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bh1upp
|
how do we build immunity if our cells are constantly replacing themselves?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bh1upp/eli5_how_do_we_build_immunity_if_our_cells_are/
|
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"We have cells called memory-T cells that aren't constantly being replaced; those have an extremely long lifespan, and usually last until you die. And those are what regulates the active immune response that has a \"memory.\"",
"Firstly, because your cells reproduce through mitosis, that is they create genetic duplicate of themselves; any alteration/improvement is carried over to their successor(s). \n\nSecondly, because the immune system learns from and adapts to each threat it encounters. When a new pathogen is encountered, your body doesn't just destroy it, it also creates unique antibodies which allow your immune system to quickly identify that pathogen (or anything similar) in future. Thus, the more infections you survive, the stronger and more effective your immune system becomes. Your cells could replace themselves a billion times, the \"stored knowledge\" of your antibodies would remain the same. \nThis is the basis for active immunization, which involves injecting either dead fragments, or a genetically modified version, of a pathogen into a body. This gives your immune system the opportunity to \"fight off\" the pathogen, developing antibodies in the process, which can be used should you ever encounter the \"real\" version."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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||
1jafje
|
the difference between oop, top-down programming, and bottom-up programming.
|
Many thanks for taking your time to explain this :)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jafje/eli5_the_difference_between_oop_topdown/
|
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"[This is bottom up programming.](_URL_3_) The first sentence says it all.\n\n[This is top down programming.](_URL_2_) Again, the first sentence says it all.\n\n[Object Oriented Programming](_URL_0_) is a concept of encapsulating tuples of data as \"objects\" as a type and associating them with behaviors relating to those types.\n\nIt takes a bit of description for it to make sense, so read the Wikipedia and look at the examples. In a practical sense, you express a bunch of variables and assign them a type name.\n\nFor example, you have wheels, doors, and an engine, and call it a car. This is distinct from wheels, doors, and an engine and calling it a plane. Yes, they have all the same parts, but that does not make them the same thing. The distinction is important.\n\nAnd now that you have a type, you can instance variables of that type. \"car A; car B;\" for example.\n\nYou don't act upon the collection of variables, you act upon the object. You don't \"A.door = open;\", you write functions (behaviors) that know how to do it - \"open_door(car c) { c.door = open; }\"\n\nThis just barely scrapes the surface; it doesn't describe *why* you would want to do this, or how it's helpful, but that's because I didn't introduce you to polymorphism. There's so much more, but it's an academic exercise. Start with the Wikipedia article, if you're interested.\n\nAnd if you're studying C++, you'll eventually want to [read this](_URL_1_). Long story short, if you don't have to make that function or variable a member of a class, don't. If this doesn't make sense, it will. If you're not using C++, then ignore this paragraph entirely; other languages will be very different."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming",
"http://www.drdobbs.com/cpp/how-non-member-functions-improve-encapsu/184401197",
"http://dept-info.labri.fr/~strandh/Teaching/PFS/Common/Strandh-Tutorial/top-down-programming.html",
"http://dept-info.labri.fr/~strandh/Teaching/PFS/Common/Strandh-Tutorial/bottom-up-programming.html"
]
] |
|
2e77yt
|
why animals raise or protect animals not of their species?
|
The idea behind genetics and perpetuating them, family and such seems muddled when you see examples of a wolf raising a baby elephant.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2e77yt/eli5why_animals_raise_or_protect_animals_not_of/
|
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"text": [
"An animal that has it's more basic needs fulfilled (food, security,etc) ca have it's maternal instinct take control. \n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs"
]
] |
|
a9hb8i
|
what happens to headaches when we go to sleep?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a9hb8i/eli5_what_happens_to_headaches_when_we_go_to_sleep/
|
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" For tension headaches, your muscles naturally relax when you're asleep so often it's enough to make the headache go away.\n\nTo expand a bit, tight muscles sometimes agitate neighboring nerves which causes pain in different areas around the head. Hence why muscular tension can cause headaches in the first place. ",
"Is it necessarily the sleep curing the headache? Or just that the headache would have gone away after those 8 (or however long you sleep) hours irregardless?",
"You’ve got a point. ",
"Neuroscience researcher here. Believe it or not, the top answer should be “we don’t know.” We don’t even know why the drugs we use for headaches work, and we don’t even know why we sleep. \n\nA lot of headaches can be somewhat chalked up to changes in your head/brain’s blood supply. Some headaches actually look more like seizures when you do a brain scan. Then there are tension headaches, which are due to abnormal muscle contraction. \n\nSo how does that resolve with sleep? Well to start we don’t even know why living things need sleep or what happens while we’re sleeping that’s so important to life. Recently, we found that the brain “cleans” itself while you’re asleep. Your heart rate and muscle tension reduce. But how does that relate to the mechanism of a headache? Your guess is as good as the pro’s. \n\nIt only gets weirder when you look at what other stuff is known to reduce headaches: sleep, anti inflammatory painkillers, caffeine, serotonin, oxygen, anti-seizure meds, Tylenol, muscle relaxants... it just don’t make no sense. There’s no overarching theme for how these drugs work\n\nTLDR: no one knows \n\n\n",
"Really? Mine get worse if I fall asleep without taking medication and I wake up from the pain. I wish sleep made my headaches go away!",
"In order for a being to suffer (human, animal, AI, etc.) four things need to be there: CONR\nConsciousness \nOwnership\nNegative Valence (feels bad man)\nRealness\nIf you knock out any one of those:\nGo unconscious \nIdentify with a different feeling\nMake it feel better\nFeel something is not real\nYou stop the suffering!\nSo going to sleep addresses the whole consciousness thing, like alcohol and bricks",
"I am prone to migraines.\n\nIf I can catch them early, and take the migraine meds, and grab an ice pack and put it over my eyes, and lay down in a quiet, dark room? I can sleep them off.\n\nIf I get one at work, and can’t go home and do all that? Yeah, no. I have to ride it out and wait for it to be over, because if I go home in the throes of it, I feel worse. I have to wait for the medication to kick in and get to the part where I feel like I am thinking through cotton, and then I can lay down with an ice pack across my eyes.\n\nSo, the first answer you got is the one I got when I asked about that.",
"I must have really bad headaches because under no circumstances could I ever fall asleep with a headache. I wish I could and you are lucky that you can do this. ",
"When i get migraines if i don't treat it and go to sleep i wake up feeling like someone is repeatedly kicking me in the head and i want to die and i can't see anything. One time without painkillers after trying to sleep it off, i stumbled down to my local shop about a quarter mile away just wanting to die the whole way there, i actually thought to myself if i pass out on the way at least the pain will stop. When i got the the counter i said the strongest painkiller you have and she asked if i wanted whiskey as a joke and i said no give me paracetamol now or im gonna pass out. Took it right there without a drink before paying and just handed her the wallet and sat on the floor.\n\nThis Shits brutal",
"They go into the pillow and then they scootch all the way down inside your sheets and then BOOP! Gotcher weiner!",
"Try suffering cluster headaches, and then discovering that chugging a red bull is an effective method for stopping one in it's tracks. It just doesn't make sense.\n\n & #x200B;",
"If you wake up with a headache in the early hours of the morning you should research cluster headaches. "
]
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5bcdur
|
what is the high pitched noise at the beginning of some old cassette tapes for?
|
Recently, I've been backing up some old audio cassettes I used to listen to, to digital files. I remembered that some old cassette tapes have a high pitched noise that pitches continually upwards for a couple seconds. When I was little, I thought this was to sort of "calibrate" the tape player, similar to how a printer has an alignment sheet it prints out when you install new ink.
Here's an example of the sound I'm talking about from one of the recorded tapes:
_URL_0_
What is it actually for? Also, what is it called?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5bcdur/eli5_what_is_the_high_pitched_noise_at_the/
|
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"If it's the same one I'm thinking of then you are right and it is a calibration test tone used for copying the tapes. It is used to check the difference between the original and copied tape. \n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://k003.kiwi6.com/hotlink/bj8c0nsntk/Tape_Beginning.mp3"
] |
[
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/XDR_(audio)"
]
] |
|
1q4axg
|
what is the big deal over anita sarkeesian?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1q4axg/eli5what_is_the_big_deal_over_anita_sarkeesian/
|
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"She asked for money to make a series of videos about how sexist video games are. She raised $150k. She also claimed that she loves video games and plays them all the time and has since she was a kid........... and then footage was released of her giving a talk about how she doesn't like video games, thinks they're for boys, and how she doesn't understand video games at all. So she's a liar right off the bat.\n\nIt took her like 6 months or so to get the first video out............ and it was total shit. It looked like she spent about 10 minutes researching for names of games, mostly from the 1980s and 1990s, and then spent a couple of hours stealing \"Let's play\" footage from Youtube and then added it to the vid to pretend it was her own. She didn't credit anyone for the vids that she stole, but she fully plans on selling DVDs of her vids. The next couple of vids in the series were pretty much the same. Poor research, stolen footage from Youtube. It's obvious that she didn't even play the games that she pretends to love so much because her claims about the newer games, such as \"The Last of Us\", were obviously taken from the trailers for the games or just pulled out of her arse. She made claims about the games that even 5 minutes playing the games would totally overturn, such as claiming that Ellie from \"The Last of Us\" is nothing but a damsel in distress that needs saving by the big strong playable man. \n\nAt the rate she's going it's going to take her until like 2040 to release all the vids that she promised when she first raised the money.\n\n\n_URL_2_\n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_0_\n\n",
"If you're willing to put in the time, [tooltime9901](_URL_1_) made a great series of videos on YouTube. He looks into what she says, what her critics say, and how her project can be improved.\n\n[Tropes VS FeministFrequency Playlist](_URL_0_)\n\nand\n\n[FeministFrequency Series Playlist](_URL_2_)\n",
"Addressing some comments - lets be clear - she didn't ask for 150k. She *got* 150k because the internet attacked her *before she even did anything*. _URL_0_\n\nShe's raised valid issues.\n\nI've never met her. She may be a bitch, she may hate games, she may steal content. But it doesn't matter, because she's illustrated that if a woman tries to make the state of games better, she gets shit on.\n\nA coworker wrote it up better than I could.\n_URL_2_\n\nalso this comment thread on said post is enlightening\n_URL_1_\n\n",
"It's not a perfect answer to your question, but [here](_URL_0_) is a video from PBS Game Show on Youtube. In it the host explains why someone like Anita Sarkeesian may well need to exist and what the backlash about her shows of the gaming community. I won't even both cliff noting it for you since it's only like 5 minutes long. \n\nI think the video does a fine job of being neutral and reporting the facts. For the love of god, do not youtube videos where people discuss her, it's just not worth it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ladASGPjJVo",
"http://youtu.be/gcPIu3sDkEw?t=56s",
"http://victorsopinion.blogspot.be/2013/07/anitas-sources.html"
],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9IOjFRFjrOku8aTCwfL4MXi_e7gZYXwf",
"https://www.youtube.com/user/tooltime9901",
"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9IOjFRFjrOnuzSm_E95EOI0uVsZrAlsN"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Sarkeesian",
"http://fgiesen.wordpress.com/2013/06/11/its-just-a-game/#comment-3683",
"http://fgiesen.wordpress.com/2013/06/11/its-just-a-game/"
],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-UrazpEFb9w"
]
] |
||
aj7dam
|
where did the roger come from in the saying “roger that. “??
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aj7dam/eli5_where_did_the_roger_come_from_in_the_saying/
|
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"\"**Roger**\" was \"phonetic\" for \"R\" (received and understood\". In **radio** communication, a \"spelling alphabet\" (often mistakenly called a \"phonetic alphabet) is used to avoid confusion between similarly sounding letters. In the previously used US spelling alphabet, R was **Roger**, which in **radio** voice procedure means \"Received\".\n\n & #x200B;\n\n[_URL_0_](_URL_0_)",
"Roger was just the way of getting across \"R\" clearly, before Romeo was used. Before Roger it was Robert.\n\n\"R\" by itself originally stood for, \"Received\". So it just means, \"received that\". \n\nSorry if that's anti-climactic. ",
"All radio phraseology is used to minimize misunderstandings. Roger is a word that sounds like few others and it originally was used when spelling words or call letters. Roger changed to Romeo in the \"alphabet\" but Roger (which was the stand in word for \"recieved\") stuck around.",
"Roger is the word for 'R' in the old military phonetic alphabet.\n\nRoger was used on radio as short form for 'Received' to avoid similar sounding words on poor quality radios of the day.\n\nRoger Wilco - Received Will Comply\n\nIt probably entered the lexicon post WW2\n\nThe current NATO standard for 'R' in he phonetic alphabet is 'Romeo', but the term Roger is still used.\n",
"In a phonetic alphabet that was used before the [NATO phonetic alphabet](_URL_0_) was established, “Roger” was used for “R” and was used in radio communication to communicate “received”, meaning that they got the message. You might have heard “Roger Wilco” too, which means “Received, Will Cooperate”"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,,-189587,00.html"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_phonetic_alphabet"
]
] |
||
akbk51
|
when does a doctor decide to amputate rather than save limbs?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/akbk51/eli5_when_does_a_doctor_decide_to_amputate_rather/
|
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"If the limb is infected, such as with flesh eating bacteria , there might be no choice but to amputate before the infection spreads.",
"Sometimes it's just as simple as it not being savable. Doctors will try to save a limb as long as they can, but once a limb is dead that's it. Leaving a dead limb attach brings a whole list of possible medical issues, so once dead its best to amputate.\n\nThere are also situations where the limb is still alive, but trying to save it increases likelihood of death. For example, back in the day amputation for gunshot wounds where a lot more common. If you couldn't get all of the bullet out, metal poisoning, sepsis , and infection where very likely. All of which can be fatal and incredibly hard to deal with. In which case it's better to just amputate. ",
"For amputation limbs can be categorised into i)Dead limb( it cannot be saved ,already dead e.g traumatic irreversible loss of blood supply) \nii)Dying limb( will eventually die e.g bone tumour)\niii) Deadly limb( will eventually cause death of person e.g diabetic foot, gas gangrene, flesh eating bacterial infection)\niv) Damn limb( useless limb that does not function, the person can choose to keep or remove it e.g irreversible nerve damge like erb's palsy)"
]
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[],
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kyzzg
|
why is there so much hate/animosity toward dane cook?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/kyzzg/eli5_why_is_there_so_much_hateanimosity_toward/
|
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"text": [
"He's just not very original.",
"Also he's kind of a douche ",
"Because he's terrible. Not just his \"comedy\" or \"performance\". Look at this recent [@GoogleTalk](_URL_0_)",
"He is a subpar ripoff of many comedians who came before him. That's the general consensus. People are also annoyed by him because so many women literally wail and scream for him during his shows. Yes, it's clear that he's conventionally attractive to many people and that's fine. But the constant interruptions due to screaming is BS. And he encourages it, too.",
"I don't know about other people, but I simply don't find his material funny AT ALL. Not a spec of comedy in his jokes. \n\nI started watching his long special where he was in the center of the crowd on a little island, because I genuinely wanted to watch some funny comedy, and I have heard that he's really funny from a friend. I watched and watched and waited for a funny moment, but nothing made me laugh or even chuckle in the slightest. I couldn't even crack a smile. \n\nTo me, he was making statements, not jokes. ",
"He's just not very original.",
"Also he's kind of a douche ",
"Because he's terrible. Not just his \"comedy\" or \"performance\". Look at this recent [@GoogleTalk](_URL_0_)",
"He is a subpar ripoff of many comedians who came before him. That's the general consensus. People are also annoyed by him because so many women literally wail and scream for him during his shows. Yes, it's clear that he's conventionally attractive to many people and that's fine. But the constant interruptions due to screaming is BS. And he encourages it, too.",
"I don't know about other people, but I simply don't find his material funny AT ALL. Not a spec of comedy in his jokes. \n\nI started watching his long special where he was in the center of the crowd on a little island, because I genuinely wanted to watch some funny comedy, and I have heard that he's really funny from a friend. I watched and watched and waited for a funny moment, but nothing made me laugh or even chuckle in the slightest. I couldn't even crack a smile. \n\nTo me, he was making statements, not jokes. "
]
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||
8uubcf
|
how come mobile games used to be just a bit of fun but now they are practically unplayable because of microtransactions and ads?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8uubcf/eli5_how_come_mobile_games_used_to_be_just_a_bit/
|
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"text": [
"Well Fremium games used to make money on advertisements alone small little popups or windows on the game. \n\nNow due to a boom that some genius he added a feature allowing people to pay to win.\n\nAfter that the chinese market saw a great way to make money (AKA the nerds and kids who can't find jobs or get into college) so the market slowly flooded in games with transactions with real money to win and it boomed for profit.\n\nNow they do this to make money off the games and the only reason why they still survive is there are a few people (Whales) who spend thousands into a mobile game feeding these people to create more content. TBH the development of a mobile game is simpler and not a multi million game industry like releasing a halo or mass effect game its much simpler and just 100-200 dollars from one person is a huge turn around profit and on avg multiply that by 1000s of people. easy cash grab fuck the making of games lets try to get into their wallet mentality.",
"As they got more popular, more games were made, some with the primary intent of making money first. The mobile gaming market is huge so it's not uncommon for everyone to try to make money off it. ",
"Because mobile games for a few dollars/euros is not a viable business model; people won't buy them. That means that games need to be \"free\" so that you download them. Since that won't keep the company in business, microtransactions are the only path to money. With no money the company can't make new games. Slowly the market is all companies that want to nickle and dime you through microtransactions and ads.",
"Mobile games are the most profitable games in the gaming industry by a whole lot. Like a LOT. It's almost a different psychology. PC and Console gamers have certain unwritten standards. \n\nGames that are free can have more egregious microtansactions, but games that have that magical $60 price point should have minimal microtransactions, and that they should not be game-impacting. This was what caused the uproar about Star Wars Battlefront II late last year. \n\nIt was a premium priced game (over $100 with the pretty-much-required Season Pass) AND you could spend money to be better than other players who spent less money. That particular model made EA hundreds of millions of dollars on FIFA, but that seems to be a unique animal and Star Wars players weren't having it.\n\nMobile users balk at apps that cost $4 (they want every app to be free), but like PC players, when it's \"free,\" they seem to be ok with microtransactions that are egregious. Not to mention the fact that pretty much everyone has a smart phone and uses it constantly, compared to PC/Console users who are tied to only using it at one location, and only when they don't have other things to do.",
" > How come mobile games used to be just a bit of fun\n\nDoesn't make money\n\n > but now they are practically unplayable because of microtransactions and ads?\n\nMakes a crap ton of money\n\nThis is also why most mobile games are ***exceedingly*** similar, or are just very bad. Costs little to make, reaps in a shit ton of money.\n\nThe mobile gaming audience is, frankly, too stupid to care for quality. So that gets exploited."
]
}
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5ewn7g
|
the third newtons law states that every force has an equal and opposite reaction force so shouldnt firing a gun cause the shooters hand to be destroyed?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5ewn7g/eli5_the_third_newtons_law_states_that_every/
|
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"text": [
"No. It takes x grams to fire a bullet. Your arm can handle the recoil. You'd have problems if you had to fire a cannon that takes x+5x^2 grams."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2frmek
|
how can companies like fedex and ups tell you when your package will arrive, while usps often can't?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2frmek/eli5_how_can_companies_like_fedex_and_ups_tell/
|
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"text": [
"The USPS has a lot of delivery methods that do not include tracking; but when I get things via USPS using trackable methods, I always know when it's going to arrive.",
"Fedex/UPS only gives you delivery times for those locations that they visit often.\n\nthere are many rural locations that Fedex/UPS only visit once a week or once a month. they'll only give you an approximation on those locations.\n\nUSPS letter and base package delivery services don't have a delivery time requirement. so they don't need to make it. the 2-3 day express and first class services are....well 2-3 days.",
"If you ship a package using a priority (Which is USPSs comparable service to UPS Ground and FedEx Ground) you get tracking and a delivery date."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
6022ls
|
what causes your eye to unvoluntarily switch?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6022ls/eli5_what_causes_your_eye_to_unvoluntarily_switch/
|
{
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"df2vlt0",
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],
"score": [
5,
2
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"text": [
"I asked a neurologist about this, and he said that he leading reasons were (1) Lack of sleep; (2) Stress; and/or (3) Too much caffeine. ",
"It's called a benign fasciculation and they are usually harmless. It's normal to get muscle spasms all over the body including the fingers, toes, eyes, ears, mouth etc. Although I've yet to have one on the tongue it should be possible. \n\nThe muscles and nerves in your body use chemicals to facilitate communication like neurotransmitters, an the nerves themselves also have insulation that forms on them to prevent short circuits. Sometimes these systems aren't perfect and so you get a muscle twitch for a few days. \n\nI've had them all my life and they tend to roam around to different limbs over a period of months. They can trigger from exercise, the way you sleep, stress, and what you eat and drink. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
b7umzf
|
why does dust stick to stationary objects?
|
A TV screen for example.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b7umzf/eli5_why_does_dust_stick_to_stationary_objects/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ejukkh9"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Depending on the thing.... Things like tv screens and other electrical/electronic items could have a little bit of static electricity lingering on them."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4eld6e
|
why do girls just deny it when you compliment them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4eld6e/eli5_why_do_girls_just_deny_it_when_you/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d2126dt"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"bc they are expected to be humble otherwise theyre called conceited, or they have self esteem probs"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
wmb0e
|
redshift
|
Is it comparable to the Doppler effect (I totally understand how that works), or is it pretty much unrelated?
How is it detectable when we don't have a "baseline" electromagnetic frequency to compare the shift to?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/wmb0e/eli5_redshift/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c5ejq1j",
"c5ek06v"
],
"score": [
4,
11
],
"text": [
"here is a [video](_URL_0_) by Charlie McDonald that explains both of these effects very well\n\nIn short it is the same as the Doppler effect, just with light (short waves = blue, long ones = red) ",
"It is *exactly* like the doppler effect, just for light instead of sound. The actual mechanics behind it are a bit different, but it works out to the same thing. The term \"doppler effect\" or \"doppler shift\" is used interchangeably for both sound and light.\n\nIt can be detectable without a 'baseline' in several ways, but the one that matters most has to do with the *spectrum* of light.\n\nAnything with a given temperature gives off light - even you and I - though at the temperatures we're at, the light is too \"red\" to be seen. Eventually as things get hotter, things will start to emit red light, then yellows, and eventually the entire visible spectrum and it looks 'white'.\n\nBut objects at different temperatures don't emit just one color of light - they emit a whole bunch of colors. And they don't emit the *same* amount of light for every single color. If you graph the intensity of the different colors of light coming from a very hot object, then you'd see a characteristic shape, with a the highest output (a peak) at a particular color. That shape and peak both change with temperature.\n\nSo if you measure the spectrum of light from a star and note the shape, then you can tell what temperature it is just from the shape, and therefore know where the peak *should* be. But if the source of the light is moving, that characteristic shape shifts towards red or blue - so you see the right shape in the wrong spot. The difference between where the peak of the measured spectrum *is*, and where the peak of that characteristic shape of spectrum *should* be, is your red shift (or blue shift).\n\nThe other way we can use this is to look for 'gaps' in the spectrum. We know that certain atoms absorb certain colors of light. So we look for the gaps. If they gaps are in the wrong place, we know that there's a shift. Like [this](_URL_0_) - courtesy of wikipedia."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LIvVzJ6KZpk"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Redshift.png"
]
] |
|
5q7tz0
|
with such a low percentage of people that get abortions, why do people constantly argue about it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5q7tz0/eli5_with_such_a_low_percentage_of_people_that/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dcx111v",
"dcx17nd",
"dcx1il1"
],
"score": [
3,
4,
2
],
"text": [
"its a complicated matter but it all boils down to religious control over medical methods which involve reproduction. \n\nThe abrahamic religions state that all contraception is forbidden and any sexual act that does not produce a child is a sin, but religion is especialy disliked becuase its a post conception solution. \n\nfirst of all, im going to be honest, my opinion is that Abortion is a medical decision and it should be avaiable to all women, i consider abortion a result of a failiure. From failiure of social order like rape or incest to failiure of mechanical methods like condoms or biological failiures like physical deformity or danger to the mother, But im against late term abortions where the featus is already viable. i thought i should leave my position clear before i discuss this. \n\nBasicaly if you´re religious or conservative when it comes to sex and reproduction, its murder. \nIt dosnt matter if 1 person or a million people do it, you are killing a living being for little reason more then \"i dont want to be pregnant\".\n\nSo if you knew that according to your moral standard people were being murdered systematicly and legaly, wouldnt you want to do something about it ?\n\n",
"You have to consider that many people who are against abortion believe it to literally be murder.\n\nIf it's such a low percentage of people who are murdered every year, why do we even worry about it? One murder is too many, and to the anti-abortion types, one abortion is too many.",
"My friends & I have had this discussion before, and we think, under certain circumstances, late-term abortion should be legal, as well as mostly all of early-term abortion. \n\nLate-term should only be legal if there are complications _**AT ALL**_, such as internal bleeding, as well as a baby that was conceived from a rape. \n\nEarly-term, that fetus is just a bundle of cells. Stem-cells, to my knowledge, mostly come from fetuses. If it's an absolute need that fetus be aborted, I'm all for that. A lot of good can come from that, as well as a lot of bad. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
vs9j6
|
is it possible to "become" good at drawing, or is it more of a natural skill?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/vs9j6/eli5_is_it_possible_to_become_good_at_drawing_or/
|
{
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"c57689k",
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"c578r45"
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"score": [
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3,
3
],
"text": [
"The ability to draw is not like the ability to sing. It's not some biological gift. While a person may have a natural ability, drawing is certainly a skill, not a gift or something that you're born with.\n\nYou know how people in the fashion industry can tell exactly what's wrong with and outfit or an interior designer can tell you how to \"fix\" a room by moving the furniture around? It may feel like an objective opinion but those people understand the rules of fashion and design and they weren't born with those rules: they learned them.\n\nLearning to draw is really learning to see. People make assumptions like the whites of your eyes are actually white—they're not. There's whole bunch of things you really have to unlearn before you can see what's in front of you. Then there's simply a few techniques like line weight, tone, and measurement. \n\nI've seen people who really couldn't pull of a convincing still life knock one out after a couple months of instruction. \n\nMission Renaissance is a great place to learn the fundamentals. \n_URL_0_\n\n\n\n",
"It's much more about becoming good then about being a natural talent. Many of the artistic people you meet at good at drawing precisely because they've been doing it for a long time. Most of the people who say \"ehh, I'm no good at drawing\" are right, but only because they don't spend a lot of time drawing. Also, there are many teachable techniques. Taking a class can do wonders for beginners.\n\nThat said, there are definitely talented people who can draw amazing things and didn't need as much practice, but even really talented artists have practiced a fantastic amount of time.\n\nThat said, I don't have a lot of scientific references to back it up, so take it with a grain of salt.",
"It definately is a learned skill. Some people may be naturally better than others but if you really dedicate yourself to becoming better you will get good at it. \n\nMy friend could not draw to save his life, his handwriting was illegible as well. He started getting into Graffiti and would draw all day and night. He has gotten good to the point where he has had his own Art Galleries. He has only been doing all the for about 5-6 years now. He also tattoos as well, and is quite amazing at that too. All my tattoos are done by him."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.fineartclasses.com"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
agk3a2
|
what exactly does the term standard deviation mean. i know it is a synonym for outlier but it it more? thanks!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/agk3a2/eli5_what_exactly_does_the_term_standard/
|
{
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"text": [
"Standard deviation is associated with outliers but it is not a synonym. Standard deviation refers to the \"spread\" of a data set. For example grades: if 90% of a class got a B and 5% got an A or C on an assignment the standard deviation would be small. If 10% got an F, 20% got a D, 40% got a C, 20% got a B, and 10% got an A then the standard deviation would be much larger than in the first example.\n\nNormally outliers are considered to be 2 standard deviations from the average (sometimes the average value of the data sometimes the middle/most common piece of the data). So if you had a bunch of data points who's average was 50 and standard deviation was 10 any data points below 50-2*10=30 or above 50+2*10=70 would be considered outliers.",
"They aren’t synonyms. For one, an SD is a range, and an outlier is a point. Think of SD as a range within which the points are not significantly different. For example, with IQ, the SD could be 15, so an IQ of 100 and an IQ of 112, being within the 15 range, aren’t different enough to matter, and a similar number of IQs from the sample will be in the range of 100-115 as in the sample 85-100. The outliers are those weird data points on the ends of the data set that don’t fall within a similar range; if, hypothetically IQ went from 0 to 160, you won’t have the same number of 0s as 160s, ",
"Standard deviation is a mathematical way to describe how \"spread out\" a set of data points are. Let's say you have 25 data points. If those data points are close together the standard deviation will be small. If those data points are far apart, the standard deviation will be larger.\n\nThe standard deviation is calculated using a mathematical formula (easily Google).\n\nAs another commenter pointed out... The number of standard deviations a single data point is from the average (mean) can be a good indication of how much of an outlier that data point is. For example, let's say the average (mean) of a set of data is 5. And the standard deviation is 1. A value of 2 in that set if data would be three standard deviations from the mean. Mathematically the chance of that happening randomly is less than 1%. So that means that's a heck of an outlier. \n\nNow if the standard deviation was say 3 instead of 1, that data point of 2 would be much less of an outlier because it would only be one standard deviations from the mean. In a normal distribution 68 percent of the data is within one standard deviation. (and again 99.7 percent of the data is within three standard deviations) \n\nSpeaking of which, this all assumes a normal distribution... Meaning that if you put all your data points on a histogram it would be shaped like a bell curve. If that's not the case with the data, a lot of this could go out the window.\n\nTldr: Standard deviation is how spread out the data is. The more standard deviations a data point is from the mean, the more of an outlier it is. \n\nHope that helps.\n\nE: typo ",
"Wow thank you all so much for the responses, pretty cool stuff!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
6h60mp
|
is "paperless document" more energy efficient than a paper one?
|
I have wondered this for quite a while. Hosting documents on servers, consuming energy all the time, and more each time you send/fetch data.
But if you have something on paper, it is statically there. You can put it away and it will not consume anything anymore?
So which way is it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6h60mp/eli5_is_paperless_document_more_energy_efficient/
|
{
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"divso6f",
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"text": [
"Yes, also it's not just electricity, think of the water, land. Electricity can be renewable as well, its over 80% renewable here in New Zealand",
"A server ( any pc is good if have a raid disk) can host an almost illimitate amount of documents. \nAlso, the paper is not forever, if you need to edit the document you need to print it again for all the users.\nAlso, you probably will need a shelf for all the paper you needand keep it at a suitable temperature for the users.\n\nWhere i work the introduction of electronic storage have litterally emptyed 4 rooms from all the paper.",
"Thought experiment time:\nAll documents fall into 4 categories based on these two possible attributes.\nRate:\nLow retrieval rate\nHigh retrieval rate\n\nDistance:\nLow distance retrieval\nLong distance retrieval\n\nHard-copy:\nLow retrieval rate \nLow distance retrieval\n\nDigital:\nHigh retrieval rate\nOR\nLong distance retrieval\n\nIf you put these attributes in a 2x2 square you will notice that 3 of the 4 possible squares have ether Long distance, or High retrieval rate as a property.\nDigital systems provide benefits to both those situations while hard copy only really works in a low distance low retrieval rate situation.\n\nRemember the energy \"price per page\" on electronic documents is really low. The energy \"price per page\" on hard copy is high. \n\nIf your document is low retrieval, low distance, then keeping a system running to maintain this document makes little sense but we don't dedicate single systems to documents, we consolidate. So the energy cost of a single digital document is distributed. This is not the case with a hard copy document.\n\nDefinitions:\nA low retrieval rate document is some thing you only need to check once in a while\nA low distance retrieval document is something you can keep on hand and do not need to send out for processing.\n\nA high retrieval rate document is some thing that needs to be accessed and or utilized often.\nA long distance retrieval document is some thing that needs to accessed from far away and or by multiple entities that are separated by distance."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1yp3kf
|
why are there still thousands of people dying from lack of food and water in third world countries despite decades and decades of aid and fund raising?
|
There are always ads on TV asking for aid and charity events every year raising millions and millions yet things don't ever seem to improve much.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1yp3kf/eli5_why_are_there_still_thousands_of_people/
|
{
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"text": [
"A lot of charities keep 50% or more of the money their given for 'operating costs' and to pay the executives. Ignoring that many of these 'charities' are hustles...\n\nWhat do you do once you have a bunch of food and water? You put it on a boat and ship it to some port in a Third World shithole. Now you have to get it to the starving people. The problem is that you've got dirty officials at the port - they want bribes, or at least a portion of the food to let it through. You run across dirty cops on the way out of the city. Once you're outside the city, you have bandits and warlords taking whatever is left to feed the people that fight on their side of some backwards-ass turf war.\n\nWhatever does get to the starving people? Yeah - you feed them for a day. They still don't know how to farm, they've still got a drought and they still haven't solved any of the problems that had them starving in the first place.\n\nGive a man a fish...",
"As ameoba said.... red tape and corruption!\nthink, that one time you donate money to any charity.... you get mail, repeatedly FOREVER! that costs more than the $50 I donated! plus staffing, tv advertising spots, some organisations are in fact still for-profit. Or, while NFP they have CEOs on 6 figure salaries....\n\nI am currently in Vietnam living and donating my time (and yeah, money) helping orphans and people with disabilities. So many of the people I meet are trying their hardest to help out (to the extent that often the 3 Vietnamese staff I work with here do not pay themselves a salary, instead buying extra medications and foods for the orphanages, and living with family or on a single wage (their wife's)\n\nI am sure it also happens in other countries, but here as well as people setting up businesses and paying themselves amazingly well (or taking a cut of whatever is donated) we need to pay the police to ensure that a: if we need to ever call them they will turn up. B: we are allowed to continue donating our time to work with the children without harassment.\n\nHowever, I will share 2 stories:\n1. from another volunteer I met who had also worked in Africa. They had funds to buy a village 3 massive water tanks. This would be enough to store during the wet season and then use during the dry to ensure clean, safe water for the whole village.\nThe guy working for the organisation which supplied the tanks kept one in his own locked compound just for himself. gave one to a friend and installed one in the village.\n\n2. The people I work with previously worked for a different organisation. They felt the man managing the volunteers was corrupt and stealing money. They quit, and informed the head office to make sure he stopped getting volunteers - I saw his house yesterday... it is massive (3 times as wide as a typical Viet house) and had multiple motorbikes and a car parked outside..... Cars are extremely expansive in Vietnam to buy, and keep registered. It is obvious to me, that for someone who should have had a very modest - but enough - salary helping facilitate volunteers.... he was raking it in!\n\nSad, but unfortunately that is the truth. \nAnd, as Ameoba said...... a lot of charities simply give people a weeks worth of food.\n\nNote: check out Kiva - you loan rather than donating and mostly to people trying to set up businesses so they can earn a wage, instead of relying on handouts!\n",
"Hunger and poverty cannot be eliminated by simply feeding people. One must build a productive infrastructure and a healthy economy in those places where poverty reigns. People need to be able to sustain themselves by their own means for the long term in order eliminate poverty. It is a slow process that takes years. Politics, \"Nation Building\" and differences in religious ideology get in the way and the shifting power dynamics breed distrust and contempt. Conflict and war is often the result. The poor and dependent remain poor and dependent. Pawns in an ugly game without end.",
"The problems are monumental. To get clean water we might need to build water works. To build them you might have to battle wide spread corruption or outright war lords. \n\nA few people make good money of keeping people down and they are careful to remain in their position on the cost of everyone else. \n\nThe aid we send and money we raise do go to good use, but medicine is expensive and there are so many many many people in dire need of it. \n\n\nThe problem feeds of itself too. If you have bad water, people get sick, when they get sick they often lose more water via vomiting and diarrhea which makes them even less able to fight illnesses and so on. \n\nIf you live in the US you would need somewhere between 40$ - 50$ do live per day, with all costs included from the year divided by days. \n\nThat ends up somewhere around 15000$ a year. \n\nNow it is a whole lot cheaper with many things in the countries that needs help, but there are Many people in need. ",
"Because breeding is out of control in Africa.\n\nI believe its like 5:1 children born into poverty.",
"Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime.",
"I am an Ethiopian and i work on a health project funded by USAID. The way i see it, corruption, mismanagement and the lack of the rule of law are the real reasons behind poverty. And the billions of dollars in funding do little because they are not directed toward addressing these problems. \n\nPS. Not many die from a direct lack of food or water -- What gets you most of the time is the poor quality of life, peoples bodies wears out before 50"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3j62qt
|
why is it that a white character can have their race changed in fan art, and it be acceptable but on the flipside, it's whitewashing?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3j62qt/eli5_why_is_it_that_a_white_character_can_have/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cumm4ok"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Because there are very few minority super heros and dont list C list superheros to make your case otherwise. The ones that are ethnic often have european features(ie. storm)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
afflb4
|
why do nfl coaches and personnel have headsets with cords?
|
With all the advancements in Bluetooth and other technology why are there still cords running up and down the sidelines?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/afflb4/eli5_why_do_nfl_coaches_and_personnel_have/
|
{
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"text": [
"basically, there were alot of issues in prior years with wireless headsets going out in cold and rain. so it's simply just a case of wired things being more reliable albeit arduous ",
"It is to lessen the opportunities for unsavory types to eavesdrop and steal critical information being shared by the coaches. ",
"There is a lot of electrical noise in a stadium. A large stadium has 80,000 seats. That’s a lot of users who are competing for the 2.4GHz band that Bluetooth uses. \n\nEven if they use the UHF and VHF band they are still limited on channels. The support crew, television crew, security, vendors etc using wireless products are still competing for the available frequencies. \n\nIt becomes a very congested electrical magnetic environment. ",
"Because cheating. Wireless signals, aside from technical problems, can be intercepted by other folks and used to cheat the game. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
27c385
|
how can an image take seconds to load on my phone, but on the same connection netflix can show a whole video with no buffering?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/27c385/eli5_how_can_an_image_take_seconds_to_load_on_my/
|
{
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5,
3
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"text": [
"Video is also compressed in the time domain. So for example if the next picture only changes by 1 pixel compared to what you are looking at now, the encoding will only be a few bytes for that frame.",
"Part of it depends on how far away the data is. Netflix tries to keep their content as close to the destination as possible to improve performance while whatever server you're looking at for images may relatively far away. ",
"Unless I am misreading the question...are the Netflix video and the image in the same datacenter and on the same server?\n\nYour connection on your phone is only a small part of the total path that the data took to reach your phone. In between your phone and the source could be multiple routers and networks that the data had to traverse and each one of them adds time to the overall transaction. ",
"Short answer: Most image formats (including the vast majority of JPEGs) are not designed for progressive loading. The Netflix video player is.\n\nA big JPEG loads as it downloads and that's usually top-to-bottom. This format is also completely intolerant of data loss, and there can be a lot of data loss on a cellular connection. Every time there's data loss, the download resets to its slowest speed and ramps up again (simplification. see \"TCP Windows Size\"). A JPEG viewer typically requires every single byte be downloaded perfectly for full display. Also, the point of interest in most still images is in the middle, meaning your brain doesn't even consider the image loaded until it's at least 3/4 of the way done.\n\nNetflix *used to buffer*. A few years ago, they switched to a \"smooth streaming\" strategy. Instead of guessing your bandwidth and buffering, they start you off immediately with an ultra-low-quality video. On most movies and TV shows, this is a very simple part of the video such as credits and FBI warnings that you don't pay attention to anyways. As you download that initial segment of video, the player figures out your actual bandwidth and switches to the higher quality for the next segment. I assume it tries to download at least one full segment ahead of time.\n\nIt will do this in reverse, as well. If you are watching Super HD and your flatmates start torrenting Game of Thrones, the Netflix player will simply switch to lower-quality for the next segments. It's very rare that it has to actually stop the video and re-buffer.\n\nEdit: and, of course, Netflix spends more money/effort on co-locating their content close to you than anyone else.",
"I'm a video engineer and support Netflix, Microsoft Smooth Streaming and Silverlight. If you watch closely, the first few seconds of a Netflix video are pixelated and blurry. Within 12 seconds, it will clear up. This is because Smooth will give you the lowest possible presentable stream while it fills its buffer. It checks your connection every 2-12 seconds to see what bitrate and resolution to give you. A static image may well have more data than 10s of video at 200kbps 140p so it could easily load faster. Smooth allows for a dozen or so profiles for any device to pick from based on screen size and connection.\n\nWe have stock profiles for common devices like iPhone, tablet, or HDTV. The low ones are purely for fast loading time or maintaining video if the network slows. Ideally you would stay at the highest rate and res your device supports.\n\nHappy to answer more questions."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1irjjc
|
why is it bad to leave your food in the hot car, but we use hot ovens to cook?
|
Why is it a no-no to leave your food in the car? Where does the potential for food poisoning come from?
Edit: thanks everyone! I guess even living in AZ with a car that doesn't have tinting wouldn't have saved me from food poisoning!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1irjjc/why_is_it_bad_to_leave_your_food_in_the_hot_car/
|
{
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"score": [
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"text": [
"Bacteria can become more active at temperatures reached inside a car and it is only at temperatures inside an oven that they are killed.",
"There's nothing wrong with it, if you keep your car at 160+ fahrenheit.",
"Most food poisoning comes from bacteria growing within the food. A hot car can keep food warm, cozy, and moist while an oven is just too hot and will kill the bacteria.",
"It has more to do with the refrigerated food. Bacteria thrives between about 40 and 140 degrees. If something like frozen chicken is kept between those temperatures for more than 30 minutes, it is possible that bacteria has begun to grow in it. I'm not an expert, this is just what I learned in my training when I worked at a deli.",
"Food cooked in an oven will be heated to a high enough temperature to kill bacteria and other germs, making it safe to eat.\n\nFood left in a car will only be heated to a somewhat higher than normal temperature, not high enough to kill bacteria and other germs. On the contrary, the (comparatively) slightly higher than normal temperature will aid bacterial growth, making the food very unsafe to eat.",
"Bacteria is everywhere. After you cook a food, it is wise to eat it before it spoils. If you continually kept it warm the bacteria would keep growing.\n\nSo this is why after your food is cooked, continuing to keep it warm only helps bacteria grow.\n\nAdditionally, unless you are cooking at low temps for a long time like in a crock pot, the high heat of an oven is too high for bacteria to grow, where as the interior of your car is not.",
"Food born illnesses are almost always caused by bacteria forming on the food. This bacteria thrives between temps of 5C and 57C (41F and 135F)... The longer food sits at this temperature, the better chance of bacteria growing on it. When you cook food, the temperature rises above 57C; killing the bacteria. Leaving food in your car on an average summer day will only raise the temperature of the food to maybe 46C (115F); well within that danger zone. ",
"Bacteria tends to grow best between the temperatures of 40 degrees and 140 degrees Fahrenheit. Any colder and the bacteria is pretty much dormant, and any higher kills most bacteria. Unless the inside of your car is above 140 degrees for a prolonged period of time, than the bacteria will multiply and that bacteria is the source for most foodborne illness."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
5p4bmo
|
vacuum boiling water
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5p4bmo/eli5_vacuum_boiling_water/
|
{
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"dco9855",
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"score": [
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],
"text": [
"Pressure, temperature and volume are all correlated. If you remove the air from a container containing part water part air, the vacuum will cause the water to fill the space where the air used to be causing it to increase in volume and decrease in density.\n\nThis increase in volume and decrease in density is exactly what happens when water boils, so when you reduce the pressure you reduce the water's boiling point until it will boil at room temperature.\n\nEdit: Here's a chart.\n_URL_0_\n\nEdit 2: You can see that pressure below the triple point of water approximately < 8mbar will go straight from the solid phase to the gas phase, skipping the liquid phase all together.\n\nIt can also remain solid at high temperatures with enough pressure.",
"The boiling point is determined by the pressure. As the pressure drops the molecules have an easier time separating from each other turning from a liquid to a gas. At room pressure there is actually quite a force pushing on everything that helps keep liquid as a liquid so it does not fly apart. So as you lower the pressure in the chamber the water will start boiling and turn into gas. The act of boiling does however require energy. So the water in the vacuum chamber would become colder as it boils. Eventually it became so cold that it freezes, this is also at a much colder temperature then usual because of the low pressure.",
"Temperature and pressure have a relationship to one another. The key to understanding this is to understand exactly what \"temperature\" is. \n\nAt a basic level, everything is made up of molecules. Even in solid objects those molecules are always moving, vibrating and shaking. Temperature can range from absolute zero, all the way up to infinity. This range occurs because temperature is actually a measure of the movement of the molecules within the substance. Molecules that are perfectly still are considered to be at absolute zero (0 Kelvin, -459.67 Fahrenheit or -273.15 Celsius). This is as cold as it's possible for a thing to be, the molecules are still. \n\nAs something gets hotter those molecules start to move more and more. They shimmy and shake and vibrate as the temperature increases. \n\nAs pressure increases it becomes harder for the molecules to move because there's less space to actually move. Like dancing in a crowded club, hard to move around. \n\nThere's also another relationship to consider. The \"state of matter\" is something that we think of changing with temperature, but it actually changes depending on a combination of temperature AND pressure. \n\nSo water forms to ice at 0 Celsius and boils at 100 Celsius. But that only applies at normal earth atmospheric pressure. Fuck around with the pressure and the boiling points and freezing points start to change. \n\nFor example, water boils at 100 °C at sea level, but at 93.4 °C at 2,000 meters altitude (pressure changes with altitude).",
"Liquid water molecules always evaporate at a rate depending on their temperature. Under atmospheric pressure, this is counteracted by gaseous water molecules becoming liquid again. The point where both of these processes are in a balance is called the \"vapor pressure\", which is the amount of pressure that you'll get if you put water into a sealed chamber with nothing but water, and which increases with temperature.\n\nIf the pressure is larger than the vapor pressure of the water, it can't start boiling because water vapor below the surface of water can't build up the pressure necessary to push the water away. At the boiling point, it's got enough pressure, enabling it to push water upwards and form bubbles. But in a vacuum, there is no pressure that prevents bubbles from forming, which is why it'll start boiling regardless of the temperature.\n\nThe water eventually freezes because water molecules that become gaseous take a big chunk of thermal energy with them - which is why the rest of the water cools down as water evaporates. So it cools down until it starts freezing.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Phase_diagram_of_water.svg/350px-Phase_diagram_of_water.svg.png"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5rxb3c
|
how do the genetics for dmd(duchenne muscular dystrophy) work?
|
As the title says, i've been curious of this, especially considering I was diagnosed with DMD when I was 3. I'm now 14, and since I'm not a doctor I've never really understood the genetics behind it all that well, and all the explanations on Google and other websites is confusing. I've never really asked my doctor either, which I will, but I would like a basic idea of how the genetics work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5rxb3c/eli5_how_do_the_genetics_for_dmdduchenne_muscular/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ddb4zlb"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I'm interpreting the question in one of two ways: Why does a specific genetic sequence cause people to live with muscle weakness? OR What determines if a child will be born with DMD? I'll try to answer both here. \n\nWhy does a specific genetic sequence (ie specific DNA) cause a person to live with muscle weakness? DNA really does 1 main thing: it's a cook book with recipes for all the proteins you need to live. These include proteins that go into muscle fibers to make you strong, proteins that move chemicals around your body, proteins that fix things that get broken, and just about everything else. One \"page\" in this cook book is the recipe for a protein called \"dystrophin\" and this protein's job is to stabilize and protect muscle fibers so they don't break too much. Most people have the same copy of this page and the dystrophin it makes is pretty decent. Some people (people with DMD) however, have a slightly modified recipe page, that might miss or change some \"ingredients\" (\"amino acids\"), so it produces a dystrophin that kinda works but maybe not as well as other people's recipes. So this dystrophin can't stabilize/protect the muscle fibers as well, so they deteriorate more. \n\nWhat determines if a child will get DMD? The cookbook you inherit is a combination of your parents' cookbooks. And actually since it's a really long book, it's usually separated into 23 \"volumes\" (\"chromosome pairs\"). The 23rd volume has 2 editions, X-edition and Y-edition. Your mother gave you an X-edition and your father gifted to you an X-edition if you're a girl and Y-edition if you're a boy. The recipe for dystrophin is in the X-edition of the 23rd volume. If you're a boy, you're relying on your mother to give you that recipe and will use whatever she gave you, either the standard recipe or a DMD recipe. If you're a girl, you can skim through the X-edition you got from your mom and the X-edition you got from your dad and if either of them gave you the standard dystrophin recipe, you'll use it. \n\nLet me know if I missed your actual question or if I should clarify something. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
126fc9
|
compton scattering
|
I'm having trouble understanding the main concepts on Compton Scattering and what it's purpose is for Modern Physics. Does anybody have any way to ELI5?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/126fc9/eli5_compton_scattering/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c6skmn7",
"c6skt5z"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"When a blood and a crip dislike each other very much...",
"photon in. lower energy photon and electron out.\n\nUseful for detecting radiation.\n\nThats about about all I know. If I need to know more, I google it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
94un76
|
how well do aquatic animals like fish understand the concept of "outside the water?"
|
Obviously some marine life (dolphins, whales, octopi, squid, etc.) are smarter than others, and some can go on land anyway, but I'm generally referring to the "simpler" ones like common fish, eels, sharks, and the like. Like, say, a trout. Does a trout understand that there's a world above the water's surface that it can't go to? Does it understand that it'll die if it flops onto the bank? Does it even realize it has the *option* to flop onto the bank?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/94un76/eli5_how_well_do_aquatic_animals_like_fish/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e3oppq3"
],
"score": [
12
],
"text": [
"You are overestimating the intelligence of (most) animals. Fish are pretty simple, being driven almost entirely by instinct. A fish out of water will go crazy trying to get back into water, but this is because his instincts tell him (or her, I don't discriminate) to do so. They don't *understand* that the lack of water is the problem, or even that there's a lack of water, or even that \"water is present\" is the normal state they should strive to be in. \n\nSo, they definitely don't understand the idea of a world beyond the surface of the water, because they don't really understand any kind of idea. Not in the way we do.\n\nFish are aware of the boundary at the surface, and behave accordingly, but again this is not because of any real understanding that they have."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2bpeb7
|
why does the united states display dates and time differently than other countries.
|
Correct me if I'm wrong, but the USA is the only country in the world that displays date and time differently. Other countries display their dates as Day/Month/Year, displays time in a 24 hour format, and even has weekends (Saturday/Sunday) at the end of the week as displayed on calendars. I was in Europe for the last few weeks and it got me wondering why we display date and time differently in the United States.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2bpeb7/eli5_why_does_the_united_states_display_dates_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cj7l88j"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Year/month/day is the standard in East Asian countries."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1vcvgt
|
why is there no e# or b#?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1vcvgt/eli5why_is_there_no_e_or_b/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ceqzc56"
],
"score": [
8
],
"text": [
"You can put E# or C♭ on some music. They mean F and B.\n\nThe reason is about what the notes mean. And they all have to do with thirds. It was Pythagoras of the triangles fame that worked all this out. He did it with metal bars cut to length.\n\nIf you take a note, say F, and make the wavelength a third shorter, you get another note, C, that harmonizes well with F. If you make a note that is a third shorter than C, you get another note, G, that harmonizes well with C. Do this 7 times and you get all the white notes on the keyboard. The eighth note will be F#, and from there your notes will be the other 4 black keys. This is the arrangement of the notes. \n\nMost music is based on the first 7 notes in this scale, which we call the octave. \n\nNow we come to why we only have 5 black notes. So far we have divided by one third 12 times. The 13th step takes you very, very close to F again. This means that we have come in a circle. Indeed, modern tuning adjusts all these thirds, up and down a bit, so each step between notes is exactly the same, and the 13th step takes you exactly back to C. So we have all the notes, and only have 5 black notes, and they are arranged like that. Each step between neighboring keys, say D to D# or B♭ to B or E to F is the same (a semi-tone).\n\nEdit: I didn't know that our key of C is actually based on the notes of either D or F, depending on how you look at it. Oh, and, musically, these 'thirds' are instead called 'fifths', because they are what you get when you press two keys 5 white notes apart."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3vtvuu
|
how do time release capsules work with doling out the medicine in your body once you take them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3vtvuu/eli5how_do_time_release_capsules_work_with_doling/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cxqm335"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Pharmaceutical companies have many ways of producing a \"slow release\" effect in capsules or pills. To give a few examples, some pills are filled with tiny beads that are coated in different chemicals which break down during different parts of digestion; eg. one type of beads breaks down in high acidity environments (such as the stomach) and another when exposed to bases (in the duodenum). This causes small amounts of the medication to be released at different times as it travels through your body.\n\n\nA cool example of another time-release effect is Concerta, a formulation of methylphenidate created to be very long-acting. The pill itself is like swallowing a mini syringe, that reacts with your digestive juices to slowly push the medication out of the pill as it travels through your system. [Bad quality picture to demonstrate](_URL_0_)\n\nThere are other methods I'm sure, but I'm not a pharmacist, just a nurse who took pharmacology in 4th year."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://images.slideplayer.com/2/735583/slides/slide_37.jpg"
]
] |
||
1qb32y
|
why (when in the uk) are all electric toothbrushes and electric razer power plugs are two pronged and not 3?
|
Why is this? It's not like there's just one batch they send out to different countries as on the power adapter the model has "UK" on the end of it.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1qb32y/eli5_why_when_in_the_uk_are_all_electric/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cdb0ayt",
"cdb7dui"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"I'm not sure of the actual reason, but I've lived in around 5 houses / apartments when I lived in the UK, both old and new, and all had those 2 pronged plugs in the bathrooms. Perhaps it's safer than the standard one we have. ",
"Electrical regulations BS7671 and building regulations. Combined, these prohibit *any* electrical sockets in British bathrooms, including light switches (which is why all British bathrooms have either pull cords or the light switch outside the room).\n\nThe *only* permitted exceptions are shaving sockets which must be connected via an isolating transformer and a fuse/circuit breaker which will trip if more than 200 mA is drawn. To prevent any attempt to plug other electrical items into such sockets, they use the two-pin Europlug layout rather than the 3-pin British layout."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
exizcv
|
why do the audio and the captions sometimes not match when watching tv shows (this goes for english and translated shows too)
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/exizcv/eli5_why_do_the_audio_and_the_captions_sometimes/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fg8jbvm"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Usually because captions are not properly set. Caption is basically a text line with a time to appear. So in your case, the time is not properly set."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2v0d8m
|
why are my amazon prime packages sometimes shipped through usps and other times through ups?
|
Sub-question: Why do some packages require signature while others don't? Does it have to do with the value of the items in the package, or the driver's discretion, or something else?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2v0d8m/eli5_why_are_my_amazon_prime_packages_sometimes/
|
{
"a_id": [
"codbe6j"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"Amazon, Fedex, USPS, and UPS all have their own logistics networks. Amazon contracts will all three of those delivery services.\n\nIf you live in a rural town, or even smaller city, you might not get deliveries regularly through all three. \n\nFor example, you place an order on Amazon. Amazon sends the order to a warehouse in California, where the item you purchased is located. Let's say you live in Bismark, North Dakota. Amazon pings the three delivery services and says, at 10PM tonight, I will have an item ready that needs to go from California Warehouse 1 to violetpurple's house in Bismark, ND by 5PM on Sunday. Fedex looks at the ping and says, we can't do it, we can pick up the item and get it to Tulsa, OK, then to Kansas City, MO, by 8:37PM tomorrow, but we won't have a connection to Bismark for 24 hours after that, it wouldn't arrive until Monday. UPS gets pinged and says, We could make that work, we have connections going to Bismark that can make the trip, but the truck that could meet all the connection deadlines has to leave your warehouse in California by 9:21PM. If the order is ready then, we would be able to make it, otherwise we can't help. (If this were the case and Amazon didn't have another option, Amazon would probably rush to get it ready by 9:21PM). USPS sees the ding and can manage that particular shipment with no problem, so USPS delivers the package. \n\nThere is a whole massive world of deliveries that goes on 24 hours a day, every day. However, no individual carrier is capable of making every single delivery. They either don't have enough trucks to go to every single town in the country in the volume required, or don't have the logistics to handle all the required pickups."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2lv99c
|
how do they freeze the moment on camera and then spin around a certain point 360 degrees?
|
_URL_0_
Example is in this video at 34:20
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2lv99c/eli5_how_do_they_freeze_the_moment_on_camera_and/
|
{
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"clygi9e",
"clygjtb",
"clyjlga",
"clykjm7",
"clyqtlx"
],
"score": [
22,
2,
15,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"they use lots and lots of cameras, all arranged in a ring and synchronized together, then you just switch the feed from one camera to another within the same time stamp. ",
"The general way they do that is to have multiple cameras. They either do it on a green screen and cgi out the other cameras or position them to they don't look like cameras to the other cameras. Then they stitch it all together in a computer.",
"It's an array of cameras. I built one you can see at :56 _URL_0_\n\nYou take a series of pictures from a single moment in time. You play them back in series. You need one camera per frame. If you want half a second you need 15 cameras. If you want to extend the time, you can use techniques like twixtor or photogrammetry.",
"Yes, as other have mentioned, it's done with multiple cameras. But in planned scenes (not live as in the example you posted and the [Matrix movies](_URL_1_)) there are ways you can do it with a single camera and some added effects. Check out this tutorial by Film Riot: [_URL_0_](_URL_0_)",
"can someone explain this one?\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnPbzAnLkXA"
] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://youtu.be/xByWw9GoBfc"
],
[
"http://youtu.be/I-rGQVFyjTs",
"http://youtu.be/bKEcElcTUMk"
],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5niaBQEpVQ"
]
] |
|
7fdqwg
|
how is a carrot different from other root vegetables like cassava or cocoyam?
|
People have come up to me and say "Teddy, carrots are not like cassava or cocoyams so stop acting like they are." I have always thought that carrots are basically the same thing as cassava but everyone has been telling me that they are widely different vegetables.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7fdqwg/eli5_how_is_a_carrot_different_from_other_root/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dqdl0d7"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Those three vegetables are not related to each other at all and I don't know how you can think they're like each other since they look radically different. Carrots are in the Apiaceae family, cassava are in the Euphorbiaceae, and coco yams are in the family Araceae. Putting this into animal terms, if a carrot is a pig then cassava is a dog and coco yam is a locust. Anatomically it's quite different as well. The part of the carrot we eat is a root but with the other two it's a stem."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1ien4i
|
why is it necessary to close 20 miles of freeway for roadwork, when there's rarely any work being done, and when there is the work only takes up 100 meters or less?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ien4i/eli5_why_is_it_necessary_to_close_20_miles_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cb3p3jq"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Traffic is much more complex than most people think, a single person hitting their brake, a broken down car, or construction work can cause the flow of dozens of miles of traffic to change, leading to giant gridlock traffic jams where people end up sitting for hours."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
25dsdh
|
samsung makes iphone and ipad displays. but apple and samsung have patent lawsuits for each other.
|
I just can't imagine myself doing business as usual with someone I'm suing in court.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/25dsdh/eli5_samsung_makes_iphone_and_ipad_displays_but/
|
{
"a_id": [
"chg8nl9"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Samsung is actually a gigantic conglomerate spanning numerous holding companies with different bureaucracies. Think of HQ as the government of a country rather than a head office. The legal department and the office producing the screens for iPhones are so isolated they're barely affected by each other's operations. After all change is difficult and business must keep going. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
778h4m
|
what is computational modeling and how does it work?
|
I've seen it in a few psychology/neuro papers I am reading at work (namely this one: _URL_0_), but still struggle to comprehend the main components.
How do you decide what to build you model from? How can you tell if its useful? What are parameters?
Any help or guidance would be much appreciated!
Thank you all :)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/778h4m/eli5what_is_computational_modeling_and_how_does/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dok3lk8"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Simply, computational modeling is setting up a scenario, model, etc, (usually biological) as close as possible to the actual subject in nature.\n\nFor example, setting up the functioning and efficiency of an enzyme. One would argue it's easier (maybe better) to write up a program that mimics the way a certain enzyme works with tons of consulting and highly precise modeling, 3D imaging etc. Then once you understand how it works in nature, adjust a portion of it to see how it functions differently.\n\nOR\n\nYou could run tons of experiments with all kinds of real time variables that have to be validated, run at specific temperatures, and run at certain times. Then genetically modify the enzyme and see how that works, again with continued testing...This is why computational biology is so popular now."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://docdro.id/Ze6NMYr"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
2auq01
|
how do wild animals keep their fur from growing too long?
|
So I was wondering how do wild animals keep their fur from growing too long as I would assume it would grow too long and get in the way like it does for us. I was thinking mainly in the context of dogs as owners often get their pets groomed.
(I should say I've never had a pet so I am a bit clueless about if all pets are groomed like dogs)
EDIT: Thanks for all the answers! That cleared things up
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2auq01/eli5_how_do_wild_animals_keep_their_fur_from/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ciyxkbh",
"ciyxlll",
"ciyxoml",
"ciyxxp5",
"ciz230f"
],
"score": [
2,
24,
4,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"the hairs just fall out during shedding before they get too long",
"If you've ever been to a pet owner's house, you may notice that everything is covered in a thin layer of hair. This is the natural result of shedding - if their hair grows to a certain thickness, it begins to fall out naturally. Everywhere.\n\nGrooming is done by pet owners in an attempt to have their pets look nice, and to try to keep the hair off of their furniture, but it's not actually necessary to remove the animal's excess hair.",
"I am now curious on what a sheep in the wild would look like. Not just a couple of years worth of not getting clipped but it's entire life worth of that cloudiness. ",
" > The shedding cycle is directly related to the hair growth cycle. During the shedding phase of the hair growth cycle, hair sheds from the hair follicle. As the growth stage begins, new hair comes in. Hairs that are in the resting stage are held in the follicle by friction and are not anchored in. They fall out very easily, especially during grooming. Dogs, cats and rabbits go through these stages continuously. Several factors affect the amount of hair the animal will shed and when shedding is more pronounced.\n\n[Source](_URL_0_)",
"Precisely the same way you keep your arm hair from growing too long."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.furminator.com/why-do-dogs-cats-and-rabbits-shed.aspx"
],
[]
] |
|
993vew
|
why can't we capture and store sound energy?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/993vew/eli5_why_cant_we_capture_and_store_sound_energy/
|
{
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"text": [
"You can. Wouldn't really be that difficult. Essentially just wire a microphone up to a battery charger. Microphones work by the sound vibrating a magnet inside a coil so that its movement generates an electric current through the coil. So use that electricity to charge a battery and you've stored sound energy.\n\nThe problem is the amount of energy you'd get from it would be negligible. It's just unlikely to be useful for anything.",
"We can - this is how a microphone works.\n\nThe simplest way to think of a microphone is as a speaker in reverse. To make a speaker, you use a coil of conductive wire with a magnet suspended near the opening. Pass electrical energy into the coil and the motion of the electrons produces a magnetic field. If the electricity has a pattern in the strength of the flow, the magnet will react by being drawn in and out of the coil rapidly. Connect the magnet to a sheet like a drumhead that can transfer this motion to the air and you can create sound waves with the moving magnet.\n\nNow in reverse, you can capture a sound wave with a funnel that concentrates the changes in air pressure down to a small surface - put a magnet on that surface and when it vibrates, it will induce a current in any nearby coils. That *creates* electrical energy - which can be detected and recorded to form a microphone. Sound waves don't carry much energy, so it isn't very useful to power something other than a microphone.",
"It's only worth using something as an energy source if you produce more energy from the generation method than it takes to produce, ship, deploy, and store excess energy of said energy generation method.\n\nSound energy could basically be captured with a microphone but the energy is so negligible it would essentially be worthless. The same reason why we don't harvest heat energy from friction on our tires or use the heat generated by our computers to convert back into electricity or such.",
"We can, but there's not much point to doing so.\n\nIn general, when you're trying to harness energy, you can only do so by taking advantage of a difference in energy levels between the two sides of whatever mechanism you're using to harness said energy. So for example, in an engine, you have the piston taking advantage of very hot gas trying to expand and come into equilibrium with the surrounding environment (i.e. the atmosphere).\n\nA consequence of this is that, the greater the difference in energy levels between the two sides, the easier it is to harness, and the smaller the difference, the harder it gets. Most sound waves have pretty low energy levels, so it's hard to harness."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
7zkxs5
|
why does the iphone 7’s home button become unclickable when the phone dies? you can click it when it’s on, but not when it’s dead
|
I’ve always wondered why my phone did this.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7zkxs5/eli5_why_does_the_iphone_7s_home_button_become/
|
{
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"duospc1",
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"score": [
23,
6,
6
],
"text": [
"It's not really a button, it's simply a sensor that triggers a small vibration when it's feels you pressing it. When there isn't any power the sensor and the vibration don't work so it's just a piece of glass (sapphire?) at that point. ",
"because its not a physical button, its a clever software and hardware combination of the haptic engine which apple does very very well. The \"click\" you feel is a single cycle of the haptic engine, essentially the thing that drives the phones vibration. No power means no power to the haptic engine.",
"It's not a physical button\n\nIt is a force sensitive circle but doesn't move up and down like a button. When you push on it the phone buzzes slightly to give you the sensation of clicking the button. The sensation of pushing the button and the fake click are close enough together that your brain assumes the button clicked and interprets the buzz like that\n\nIt's called haptic feedback and it's the same reason keys on your fully digital keyboard can click too"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
asutk9
|
why does horseradish burn your sinuses? like why your sinuses and nothing else, and why does the feeling shoot up your sinuses like that?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/asutk9/eli5_why_does_horseradish_burn_your_sinuses_like/
|
{
"a_id": [
"egx0yhn",
"egx1umn",
"egx6ien"
],
"score": [
8,
5,
3
],
"text": [
"It's got stuff in it that irritates the mucus membrane. A biological defense mechanism that stops animals eating the plant. Instead of just smelling bad, it smells painful.\n\n\"The intact horseradish root has hardly any aroma. When cut or grated enzymes from the now-broken plant cells break down sinigrin (a glucosinolate) to produce allyl isothiocyanate (mustard oil), which irritates the mucous membranes of the sinuses and eyes.\"\n\n_URL_0_",
"I don't know, but a spoonful of horseradish is a better decongestant than any OTC sinus medicine. ",
"Slightly unrelated, but I think it's funny how when I was growing up no one would let me eat horseradish because they didn't like it and hence wouldn't let me try it, but once I tried it I loved it! So much better than chili peppers or that kind of spice!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseradish"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
1kjsyw
|
how does febreze work?
|
I always see ads on TV that Febreze eliminates odors while air fresheners just mask the odor. How is Febreze different from other air fresheners, and how does it work in general? Thanks in advance!
Edit: This got a lot of replies, thanks guys! Most of you really helped!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1kjsyw/eli5_how_does_febreze_work/
|
{
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"cbpo732",
"cbpomzr",
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"cbprcvz",
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42,
726,
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"text": [
"It has a chemical that absorbs other molecules, stopping them from producing the scent we dislike.",
"Here's a great article behind the psychology of Febreeze. [Link](_URL_0_) ",
"Febreze has an active ingredient called hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin that is basically a empty donut shaped molecule that traps and sinks smelly molecules so that less smelly things make it to our noses in the air.\n\n/u/aeoutside is totally right. I am not a chemical engineer but I remember enough from AP Bio and doing a class report on Febreze in Highschool Chem that what /u/aeoutside is right. \n\nAlso, Nucleotides are **not bacteria**. Don't spread bad knowledge and check your facts please.",
"Wouldn't an enzymatic work better by actually breaking down the organic material instead of just putting it in a coating of something that smells better?",
"Tl;Dr nucleotides are not bacteria",
"Fun bit of history: \n\nP & G had an incredibly hard time getting initial Febreze sales off the ground in the 90's. \n\nP & G researchers found that owners of homes with the most offensive odors became desensitized to the horrendous odors, and thusly didn't realize anything needed to be done. As a result, products like Febreze ended up at the back of a closet.\n\nP & G had to add the incentive of pleasant synthetic scents like \"Fresh Laundry\" in order to get sales to spike and overtake competitors like Lysol.",
"educated guessing here.. most times when something eliminates odor instead of masking, it introduces a molecule that inserts itself into the aromatic ring and \"breaks\" it (ring = molecular shape of things you can smell). That's why orange and citrus stuff kills all kinds of stinky odors. Once the aromatic ring is broken, your nose/mouth can't sense it anymore. Hopefully, the bad molecules that can hurt you are also morphed into something less harmful, but not necessarily."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.forbes.com/sites/petercohan/2012/02/19/jurassic-park-how-pg-brought-febreze-back-to-life/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
l4403
|
the issue between tupac and biggie
|
What's the deal with the whole problem between the two?
And why the East/West beef?
By all accounts, Tupac was quite an artsy guy (despite his parents Black Panther affiliations) so would be interested to hear!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/l4403/eli5_the_issue_between_tupac_and_biggie/
|
{
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"text": [
"Biggie and Tupac were both coming up at the same time and were actually friends for a while. \n\nOne night Tupac showed up to the studio for a recording session with Biggie and was held up and shot. He blamed Biggie and Puff Daddy for this which they both denied despite them recording a song called \"Who Shot Ya\", which sounds alot like an account of the evening in question. \n\nTupac then recorded a song called [Hit Em Up](_URL_0_)(NSFW Language) in which he claims to have slept with Biggies estranged wife Faith Evans. Around the same time a picture surfaced of Evans and Tupac in a [somewhat intimate position](_URL_1_).\n\nThe media ran with this just as Gangsta Rap was becoming huge and the whole situation escalated quickly with alot of other little issues in the whole East Coast/West Coast feud and ended terribly.",
"It all happened because of Suge Knight. Suge was Tupac's promoter. During an award show in NY (Biggie's hometown) he said something on stage along the lines of \"If you want to have a promoter/producer who doesn't appear on your videos (a shot at Puff Diddy), then come to California and do it with me\". Suge is a massive douche and at the time he hated P Diddy because he felt like he was involved in the death of his friend. This beef combined with Tupac feeling like he was set up by Biggie and P Diddy when he was shot (but survived) earlier made it a proper beef now. Tupac also claimed to have slept with Faith Evans who was Biggie's wife. All this was a recipe for disaster and slowly things escalated (LA Times published lots of articles that didn't help either). Fast forward to 1996, Tupac gets shot in LA and dies. His friends are sure that it was planned by the East Coast guys. They supposedly go ahead and kill Biggie. To this day both cases have never been solved but above is the whole story as its known in the streets",
"Biggie and Tupac were both coming up at the same time and were actually friends for a while. \n\nOne night Tupac showed up to the studio for a recording session with Biggie and was held up and shot. He blamed Biggie and Puff Daddy for this which they both denied despite them recording a song called \"Who Shot Ya\", which sounds alot like an account of the evening in question. \n\nTupac then recorded a song called [Hit Em Up](_URL_0_)(NSFW Language) in which he claims to have slept with Biggies estranged wife Faith Evans. Around the same time a picture surfaced of Evans and Tupac in a [somewhat intimate position](_URL_1_).\n\nThe media ran with this just as Gangsta Rap was becoming huge and the whole situation escalated quickly with alot of other little issues in the whole East Coast/West Coast feud and ended terribly.",
"It all happened because of Suge Knight. Suge was Tupac's promoter. During an award show in NY (Biggie's hometown) he said something on stage along the lines of \"If you want to have a promoter/producer who doesn't appear on your videos (a shot at Puff Diddy), then come to California and do it with me\". Suge is a massive douche and at the time he hated P Diddy because he felt like he was involved in the death of his friend. This beef combined with Tupac feeling like he was set up by Biggie and P Diddy when he was shot (but survived) earlier made it a proper beef now. Tupac also claimed to have slept with Faith Evans who was Biggie's wife. All this was a recipe for disaster and slowly things escalated (LA Times published lots of articles that didn't help either). Fast forward to 1996, Tupac gets shot in LA and dies. His friends are sure that it was planned by the East Coast guys. They supposedly go ahead and kill Biggie. To this day both cases have never been solved but above is the whole story as its known in the streets"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCVT7tqO-YA",
"http://www.therundown.tv/wp-content/photos/faith2pac_082108.jpg"
],
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCVT7tqO-YA",
"http://www.therundown.tv/wp-content/photos/faith2pac_082108.jpg"
],
[]
] |
|
ewfm8o
|
what is the implication when countries condemn each other?
|
Like when Russia annexed Crimea, you see a lot of "condemning," but what does it do?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ewfm8o/eli5_what_is_the_implication_when_countries/
|
{
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"text": [
"There's no inherent implication - the meaning is completely based on the context of the countries involved and their history with each other.\n\nE.g., Russia invading and claiming Crimea would be judged against the fact that it had explicitly agreed to respect Ukrainian sovereignty over Crimea when Ukraine surrendered the nuclear weapons stationed in its territory by the Soviet Union after the latter's collapse.",
"condemning is just a way of saying: \"I don't agree with what you are doing, but we are not going to do anything about it.\"",
"Nothing. There's no implication. It's just a way for a country to say \"we don't approve of what you're doing\" to another country without actually doing anything."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2i0y6a
|
why does macro nutrition information not sum up to e.g. 100 g?
|
For example the Ayran I am drinking has about 2 g fat, protein and carbohydrates (per 100 ml) according to the label. What is the rest made from? Is it micro nutrient like vitamins?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2i0y6a/eli5_why_does_macro_nutrition_information_not_sum/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckxsubp",
"ckxsuow"
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text": [
"Water mainly. Basically all drinks are mainly water. Given water is 1g/mL you can count most of the mass as being just water. ",
"The FDA regulates what items must be listed on the label. Since this does not and cannot cover all things that go in food it never adds up to the full weight of what you're eating. \nThe biggest unlisted item, water. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
c9x0pu
|
why are there military staffing wimbledon tennis championship?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c9x0pu/why_are_there_military_staffing_wimbledon_tennis/
|
{
"a_id": [
"et3uvgm"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It look like there is a tradition of volunteers from the armed forces to help at the games. It started in 1946 with the first post war championship. There was bomb damage during the war. There was bomb damage and bomb landed in the center court and destroyed part of the stands around it. There capacity droppe by 1200 because of the damages and it took almost a decade to replace it because of rationing of building materials.\n\nSo it is a tradition with volunteers today. [_URL_0_](_URL_0_)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.wimbledondebentureholders.com/articles/wimbledon-armed-forces-history/"
]
] |
||
lgwet
|
cracking your jaw - what is it about?
|
Wondered about this when I cracked my jaw while yawning today. It sounds bad and hurts for a bit, but otherwise, nothing else happens.
What is actually happening, is it bad for you, and why does it occur?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/lgwet/eli5_cracking_your_jaw_what_is_it_about/
|
{
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3
],
"text": [
"I asked my dentist about this lol. He said that the part where your jaws connect \"roll\", and sometimes they don't roll properly. He told me unless it happens very frequently and starts hurting, it shouldn't be a problem, so if that starts happening, ask your dentist.",
"Your jaw is a type of joint called a diarthrosis or synovial joint. \n\nThis means that there is synovial fluid around the area of the joint to cushion the bone/cartilage articulations. Sometimes \"When the two articulating surfaces of a synovial joint are separated from one other, the volume within the joint capsule increases and a negative pressure results. The volume of synovial fluid within the joint is insufficient to fill the expanding volume of the joint and gases dissolved in the synovial fluid (mostly carbon dioxide) are liberated and quickly fill the empty space, leading to the rapid formation of a bubble.[10] This process is known as cavitation. Cavitation in synovial joints results in a high frequency 'cracking' sound\" [Source](_URL_0_)\n\nOr It could be that you dislocated the mandible temporarily causing a cracking sound. This is associated with TMJ sometimes. ",
"I asked my dentist about this lol. He said that the part where your jaws connect \"roll\", and sometimes they don't roll properly. He told me unless it happens very frequently and starts hurting, it shouldn't be a problem, so if that starts happening, ask your dentist.",
"Your jaw is a type of joint called a diarthrosis or synovial joint. \n\nThis means that there is synovial fluid around the area of the joint to cushion the bone/cartilage articulations. Sometimes \"When the two articulating surfaces of a synovial joint are separated from one other, the volume within the joint capsule increases and a negative pressure results. The volume of synovial fluid within the joint is insufficient to fill the expanding volume of the joint and gases dissolved in the synovial fluid (mostly carbon dioxide) are liberated and quickly fill the empty space, leading to the rapid formation of a bubble.[10] This process is known as cavitation. Cavitation in synovial joints results in a high frequency 'cracking' sound\" [Source](_URL_0_)\n\nOr It could be that you dislocated the mandible temporarily causing a cracking sound. This is associated with TMJ sometimes. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovial_fluid"
],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovial_fluid"
]
] |
|
443scl
|
how are newer cars stolen?
|
How are modern cars stolen? With all the anti-theft technology, I am curious how they are defeated? I have seen gone in 60 seconds, but all the car thieves I see arrested have neck tattoos and their area code tattooed on their knuckles.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/443scl/eli5_how_are_newer_cars_stolen/
|
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"text": [
"Modern cars rely on computers and electronic security systems. Smart people hack these systems and figure out how to beat them. Smart people then sell those cracks to stupid people who use them to steal cars and get caught.",
"Simpler than that: stupid lazy people leave their cars running in public places or leave the key fob in the center console, so a thief simply has to get in and push \"start engine\"",
"A little black box amplifies the keyless fob in someones house and the car thinks you're right there and the doors unlock and the car starts.\n\nMore info: _URL_0_",
"Thugs do thug shit, the same as always. They:\n\n* Steal keys from your house\n\n* Steal keys when you're not looking\n\n* Take cars with keys in them\n\n* Car jack you\n\n* Ride off with your car when you thought you could trust them\n\n* Get the title transferred in their name using forged documents\n\n* Get someone in a dealership to make keys for them\n\n* Tow it away.",
"They aren't stolen that often. Car theft in USA is down from 1.6 million in 1991 to 600k in 2013. There is no car newer than 2005 on the most stolen cars list. As well as the methods listed by others, they may tow it as well.",
"Hi, I work in car insurance. Virtually every theft claim I deal with, the thieves have broken into the house and stolen the keys. This is usually the primary target, too, at least if you've got a nice car; if the car keys are in your main hall somewhere, you'll often find the thieves have broken in through the front door or a window, found the keys, and left without taking anything other than the car.",
"Aside from some pretty good answers in this thread, there is also another factor at work; \n\nThere are crews (Here in Eastern Europe anyway) who buy a new car just for the purpose of research. They dismantle it and try to figure out a way to break into the car the easiest and dismantle any security. \nWith the bigger trucks they learn how to dismantle certain parts and they just go searching for the dealers/companies who have a few of the same trucks on site and armed with 2/3 wrenches they dismantle the easiest and most expensive parts within a few minutes. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.techlicious.com/blog/toyota-prius-smart-key-hacking-remote-keyless-entry-thief/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3yao4c
|
why are pyramid schemes ("direct marketing") like market america or nu skin not illegal?
|
I thought pyramid schemes were illegal... I don't understand.
Seems to fit the definition in my country at least ([Australia](_URL_0_))
EDIT: I have had people try to sell them to me as "Multi-level marketing as well"
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3yao4c/eli5_why_are_pyramid_schemes_direct_marketing/
|
{
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"text": [
"I don't know about Australia, but in America pyramid schemes are illegal. The way a lot of companies get around it is by offering a product. Keep in mind this is a legal distinction, so a company may feel like a pyramid scheme while not actually being one.\n\nFor example, I just looked up Nu Skin. It looks like they could be considered a direct-to-consumer multi-level marketing company. They may have a pyramid structure, but the goal is to sell that product.\n\nIn a pyramid scheme, the goal is to get more people. In a true pyramid scheme, there is no real product--you obtain money by recruiting more people and teaching them how to recruit more people. Companies like Mary Kay get around that by making it all about the product & making it encouraged but not necessary to recruit people under you. That's the distinction.\n\nThat being said, it doesn't mean it's not a bad deal for the lower-level people. These companies get away with their business model because they offload inventory to \"independent consultants\" who act as resellers. It's something I try to stay away from as a consumer. Vote with your wallet, baby.",
"Not all multi-level marketing scheme are pyramid schemes.\n\nA pyramid scheme is, by definition, unsustainable. Those are illegal. But there are many legitimate, sustainable MLM models out there. The problem is that pyramid schemes often masquerade themselves as legitimate MLMs.\n\nThe key difference is the product. With a legit MLM, like Mary Kay or Legalsheld or whatever, there is a real product with value being sold. And yes, since it is an MLM, you'll make money off your downline, and your upline will make money off you.\n\nBut in a pyramid scheme, the business structure *is* the product, and anything that's actually sold is just to hide the fact that it's a pyramid scheme.\n\nBefore getting involved with something like this, take a close look at the product line. If it's something you would never buy, don't even consider it further."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://www.accc.gov.au/publications/advertising-selling/advertising-and-selling-guide/other-prohibited-sales-practices/pyramid-schemes"
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
33was7
|
why do most animals live less than human beings?
|
Most animals like dogs, cats, monkeys etc go to heaven at much younger ages compared to humans.
While elephants live to be nearly 65 on average and some turtles can put supercentenarians to shame but this is not the case with most animals.
Even the ones in captivity with the best medical care don't live long.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/33was7/eli5_why_do_most_animals_live_less_than_human/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cqozfl7"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I'm sure a lot of things contribute to the difference; this is just one\n\nI've heard that animals that take care of their children past their reproductive period tend to live longer. Whether a jaguar lives for 1 or 50 years after it stops bearing children doesn't really matter from evolution's perspective, because both those jaguars pass on the same amount of genes. Meanwhile an old orca, elephant, or human will still care for their young adult children: adult humans who still have parents around benefit, and longevity genes get passed on in the long run. Naked mole rats have kids their whole lives (I'm talking their 80s) and near as we can tell they don't age at all.\n\nbut then you'd expect all social animals to live a bit longer, and lions live 10-15yrs... turtles just lay eggs and leave em..."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
21qjx3
|
why do high school and professional basketball games have four quarters while the ncaa has two halves?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21qjx3/eli5_why_do_high_school_and_professional/
|
{
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"text": [
"I know when basketball first started games at all levels were played in two halves so the NCAA must stick with tradition. I think the NBA may have transitioned to playing quarters to have more room for commercial breaks. Unsure why high school would also play 4 quarters, however. Internationally basketball is played with two halves also.",
"For professional leagues such as the NBA, it is necessary to have those small in betweens to wriggle in a bit of advertising and commercials. \n\nThink of the quarter breaks as mandatory timeouts. High school players get a rest, NBA gets money via ads. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
44s9j8
|
how does turning off the water while i brush my teeth help save the environment?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/44s9j8/eli5_how_does_turning_off_the_water_while_i_brush/
|
{
"a_id": [
"czsh6c1"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"while purifying electric energy is spending. therefore if you turn off the water you can save energy. Besides that for now your water is not on short supply but later it can be on short supply.\n\nPlus, i cant understand why people keep open water while brushing teeth. its not that hard to close and open again. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
d0gv39
|
what are the numerous medals that a lot of totalian regime military officers wear?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d0gv39/eli5_what_are_the_numerous_medals_that_a_lot_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ez9aog5"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I'm gonna assume that each country has different standards and metrics for the medals they award. Typically, though, those adornments are meant to show the enemy, that they're engaging with a very seasoned combatant, and that they're in for a world of hurt should they take them lightly."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2sehqs
|
how do orphanages and adoptions work these days?
|
I was told orphanages don't exist any more (Australia) and I did a search that turned up nothing. I'm aware of out of home care (houses where kids who cant live at home for what ever reason) but those kids arent 'up for adoption'. I'm curious about how these kinds of things work in this modern age as opposed to 'the old days'.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2sehqs/eli5_how_do_orphanages_and_adoptions_work_these/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnoodkz"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"For Australia, the Department of children's Services handles all of the 'out of home children' or children with abusive or un-fit parents and finds then a suitable home. This is usually in the form of a certified caregiver that is often on the departments list of potential homes. these caregivers get benefits from the government as well."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4fzdov
|
why can you still hear a record being played, even if the speaker is turned off?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4fzdov/eli5why_can_you_still_hear_a_record_being_played/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d2d9oai",
"d2d9psl",
"d2dgpmt",
"d2dn9ba"
],
"score": [
2,
16,
5,
6
],
"text": [
"Sound are pressure waves in a medium, that are usually created by vibrating bodies - like the membrane of a loudspeaker. \n\nOn a record, information is stored in the form of little crevasses that vary in depth and direction. When the needle follows a groove, vibrations are transmitted to the needle and cartridge. What you are hearing are the pressure waves (=sound) created by the vibrating needle and cartridge. ",
"I am going to assume you mean a vinyl record.\n\nOn a vinyl record the music is recorded as a winding groove. The needle runs across this groove and vibrates as it is moved around by hitting the walls of the groove. \n\nThis vibration is the sound, the rest of the setup just makes this small noise louder so you can hear it clearly.\n",
"You can actually take a thumbtack to a vinyl and put your ear up to it and hear the sound. This kills the record tho...",
"Consider a [Gramophone](_URL_0_). It was simply the needle attached to a horn. What you have is a needle attached to a magnetic sensor that works like a microphone. Without the sensor, you have a little tiny gramophone that barely works. Did you have a \"Speak and Say\" when you were a kid? It worked in the same principal. You were playing a record through a plastic tube at the end of a needle. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.thetootsierollers.com/gramophone-gems.php"
]
] |
||
790yc1
|
how do city planners pick streets to be one ways?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/790yc1/eli5_how_do_city_planners_pick_streets_to_be_one/
|
{
"a_id": [
"doydx7b"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"One-way streets allow for faster traffic and higher capacity because there is less interaction between cars--such interactions are always a source of slow-down and potential collisions. It also means the second lane could be specialized, such as being for buses only.\n\nIn a typical North American city grid, a planner might decide to make all streets of a certain width one-way streets. They'll alternate so that all even streets go one way, all odd streets go the other. It gets more complex if you don't have symmetry or if traffic flows aren't expected to be the same in both directions."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
jd53n
|
why don't the police in london fight back the rioters with more force?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jd53n/eli5_why_dont_the_police_in_london_fight_back_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c2b4ix1",
"c2b4k3g",
"c2b4lth",
"c2b4m72",
"c2b4ix1",
"c2b4k3g",
"c2b4lth",
"c2b4m72"
],
"score": [
2,
4,
2,
2,
2,
4,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"unless they bring in the army thy are outnumbered. This would also lead to charges of police brutality. sometimes it is safer to contain the mob and let them fizzle out or take it out on each other",
"If the police react against the rioters with more violence, the rioters' cause gains strength, and the police officers involved become more at risk. \n\nLet's say (like you're five) you are hall monitor for your school. A big group of kids stop following the rules by running around and breaking stuff (they're really mad about the kickball game earlier). As the lonely hall monitor, what do you do? You can't give everyone detentions and nobody is listening to you. Trying to calm things down really isn't working, and you obviously can't just leave. What you do is simply try to make sure people aren't being ganged up on, try to break up the large groups, and try to let your presence be known. People will eventually calm down, but things will still be in chaos.\n\nIf, for some reason, you fought fire with fire and started attacking the kids breaking stuff, then you'd be putting your well being in danger. The kids could gang up on you and you'd be in the nurse's office for a week. Plus, bystanders would see you attacking the rowdy kids (they see the rowdy kids breaking stuff, but don't really care about that), and would feel obliged to help the rowdy kids.\n\nLong story short, the police \"not doing enough\" is smart, because it prevents the riots from escalating further, and makes sure that the men in blue aren't being being sent home in body bags.",
"The whole reason there are riots at the moment is because the police shot and killed someone, which is rare in England. You think attacking and beating rioters will cause them to stand down? I guarantee you'll have people killing police officers in no time, on top of that, the ones that survive will be charged with police brutality. ",
"An interesting fact, they cant use water cannons because the majority of them are in Northern Ireland at the minute due to annual rioting and unrest.",
"unless they bring in the army thy are outnumbered. This would also lead to charges of police brutality. sometimes it is safer to contain the mob and let them fizzle out or take it out on each other",
"If the police react against the rioters with more violence, the rioters' cause gains strength, and the police officers involved become more at risk. \n\nLet's say (like you're five) you are hall monitor for your school. A big group of kids stop following the rules by running around and breaking stuff (they're really mad about the kickball game earlier). As the lonely hall monitor, what do you do? You can't give everyone detentions and nobody is listening to you. Trying to calm things down really isn't working, and you obviously can't just leave. What you do is simply try to make sure people aren't being ganged up on, try to break up the large groups, and try to let your presence be known. People will eventually calm down, but things will still be in chaos.\n\nIf, for some reason, you fought fire with fire and started attacking the kids breaking stuff, then you'd be putting your well being in danger. The kids could gang up on you and you'd be in the nurse's office for a week. Plus, bystanders would see you attacking the rowdy kids (they see the rowdy kids breaking stuff, but don't really care about that), and would feel obliged to help the rowdy kids.\n\nLong story short, the police \"not doing enough\" is smart, because it prevents the riots from escalating further, and makes sure that the men in blue aren't being being sent home in body bags.",
"The whole reason there are riots at the moment is because the police shot and killed someone, which is rare in England. You think attacking and beating rioters will cause them to stand down? I guarantee you'll have people killing police officers in no time, on top of that, the ones that survive will be charged with police brutality. ",
"An interesting fact, they cant use water cannons because the majority of them are in Northern Ireland at the minute due to annual rioting and unrest."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
4mthwg
|
how does the steam guard mobile authentication app work
|
The part where the app gives you 5 random letters / digits as a key to access your Steam Account.
Even if my phone doesn't have online connection, Steam still accepts the code the app gives.
I tried to game the security by jotting down a code then letting a minute or two past, as I enter the code on Steam (PC), it denied me access, saying I have the "wrong code."
What kind of programming is this?
Thank You!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4mthwg/eli5_how_does_the_steam_guard_mobile/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d3y6ohq"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The code is generated from an algorithm which uses the current time as an input. They are only good for about 30 seconds and your device can generate them with only a reasonably accurate clock for reference (and the starting seed code unique to your account of course)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
x2qhm
|
why are gravity and evolution referred to as a theories if they're facts?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/x2qhm/eli5_why_are_gravity_and_evolution_referred_to_as/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c5in8tw",
"c5inhtc",
"c5inxlc"
],
"score": [
9,
5,
14
],
"text": [
"[This should answer all your questions](_URL_0_)",
"There is the _observed phenomena_ of gravity and evolution, then there are the _theories_ that attempt to explain them - [general relativity](_URL_2_) and [modern evolutionary synthesis](_URL_0_).\n\nAlso note that the word \"theory\" in this usage refers to [_scientific theories_](_URL_1_), not just \"a guess.\"",
"Fact: 1 + 1 = 2 \nTheory: Addition\n\nFacts are cool, but knowing 1 + 1 = 2 (fact) doesn't necessarily help in finding 2 + 2 = ? until you understand addition (theory).\n\nWe are able to verify addition by comparing it against other known \"facts\" (1+2=3) and also able to find answers to unknown problems using addition.\n\nA theory is an explanation. Just like an answer to a test question, you can have one, and it can be right or wrong. The \"Accepted Theory\" is the \"Correct Answer\"."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m7iz91gDKO1rt8sgdo1_1280.png"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_evolutionary_synthesis",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_theory",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity"
],
[]
] |
||
o9m9g
|
the proper uses of "e.g.", "i.e.", and any other similar abbreviations.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/o9m9g/eli5_the_proper_uses_of_eg_ie_and_any_other/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c3fhct0"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"[To The Oatmeal!](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://theoatmeal.com/comics/ie"
]
] |
||
2p2o4k
|
why do so many people decorate the outside of their houses for christmas and halloween, but not any other holidays (thanksgiving, etc.)?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2p2o4k/eli5_why_do_so_many_people_decorate_the_outside/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cmsrlwm"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Many people decorate for Thanksgiving (fall wreaths on doors, fall/turkey/pilgrim decorations put out). They also decorate for Easter, 4th of July, memorial day, veterans day, St. Valentine's day, St. Patrick's day, and due to the fact that many towns have festivals on Labor day you can say that they decorate for that too. Some even decorate for arbor day. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
6p4ryj
|
why do sidewalks sometimes have sections of metal grippy things?
|
I often see this on sidewalks with crossings, there will be a metal plate integrated with the sidewalk cement structure such as this:
_URL_0_
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6p4ryj/eli5why_do_sidewalks_sometimes_have_sections_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dkmk8zx"
],
"score": [
9
],
"text": [
"These are to alert blind people that the walkway ends here -- you're about to step into a more dangerous zone (such as the street)."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://imgur.com/a/KRjge"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
2qxbry
|
how does the microwave's glass protect me from radiation? and if it does not, am i going to die for watch my easy mac boil over?
|
I mean I know that grate looks cool (Faraday cage?) and obscures my vision unless I'm bobbing my head like an electric shock therapy patient. Is this just to annoy me enough to stop looking into it?
thx science
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qxbry/eli5_how_does_the_microwaves_glass_protect_me/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnad5mv",
"cnadwhq"
],
"score": [
14,
3
],
"text": [
"Faraday cage is what it is.\n\nMicrowaves are long enough wavelengths that they a can't fit through the small holes in the grate, and are just bounced back into the middle of the microwave.",
"Standing outside of a microwave is harmless because it's all contained within the box. the glass has a perforated sheet of metal in it and the holes are not big enough to let the waves through. Also if you where to be hit by microwaves you would be able to tell something was wrong as you begin to feel a warming sensation just under your skin. Generally there would be no lasting effects unless you got hit enough to burn your flesh."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
5t10kt
|
why do most people have very specific traits (age,race,height,appearance) for relationships as opposed to friendships?
|
I think this might occur more in the Western world than it does in other cultures but I would say in general that it's an obvious trend.
When it comes to friendships, most people will be close friends with everyone. With the exception of gender, traits like age and race are not factors and are only barriers due to differences who individuals of different ages and races socialize with naturally. But basically, looks don't really matter.
For relationships however, it's a whole different kettle of fish. Some people have so many preferences that it becomes impossible to keep up with them. Things like age, gender, and race seem obvious but others seem a bit silly.
Could you explain why this is?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5t10kt/eli5_why_do_most_people_have_very_specific_traits/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ddjgoh5"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Because it matters more in a relationship.\n\nYou want someone you are sexually attracted to and compatible with. Many women want a guy who is taller than them, so if you are 5' 10\" and like to wear heels, that will narrow your options. A 45-year-old man might still be looking to have children so that rules out 45-year-old women. Some people are attracted to certain races, others want someone who shares their cultural identity, and others don't want the hassle of dealing with the prejudiced family.\n\nAs they say, the heart wants what the heart wants, isn't just about rational decisions. Many your dad wore a certain kind of cologne, smelling it on a potential mate might be a big turn off...or a big turn on. Many of these things are simply out of our control."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4u82wv
|
how come standard cars aren't fitted with roll cages to make them safer during accidents?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4u82wv/eli5_how_come_standard_cars_arent_fitted_with/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d5nkm68",
"d5nl0kf",
"d5nlgs5",
"d5nm9bw",
"d5nytqi",
"d5oh8ju"
],
"score": [
13,
220,
3,
33,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"It is very rare for cars to roll, in comparison with other types of accidents. The structure is designed however to give some protection from a roll, just not to the extent of race cars where the speeds involved and driving conditions are likely to make rolls both more likely and more dangerous. Adding roll cages adds weight and reduces the room inside a vehicle, so they are not really practical, when more protection is needed against a T-bone accident where someone drives into the driver or passenger doors.",
"Ever wonder why race-cars doesn't have doors that open?\n\nIt's the rollcage that's in the way. There's (at least) two massive metal tubes that goes through where the door is.\n\nHowever, your standard car has a rollcage, of sorts. The chassis is designed in such a way that it acts as a deformable rollcage.\n\nWhy a deformable roll-cage? Wouldn't a stiff one (like in the race-cars) protect you better?\nWell, yes, and no. A stiff roll-cage makes the whole car very stiff, making you absorb a lot more of any impact. You want your car to crumple as much as possible (without crushing you). That means that you get to absorb less of the energy from the crash.",
"The first security measures for cars were roll cages. \n\nNot literally, but they tried to build the car in a way that it wouldn't be damaged and stayed in its form.\n\nBut the problem is that none of the energy resulting of an accident was absorbed by the car and the driver would be exposed to all of it.",
"A big part of it is that adding a bunch of metal bars to the inside of the car can actually make it less safe if the occupants aren't wearing 5 point safety harnesses and crash helmets. All the added structural integrity in the world won't help you if your head gets busted open like a melon on the cage in a wreck.\n\nModern cars *do* have structural elements that perform similar functions to a safety cage in a race car, but they're hidden behind the padded interior of the car. ",
"Cost. Safety. Convenience.\n\nRoll cages in cars would be very expensive compared to cars without roll cages. People are cheap and willing to take the risk.\n\nRoll cages are good for roll overs but bad for many other instances when you need to get out or into the car quickly.\n\nClimbing in and around a roll cage would be very annoying.",
"Many people here already mentions some interesting things so I'll mention a different view. Pedestrians would be in far more danger with the added weight/rigidity of the vehicle while the drivers would have to pay far more for a new car along with getting worse mileage and interior would look allot worse. There would be less space and less comfort for passengers in the physical sense. Implementing a proper rollcage boosts the price up $2000-$4000+ and would require redesigning the doors and cockpit area massively. If anything it should be optional trim. Paying extra for additional saftey features is working thus far, rather than forcing it on everyone."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3ndv2t
|
why is google allowed make money off of searches of copy righted and trademarked material and the ads they display in relation to those searches?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ndv2t/eli5_why_is_google_allowed_make_money_off_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvn4kn9"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"Because its only illegal to make *copies* of copyrighted material, regardless of whether or not you profit off of it. Merely having a link to a website is perfectly legal. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
8zl30u
|
what are wingdings/dingbats, where do they come from and why do they exist as a font?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8zl30u/eli5_what_are_wingdingsdingbats_where_do_they/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e2jh89r",
"e2jhth8",
"e2ji48m",
"e2ji5hl",
"e2jijtp"
],
"score": [
52,
14,
13,
21,
9
],
"text": [
"It makes it easy to include some basic pictures/symbols in a document without having to import real images.",
"In the earlier days of computing this was a way to include symbols that were not yet included as letters of there own. Instead fonts were developed that display existing letters as symbols. \n\nVox made a neat little video about this: _URL_0_",
"As a way to get things like trademarks (^TM), and other random symbols onto documents as a vector font file (for scalability) instead of importing pixel-based images (that would be blurry when changing its size.\n\nIt’s not meant as a legible font as most other fonts are, and it’s a little weird that people actually think it’s akin to any other QWERTY font",
"I used to write TV listings for newspapers and I would have used dingbats for film star ratings. HHHHH = ☆☆☆☆☆",
"I was so confused before I read the whole post, I thought they were some Australian animals or something along those lines. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/JdKV1L1DJHc"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
45clr2
|
how come when you're tired and you take a deep breath your chest really hurts?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/45clr2/eli5_how_come_when_youre_tired_and_you_take_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"czwvzxg"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"That is not normal as far as I know. I'm thinking you might want to go and have that checked out by a doctor... Good luck "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
x5oz5
|
the chick-fil-a controversy
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/x5oz5/eli5_the_chickfila_controversy/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c5jdyk1",
"c5jdzdo"
],
"score": [
6,
10
],
"text": [
"Chick-Fil-A has in the past, and again a few days ago stated their opposition to gay marriage.\n\nPeople who support gay marriage don't like that.",
"Chick-Fil-A is a Christian company, and always has been. For their entire history, they have made no bones about the fact that they were founded by Christians, and promote Christian values. Recently, somebody somewhere seemed to all of a sudden become aware of this, and realized that Chick-Fil-A's president gives money to Christian organizations, including some like Focus on the Family that promotes a conservative view of marriage and the family, and does not support gay marriage. When asked about it, the president of the corporation openly said that he does not support gay marriage.\n\n*That's it.* That is literally all this is. There's no allegations of discrimination, or any active attack on the idea of gay marriage. A conservative Christian guy owns a restaurant chain, and people are mad that he doesn't support gay marriage."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
55zjim
|
why does sleeping on a solid surface help with back pain? why is sleeping on a mattress bad for it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/55zjim/eli5_why_does_sleeping_on_a_solid_surface_help/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d8f0woj",
"d8f13tl",
"d8f2fjl",
"d8f57rz",
"d8fbi25"
],
"score": [
5,
6,
5,
10,
2
],
"text": [
"Figured I'd drop something since no one has responded yet. The body usually goes in the healthiest position for its spine but mattresses can hinder that because they are soft/lumpy. But if you are on a flat surface your spine can level out and heal itself. ",
"Mattresses are less supportive. Your back pain is caused by a muscle issue or a spinal subluxation. Hard surfaces give more support and keeps everything together rather than a surface like a mattress that contorts with your body for comfort and lets everything \"fall as they may\". ",
"A soft mattress allows the spine to keep it's unhealthy shape, a hard mattress forces you to sleep in a less comfortable but more \"normal\" position",
"No idea but completely useless shitty info: now that it's getting cold out where I live, I wake up cold pretty often in the morning and after hitting my first snooze alarm, I lay down on my floor and plug my space heater in and lay in front of it and take a quick nap. I'm noticing I like doing this more and more and I'm wondering if it's because it helps my back feel better. ",
"Side question: is there really a benefit to putting a piece of plywood between the mattress and box-spring?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
4p218d
|
how similar does a song have to be to the original to be considered an infringement of copyright?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4p218d/eli5_how_similar_does_a_song_have_to_be_to_the/
|
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"The answer to your question is probably not very satisfactory. \n\nHow similar does the song have to be? Similar enough for a judge to think there is copyright infringement. That's it. There are no laws governing \"how much\", it is a judgement call by the judge that would preside over the case. \n\nHaving said that there is a lot more to the case than just how similar they sound. Things like when the songs were made, who made them, how prolific the songs were, and dozens of other factors are involved in making the determination. ",
"Until recently the only thing that mattered was the melody. The melody was long thought to be the signature of the song. So if your melody was different it was an original song.\n\nRecently, though, a few cases have turned that upside down, and songwriters don't really know what to do with it. Now if you sound too much like someone else you can get sued. Or you might have not, leading musicians to ask the same question you're asking. \n\nYou can probably already tell from how I'm answering, but I think that is very bad for music and cultural development. Every development comes from building upon what was handed down to us, so making artists afraid to be influenced by other artists, especially the ones that went before them, takes the wind out of the whole cultural machine. \n\nTo be fair though, pop music today is more about the beat and feel than to used to be, so I can see how someone could feel ripped off if someone used their style. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
60ja5k
|
could we live in an area where the air was a liquid, ignoring the temperature?
|
When gas gets colder, it forms a liquid. I'm talking about if it was cold enough for the air to be liquid
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/60ja5k/eli5_could_we_live_in_an_area_where_the_air_was_a/
|
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"Our diaphragm isn't strong enough to work our lungs with a liquid instead of air, so we'd need mechanical help.\n\nThat said, for premature babies where their lungs are underdeveloped, there is actually an oxygen-packed liquid them pump in their lungs so they can breath without their lungs drying out. They need a pump to circulate the liquid, though."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2fhqgc
|
if the govenment lie about how much money they print, surely the prices wouldn't rise?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2fhqgc/eli5_if_the_govenment_lie_about_how_much_money/
|
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"text": [
"That's one hell of an \"if\" though. It's not like there's just one guy who makes the decisions, there are literally thousands of people who would know about it, and all of them would need to be kept quiet. Then you need to figure out how to actually get the money into the economy, again without people noticing. There's no way you could keep that many people quiet. ",
"I disagree. Let's say the government says they print x number of bills, but they actually print 2x. There's more money everywhere, a larger supply. It's easier for everyone to get their hands on, and people aren't as reticent to spend it. There's just more money in circulation, even though the official numbers say otherwise, and it's easier for people to buy things. Inflation is pretty much inevitable when everyone's buying power is higher.",
"This is just another variation of \"why can't we just **print money**?\".\n\n_URL_0_",
"A very small percentage of money is in printed form.",
"Inflation happened before anyone even knew what inflation was. It's a process that doesn't depend on you knowing about it. \n\nFor example, when the Spanish gathered all the gold from the New World and brought it back they likely had no concept of inflation. It wasn't like there was someone measuring the precise amount of gold coming back and adjusting their prices accordingly. Nevertheless prices increased dramatically. \n\nTo understand inflation, you have to first understand that currency doesn’t have value by itself. Money only has value relative to the system it’s in. After all more money doesn’t magically create more goods and services, these things have to be produced by humans.\n\nFor example, let’s make a hypothetical scenario where $100 trillion dollars suddenly is injected in the US economy with no one noticing. However, note that we didn’t make any new factories, train any new people, or do anything else to increase the productive capacity of the US or the world. \n\nSay this $100 trillion dollars goes to buying a bunch of new aircraft carriers and fighter jets, and military gear, since why not (where it initially goes doesn’t matter much really, other than how it will distort the economy in the immediate sense). All of the sudden all these companies, are working full tilt as all these orders come in. Their workers are doing full shifts, and getting tons of overtime. Their bosses flush with cash, start issuing dividends to shareholders, giving huge bonuses to their senior executives, start the process of hiring construction workers to build new factories to produce more aircraft carriers and fighter jets faster, start buying more raw materials and parts from their subcontractors, etc. It should also be noted, that these companies are going to probably charge more to produce things quickly, so already you have one form of inflation. \n\nWell this money doesn’t just go disappear. Now all these workers have more money, all these executives have more money, all these shareholders have more money, all the subcontractors and raw material suppliers have more money, and all these construction firms have more money. Additionally the subcontractors are going to charge more since now they’re working overtime to try and pump out all these parts, the construction firms will charge more, since there’s so many projects they’ll have to now take on they simply can’t do all of them at once, and the raw material providers will charge more, since they simply can’t keep up with the amount they’re producing (and have to pay their miners overtime/hire more miners to get the extra materials). So we have yet more inflation. \n\nOn top of this, all these people suddenly have more money. I don’t know about you, but if I suddenly have more money, I’d probably start buying some things I fancy but have been waiting for certain budget goals. Maybe, some will want to go on trips, maybe some will want a new car, or a new house. Maybe some will just buy some food for their families, or pay for that medical procedure they couldn’t afford. Well all of these things also require someone to actually make them/provide them, and there’s only so much out there, so either they themselves will raise their prices, or the goods will just not be there to buy (since everyone already bought them faster than they could be produced). \n\nSuddenly everyone has more money and is buying goods in droves, but the factors producing those goods have mostly stayed the same. Therefore they start running out quickly. Either you let them run out, and charge the same price, or you start accepting the people willing to outbid others to get at the limited supply of products. Therefore prices rise. Suddenly now bread costs $100 dollars, so no one is willing to work for only $10 an hour. Therefore wages have to rise. Eventually an equilibrium will be found, where all prices will rise so that the relative cost for a unit of work will remain about the same as it is now (after all the fundamental factor of I want X lifestyle and am willing to work Y amount to get it hasn’t really changed). \n\nNote this policy would produce HUGE distortions, since the first group to receive the money (mostly the owners of the military contractors), would receive an outsized share of the new money. All the savers and lenders would likely be wiped out, since their past savings and the debts they are owed would now be worthless. Borrowers would be better off, since their debts would now be meaningless. The owners of assets (like houses, cars, etc) would likely be better off than those with few assets, since the value of their assets would rise with inflation. Therefore, this policy would likely help the already well off more than those who are poor. \n\n\nTL;DR; You’d still get inflation. Inflation happens whether you know about the increase in money supply or not. \n"
]
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|
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[],
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"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/search?q=print+money&restrict_sr=on&sort=relevance&t=all"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
3jlfuu
|
if universal healthcare through the aca was supposed to make healthcare affordable or free for everyone, why is it that i still need health insurance and why does a doctors visit still cost so much?
|
I went to the ER a few weeks ago for serious stomach pains and dizziness. Didn't know what was wrong and thought I better get some medical attention. I got the bill and it cost me more than 900 dollars. I have health insurance so they paid for most of it, but why do I still even need it if the ACA was supposed to bring universal healthcare to the U.S.?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3jlfuu/eli5_if_universal_healthcare_through_the_aca_was/
|
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"Because the ACA isn't Universal Healthcare. Nobody has ever claimed that it was. It's Affordable Healthcare, and by \"affordable\", the law means, \"Slightly less back-breakingly expensive than before\". The most significant changes made by the ACA is that everyone is required by law to buy healthcare, and healthcare providers cannot discriminate based on preexisting conditions, and the government makes some deals with healthcare providers to get people a better deal through their website. ",
"The ACA did not bring \"Universal\" healthcare to the United States, what you are envisioning is socialized medicine or even a single payer system. \n\nWhat the ACA did (as simply as I can put it without going into detail) was provide \"Universal\" INSURANCE COVERAGE. Meaning everyone can get it and it simplified the process to an extent. The cost of coverage is the only thing that is supposed to go down with the act, not the actual cost of healthcare.\n\nIn my opinion, the ACA was a step in the right direction but also kind of a \"band-aid\" to the problem.",
" All I know is that 'affordable' means I pay $280.00 a month for insurance that I can't use because it has a $5,000.00 deductible. If I have a medical emergency I will have to declare bankruptcy even though I am 'insured'. Our required healthcare is more than 10% of my income that is deposited directly into the bank of the insurance company while I can not afford to use it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3s3nm4
|
what would happen if a country decides to start a war and break every single rule in the geneva convention and the universal declaration of human rights?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3s3nm4/eli5_what_would_happen_if_a_country_decides_to/
|
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"text": [
"Other countries would probably be quite angry with them.\n\nMaybe angry enough for military action. Diplomatic and economic sanctions would be likely.",
"This is essentially what ISIS has done, and they've made enemies of pretty much everyone. This is why, despite acting as a state in many ways, no one recognizes them as one, and likely never will even if it takes a long time to subdue them.",
"It would depend on the countries involved. \n\nSome might face economic sanctions, other would face military action, and some countries would get a sternly worded letter. ",
"Depends on how powerful such country is. US for example is I think already breaking international laws within their war against terrorism, but since they are powerful enough, other countries can't really do shit about it.\n\nNorth Korea then again does much the same, but they are not in active war against anyone. South Korea from what I understand is considering invading North Korea and liberating its population, but economic reasons prevent them from doing that, and because N. Korea isn't in active war with them or anyone, there's not enough urgency to try doing it anyway.\n\nBut yeah, it's basically kids on a big sand box, sometimes it's better to side with the bully instead of trying to fight back. In isolation however, people probably however would side with the party that's being attacked rather than the one doing the attacking, but there are many considerations that could change that.",
"Other have mentioned the economic sanctions and diplomatic downturn such a country would face were it to ignore all human rights and the rules of war but there is also another aspect.\n\nMany of these conventions are made to *deter* awful acts done to soldiers, POW's and civilians but when you ignore these rules, your opponent may respond in kind. When you throw out the rules you open yourself up to the imaginations of Generals on how to win a war at any cost.\n\n\nIf you want to see what war without restriction looks like, look to the eastern front in world war two between Hitler and Stalin. You will be hard pressed to find a more awful experience in military history."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
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||
dh98f0
|
why do police have a one way mirror in interview rooms?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dh98f0/why_do_police_have_a_one_way_mirror_in_interview/
|
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"text": [
" > to have them in the room\n\nIn general it's preferred to perform an interview with just one or two people, as more can create a group-vs-person effect, more easily silencing the detainee.\n\n > or use a CCTV camera\n\nYou don't pick up as many signals about a person through a video feed as in real life, think of how much you can judge a person on a webcam vs going out for coffee with them.\n\n > Isn’t this a privacy breach of the detained\n\nPolicemen have regulations to handle the detainee's information. They would commit a crime if they would for instance disclose private information to people outside the force unless necessary for the investigation.\n\nBtw they don't have one way mirrors, they just have tainted glass, but by using a lot of light in the interrogation room and very little to no light in the observation room, the window works more as a mirror. Same like some shop windows look from a distance ([example](_URL_0_))."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.glassvinylgraphics.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Vinyl-Shop-Window-Sign-Testimonial-1.jpg"
]
] |
||
5z1jsb
|
since insects were massive creatures in the past due to a high oxygen environment, then if you were to breed fruit flies in a 100% oxygen environment would they gradually get larger over several generations?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5z1jsb/eli5_since_insects_were_massive_creatures_in_the/
|
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"text": [
"Only if being larger gave them a competitive advantage (or you selectively bred for size). The way insects resperate put a fairly hard limit on their size. So a higher oxygen concentration would allow them to grow larger. A 100% oxygen environment (as well as being hilariously flammable) would probably be poisonous. Oxygen is necessary for life, but too much is a bad thing.",
"This has been proven true before I saw a program about this _URL_0_ it's been done with quite a few species",
"Not necessarily.\nAlthough initially yes they would if you selectively bred for them, but there gets to a certain point where the spiracles (tubes through which the insects breathe), actually collapse in on themselves because of the relative size of the insect. \nBecause of an insects small size, they breathe via holes directly into their bodies, as the oxygen can diffuse straight across into the cells its needed in. But if the insects get too big, not only do these holes collapse in on themselves but its not an efficient way for them to breathe anymore. \nSorry if this is too long and overcomplicated, I just like to make sure people fully understand :) ",
"I believe they couldn't ever be massive since breath through the surface of their exoskeleton. Their mass would increase by the cube but their surface which would only increase by square. Human lungs have something like 80-100 square metres of surface area so we can support the larger size."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.wired.com/2010/11/huge-dragonflies-oxygen/amp/"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
9fzhz2
|
why all the beef in hip hop?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9fzhz2/eli5_why_all_the_beef_in_hip_hop/
|
{
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"text": [
"Its part of the culture man. Battles been part of it since the beginning, wether friendly battle, or personal. \n\nThe thing is, this new generation of rapping don’t do things like old schoolers. Before, there’d be an argument, a fallout then it would be beef or records, some squashed it, some never did. It was just a way of the culture."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
22lrjx
|
where does all the spam email come from, and why it is it written in such poor english
|
Was just reading through my spam folder and you get things like "YOUR EMAIL HAVE ADDRESS WON", surely even google translate can do a better job than these emails, and it would be much more effective in getting me to read them if they where not so laughably obviously spam.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/22lrjx/eli5where_does_all_the_spam_email_come_from_and/
|
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"text": [
"Microsoft did a [study on that] (_URL_0_).\n\nThe gist is that if you're stupid enough to fall for emails with this kind of grammar, you're stupid enough to fall for the scam; if you're not stupid enough to fall for the scam, you're wasting the scammer's time.\n\nTherefore, the bad grammar functions as a \"stupidity filter\" which will only leave viable scam targets.",
"To address the \"Where does it come from?\" question, the answer is... everywhere.\n\nIt's easy to stop spam coming from a single source, so they get around that by using massive botnets with millions of computers to send spam. These botnets are mostly computers that have been infected with some form of malware that responds to a central control to send out spam. The computer you're reading this on could be part of a botnet sending out thousands of spam messages every day.",
"I am no like spam.",
"I also wonder if some of the weird phrasing is meant to get past spam detection algorithms"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://blogs.msdn.com/b/tzink/archive/2012/06/24/bad-spelling-in-419s-is-a-screening-tool.aspx"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1spnpc
|
conflict of interest
|
Can someone please explain to me in the simplest way what Conflict of Interest is?
ty
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1spnpc/eli5_conflict_of_interest/
|
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"text": [
"A conflict of interests is where interest in one thing can impact interest in another. \n\nExamples might be better.\n\nSay you're a lawyer approached by someone to sue another party. It would be a conflict to take on that case if you had already been hired by the other party.\n\nAnother might be a judge who has a family member brought before them.\n\nAnother might be a teacher holding a colouring in contest while their own child attends the school. \n\nAnother may be politicians who have shares in companies that supply military goods having to vote on whether to go to war or not.",
"A conflict of interest is when someone has a personal gain from a decision that is made, whether that be money, a job, etc. \n\nFor example, Al owns a landscaping company. Al is also on the city council. When the city has to choose their new landscaping contract, Al can't vote, because he has something to gain if his company is chosen. ",
"Say there is a lawsuit. The suer and suee get to court and the judge is related to the suer. The judge would have to recuse himself from the trial because if the suer wins, there would be questions about whether or not the judge just stuck with his family instead of what was right.\n\nThe judge would have a conflict of interest between the law and his family.\n\nNot a lawyer, just a fan of doing the right thing. \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
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|
3qacq4
|
if stars have a spherical shape, why do we draw them with 5 points?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3qacq4/eli5_if_stars_have_a_spherical_shape_why_do_we/
|
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"text": [
"Stars appear to twinkle. Adding points is a stylized way of portraying the twinkle. 5 points became a standard, because it's easy to draw and looks nice.\n\nCheck out [Wikipedia's page on 5 pointed stars](_URL_0_), it's got some interesting notes.",
"not saying this is why, but i have a bad astigmatism and I see light points as stars, similar to the following image:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nit was only a few years ago i realised light points shouldnt look like that :)",
"We're not drawing them as they actually exist in reality, but as how they appear to us through Earth's atmosphere.\n\nThe light traveling through the air bends and distorts the light so the star appears kind of twinkly and pointed. It's not meant to be a realistic drawing, but stylized. Kind of the way we draw \"love\" hearts, but they look nothing like a real human heart. \n\nIt's a representation of something else that everyone just recognizes because of how ubiquitous it is.",
"Because glow in the dark circles on our bedroom ceiling wouldn't be as cool as five point stars.",
"Everyone's already answered the question pretty well. I always figured it to be an interpretative drawing style, much like how the way we draw hearts really doesn't look like a heart at all ",
"I could type and type and type an answer here, but I'll let MinutePhysics give you a much more fun answer. Enjoy!\n\n_URL_0_",
"The points on a star is due to edge scattering on imperfections on your iris. So each star has the same pattern of points (for each eye) and each one unique to who's looking at it. No one else see stars with the same point pattern as you do. Add on top of that how they twinkle: starlight has to pass through the atmosphere, and changing density pattern affect the index of refraction, which cases what would a single point of light into a dancing light show unique to your position on Earth. The affect is then a twinkling sensation when you look at it.",
"Stars might be spherical, but they are too far away to see that with the naked eye.\n\nTo the eye, stars are a single point of light. Diffraction, refraction, and imperfections in your lenses often cause them to appear to have pointy rays emerging from them. The five pointed star is a way to represent those rays."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-pointed_star"
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[
"http://i15.photobucket.com/albums/a358/bkchickenboy/moms%20pics/eyes.jpg"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/VVAKFJ8VVp4"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
1daek0
|
why corporations were given constitutional rights.
|
Ive heard it has to do with the 14th amendment, but I can't find anywhere why it was needed and why people didn't listen to Thomas Jefferson.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1daek0/eli5_why_corporations_were_given_constitutional/
|
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"Corporations don't have full constitutional rights (they can't plead the fifth, for instance). The general basis for the rights corporations do have is due to the fact that they are a collection of people - the shareholders - and that those people don't lose the rights that other assemblies of people have, like the freedom of speech, and all that has been interpreted to encompass.",
"They weren't exactly. The issue is around allowing a business or corporation to behave like a person in certain circumstances.\n\nFor example, a company could enter into a contract without specifically involving any particular employee. Bob from Accounting isn't personally responsible for the execution of the contract. Or perhaps the company can pay taxes as an entity, like a person would. Or own property, and be protected from unreasonable search or seizure. The company building is owned by an abstract organization, and that right had to be established to allow it. Otherwise we would be stuck with a Mr. Monopoly owning all the factories and such in a company personally because there was no other way.",
"This is called \"corporate personhood\". The main reason is so you can take a corporation to court the same way you can take a person to court. It's supposed to be so you can protect workers and streamline the legal system but in recent years we've gone a little overboard with it.\n\nExample:\n\nIf you're a car manufacturer and you have 100 people working to make each car, and one of the cars malfunctions and the driver gets hurt who do you take to court? You can't take all 100 people, you don't know which one of them made the mistake, not all of them can pay to go to court or could agree on what the issue is/who is at fault, you need to take up the corporation as a whole. That way there is only only \"person\" on trial. \n\nIt also helps protect the workers. Back to the car example. If you work for a car manufacturer building cars, and you mess up and one of the cars breaks down and hurts the driver, the driver doesn't sue the worker who made the mistake, they sue the car company. The car company is better equipped to represent themselves in court, and pay if it was indeed their fault. This protects the worker from getting sued and in most cases doesn't bankrupt the corporation."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
38ompp
|
why do we make kissing noises when we are trying to attract an animal or get its attention?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/38ompp/eli5_why_do_we_make_kissing_noises_when_we_are/
|
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"text": [
"Because it sounds as though we are eating something. Animal says hmmm whats that human got? \n\nHey human wanna share?",
"It is an easy, cute, high-pitched sound. Dogs and cats hearing ranges are above our own. So we picked an effective, high-pitched sound that is not bothersome to our own ears.",
"Short, repeated sounds are better at getting someone's attention. Think of the beeping of a truck in reverse, an alarm clock, or a microwave oven.\n\nThe kissing/chirping/clicking noises are easier to repeat than words, and using a repeated word might seem silly:\n\n\"Come on, Rover, time for dinner! Come on, boy! BEEP BEEP BEEP BEEP BEEP!\"\n",
"It mimics the suckling sound made by nursing mammals. When it was a puppy, if a dog heard the suckling/\"kissing\" sound, they would know to come running as fast as they can or they might miss a meal. Source: asked the same thing to a woman at the SPCA."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
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||
7rzzko
|
why do airplanes have many small windows throughout instead of one long window?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7rzzko/eli5_why_do_airplanes_have_many_small_windows/
|
{
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"dt0ut3q",
"dt0vj0d",
"dt0xayq"
],
"score": [
4,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Well, if there was only one long window, then you wouldn't have the ability to shut the windows individually.\n\nAlso, if a window were to become damaged, it has to be replaced, and it is easier to replace a small window than it is to replace the whole side of the plane.\n\nAlso, you'd end up with obvious breaks in the window at the on-wing emergency doors, which need to be on a door, which messes with the aesthetic of a long single window.",
"Windows are not structural. Load has to pass around them, not through them. That’s why windows are spaced apart and rounded (helps let pressure spread without cracking the metal).\n\nLong story short it would be like zippering the entire plane. It would look like a giant mouth once it bursts.",
"They have small rounded windows to prevent stress fractures forming. The dehavilland comet an early jet passenger plane had square windows that resulted in multiple catastrophic failures before they realised why. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5f79ct
|
if carbon monoxide is colorless and can not be seen, how do co alarms detect it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5f79ct/eli5_if_carbon_monoxide_is_colorless_and_can_not/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dahzj0o",
"dahzzd7",
"dahzzes"
],
"score": [
3,
2,
4
],
"text": [
"Google says they contain a gel that changes color in the presence of CO. Sensors detect this color change and trigger the alarm.",
"Carbon monoxide detectors sound an alarm when they sense a certain amount of carbon monoxide in the air over time. Different types of alarms are triggered by different types of sensors.\n\n Biomimetic sensor: A gel changes color when it absorbs carbon monoxide, and this color change triggers the alarm. Metal oxide semiconductor: When the silica chip's circuitry detects carbon monoxide, it lowers the electrical resistance, and this change triggers the alarm. Electrochemical sensor: Electrodes immersed in a chemical solution sense changes in electrical currents when they come into contact with carbon dioxide, and this change triggers the alarm.\n\nOnce the alarm sounds, the carbon monoxide detector must be in a carbon monoxide-free environment to reset itself.\n\n",
"Just because it is colour less and can't be seen doesn't mean t can't be detected. The same thing could be said for air, or helium, or any number of gases. As it was said, there are ways to detect it chemically. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2kby9h
|
how does blood alcohol level relate to drunkeness state?
|
It seems some people get drunk more quickly than others but it doesn't seem to only be in relation to the amount of blood they have in their body. For example my brothers friend who's 200lbs seems drunk after 3 beers whereas I'm half his size and would only be that drunk after 6 beers. Is there another test to measure drunkeness?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2kby9h/eli5_how_does_blood_alcohol_level_relate_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cljssqy",
"cljszla",
"clk68rr"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"There are several tests that indicate your level of intoxication. One example is the Rhomberg test, which measures how well your sense of proprioception (awareness of your body position), your vestibulation (your balance) and your vision are working. However, the reason BAC is used to measure the level of drunkenness (by the police anyways) is because BAC provides a number, which tests like the Rhomberg test do not provide. The Rhomberg test will give you a relative level of intoxication, and any trained professional will be able to tell how drunk you are based on tests like the Rhomberg test, but that doesn't go very far when they are trying to get you on a DUI. BAC provides a solid number that carries a lot of weight in court, so that's why it is used. ",
"It is all about your body's ability to metabolize the alcohol. The more you drink the less you can metabolize which means it builds up in your system and you become more intoxicated. As far as you and your friend that just means your body is better at metabolizing alcohol than his. Your BAC is a relatively accurate measure of your level of intoxication.",
" > It seems some people get drunk more quickly than others but it doesn't seem to only be in relation to the amount of blood they have in their body.\n\nYou are correct, other factors are in play. Perhaps the most significant factor is personal experience of the two drinkers. Although my brother and I are about the same height and weight, he is an alcoholic used to consuming a quart of 80 proof a day and I am a very light social drinker used to drinking about a six pack a year... give each of us 3 beers and he looks and acts completely sober and I'm shitfaced. Beyond relative experience levels of the drinkers you will find things like general health, metabolism, mental health, etc are minor factors that contribute."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
oyxip
|
how the reddit algorithm works and how it helps prevent against spam.
|
It's obvious that the votes are fuzzed and apparently it's to help prevent spam. The thing is, I don't understand how the computer making up and down votes does this. For curiosity reasons, I want to know how many upvotes a popular post like the recent [Omari](_URL_0_) posts received. According to the little box, it got about 34,000 upvotes and about 31,000 downvotes, but I can't imagine more than 100 people downvoted. Are all 34,000 upvotes legit, but most of the downvotes made up? Why is it seemingly capped?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/oyxip/eli5_how_the_reddit_algorithm_works_and_how_it/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c3l5zd1",
"c3l6yib",
"c3l79zb",
"c3la23p"
],
"score": [
8,
8,
12,
3
],
"text": [
"The only real number is the total number of votes. Everything else is complete nonsense, as mentioned [here](_URL_0_) by one of the site's administrators.",
"The way it prevents spam is that it means they can secretly lock accounts that are mass up-voting or down-voting (maybe to push an agenda like advertising or something), without informing this account that it has been locked. The person/bot continues to up-vote and down-vote, thinking their votes are counted (because of the fuzzing), but really, they're not having any effect on the actual score. This is so the spammer doesn't realise they have been locked and simply make a new account.",
"Nice try Zuckerberg",
"Let's say you are playing a game...the Super Bowl is coming up, so let's say American Football.\n\nDuring this game, they don't tell you the score...in fact, the don't tell you the rules for scoring...you don't know how much a touchdown or field goal are worth, all you know is going down the field is good, and at the end they'll let you know who won.\n\nYou wouldn't be able to use much strategy beyond \"try hard\". You certainly wouldn't know when you were down by 4 with 37 seconds to go, that you *have* to go for it on 4th down and you needed more than a field goal to win. You'd just flail long, try hard, and hope that it was good enough.\n\nThat is what the reddit algorithm hopes to do to the spammers. You can't stop people from spamming, but if they don't know whether the spamming is working, you can limit how effective it is. "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://imgur.com/HWTH9"
] |
[
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/WTF/comments/eaqnf/pardon_me_but_5000_downvotes_wtf_is_worldnews_for/c16omup"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
5xil1u
|
why do we jump higher/further when jumping off our non-dominant foot?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5xil1u/eli5_why_do_we_jump_higherfurther_when_jumping/
|
{
"a_id": [
"deidh12",
"deige05"
],
"score": [
6,
8
],
"text": [
"Can you give some context to this? I don't believe this is true.",
"Your non-dominant foot planted means that your dominant foot moves. It's easier and stronger to pull your dominant foot into your chest and pull more momentum than the non-dominant."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2ynnlj
|
how do some sites redirect google images' "view image" link to a page that isn't just the image?
|
Particularly for cases where Google Images shows a thumbnail of a full image and you click the link only to find a page telling you your not allowed to see the image. Where does Google get the thumbnail from if they can't get the image directly?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ynnlj/eli5_how_do_some_sites_redirect_google_images/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpb8oyu"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"There are two possible ways for websites to restrict you from viewing the full image through Google images, but still allow Google to capture the image for a thumbnail:\n\n1) Whenever you click on a link that takes you to another website, by default there is a 'referrer' tag sent along with the request that essentially identifies where you're coming from (i.e. Google images). This allows websites to collect and analyze visitor stats and identify how many people come to a certain page via a certain website or link (for example). It also means, however, that the website can dynamically change the content that is displayed to you based on the referring website (e.g. \"If referrer is Google images, then redirect to forbidden.jpg\").\n\n2) This ways is a lot trickier and is probably a lot less common (i.e. it may not be used at all), but it's still technically possible. You can customize the content your website displays depending on the 'user-agent' string of the 'browser' that accesses a given page. Google (and other search engines) each have their own unique user-agent string that is used when they scan/index/crawl the pages on your website. It is theoretically possible (although quite unlikely) that when the web server sees Google's user agent string it changes all the image links slightly (e.g. by adding a unique code to the image url). Then when the web-server detects that a regular (non-search-engine) user-agent string attempts to access that unique image URL directly, it displays a modified image telling you that you're not allowed to view the image or whatever."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4leheb
|
how are blood vessels, arteries, nerves, etc reattached up after surgery?
|
So assume you have stomach surgery. The doctor has to cut through your muscles, which contain nerves and blood vessels.
When sealing the ends of the muscles back up, how do they ensure that both ends of the blood vessels and nerves get matched up?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4leheb/eli5_how_are_blood_vessels_arteries_nerves_etc/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d3mo4kq"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"For major vessels, they sew them back together. This is a very tricky and difficult technique that typically requires a specialized vascular surgeon to ensure you get a tight seal that will heal correctly. Much more often they simply avoid these major vessels during surgery. \n\nWith minor vessels, reconnecting them isn't necessary; the body will naturally grow new vessels to replace the ones lost fairly quickly. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
bazojt
|
how is that the microorganisms that live in and on our bodies help prevent disease?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bazojt/eli5_how_is_that_the_microorganisms_that_live_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ekfagwl"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"A lot of the microorganisms in our bodies are harmless and even beneficial. Their population crowds out the harmful ones - either by producing chemicals that fight off the bad ones or eating their food."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1xkjne
|
how are natural resources of a country under a control of a company rather than the govt/country ?
|
What benefit does the country get by giving up their natural resources to 'for' profit companies ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xkjne/eli5how_are_natural_resources_of_a_country_under/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfc657d"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"In general the concept of private ownership of land has been very valuable for countries. They know that if they let people own land and the resources in that land then those people will invest their own fortunes in developing it, which will massively grow the economy.\n\nImagine if you owned a track of and if you found any oil or resources on your land you knew the government would just claim ownership of it? Would you even bother digging? What's the point? You wouldn't, and now the only resources are the ones that government spent their own resources to discover.\n\nAlso, perhaps the government isn't best able to drill for oil, so either they can hold onto the oil and get almost no value out of it, or they can sell the rights to drill and make some profit, while also increasing the total supply of oil, which could be a win for everyone."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3bmxfr
|
why are carpenter's pencils rectangular?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3bmxfr/eli5_why_are_carpenters_pencils_rectangular/
|
{
"a_id": [
"csnkfii"
],
"score": [
24
],
"text": [
"The lead doesn't break as easily, it's easier to sharpen with a knife than a round pencil, and probably most importantly you can set it down and it doesn't roll away."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
204woy
|
why do so many celebrities release perfumes?
|
How can it be so profitable?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/204woy/eli5_why_do_so_many_celebrities_release_perfumes/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfzsp15"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Easy money. The perfume sells better and the celebrity gets paid for attaching their name to it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1twuts
|
why does wine continue to mature once it's bottled, while whiskey stops maturing once it's bottled.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1twuts/eli5why_does_wine_continue_to_mature_once_its/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cecab7h",
"cecdqws",
"ceceu1k"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
4
],
"text": [
"The process of distillation (actual spelling, keep it real bro/bitches be hatin' po gramma) removes large molecules, leaving behind mostly alcohol. Some large molecules are put back when the whiskey is stored in charred wooden barrels and allowed to age months, years or decades. I think Jack Daniels pours it through charcoal to filter and speed up this process before going into wood barrels. These take a very long time to reintroduce and a much longer time to break down and in the process the alcohol evaporates (in the industry it's called the Angel's Share) You have to start at a high proof (% Alcohol) to end up with anything that can be stored & bottled and those levels kill organisms that can make changes. Wine yeast can survive if it's not all filtered out. You'll need hearty yeasts that can survive at higher alcohol level (I would guess 15%) \n\nWine continues to mature because there are many large compounds that come from the grapes. Beer chem is more simple in that you are mixing off the shelf components, but you can still find some that will age nicely. Seeing that beer getting dumped on Brew Masters was tragic.\n\nThe juice from wine grapes can be stabilized with refrigeration & fermentation, but the large carbon chains of tannins (think astringency, like chewing on a popsicle stick) and the phenols (more organic chemistry that make up the taste, mouthfeel, color) break down over years or decades. Gradually the color goes and the flavor profile changes. \n\nI think the bigger the molecule, the more changes over time. All that stuff that makes Red Wine so good is what makes it so complex. White wine by comparison has none, and won't change overtime unless it's got a high sugar content. The best I've had was a 1960 french dessert wine in a wine elective for my culinary degree. \n",
"The really simple answer is the value of aging whiskey comes from extra time in the barrel (where it gets its flavour). \n\nWine aging gets its value from large molecules breaking down over longer periods of time. Whiskey is made from simpler molecules and therefore doesn't gain much from aging in a bottle.",
"Well, there are two different processes going on here, with wine and whiskey, and also two different things going on that you are calling \"maturing\".\n\nFor whiskey it's comparatively simple: Whiskey is *distilled* (meaning a sugary mixture is fermented and then the alcohol is boiled & then re-collected) and then \"barreled\" into oak casks. The oak imparts flavor into the whiskey. When you look at an expensive whiskey and they say \"25 year old\" or \"45 year old\"? Well, that's how long they sit around in the barrel. One the whiskey is removed from the barrel and bottled the \"XX year old\" clock is stopped. The vast majority of the flavor found in whiskey comes from the wood.\n\nBy comparison, wine doesn't work that way at all. First of all, wine is fermented *in situ* and not distilled. Yeast found naturally in, or added to, grape juice eats the sugar in the juice, and excretes out alcohol. This is referred to as *primary fermentation* and usually takes place in either oak barrels very similar to those used to age whiskey, or stainless steel vats.\n\nEventually the conditions of the wine become sufficiently hostile to the yeast that all the yeast dies off. At this point, depending on the preferences of the winemaker, the wine will be filtered to one extent or another to remove some or all of the *sediment* which can otherwise accumulate in the bottom of the bottle. This sediment consists of dead yeast, pigments, and fragments of grape skins, at least for red and rosé wines.\n\nIt is those sediments which impart flavors (and more importantly, aromas - wines are more about the nose than actual overt flavors) over the course of years. Wines that aren't intended to be saved for long periods of time, such as Beaujolais Nouveau, which is intended to be drank weeks after bottling, will have very little sediment left in the bottle. On the other hand a big Bordeax, particularly one from a promising vintage, might have most of it's sediment left in it.\n\nThere is a secondary factor going into wine aging as well. Young red wines are often very high in *tannin*. Tannin is the chemical which makes your tongue pucker when you drink strong tea. Over time the tannin compounds break down and the wine becomes less \"tannic.\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2m7mqg
|
what are some of the greatest consequences that would result from net nutrality, and why?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2m7mqg/eli5_what_are_some_of_the_greatest_consequences/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cm1ntwp"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Verizon decides to spin up a media-streaming service, called FlixNet. All of a sudden, Netflix streaming stops working very well for Verizon subscribers.\n\nAn ISP does not like certain political viewpoints. It slows down access to websites espousing those views, while leaving the site for opposing views wide open.\n\nTo use John Hodgman's example, _URL_0_ suddenly slows down but only for Time-Warner subscribers.\n\nIn other words, it makes access to information in the hands of rich, powerful companies, which lets them shape the information the masses see."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"fucktimewarner.com"
]
] |
||
7dps2o
|
when and how did the internet go from being telephone calls between computers to these giant "isps"?
|
Bonus question: how did the FCC get involved in what are essentially (to my understanding) telephone networks?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7dps2o/eli5_when_and_how_did_the_internet_go_from_being/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpzjrlv"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"The larger computers on the Internet were always connected by special network lines, not phone calls.\n\nUsing phones was a temporary solution to get home computers and small-business computers connected until the telecom companies could build proper network connections using technologies like cable and DSL."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
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