nUnder the same decision, they can not pat down the outside of your clothing unless they have reasonable suspicion that you have a weapon.\n\nThe police will rarely if ever tell a subject that they are free to go at any time before questioning them, so it is up to the subject to ask the officer if they are being detained, and if so, what crime they are suspected of. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1yr3pq
|
how does parliamentary democracy work?
|
As an American, every time I see a headline like this one about the situation in the Ukraine ("Ukraine Parliament moves swiftly to dismantle president's government"), I have no idea what it means. How does Parliamentary Democracy work, and how's it differ from Presidential Democracy?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1yr3pq/eli5_how_does_parliamentary_democracy_work/
|
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"text": [
"So, you know how in the United States we have midterm elections, then presidential elections? That's not how most systems work.\n\nImagine if there were only the midterm, or congressional, elections. And they were not held at a regular schedule of every four years. Instead, they could be called by the ruling party at any point within a certain timeframe, usually 4 or 5 years. What happens in the parliamentary systems, usually, is that there is a general election for the seats in parliament. Whichever party takes the most seats has a majority in the parliament, but also gets to choose the government; meaning the Prime Minister and his cabinet. That is the core difference. You could have, in the U.S., a Republican win the presidency but Democrats win the Senate and Congress. That is not so in parliamentary systems; if you win a majority in parliament, you win the government.\n\nThat is unless you have a small enough margin for majority that you need to form a coalition government, but coalition are not unique to the parliamentary system.\n\nThe Ukraine is an unusual example because the President holds more power than the Prime Minister, and is elected separately. Most states have a president and a prime minister, but the president is usually a less important, ceremonial role; comparable to the vice-president in terms of duties.\n\nOne more thing that has to be realized is that not all states with \"parliaments\" are actually parliamentary republics. Parliament is often a blanket term used to describe the legislature, but is also sometimes not used at all. Like in Japan; parliamentary system, but they call their legislature the \"Diet.\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1otko6
|
monoclonal antibodies... mostly antibodies
|
Basically, I have a project due tomorrow afternoon or so that I am pretty well into research wise, I'm just putting it together now. Its just the what is it, how it works, what its used for kind of thing, but I am really in need of help.
From what I understand, The B cell comes from the bone marrow, goes through the bloodstream, contacts an antigen and then swallows it up. It reads it and displays the info on its surface? Or does it just tag it with an antibody? After the right (specific I mean) antibody is attached to it, a phagocyte finds it, swallows it up and kills it. The T cell then remembers the code and keeps it for next time the body is exposed to the antigen, and that's basically how immunity builds....or so I think?
I understand the process of Hybrodomas and how they get monoclonal antibodies from mice, but after that what do they do with them?
I am kind of confused about the whole thing and I sent two random redditors a message asking, but just in case. Please help.
TLDR; Antibodies and how they work.... what do they do with Monoclonal Antibodies?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1otko6/eli5_monoclonal_antibodies_mostly_antibodies/
|
{
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"ccvglf0"
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"text": [
"Your basics are correct for the most part\n\nThe B cell arises from a random generation of proteins that may or may not bind to bacteria/viruses etc. Those that do are kept, those that don't (or more accurately, bind your own proteins) are destroyed\n\nIn this way you end up with your B cells being able to only recognise foreign proteins\n\nNow the B cells make the antibodies & chuck them out into to the blood (while themselves hanging out in the lymph nodes)\n\nIf these antibodies bind to anything in the blood, it has to be foreign since that is the only thing they recognise (antigen)\n\nNow your phagocytes come by grab the \"handle\" of the antibody & engulf the whole \"antigen-antibody\" complex\n\nMonoclonal antibodies are simply antibodies manufactured to target a specific protein or binding site on a molecule\n\nIf you give a rat, something that is foreign to it - like an antigen only found on human B cells - then the rat's immune system will ramp up production of those B cells that have antibodies that bind to that antigen\n\nThen you can collect said antibodies\n\nThe point??\nIn the above example - you can now use the rat's antibodies to target human B cells (since humans own immune system would never allow a \"self\" recognising B cell to live)\n\nYou now have a monoclonal antibody that binds human B cells & kills them - Useful for disease like B cell lymphomas (Rituximab)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
31yqo3
|
what would happen if a large amount of calories is consumed in one sitting? for example: if a pill that was one million calories was eaten.
|
Ive been confused about this for a while. I understand that you gain weight when you eat more calories than you burn, but what would happen if you ate a crazy amount in one sitting? Would weight gain happen immediately or gradually overtime?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/31yqo3/eli5what_would_happen_if_a_large_amount_of/
|
{
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"text": [
"So a few things. \n \n1.) **You can't have a million calorie \"pill.\"** - Health is great and all, but food still has to submit to physics. Using some common numbers, 3500 calories or so eventually becomes about a pound of fat. Even the most calorie dense of foods, like pure lard, are still just barely over that amount per actual pound of substance. You could probably engineer something that was somehow more efficient than lard, but it's important to remember that a million calories item would also weigh a lot, and would certainly be a challenge to eat. And this matters to your question because it means that there's definitely an upper limit even to how much the body could process.\n\n2.) **The Pill Still Needs to Get Digested** - Point one aside, our hypothetical pill would have to go through the digestive system. As [this old askscience threat](_URL_0_) suggests, there are limits to how much a person can digest, though it is going to vary a lot person by person---and will also change depending on what our magic pill is made of. There doesn't appear to be a single formula, and the body appears capable of slowing down to allow food to \"digest,\" but it's hard to say how the pill would work compared to real food. However, the amount your talking about would almost certainly hit the cap, whatever it may be. \n\n3.) **Other than that, you'd get really fat** - There's also almost certainly a cap to how fast your body can make fat. Although it usually only takes about 24 hours, since your pill is about 285 pounds of fat in one package, I suspect that there may be more of a delay, and that the speed will depend on availability of the chemicals needed to create fat/remove the excesses of fat production. But, ultimately, in terms of weight gain, the body doesn't care whether you eat nicely spread out meals, or a 300 pound fat-quil (girth-lynol?). It will do its damndest to wring as much of the nutrients out of it as it can, and convert it into fat. ",
"This will simply mean that you can have about 2 of those a day and that will equal your total recommended calorie intake. Yes, no such pill can ever exist however if we say that it theoretically do, it'll be able to support your diet this way. \n\nI am speaking from a **physical perspective** that challenges the social structure of the meaning of the word \"Calorie/calorie\". \n\nLet me explain. \n\n1 million calories is by definition not that much. A big mac menu is about 600,000 calories. \n\nMany people misunderstand what a calorie is. Technically speaking it is the amount of energy that is required to heat up 1 gram of water by 1 degrees Celsius. \n\nThe most used variation of \"calorie\" is the kilogram calorie, often subtracted to kcal. This means that 1000 cal = 1 kcal. This is how much energy that is required to heat up 1 kg of water by 1 degrees Celsius. \n\nThe recommended daily calorie intake is about 2000 kcal, or just about 2,000,000 calories. \n\nMany people are supposed to mean kcal or what is called a **dietary calorie**, however that is spelled wither as the two former examples or simply with a capital C as in **Calorie**, not calorie; As the word calorie (small c) refers to the small variation of calorie that is also called the standard calorie or the gram calorie. This is spelled with a small c, **calorie**.\n\nTherefore people. **kcal**, **dietary calories** and **Calories** are the big units you often speak of. **Standard calorie**, **gram calorie** or **calorie** is the little unit you never speak of. \n\nYes, it would be bad for you since you won't get your daily intake of vitamins or general nutrition. However it doesn't have to be 1 million calories worth of fat. It could also be sugar or any form of decomposable food. ",
"Short answer\nIf it were possible to fit that many calories in a pill, you would just poop out most of it. \n\nYou can only absorb so much at once."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/p1qhc/is_there_a_limit_to_how_many_calories_the_human"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
93i5ir
|
electric flux and gauss law
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/93i5ir/eli5_electric_flux_and_gauss_law/
|
{
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"text": [
"Electric flux is the amount of electric field traveling through an area. You can think of an electric field like light coming from a lightbulb, except it's given of by any object with an electric charge. Gauss's law says that if you add up all the electric field coming from inside a closed area, it will be proportional to the charge inside the area"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
9rkx6w
|
what makes cassette tapes degrade in quality?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9rkx6w/eli5_what_makes_cassette_tapes_degrade_in_quality/
|
{
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"text": [
"Cassette tapes are long plastic ribbons coated with magnetic material that has been charged just right with your recordings. A few things combine to degrade these over time.\n\nTo keep the long ribbons from tangling, they're spun into spools (thus the cassette). Keeping the magnetic material pressed together like that risks the charges from one spool affecting the others. The magnetic material isn't permanent, but just lasts a long time.\n\nAs you play the cassette a few bad things happen. \n\nFirst, the plastic can stretch. This will happen just by the way the tape is turned so the ribbon spools from one side to the other. Also, like the magnetic material, plastic doesn't last forever, just a long time.\n\nThere may be additional impact of playing the cassette as the tape makes contact with the cassette player. There are wheels to help move and keep the tape taught as it passes over the reader, and the reader itself. The reader is essentially a magnetic field detector, but the magnetic field is so small they need to physically touch.\n\nWhile negligible each time, one thing that can cause degredation is the miniscule electromagnetic interference by both the electronics in the cassette player as you play the cassette, but also the effect of moving the magnetic material as the cassette spools the ribbon.\n\nThis happens for all kinds of magnetic media, including audio and video tapes, and except for the stretching bits, old floppy disks.",
"Just to ask, I have some tapes from my grandfather that are more than 40 years old, and I have never played them. What could I do to preserve/not ruin the tapes so I could listen to him? Never heard his voice and I am very curious."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1snk0b
|
what is an arduino, and how does it work? also, what is a raspberry pi, and how does that work? then, how do those two work together?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1snk0b/eli5_what_is_an_arduino_and_how_does_it_work_also/
|
{
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"text": [
"They're tiny computers. They have a little bit of RAM memory, and they have some \"non volatile memory\" similar to SSD drives. The arduino doesn't necessarily run with an operating system; the programs tend to have complete control of the hardware. The Raspberry Pi is a bit beefier, akin to a computer cira 1988... ish. Most people using the Raspberry Pi will use Linux on it.\n\nThe devices are meant to be really friendly to electronics hobbiests. People use them in their projects to control motors, relays, lights, and so on, and also read in sensor data. The two projects are mutually exclusive, but that doesn't mean you can't make them work together.\n\nTo program for the Arduino, the manufacturer provides a \"compiler\" which is a program that reads program code and generates machine instructions, a binary, the literal \"ones and zeros\" that makes the processor do stuff. The developer environment performs a sort of hand-shake that uploads the program into the NV memory. Provided the device has power, the program is running.\n\nThese boards are popular in the community, and addons are prolific; there are expansion boards that give this device the ability to communicate over bluetooth, or other wireless channels, there are giger counters, motor controllers, drivers for lights, and so much more that kind of gets advanced.\n\nThe Pi is just more and bigger.\n\nThe point is that these devices are cheap. Above all, simple and cheap. IT doesn't take much computing power to do a whole lot with an electronics project, and now days these things are cheap enough that the Arduino can even exist. This is still a new thing in the electronics hobby. I have an Arduino knock off called a Digispark, it was $8. A tiny computer the size of a quarter for $8. It can run off a watch battery. The Pi's original goal was to be as much computer as possible for $25. I haven't kept track of the thing so I don't know how much it has advanced since. ",
"The Arduino is an example of a microcontroller. Microcontrollers are typically used for a dedicated purpose and have some number of inputs and outputs. Examples would be controlling a microwave, a clock radio, or a relatively simple robot. Microcontrollers often do not have a full operating system, but rather a single dedicated program that runs continuously. Your first program might be: if a switch on input 1 is closed, power up a light on output 2 for 5 seconds.\n\n_URL_3_\n\nArduino is designed to be an easy to use microcontroller for electronics beginners. Your first functional program can be written in minutes without knowing anything about voltages, clock crystals, resistors, etc.\n\nThe Raspberry Pi is an example of a single board computer. It is much more like regular desktop computer or laptop than a microcontroller. The Raspberry Pi runs an operating system (e.g. Linux) that allows multiple programs to run and even a desktop graphical environment with a mouse, icons, etc. that a normal personal computer user would expect. Any custom programs or applications on the Raspberry Pi can be much more complicated, making use of the graphical display, built in network connection, and local file storage.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nA search for \"arduino vs raspberry pi\" will result in many well written results. Here is a sample:\n\n_URL_1_\n_URL_2_\n\nThe Arduino and Raspberry Pi are often used together because the Raspberry Pi provides a powerful system to develop advanced applications while the Arduino provides a simple means to have many digital and analog inputs and outputs. The Raspberry Pi provides some GPIO pins that can be used to connect to the Arduino. This pairing works well together.",
"Both are small single board computers that are aimed at entry level hobbyists and education, and meant to be as open source as possible, and as it happens have a strong user/developer community.\n\nArduino is a system that uses an Atmel AT-Mega microcontroller, with USB serial to a computer, and a number of GPIO lines. You program it from a PC with the Arduino Dev tools (editor/compiler/programmer), and write PC tools to interact with your device. Once programmed it can run standalone doing lower level things.\nIt is made for those that don't care to get involved with chip level hardware, especially QFP and smaller packages ICs come in.\n\nRaspberry Pi is more advanced, in that it is more standalone, in that it does not need a PC, for it has an OS, connections for a screen, HID devices (keyboard/mouse), audio out, local storage (SD card), wired network, and some GPIO. It is made to be a modern answer to the 8 bit home computers of the early 1980s, which could be easily programmed and tinkered with, which was lost with at least Windows 2000/XP PCs, if not the Intel/Windows PC at all. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer",
"http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/arduino-vs-raspberry-pi-which-is-the-mini-computer-for-you/",
"http://lifehacker.com/how-to-pick-the-right-electronics-board-for-your-diy-pr-742869540",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller"
],
[]
] |
||
3ev91g
|
why/how did early civilizations build the same things when neither had contact with one another.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ev91g/eli5whyhow_did_early_civilizations_build_the_same/
|
{
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"text": [
"Pyramids are a little different, but if you're thinking about things like Ziguratts and temples, the collective unconscious agrees that all religious beings are up somewhere higher than us. Be it a plane of existence, or altitude, this opinion seems to ring true throughout. This being the case, all religious buildings were built high, reaching to the sky, the belief being that the higher the building, the closer to God. There actually used to be a law that no building could be higher than the highest cathedral nearby, because no building can be closer to God than a church. \n\nPyramids are different because they're very expensive graves as opposed to religious structures. I know Pharaoh was considered near god, so that might have something to do with it",
"Each layer of a pyramid sits on top of a wider, heavier layer. This is the easiest way to build tall, stable structures. Other methods, like those used much later to build cathedrals, for instance, required much more sophisticated knowledge of engineering and construction.\n\nSo, basically, many different ancient civilizations with the same goal in mind (build a tall structure), hit on the same solution. Although, [as you can see](_URL_0_), while the basic idea was the same, there was a lot of variation.",
"A pyramid, in particular, has a couple big advantages as a structure\n\n1) It's incredibly stable - they last pretty much forever.\n\n2) It doesn't require any sort of advanced tech - if you don't have arches or steel reinforcements, it's your best option for building something tall.\n\n3) It's an easy idea to have - you just need to pour out a pile of sand, and hey look at that shape, what if we built that out of rocks? But the guys at the quarry make square rocks... hmmm..",
"Usually with such cases it's simply the best/easiest way to do things. Physics is the same no matter where on a globe you are.\n\nPeople in different areas each experimented with a lot of different ideas and techniques. But eventually each found that certain things work better than others, and by experimenting more they made it better and better. Over time all the different starting points lead to similar endpoints, because physics say that that is best.\n\nFor example, if you want to pile stones really high, you're going to have to make a pyramidal shape - its just how physics works. Things wider at the base than the top are more stable.",
"If you're gonna build the biggest stone monument anyone (in your part of) the world has ever seen, you've got about two choices: a huge complex of buildings (religious city or some such), or a single big pile. If you decide on the pile, it's easier to design; four straight lines at right angles. Next, calculate strength of stone and slope the sides so the mass on top doesn't crush the lower stone or break the foundation. All of this is required also for the religious complex, but in massively greater amount and detail, with many added engineering tasks. \nAbout that strength calculation. They didn't always get it right. See [the bent pyramid]( _URL_0_). \nStep pyramids are an alternative, gives a bigger base and a bigger seeming pyramid, but uses less stone. This all would have been apparent to engineers in any culture with the tech and inclination to build monuments. ",
"There are only so many ways to do things. Civilizations are composed of humans, and all humans have basic needs and abilities. You need shelter, you need food, you need means of transportation. There is great variety across civilizations that you should think about as well. Everyone needs shelter, and there are only so many ways to build a house that doesn't fall down, but the great variety of these dwelling across time and space shows tremendous variety."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid"
],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_Pyramid"
],
[]
] |
||
15wcla
|
what does it mean when a phone camera has 8 megapixels, vs 4 or 16?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/15wcla/eli5_what_does_it_mean_when_a_phone_camera_has_8/
|
{
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"c7qelbj"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It's the resolution of the pictures it takes. 8 megapixels makes pictures made up of 8 million individual dots. the other ones use different numbers of dots (pixels)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1j2iru
|
why can't you comment or upvote old reddit posts?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1j2iru/eli5_why_cant_you_comment_or_upvote_old_reddit/
|
{
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"cbafxs4",
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5
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"text": [
"They're served from a separate database from a separate server from the newer posts, because of the extreme unlikelihood of someone adding something new to that particular discussion, and because the karma on those posts are so old that even if a lot of people suddenly upvoted the post, it wouldn't noticeably affect the post's ranking.\n\nIt also prevents trolls from disrupting the servers by commenting on and changing the votes on a large amount of posts all at once.",
"Maintaining a large database that can be updated takes a lot of resources. It requires far less resources to allow read-only access to a database. So old posts are 'archived' to a separate area where you can read them, but the system doesn't have to worry about anything changing. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
5vvqid
|
would daylight and sky color look different on an earth-like planet orbiting a red dwarf star?
|
Or is all starlight the same?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5vvqid/eli5_would_daylight_and_sky_color_look_different/
|
{
"a_id": [
"de59u8i"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"no, because the color of the red-dwarf star and the color of the sky isn't dependent on what type of star the earth-like planet is orbiting but rather the way in which an earth-like atmosphere scatters the light from the star. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2yk5i6
|
the republicans' letter to iran
|
What did it say? Why is it a big deal? What does this mean going forward?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2yk5i6/eli5_the_republicans_letter_to_iran/
|
{
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"text": [
"The letter stated that any deal made with the Obama administration \"may not last\" after he is out of office when his second term expires. If the republicans win the next election there is the possibility that they can revoke any deal made with Obama. (read: If we win the deal is off so don't bother making any plans, just FYI).\n\nBasically the republicans went above the president and in violation of the US foreign policy. It goes against the policy as stated in the policy, and it is also not the senates job to do foreign relations work. In a democracy the losers said, \"screw that, we do what we want\", which isn't very democratic. \n\nMoving forward it may give precident for anyone who opposes the president or leading party to just say and maybe even do what they want anyway. Since the president is the head of state it will be his mess to clean up.",
"The authority to negotiate with foreign powers is limited by law to the executive branch, so any attempt to interfere with that not only weakens the country's standing (foreign leaders can gain an advantage by playing the divided sides against each other), but it's also a fairly clear violation of the Logan Act, which forbids unauthorized citizens from negotiating with foreign powers.\n\nIf the party situation was reversed here, you can bet that Faux News would be screaming 24/7 that these guys should all be charged with treason and hung.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
j2ik1
|
li5: poetry
|
I get the concept of poetry (meter, rhyme, sonnets, and haikus, etc.) but what makes someone a good poet? How are there professional poets and why do people decide to give them money for all their books? Why isn't rap considered poetry?
Is there some group of people that sit around and bestow the title of "poet" on the people they like and everybody else is disregarded?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/j2ik1/li5_poetry/
|
{
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"text": [
"Poetry is about more than just rhyme and meter, it's about meaning. Good poetry compresses vast amounts of meaning into a small space through the use of imagery, metaphor, and so on. \"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening\" isn't just about a dude and some trees. This is why people have written thousands of words explicating poems only a few lines long. On the other hand, to use your example, rap songs mostly just have a single, obvious message, so there's not much else to think about. ",
"Poetry is hard to understand well in today's culture because it is not nearly as prominent as it was in the past, so I like to compare it to modern day movies.\n\n\nA hundred years ago, a family might spend part of an evening reading poetry aloud. Because everyone was accustomed to it, they learned the subtleties of the art. They knew how to understand it, and they could intuitively tell what was good and what was bad.\n\nThis is much like how most of our modern culture can relate to movies. Because we have seen so many, we are able to easily pick up on the subtleties in them. We can guess endings to mysteries because we spotted a clue early on. We can tell which doors will have a monster behind them, or which characters will end up together. We can also see movies' morals and messages easily. It seems plain as day to us, but to someone who doesn't watch movies (from another place or another time), they might understand what a movie consists of, but wouldn't understand what makes some better than others.\n\n\n**tl;dr** Like movies, visual art, dance, music, and internet comments - there are subtleties to poetry that take nothing less than experience to learn to identify."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1f5gcz
|
why doesn't the us govt. change tax laws so big corporations prefer to pay them here instead of elsewhere?
|
We live in a global economy, and they aren't doing anything to compete to keep the big corporations paying taxes here. Wouldn't they bring in a ton more revenue that they're missing, even if it is at as a reduced rate?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1f5gcz/eli5_why_doesnt_the_us_govt_change_tax_laws_so/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ca6z6re"
],
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"text": [
"Any attempt to lower the corporate tax rate to an encouraging level would be met by a horde on the other side of the political spectrum screaming and frothing at the mouth that the rate is unfair."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
5p94qk
|
why are "month end" sales so important to companies?
|
I work for a company that makes and sells goods. I've worked for several companies that sell stuff.
With every company, for every month-end that comes around, there is a push to get as much out as possible. The goal is always stated to be to get that months numbers as high as possible. Why is it any better to have x dollars in sales registered in the ending month, and not giving a head start to the soon-to-be beginning month?
I happen to be working in shipping so it's a particular bugaboo for me that I've never heard a good explanation for.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5p94qk/eli5_why_are_month_end_sales_so_important_to/
|
{
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],
"text": [
"My take: we tend to procrastinate. \nIf monthly target is 20 widgets, logic would state to sell 5 a week. Problem is, we bask in the month end hang over and drag our ass in week one, then struggle to make up for lost time in weeks 2 and 3. This leads to a balls out race into insanity in week 4. But don't sweat it, week 1 is around the corner and things will slow down again.\n\nSource: am in sales"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2zlakw
|
as i sit in the airport having missed 2 flights now, i wonder, how is it legal to oversell plane seats? how can you sell more than you have, regardless of how many show up?
|
Edit: Thank you all so much for responding! This day has been terrible, but these answers help tons.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2zlakw/eli5_as_i_sit_in_the_airport_having_missed_2/
|
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"Overselling is not limited to airlines. It's legal, because it hasn't been made illegal, obviously, however it's not unusual for there to be required forms of compensation through regulation (like putting you on another flight).",
"Generally, you can sell things even if you don't have them.\n\nYou can order out of stock/back order items from stores, for instance. The only requirement is that they actually fulfill the order as described in a reasonably time frame.\n\nWhen it comes to airlines, while the practice isn't ideal, but its not an issue generally speaking. There are always some amount of cancellations/no shows, and they don't want to fly under capacity. The issue arises when less people cancel than usual, and a situation like yours happens.\n\nAs long as the airline provides you a flight, in the class you paid for, from the departure/destination your want, they're in the clear (even if the timing is off). \n\nOften, they'll give a free upgrade, discount, or other incentive to customers who were forced off their flight.",
" > How can you sell more than you have, regardless of how many show up?\n\nSomewhere between 5% and 10% of airline passengers won't make their scheduled flight, due to cancellations, missed connections, change of schedule, or just plain no shows.\n\nThe airlines could just keep those seat empty, and charge everyone more, or they could assume a certain amount of people won't be on the flight, and sell a few more tickets.\n\nThe airlines are actually pretty good at this...they do it on just about every flight, very few passengers are bumped, and flight costs are lowered for everyone. You only notice it the few times it doesn't work, usually when a flight gets cancelled and there is a glut of people who need to be rebooked.",
"For the record, lots of industries do this. Hotels, for example, will also overbook for the same reason.",
"They did that in exchange for lenient route swapping. As you generally only have to pay the difference to trade flights, they are allowed to cover the possibility of you changing flights at the last minute. Sucks but you should be well compensated.",
"There was a Wall-Street Journal article on this the other day:\n\n_URL_0_",
"I bet it's stipulated in the terms and conditions that you agreed to when you purchased the ticket.",
"One thing to remember is that airlines might not be able to stay in business without this practice. I guess that's probably too dramatic. What would probably happen is prices would just go up to compensate. I think hotels do the same thing because they know x% of cancellations will occur. ",
"Some of the budget airlines in Europe (especially ryanair) used to seriously overbook their flights. At one point they had a business plan which would sell lots and lots of very cheap flights - down to 1 euro. The trick was that as you booked the flight they added on service charges, credit card fees and airport taxes which pushed the 1 euro flight up to 25 or 30 euro. Lots of people would book the flights and then not show up so they could over book it and not return the taxes. because no one actually flew, they were not liable to pay the tax to the govt. They also had a sneaky way of showing the price on their website where you didn't see the actual sum you would pay until you clicked the last pay button on their website. By that time you were invested in the decision and the extra charges didn't seem that unreasonable",
"They do this with gold. There is more gold out there than gold. Read about [gold certificates](_URL_0_). Those who think of gold as real and a suitable currency get a bit surprised. \n\nI was bumped from a plane. The only problem was it was the second short leg from an international flight. So I was jet lagged. Not too much of a delay but I got a $500 travel certificate that I managed to use a year later. So all was good. ",
"You know all of those pesky regulations that \"hurt business owners\"?\n\nWell, here you go.",
"If you are in the EU, look for an app called 'Your passenger rights' by the developer 'European Union'. It's an app ordered by the European Commission and explains what your rights are when faced with different situations when travelling. ",
"I have taken classes that cover airline pricing. Basically they build statistical models that try to predict how likely it is that everyone will show up to the flight and how many people will cancel. They also estimate what they would have to pay to \"bribe\" a customer to volunteer to take another flight. \n\nThe airline essentially uses these formulas to sell a number of seats to 1) fill their flight with as many people as possible and 2) maximize profit. Given that there are usually cancellations and no-shows, this optimal number of ticket sales is often more than the capacity of the flight. Most of the cost of a flight is jet fuel to haul the tons of metal through the air so it is in their interest to fill the flights. And, it actually costs less for them to pay off customers to take a later flight than to get rid of the overselling policy. ",
"Half of the time they infact don't oversell a flight but they sell the correct amount of tickets for a certain airplane but need to switch plane last minute to a smaller plane. \n\nAlso in the EU it's not only legal but they also have the right to force you to take the next plane in case of overbooking. That said it's very rare that airlines need to do that because the law also states that if there is any voluntary passenger they must have priority. The compensation is also huge if they force you off the plane. Something like 300-500£+ticket for the next flight+hotel for the night+free food.",
"In the 90's I used to work for a company in San Antonio, but went to see my friend in DC. I'd always schedule NOrthwest through Memphis on a Sunday using the last flight from Memphis to SA... It never failed they always over-sold that leg and they'd ask for volunteers to fly the next day ... Of course I'd volunteer... They put me up for the night, fly me out first thing in the morning, and give me a $200 voucher which I promptly would use to book another flight to DC ... Last flight from Memphis to SA home. \n\nI travelled free all summer and fall that year ... Twice a month. About 8 trips. \n\nWork the system....",
"Airline employee here.\n\nThe point is to ensure that seats are filled as often as possible. Each market has its own \"no-show\" rate. These rates rarely change over the years. If you, as a business, know that every time you sell 100 tickets for your 100 seats, only 83 people will show up 95% of the time, then why shouldn't you be allowed to sell 117 tickets? The incremental cost of those 17 seats easily offsets the compensation passengers are given for those 5% of the time 95 people show up instead of 83.",
"Just to send to OP too: If you are over booked and on standby NEVER take the voucher deal. If the flight goes on without you they have to give you cash (and quite a bit too). It is related to the cost of your ticket but I've walked away with $400 cash because of what ended up being a 2 hr delay. There is always the chance that someone will take the voucher offer and all you get is to your destination on time, but I'd rather get a chance at cash instead of a $150 voucher.",
"Just try Greyhound. Only took me one time to learn that I would never do that again. Picked up my bus in a small city, next stop Atlanta. Got told we had to swap buses for Florida, experienced riders knew where to line up. They filled three buses and so we got to get on the fourth. Since it was not half filled they told us it would not leave till the morning and we had to return to the waiting area. With all the other cancelled bus travelers.\n\n",
"It's pretty simple. It makes them more money by selling more tickets and that extra money outweighs the occasional times they have to pay to have someone give up their spot. Not really sure how high that payout has ever gotten but would be an interesting number.",
"I've seen flights over booked by 30% leave with about 2% empty seats. Those costs the airline, so with metrics they figure out which % of overbooking will maximise their return. \n\nThe easy non official way to bypass this is to reserve a seat and check-in online once the flight opens. \n\nThey also account for missed connections, I've seen a lot of people book miracle connection times, yes the minimum might be 45 minutes, but in reality, if the departure is delayed 2 minutes, then you taxi for an extra 5 minutes, land 15 minutes early and then wait 20 minutes for a gate to open up, you might make the flight, but your bags will most certainly not. \n\nI prefer to keep at least 1h30 during connections as a bare minimum. Allows for a more relaxed travel experience unless you remain on the same plane.",
"It's legal because the terms of carriage, which you agreed to when you bought the ticket, acknowledge that they are allowed to do it. ",
"ELI5 Answer: Hotels and car rentals often do this too. You book at about 105% to 110% capacity depending on the industry. Your industry also has a deviation of 5-10% of no shows. This is done in order to average 100% capacity while dealing with minimum penalties such as customers like yourself. In the long run they will see close to max capacity doing this as the benefit and the cost being handfuls of rightfully pissed off customers. Shit heads..",
"Did you agree to be bumped? Legal and ethical are sometimes two different things.",
"The need to overbook was covered very early in my MBA curriculum. Airlines at this point have sufficient data to know that there is an expected number of no shows for every flight. In order to maximize profitability they have to ensure that flights are filled and use statistics to strategically overbook, analyzing the cost of an empty seat vs the compensation needed for a bumped customer.\n\nAs someone that flies myself, it pisses me off. But the airline industry is a fairly competitive one where one needs to pretty much fill every flight to ensure profitability. Another way to think about it is that the price you pay would be higher if they could only sell the actual seats they had (there are tickets that you can buy that guarantee seating). \n\nBut to answer your question, it's legal because when you purchase the ticket you agree to these terms.",
"It's legal because you agreed to it in the fine print of your airline ticket contract. That doesn't make it any easier to deal with in your situation. I'm sorry, sucky times, we've all been there and it's the pits.",
"Just saw this on the page before this talk about perfect timing _URL_0_\nApparently if they over sell the plane and they make you wait for another, legally they have to give you money if you ask. I had no idea about this but if you have to wait less that 2 hours you can be refunded by 200% if you wait more than two hours it doubles to 400%. I'm sure you have already got to your destination but it's probably not too late to contact the airline company and ask. I'm usually not the kind of guy to bitch about refunds but missing flight due to their overbooking is something I would complain about.",
"Now I need something explained....\n\nMost of the posts say over selling is a result of airlines losing money from no-shows. Don't they already have the money from the people who did not show up?\n\nIt's not a matter of making up the lost cost from no shows, it's the airline trying to eek out a few extra dollars by trying to sell the same seat twice.",
"What about buses? Greyhound is notorious for doing this and there's never a guarantee that you will get a spot on the next bus either.",
"Did they compensate you? Once my flight was oversold and i was very well compensated. I think it was 3x the price of my ticket, the check was for $1300 in real honest to God US dollars and a decent hotel room (pretty sure it was southwest.) then another time (US Airways) i got a $199 voucher, which was less than i paid and a hotel room where roaches crawled up and down the curtains and i could hear drug deals through the walls. That voucher is worthless because i will never fly with US airways again. Also, with that US airways flight it was delayed twice, then boarded, and then i had to wait another 90 minutes for my hotel and $199 voucher. Worst travelling experience of my life. With southwest i waited no more than 15 minutes after everyone was boarded.\n\nSouthwest 4 lyfe.",
"With campaign contributions and lawyers anything can be made legal. ",
"_URL_0_\n\n > Federal rules protect you if you are \"bumped\" on most flights within the United States and on outbound international flights. Passengers who are involuntarily bumped are protected under Federal Aviation Administration guidelines. If you volunteer to be bumped, your agreement with the airline that is not regulated and will depend on negotiating at the gate.\n**The airline must give you a written statement describing your rights, as well as the airline's boarding priority rules and criteria. If the airline is not able to get you to your final destination within one hour of your original arrival time, the airline must pay you an amount equal to 200% of your one-way fare, with a maximum of $650.** To receive this payment, you must have a confirmed reservation. You must also meet the airline's deadlines for ticketing and check-in. An airline may offer you a free ticket on a future flight in place of a check, but you have the right to insist on a check.",
"Because FUCK YOU. We're done here. Turn off the lights on the way out.",
"Ok, a lot of speculations flying around here. I used to work for one of the majors in operations and IT engineering. Part of my job was this. There is actually a very very complicated formula that goes into every single flight. It is mixed with past bookings + connections + hub vs spoke + customer history + aircraft reliability + crew + etc. You get the picture. It isn't just a simple thing of ok this 73 holds 192 people lets sell 200 seats. It's more like this 73 holds 193 seats. We have 90 sold so far. 65 are connections. Last year, we sold for this exact same flight 182 seats and made net loss of A$. There is a primary and backup crews available for the 2 previews flights to same destination for that day. We have had 455 unique visitors search for fares for this flight in the past 24 hours. We will make 214 seats available and make the price B$ for the next 24 hours. We will hold 20 seats for connections and upgrades. Now say you get within 24 hours of departure. Then things really start changing. If the flight is close to sold out of seats minus held, they will release a certain number of seats to be sold. If the flight gets close to oversold, they will adjust the number of seats to sell based on probable conditions of time of flight + missed connections. Such as if its a 5:50am flight, a lot of people probably will over sleep and not show up. Point is, its a very complicated thing that airlines don't like doing but have to.\n\nTL:DR it sucks, but necessary. If asked to get bumped voluntarily take the credit if you can.",
"I don't think it's legal in any country. Normally you could sue them for selling you a service but not delivering it. ",
"Whats even better is all the major airlines now charge you a fee if you show up early and want to jump on an earlier flight.\n\nSo lets say you are traveling for work, you book a 6:30pm return flight, but your afternoon meeting cancels at the last minute. \nSo you show up to the airport 4 hours early and they have 2 other flights leaving at 3:00 and 5:00 before your scheduled 6:30. \nKnowing full well the 6:30 MIGHT be oversold and have issues, you would think the airline would be happy to stick you in an empty seat for either the 3pm/5pm flight if they have one right? \nWell you used to be right, but now you are wrong. They would actually rather that you either pay them for the early access, or else they will just roll the dice that the 6:30 isn't going to be full.\n\nIt literally doesn't cost them a dime to put you on the earlier flight, but it prevents them from making an EXTRA $50-$150 change fee + price difference.\n\nAmerican Airlines did this to me a few years ago and I told them they were losing a customer for life because of that BS. Lady was like whatever. I sat my ass in the airport for 7 hours, jumped on my original flight (while they offered over the loudspeaker 4 times the bonus money for anyone willing to take a bump), and the next day when I got home promptly cancelled my AA MAstercard as well. \nFuck them in the neck.",
"In addition to the answers in the thread, a slight delay in the morning for whatever reason will have major effects by the time evening rolls by. Quite often a plane will sit in gate waiting for that one passenger who just got to check-in at departure time. Despite everybody's best efforts, it still takes them 20 minutes to get through security and to the gate.\n\nOther times, there's weather, or mechanical delays. Or that last minute passenger has shown up with 4 extra pieces of luggage that have to be driven out to the plane and packed. So, as the day progresses, each delay earlier in the day will have an effect on every flight afterwards. \n\nAnyways, these delays will lead to lots of missed connections, despite many flights waiting for connecting passengers, which leads to lots of empty seats, which is why they overbook. Despite what lots of people think, airlines have very thin margins. Without the ability to overbook, tickets would be prohibitively expensive and many planes would fly half empty at the end of the day.\n",
"It's called spoilage. If a plane takes off with an empty seat, they can't get back that revenue so they average how many dumb fucks don't so up and overbook on that number.",
"Because theres no law against it. That's really the only answer needed here.",
"I have a question, what happens with online check-ins, i check in to fly 24 hours before it leaves at home, take my print out to the boarding gate and my first interaction from anyone from the airline is at the gate in front of the plane. can i still be bumped?",
"The entire banking system(global) is based on this logic...",
"DUDE! Not an ELI5, but you are entitled to CASH. Lots of it. Basically, if the airline oversells DO NOT TAKE any vouchers. If the airline is not able to get you to your final destination within one hour of your original arrival time, the airline must pay you an amount equal to 200% of your one-way fare, with a maximum of $650. To receive this payment, you must have a confirmed reservation. You must also meet the airline's deadlines for ticketing and check-in. An airline may offer you a free ticket on a future flight in place of a check, but you have the right to insist on a check.\n\nSOURCE: _URL_0_",
"Airlines aren't the only people who do this. \n\nISPs routinely oversell. If you and everyone else sharing a node tries to saturate their pipes at the same time, there will be congestion. Telecoms too. If everyone in the area tries to place a cell phone call at the same time, a lot of them will fail. You see this when there's some kind of a disaster or emergency all the time. Banks too. If everyone shows up to withdraw all of their money at the same time, the bank will run out of money. Insurance companies too. If they had to pay out on every policy at the same time, they'd also run out of money. And so forth. \n\nOverselling is a tactic to keep costs down for everyone. If they had to ensure that there is guaranteed capacity for each and every customer at all possible times, there'd be a lot of capacity that went unused or under-used most of the time, and everyone would have to pay for that. By overselling, that waste can be reduced. If they plan it properly, most of the time, nobody will notice a difference. \n\n\n\n\n\n ",
"Not sure if it is was mentioned. If you are flying into the EU from the USA then you actually have better rights then if you were just flying the same distance within the USA. \n\nLots of Americans are oblivious to this. \n\nI got delayed in Newark one time and they put me up in a hotel for the night, while every one (I assume who were American) slept in the airport. \n\n_URL_0_",
"Airlines lose money for every empty seat on an airplane that flies, since it is one less fare paid, but the plane still has to fly the trip, and the cost of the fuel saved by not having that passenger's weight is not enough to make up for all of the other costs of keeping a plane working, flying, pilots and stewardesses paid, profits to the shareholders and the corporate structure, etc.\n\nSo airlines have made some complex cost-benefit decisions, based on how often people cancel on average. If they only sold as many seats as they had, well, on almost every flight, at least a few people cancel last minute, so they are losing that amount of money on every plane that goes up in the air.\n\nSo the airlines figure that it is better to, first, figure out how many people cancel on average, second, figure out how much this number varies, and finally, figure out an amount that they can oversell seats by where they will make more money from having their planes full, than they will lose on the rare occasions that fewer people cancel than expected and they have to pay some customers back.",
"It si legal because you agree on that when you buy a ticket.",
"1. The airlines came to agreements with DOT On the regulation of Oversales. The airline must offer certain things in exchange for passengers not getting on.\n\n2. Airlines oversell flights based on previous quarters. They look at how many people did not show up the previous quarter for the flight and will usually decide whether to allow more people to be booked on that flight. They actually make more money by doing all of this than they lose. Not many oversales lead to actually bumping people",
"grrr at all these comments about airlines purposely overselling because they expect no-shows. there are only no-shows because the cancellation policies are so stupid or non-existent it's not worth notifying the airline if you're not going to show up, because you're not going to get a refund anyway. airlines are charging customers extra because they want to keep the money from people who don't show up while simultaneously accepting more bookings than they can even fit on the flight because those cancellations are expected. greedy scum",
"It's, of course, not legal (technically fraud) to sell the same item to multiple people. However, it is legal to be extremely crafty about what it is that you *are selling*. Airlines do not sell you a seat. They sell you a ticket which authorizes you to claim a seat, but with tons of caveats regarding when that may or may not work out. "
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[],
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[],
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[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
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],
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[],
[],
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],
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[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
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[],
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[]
] |
|
59zaag
|
how the oregon militia were able to get away with essentially hijacking a place.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/59zaag/eli5_how_the_oregon_militia_were_able_to_get_away/
|
{
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],
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],
"text": [
"Jury nullification. The concept that the Jury despite recognizing that the defendant is guilty under the law, disagrees with the specific law in question, or the Governmemt's actions, and chooses to acquit anyway. Positive uses of jury nullification in the US or the colonies prior to 1776 include Quakers acquitted of holding a church service that wasn't the Church of England. A journalist aquitted of insulting the Governor of New York in 1735, and various citizens aquitted of violating the Fugitive Slave Act of the 1850's. Negative uses of jury nullification are various people in the South aquitted of lynching black citizens."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
8nk8ax
|
i sometimes see [brackets] used in things such as interviews. what do they mean?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8nk8ax/eli5_i_sometimes_see_brackets_used_in_things_such/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dzw2nej"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It means the quote was paraphrased by the interviewer for clarity. For example, if the interviewee said \"I met John, he is a nice guy\" then the interviewer might print it as \"[John] is a nice guy\". "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3qx4q2
|
why pizza has become so expensive?
|
It seems you can't get a decent pizza these days without spending like, 20 bucks. Why is that? It didn't always use to be like this.
Pizza used to be a decently cheap food.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3qx4q2/eli5_why_pizza_has_become_so_expensive/
|
{
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"cwj37kn",
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],
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4,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"There are $5 pizza places, $8 pizza places, and also more expensive pizza places. \n\nIn food industry, you would expect about 30-35% of revenue goes to labor, about 25% goes to food cost, the remaining 50% goes to rent, utilities, marketing and hopefully owner's profit.\n\nRaise the cost of labor, such as increasing minimum wage, and that money has to come from somewhere.",
"The general cost of business goes up over time. Taxes, wages, electricity, insurance etc. The pizza itself is fairly cheap to make, but the whole cost is high. A pizza place runs on very thin profit margins as it is.\n\nMaking your own pizza though is pretty cheap and often better.",
"Can always just make some yourself...\n\n\n\n1 1/2 teaspoons active dry yeast \n\n1 1/2 cups water \n\n3 cups all-purpose flour Flour (All-Purpose)\n\n1 teaspoon sea salt\n\n In a large bowl, dissolve yeast in water. Stir in 2 cups of flour and salt; mix well. Stir in the remaining flour, 1/2 cup at a time, beating well after each addition. When the dough has pulled together, turn it out onto a lightly floured surface and knead until smooth and supple, about 15 minutes. Place dough in bowl dusted with flour cover with plastic wrap and refrigerate overnight.\n\nDeflate the dough and turn it out onto a lightly floured surface. Divide the dough into two equal pieces. Roll dough out to half of its final size. Let rest for 10 to 15 minutes (while you prepare desired pizza toppings). Preheat oven to 450 degrees F\n\nStretch out dough over your floured knuckles and spin/toss 2 to 3 times until desired size is achieved. Place dough on a baker's peel sprinkled with cornmeal or a lightly greased pizza pan. Spread with desired toppings and bake on a pizza stone in preheated oven for 8 to 10 minutes, or until golden brown. Let baked pizza cool for 5 minutes before serving."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
330f6d
|
how do people hear that different tones are the same musical note?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/330f6d/eli5_how_do_people_hear_that_different_tones_are/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cqgcang"
],
"score": [
2
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"text": [
"With just a little bit of experience, you can sing two notes which have pretty much any \"interval\" between them. For example, if you sing a note, I can sing a perfect fifth higher, or a minor third higher.... or a whole octave higher. The octave is probably the easiest of these to do, but it still takes just a little bit of practice.\n\nIt can be made easier if you think of something you'd recognise and relate that to the interval in question. So for example, the first four notes of [The Birdie Song](_URL_0_) are an octave apart, so if you sing those notes in your head you'll be singing notes an octave apart."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjMOJU26EsU"
]
] |
||
2w0jn1
|
why does stress cause irregular menstrual cycles?
|
I know that stress causes irregular periods, but why? Since my back injury, I have not had a normal period.
**Edit:** My doctor already knows. She did a full workup with an ultrasound and blood work and nothing negative came back.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2w0jn1/eli5_why_does_stress_cause_irregular_menstrual/
|
{
"a_id": [
"comhye8",
"comhzym"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"When your body is stressed, it releases extra hormones. This can cause irregularity in the menstrual cycle. \n\nIf you are really concerned about having an irregular cycle, I would suggest talking to your gynecologist. ",
"Simply put it's because the stress hormones your body is releasing means your body is functioning differently.\n\nIncreased blood pressure, heart pumping and breathing are caused by stress hormones increasing these functions. However, the stress hormone also limits other functions such as digestion, growth and reproduction - the reproduction part being what's affecting your periods.\n\nI would advise if your periods have been continually like this to get a doctor to check there's no other causes and problems and look up some anti-stress techniques.\n\nHope you make a recovery from your back injury soon."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2m46rz
|
how do defendants/plaintiffs pay judgements when appearing on television court (judge judy, people's court, etc.). do "blanket" appearance fees assist when a person loses?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2m46rz/eli5_how_do_defendantsplaintiffs_pay_judgements/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cm0s4tq"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Actually, part of the deal (for Judge Judy at least) is that the show will pay any of the fees incurred for the loser. When Judge Judy says \"I find for the plaintiff in the amount of $1,000,\" the defendant pockets their appearance fee, watches themselves on TV, and pays nothing. \n\nI assume that other court TV shows mostly do the same."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
7qqw31
|
how does hyperbaric oxygen therapy work and help heal wounds?
|
Doctors of reddit, I really want to know how HBOT works. I lost a lot of skin and tissue on my foot from a car accident so I have a flap from my back on my foot. Also have an ex fix for my fractured ankle. Anyways, my surgeon encouraged (or gave me one option) to do Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and I want to know how it works and if it will help heal my flap and wound and if it really could bring back some of the tissue that’s on the edge of dying.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7qqw31/eli5_how_does_hyperbaric_oxygen_therapy_work_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dsr89nh"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"oxygen helps oxygenate your blood and helps it flow better. This helps to invigorate your body to speed up healing itself. It improves your blood flow and increases your red and white blood cells. This can help with skin regeneration and clotting of wounds too."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
32rwku
|
what causes the apparent "rotating ring" around a black hole?
|
In this gif for example, _URL_0_, there is a ring outside of the singularities that looks like a thin ring of stars rotating around the two holes.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/32rwku/eli5_what_causes_the_apparent_rotating_ring/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cqe2hhg"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"Gravity.\n\nBlack holes have such immense gravity that it distorts light (by literally pulling in photon particles). Some light is able to escape but because its path has been altered, the images we see become distorted."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://i.imgur.com/YQICPpW.webm"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
dcxmho
|
why didn't the black death kill the entire population of europe?
|
I never understood it. An epidemic occurred in 1347 and lasted till 1351 in Europe. It killed a lot of people and since there was no medicine available at the time to prevent or treat the disease, it ran rampant. What I do not understand is why it suddenly stopped and appeared spontaneously throughout history? Did people suddenly develop immunity or was there some other factor? If you have no available measures to control the epidemic, why wasn't it able to completely wipe out humanity in the continent of Europe?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dcxmho/eli5_why_didnt_the_black_death_kill_the_entire/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f2ck67i",
"f2cln3z",
"f2ctalc",
"f2d1eli",
"f2dno2g"
],
"score": [
5,
9,
7,
5,
2
],
"text": [
"It was natural selection. People who were vulnerable died off while the ones that were immune (or developed immunities) survived.\n\nOf course this is a gross oversimplification",
"Most of the people who died to the plague were people with immune systems that weren't fully developed or weakened immune systems (really old and really young). As well, anyone living out away from others were less likely to get sick in many cases which is why many notable people actually left the city to live in isolation for a good chunk of the time.\n\n\nJust because you got sick doesn't mean you died, for the bubonic plague specifically you have a survival rate of around 50% when untreated (it was probably lower due to factors like poor nutrition and unclean drinking water) and for the septicemic plague it had a 0% survival rate when left untreated. The pneumonic plague also has a survival rate of nearly 0% when left untreated.\n\n\nPoint is that just because you got sick doesn't mean you will die.",
"If it was strong enough to kill everyone who got the plague, it would have been nowhere near as deadly. You need people to spread it, or else it dies off quickly.",
"Keep in mind that the Black Death was not the only massive plague incident involving Yersinia pestis. The Plague of Justinian, from 541 to 750 AD, eventually wiped out about 50% of the population of Europe. And in 1855 another massive plague started in China and moved into India, resulting in the deaths of somewhere around 10 million people. \n\n \nAs far as why the Black Death in Europe was such a massive and widespread plague, while other incidents of infection were much smaller and of shorter duration, many think that it may be because of how the Yersinia pestis bacterium was transmitted. In bubonic plague the lymph nodes are infected, in pneumonic plague the infection is in the lungs, and in septicemic plague the infection is in the blood. All three are caused by the same bacterium, but it's how it gets into the body, and how it's spread from person to person, that can make a huge difference. \n\n\nBut there are other factors at work. Sometimes the plague pops up in a fairly isolated place that doesn't get much traffic from outside, so a portion of that population dies, the ones who have natural immunity or resistance live, and the plague just peters out without spreading any significant distance. Or maybe the plague is introduced just before the winter freeze, and once winter sets in most of the rodents that carry the disease either die of cold or move south where it's warmer. \n\n\nWe know that climate plays a part in how well the bacterium survives and spreads. Since the disease tends to live in animals like rodents, the success of the bacteria somewhat depends on the host animal's success. In the United States we mostly see it popping up in rural and semi-rural areas of the western states, primarily in semi-arid upland forests and grasslands where many types of rodent species can easily find food, mates, and shelter. But look at places close to the Arctic and we don't see plague so much.",
"Humans have a diverse gene pool, which means we have diverse immune systems. No single pathogen is going to be able to infect everyone, and among those exposed, some will survive. Pathogen's can't really be both highly infectious *and* highly deadly, because they would kill their hosts before they can spread, thus dying out themselves. There were 3 types of plague. The most common, bubonic, has a mortality rate of about 50%, meaning roughly half of the people who got sick died. Septicemic plague has nearly a 100% mortality rate, but was very uncommon (and still is). So you've got people who were never exposed, people who were exposed but the quirks of their immune systems protected them, and those who were exposed, got sick, but survived. The plague ended because it had infected and killed everyone it was able to infect. After a few years, the easiest hosts to infect had already gotten sick. Many died, and those that survived carried immunity. This mean there were far fewer new hosts to infect, and thus it became impossible for the epidemic to sustain itself. It should be noted that while the Black Death is the most well-known and most devastating outbreak of the plague, it was not the only one. Plague outbreaks occurred regularly on smaller scales until the 19th century."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
4r02vh
|
what is buying on margin, and how does this lead to crashes and economic recession?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4r02vh/eli5_what_is_buying_on_margin_and_how_does_this/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d4x89kv"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Buying on margin is when you have someone lend you some of the money in hopes that the market will got way up enough to pay back the loan and then some. \n\nWhen the price of a stock falls enough the lender will say \"alright, not gonna happen, give us our money back.\" This is called a \"margin call\".\n\nIf it falls drastically enough, it can make some people go bankrupt by having to pay even more money to get the money they owed in the first place because the part that they did pay has been effectively wiped out. \n\nThis means that there is less money to buy stuff with, which means the businesses on the stock exchange get less money to do stuff and profit off of, which means the price drops, more margin calls happen, etc etc. \n\nThis means a stock market and economy based off of more than a few margin buys is very delicate and thus is not a recommended decision to make unless you *really really* know what you're doing. Otherwise just stick your cash in a 401(k) and let it be."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3le0wy
|
why is it harder for most men to masturbate standing up?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3le0wy/eli5_why_is_it_harder_for_most_men_to_masturbate/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cv5wwnw"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It's a blood pressure issue. The force of pumping blood from your feet back to your heart due to gravity requires more strain, and your BP goes down. As a result, there's less pressure for your erection, and thus it's harder to masturbate. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2ypy2l
|
why can't i stream cable to my tv wirelessly?
|
In the age of high-speed internet why do I still require a coaxial cable to watch cable TV? How far do you think we are from wireless cable hookups?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ypy2l/eli5_why_cant_i_stream_cable_to_my_tv_wirelessly/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpbw7rw"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"I may not be understanding your question, but here goes.\n\nSome television programming providers already do this. AT & T's U-Verse uses set-top boxes that stream their programming over WiFi. Sure, the set-top box needs a cord going to the tv, but you don't need to run cables through walls/floors for each tv."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
flul08
|
what happens when you've had a disease and you've got immunity are you still a carrier?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/flul08/eli5_what_happens_when_youve_had_a_disease_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fl0lk8z",
"fl0myjp",
"fl0ta97",
"fl1bgg1",
"fl1e2ss",
"fl1h2q6",
"fl1hr4v",
"fl1n72g"
],
"score": [
67,
10,
8,
3,
4,
3,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"In most cases, if you're immune, you'll eliminate the germs from your system. But this is not true for every disease. Chicken pox, for instance, stays in the body forever. And sometimes people become carriers for diseases that normally don't act that way. Mary Mallon, known to history as Typhoid Mary, carried bacteria in her gallbladder that made other people sick, but she never got sick herself. Typhoid normally doesn't do that.",
"Normally not. When you're infected, either the pathogen makes you sick but you fight it off and clear it, developing immunity in the process. Or you don't get sick because you're somehow resistant to it or you happen to be well prepared for it (cross immunity from something else, already active immune system, tiny titer, etc), but you may develop immunity nonetheless and clear it. Or you get sick and cured but the pathogen remains in your body (especially the case for some viruses, like retro viruses that embed their nucleic acid in your genome). If you clear the pathogen, you're not a carrier any longer, and if you're infected it by the same pathogen later, it's replication will controlled very quickly so it won't be readily contagious from you, although I suppose there is a possibility (in general, you need some symptoms or at least replication for you to spread the pathogen). If you retain the pathogen like varicella, then one day your immune system is weakened like when you're old, the symptoms may show up (resemble herpes in this case), and if someone who never developed immunity to chicken pox is close to you while you're flaring, they can get infected. There are also other cases, but I think this is sufficient for an ELI5.",
"Your immune system can deal with the disease - this can be genetic or 'learned\" by exposure to the disease.\n\nYou body however may still have the disease in it, it is just not affecting you. So when you interact with someone else - who's immune system does not recognize or can not deal with that disease, then it can affect them. \n\nIt is also important to not this is not an all or nothing thing - so your immune system may recognize a virus, but not be 100% effective at combating it... so you may not get as sick as someone else with the same virus; this is actually usually the case, we typically have SOME protection against practically every thing we encounter - that is why \"new\" viruses (novel) are so dangerous, almost no one's immune system has \"seen\" it. So FIRST the immune system has to even identify that there IS a new disease, and then it reacts and has to find a way to combat it. ( This is more of an evolutionary process - there is not any intelligence involved.)",
"You can be a carrier because you are contaminated with the disease, i.e. It’s on your person, so anything you touch gets contaminated. This way of spreading the disease is still completely valid even if you’re immune. It’s why hand washing regularly and contact avoidance is not only saving yourself, it’s saving everyone who interacts with you from most diseases.\n\nThe other way of being a carrier is that if the disease is in your system and is surviving so that it’s multiplying and spreading, which normally doesn’t happen if you’re immune (but in rare cases can happen), this case normally happens between the time you get contaminated, and the time your body finally knows how to fight and kill the disease. That time period is where the disease is multiplying by infecting everything, and anything you touch or interact with gets contaminated.\n\nso you are always at risk of infecting other people of something you might be immune to if you’re contaminated with it.\n\nThe best thing to do even after this pandemic, if you don’t want to spread something you might be immune to but contaminated with is to wash regularly, avoid direct contact, and to cough or sneeze into the crook of your elbow.",
"When your body has a foreign invader, like a bacteria or virus, it makes something called an antibody which can help disable or kill the invader. Unfortunately, it takes time for your body to ramp up production, and if the invader multiplies faster than the antibodies, your immune system is overwhelmed and you can get really sick or die.\n\nAssuming you survive, your body keeps some antibodies around just in case. Then, next time, you are more prepared to fight the infection.\n\nAs far as whether you are a carrier, no, because antibodies do not make people sick, and you should have killed off all the invaders.\n\nMany vaccines, by the way, work by triggering the immune response without getting you sick, such that you have the antibodies there for the real invader.",
"I think there are a lot of people here who are explaining it like you are five, but not giving actionable information because they do not know.\n\nQ1: The operative question here is, “How long after I have ‘beaten’ a disease am I still capable of spreading it to others?”\n\nA1: This is entirely dependent on the specific pathogen you were infected by.\n\nQ2. In the context of this current outbreak, a more apropos and more answerable question might be, “Once I am verified to be infected with SARS-CoV2 and become symptomatic for the COVID-19 disease that virus causes, how long must I continue to self-isolate after I am no longer symptomatic (apparently cured)?”\n\nA2: This sounds like it is probably more what you are interested in. The problem is, we don’t have a good answer for this yet. Around the world, hospitals are monitoring patients who have apparently recovered until they also show no signs of shedding virus. So if you have been discharged from a clinical setting, they will tell you whether you are contagious or not. Otherwise, there does appear to be a period (the length of which is not conclusively determined) after which you are apparently recovered but continue to shed active, contagious virus. This was true during the 2003 SARS epidemic, too.",
"Immunity can be anything from being able to quickly kill pathogens to simply preventing them from interfering with your system. You have tons of bacteria in your system at all times (your body actually has more bacteria cells than you cells) and only rarely is it a problem. Sometimes pathogens that are harmless to you can hurt others, making you a carrier despite immunity.",
"Viruses stay in the body and are held at bay by the immune system. You can get the diseases again if your body loses that immunity or you become immuno-compromised (either from being very sick with something else or you have to take immune suppressing drugs). As for bacteria, the body will clear those completely. It's all about size and how the infectious agent proliferates. Viruses enter in to our cells and take over the cell machinery to produce more virus particles. The can stay dormant in cells for years. You can also carry bacterial infections in the skin, the blood and intestines, but you generally feel lousy because you're still sick. In some cases, even underlying bacterial infections can go unnoticed without symptoms. Typhoid is an example of this and its why we wash our hands thoroughly when preparing food..."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5x82ar
|
why is it so much harder to write with my non-master hand, than it is to do other stuff like, say, using a playstation controller?
|
Both actions appear to me to require dexterity, and yet one is definitely much harder than the other. How and why is this so?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5x82ar/eli5_why_is_it_so_much_harder_to_write_with_my/
|
{
"a_id": [
"deg3x94"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"How many hours in your life have you played video games with a 2 handed controller? How many hours have you spent practicing writing with your left hand? "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
59blfs
|
citizens united v fec
|
I'm trying to understand what this is all about and the wiki page is hard to understand. Anyone care to ELI5?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/59blfs/eli5_citizens_united_v_fec/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d974ehc"
],
"score": [
40
],
"text": [
"A non-profit political group, named Citizens United, wanted to air a video that was critical of Hillary Clinton. The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act, colloquially known as the McCain-Feingold Act, held that no political programming could be aired within 60 days of an election by a corporation (including non-profit groups and unions). Citizens United sued, and the US District Court upheld the ban on the airing of the movie. It was appealed to the Supreme Court and the SCOTUS reversed the decision, stating that prohibiting political speech was an encroachment on the First Amendment.\n\nUnderstand that in this sense, \"corporation\" does not mean \"evil group of people selling stuff to make money\". It really just means a group of people doing something together. An incorporated group. This does include for-profit corporations, but it also includes unions and non-profits. Citizens United was a non-profit corporation. Section 203 of BCRA defined an \"electioneering communication\" as a broadcast, cable, or satellite communication that mentioned a candidate within 60 days of a general election or 30 days of a primary, and prohibited such expenditures by corporations and unions. SCOTUS disagreed and said that prohibiting such speech was a violation of the freedom of speech, particularly because political speech is and should be the most protected"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4q23gi
|
why do they say that it is better to drink warm or hot liquids ( like teas) during hot periods?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4q23gi/eli5why_do_they_say_that_it_is_better_to_drink/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d4pln6h",
"d4pm4fb"
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text": [
"Something hot will force you to sweat. The sweat helps cool you\n\nThis is the main reasoning behind some herbal teas that claim to be fever busters. A person suffering from a dry fever (hot and flushed but skin is dry) can benefit from a hot drink to force their body to sweat so they can cool themselves",
"When your body temperature is at a set point, you will sweat a set amount. When the temp goes up, you sweat more. When it goes down, you sweat less.\n\nWhen sweat evaporates, it cools you down because the change from liquid to gas takes more energy (heat) away.\n\nWhen you drink a hot drink, your body temp goes up, but it makes you sweat more than you should at that temp. So you have more sweat that can evaporate to cool you down more than, at the very least, tepid drinks.\n\nThis will only work when the sweat evaporates. There should be a breeze and you aren't sweating so much that it drops off of you.\n\nYou can read more here: _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/a-hot-drink-on-a-hot-day-can-cool-you-down-1338875/"
]
] |
||
46e898
|
when we measure our heart rate, why do we measure the pulse at our wrist instead of feeling our chests?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/46e898/eli5_when_we_measure_our_heart_rate_why_do_we/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d04dd8r"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
" > The answer is simple: You want to measure your pulse on an artery that is close to the skin so that each pulse can be felt by your fingers (the pressure sensors on your fingers have a limit on their ability to feel). If you were to try and hold your hand or press some fingers onto your chest, there is a lot of muscle and fat in between your sensor (hand/fingers) and the source (heart). Since each beat of the heart has to move all the blood in the body, it doesn't really matter where you measure, so long as you press against an artery (they take the majority of the pulse wave pressure), and you want to press against an artery that is close to the skin so that you can compress it enough to feel each heartbeat entirely (part of the pressure from each heartbeat will then be felt by your finger(s).\n\nReason: Accuracy"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3ji0jq
|
if stretching cold muscles is bad for you, why is yoga good for you?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ji0jq/eli5_if_stretching_cold_muscles_is_bad_for_you/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cupdc3q"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The way a yoga sequence work is so that you warm up your muscles with easy stretches/exercises and slowly work up to harder more advanced poses. You reach a peak of difficulty (can be as simple as down dog or as hard as a handstand depending on experience) then the sequences slows down and cools you off until you end laying flat on your back just breathing. This stretches and works out your muscles from cool to heated and back to cool. It's unusual to leave a class drenched in sweat\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
c8crhd
|
why is burning plastics (like polyethylene) bad when it's a hydrocarbon like wood?
|
Burning plastics is bad. We've all been told this. And, I can see why burning PVC with its chlorine in there could be an issue. What about polyethylene and other plastics made out of just hydrogen and carbon?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c8crhd/eli5_why_is_burning_plastics_like_polyethylene/
|
{
"a_id": [
"esluuoe",
"eslv5uc",
"esmxomt"
],
"score": [
18,
4,
2
],
"text": [
"There are very hazardous substances out there which are \"just hydrogen and carbon\". One group of these are called \"dioxins\", which are produced in high quantities when plastics are burned and are highly toxic.\n\nThere is also the fact that plastics don't always totally combust, and small particles of unburned plastic entering the environment (or your body) can be dangerous. Since plastics aren't easily processed biologically this contamination is more hazardous than, for example, wood ash. \n\nAlso, as a final note, burning wood isn't exactly great for you. It may produce fewer toxic pollutants but it still produces a significant amount.",
"Plastic is a hydrocarbon. It's a good hydrocarbon chain, but not web. Chains are cool but to make plastic containers you need to find some processes to bond up all the chains together and make it a hard and cohesive structure. To go from chains of relatively chill looking carbon-based molecules to sheets of plastic you can make Tupperware out of and microwave, a lot of chemistry has to go down. And a lot of the chemicals used to bind and bond and harden (like the infamous BPA aka Bisphenol A) have some inevitable continued presence in the finished product. Plastic isn't just plastic, it's plastic and some residues of the chemicals needed to get it to be just right as a material to work with. So when you burn plastic, you're basically having a reaction with all those residual chemicals and that shit nasty.",
"Carbon, Oxygen: Not bad for you.\n\nCarbon Dioxide: Not bad for you except at high concentration.\n\nCarbon Monoxide: Kills you \n\n\nBeing made of the same elements doesn't mean a compound behaves the same."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
9ehlpj
|
what's the difference between white and brown sugar, and why does more brown sugar make cookies so much softer?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9ehlpj/eli5_whats_the_difference_between_white_and_brown/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e5oz9uq",
"e5ozenk",
"e5pf0vu",
"e5psgvu",
"e5q6mn4",
"e5qdtr4"
],
"score": [
276,
29,
21,
5,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"White sugar is brown sugar after being processed to take molasses out of it. Originally, brown sugar came first, but most commercial brown sugars are actually made from adding molasses back in to the white sugar, rather than just leaving it in its first stage. Probably because it's easier/cheaper for a company to get a hold of white sugar post-processing than to nab it in its raw form.\n\nBrown sugar makes things softer because the added molasses adds moisture to the baked end result.",
"In a 5-year-old-type explanation, white sugar is dry and refined, while brown sugar contains molasses. The molasses keeps the brown sugar soft (assuming that you store it in an airtight container).\n\nThe molasses/brown sugar helps keep cookies moist. \n\nIn a side note, white sugar will last nearly forever if you don’t get it wet. ",
"Pro Life Tip: All brands of white sugar are basically the same: it's simply a pure chemical. Not true with brown sugar. Most brands of brown sugar just take white sugar and add some molasses back in. You can actually wash the brown off and get white sugar again. C & H brand brown sugar is more \"natural\", as it is simple raw sugar that is never refined all the way to white sugar. The difference in taste and texture are very noticeable - for brown sugar I never buy anything else.",
"How do you keep brown sugar in a cupboard? Mine always solidifies into a solid dry mass and I have to scrape it to get the sugar loose.",
"I make my own brown sugar by mixing molasses into white sugar, just like the pros. It costs a fraction of what storebought b. sugar costs. ",
"Here brown sugar is the same as brown bread. White refined product with the 'waste' mixed back in.\n\nIf you want the good stuff you want Muscovado sugar (and wholemeal bread)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
6m7fzu
|
how does peer review work? isn't it bothersome for scientists to take up their own time to test someone else's theory before that person's paper is published? do they get credit/money for doing so?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6m7fzu/eli5_how_does_peer_review_work_isnt_it_bothersome/
|
{
"a_id": [
"djzg9ya"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"No, we don't get money for doing so. If we were paid it would tarnish the process. It works like this: you arrive at work and get per email a request to review a paper (title, authors, abstract). You can accept or decline. If you have lots of things to do, you decline. If you don't, you accept because at some point you'll be on the other end and would love that someone takes their time to review your research. \n\nSo, click on *accept*. You get access to the full text of the paper and start the review process.\n\nFirst is \"quick review\": is it well written, is it interesting, is it new, is it worthy of publication, is it appropriate for this particular journal. Then, detailed review: here you thoroughly go through the paper, all experiments, quality of data, reasons behind this or that, questions, request other diagrams, etc. You might or might not do both reviews (depending on the journal). At any time you can suggest other reviewer if they are better experts in the field, if you have a conflict of interest, if you suddenly don't have time anymore. You never review a paper if you are not an expert in that field.\n\nAfter submitting your review, the editor (another scientist) sees if it makes sense or not, accepts it, the authors get your report. Now they have time (a few weeks) to address your concerns and rewrite the necessary parts. \n\nThe resubmitted paper might land in your hands again or not, depending on the journal. Further reviews might be written or not. Paper might go back and forth between reviewers and authors a couple of times until everyone is happy.\n\nAfter all parties agree, the journal publishes the paper.\n\nAs an author: you submit the paper to a journal. An editor must be found first. They decide if it's good enough for the journal and so the peer-review starts. First the editor finds two or three reviewers. One day (usually on the deadline) you get their review reports and address them. Re-write the parts that are not clear. Answer questions. Re-submit. \n\nYou never know who the reviewers are (they know who you are) unless they disclose themselves, which doesn't happen too often and if it does it's usually at a conference: oh! I reviewed your paper! The reviewers don't know either who the other reviewers of the paper are. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
29p72j
|
why can't i recall some things without seeing or hearing them, but as soon as i do i fully remember them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/29p72j/eli5_why_cant_i_recall_some_things_without_seeing/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cin4xgk"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Why is the answer to a problem/question sometimes on the tip of my tongue...I would know it if the answer was put in front of me...but I can't think of it all by myself.\n\nThis must have something to do with how the connections in our brains work. They get stronger as they are used more, like a muscle. These connections are very weak at first when you are learning something...like geography...but become stronger with more use, just like a muscle, again.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
8kelha
|
how do those text x to abbreviated number systems work?
|
How does one get that service? What happens to the data it gathers and what is the cost? I was at a sporting event and they asked what song to play at next time out...i.e. text Drake to 5555....
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8kelha/eli5_how_do_those_text_x_to_abbreviated_number/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dz717fd"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"They're called SMS Short codes.\n\nYou can lease them for your business. I think most people get them from [Tatango](_URL_0_).\n\nSome businesses get \"dedicated short codes\" (no one else can use that code). Others use \"Shared short codes\" (Which service it goes to is dependent on the keyword that is sent to the code).\n\nYou can see a list of in-use short codes [here](_URL_1_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.tatango.com/",
"https://usshortcodedirectory.com/directory/"
]
] |
|
2y0s3r
|
what do the m and m+ and m- buttons do on standard 4 function calculators?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2y0s3r/eli5_what_do_the_m_and_m_and_m_buttons_do_on/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cp551qm",
"cp554td"
],
"score": [
4,
4
],
"text": [
"m = memory. m+ = add in said memory, m- = subtract.",
"M+ will add the currently displayed number to a running total that is stored in memory. M- will subtract from the running total instead. M will retrieve the current running total. \n\nPress 50, M+, 25, M+, 1, M-. The running total should be 74, press M to display it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
5sto9j
|
why is it a reflex to self-grab a wound?
|
On the other hand, why do we oppose others touching our wounds?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5sto9j/eli5why_is_it_a_reflex_to_selfgrab_a_wound/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ddhpc2k"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text": [
"Holding it together long enough for blood to start scanning it closed, blocking the smell of blood from pervading the air and bringing more threats down, keeping foreign matter from entering the wound, preventing the movement of the skin around the wound, etc.\n\nThere are lots of positive ends that are served by grabbing a wound, so a reflex to do it would be strongly selected for."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
6j4mwe
|
how do people accidentally get hit by trains? i'm not trying to be morbid just confused
|
I hear about people getting hit by trains all the time now and for whatever reason (or, actually, many reasons like the noise, the vibration, the lights, the sheer size, the slow speed) I just can't imagine that being accidental by any stretch of the imagination save for unconsciousness in an inconvenient location. How does one manage this?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6j4mwe/eli5how_do_people_accidentally_get_hit_by_trains/
|
{
"a_id": [
"djbgoeq",
"djbgvxx",
"djbgwuo",
"djbhay9"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"By not paying attention, slipping, leaning too close to the tracks, parking in a very inconvenient spot, etc. Most of the instances I've heard of have some element of foul play or purpose to them. ",
"_URL_0_\n\nThis happened few weeks back. That girl is very lucky to be alive. Reason is her headphones and not paying attention.",
"Sometimes at railroad crossings people get hit by a train trying to go around the gate.\n\nI hate to say it because death is tragic but it's basically being killed by your own stupidity.\n\nAnd frankly, when someone dies doing something stupid we tend to say it was an \"accident.\"",
"Alcohol often plays a factor, especially when you consider that train tracks are generally located in the sorts of areas that are amenable to homeless residence (most people avoid living near train tracks, so there is often undeveloped land where homeless people can camp out)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=hsfP7JPfxP8"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
1tf62w
|
why people keep saying were still in a recession if the dow is at an all time high
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1tf62w/eli5_why_people_keep_saying_were_still_in_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ce7arp5",
"ce7av5a",
"ce7dllp",
"ce7dymy"
],
"score": [
5,
5,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"The DOW is a measure of how the 1% is doing, and they're doing great. It has very little to do with the other 99%, who are indeed suffering from a continued (although slightly lessening) recession.",
"Because for the stock market performance to be the only important factor for you wellbeing your whole income / savings need to be from stock price increase / dividends. Believe it or not the most people still live from their salaries, and for that they need jobs, and good, sustainable jobs on top of that.",
"Technical recessions are calculated by the changes of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product), not the Dow or any other individual index or exchange market.\n\nIf you're neighbor's out of work, it's a recession, if you're out of work, it's a depression. Paraphrased that quote. Lot of us have friends of neighbors out of work, under-working, or underpaid. ",
"The US has not been in recession for many years now. Recession is a certain period of GDP decline. Our GDP has been growing, despite what the partisans with an axe to grind will tell you."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
37tk1s
|
how does startup/tech funding work and what in the world is snapchat going to do with an extra $537,000,000?
|
Surely they don't need THAT much money do they?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/37tk1s/eli5_how_does_startuptech_funding_work_and_what/
|
{
"a_id": [
"crpr4gd",
"crprs60"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"They can use it on advertising, adding new features and maybe expanding their company into other communication apps or something. \n\n",
"It is seriously fucked up, that's for sure.\n\nHow does it work? Two or three people found a company. They need money, so they ask investors. They get a few million, the investors get a certain amount of the shares, e.g. 50%. The number differs widely.\n\nIf they are successful, they will need to expand, and start asking for more money. That can only be done by diluting the original shares. So the founders and the original investors now own less of the shares. They still want to get their investment back, so the price has to be relatively high. Repeat it a third round, and the price must go up even more.\n\nHow much it can go up is driven by market craze. Snapchat is popular, and there are many people that think popularity is worth a lot.\n\nWhat are they going to do with $537M? Probably buy and stifle competition, because that's what their investors need most."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
3v9hzw
|
how does the cornea heal after a lasik procedure with no bloodflow?
|
I just received a LASIK treatment for my myopia and was wondering how the corneal flap reattaches itself to the rest of the cornea. If there were blood flowing, wouldn't everything we see be red?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3v9hzw/eli5_how_does_the_cornea_heal_after_a_lasik/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cxlk545"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"There is no blood in cornea, but its cells are still living so it can regenerate normally. They get nutrients and oxygen from tears on outside and aqueous humour on the inside."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2aljwz
|
why is a bacteriophage so symmectrical?
|
It looks more "robotic" than natural. Does it gain any biological benefits from this symmetry?
[picture so you know what I mean](_URL_0_)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2aljwz/eli5_why_is_a_bacteriophage_so_symmectrical/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ciwcgvp",
"ciwch6y"
],
"score": [
2,
5
],
"text": [
"Might want to try this in /r/askscience",
"That's not what they actually look like, \"verbatim\" (or the graphical equivalent of that). It's just a simplified way of showing a general shape: big head, long stem, \"legs\", and a set of \"spikes\".\n\n[This](_URL_1_) is what bacteriophages actually look like; the \"heads\" are the bright blobs on the left, and you can see some of the \"sheaths\" between the head and the bacteria (the large shape on the right). Here, it's obvious that they look fairly organic and not very robotic at all.\n\nEDIT: Image link: _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/struktur-des-virus-bakteriophages-27111334.jpg"
] |
[
[],
[
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Phage.jpg",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage#mediaviewer/File:Phage.jpg"
]
] |
|
2folun
|
why doesn't my butthole get infected?
|
Question is pretty much in the title on this one... Sometimes I wipe too hard and then next time I poop, there is blood on the tissue from the raw spot on my anus. But I also poop in very close proximity to the wound, even sometimes diarrhea.
I would imagine if I rubbed dog poo in a cut, I would get an infection. So why don't I get an infection from my own feces and wounds around my anus?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2folun/eli5_why_doesnt_my_butthole_get_infected/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckb83wc",
"ckb8jv6"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"The rawness on the outside of your anus probably isn't the same as a full-on open wound. There's less openness there than in even a tiny paper cut. I don't think the germs on your poop could even get into your skin or even bloodstream and cause an infection. ",
"Your anus is packed with white blood cells, waiting like a preemptive force to stop invaders. Also, your poop only contains your mostly benign to you native ecology."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
9o451x
|
why do small planes crash so often with many mortally injured passengers? i thought even with a broken engine they can glide to the next bigger street or field?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9o451x/eli5_why_do_small_planes_crash_so_often_with_many/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e7r78na",
"e7r79ah",
"e7r7elw",
"e7r9ohk",
"e7rfblf",
"e7rqdrw"
],
"score": [
17,
14,
8,
101,
18,
2
],
"text": [
"Big planes=pilots with many years experience. \nLittle planes= pilots with few years experience",
"Small planes don't really crash that often. They're about as safe as motorbikes.\n\nHaving said that, they do crash with fatalities from time to time. And there are two common reasons:\n\n- Flying into bad weather, with a pilot who's not qualified to fly in bad weather.\n\n- Getting too slow, especially while turning to line up with the runway, resulting in what's called a \"spin\", which can be impossible to recover from at low altitudes.\n\nIn both of these events, the aircraft is likely to hit the ground whilst out of control, and that is why they end up with fatalities. In engine failures, as you said, fatalities are very rare, because the aircraft will almost always hit the ground the right way up, at low speed, while not turning, etc.\n\nEdit to add that all three of these (engine failure, spin avoidance, and a combination of both avoiding bad weather and what to do if you do get into bad weather) are covered during basic pilot training. Pilots are humans, and make mistakes, but there's nearly always an element of bad judgement involved in the kinds of accidents where people get killed.",
"Depends on the plane. Bigger planes like an A320 have a second engine so a single engine failure won't take them down, they also flight high(30k-40k feet) and have fairly high glide ratios(17 for an A320 or 737)\n\nSmall planes like a Cessna 172 have just a single engine, fly relatively low (13,500 feet or less), and have a much lower glide ratio of around 9.\n\nIn the event an A320 suffers a double engine failure at cruising altitude(we'll say 35k feet) it could cover a bit over 112 miles before reaching the ground. If a Cessna 172 experiences a single engine failure(far more likely) at its cruising altitude of 13,500 feet it can travel just 23 miles before reaching the ground. If you're flying over mountains or a forest, 23 miles may not be nearly far enough to get you to a suitable landing site.",
"Several reasons I can't think of:\n\n* Often flown by less experienced pilots\n\n* The aircraft is more likely to sit for extended times without use\n\n* Maintenance items more likely to be blown off\n\n* Checklists not followed as strictly\n\n* Often flown without copilot who might catch an error or help in an emergency\n\nThat said, they're still not all that dangerous overall. The fact that they still make the news says a lot about how uncommon crashes really are.",
"In addition to the other reasons given here, I'll address your question about streets or fields:\n\nStreets are almost always a no-go. There are trees that grow over them, and power lines and bridges that cross them. Power lines are possibly the worst issue, since you wouldn't see them until it was too late.\n\nReasonably speaking, you'd need a half-mile stretch of road where the overhanging trees are at least 50 feet away from each other all the way along, where there are no overpasses, where it's reasonably straight, and where the pilot has a good reason to believe there are no power lines. Oh, and there are no cars on the road.\n\nYou do see small planes land on highways from time to time. That's about the only place you can do it.\n\nAs for fields, those are usually the preferred choices, but you won't know until touchdown if there are any moguls or chuck holes that can catch a wheel and flip the plane over. That does happen a lot.\\*\n\nOther factors: commercial airliners are always multi-engine and can fly with one out. Most small planes are single-engine. If the engine cuts out on takeoff, there's really no option but to land straight ahead and there's no chance to look for a road or a field. If there's trees in your path, well then you're coming down in the trees.\n\nEven small twin-engine planes are dangerous this way, as they're typically designed to be *just barely* flyable on one engine. If your single-engine training is not up to date, then you're looking at a stall-spin accident.\n\n----\n\\*Anecdote: during my primary training, my instructor set me up with an engine-out practice over a field. As a good little student pilot I lined up beautifully into the wind (you normally land into the wind if you can). As we got close, my instructor told me: \"See how the field was plowed back and forth across our path? If we were to touch down on that, we'd flip for sure. It's much more important to land along the direction of plowing than to worry about the wind.\"",
"Something like 75% of crashes are human error. You have generally less experience pilots flying aircraft with less fail safes than commercial airplanes. They are also more susceptible to weather as they are much lighter and most only have a single engine. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
66xwg4
|
why do we associate quality chocolate with european nations like germany and switzerland when the crop is from the new world and colonized by the spanish?
|
Shouldn't we be drinking Spanish Miss Hot Chocolate instead of Swiss Miss?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/66xwg4/eli5_why_do_we_associate_quality_chocolate_with/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dgm6yo6"
],
"score": [
13
],
"text": [
"Because the Spanish didn't bring back chocolate (as we know it today). They brought back what we would call cocoa or cacao, the beans, nibs, or powder. \n\nIt was the Dutch who figured out ways to the reduce the bitterness and remove the cocoa butter, to make Dutch cocoa. An Englishman figured out how to make moldable chocolate by adding back some of the cocoa butter. A Swiss chocolate maker figured out how to make milk chocolate, relying on another Swiss invention, powdered milk (invented by a guy named Nestlé). Another Swiss inventor, named Lindt, invented [conching](_URL_0_), a mechanism for mixing cocoa butter with cocoa powder that gives a superior result. \n\nBy the time all these inventions occurred, nations other than Spain were already harvesting cocoa from their own colonies or importing it. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conche"
]
] |
|
bno04f
|
how do doctors restart a dead donated heart?
|
If someone dies in a non-brutal way then there is a time window in which his/her organs can be donated. If the heart is donated after death, how do they get it to beat again in the receiver body? And if they can make a dead heart beat again then why is it so difficult to revive a flat-lined person?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bno04f/eli5_how_do_doctors_restart_a_dead_donated_heart/
|
{
"a_id": [
"en7kmoy"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
" > And if they can make a dead heart beat again then why is it so difficult to revive a flat-lined person?\n\nThey mostly can't. Donated hearts are not transported like most other organs. Donor hearts come exclusively from brain-dead but still technically living patients who are transported in full to the operating room, where the heart can be immediately given to the recipient while it's still beating.\n\n[Technologies are being developed](_URL_0_) to preserve a heart from a truly dead patient *provided* the heart is in good shape and removed quickly. Hearts can spontaneously restart, provided they continue to receive oxygen and the tissue stays alive. From there, doctors can certain drugs to stimulate the nerves to begin firing again, maybe."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/540861/transplant-surgeons-revive-hearts-after-death/"
]
] |
|
ba1hpt
|
how does drag racing work?
|
I understand the concept of the race but I don't understand the physics of it. What's this all about shifting gears at the right RPM and where does timing fall into that? I tried searching but all I found were rules.
Also, do people usually race with automatic or manual cars? Thanks!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ba1hpt/eli5_how_does_drag_racing_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ek8egzg",
"ek8f113"
],
"score": [
2,
4
],
"text": [
"Manual gear shifting maximizes your ability to get the most speed and acceleration at the most precise timing for each gear. Automatic transmissions are generally not as efficient for speed. Manual transmissions are heavily preferred.",
"Drag racing goes back before there were cars. If you ever heard of a quarter horse, they got that name because they were breed to run in 1/4 mile races.\n\nThe basic rules are simple, 2 people line up against each other, someone says 'go' and both race to the a line measured at 1/4 mile from the start. As cars got fast, some places reduced the distance to 1/8 mile.\n\nCars are broken into classes of similar vehicles. some classes require it to look like a car, some not like a car and other actual cars. \n\nThe [chistmas tree](_URL_0_) is used to start the race. The staging lights are used line both cars up to the line, then the yellow lights flash down to green, if anyone moved before the green they get a red light. At the end of the race, drivers [pick up slips](_URL_1_) which shows there reaction time and time to specific distances. in this case, the winner ran the 1/4 in 12.294 seconds and finished at a speed of 92.41 seconds. The looser actually finished faster than the winner, but was slower at the start and never caught up.\n\nYou race what you bring, automatic, manual, dual clutch or cvt. Whatever you think will win. Most tracks have an open track day, where anyone can take any car, pay $20 and race. It's a real hoot. Most tracks have 6 or 8 lanes for the cars to line up on, then there is one guy who picks out what 2 cars go together, most time he does good and the races are fun."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.gulfportdragway.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/XmasTree_resize.jpg",
"https://acurazine.com/forums/attachments/first-generation-rdx-2007-2012-147/25318d1411596461-1-4-mile-time-slips-video-.25-mile.jpg"
]
] |
|
356s7x
|
if california is so dry, why is so much food grown there? why not just grow it elsewhere?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/356s7x/eli5if_california_is_so_dry_why_is_so_much_food/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cr1ib33"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Dry climates tend to have very rich soil because little rain leeches nutrients from the soil (but they need irrigation to make the soil productive). \n\nCalifornia also has a very mild climate that features a very long growing season allowing a large of variety of agricultural products to be grown (many are quite valuable because they can't be grown in other productive farm regions). "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
266xsv
|
why do gauged ears smell weird?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/266xsv/eli5_why_do_gauged_ears_smell_weird/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cho8zwa",
"cho9mzy"
],
"score": [
2,
4
],
"text": [
"f your ears smell they are not clean. \nThe smell comes from oil buildup as the previous answer indicated. \nIf you clean your ears every day you shouldn't have a problem. And by clean them I mean wash them. With soap. Take your jewelry out, wash your ears and wash the jewelry. You shouldn't have to worry about the soap drying out your lobes if you are doing daily oil or lotion massages after you clean them.",
"The fistula (the \"hole\") sheds skin, sweats and emits oil, just like the rest of your body. It's not so much because it's a healing wound, because if you're stretching a piercing, it should already be healed. \n\nThe smell is the result of the dead skin cells, oils from your skin, etc accumulating. If you remove your jewellery and wash your piercings at least daily, it's not usually a problem."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
c73rgi
|
why do people with severe radiation sickness get that period where they suddenly get completely fine before getting worse again?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c73rgi/eli5_why_do_people_with_severe_radiation_sickness/
|
{
"a_id": [
"escufk3",
"esd9m59"
],
"score": [
20,
3
],
"text": [
"The cell life cycle exists in stages. Prior to cell division the cell does a self-check of the DNA to verify it's all where it should be to ensure healthy cell division. If the DNA is damaged and cant be repaired then apoptosis occurs, programmed cell death.\n\nWhen exposed to high levels of radiation some cells are severely damaged while others are only somewhat damaged. The severely damaged ones die off relatively quickly. Then healing occurs which triggers \"healthy\" cells to divide to replace the dead cells. Those \"healthy\" cells go through their checks to ensure successful division. This is when the DNA damage is discovered and the cells kill themselves, resulting in the delayed, more severe cell die off.",
"It has to do with the destruction of stem cells.\n\nStem cells are the cell factories of your body. Cells of various organs and tissues are constantly dying and needs replacement. Your stem cells are responsible for creating these new cells.\n\nNow while most cells in your body are quite passive, the stem cells are constantly working very hard. This means that the stem cells are very sensitive to radiation damage, because they don't have time to repair any DNA damage.\n\nSo at high doses of radiation, most, if not all, of your stem cells die. Many things start to happen, but most notably is the grinding of the [villi](_URL_0_) in your intestine. These are in your gut and help with absorbing nutrients in food. But they are constantly physically grinded down by the same food. Unfortunately, the stem cells responsible for replacing these villus cells are dead, and now it's a ticking bomb until the villi are all completely worn down. This takes roughly 1 week. \n\nWhen this happens, chaos really starts to break loose, since your intestines are being physically damaged from the inside out. This may eventually lead to infections, and death.\n\nNaturally, other parts of your body will also be affected by the lack of stem cells. Wherever regeneration of cells are necessary, damage will be inflicted in time. Notably your stem cells responsible for white cells die, leading to a submission of your immune system (this is why patients with radiation sickness are quarantined). The radiation burns also start deteriorating further. Even if you can halt off any infections and survive long enough, general organ failure (= death) may eventually occur as some organs start shutting down due to lack of new cells. Surviving radiation poisoning means hospitalization and attempting to hold off any infections. If the damage is bad enough, a transplant of new stem cells might be necessary (e.g. bone marrow transplant, skin drafts, etc). Doses high enough to shut down organs are not survivable.\n\nThis explains why the effects of radiation poisoning takes a week or so to really start manifesting. But you mention something very interesting in your question. The initial syndromes of radiation poisoning include nausea, fatigue, diarrhea, vomiting, sensory malfunction, etc. The real question is why *these* things happen. Why are there immediate effects at all? Unfortunately, we don't exactly know. This is something that we can speculate about, and there are many theories (some of which are very likely true), but we don't have any conclusive evidence for any explanations. It is of course something that's very hard to do research on. While DNA damage occurs immediately upon radiation exposure, the effects shouldn't really be noticeable until the next cell cycle. Some theories propose that it's the nervous system which becomes over-saturated with inputs from electrical signals produced by the radiation. But for now, we don't know."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://image.shutterstock.com/image-vector/intestinal-villi-anatomy-small-intestine-260nw-502678183.jpg"
]
] |
||
5oga78
|
why do pictures of space from earth sometimes include colors of the bands of the milky way, but whenever i see pictures taken in space i never see those same colors in the background?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5oga78/eli5_why_do_pictures_of_space_from_earth/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dcj3y0v",
"dcjaeld"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Every picture you see has color that is, to some degree, artificial. However, [this pic from the space station](_URL_0_) certainly shows some color.",
"You have to remember that these vibrant images you refer to are usually the result of very careful (and long exposure) photography. It's not the sort of thing you could see with the naked eye. \n\nPhotos taken in orbit tend to have a focal point that isn't the surrounding stars, be it a spacecraft, or the Earth itself. \n\nIn Space, there's no atmosphere to scatter the light, so if you're in shadow, the shadow is as deep and black as being in the Sun is harsh and bright. \n\nPhotography of those colourful areas of space wouldn't be possible while also looking something illuminated by direct sunlight. The camera has to be set to expose for the lit areas of the pictures, otherwise they would just appear like bright white blinding bursts of light, and would completely overwhelm the photo. \n\nThis is the same reason (and one of the popular methods people try and debunk them) that the Moon landing photos show an inky black sky with not a hint of even stars, never mind colour. This is because you're photographing with the camera set to deal with the directly sunlit Lunar surface, which would mean the stars, vastly dimmer in comparison don't come out on the photo at all. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/iss041e045469.jpg"
],
[]
] |
||
1008lm
|
what does meters per second per second mean?
|
Not sure if right subreddit. But in terms of physics, specifically acceleration, what does per second per second mean?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1008lm/what_does_meters_per_second_per_second_mean/
|
{
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"c6995w1",
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],
"score": [
2,
2,
11
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"text": [
"It means your velocity increases by x meters per second every second. If you go from 0 to 60 km/h in 6 seconds your velocity increases 10 km/h every second, 10 kh per hour per second.",
"So you have the distance, 1 meter. Speed is measured in M/S, which means that for every second past, you move 1 meter. \na graph time vs position would be linear.\nSay you move 1 meter in 1 second, then two meters the second, and three meters the next. that means you are going twice as fast every second, so that would mean that you are accelerating, at 1 m/s/s, or 1 m/s^2.",
"If someone says, \"I am traveling at three meters per second\" it means that each second that goes by, they cover 3 meters of distance on the ground. It's a measure of your speed.\n\nIf someone says, \"I'm accelerating at three meters per second per second,\" it means that for each second that goes by, they move 3 meters per second faster than they were moving 1 second ago. \n\nIf they start from a speed of 0, after one second, they cover 3 meters over the ground. \n\nBut they're accelerating, so during the 2nd second of travel, they will cover more ground than they did during the first second of their travel: During second 2, they will travel six meters over the ground.\n\nSince they're accelerating by 3 meters per second faster for each second that goes by, during the third second of their travel, they will cover 9 meters over the ground.\n\nDuring the 11th second of their travel, they will cover 33 meters over the ground.\n\nIf they keep going 3 meters per second faster for every second that goes by, they just keep going faster and faster - that's acceleration! You can do the math from here on out. \n\nBut thats what \"meters per second per second\" means. You're moving faster this second than you were one second ago. It's a measure of acceleration, not speed.\n\nNow, always keep in mind that when you see \"negative acceleration\" in physics, something like \"-3 m/s/s\" that means that the object is slowing down. It covered less ground during this second than it did one second ago."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
stnj2
|
why some game updates introduce more bugs
|
I'm mostly speaking about League of Legends if any of you play that.
I was wondering why is it that when a patch is introduced, that things that were stable last patch sometimes break in the recent patch?
---
Example: For those who don't play League of Legends, it works by having game rooms, normally of 10 players. The Champion select screen looks like this: _URL_0_
In the last patch, the person who's turn it is to pick their champion is a lighter grey than the others (efdf in this case). You are highlighted with a blue tone (aethernox in this case). All other players who are waiting for their turn are not highlighted.
In the last patch, they released no changes to the champion select screen in their notes, but now EVERYONE is highlighted with a lighter grey.
---
Why is it, that when a game is patched and something is stable that they have no reason to alter sometimes gets broken in the next patch?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/stnj2/eli5_why_some_game_updates_introduce_more_bugs/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c4gvhv3"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text": [
"Think of computer code like a spider web - if you tug on one end of the web, the entire web moves slightly because it's all connected. Now, ideally, code should be modular, such that if you change this one piece over here, that other piece over there is completely unaffected. However, in the real world, it's quite common for code (especially complex code) to get more interconnected than it really should be, to the point where if you make a change to this module over here, that other module over there, which should have *nothing* to do with your change, suddenly breaks or changes its behaviour in a subtle way. It's like trying to take scissors to a spider web and cut out just one part of it without causing the rest of the web to move - it's very, very delicate work.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://i.imgur.com/EZgCw.jpg"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
2sldxt
|
the system of credit cards, debit cards, and savings. i have no idea how a bank works!:(
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2sldxt/eli5_the_system_of_credit_cards_debit_cards_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnqkc97",
"cnqku55"
],
"score": [
4,
2
],
"text": [
"Savings: usually a slightly higher interest rate than a chequing account. \n\nDebit card: directly withdrawals from your chequing account. \n\nCredit card: a card that you can use to purchase items with and pay off at a later date or gradually. Usually has a fairly high rate of interest on unpaid balances. Offered by a third party (MasterCard, Visa, AmEx etc) and sometimes in a joint partnership with the bank or a business for bonus rewards. ",
"The short version: the bank wants your money. There are two main ways they go about getting your money - by you loaning it to them and they pay you interest or by them loaning it to you and you pay interest on the money they loan you.\n\nWhen you loan the bank your money, you're saving your money. Banks pool the money that people save with them to loan to other people at higher interest rates. There are two basic types of accounts that banks have available to individuals (and other more complex instruments as well) - a Savings account, and a Checking account. These account types are regulated by law.\n\nSavings accounts are, at their most basic level, designed to facilitate you saving money instead of spending it. Compared to a checking account, they pay a higher rate of interest, and you are only allowed to remove funds from a savings account somewhere between 3 and 6 times per month to discourage you from withdrawing money from your account. \n\nA Checking account is an account used to transact with other people. Because it fluctuates in levels and can get relatively low, it pays a lower rate of interest than the savings account. Historically, people used checks as the primary instrument for accessing the checking account, but now it is more common for most people to use a debit card.\n\nA debit card is basically a direct line to your checking account. If you need cash, you take the debit card to an ATM and it will draw the money out of your checking account. If you use your debit card at a store, that money will be withdrawn directly from your checking account as well.\n\nA credit card is where the bank starts getting into loaning you money. Remember the savings account? If you're extremely fortunate these days, it might pay you 1% interest. Your credit card, on the other hand, will charge you somewhere between 8 and 30% interest if you don't pay your bill in full every month. However, the bank extends to you a line of credit up to a certain dollar amount, usually much higher than it needs to be. Thus, if you find yourself needing to spend a fair amount of money and don't have cash, you can use the credit card and the bank loans you the money and expects you to repay the money back to them."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
7npajn
|
why do some apps take up so much more space on my phone than others?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7npajn/eli5_why_do_some_apps_take_up_so_much_more_space/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ds3gvl2"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Some apps take up a lot of space because they're just poorly designed. On the other hand, some apps have a lot of assets (pictures, graphics, sound effects, etc.) that are needed offline and they can add up quickly to the storage amount. \n\nLarge cache files can also do this, so check to see if that's a contributing factor (in Android, you can look under app settings). "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
5g36rk
|
why do baby clothes have pockets?
|
It's not like they need them to carry spare change or their phone, or do they?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5g36rk/eli5_why_do_baby_clothes_have_pockets/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dap2d2h",
"dap66g0",
"dap8wts",
"dapnqrf"
],
"score": [
9,
3,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"It's mainly just for aesthetics. Baby clothes are modeled to look similar to adult clothes, and we think that clothes without pockets look a bit strange.",
"I've wondered that. \n \nA different but related question I've had is: Why to baby clothes have baby sized buttons? It's not like the baby is actually going to be able to use them. Instead mom and dad need to fiddle with them using their fat adult-sized hands. ",
"for cheerios and spare binkie?",
"Practically speaking it easier to clip things to a pocket like the string that holds a pacifier. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1lmvh6
|
what is meant when people say, for instance, that america invaded iraq "for the oil"? how would a military intervention secure us oil? has it in the past?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1lmvh6/eli5_what_is_meant_when_people_say_for_instance/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cc0szuc"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"The USA has an interest in obtaining a steady supply of oil for which we pay market price. But if the various people in the region decide they want to murder each other over ancient tribal hatred then they stop pumping oil. Because the oil supply is so important to us we necessarily have an interest in keeping the region stable, regardless of how we feel about them personally. An authoritarian regime that does terrible things to their citizens but pumps oil is better than a benevolent democracy that can't get a drop out of the ground; the inner workings of their society aren't really our business, *business* is our business.\n\nNaive anti-establishment youths tend to view the concept of \"invading for oil\" as if we were driving tanks into various sandy countries so we could run off with sacks of oil like cartoon bank robbers. Instead it is more like shooting thugs in the grocery store because that is where we get our food and we can't have it going all Mad Max on us."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
6wz5nz
|
it seems that when devastating disasters happen in north america, less than a hundred are killed, but how come in countries in the middle east, asia and the far east suffer far more casualties for similar disasters?
|
Some examples i've seen are massive earthquakes in the US causing only a hundred or so casualties yet when an earthquake of similar magnitude strikes the other side of the world, casualties are in the thousands. Then more recently, flooding in Texas has killed about 20-25 people and then in south Asia about 1200 people have died in floods.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6wz5nz/eli5_it_seems_that_when_devastating_disasters/
|
{
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"dmbsnls",
"dmbssrk",
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"dmc67yr",
"dmc7oet"
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"score": [
18,
2,
13,
34,
2,
2,
7
],
"text": [
"In a lot of cases it's just population density. We have a lot of space here in the US so there can't be as many people affected because of that. In population centers we have strict safety and building codes as well, so disasters are bad but not nearly as bad as it could be. We also have amazing emergency services that respond even before the disasters if they are known like hurricanes. ",
"Probably a mixture of better infrastructure, preparedness, and communication. Poorer regions of the world tend to be lacking in these areas.",
"There are lots of variables at work. Two big ones are early warning systems and safety engineering. People can get out of the way before some disasters hit, such as hurricanes or major storm systems. Not all communities have such systems, or effective means of distributing the information. Additionally, structures might be reinforced to better withstand major events such as earthquakes or extreme weather, where in a less wealthy or regulated country, they may be less durable and expose their occupants to harm, or cause harm themselves through failing. This is not an exhaustive list. ",
"that's easy, it comes down to primarily two things:\n\n- Money\n\n- the number of people living there (population density)\n\nWhile the US are huge, they're not as densely populated as other areas, especially in Asia or the Middle East. In Texas you got an average of 40 people per square kilometer (or roughly 100 per square mile). The worlds average is about 60 (thats including the deserts, greenland, etc). Pakistan for example has a density of about 250 people per square kilometer.\n\nAnd then, more money means better houses, better infrastructure, better governments with better (and better enforced) safety regulations when it comes to building/maintaining stuff. It means having the option to leave an endangered area and go somewhere else, etc.\n",
"Several factors:\n\n- Population density\n\n- relief efforts and their budgets. \n\n- existing sanitation. \n\n- Economics. Many people in North America could move away or have more money to store food and water. It can be precious during the hard times. \n\n- Knowledge and awareness of the impending danger. \n\n- Equipment. \n\n\n- Bad construction regulations/illegal/semi-legal constructions. \n\n\n ",
"[Regulations](_URL_0_) which amount to forcing people to build with disaster in mind. These regulations come from past experience and scientific study. \n\nGovernment agencies; FEMA, National Guard, for example that train and have supplies and equipment to handle disasters. ",
"* stricter and better enforced building standards\n* better disaster mitigation infrastructure, and better infrastructure in general\n* lack of slums and shantytowns\n* lower population densities\n* greater individual awareness and disaster preparedness\n* better communication of impending disasters\n* better and more emergency response resources \n* more affluent population\n\nThe last one is really important. In developed countries, you can just load up your car and drive away, taking comfort in your paid up insurance premiums. Not so much in developed countries. Not do they not have cars, but losing everything to disaster or looting might beggar their family for life. They are far more willing to stay and try to fight the disaster than their affluent counterparts in the developed world."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.businessinsurance.com/article/20120819/NEWS06/308199985"
],
[]
] |
|
4teoms
|
why are the saudi documents released right now?
|
I´m wondering what strategy is behind keeping this for so long and who did profit of it. Also I´d like to know who profits right now or what made them release it in the end. Further more: Is there more documents to be released when you can use em in a way?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4teoms/eli5_why_are_the_saudi_documents_released_right/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d5gtv2f"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"They were classified because they undermined a close ally and one the Bush family had close personal ties to. They stayed that way because Saudi Arabia threatened to try to crater the US economy if they were released. But Congressional pressure eventually forced Obama's hand, so he dumped it on a Friday afternoon. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
7utrbi
|
how much energy can wind power stations produce?
|
I have found some facts, it can make about 600 KW. How to understand these numbers. Is it KW/hour or per year... ? How many people are able to use energy from 1 wind power station?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7utrbi/eli5_how_much_energy_can_wind_power_stations/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dtn2alb",
"dtnf4am"
],
"score": [
5,
2
],
"text": [
"Kilowatts is a measure of power (that is, energy over time), so it's already time-based. If it can produce 600 kW, that means it can produce 600 kilojoules per second.\n\nThe \"average\" home (the kind where they say \"this is enough to power X homes\") uses 1 kW, so a 600 kW power station could power around 600 homes.",
"It depends on the power of the turbine.\n\nTurbines start at a few 100 W for a small roof-top system for home use.\n\nNext to my house, they've just installed 32 new ones which are 8,000 kW each (total of 256 MW). There are some new wind farms planned, and they will be looking to use 12,000 kW turbines. The manufacturers are now working on new designs, and reckon they will be able to build 25,000 kW turbines in the next 5-6 years.\n\nTo work out how much energy a turbine produces, you need to know the weather conditions and type of turbine. These can be combined to produce a \"capacity factor\".\n\nFor example, the new wind turbines near me have a capacity factor of about 39%. This is high, because the weather is very windy, and the turbines have been fitted with bigger blades and smaller generators. This means that the builder save money on the generator, but can use bigger blades, and they calculated that they would make more profit from working more efficiently at slow wind speed, then working less efficiently at high wind speed.\n\nSo, one of the new wind turbines produces on average 8,000 * 0.39 (capacity factor) * 8760 (hours in a year) = 27,331,000 kWh per year. \n\nA typical uses about 3,300 kWh per year - so one turbine produces energy over the course of a year for about 8,000 homes."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
292v25
|
how do phone calls work? how does entering a specific string of 9 digits put me in touch with that specific number?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/292v25/eli5_how_do_phone_calls_work_how_does_entering_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cigx61k"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Think of it like a mailing address. The phone company receives your call with the requested destination (the phone number) and then routes it first to the correct country (country code, like 1 for the US), then to the correct area (area code) and then finally to the local telecom, who looks up the rest of the phone number and delivers the call to the correct person. \n\nBonus: this is also why cellphones work much better when a number includes the area code. Land lines used to be able to assume an area code as local, but cellphones travel so much that the routing is much better when specified."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1g2jao
|
comfort food
|
What makes some foods considered "comfort foods", like macaroni and cheese, while others (more healthy things) are not? Why
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1g2jao/eli5_comfort_food/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cagebyq"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Usually these stem from the body's evolution of providing pleasure for doing something necessary for survival. At one point the body needed fats and sugars because you needed them so you have fat storage to rely on on shortage of food and your body needed fats that you can't get from plants so the craving encourages hunting. Comfort foods aren't usually healthy because they have lots of fats and sugars which makes you feel better. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4aghgz
|
is there a way to 'stop' in space, or would we in theory always have velocity above 0 m/s?
|
Every object would have its own frame of reference, right? So in theory, there would be no way to 'stop', right? Or is there a universal frame of reference of speed?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4aghgz/eli5_is_there_a_way_to_stop_in_space_or_would_we/
|
{
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"text": [
"The question of stopping in space is not a complete question. Relative to what is the rest of the question. Stop is only in relation to a certain object. It is possible to stop in relation to any particular object as long as you match course and speed.",
"Relativity.... You will always be moving relative to something else. Even if that something else is a billion light years away. So no, there is no such thing as completely stopped.",
"It's all relative. But I suppose in our neck of the woods, \"stop\" in space would mean you are locked in with the sun. Neither rotating around it, nor moving closer to or farther from it. ",
" > is there a universal frame of reference of speed? \n\nNo, to the best of our knowledge there is no universal frame of reference for \"speed\". The best we can do so far is to compare our velocity with something else by way of the speed of light.\n\ne.g. say we know that something appears yellow when it is at rest relative to our frame of reference. If it starts to appear reddish, then we know it's moving away from us quickly; if it starts to appear bluish, then we know it's moving towards us quickly. This is because light *can't change speeds*, so instead its wavelength changes if the thing emitting the light is moving one way or the other relative to the observer.\n\nThis is what we call \"redshift\" or \"blueshift\", and is how we know the universe is expanding.\n\nSo the speed of light is a universal tool for determining relative speed. But it's not a frame of reference."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
20028b
|
where does advertisement money from games like flappy bird go when they are removed from app stores?
|
Flappy Bird still shows ads, so where do the money from those ads go?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20028b/eli5_where_does_advertisement_money_from_games/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfyivif",
"cfyj57c"
],
"score": [
7,
3
],
"text": [
"it still goes to whoever put the ads on there. so the creator.",
"Into the pocket of the dev"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
26m80q
|
why is u-235 fissible but u-238 not?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/26m80q/eli5_why_is_u235_fissible_but_u238_not/
|
{
"a_id": [
"chsbox8",
"chsco8a"
],
"score": [
3,
4
],
"text": [
"U-238 cannot support a chain reaction because it requires higher energy neutrons to provoke splitting of the atom, and it simply cannot produce enough of those, whereas U-235 can be split with neutrons of much slower speed, which makes it much more able to produce and sustain a chain reaction. ",
"U-238 is fissionable if neutrons have sufficient energy (\"fast neutrons\"), but the neutrons are inelastically scattered such that they no longer have enough energy to cause fission. More likely is the possibility that the nucleus absorbs a slow neutron to become U-239 and subsequently beta decays to Np-239 and Pu-239, which IS fissile. \n\nWhen U-235 is hit with a slow neutron it briefly becomes an excited form of U-236 which usually releases its energy in the form of fission."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
eih3qq
|
why does ice-cream melt faster against a hard surface compared to air?
|
When you put some ice-cream in a bowl, it always seems to melt closer to the bowl first. Is there a physical reason for this?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/eih3qq/eli5_why_does_icecream_melt_faster_against_a_hard/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fcpzmdq",
"fcq1rkh"
],
"score": [
10,
3
],
"text": [
"Conduction of heat through solids (your bowl) is better than a gas. Also why the insulating flask sometimes have the double wall to allow for air in between and decrease heat transfer",
"You probably put it in a bowl that's straight out of the cupboard so is at room temperature. The heat warms the ice cream, while the ice cream is cooling down they bowl, by thermal conduction. Air is a good insulator, because the molecules are further apart on average so don't transfer heat to each other nearly as quickly as a solid. Expanded foam and similar are even better because the air is trapped so the hot or cold molecules can't move far.\n\nIce cream touching anything warmer than itself will melt the parts in contact. Try putting your bowl in the freezer first."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2k8g90
|
why do africans and south asians have black skin, while europeans and north asians have light skin?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2k8g90/eli5_why_do_africans_and_south_asians_have_black/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cliwips"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"[Evolution of skin colour](_URL_0_): When humans first evolved in Africa about 200,000 years ago we would have all been dark skinned individuals resembling modern African peoples. \"About 100,000–70,000 years ago, some anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) began to migrate away from the tropics to the north where they were exposed to less intense sunlight. This was possibly in part due to the need for greater use of clothing to protect against the colder climate. Under these conditions there was less photodestruction of folate and so the evolutionary pressure working against the survival of lighter-skinned gene variants was reduced. In addition, lighter skin is able to generate more vitamin D (cholecalciferol) than darker skin, so it would have represented a health benefit in reduced sunlight if there were limited sources of vitamin D\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skin_color#Evolution_of_skin_color"
]
] |
||
913lv9
|
401(k). why are they better than just regular savings?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/913lv9/eli5_401k_why_are_they_better_than_just_regular/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e2v8sjn",
"e2v9bov",
"e2vo4lo"
],
"score": [
5,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"The tax advantage. Money contributed to a 401(k) plan reduces the amount of your paycheck that is taxed. The money grows due to compound interest and stock market gains. \n\nAfter retirement, when you start withdrawing the money, you do pay income tax on it, but you're likely to be in a lower tax bracket.",
"Often companies will offer a matching amount. Say you contribute 3% of your salary, the company will also offer a matching 3%. Hey free money. As others have said savings accounts don't earn squat since interest rates are so low.",
"Money goes in tax-free. You don’t pay income tax on money you set aside in a 401(k). You pay tax when you withdraw the money, after it’s had decades to grow and you presumably have lower income (thus a lower marginal tax rate)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
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