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2xd6sb
|
why is it that i can watch a 5 minute 240p video on youtube mobile and see i've used around 25mb of data, viewing the same video at 360p in my mobile browser on a website is around 2mb of data?
|
Data figures are ballpark numbers, the point being is I see a gross difference in my data charges between the youtube app and using Chrome and a video website like vimeo on my phone, despite video qualities and lengths being equal(ish).
Phone carrier is Verizon (prepaid)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2xd6sb/eli5_why_is_it_that_i_can_watch_a_5_minute_240p/
|
{
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"text": [
"All about compression. Web browsers that display videos compress them differently than one like YouTube will. Also has to do with html5 vs other video viewers they use"
]
}
|
[] |
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[
[]
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|
9e1eh7
|
what the light is and where does it come from? also light travels in waves but what are these waves how do they form and where?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9e1eh7/eli5_what_the_light_is_and_where_does_it_come/
|
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"Are you famiar with the phenomenon where if you get things too hot, they start to glow? This is basically where light comes from. Almost everything in the world is made of extremely tiny lumps called atoms, and those lumps are made of even tinier lumps called protons, neutrons, and electrons. Electrons are the special lumps because they get to move.\n\nSo imagine an electron as a person, and you give that person some money. In this scenario, money represents energy. Because he has some money, he lives in a house he can buy with that money. Now imagine you give him more money. He is going to move to a bigger house. But then imagine that he wants to move back to his old house, so he has lots of money to send to the bank. He does this and sends the money away because he doesn't need it anymore. This is analogous to how electrons deal with energy. That extra energy takes the form of a thing called a photon, which is the name scientists give to the lumps that make up light. That's where light comes from.\n\nPhotons are special because they are their own unique kind of lump compared to other things. Photons like to act like waves sometimes and particles in others, which is why light passes through some things and reflects off other things. Light takes up a lot of forms of wave, and you can only see a little bit of them. The rest we use for their unique properties in things like radios, x-ray machines, and microwaves. \n\n(Someone else please describe how electromagnetic waves work on a field basis. I'm struggling to find a metaphor.)",
"Light is made up of particles called Photons which travel, as you might expect, at the speed of light.\n\nWhat might be difficult to understand is that light exists and behaves as both a particle AND a wave simultaneously. Which is one of the quirks of quantum mechanics. Einstein described it saying that light is a particle (photon) and the flow of photons is a wave.\n\nDifferent kinds of light form what's known as the electromagnetic spectrum. Visible light, what we see as colors, is only a small part of the spectrum which includes AM + FM Radio, infrared light, microwaves, X-rays and Gamma Rays.\n\nThis means that the signal being received by your cellphone is made up of the same thing that allows you to visually see the phone. But your eyes are only sensitive to a specific wavelength or frequency of light.\n\nAll of these types of light are made up of photons at different energy states or wavelengths. The more energetic the photon, the shorter the wavelength and the higher the frequency.\n\nWaves of visible light are 380-750 nm (nanometers) in width, while radio waves can be meters or even kilometers wide.\n\nFrequency represents the number of waves per sec. If you've ever tuned a radio dial then you've seen these number. 97.5 FM means 97.5 Mhz (megahertz) which translates as 97.5 million waves per second.\n\nAs for what makes light, Photons are emitted by atoms when electrons jump from one energy state to another (jumping from an outer electron shell to an inner one)\n\nLight is produced by the sun as a bi-product of nuclear fusion. As Hydrogen atoms smash together they produce helium which release energy partly in the form of photons. The photons are in the Gamma Ray wavelength but as they travel through the star to its surface they jump from atom to atom in the stars mass. With each jump they lose a tiny fraction of their energy. By the time the reach the surface the frequency of the light has slowed down enough for it to have become visible light or what we can see.\n\nSimilarly an electric light bulb releases photons because the electrons in the filament are being excited by electricity."
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nenl1
|
furries
|
I just don`t get it :/ Why do they dress up like animals?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/nenl1/eli5_furries/
|
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"Furries are members of a community infatuated with the imagery of anthropomorphized animals, i.e., animal/human blends- think like werewolves, or cat-girls from anime. Furries come in all shapes, sizes, and interests. For some furries, the attraction is purely sexual. For others, it's more spiritual, social, or aesthetic. The manifestations of how furries interact with their community and embrace their furry identities are extremely varied- for the majority of furries, the participation is purely through text/image roleplay in online communities. Video games and fan art also are outlets for the interest. A small portion of these people will create costumes of their roleplay characters (aka \"fursonas,\" a play on \"persona,\") and dress as these characters in real life- contrary to media depictions, these furries are an extremely small minority of the community at large. An even smaller percentage of the community use these costumes in active sexual practice. ",
"Furries are members of a community infatuated with the imagery of anthropomorphized animals, i.e., animal/human blends- think like werewolves, or cat-girls from anime. Furries come in all shapes, sizes, and interests. For some furries, the attraction is purely sexual. For others, it's more spiritual, social, or aesthetic. The manifestations of how furries interact with their community and embrace their furry identities are extremely varied- for the majority of furries, the participation is purely through text/image roleplay in online communities. Video games and fan art also are outlets for the interest. A small portion of these people will create costumes of their roleplay characters (aka \"fursonas,\" a play on \"persona,\") and dress as these characters in real life- contrary to media depictions, these furries are an extremely small minority of the community at large. An even smaller percentage of the community use these costumes in active sexual practice. "
]
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6ytx68
|
why do people often mix up left and right but not top and bottom?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ytx68/eli5_why_do_people_often_mix_up_left_and_right/
|
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"Probably because things fall towards the ground, so \"up\" and \"down\" are easier to understand and remember. You rarely see the world upside down.\n\n\"Left\" and \"right\" are relative to your viewpoint, and their meaning can change if you are talking about someone else's left or right. There is some sort of arbitrariness in the left-right axis which is broken in the up-down axis. ",
"Your body has a bunch of mechanisms to make sure it's upright. Part of that is knowing what's up and down very well. Up and down relate to gravity and are natural dimensions of the world (forward / backward, side to side, up / down.) Mistakes in up and down can get you killed (falling off something for instance.) So your body and brain spend a lot of time on your balance (telling you exactly what \"up\" is.)\n\nYou have special organs in your ears that do this, your vision plays a roll, physically feeling your weight on something tells you which direction gravity is pushing, etc. So your brain has a lot of \"up\" and \"down\" information. It's something that millions of years ago our evolutionary ancestors, long before there was a \"left\" or \"right\" understood and used to find food and not die.\n\nLeft and right on the other hand aren't. Almost everything in your body is symmetrical, and all your sensory organs are symmetrical. So, your brain is getting no information on which side is \"left\" or \"right.\"\n\nSo, at the end of the day, knowing up and down can save your life. Knowing left and right, can't. As long as you know to run the other way if you see danger, it doesn't matter if it's \"left\" or \"right.\"\n\nIn that way up and down have much more of a foundation in your body and your brain spends much more time thinking about up and down in the background."
]
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11xgwc
|
why everyone hates iran
|
During tonight's debate it seemed like to only foreign issue was keeping Iran from having Nuclear weapons, Why is that?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/11xgwc/eli5_why_everyone_hates_iran/
|
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"Because it saves them from having to discuss *real* foreign policy questions.\n\nObama doesn't want to discuss real issues because much of his foreign policies have been evil - more or less copies of Dubya's.\n\nRomney doesn't want to discuss real issues because he has no experience in the area and is afraid he'll get slaughtered.\n\nSo, as is often the case with a two-party system, the two major parties distract the average idiot with sensationalistic crap, while they continue to do whatever evil they want behind the scenes.",
"I'll try to ELY5. Your daddy has a bigass gun pointing at your neighbor because he thinks your neighbor is out to get him, or that his neighbor is trying to sleep with his wife. His neighbor feels threatened by the big gun so he also went out and get a big ass gun, but not as big as your dad's. So now your dad feels threatened and hates your neighbor and tell you to hate your neighbor.",
"A brief history of modern Iran:\n\nTheir popular democratic leader nationalized their petroleum industry, so Winston Churchill got the CIA to overthrow their government and install a dictator during operation Ajax. Eventually, Marxists led the Iranian people to overthrow their dictator, but shortly afterwards, Islamic fundamentalists seized power and slaughtered the Marxists. The CIA wasn't happy with having their dictator out of Iran, so they helped Saddam Hussein wage a bloody war against Iran. After 9/11, Iran offered their support, but the Bush administration publicly named them as part of the \"axis of evil\" and declared that they were our enemies. The US decided that Saddam Hussein wasn't working in their best interests anymore, so they invaded Iraq to remove him, and suggested that Iran was next."
]
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103ie9
|
how are breathalyzer's so accurate, and why can't you easily bypass it with a breath mint of some sort?
|
So I had 1 beer over the limit in my country and was driving along and thinking, if I get pulled over now i'm technically over the limit, but with only 2 beers I still feel 100%. Anyways, I started thinking about breathalyzers and how is it that in this day and age we don't have an easy way of bypassing them with a simple breath mint of some sort, and then realized I have no idea how they actually work... so please Reddit, ELI5 :)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/103ie9/eli5_how_are_breathalyzers_so_accurate_and_why/
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"text": [
"Mints do not remove or hide the existing odors in your breath, they only add on an additional one which we are fairly sensitive to (mint) to hide the others. The machine will still detect just as much alcohol vapor when you exhale if you have a mint or not. ",
"Is there a substance you could rinse your mouth out with or drink to give a skewed reading? Meaning if I were to rinse my mouth out or drink said substance it would increase my reading drastically, to the point where the officer would know his breathalyzer is broken.",
"Breathalyzers actually detect the alcohol level in your breath. There is little you can do to _decrease_ that amount, and you cannot mask it. Popping in a breath mint is similar to adding a blue food dye to a glass of orange juice, and expect a test of its citric acid content to change.",
"Mythbusters did an episode on this. Alcohol is metabolized in your liver and part of the waste of that reaction is expelled through your lungs. The breathalyzer measures the breath coming from your lungs. It doesn't matter what you put in your mouth. You can't change what your lungs are doing."
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22ezer
|
what is westminster system ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/22ezer/eli5_what_is_westminster_system/
|
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"It is a system of government where the executive is drawn from the legislature (parliament)\n\nThe head of state will usually be a monarch or a ceremonial president\n\nThe head of government will be the prime minister and will be chosen based on which party leader has the most elected members in parliament."
]
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5nkhla
|
why is it when im exhausted and collapse on my bed my heart races wildly for a few seconds?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5nkhla/eli5_why_is_it_when_im_exhausted_and_collapse_on/
|
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"When you're standing, your heart has to do more than just pump blood to your feet; it has to pump with enough pressure to bring the blood BACK UP the legs too, and also pump blood up to the brain (both fighting gravity). The heart has a few functional things it can change, but here we'll just talk about how fast it beats, and how much blood it pumps per heartbeat. Obviously, both of those factors are working pretty hard when standing (which also makes giraffes pretty amazing animals), and when switching suddenly to lying down that gravity is instantly not forcing the heart to work as hard. Since it takes a few seconds to adjust how the heart is working, it will still be pumping a LOT of blood with suddenly almost zero resistance. In order to continue pumping correctly (until the heart adjusts), the heart has to pump faster to keep up."
]
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3p4cso
|
what kills during a plane crash? is it the heat/explosions, force of impact, or something else?
|
idk, im sitting here and thought maybe some fire blankets or like covers could help survive the heats during that moment, or would it be too hot for that?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3p4cso/eli5_what_kills_during_a_plane_crash_is_it_the/
|
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"In this order it's the actual impact, flying debris from the impact, explosion, fire, smoke, injuries sustained from surviving the initial crash. \n\nFor this reason the more survivable seats are located toward the back of the plane where the impact has already been absorbed by the front. ",
"It depends on the crash and the person.\n\nSometimes it's force injuries, from the plane hitting the ground or something else. Sometimes, it's falling injuries, from the plane breaking apart. Sometimes, it's fire or smoke inhalation after touching down. All are possible.",
"Ground crash? Force of impact. (Like jello thrown at chicken wire.)\n\nWater crash? Force of impact + drowning. \n\nDecent emergency landing but fire? Flashover. (Oxygen introduction when doors opened can fatally fuel the fire. )\n\nDecompression? Small majority suctioned out of plane. Also, death by hypoxia (oxygen deprivation) if you don't put that mask on within 15-30seconds. \n\nEdit for the pedantic: you can succumb to hypoxia in 15-30seconds at 40,000ft. As a result of this (and the resulting oxygen deprivation) the body will lose oxygen to vital organs and consequently die. \n",
"This doesn't directly answer the question, but I highly recommend Mary Roach's \"Stiff\" if you want to learn the minute details of what actually causes death in different circumstances (and what happens to the body afterward).\n\n_URL_0_",
"I have a BS in aviation science and write training material for airline pilots, flight attendants, and dispatchers for an international carrier. Perhaps I can help out. . . I'll do my best to keep this to an ELI5 level.\n\nAs mentioned, the type of accident is, of course, a major factor. However, the most accurate answer for a survivable crash is \"something else\".\n\nWhen plastics and other modern materials burn they put tons of extremely toxic chemicals into the air. These are concentrated in the enclosed space and will burn your eyes and lungs, and will quickly incapacitate you. Also, the primary fire-fighting agent on aircraft - Halon - is extremely reactive, and will combine with these toxic chemicals to make even nastier chemicals in the air. Halon does, however, do a great job of stopping the fire and preventing additional compounds from being released. \n\nAirliners have \"smoke hoods\" within three feet of and fire extinguisher just because of this phenomenon.\n\nIf you read many NTSB reports, you will find that a large number of bodies are found in the aisles of the aircraft. These people survived the initial impact, unfastened their seatbelts, but succumbed to smoke or poison inhalation before they could make it out of the aircraft. This is one reason why timely evacuation is so important, and so much time is spent briefing passengers on the way to the nearest emergency exit, and providing emergency lighting, etc.\n\n\n",
"Depends on the impact energy. In high-angle, high-energy impacts (i.e. USAIR 427) extreme g-loads cause your body to liquify. Death is instant. In low-angle low-energy crashes it's usually barriers to egress that result in death from smoke inhalation (KLM 4805) or drowning (Air Florida 90). That's why I tell people to wear sturdy clothes & shoes when they fly: If its a high energy impact you're doomed, but if you survive the crash you're life might depend on your ability to escape the burning/sinking fuselage by climbing over/through glass & shredded aluminum. TMYK",
"Something else? It's usually the gremlins that caused the crash in the first place coming out and eating the survivors.",
"If lets say, a debris hits the plane and create a hole in the frame at 35,000. Would the pressure blow your brain out?",
"What sort of device would a plane need to allow it to glide down at a speed that would not cause significant impact? Is it even possibke? ",
"After stupidly looking up the impact zone of one of the plane crash (I think it was the Malaysian airlines one that was shot down in Ukraine) I know understand how violent these crashes can be and why so few people survive them. Very disturbingly mangled bodies.",
"_URL_0_ this wiki links to a description of an AWESOME documentary done by the Discovery channel about it. I highly recommend watching it! They actually crashed a 727 in the Mexicali desert with cameras, impact monitors, test dummies. All of it. Down to what posture is best for surviving and having the least severe injuries. ",
"like my science teacher used to say its not the speed that kills, its the sudden stop. Too many gggggggggggggggs.",
"Blunt force trauma usually. Whether you are falling out of the sky off a building, or in an airplane, you are absorbing similar levels of energy when you hit the ground and you also have the weight of the plane crashing down on top of you when the structure fails. IE falling to the ground with a tanker truck on top of you. \n\nThat being said, there are a few interesting things that NASA of all agencies discovered about surviving plane crashes. The amount of force it takes to kill or seriously injure a person goes up if they are lying flat on the floor VS sitting or standing. It has to do with the way the impact energy travels through your body. If the impact comes through your body while you are prone, IE starting at your back and exiting your front, more of your body can absorb the impact energy at once. If you are standing or sitting, then the impact energy travels in a wave from bottom to top with the weight of your upper body causing additional stress on your lower body. \n\nThey took an airplane fuselage and attached it to a crane and dropped it. The crash dummies that were seated suffered more damage than ones that were laying down prone. \n\nThink of it like hitting something with the flat of your hand, vs a fist or hitting it with the cuff of your hand. The flat hand delivers it's energy more spread out and more of what you're hitting can absorb the impact. If you deliver the same energy with a punch or a chop, the surface area delivering the energy is less, which delivers the energy in a smaller area and results in higher impact per square inch. \n\nA flat body absorbs this like a flat hand, all over at once and a standing or sitting body absorbs the impact in a smaller area, your feet, shins, legs, etc. ",
"Blunt-Force Trauma. The one thing us humans just cannot escape. Like the difference between a pedestrian getting hit by a car at 5MPH versus 70MPH, the survival rate drops to near zero. Airplane crashes at speed leaves your body just a bag of bones, if you're lucky. Little bits and pieces otherwise (assuming there is no fire!).",
"it's the native americans. they come and get revenge on the white man while he is his weakest. ",
"This was a post I asked in the aviation sub. Some pretty good info. It's definitely usually due to serious impact trauma from the deceleration and crumpling of the fuselage and cabin in most cases. \n\n_URL_0_\n\nBonus points for someone who can tell my noob self how to turn that gigantic link into a hyperlinked word like everyone else does. ",
"When Lynard Skinnard's plane went down it crashed into a row of trees. It was the TV in the plane thay smashed Ronnie Van Zant and killed him. There is a great story about Artimus Pyle getting shot while trying to find help. The owner of a house he wandered to shot him thinkjng he was an intruder. He later figured out that it was the drummer for LS. Can you imagine the shame he must have felt almost killing a survivor of Lynard Skinnards plane crash. ",
"In most cases, actual cause of death for plane crash victims is \"massive blunt force trauma.\"",
"Why the fuck am I reading this thread when I fly out tomorrow?",
"I have a plane to catch tomorrow. Why did I open this?\n\nShit. "
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2d4st3
|
when we look at graphics, why does it look crappy over time?
|
Sorry for the poor title. I used graphics as a general example, but I'm curious if there is an explanation to why when your are exposed to new graphics, over time, look crappy as newer stuff comes out. I.e ps2 vs ps4
What is the process in our brains that is going "yes this looks better"
The same could be said with films being blown away the first time, but subsequent viewings your less impressed.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2d4st3/eli5_when_we_look_at_graphics_why_does_it_look/
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"Each system's graphics are the best we've ever seen when they came out, but each of those systems got surpassed over time. Each system was compared to the previous generation when it launched, but once something new came along, it looked old and busted when compared to the new hotness.\n\nThe reason PS2 games looked great then is because there were no PS3 or PS4 games to compare them to at the time."
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lxa96
|
how does openvpn work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/lxa96/eli5_how_does_openvpn_work/
|
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"[Similar submission from 24 hours ago](_URL_0_). OpenVPN is an open-source implementation of VPN, as opposed to commercial solutions by likes of Cisco.",
"Imagine that you want to send a note to your friend Alex in class, but you don't want your teacher to see who it is from. You ask your trusted friend, Paul, to take the note from you and pass it to Alex. That way, your teacher doesn't know who the note is really from. The teacher only knows that Paul gave Alex the note.\n\nIf anybody says to Alex, \"who gave you that note?\", Alex can say \"Well, Paul gave me the note but I don't know who wrote it\"; so it sort of stays a secret. Only you and Paul know who wrote the note, but because you trust Paul, you don't need to worry about him saying anything. That's sort of how any VPN works. \n\nBut now imagine, that your note is so secret that you don't want Paul to know who sent it; so, you write two notes, one says \"Please pass the second note to Alex\" and the other is your secret note. Now, when somebody says to Alex, \"who gave you that note?\", Alex can say \"Well, Paul gave it to me, but there's no point asking him who wrote it, because he doesn't know either\"; this also keeps Paul out of trouble, because he doesn't have to lie to the teacher and can't get in trouble for not telling the truth. He really doesn't know.\n\nBut your teacher really wants to know what's in the notes being passed around, so she asks Emily to read the notes being passed around. Emily can't see Paul passing a note to Alex, but, she can see you pass the note to Paul - so when you try again to pass two notes to Paul (one says \"Please give this to Alex\" and the secret note), she can see what is written. Instead, you place the notes into your pencil case and pass the pencil case to Paul; who then reads the first note and passes the second to Alex (Remember, Emily can't see Paul pass the note to Alex). Emily sees you pass the box to Paul, but she does not know what is in it and cannot tell the teacher either. \n\nPaul will do this for anybody that asks him too, everybody knows that they can pass messages to Paul; sometimes though, to keep track of how busy he is passing notes, he makes copies of the notes being sent, because Paul has copies in his bag, his teacher could make Paul give over copies of the notes and then his teacher can read all of the notes; but nobody minds this, because it is free.\n\nTom does the same thing as Paul in the same class, but he promises that he won't read or copy the notes you send him, if you give him some chocolate once a month; when the teacher wants to see what's in Tom's bag, he will open it any say \"Look, there is nothing in there\"; when the notes being passed are very, very secret or when the person passing the note doesn't trust Paul (because they know he keeps copies of the notes), they don't mind giving up some of their chocolate.\n\n\n > Paul = OpenVPN\n > \n > Teacher = MPAA/RIAA/etc\n > \n > Emily = your ISP\n > \n > Alex = ThePirateBay\n > \n > Tom = [Anonymous VPNs](_URL_0_)\n\n\nEDIT: This turned out to be more about using VPNs as a whole rather than just how OpenVPN works. Basically, OpenVPN lets you be Paul and lets you pass notes between other people. ",
"[Similar submission from 24 hours ago](_URL_0_). OpenVPN is an open-source implementation of VPN, as opposed to commercial solutions by likes of Cisco.",
"Imagine that you want to send a note to your friend Alex in class, but you don't want your teacher to see who it is from. You ask your trusted friend, Paul, to take the note from you and pass it to Alex. That way, your teacher doesn't know who the note is really from. The teacher only knows that Paul gave Alex the note.\n\nIf anybody says to Alex, \"who gave you that note?\", Alex can say \"Well, Paul gave me the note but I don't know who wrote it\"; so it sort of stays a secret. Only you and Paul know who wrote the note, but because you trust Paul, you don't need to worry about him saying anything. That's sort of how any VPN works. \n\nBut now imagine, that your note is so secret that you don't want Paul to know who sent it; so, you write two notes, one says \"Please pass the second note to Alex\" and the other is your secret note. Now, when somebody says to Alex, \"who gave you that note?\", Alex can say \"Well, Paul gave it to me, but there's no point asking him who wrote it, because he doesn't know either\"; this also keeps Paul out of trouble, because he doesn't have to lie to the teacher and can't get in trouble for not telling the truth. He really doesn't know.\n\nBut your teacher really wants to know what's in the notes being passed around, so she asks Emily to read the notes being passed around. Emily can't see Paul passing a note to Alex, but, she can see you pass the note to Paul - so when you try again to pass two notes to Paul (one says \"Please give this to Alex\" and the secret note), she can see what is written. Instead, you place the notes into your pencil case and pass the pencil case to Paul; who then reads the first note and passes the second to Alex (Remember, Emily can't see Paul pass the note to Alex). Emily sees you pass the box to Paul, but she does not know what is in it and cannot tell the teacher either. \n\nPaul will do this for anybody that asks him too, everybody knows that they can pass messages to Paul; sometimes though, to keep track of how busy he is passing notes, he makes copies of the notes being sent, because Paul has copies in his bag, his teacher could make Paul give over copies of the notes and then his teacher can read all of the notes; but nobody minds this, because it is free.\n\nTom does the same thing as Paul in the same class, but he promises that he won't read or copy the notes you send him, if you give him some chocolate once a month; when the teacher wants to see what's in Tom's bag, he will open it any say \"Look, there is nothing in there\"; when the notes being passed are very, very secret or when the person passing the note doesn't trust Paul (because they know he keeps copies of the notes), they don't mind giving up some of their chocolate.\n\n\n > Paul = OpenVPN\n > \n > Teacher = MPAA/RIAA/etc\n > \n > Emily = your ISP\n > \n > Alex = ThePirateBay\n > \n > Tom = [Anonymous VPNs](_URL_0_)\n\n\nEDIT: This turned out to be more about using VPNs as a whole rather than just how OpenVPN works. Basically, OpenVPN lets you be Paul and lets you pass notes between other people. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/lw1mr/eli5_vpn/"
],
[
"http://torrentfreak.com/which-vpn-providers-really-take-anonymity-seriously-111007/"
],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/lw1mr/eli5_vpn/"
],
[
"http://torrentfreak.com/which-vpn-providers-really-take-anonymity-seriously-111007/"
]
] |
||
6nugfi
|
what exactly is ocd and anxiety? (i mean actual ocd, not the "it's not perfectly symmetrical" one)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6nugfi/eli5what_exactly_is_ocd_and_anxiety_i_mean_actual/
|
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"Do you mean chemically or the actual definition of it? OCD is a disorder characterized by compulsive behavior and obsessive thoughts. A person with OCD has a need to perform a certain behavior. If they don't, then they have a very intense feeling of wrongness and need to fix it. Their thoughts circle around this behavior and will always come back to it, even if they try to redirect them. They will also continue to do these behaviors even if it is harmful to their bodies, such as washing their hands until they bleed. The compulsive behaviors are called tics, and are usually done in groups of a certain number, like knocking 3 times on a door. It has to be 3, if they do 4, then they have to do 2 more to make it 6. The numbers vary from person to person. The tics can be somewhat limited with behavioral therapy, but there's not much you can do to make them go away completely.",
"It's important to note that you can have an anxiety disorder \"with obsessive compulsions\", where it's similar but the obsessiveness is more a symptom of the anxiety than a thing on its own, and I believe anxiety is a part of OCD as well. So there is a bit of cross over"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1eyqdi
|
how does a curveball work?
|
I never understood how a baseball, soccer ball, etc turn in the air after being thrown, kicked, etc.
As a bonus, I'd love to hear if a bullet can be curved like in that Angelina Jolie movie (the name is escaping me right now)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1eyqdi/eli5_how_does_a_curveball_work/
|
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"To understand this, you have to understand Bernoulli's Principle. BP says that when air is moving OVER a surface quickly, it pushes less ON the surface. A curveball uses the spin of the ball to change the way air flows over its surface.\n\nIf the ball is thrown or kicked so that it is rotating horizontally (like how the Earth rotates), air will move differently on either side of the ball. On one side, the ball is turning toward the direction that the ball is traveling. The stitches, grooves, or scratches on the surface of the ball hit the air head on and slow down the flow on that side. Meanwhile, the ball is turning away from the direction of travel on the other side. Here, the surface of the ball speeds up the flow of air.\n\nSo you have one side of the ball that is slowing down the flow of air, and the other side is speeding it up. BP says that the side with the faster moving air will feel less push on the ball, so the ball starts to move sideways. The amount that a ball curves depends both on how fast it is spinning and also how rough the surface is, which is why baseball pitchers are known to scuff up new balls before throwing them. ",
"For the movie part, the title is Wanted, and as expected you're not the only one who would wonder about it.\n\n[A video about this.](_URL_0_) Starting with figures on the motion with the barrel to make it work, then on to the curvature of the trajectory.\n\n",
"Also, since such movement doesn't really occur in nature it is hard for human brain to track, hence its popularity in sports.",
"The name of the movie is Wanted.",
"One thing of note for the movie is the bullets had special tail fins that when fired from a gun using the twisting motion allowed for curved trajectories. Given my rudimentary understanding of guns, I don't think you could successfully mount a tail fin onto a bullet IRL, which makes for pure sci-fi/fantasy in this case. Myth Busters did this on the show and IIRC they were unable to achieve curvature.\n\nThe movie is called Wanted.",
"eli5 explanation:\nThe spin on the ball makes the wind move fast on one side, slow on the other. The ball then gets moved by the different speeds of wind on the ball.\n\nedit: I was explaining it like I was explaining it to a 5 year old. The laces do in fact help create the differences in \"wind\" (friction against the air) on the ball.\n\nedit 2: To use an analogy, it's like paddles on a boat, the spinning of the laces create the paddles moving the air. Depending on the spin direction, the laces (paddles) 'push' the ball in a different direction.\n\nedit3: Well, push isn't the correct term, really, more like 'drag', such as if you put a paddle on one side of a moving boat",
"It seems the best way to put this (in simple terms) is that when the ball is thrown, air pushes against it. When a right-handed pitcher throws a curve ball, they spin the ball to the left (counter-clockwise). This causes the right side of the ball to be travelling faster through the air than the left side. Because it's travelling faster, the air pushes on it more, which causes the ball to move to the left. \n\nIt's not as scientific as BP, but a 5 year old might understand that better.",
"When you run your hand across a surface it creates what's called 'drag' which tries to slow down your hand's movement. The faster you move the more drag is created.\n\nWhen air travels across the surface of a moving object it also creates drag which tries to slow the object down.\n\nIf the object is spinning as it moves through the air then one side will move through the air faster than the other side, causing that side of the object to slow down slightly faster than the other.\n\nThis causes the object to steer towards the side which is experiencing greater drag.",
"It has to do with something called the Magnus effect. But before I explain that, I'll give a brief description of some relatively basic fluid dynamics.\n\nOne of the most basic principles of fluid dynamics states that, when neglecting things like frictional losses/viscous effects, compressibility effects, and so on, the total pressure along a flow path is the same. This should remind you of a conservation of energy - and, in fact, pressure is energy per unit volume. So if you think of an object's total energy, it has things like potential energy, kinetic energy, and internal energy; in pressure terms, these translate into hydrostatic pressure, dynamic pressure, and static pressure. You can drop in one, but that must mean a rise in the other. (Remember, this is the most basic of fluids - it can get a lot more complicated quickly.)\n\nThis leads me to explaining the Venturi effect. Imagine there are no potential effects - meaning you only examine dynamic and static pressures -which is fairly similar to a baseball pitch (it goes along at more or less the same altitude). Thus decreases in dynamic pressure (velocity) mean increases in static pressure; the opposite is also true. Also, without going into the conservation of mass type of argument, you may notice how water shoots out faster through a small opening - like a nozzle. So we can say that when the flow gets more \"squeezed,\" it goes faster, and thus has a lower static pressure. The opposite is also true - an expanded flow goes slower and has a higher static pressure.\n\nBut a baseball's pitch is an external flow situation. You might not think there isn't really such a thing as \"squeezed\" flow since it's all out in the open. But there is! See, fluids (and air is a fluid) are very lazy and like to take the path of least resistance. So flow lines will try to curve around the ball as best they can. They are either really good at it and squeeze closely together, or they do a piss-poor job and spread out. When a ball is spinning, you can think of it like a roller on a conveyor belt - it \"pushes\" some of the incoming air in one direction, making it go in that one direction more easily than in the other. Thus with the air more easily flowing in that one direction, the air on that side of the ball moves faster, the flow lines clump together, and the static pressure is less than on the other side of the ball. This change in pressure on either side of the ball causes a force to act on the ball, pushing it in one direction. This is the Magnus effect.\n\nBecause forces only cause a change in acceleration, the curving effect might not be evident right away. Yes, that force is there and the acceleration is acting on it, but there's so little time for it to act that it doesn't actually start \"looking\" like a curve until maybe halfway through the pitch.\n\nEDIT: Just saw your \"bonus.\" The movie is *Wanted.* The short answer is no. The long answer is yes under the right conditions. Remember how I said the time from a pitcher's mound to the batter is so quick that you don't observe \"much\" of a curve? Well, bullets move MUCH faster than baseballs, even those thrown by the best pitchers. So that means either you need to be aiming at a target much, much further away OR you need to add a lot more spin to the bullet. Both seem rather unfeasible at the present, but if you can work out either of those problems (granted, you'd also have to be able to control the initial spin you impart - long barrels on guns try to minimize that effect) then you might be able to.",
"Didn't we just have a thread discussing how we shouldn't ask simple questions like this?",
"The ball is spinning really fast. Because of a physics thingy that speeds the air up in some places and slows it down in others. Because of a slightly different physics thingy the fast moving air doesn't push as hard on the ball. \n\nSo you have a ball moving with air pushing harder in some places than others, so there is a force pushing the ball in one direction (down and towards the pitcher's glove hand in the case of a curveball).\n\nNo, you wouldn't be able to noticeably curve a bullet. Bullets need to travel a couple thousand feet before such relatively large scale things as the Coriolis Effect (the reason your .50 cal shot always misses in that one Call of Duty level in Ukraine) and the Centrifugal Force start becoming noticeable. The real name of that physics thing I was talking about before was the Magnus Effect, and it is proportional to how quickly something is rotating, a modern bullet rotates hundreds of thousands of times in a minute. The effect of this rotation would result in a curveball ending up a few thousand feet away from home plate, but the bullet is sufficiently fast that it only misses its target by 1-2mm every 10 meters or so. Any contribution from you turning your wrist is going to be entirely negligible.",
"Go ask roger federer",
"The laces on the ball catch the wind creating drag. When you throw a curveball you are creating more drag on certain laces which causes the ball to drop/slide. ",
"You should just watch MythBusters.\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
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[],
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"http://www.escapistmagazine.com/videos/view/reel-physics/6979-Wanted-Curving-Bullets"
],
[],
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[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
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|
8ks35t
|
why is the mandelbrot-set contained in a disk with a radius of 2 arround (0|0)?!
|
I've been studying the [Mandelbrot\-Set](_URL_0_) for the last few months and I understand pretty much everything \(or atleast I think so, lol\) but I just dont understand why the hell the mandelbrot\-set doesnt go beyond this disk.
I know, that Zn will go to infinity if it is \ > 2, but I would like to understand WHY. Im too stupid to understand the proof :D
TL;DR
Why does Zn go to infinity if it is \ > 2?
I hope it was understandable; THX.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8ks35t/eli5_why_is_the_mandelbrotset_contained_in_a_disk/
|
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"I'll take a stab.\n\nWhen you square a complex number, an easy way to think about it is to consider its angle and its length.\n\nLet's start with angle. Think of the angle that you have to rotate (counter-clockwise) to get from the number 1 to z. Now start at z and rotate that much again. That will be the angle of z^2.\n\nWhat's the magnitude of z^(2)? It's just the magnitude of z multiplied by itself. So if |z| is bigger than 1, then |z^(2)| will be even bigger than that. For example, if |z| = 3, then |z^(2)| will be 9. If z is smaller than 1, then |z^(2)| will be even smaller in the same way.\n\nNow let's look at the Mandelbrot formula:\n\nf(z) = z^2 + c\n\nWe need a value of c that will keep us from exploding to infinity, as you know. But if |c| is bigger than 2, then |c^(2)| will be bigger than 4, as demonstrated above. Let's see what happens in that case:\n\nf(0) = 0^2 + c = c\n\nf(c) = c^2 + c\n\nThe smallest magnitude |f(c)| can have is when c and c^2 have opposite directions (think about adding vectors - if you add 2 vectors with fixed lengths, the shortest possible result is if they go in opposite directions). So the magnitude of |f(c)| is, at the very least, equal to its magnitude when c and c^2 are opposite each other:\n\n|f(c)| = |c^2 + c| > = |c^(2)| - |c|.\n\nNow we see why 2 matters so much. If |c| > 2, then |c^(2)| > 2|c|. But this means that \n\n|c^(2)| - |c| > |c|\n\nBecause of that, we can see that |f(c)| has to be greater than |c|.\n\nBut now we can repeat the same argument for f(f(c)) to show that it has to be bigger than f(c). and f(f(f(c))) has to be bigger than that. What's worse, each iteration is getting bigger than the last by an increasing ratio (you may need to convince yourself of this). That means that the series must eventually go to infinity.\n\nIf |c| < = 2, then even though |c^(2)| might be really close to 4, for some values of c when you compute (edit: ~~|c^(2)| + c~~) c^2 + c it can still pull the value back inside the |z| < = 2 disk.\n\nFor example, if c = -2, then \n\nf(c) = 4 - 2 = 2, \n\nf(f(c)) = 4 - 2 = 2, \n\nand so forth. Notice that c = -2 is a number such that |c| = 2 and that the angle of c^2 is exactly opposite of the angle of c (remember how to compute the angle of c^(2), you have to go 180^o to get from 1 to c, then you do another 180^o to get to c^2 and you're back on the positive real axis).\n\nI know that's a lot of stuff but I think if you go over each step until you're convinced of it, you should be able to convince yourself of why the |z| < = 2 disk comes into play.\n\nedit: math typo (highlighted inline)\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbrot_set"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
513ele
|
why does pee flow in a straight line but an upside down bottle of water drain in waves?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/513ele/eli5why_does_pee_flow_in_a_straight_line_but_an/
|
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"An upside-down bottle of water, left to its own devices, has to replace the water with air. That doesn't happen when urinating - urine is pushed out through the contraction of muscle.\n\nIf you were to squeeze an upside-down bottle of water from the top, the water would be forced out in a way that resembles urination. Unless the opening of the bottle is small, though, you'd still have some air exchange - draining in waves - in the process.",
"A water bottle is pretty solid and as such does not contract when its content is emptied out. As such the space where the liquid previously occupied becomes a vacuum that is not strong enough to suck the water back in, but instead sucks the air in. The point where the air is sucking in is where the water still inside the bottle has to give way to the air because of the vacuum.\n\nYour bladder is more like a bag, and does not retain its shape when emptied, and so can contract as it is squeezed by the muscles around it.\n\nExperiment: squeeze the water battle as you empty and you'll see it streams out instead of gushing",
"The bladder is a hollow, muscular balloon shaped organ. Your bladder expands when it fills with pee and contracts (shrinks) when you pee. There is no empty volume left behind when you pee.\n\nYou can test this for yourself with a balloon.\n\nA rigid bottle can not shrink in size. When the water leaves the bottle air want's to get inside to balance the pressure. This causes interruptions in the stream of water that look like waves.\n\n"
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
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||
63imzj
|
why does baseball and soccer call themselves "major league 'sport'" and football, basketball and hockey are "national 'sport' league?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/63imzj/eli5_why_does_baseball_and_soccer_call_themselves/
|
{
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"Preference of the founders of the league. MLS is a newer league that just copied MLB which has been around since the 19th century. MLB has some historical signifigance behind it. In the late 19th century, and early 20th century, there were other leagues besides the National League and American League, but these two established themselves as the two \"major\" leagues while the rest were lesser \"minor leagues\". The name has stuck."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
8wjm3a
|
- why do phones not require cooling vents but other small appliances do?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8wjm3a/eli5_why_do_phones_not_require_cooling_vents_but/
|
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"Phones lack a cooling system because there's no room for that. It takes up way too much space for a pocket-size device. If that wasn't an issue, phones would've had vents.\n\nBesides, phones don't work as hard as other computers do. They are weaker, so they produce less heat. Still, they can get hot sometimes, especially during charging, and there is nothing we can do about it.\n\nPhones cool by radiating heat away and through conduction - passing heat into the surrounding air/skin.",
"Phones are very specifically engineered to be both low heat and to have passive cooling systems to dissipate that heat. It take a lot of engineering to do this properly, but it is necessary for a device that is meant to be carried and hand held.\n\nOther appliances _could_ have systems like this, but there is no real need for them. They can be large enough to have larger and more active cooling systems, which are less difficult to engineer and less costly to implement. Since there is no real benefit to making these other appliances smaller, they use the easier/cheaper cooling tech.",
"How much additional cooling a given component needs depends on how much heat it releases during use, on what temperature it can tolerate internally before it gets damaged, and on what equilibrium temperature the surrounding environment reaches during use.\n\nIn a phone, if a part is getting too hot, you only really have a couple options: \n\nmodify the design or operating conditions so it makes less heat (also improves battery life, but can negatively impact performance)\n\nImprove thermal conductivity between the part and the outside of the phone. (for example, you could switch from a plastic frame to an aluminum one)",
"Phones are typically underclocked to reduce power consumption and heat generation. And they start with low power parts to begin with. Heat is removed just by letting it passively radiate from the phone."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
2rnbrl
|
how do microsoft, apple, linux etc. use to program operating systems, and who makes these programs? and what do they use to make these programs? how deep does the rabbit hole go?
|
I understand that eventually it all boils down to 0's and 1's, but how many steps are there to this, and how complex is it to build an operating system?
Edit: Just noticed I made a dumb mistake in the title's grammar, but I think you get the idea... Whoops... :S
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rnbrl/eli5how_do_microsoft_apple_linux_etc_use_to/
|
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"text": [
"There are many ways to try and understand what you are looking for. Here are some that I notice and I am intentionally glossing over great amounts of detail which computer geeks can talk for hours on.\n\nWhile running on your computer, the operating system doesn't really run on any other software. A part of the OS called the kernel manages access to the hardware drivers which provide access to the hardware. Most of the rest of the OS is libraries and tools which make writing complex programs easier (e.g., a library gives an easy way to draw a shaded box on the screen instead of having to write every pixel manually).\n\nOperating systems are programmed on computers running operating systems, usually, but not always earlier versions of the operating system you are currently writing. They are written in source code, which is the human-readable description of the program and something called a compiler turns that source code into machine code, which is just a bunch of numbers which your processor reads to hopefully do the things you want it to do.\n\nOperating systems and compilers didn't always exist and way back in the day, people programmed directly in machine code. The first compilers were written this way, but once that happens, a full compiler can process source code to output any program, including a new version of itself. Once this happens, the programming language being compiled is said to be 'self-hosting'.\n\nA very basic operating system isn't extremely complicated, but it won't have many features people expect these days, such as security. If you are highly motivated, I suggest the [Nand2Tetris](_URL_0_) course where you design an entire computer from logic gates all the way up to working graphical programs with a complier and an operating system in the middle.",
"If you go back far enough, information for the first software had to be input by hand.\n\nMost modern programs have a lineage that goes all the way back to [punched cards](_URL_0_), [front panel switches](_URL_2_) or a similarly crude method of data entry. Punching cards or flipping switches doesn’t require an existing computer.\n\nIn general, the process of using simple tools to assist in making more complex tools is called [“bootstrapping”](_URL_1_).",
"Operating systems have essentially two major parts, the kernel and the user applications. The user applications can be developed while running the operating system itself, and this does include things that are fairly crucial to the system, like user session management and user interface. The kernel, which includes things like device drivers, is a little bit trickier, and one of the easiest way to develop that is to simply use a virtual machine or emulator. (Protip: you can use VMWare or Virtualbox to run many other OSes for same harware while running some other OS.)\n\nOf course, this ignores things like getting the kernel/userland to the state where it can be actually used in the first place on the hardware in question. That is where madness and ingenuity lies.",
"As others mentioned, the first programs that ran on computers were entered via toggle switches on the computer's console or punch cards (and there was no operating system, the program had to deal with all input/output and other interaction with the system hardware).\n\nThe industry slowly built up from there writing tools that ran on the hardware to make \"higher level\" applications development easier.\n\nModern operating systems design is a far cry from those days, it's not drastically different from writing other kinds of software. The same tools that exist to write other kinds of software can be used for writing operating systems. Usually it's done in a systems language such as C (with a mixture of assembler specific to whatever processor family the OS runs on; there are a bunch of things that can't be readily accomplished in a higher level language - basically this means the programmer is writing instructions that are more or less run directly on the processor).\n\nIn terms of complexity, to the \"average\" programmer it is arguably more complex. For example, the OS has to manage memory and mediate interactions with system hardware, and it needs to do these in as efficient a manner as possible. Code has to be written in a more defensible manner, if OS level code contains bugs it can cause weird behavior or crash the system as opposed to code in a single application (the application just crashes). Security considerations have to be taken into account (the operating system has to enforce isolation of programs and ensure they can't interfere with operations other programs are doing, etc). Testing and debugging is harder because it's necessary to run the operating system on real hardware (or in a virtual machine), it's not as simple as coding up an application, website, etc. and running it.",
"Computers read in a series of bits (1s and 0s) and interpret them. Each series of bits is called an instruction and is typically 32 bits long. Instructions come in 3 basic flavors where different sets of bits mean different things, but they all have something called an opcode (which is usually 6 bits) that tells the processor which operation to use. For example, the opcode for addition is 100000 (in some formats). The rest of the instruction tells the processor whatever information it needs to know to carry out the operation.\n\nSo let's say our instructions are in this format:\n\nOpcode | Destination Register | Source Register | Value\n---|---|---|----\n6 bits | 5 bits | 5 bits | 16 bits\n\nDestination register is the address of the memory location where we're going to store the result. If you don't understand that, imagine a table where 1 column lists the numbers 0-31 and another column where all values are 0. If the destination register were 5, then we would go to the 5th row in the table and set the value to its right equal to the result of the operation.\n\nSource Register is the address of where we're getting our initial value. So if its value is 10, then we'd get the value in row 10 of the table and add that to the other number.\n\nValue is the number we're adding to the value of the source register.\n\nSo, let's tell the processor to add 4 and 6 and store it in row 0. For our purposes, let's assume that row 12's value is set to 4.\n\nWe'd start by setting the first 6 bits of the instruction to our opcode, 100000. Our destination register is then 00000. Our source register is 12, but we convert that to binary and get 01100. Our value is 6, but we need to convert that to a 16-digit binary number, 0000000000000110. Putting that together, we get 10000000000011000000000000000110.\n\nAs you can see, that's very difficult to do on your own, but it's doable.\n\nEventually, people got sick of this and designed what are called assembly languages. Now, instead of writing instructions by hand in binary, we can just write `add, $0, $12, 6`. This is then converted by a simple program, called an assembler, into binary, which can then be run by the computer.\n\nAssembly languages are still pretty difficult, so we designed even easier languages to deal with it. In C, we can write `int a = b + 6;`. The compiler then converts this to assembly, which is then converted into binary by the assembler.\n\nOperating systems are written in languages like C. C is probably the most common, but other languages work just as well. The C programs that make up operating systems are compiled and assembled, so they're really just binary programs.\n\nNow, this doesn't answer the question of what an operating system is and what it does, but it should answer how they boil down to 1s and 0s.",
"An OS is just software, they use the same tools as any other programmer.",
"An operating system is just another program, so it's built much like all programs are. You write code in some language (Oftentimes C at the low levels, but there are plenty of languages to choose from), and you run that code through a compiler. The compiler translates your code into the 1's and 0's that the computer understands. \n\nThe only special bit about the operating system is that it's started early and provides a lot of low-level abstractions to the programs that run on top of it. It abstracts away the complexity of the system - programs just have to be written against the OS, and then they don't necessarily have to understand the unique parts of your computer. For example, I could write a program that opens a file, and the OS would take care of figuring out where that file is (on your hard drive, a SSD, on the network, etc) and giving my program the data.\n\nYou can even build an operating system yourself! If you've ever heard a *nix geek talk about [\"rebuilding a kernel\"](_URL_0_) - this is the process by which the lowest level of the GNU/Linux operating system is built.\n\nSo in order to build a modern operating system, you write code in some language and send that code to a compiler. Compilers have been around a long time, so modern compilers are used to build other, newer compilers, compilers for other languages, and operating systems. \n\nIn the early days, compilers had to be written from scratch in low-level code without the benefit of the nice, time-saving features of modern programming languages. \n\nThe same is true of computer chips - today, we build new computer chips using older computers. At one point in the past, we had to design computer chips without the benefit of computers to help us with this task. It was done by hand instead.",
"Every computer has a processor and each processor has an \"instruction set.\" Each of these said \"instructions\" is a very rudimentary function like addition and multiplication, or shifting a set of 0's and 1's to the left or right, or instructions to save or recall a chunk of 0'1 and 1's from the processor's registers. Each of these instructions are assigned a number (represented in binary with 0's and 1's) and most of them require 1 or more inputs. All in all, when combined in certain ways, these instructions can come together to perform a meaningful task. \n\nThe processor then receives instructions as a series of 0's and 1's in a very specific/exact convention. The processor will expect to receive a certain length of 0's and 1's (usually 32 or 64), part of which will be the instruction number and the other part of which are the inputs for that instruction (it's a bit more involved than that, but lets leave it here). And that's all a computer program is on the low level, a bunch of 0's and 1's that form sequences of processor instructions. These 0's and 1's could theoretically be written manually, but that would be quite laborious.\n\nThere is a low level programming language known as assembly language. Simply put, assembly is nothing more than the basic instruction set for the processor, but with names for each instruction rather than using numbers. This makes it much more human readable. Then, an interpreter will take the assembly instruction (example, \"mult $t1, $t1, $t2\", which says multiply the value in memory location t1 with the value in memory location t1 and store it in t2) and translate it into a sequence of 0's and 1's that the processor understands. If you think about it, the first assembly interpreter had to be manually created.\n\nWith assembly language, you can put together a more meaningful, higher level program. This is the same concept, but a step higher. What this means is that there are more involved functions we use in a \"high level\" programming language like C or C++ that are made up of several assembly commands in a particular sequence. Assembly was then once used to create a \"compiler\" which takes the high level code, breaks it down into its subsequent assembly commands, and then continues on to translating that into 0's and 1's, which the processor can understand. \n\nSo, if you could have a *TL;DR* for this post, it would be something like this:\nYour computer's processor can only accept commands in the form of a sequence of 0's and 1's. Assembly language makes these very rudimentary commands human readable and an interpreter must be used to translate the assembly language into the corresponding 0's and 1's. High level languages like C and C++ have basic functions as well that are built up from a few assembly commands. You can use these high level languages to relatively easily create a complicated sequence of 0's and 1's for your processor to interpret.",
"The explanation depends on wether you're looking for how many 'software steps' or all the way down to the 'hardware steps'. Microsoft, Apple and Linux program their Operating System in a programming language, one you can otherwise always use to make regular programs. Microsoft is programmed in C++ and C on lower levels, Mac in Objective-C and C. Linux is mainly programmed in C.\n\nTo program the different features of an OS you primarily need some people with a computer to do the programming on and the programs to write the code in. These could just as easily be a text editor like nodepad but usueally the programmers use Integrated Development Environments. Programs that provide a wide array of features to ease the coding and easily integrate some other steps of the process, like linking and building of the code and some testing.\n\nThat was what the programmers of the OS needed. Besides that we also need a place to store the entire OS on that is accesible by all the different programmers. Ideally, this place (a server) also includes some features like Version Control so that errors can be restored. It usually holds different 'stages' of the OS, so OS's with features that are under testing are seperated from the 'stable' versions of the Operating System. \n\nThese programs are useally made by other people than those who do the core OS.\n\nIt's also clear we need some testers who use the Operating System and report errors.\n\nLastly, because we build a lot of code into the different commands the processor understands, we automate the constant building of the OS's that you can install and test on different processors.\n\nWhat happens all the way down to the 'hardware steps' is a different story, and quite a bit more complex as it mainly involves you understanding how processors work down to the core. \n\nIf anyone has any additions I'd be glad to edit them in.",
"[Code](_URL_0_) is what helped me wrap my head around this.\n\nYou might have to read it a couple times to understand it, but it's really good.",
"The short answer is each new operating system was programmed using an older one. The very first operating systems were designed and coded on pen and paper then implemented with circuitry.\n\nBack before graphics there was text only monitors, before monitors there were printers\n\nBefore graphics there were only keyboards, before keyboards there were punch cards or paper tape(paper with holes) that you fed into the computer. Before punch cards you would write your program on pen and paper, then program the computer by some combination of soldering wires and flipping switches. You can see over time technology has made \"reprogramming\" a computer easier and easier. \n\nComputer circuitry used to be giant and take up whole rooms, and you would interact with it(feed in punch cards.. and later..use a keyboard and monitor) at stations called terminals. \n",
"When we made the first computers, they were mechanical and used switches. They were essentially just calculators. We developed ways to interact with them, things like punch cards. They had a simple set of instructions they could follow, and the punch cards told them which instructions to follow and in which order, and you'd get some output. \n\nWe changed to using magnetic tape, which was a bit trickier to write to because you needed finer mechanisms to read and write to it than punch it whereas with a punch card you could visually examine the data. In many cases, there was no operating system so to speak, there was just instructions that the computer could carry out and you could give it a program to follow. With better magnetic media and more memory we started to maybe want to give a better environment than just feeding instructions directly in. \n\nSo we created operating systems, which are just programs that simplify some common processes. If you commonly have to do a function, and that function is a large number of steps, you define those steps once store them on some persistent media, and then load them up every time you start the system.\n\nYou could work without operating systems, but you would have to write it into your software. So instead of saying \"get this file from drive A\" you might have to send an instruction to the system asking which peripherals are attached, look at the result, store whether or not there is a disk drive in which position, request if there is a disk, store that result, if there is a disk, then you have to send a request to get more identifying information, then you might have to decode the file system and find out if there is the file that you're looking for, and then ultimately recover the data from it and use it in your program. \n\nThis process is maybe not super complicated, the computer was designed to let you do it, but most of the time you want it abstracted away, so that process gets written one time, and bundled it with a bunch of other common IO tasks and calls it a BIOS, basic input output system. \n\nWhen you move forward, you get something like DOS. When you break down that acronym, it's a disk operating system, and that's pretty much what the purpose of it was. It just managed accessing the disks. While the BIOS would let you do a lot of the IO generally speaking, it doesn't get to the nitty gritty of file systems so much, because there were different ways of storing files, some file systems had security for instance, some don't. DOS was a popular but simplistic set of instructions written to access files on disks. \n\nComputers were made to interface with people. Machine language was really a language that we developed that is intended for humans to use. It is a set of instructions that is more or less mapped to processes that are logical to humans. Get data from here, move it to here, get data from there, move it to there, add the values from here and there together, move the result to this other place. But computers obviously don't speak english, and so the inputs we use are symbolized in numbers, so some imaginary machine code might look something like:\n\n 00010123 (000000000000000010000000100100011)\n 00020211 (000000000000000100000001000010001)\n 01010003 (000000001000000010000000000000011)\n 01020003 (000000001000000100000000000000011)\n\n 0001 means Move to register A, the rest (0123) is data to be moved.\n 0002 means Move to register B, the rest (0211) is data to be moved.\n 0101 means add register A and B together, the rest is where to store the result. (in this case we say 0003 or register C)\n 0102 means output data to external video. The rest of the data is the location the data is stored (in this case we say 0003 register C)\n\n The program returns 0334 on the screen. \n\nWe can do a lot like that, but it's kind of annoying to have to remember which instruction is what, especially when you're just looking through it. So we come up with a language that another program interprets into machine language, called assembly. It maps very closely to the machine language but makes it easier to write. So now we have something like\n\n Move A, 0123\n Move B, 0211\n Add AB, C\n Output C\n\nAnd with that you can much more easily write and follow the program flow, and a simple interpreter will directly create machine code that the computer can run directly. \n\nSo what then? From there people just start making more and more complex programs. Higher level languages are developed that interpret more complex statements and compile them into machine code. The underlying operating system maintains the file structure and lets you easily manage the data. \n\nBut at this point, much of your work can move away from writing code that the computer can read directly. You can write in a higher level language, and compile it into machine language. People work on better and better compilers to the point that they can think better than people do and optimize processes in ways we wouldn't consider. \n\nNow you work on an existing operating system to store your files and provide libraries for your tools and in there you can make new operating systems and improved libraries. \n\nMany people still work at the lowest level, especially on small embedded devices that don't have a lot of memory or storage or don't need to do incredibly complex tasks. People are constantly working on compilers to make them better at generating optimized programs. None of the steps along the way have been forgotten, but our systems are too complex for people to work directly with the machine, and in fact one of the more recent moves has been to impede direct communication with hardware without secret handshakes to try to enhance security. \n\nNow it's kind of hard to work directly with the hardware, but that doesn't mean that people don't, it just means that fewer people can. A thing recently is the UEFI Secure Boot process. The computer will only try to run software at boot that is signed by a secret key that operating system manufacturers like Microsoft have. This makes writing custom operating systems more challenging as you need to work around those restrictions. ",
"Along the lines of \"How deep does the rabbit hole go?\", you should read this article:\n\n_URL_0_",
"Layer 9: The Internet \n\nLayer 8: Local Programs \n\nLayer 7: Operating System (Windows, OSX, iOS, Android, Linux) \n\nLayer 6: Kernel (Lets the OS talk to the Motherboard) \n\nLayer 5: Bios ( Lets the motherboard talk to the components) \n\nLayer 4: Component BIOS (GC, SSD controllers ect) (components have logic on them too) \n\nLayer 3: NorthBridge (if one exists) (Helps older CPU's manage memory) \n\nLayer 2: CPU (The Brain of the computer) \n\nLayer 1: CPU instruction set coding (Translates basic chip commands into electrical signals) *very few people do work at this level* \n\n\nThere are even more sub-components then this but I think this is more in the ideal of an ELI5. ",
"For the last 20 years Linux has been at the point where all development can be self-hosted - that is to say that all Linux development can take place inside Linux itself.\n\nYou have to go back even further to find a point where MSFT & Apple systems weren't capable of sustaining development.",
"ELI5 is a tall order let me try ELI10\n\nWhat would you say if you repeated the phrase, \"what would you say if you repeated the phrase\"?\n\nRepeat this answer until you get the depth of rabbit hole.\n\nThis is a quine and it is at the heart of computation. A general computer is a machine that can act like anything you can describe. You can demonstrate that something is a computer by describing a computer to it and seeing if it can behave like that. Obviously that means you have to be able to describe a computer to the machine that you described a computer to and the machine will then act like the computer you described to the computer that you described to the machine. On modern machines you are at least at the app compiled on OS for instruction set on hardware level and more then likely there are more than one virtual machine (just more descriptions of computers) in the chain as well.\n\nAlso [this](_URL_0_) like cheesegoat said.",
"Really late to the party, but it took me an awful time to figure it out too, so I thought I might help.\n\nComputer programs are written as a series of instructions: do this, do that, etc. The CPU provides very simple instructions (like 'fetch this location in memory' or 'add these two numbers').\n\nAlthough you can theoretically write *any* program using only these (something known as Turing Completeness), you can imagine how incredibly, ridiculously complex it would be for the programmer to link the high level behaviour of their application (game, browser, utility...) to the actual ones and zeros (or, to be a bit more precise and pedantic, *state*) of the computers.\nThis was a major problem back in the days, so people worked a lot on it, and finally noticed a nice property of computer systems: a program can be built on *any* set of instructions. Even ones you define yourself ! Say your computer can do the simple arithmetic operations. You can define your own operation (say, exponentiation) and then treat that as a single operation !\n\nFunctions are cool, but why stop there ? Quite often, you do some intermediate level operations again and again. Sure, mapping an abstract 'file' to actual 1-and-0-memory is not an 'application' in itself, but it is certainly something you would love to treat as a standard, built-in operation. You don't have to of course, if you abdolutely want to reinvent the wheel, but it is just MASSIVELY more convenient, standardised and productive.\nOSes are doing just that: they forbid unauthorised access to the hardware, and provide a standardised, single way of accessing it when you have the correct permissions. Who built your hard-drive ? What is its exact convention for storing packets of information ? How can you efficiently represent objects like file on it ? Not your problem ! I mean, nothing prevents you from building an application who runs on the bare machine, but you'll have quite a terrible time maling sure you are using the correct obscure conventions of your hardware.\n\nOn the other hand, OS calls are just higher-level 'instructions. Add these two numbers. Create a file. Compare this number to 20. Create a web socket. From the programmer's perspective, it's all the same, although the OS operations are actually sitting at an intermediate level.\n\nOne thing that gives its magical aspect to OSes is that they prevent you from doing whatever you want with your hardware. Everything has to go through the OS at some point to make sure you are indeed allowed to access this information (and quite often, to prevent you from harming yourself). So OSes forbid you to write code directly for the hardware, in a way, making it seem like *your* code is normal, while *their* code is magical. It's actually the other way around !\n\n\nEdit: formatting ",
"It's been pretty much explained by /u/panswere, but this quote should state it succinctly:\n\n > Technological advance is an inherently iterative process. One does not simply take sand from the beach and produce a Dataprobe. We use crude tools to fashion better tools, and then our better tools to fashion more precise tools, and so on. Each minor refinement is a step in the process, and all of the steps must be taken. \n\n > \\- *Chairman Sheng-Ji Yang, Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri*",
"Let's take a bit of a journey through your computer, building it all up from 0's and 1's\n\nAs you said, it all starts with a bunch of 0's and 1's. These are the building blocks; the raw data in memory. The memory in your computer is composed of tens or hundreds of billions of little circuits that are either in the \"on\" state or the \"off\" state, and your computer can select to read a specific group by means of a numeric address. This may seem like a straight forward task, though it's anything but. It is the subject of entire fields of study, and even an overview of the concepts involved would be longer than the max post length. \n\nIn turn the actual computer is a machine that knows how to interpret groups of 0's and 1's to perform specific operations, which in turn can modify parts of the memory itself. In other words it is a machine that can change it's own behavior. This may seem like a straight forward task, though it's anything but. It is the subject of entire fields of study, and even an overview of the concepts involved would be longer than the max post length. \n\nThe thing is, the specific operations that a computer offers are really, really basic. You have a bunch of elementary math operations like addition, multiplication, or comparison; a lot of matrix math operations for processing huge batches of similar data; some instructions to read and write to different types of memory; and finally a few macros which do a few of the previous operations in one instruction. Most of the complexity of computers goes into making sure that we can do these operations really, *really*, **really** damn fast while still being accurate, without using too much energy, while ensuring acceptable levels of security, with the possibility of multiple cores interacting with the same data.\n\nNow we have some super basic instructions, but that doesn't get us too close to all the cool things we see on our screens these days. This is where software comes in. On the surface software is just a bunch of instructions that the computer interprets, in fact that is exactly how a computer sees it. [This image](_URL_2_) shows a small chunk of a program from a computer's perspective. The part I outlined in red shows the memory addresses, the part in green shows the raw data in hexadecimal form (raw binary would take up too much space), and the part in blue shows shorthands which a programmer can interpret.\n\nOf course if you had to write programs like this (and you did a few decades ago) very few people would want to do it, and it would be amazingly hard to get anything done. Fortunately for us, a lot of really smart people did a bunch of work to come up with the idea of compilers and programming languages. That means instead of that mess above, you could do something like [this](_URL_1_). This may seem like a straight forward task, though it's anything but. It is the subject of entire fields of study, and even an overview of the concepts involved would be longer than the max post length. \n\nThe challenge here is that you will need many, many thousands of such little components, each interacting with each other in very subtle ways. Of course eventually no matter how good you are, you will not be able to remember all the various interactions. To make matters even more difficult, you need to interface with components written by others, and those people might not think like you making their code and your code very different. This is the reason programmers use the amount of stimulants they do.\n\nNevertheless, now we have a comparatively simple way of writing software, we're tasked with the challenge of what type of software do we need. The most obvious place to start will of course be the software that runs when the computer starts. A long time ago you would program a computer before it started running, and then turn it on and wait for it to spit out the results. You may be surprised to know we actually still have something like that. \n\nWhen the computer turns on it runs some vendor-supplied firmware stored on your motherboard. This makes sure that your CPU is running at the right speed, that you have some RAM installed, that you can use your keyboard, that you see something on screen, and that none of the most important components are fried (among many other things, not necessarily in that order). This may seem like a straight forward task, though it's anything but. It is the subject of entire fields of study, and even an overview of the concepts involved would be longer than the max post length. \n\nOf course that won't cut it if we want to get all the stuff we take for granted now. Instead we need something that will let us do other things with the computer. For this we need to have another program, which we incidentally call the \"Operating Systems.\" The program starts by reserving some part of the system memory to store information about the system itself, and some more to store instructions for how to interact with various abstract components (Things like the \"network,\" the \"screen,\" or the \"graphic card\"). It enables some security mechanisms, and it starts a process by which it allows multiple programs to share time on the CPU. Then it scans all the hardware in the computer, and loads other programs called drivers into memory (among many other things, not necessarily in that order). \n\nThese drivers are a bit like fancy lego blocks of software. On one side they know how to talk to various hardware components in the system. On the other side they know what sort of abstract components the Operating System the system can support. These drivers tell the OS how to do the various things it expects to be able to do with all of these components. \n\nIncidentally, [here](_URL_0_) is a super general map of the main components of the Linux kernel. This is the functionality offered by the core of the Linux OS, backed by a lot of hardware specific drivers which are not included in the chart.\n\nOnce the drivers are loaded the operating system starts a myriad of other programs, written by a large numbers of other programmers. These programs might do anything from doing encryption, to loading the right files from disk into memory, to drawing some pretty pictures on the screen, to connecting to the internet (among many other things, not necessarily in that order).\n\nI'm pretty sure this no longer sounds straight forward, but it's still the subject of entire fields of study where even an overview of the concepts involved would be many posts of max length to even sort of explain.\n\nFinally, we have the computer that's been running billions of simple instructions per second for quite a few seconds. Those instructions have now put the computer in a state where it knows about what hardware it has available. In memory it has a stored sets of of instructions that can allow it to draw basic shapes on a screen, to listen for your inputs, to share one CPU among many programs, to send and receive data to and from the internet, and thousands of other small operations that you might never think about. \n\nNow we can take all of those components, and build another set of programs on top of it. These programs don't have to care about how the screen works, or how to make your network card send data. Instead they will use the instructions stored by the Operating System. That means that now these programs can work on solving entirely new challenges that were simply impossible before. They will be using the same methods and thought processes, only they will spend more time on the new challenges, and less on the old.\n\nAnd, of course as you may imagine, this is still the subject of entire fields of study. I wouldn't even know where to begin any soft of overview, nor could I hazard a guess at how long an overview may eventually be or if there will ever be one.\n\nSo to answer your specific questions, building an operating system is kinda complex. I believe most people could build a very basic OS given a few years of study, but to build something as complex and complete as most modern OSes would be a monumental task beyond pretty much any one person, and even beyond many groups of trained professionals.\n\nAs for how; first you learn a whole lot about how computers work, then some more about programming languages, then some more about operating systems, then you plan out how you're going to do it, finally open up a good text editor and start writing. Eventually you load the result into a computer (or these days, onto a VM), curse a lot when it doesn't work, mainline some caffeine, and keep working.",
"An operating system is just a program that runs all the time, and tells other programs and hardware what to do. The motherboard has wires connecting the CPU and all the other hardware like monitors and disk drives together, and there are special programs called \"drivers\" that tell the OS what signals to send to talk to those parts.\n\nHow is the OS written? Well, now that we have the infrastructure built up, we can write an OS with a compiler, which is a program that breaks complex instructions into simple ones that it can give directly to the CPU. The first compiler was written directly in that simple language, called \"assembly,\" and the first assembler was written by manually flipping bits, probably with punchcards or an array of switches."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://nand2tetris.org/"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping#Software_development",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_panel"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/BuildYourOwnKernel"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.amazon.ca/gp/aw/d/0735611319/ref=redir_mdp_mobile/181-5186865-9372534"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/ken/trust.html"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/ken/trust.html"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://i.stack.imgur.com/xEJmM.png",
"http://i.imgur.com/a6aKQSp.png",
"http://i.imgur.com/a4iToOF.png"
],
[]
] |
|
46bsad
|
how can a gas stations gas prices fluctuate up and down 20 cents within a matter of a few days? seems like they're selling the same oil they sold cheaper yesterday for more money today, despite having already purchased it at a set price.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/46bsad/eli5_how_can_a_gas_stations_gas_prices_fluctuate/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d03uoks"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The fuel on hand (in the tank) is a sunk cost. The price you're paying is the projected replacement cost of the product."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
6prfv9
|
if the expiration date of bottled water due to the decay of the plastic in the water, would an expired bottle be safe to use if its contents were emptied?
|
Or would the bottle be decaying plastic so fast at that moment that any liquid would be contaminated?
Similarly, would the decay of plastic be a linear process or not?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6prfv9/eli5_if_the_expiration_date_of_bottled_water_due/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dkrla2i",
"dkrlj8w"
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text": [
"Yes, you can reuse that bottle, it's not as if it's going to suddenly melt into a pool of poison.",
"I think the expiration date of bottled water is more a cover-your-butt thing where the company says \"Our satisfaction guarantee does not last forever on this product. You can't bring it back to us in five years and complain that 'it does not taste fresh' and get a refund.\" \n\nYes, there is some leaching of plasticizers into water but not much. Your bottle will physically wear out before you get poisoned by the leaching from one bottle."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
9hz8r9
|
why are large vehicles like trucks and buses not built with a streamlined shape like most cars?
|
Wouldn't it reduce drag and make the vehicles more fuel-efficient?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9hz8r9/eli5_why_are_large_vehicles_like_trucks_and_buses/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e6fkh61",
"e6flad0",
"e6fsozt",
"e6fvmkq"
],
"score": [
5,
7,
5,
11
],
"text": [
"Their shapes are designed to allow the most carrying capacity and curves hamper carrying capacity.",
"Maximize carrying capacity you lose fuel efficiency. Maximize fuel efficiency you lose carrying capacity.\n\nThe impact of losing fuel efficiency on net profit is much less than the impact of losing carrying capacity.",
"It doesn't matter for buses. Most buses spend their time traveling at low speeds where air resistance is not the main factor in how much fuel they use. They're designed to excel at being a bus so they're great for their 95% use case, being aerodynamic would only be helpful for the small percent of time they're traveling at highway speeds\n\nMost small local trucks are similar to buses. The little UPS truck doesn't need to be particularly aerodynamic since it burns most of its fuel accelerating after each stop\n\nBig trucks that make long hauls on highways do have bits added to make them more aerodynamic. The curved bit on top of the tractor helps to direct air up and over the trailer, and you'll now see [tails](_URL_0_) on some trailers which travel long distances. These tails reduce the drag which improves the fuel economy.",
"Fuel efficiency is measured a little differently for things like buses. They don't need the most miles per gallon, they need the most passenger-miles per gallon. If you lose the room for several passengers to gain a few mpg you might end up with each passenger still accounting for the same amount of gas. For example let's say on a certain trip a bus uses 50 gallons of gas and it carries 50 passengers. Redesign the bus to only use 40 gallons but reduce capacity to only 40 passengers and you've improved nothing. The same principle applies to trucks and their cargo capacity. \n\nAlso, many buses are used only in cities at low speeds where aerodynamics aren't nearly as important."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.stemco.com/qbin/1794.jpg"
],
[]
] |
|
1lhkca
|
why do headphone/audio cables have a flared tip?
|
I've been thinking about my computer audio port lately because I've noticed it's a frequent point of failure on stuff that I own (such as laptops, phones, mp3 players, etc), and it occurred to me that the cables might play a part in accelerating that failure.
Why do audio cables have the odd shaped tips that they do? Are there designs out there for audio ports/cables that don't fail as frequently?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1lhkca/eli5_why_do_headphoneaudio_cables_have_a_flared/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cbzagqu",
"cbzb7xd"
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text": [
"On quarter inch jacks, at least, the notch just after the tip is to keep the plug from falling out. There's a spring loaded clip in the jack that presses against the notch, and requires a bit of force to pull out. \n\nIf you look at the female jack, you can see the strip of metal that's bent into a V shape - that presses into the notch in the male jack and holds it in. \n\n_URL_0_\n\nI'd imagine that eighth inch jacks have something similar, but most of them you can't really see inside of. \n\nAs for durable cables, you'll find that most pro audio people use something called an XLR connector for signal level stuff, and something called a Speakon connector for power stuff. Both of these are durable, and both lock (In the case of XLR, you need to press a tab on the female connector to separate them, and in the case of speakon, you need to press a tab on the male connector and twist), but both of them are quite large and expensive. ",
"The tip is flared so that it doesn't come out of the jack, as /u/nalc said.\n\nIf you're curious, the reason that 3.5mm (headphone jack) is divided into \"segments\" is so that it can provide stereo sound, whereas quarter inch (like a guitar cord) are mono. Stereo sound has two separate channels for left and right, which is why you'll hear one part of the song in one ear and another part in the other.\n\nThe tip of the jack carries the signal that will go to the left speaker/earbud/headphone, the middle segment carries the signal that goes right, and the bottom segment is ground, which completes the circuit.\n\nYou might have noticed that sound only comes out of one earbud if the jack isn't pushed all the way in, and that's why. Usually if you only put the jack in partway, only the left side can receive a signal (but it will confusingly be the signal intended for the right side!).\n\nAs for your second question, USB ports are usually pretty stable. Frankly, though, it shouldn't really be an issue unless the manufacturing quality is really poor."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://i.imgur.com/drikWRM.jpg"
],
[]
] |
|
ffa4yz
|
all day yesterday, i felt great. then at about 5pm, i got violently ill. i was throwing up all over and had the runs pretty bad. that lasted from ~5pm until ~5am (now) and now i feel almost completely fine. how does that work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ffa4yz/eli5_all_day_yesterday_i_felt_great_then_at_about/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fjx6f20",
"fjx6gs7"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"That could be food poisoning maybe? Or tummy bugs in general get in and out quite quickly",
"You had some sort of infection hit your large intestine. When the immune system senses the infection, it tells your brain to do what you did. Vomit and defecate rapidly (the faster movement of waste means less water absorbtion. Thus you get the \"runs\") to expell the microorganisms causing the infection. You feel fine almost immediately afterwards because your immune system senses the infection is gone."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
5b5k3e
|
why are there so many eucalyptus trees in california?
|
I've seen forests filled with pretty much only Eucalyptus trees. Why?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5b5k3e/eli5why_are_there_so_many_eucalyptus_trees_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d9lwia6",
"d9lxzo4"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"They were imported from Australia in the hope that they would make for good logging, but that turned out not to be the case.\n\nNow they are used decoratively and as windbreaks.",
"It's, fundamentally, the work of one man.\n\nLeland Stanford, Sr. (the guy who named Stanford University after his son, Leland Stanford, Jr.) was a [railroad baron](_URL_0_). He was a conservationist in the old-school fashion: he noticed that much of the West (California in particular) was becoming deforested because of the heavy demand for lumber to build cities and mines, and he got worried that he would one day run out of trees to make railroad ties. He heard from somewhere that eucalyptus grows really fast, and in that irreproducible manner of industrial barons in a laissez-faire system, he immediately sent people off to Australia to gather as many kinds of eucalyptus seed as they could. When they came back, he planted them all over the state, to ensure a ready supply of wood.\n\nOf course, 10-15 years later he discovered that eucalyptus absolutely sucks for building: it's not dimensionally stable, it's a soft wood, and it's also quite brittle. So you can't make railroad ties or houses out of it. Also, eucalyptus spreads herbicide all around, killing native trees and shrubs. Stanford's eucalyptus trees devastated many Californian ecosystems.\n\nIt's probably only fair, though: Australia has had to put up with so many plagues of this and that brought in from the northern hemisphere, the Californian eucalyptus problem is small potatoes by comparison."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist\\)"
]
] |
|
vhs0z
|
this whole deal with the dea
|
I've seen a bunch of stuff and memes about the DEA on Reddit, and I have no clue whats happening, would any of you fine gentlemen and gentlewomen explain this to me and anybody else who is wondering the same thing?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/vhs0z/eli5_this_whole_deal_with_the_dea/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c54mbc9"
],
"score": [
15
],
"text": [
"The woman you see in all the memes is Michele Leonhart, the current administrator of the DEA. Being the administrator, she is paid to, among other things, defend and justify the drug policy of the federal government. Michele was testifying at a hearing a couple days ago about probable misconduct by DEA agents in Colombia (those Secret Service guys who got caught with the prostitutes really ruined the party for everyone). On the committee who was questioning her happened to be Jared Polis, a House member from Colorado who is a leading proponent for drug policy reform. Polis saw the obvious opportunity to score points for his cause, and in the middle of the hearing started aggressively questioning Leonhart about the addictiveness of marijuana vs. harder drugs. Leonhart's hands were tied, because she's not really allowed to recite anything other than the party line (marijuana is addictive and has no medical use). So, she went ahead and went on record saying more or less that marijuana is just as addictive as heroin. In turn, Reddit and liberal media outlets in general exploded-just as intended.\n\nIt's worth mentioning that she DID eventually acquiesce and admit that heroin was more addictive than marijuana, as you can see in [the video here](_URL_0_)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/21/michele-leonhart-dea-crack-heroin-marijuana_n_1615270.html"
]
] |
|
tzbgm
|
how is the hela cell line immortal?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/tzbgm/eli5_how_is_the_hela_cell_line_immortal/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c4r023b",
"c4r099l"
],
"score": [
34,
7
],
"text": [
"First, let me tell you what it means when a cell is *not* immortal.\n\nNormal human cells can divide. 1 cell becomes 2. 2 cells become 4. 4 cells become 8. But most human cells have a limit - they can't just keep on doubling forever. They can only divide so many times before a built-in safeguard says \"that's enough, no more division.\" So 8 becomes 16, 16 becomes 32, 32 becomes 64, but then it stops. 64 is the end.\n\nAn immortal cell is one that doesn't have a built-in limit. It can keep on dividing forever: 64, 128, 256, 512, ..., one million, two million... one billion, two billion, four billion, until it takes over everything.\n\nA cell that's abnormal but *not* immortal can form a small tumor, but the tumor's growth stops when the cells hit the division limit. Because of that, a cell that's abnormal but not immortal isn't considered \"cancer\" - the limit prevents it from growing and spreading. Instead, it's called a \"precancerous condition\" - the cells are abnormal and are forming a tumor, but until a mutation causes the division limit to be removed, they won't kill you - yet.\n\nHeLa is actually a cervical cancer cell. Like all cancer cells, it's immortal - if it weren't immortal, they wouldn't call it \"cancer,\" they would call it \"precancerous.\"\n\nIt is possible to take a normal human cell and remove the division limit in the laboratory - ie, \"immortalize\" it. This can be useful for scientists, since they need to be able to grow the cells in the lab, and they don't want some built-in division limit to tell them they have to start over.\n",
"Not an expert but well read and not like you're 5 but like you don't know much about cells:\n\nCells in your body will divide to form new cells. Due to complicated reasons, in order for a cell to divide and make a new copy, some chemicals have to read the original cell but they can't really make it all the way to the end of that cell, so they would lose some of the information at the end of the DNA strand. To get around this, the chromosomes (which consist of DNA + protein) have a kind of tail at the end of largely non important material called a Telomere. They basically stretch out the \nchromosomes so that the enzymes can copy the information without losing anything at the end.\n\nIn normal cell division, since a little information is lost at the end of each copy, this equates to the telomeres being lost a little bit on each copy. The telomeres whole job is to be lost rather than critical information in the DNA. In practice, depending on the cell type, they get completely used up in 40-60 copies, which is known as the Hayflick limit (discovered by Leonard Hayflick in 1961). \n\nWhy does this happen? No one is completely sure, but it's believed that this mechanism helps to prevent cancer (the more times a cell divides, the more chances there are for genetic errors) and other genetic problems. It's also believed to be the mechanism responsible for aging and death.\n\nSo on to HeLa. Cancer cells are cells with genetic errors, that is, errors in the DNA that make them grow rapidly. Many cancer cells, including HeLa, also produce an enzyme called Telomerase. This enzyme has the ability to tack on a few bits of information to the end of a chromosome, thus keeping the telomeres from getting shorter. It's an enzyme that is normally found in embrionic stem cells (to allow rapid unlimited cell division to form a new baby) and in some other cells that need to divide frequently (like immune cells). However in cancer cells it gets turned on due to a genetic defect and allows them to multiply out of control.\n\nSo in summary, HeLa cells are \"immortal\" because they are cancer cells, and what cancer cells do is grow quickly and without the normal cell death after 40-60 divisions. This is not unique to HeLa cells, however they happen to copy particularly fast and were the first line of cancerous cells to be reliably cultured in the lab. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
98oe9d
|
how does language in china work?
|
Is there one dialect that everyone at least knows how to read and write, and how widely is it spoken in everyday use? How common is it for someone to know more than one dialect?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/98oe9d/eli5_how_does_language_in_china_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e4hk6pz",
"e4hsr4o"
],
"score": [
12,
3
],
"text": [
"Today, most people will know two dialects: Mandarin and their local dialect. There are local differences in Mandarin too, but they are subtle, just like comparing UK English to US English. Also, written language is same regardless of dialect, except for subtle differences, just like with UK English to US English. For example, a Cantonese speaker may have no idea what a Mandarin speaker is saying (if the Cantonese person doesn't understand Mandarin), but they will both write the same.\n\nMost Simplified Chinese readers can recognize Traditional Chinese as the characters are pretty much the same, but certain, repeating parts would be \"simplified\", so that a common say...15 stroke \"radical\", as they are called, may be shorted to 3 strokes.",
"There's several major languages. People know the language they speak in their location. Most people also know at least a little bit of either Mandarin or Cantonese if that's not their local dialect. If it's a location that has multiple dialects, then people that do business with multiple people will know multiple dialects that they deal with."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
7gx6za
|
how come things get harder and harder to destroy as they get smaller?
|
Example: You have a chip and you keep breaking it but it is hard to break a very visible crumb.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7gx6za/eli5_how_come_things_get_harder_and_harder_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dqmei6d"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"Leverage. \n\nYou can take a stick and break it in half over your knee. Now take those halves and do the same. Eventually the size of the object will limit the amount of leverage you can put on it's body until not enough force can be applied to break it. \n\nLarge object = more leverage can be applied. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1xg87g
|
why can't i eat breakfast in the morning?
|
When my alarm wakes me up I cannot eat anything for at least 2 hours in the morning, I just feel sick and sometimes I actually am sick, even though I'm starving, but if I wake up naturally I'm fine. Been having this problem for years now.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xg87g/eli5_why_cant_i_eat_breakfast_in_the_morning/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfbcbm5"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"When you sleep your stomach also \"sleeps\". Digestion slows down, the juices released slow down etc. Some people find that when their alarm wakes them up, it takes a while for their stomach to kick in to action. If you have a full nights rest, your stomach will slowly wake up as you do (the different stages of sleep).\nBasically, your brain is hungry but your stomach can't cope yet.\nI find that having something small or easy digestible such as a muesli bar or a shake helps me to get something in and wake it up."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
fx9nj0
|
why do many people prefer an inverted y-axis in first person games?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fx9nj0/eli5_why_do_many_people_prefer_an_inverted_yaxis/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fmsyb67",
"fmszomd",
"fmt41rz",
"fmt8ulu",
"fmta8w8",
"fmtd0q1",
"fmtd7vg",
"fmte6b3",
"fmtemq3",
"fmtfse4",
"fmtgh72",
"fmtlkah"
],
"score": [
111,
12,
6,
9,
2,
6,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
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"text": [
"It's the same way your head moves.\n\nTilt back to look up, tilt forward to look down.\n\n\n*You just tilted your head, didn't you?\n\nBrief explanations are never enough for the bot, though, are they?\n\nJust imagine your head is the joystick. The joystick moves the same way your head does.",
"I think it's a bit like left-handedness. Just how your brain is wired. I had to give up a game years ago that didn't have the option. Absolutely couldn't deal with it. It really seems to be an innate trait. Now the freaky part is that I never invert the mouse - just the joystick. Go figure.",
"There's two types of people in the world. Those that invert the Y axis, and those that are wrong. \n\nThink of it as your head. If you tilt your head back, you look up, neh?",
"There is no \"right\" way to set up your control scheme. It's a matter of what you feel most comfortable with.\n\nAs for why people use inverted axis in games, it depends on how you visualize your frame of reference for control.\n\n[This image ](_URL_0_) shows how a person using inverted y-axis considers the control of their character.",
"Lineage II did not have an invert option. Only way I could play is with 3rd party software to flip mouse only when Lineage was running.",
"The Guardian [covered this extensively](_URL_0_) just a few weeks ago. \"One thing is clear: players who were introduced to inverted controls by 1980s flight sims, by 1990s Star Wars X-Wing games or by Nintendo shooters are likely to stick with inverted controls through their lives – players who weren’t, don’t tend to start. Both groups are adamant that theirs is the correct perspective and cannot countenance the alternative.\"",
"For me it probably had to do with playing flight sims on a joystick. You pull back to pitch up. So that's why I invert y for controllers: I'm pulling back on the stick to pitch my camera up. It just feels natural.\n\nSo why don't I invert x axis? Well, in flight sims, to rotate left or right you don't use the stick, you use the rudder. Also, I think of turning left amd right not as turning my head, but my whole body. After all, you can only turn your head so far, but you can rotate all the way around by keeping the stick held down.\n\nSo why not invert mouse? Because I don't think of the mouse as a joystick but as a cursor. A joystick input imparts rotational velocity to my camera. But a mouse input simply sets the camera to a new angle based on where I moved the mouse.",
"The first FPS I really ever spent significant time on was the first Halo, which had the inverted Y-axis as the default. I guess it just \"trained\" me (and, as others have pointed out, it's intuitive movement anyway because you're moving the joystick the same way your head tilts when you look around). Since that time, I really have a hard time trying to play first-person games without the inverted option. Moving the joystick \"up\" to look \"up\" in the game just seems foreign to me.",
"I use inverted because it “feels” like a rotational movement around a fixed point in every game I’ve played. If there was a game that, for example, had a movement that went straight up without rotation or forward movement I would “feel” like it shouldn’t be inverted.\n\nThat probably doesn’t make a lot of sense, it was much easier to imagine the dimensions in my head.",
"The easiest way for me to describe it would be to think about it like a camera on a tripod. Whatever direction you push the tripod arm, the camera will aim the opposite. On the Y-axis, push down on the arm and the camera will aim up. \n \nAnd that's exactly what you're doing in a video game, operating a camera.",
"Old school games (like Nintendo 64) were hard coded like that. I learnt how to use a controller using that method. I imagine the younger generation grabbed onto the concept through older siblings/parents.",
"Halo. This is the answer for most people 28-40. It was one of the first multiplayer shooters that some people played and inverted was the default"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://i.imgur.com/xECZmvY.jpg"
],
[],
[
"https://www.theguardian.com/games/2020/feb/28/why-do-video-game-players-invert-the-controls"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
d0o78u
|
why do/did brands think white would be a good color for underwear?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d0o78u/eli5_why_dodid_brands_think_white_would_be_a_good/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ezb1t3z",
"ezb2qp5",
"ezb7k79",
"ezb8bu8"
],
"score": [
21,
14,
6,
2
],
"text": [
"Because white unlike any other color can be bleached. It also has the “clean and fresh” appearance.",
"White can be bleached and cleaned. Most people want to get skidmarks *out* of their clothing, they don't just accept having poop marks on their garments all the time.",
"White is cheap, the colour doesn't run or fade when washed and can be bleached without altering the colour.",
"Because people can wear it under white pants. Also most people clean themselves properly after using the bathroom."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
6f191s
|
what happens when all the matter in the universe (terrestrial bodies, gases, suns, everything) stop moving?
|
The concept of an ever-expanding universe was recently clarified to me in that space as an entity isn’t increasing in size, it’s just that the matter such as terrestrial bodies, suns etc on the outskirts of space keeping zooming outwards, thus increasing the area of space. What happens when there vass systems of galaxies lose their energy and cease travel across space? Does the universe stop expanding?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6f191s/eli5_what_happens_when_all_the_matter_in_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dieo73z",
"diew2n1"
],
"score": [
10,
3
],
"text": [
"Well, first off, whoever clarified that is wrong. Space itself is increasing in size, and everything moving away from each other is a result of that, not the other way around.\n\nSay you have a half-inflated balloon and you draw 2 dots on it. Now you put more air into the balloon. The dots will be further apart despite not actually moving their own position, there's just more space in between them.\n\nThis expansion is fueled by Dark Energy. We're not really sure what that is, other than that it's existence is necessary (because something is making space expand). Also, the expansion is accelerating, so it likely will never stop.\n\nWhat will happen is that things will get further and further away from each other as the space between them grows. Eventually, each galaxy will be far enough from any other galaxy that they won't be able to interact through gravity any more. Eventually, the galaxies will break up as the stars that make them up have more space in between them.\n\nThe same will happen to solar systems, and eventually even the planets themselves. Everything solid will break up as the space between atoms will grow too far for them to be held together by subatomic forces. Eventually, atoms themselves will break apart for the same reason, and then the protons and neutrons will break up, until all that's left is a bunch of elementary particles.\n\nAnother interesting thing is that, while nothing can move *through* space faster than light, space itself can expand faster than light. So as it accelerates, you'll be able to see less and less, since light won't be able to keep up with the expansion of the space between wherever it's coming from and whatever is trying to look at it. So everything will be totally dark.",
"It sounds as if the clarification you received is wrong, *or* you misunderstood it. Things aren't physically moving apart, it's the space in between those things that is expanding.\n\nMore to the point; \"stop moving\" is meaningless. A pretty central concept to physics is that there is no such thing as a \"preferred frame,\" which is a point of some kind that can be used as an objective reference for determining your velocity relative to the Universe. Because the preferred frame doesn't exist, there is no way to be objectively motionless. Things can't not be in motion, because all motion is relative to the motion of other things."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
11socb
|
why is the surface of my fridge magnetic?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/11socb/why_is_the_surface_of_my_fridge_magnetic/
|
{
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"c6p8nbr"
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"score": [
3
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"text": [
"Because the door is made of metal, and when they aren't made of metal they have a sheet of metal under the outer surface. Usually that metal is steel, which happens to be magnetic. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
44x9rb
|
why greek yogurt companies, like chobani, do not stir their yogurt prior to packaging?
|
I always open up a greek yogurt container and it seems like the fruit is at the bottom while the yogurt is on top. Is there a specific reason why this is done?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/44x9rb/eli5_why_greek_yogurt_companies_like_chobani_do/
|
{
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"text": [
"It wouldn't make a difference. Yogurt suffers from something called \"shear thinning\", what this means is that when you shake it the yogurt becomes more runny. So during shipping the various vibrations will cause the denser fruit to settle out. Not only that, but there are studies that show that adding fruit to yogurt actually makes the shear thinning more significant. \n \nBTW ketchup does the same thing, which is why sometimes hitting the bottle just right will 'stuck' ketchup to pour out. ",
"Many regular yogurts (like Dannon's main line) have done this for years.\n\nThe problem is that the fruit will naturally separate from the yogurt, so the choices are a) fruit on the bottom; b) additives such as gelatin to prevent separation (and put off vegetarians or people who keep kosher/halal); or c) stir it up, after which it will settle, creating a very inconsistent product. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2vdn3h
|
how do blind/deaf/disabled criminals survive in the same prisons as everyone else?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2vdn3h/eli5_how_do_blinddeafdisabled_criminals_survive/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cogp45c",
"cogwhhk"
],
"score": [
8,
6
],
"text": [
"If they are not violent and dangerous, a disability is often grounds to be moved into a medium or minimum security prison.\n\nIf they are still to violent, they would probably get put into a segregated population with other disabled and/or elderly prisoners.",
"Former prison guard here. At the Oklahoma facility I worked at, able-bodied Inmates are assigned jobs around the facility, and those jobs earn what was called \"Gang (Job) Pay\". The pay ranged anywhere from $6-20 a month depending on what they did. Orderlies who were new to the system would make $6 a month, while an inmate who has been in for 30 years and is an Electrician Journeyman made $20 per month. Inmates who are disabled, blind, or deaf would be placed in standard cells. However, the second person in that cell would be assigned as that inmate's caretaker. They made sure their laundry got done, paperwork filled out, bathing them, writing letters, helping get in/out of bed, taking them to pill line, getting their meals, etc. It was interesting because over time, the orderly would get attached to the person they cared for. I have seen new inmates try to start shit with the disabled inmate and the orderly step in and put them in their place.\n\nInmates create their own society. They typically do not mess with the disabled or elderly, because they are usually what we called \"Old Cons\": Inmates who are in for Life or LWOP. They know the whole system inside and out and usually don't start anything. All they want to do is serve their time as peacefully as possible. They are usually held in high regard by the others out of respect. I have seen a frail-looking 70ish Con grab a young Mexican gangbanger by the throat and hold him a foot off the ground against a wall for stealing something from him. And he didn't release that death grip until the inmate told him where the property was. \n\nTl;dr disabled inmates are assigned orderlies to help them with day-to-day tasks."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2udlcj
|
why aren't many students afraid of taking out loans for their degree, but are afraid of taking the same amount out to start a business?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2udlcj/eli5_why_arent_many_students_afraid_of_taking_out/
|
{
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"text": [
"Student loans are easier to get, and have more favorable conditions than the kind of loan you would take to start a business.\n\nOn top of that - they can't take your education away from you... they can totally take away your business... your money... and more from you.",
"I mean it is a different investment. Your knowledge you gain from a degree is (technically) permanent. There is a bit of a risk but if you choose the right major you are almost guaranteed a job with a decent wage. \n\nBusiness always have risk. No matter how great the idea.",
"Interest rates are likely to be much higher, if a college age person could even get approved for such a loan. Plus a college degree is expected to pay for itself in the long run. Starting a business is more of a risk.\nEspecially if you don't have the experience or education to know what you are doing.",
"It's all about culture. Youth are told to get an education and find a good job. The concept of starting a business is derided as too risky, and the reward is to become rich and evil. It's much better and safer to mortgage away your entire future with a good degree in basket weaving from an accredited university."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
8wigkf
|
when entering or leaving escalators, i realized a green flashing laser/light between the steps. does that light have any purpose?
|
I know that there's escalators that only turn on when someone enters but even the ones that run continously have it.
Also the other ones start up even before you pass the "laser barrier".
Waiting for my plane and tried it on every escalator I could find around the airport.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8wigkf/eli5_when_entering_or_leaving_escalators_i/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e1vs6xc"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"It's to make the edge of the steps more visible, serving a similar purpose to the yellow border on each step.\n\nIf you look at page 8 of [this brochure by mitsubishi electric](_URL_1_) or [page 9 of the specifications for KONE escalators](_URL_0_), you can see the lights are indicated to be for step demarcation, and safety is also referenced in the first link I provided."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.kone.co.uk/Images/KONE%20TransitMaster%20140_UK_2016%20OCT_tcm45-32392.pdf",
"http://www.mitsubishielectric.com/elevator/products/asme/escalators/z_type_es_usa/pdf/brochure.pdf"
]
] |
|
3nuxqu
|
what is causing the long wait times for the nhs?
|
I'm currently studying abroad in London (from the US) and I hear people complain about the NHS all of the time. What's causing the long wait times? Is it just a shortage of doctors? What are some of the proposed solutions?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3nuxqu/eli5what_is_causing_the_long_wait_times_for_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvri6dg"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"It's a combination of a shortage of staff, a shortage of funds, and (possibly unreasonably) high expectations.\n\nIn actual fact waiting times in the NHS for urgent care is shorter than in most other developed nations -- if you have a life-threatening illness or injury in the UK then you are likely to see a doctor at least as fast as you would anywhere else. Non-life-threatening situations do take a little longer do be seen, and that's mostly where people's grumbling comes from."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
e1s5yx
|
what is the difference between git and github
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e1s5yx/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_git_and_github/
|
{
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"f8rh936",
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"text": [
"Git is a really useful tool to Version Control code and other software related projects in order to track and manage changes to the code over time, a single repository stores the entire change history (who edited each and every line in the entire codebase and when they did). \n\nWhile this is very useful, real world software development requires multiple people working together and GitHub is a cloud storage platform for Git repositories so many people can easily collaborate through Git and its much less susceptible to accidents as it is stored remotely as well as locally on each users computer.\n\nGithub (and other Git related programs) has grown to encompass a whole bunch of other use cases to help with reviewing code, deploying code, and sharing projects with anyone in the world.",
"Git is a software tool first made by the guy who made linux. \nIt helps programmers work together. \nIt needs someone to do computer stuff to run. \n \nGitHub is a company that does the computer stuff to run Git. They're probably the biggest company that does it. \nWhen they first started they only provided Git stuff, now they provide non-Git stuff. \nThey run a website where you can ask them to do the computer stuff for you. So think something like Amazon being both the company and the website. \nThey also aren't the only company to provide computer stuff for Git. \nFor example, the company Atlassian has a service called BitBucket that provides the computer stuff to run Git."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1xvqvn
|
if the speed of light is the same in all reference frame, how is it observed when two photons are heading towards each other?
|
Title is fairly explanatory, but the intuitive solution is that a photon, A, heading in opposite direction of another, B, will, by superpositioning, observe B heading towards it at a speed of 2c. This is of course an observation done by defining A's frame of reference as itself, which again contradicts the speed of A being c in that system (it would, intuitively be 0 in this system)?
Further, what if an observer sees A and B moving towards each other, what will he observe the speed of A relative to B as? (I am guessing the answer here is c, but I have a hard time visualising how)
What I am looking for here is the how and the why, not the what (the answer to all the questions are probably c (?))
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xvqvn/eli5_if_the_speed_of_light_is_the_same_in_all/
|
{
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"cff21md",
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],
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"text": [
"There's no meaningful way to talk about what a photon would observe. ",
"If you're standing still and you see two photons passing by you but in opposite directions, you'll see each moving at the speed of light in each direction.\n\nIt is impossible to construct a reference frame for a photon because that would, as you say, require it to have zero velocity in its own reference frame, which is impossible as a photon must move at the speed of light in all reference frames."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
axxsr7
|
what is the difference between polypeptide and protein synthesis?
|
I'm currently studying polypeptide synthesis and the topic of protein synthesis came up. Is there a difference between the two? Atm, they seem like the same to me.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/axxsr7/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_polypeptide/
|
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"text": [
"Generally \"polypeptide\" or \"peptide\" is used to refer to small proteinaceous chains (some hormones for example), or to the chain that is synthesised before it has undergone the folding and modification stages (glycosylation etc) in the ER and Golgi. \"Protein\" then is used to refer to this mature form. As far as the tRNA/mRNA/ribosome stage goes though, the two names refer to the same thing I'm pretty sure.",
"Polypeptides are essentially the Lego bricks of proteins and enzymes. So essentially you get multiple polypeptide chains being folded together to form a protein or enzyme. So polypeptides and proteins are synthesized in the same way but proteins just have some extra steps at the end.",
"Polypeptide synthesis is referring to only the part where the amino acids are put together. Protein synthesis would be including the extra processes after that. \n\nThat is the most likely explanation. However some professors can be annoying and use the terms interchangeably in which case it doesn't really matter. ",
"I would think that polypeptide synthesis specifically refers to the connection of the individual amino acids, which would revolve around the ribosome, and the process of translation. I would then assume that referring to protein synthesis would include interactions with itself, like forming hydrogen bonds, Van der Waal forces and Disulfide bridges, forming a tertiary structure, as well as the interactions between various polypeptide chains, resulting in a quaternary structure. I hope this helped"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2trv8d
|
after a few deep breaths of cold air, why are my lungs so sensitive?
|
For a few minutes after, taking a deep breath of room temperature air even hurts and makes me cough. I'd imagine it's something along the lines of an asthmatic reaction, no?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2trv8d/eli5_after_a_few_deep_breaths_of_cold_air_why_are/
|
{
"a_id": [
"co1rj5v"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The purpose of your upper respiratory tract is to warm and moisturize air before it gets to your lungs because the cells lining the inside of the lungs are very sensitive to these conditions. If you're breathing really cold air then there isn't time for it to reach ideal temperatures, and it can irritate or damage the cells in your lungs, which may cause them to produce mucous or become inflamed, as in an asthmatic reaction."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4dg47u
|
drugs that intoxicate people, like meth, were they discovered by accident? or are there drugs that were formed with the goal of getting people high set in mind? how are new, apparently more potent drugs formed?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4dg47u/eli5_drugs_that_intoxicate_people_like_meth_were/
|
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"text": [
"A lot of drugs can be hypothesized at what they do before they are discovered but it doesn't happen all the time. In this case, a Romanian dude first figured out amphetamines in the 1800s then the Japanese took it and figured out the synthesis to methamphetamine and it was widely used for German soldiers in the world wars. \n",
"Most recreational drugs have some sort of Plant/Fungal precursor in the case of meth it was this bad boy _URL_0_\n\nbut there are heaps of other exmaples.. look up ergot poisoning ",
"Most complex drugs were created in an attempt to solve valid health problems, and were discovered to have side-effects that included intoxication. If you want a detailed account of how each drug was discovered/created, I suggest you research that particular drug.\n\nDrug-based criminal organizations currently employ experienced chemists to refine existing drugs based on three principles: lowering cost of production/increasing output, increasing addictive qualities/increasing the \"high\", and attempting to circumvent detection. Sometimes, a \"new\" drug is created in this attempt.",
"I could be way off here, but I think it goes something like this - people have known for a long time that certain chemicals are released in the brain that give us certain feelings, like dopamine. 'drugs' just mimic these and make our brain think it needs to produce a whole lot of that feeling. Natural drugs like cannibinoids are just naturally so similar that they work. Drugs that are manufactured like meth are chemically formulated to do just that - when these drugs are made they often have good intentions, but then we find out they do something really bad in testing. For instance mdma was created to ease depression - it works, but only temporary and long term use can make a user brain dead, as well as many other side effects. Drugs like meth are off shoots of drugs that are used all the time - amphetamines. Those are widely used as adhd medications and stuff. \nBasically few drugs are discovered by accident, I think lsd was. The rest are made on purpose with the hope of creating a molecule that will trigger the release of certain brain function and sometimes it gets you fucked up and has bad side effects. ",
"I wish I could remember the name of the book, but drugs in the mdma/2ci family were created by a govt employed scientist in an attempt to stay ahead of the curve of drugs being created. He spent years modifying chemicals and them testing them on himself. Some of them became pretty big hits, and his lab journals are published and available for purchase. ",
"LSD was an oopsiedaisy.\n\nAlbert Hofmann was investigating chemicals from the Ergot fungus to find one that might not be toxic and might also induce labor. Ergot had been used as a folk remedy for some time.\n\nHofmann broke down the chemicals extracted from the fungus to get Lysergic Acid, and then started 'adding' to the base to see if he could discover a compound useful to medicine. The 25th compound he created, LSD-25, is the one that is we're interested in, however at the time it was found to be unremarkable\n\n > the research report noted in passing that the experimental animals became highly excited during testing\n\nIt was apparently useless, and Hofmann went on with his life, continuing to synthesize more compounds from lysergic acid.\n\nFive years later, he was still oddly curious about his LSD-25, Hofmann synthesized it again, and accidentally exposed himself to a minute quantity, tripped balls, and spent the rest of his life investigating entheogens and psychedelics.",
"Heroin was supposed to be a less addictive form of morphine. Bayer had discovered that adding an acetyl group onto the naturally occuring salicyclic acid made an effective painkiller without causing all the stomach issues that the salicylic acid alone did. Acetylsalicyclic acid, also known as asprin, was such a success they thought something similar might work with morphine. They added 2 acetyl groups, giving the world that lovely semisynthetic opiate known as heroin. ",
"I'm reading [The Pursuit of Oblivion: A Global History of Narcotics by Richard Davenport-Hines](_URL_0_) and basically with every prohibition law passed on a drug, another more potent drug was created or discovered in order to satisfy the \"gap\" the other drug left. \n\nEdit:\nFor example, amphetamines and methamphetamine (crystal meth) was made into a pharmacetical drug used as a nasal decongestant in the 30's, and heavily abused by people (like another pharmacetical drugs as aspirin and barbiturates) after the government regulated cocaine, heroin, opiates and marijuana.",
"So, this is a complicated and convoluted question.\n\nBrand new (novel) compounds with brand new mechanisms of action, at least historically, were discovered by accident. Think aspirin and willow bark, cocaine and coca leaves, etc. Usually people figured out that certain plants have beneficial properties, in this case pain relief and energy, respectively.\n\nLater, chemists come along and try to isolate the active compounds and create things that are much more potent than anything ever found in nature.\n\nTo answer your questions about newer synthetic or semi-synthetic drugs, they are almost always created intentionally. We know that adding certain structures or groups, sometimes called moieties, impacts the properties of drugs in our bodies. We can use specific groups to block metabolism and keep them around longer, we can use other types of groups to aid in crossing the blood brain barrier, thus increasing central nervous system effects.\n\nI can suppose that if I add a methyl group in a certain place, that might make a particular drug more or less active (depending on its site of action). I can then add the methyl group and test my supposition.\n\nHuge caveat here - drugs in the body almost never behave exactly like we think, and sometimes changes can behave radically different.\n\nSecond huge caveat, and the clinch point for my explanation and your question - drugs aren't usually created to \"get people high\" and they aren't created by basement \"cooks\" looking to peddle their wares. Those people almost exclusively use simple and well trodden synthesis pathways to produce established commercially viable, illegal, compounds.\n\n\nFor example, the difference between morphine, codeine, and heroin come down to single molecules. In the body, they are all metabolized to codeine. What makes them different is how the small changes in structure allow them to cross into your brain easier and stay around longer.",
"Check out TIHKAL and PIHKAL, it was written by Alexander Shulgin and is basically a cook book for hundreds of substances that were synthesized to see if they were drugs. He tried all of them, and his wife tried several too. But the base substance that served as inspiration already existed in nature so his contribution was the discovery of more or less active analogs. \n\nEdit: He theorized that the substance would be active before he synthesized each of them, so he figured it out based on experience and knowledge. ",
"Both, a lot of drugs were discovered because someone ate something and they started tripping balls.\n\nAround the 19th and early 20th Century we spent a lot of time purifying, synthesising and modifying natural \"drugs\" and ended up with some drugs (MDMA, LSD, Methamphetamine).\n\nThese started as chemists modifying known drugs to try and get different effects. Such as Meth which was to try and make a \"super\" soldier who didn't need sleep, in fact amphetamines are still used in some countries airforce (maybe all countries).\n\nMeth became a huge problem because Japanese and German military was stock piling it for use during world war II, after the war ended they flooded the market with the surplus.",
"The guy that discovered LSD as a hallucinogenic did so completely by accident. He spilt some of it on his hand and shortly after he was having a wicked time riding his bicycle!! ",
"Fun fact: heroin was invented as an addiction-free alternative for all the morphine-addicted veterans from the Civil War",
"Look up Alexander Shulgin. Dude was a damn pioneer when it came to drugs. TiHKaL and PiHKaL.",
"The term 'drug' is used to describe a compound that has an effect on a living system. These are often naturally occurring, like morphine, or aspirin, or cyanide.\n\nIn the context of recreational use, and your particular interest in cannabis, the use of the word drug can be misleading. Methamphetamine is a drug, and as other people have commented, it is derived from a plant, along with several other psychoactive compounds with the amphetamine base.\n\nCannabis is not, in that sense, a drug. Its active components are known as cannabinoids, and there are hundreds of them, each of which you could refer to as a drug in its own right, but not all of them are psychoactive, not all of them make you hungry, etc.\n\nDrugs are developed in a few ways. I'll use the opium poppy as my example:\n\nRaw opium gets you high. People have been doing it for thousands of years, and the extent of drug development over most of that time was in the breeding of the plants. Then one day an organic chemist called Serturner came along and wanted to isolate the active component from the raw opium. He first attempt he tested on some dogs and some of them got high and one died. Then a while later he used a better technique and made some crystalline powder which he tested on himself and some 17 year old 'friends' (he was in his early 30s). They all got high, and sick, and had a generally bad time, but he was happy with the results and started selling it as morphine. \n\nSome other naturally occurring 'drugs' from opium exist including codeine which some other guy purified some time later. \n\nThen people started playing with morphine in labs and started creating synthetic drugs. \n\nTo answer your questions:\n\n- They were not 'designing' new drugs based on improving morphine in a certain way, but they were hoping to make lots, and then figure out which ones were better in the ways they desired (in the case of morphine a lot of attention was on finding something less addictive, faster onset, faster offset etc)\n\n- Because they were working with morphine it's safe to assume they didn't want to lose the 'getting people high' effect\n\n- Some of these turned out to be more potent (like fentanyl, which for many years was used only by anaesthetists because it's an extremely helpful drug in that setting, but has recently been used more and more in pain treatment outside the hospital, and is now being produced in backyards, sold all over the streets, and responsible for thousands of deaths because if a user thinks what they have is heroin then they'll give themselves 100 times the lethal dose. This is not uncommon) and they were quickly recognised.\n\nThat's not entirely true because during WWII the germans were doing a lot of this and they actually found this compound that they decided was lethal etc and it turned out after the americans took all of their research back to the US after the war that this particular compound was just super potent and the tests they were running were using relatively massive doses. This drug is now known as methadone, is very good at staving off the cravings and withdrawals associated with opiate addiction, and, ironically, doesn't really get you high.\n\nTo address your question about whether it's by accident - it's more accurate to look at it as trial and error. It's rare, though not unheard of, for a psychoactive compound to be discovered when you're looking for something that will treat something boring, like diabetes. Otherwise, people have spent a lot of time and effort looking for psychotropics, and they do so either by purifying an existing blend of chemicals, or by playing with the structure of an existing pure compound, and testing each and every one of the resulting compounds for its effects. So in this sense, it's very much deliberate (this is how many other psychedelic drugs were created from LSD).\n\nTL;DR People discovering drugs that can and will be used recreationally often know exactly what they're doing. In that sense, it usually isn't by accident that the result gets you high. They are, though, usually doing it with some sort of legal therapy in mind because that's how you get funded to do that sort of research\n\nEdit: formatting and remembering to add serturner's name",
"There are also alot religious reasons for the use of mind expanding drugs. For example, the ayahuasca root of South America has been used by the locals of said regions of Peru for enlightenment and meditation. In fact, ayahusca is protected in South America as a religious right, prompting many foreigners to travel exclusively to Peru to take it legally in Ayachuasca retreat centers.\nAlso, cacti such as mescaline (also called peyote) have been used by Mexican indiginous tribes for such enlightenment as well. If I am not mistaken, mescaline in also still legal to grow and use exclusively in reservations. \n\nThe harder stimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine have also been around for quite awhile, and for a short time were actually common in drugstores across America. Cocaine was commonly used as an anesthetic back then, and meth was distributed to soldiers during WW2 to keep them awake during trench battles.\n\nCannabis (proof God loves us) was also used in cough syrups and pain relievers back in the 1800's and late 1900's before its cultivation ban.",
"Check out Food of The Gods by Terence McKenna for some fascinating history on drugs -- including the ones that aren't often recognized as such i.e. sugar, tobacco, coffee. Some of it is factual and some is speculative (like prehistoric man eating mushrooms on the savanna eventually leading to birth of religion -- which is a theory I find plausible).\n\nEdit -- The book also goes into your last question, how we went from opium to heroin, mead to grain alcohol, coca leaves to crack & so on.",
"The answer to that question varies from substance to substance. Many drugs come from plants or chemicals that humans ingested and noticed effects. This includes opioids, starting with people eating the poppy plant which was later refined into opium then heroin and other drugs. Alcohol is also speculated to be a happy accident discovered in the form of short beer (~1% ABV). Back in those days water sterilisation had not been discovered, so people who drank short beer instead of water would get a light buzz and would not get sick from waterborne diseases. LSD was also discovered by accident by Dr. Hoffman after noticing odd the behaviour of his test animals. Ayahuasca is a tea made from two jungle plants. One contains DMT (the world's most powerful hallucinogenic substance) and the other plant contains an MAOI, a substance that makes DMT orally active.\n\nOther drugs were designed by man. I'm not even going to get into pharmaceuticals. Most recently people have seen the emergence of recreational drugs known as designer drugs or research chems. If you look into tryptamine or phenethylamine, although both were originally found in nature in plants and animals, they can easily be modified to change the effects. You can find entire books by Alexander Shulgan, titled PIHKAL and TIHKAL, of substances that he designed including the 2C series, 25-enbome series under the class phenethylamine and dozens of tryptamines. \n\nAs for meth, I believe amphetamines were designed and synthesized in the late 1800's and through simple methylation \"meth\" was invented soon after.\n"
]
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[
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"http://www.amazon.com/The-Pursuit-Oblivion-History-Narcotics/dp/0393325458"
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2e34p0
|
why do you almost instantly forget someone's name when you meet them for the first time?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2e34p0/eli5_why_do_you_almost_instantly_forget_someones/
|
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"The brain actually has a very large portion dedicated to deciding exactly what we remember, and exactly what we do not. Our brains simply are not powerful enough to remember everything in detail all the time without long term consequences. \n\nWe see and hear a lot, but it is only a faction that makes it into our short term memory, and even less still that eventually becomes long term memory. After a few hours you won't remember every word of this, but you might remember the gist of it. If the answer does not engage you enough, then you may not remember it at all after a few days. "
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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||
jfep5
|
what makes developing for xbox and playstation so different from pcs. aren't they also just computers?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jfep5/eli5_what_makes_developing_for_xbox_and/
|
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"What about the code environment? Is it the same for PC and consoles? Are console versions written in different languages than the PC versions?",
"* Console pick a resolution and stick with it. If the target is 720p, the game will render at 1280x720 and upscale to 1920x1080 or downscale to 852x480. Games that have been scaled look like crap; PC gamers *demand* that games render at the native resolution of their monitor. Any game that doesn't is (properly) derided as crap. If there is only one resolution to render at, the designers can make a huge number of assumptions that greatly simplify development.\n* Every user of a console game uses the same controller. The people that *don't* use that controller use a controller that emulates the normal controller. On the other hand, PC gamers not only demand that games work with whatever bizarre keyboard or speed pad or keypad or joystick they own, but they demand that the game allows buttons to be remapped to suit their similarly bizarre purposes. Ask 100 different WoW players what buttons do what and you'll get 150 different responses.\n* Every console has the same CPU, the same video card, the same amount of RAM, the same storage medium, and none of them have any processes running in the background. If a game encounters a slowdown in a certain situation, the game will *always* slow down there on every single console owned by every single user every single time. You can then optimize that section or cut detail in that section. On the other hand, some PCs are CPU limited, some PCs are GPU limited, some PCs are memory bandwidth limited, some PCs are memory quantity limited, some PCs have more or less disk space or disk speed, some PCs have resident programs (malware, malware scanners, a browser that was left open with a flash animation running, crappy OEM software like picture organizers that are always running, the hideous monstrosity that is HP's printer suite) that sop up any given resource, and you typically can't predict the slow parts. You'll need to expose every detail setting to the user to enable them to configure it, and then you'll need to know when the user is a fucking moron and override some of their settings if you need to.\n* Video cards from ATI and nVidia behave much differently. There are differences between each generation of video cards, sometimes drastic ones. You need a few different rendering paths, and need to pick the right one depending on what hardware is available. Consoles do not have this problem. Other devices can have similar problems (sound cards might perform certain functions slowly or at the use of a lot of CPU) and in all cases you need to be more tolerant of whacky inputs.\n* PC gamers are, to varying degrees, tolerant of bugs at launch, console gamers are not. Console gamers are more tolerant of minor bugs that persist, PC gamers do not tolerate bugs that are not eventually fixed.",
"It's like Italian, Japanese and Australian people are all people but they speak different languages. If the Australian wants to ask the Italian or Japanese person what time it is, they can do it by pointing at their watch because everyone will understand what is being asked and how to answer it. This is okay for simple questions but doesn't work so well for more complicated things. To be able to answer more complicated problems, the people can learn each other's language. To understand some things takes a bit of effort. By the time the Japanese person understands all of the Australian's strange phrases, they are practically Australian. An American or English person might find that easier because the language they speak is closer to start with.\n\nThe different consoles, PCs, Macs and phones are all computers that understand different language. Some of the simpler things about them are often the same but the more complicated things they can do are often different.",
"* Take a 1 reddit (distance measurement) racetrack. \n\n* For the Xbox and PlayStation the 1 reddit race track never changes. You can ride around on your bike a million times and you get to know all the small tricks of the racetrack. You can go really fast all the time.\n\n* For the computer, the 1 reddit racetrack changes everytime you go on it. You may have a better bike that would like you pedal faster but since you do not know all the small tricks, you can not go as fast. ",
"Making games is like making tires for bikes, kinda. With consoles, everyone has the exact same bike, so the tire can be made for the bike. With PCs, everyone has slightly different bikes, different size tires, different gears, and sometimes they even have different numbers of wheels! The people who ride PC bikes want a tire to be perfect for every single bike, no matter how strange their specific bike may be.",
"What about the code environment? Is it the same for PC and consoles? Are console versions written in different languages than the PC versions?",
"* Console pick a resolution and stick with it. If the target is 720p, the game will render at 1280x720 and upscale to 1920x1080 or downscale to 852x480. Games that have been scaled look like crap; PC gamers *demand* that games render at the native resolution of their monitor. Any game that doesn't is (properly) derided as crap. If there is only one resolution to render at, the designers can make a huge number of assumptions that greatly simplify development.\n* Every user of a console game uses the same controller. The people that *don't* use that controller use a controller that emulates the normal controller. On the other hand, PC gamers not only demand that games work with whatever bizarre keyboard or speed pad or keypad or joystick they own, but they demand that the game allows buttons to be remapped to suit their similarly bizarre purposes. Ask 100 different WoW players what buttons do what and you'll get 150 different responses.\n* Every console has the same CPU, the same video card, the same amount of RAM, the same storage medium, and none of them have any processes running in the background. If a game encounters a slowdown in a certain situation, the game will *always* slow down there on every single console owned by every single user every single time. You can then optimize that section or cut detail in that section. On the other hand, some PCs are CPU limited, some PCs are GPU limited, some PCs are memory bandwidth limited, some PCs are memory quantity limited, some PCs have more or less disk space or disk speed, some PCs have resident programs (malware, malware scanners, a browser that was left open with a flash animation running, crappy OEM software like picture organizers that are always running, the hideous monstrosity that is HP's printer suite) that sop up any given resource, and you typically can't predict the slow parts. You'll need to expose every detail setting to the user to enable them to configure it, and then you'll need to know when the user is a fucking moron and override some of their settings if you need to.\n* Video cards from ATI and nVidia behave much differently. There are differences between each generation of video cards, sometimes drastic ones. You need a few different rendering paths, and need to pick the right one depending on what hardware is available. Consoles do not have this problem. Other devices can have similar problems (sound cards might perform certain functions slowly or at the use of a lot of CPU) and in all cases you need to be more tolerant of whacky inputs.\n* PC gamers are, to varying degrees, tolerant of bugs at launch, console gamers are not. Console gamers are more tolerant of minor bugs that persist, PC gamers do not tolerate bugs that are not eventually fixed.",
"It's like Italian, Japanese and Australian people are all people but they speak different languages. If the Australian wants to ask the Italian or Japanese person what time it is, they can do it by pointing at their watch because everyone will understand what is being asked and how to answer it. This is okay for simple questions but doesn't work so well for more complicated things. To be able to answer more complicated problems, the people can learn each other's language. To understand some things takes a bit of effort. By the time the Japanese person understands all of the Australian's strange phrases, they are practically Australian. An American or English person might find that easier because the language they speak is closer to start with.\n\nThe different consoles, PCs, Macs and phones are all computers that understand different language. Some of the simpler things about them are often the same but the more complicated things they can do are often different.",
"* Take a 1 reddit (distance measurement) racetrack. \n\n* For the Xbox and PlayStation the 1 reddit race track never changes. You can ride around on your bike a million times and you get to know all the small tricks of the racetrack. You can go really fast all the time.\n\n* For the computer, the 1 reddit racetrack changes everytime you go on it. You may have a better bike that would like you pedal faster but since you do not know all the small tricks, you can not go as fast. ",
"Making games is like making tires for bikes, kinda. With consoles, everyone has the exact same bike, so the tire can be made for the bike. With PCs, everyone has slightly different bikes, different size tires, different gears, and sometimes they even have different numbers of wheels! The people who ride PC bikes want a tire to be perfect for every single bike, no matter how strange their specific bike may be."
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2dmz3q
|
why is christianity mainly found in europe, the americas, and sub-saharan africa when the areas around where jesus actually lived are still dominated by islam?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dmz3q/eli5_why_is_christianity_mainly_found_in_europe/
|
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"Islam came after Christianity and managed to conquer those Middle Eastern areas.",
"Ok, here's a rough and over-simplified version.\n\nChristianity was born in Jerusalem but didn't really take off until it became the official religion of the Roman Empire. The Romans then helped spread it around Europe. After the romans dissolved, the middle east was taken by the muslims. Christians tried to take it back with the crusades, but all they managed to do was ultimately unite the muslims against them into even stronger nations.\n\nAfter that, the Europeans colonized America which is why they kept their religion, and they also conquered sub-saharan africa, and sent missionaries there to convert the locals. And that's why we have christianty all over the place except for the place where it was born."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
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[],
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2qp2lt
|
why a 3tb hard drive costs $100 but a 1tb is $90?
|
I mean I don't really get that, Seagate for example has a drive like this, shouldn't the 1TB be 1/3 of the price?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qp2lt/eli5_why_a_3tb_hard_drive_costs_100_but_a_1tb_is/
|
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"There are base costs that have to go into the drive even if it's 1 MB (materials, labour, etc.). The additional cost to the manufacturer for the extra TB or two is not much.",
"I have a folder that I take into meetings with me. Something a bit like [this](_URL_0_)\n\nI can put a notepad into that folder. I can go for 80 pages, or 160 pages. It costs very little extra for me to increase my capacity, and go for the 160 page option.\n\nThis is like a hard drive. You're not just paying for the amount of data that you can fit on there, you're also paying for the case, for the the electronics, and for everything else that you get that lets the hard drive do its job - and that's the expensive bit."
]
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|
3h7erh
|
why is thirst/dehydration easier to ignore than hunger?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3h7erh/eli5_why_is_thirstdehydration_easier_to_ignore/
|
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"Dehydration involves your entire body, it is more of a general feeling. Hunger gets its own specific organ as its advocate, and it likes to complain when it has been empty for too long.",
"The time frame matters here. In the very short term (hours) thirst is easier to ignore than hunger, and I'll get to that below. In the longer term, dehydration has a much bigger impact: if you don't have any fluid or any water, you will die of dehydration (~3 days) much faster than you will die of starvation (~3 weeks). \n\nIn the short term, why can we ignore our thirst cravings? The answer is, we don't know! From wikipedia:\n > However, the true neuroscience of this conscious craving is not fully clear. In general, the end-result is towards behavior of drinking for hydration, but this can to some degree be resisted, such as in voluntary fluid restriction.\n\nThirst is complicated. It has to do with how much fluid you have in your body total, and also, how concentrated with salts is that fluid. A lot of body systems are involved (excretory, endocrine, cardiopulmonary, etc). Here is some speculation: I suspect that those systems are trying to work together to find a balance that works for the organism as a whole, so maybe no one system fully takes over -compelling you to drink- until you're quite dehydrated. \n\nHunger is slightly less complicated. It has to do with the cells of your body getting the nutrients they need. Each cell is like a car that needs fuel, and that fuel comes from food. When they don't have easy access to nutrients, they have to rely on less optimal means of operation. Your body's response to that is like, \"Eat something, ya jackass\". The digestive system releases a chemical called [ghrelin](_URL_0_), which causes your stomach to contract, aka \"hunger pain\" as a reminder to eat.\n\n\n",
"I have noticed that there are times when I feel hungry when in fact all I need is some water. It's not severe dehydration, but it takes away the hunger pangs. Maybe this has some effect on what you are talking about; maybe at times when you feel hunger, you are just thirty.",
"You can quell hunger with water often times, because you're really dehydrated; not hungry. ",
"Only at first....all things being equal and starting at once, eventually hunger subsides in advanced malnutrition. Starvation can take weeks. \n\nDehydration doesn't start with a bang like hunger..but it creeps up slowly and hits harder. First, you are just thirsty. Then, *really* thirsty. And it gets desperate. Your head begins to ache, your heart begins to palpatate, you may get nausea or diarrhea (which makes things worse, faster). Then your cognitive abilities slip. The headache becomes agonizing. Your pee goes from normal to orange to brown, then stops. Your kidneys begin to hurt. Your mouth goes dry, your tounge swells..it all becomes agonizing. Really, a horrible way to die. And all that ONLY takes 48 hours. Sometimes less in the right conditions. ",
"Thirst is mediated by the renin angiotensin system, one of the most important biochemical systems we have to regulate fluid volume in the body. Hunger is part of a system that activates your sympathetic nervous system to access stored nutrients in fat and glycogen. Primary mediators of this is norepinephrine and epinephrine, which are known to cause anxiety at high doses. I would think the anxiety from your sympathetic response makes it more difficult to ignore hunger vs the RAS system which is pretty good at managing fluid levels at homeostasis. ",
"For me first symptoms of hunger are more annoying compared to light dehydration. Feeling of hunger does not seem to get much worse after than, but dehydration gets worse and worse in time.",
"I went to the hospital for dehydration last month. Your body doesn't need water for energy, so your stomach will tell you when you are hungry, but you don't have the same response for dehydration. Your body tells you that you are dehydrated subtly, and then very violently when its bad. \n\nI blacked out and experienced a 'fencing' response from low blood pressure. Heart rate @ 40 etc. Went to the hospital and they shot me up with 2 bags of fluid and went home. Fel pretty terrible for a couple days. ",
"It isn't, at least not for me. I fasted for two weeks once and had no trouble ignoring hunger after the second day. The equivalent for drinking (not two weeks of course, but maybe 1-2 days without water from any source) is horrific.\n\nIf you're thinking of times you ate but didn't drink, remember most food has lots of water in it.",
"What in the fuck? Is this true to everyone. I have a lot easier time going without food ",
"Just throwing this out there - maybe it's because it's harder to find fresh clean water than to just eat food that might already contain moisture. If your body needs fluid you could die from thirst looking for it but if you're driven by hunger then the food you eat may supply at least the bare minimum of moisture. Like surviving a trek through the desert by eating roots and cacti.\n\nJust a thought anyway.",
"I disagree, I can go for a much longer period of time without food, than water, without feeling shitty",
"I worked on a farm for a few years, outside in the heat. I didn't always have ready access to water. Sometimes I forgot to bring along a water bottle. \n\nThere is no craving more powerful than the craving for water when you are really fucking thirsty. ",
"I study physiology and I would argue that the reason thirst is easier to suppress than hunger is because a study by Sickl et. al in 1986 found that the swallowing reflex was sufficient to quench thirst without fluid needing to be in the stomach. They did this by sticking a tube down subjects' throats and sucking it out once they drank water. They found that thirst was generally quenched after a few swallows regardless of the fact that water was removed from the stomach. This is why a lot of runners I know chew gum. Hunger on the other hand is much more hormonal and requires ingestion of nutrients to trigger the satiated response. ",
"Not a very scientific response, but last time I heard it was because you get most of your fluids from food. Meaning, not only does food nourish you, it also rehydrates you (the extent varies). So, from a survival standpoint, having a good meal can last you much longer than a good drink. However, being truly thirsty is much harder to ignore than regular hunger. When you're really thirsty, it's your body going, \"Oh shit, you're drying out fast, we don't have time to find food GET TO A WATER SOURCE NOW.\"\n\nIt's a little like the difference between a consistently annoying alarm, and a gentle reminder to a full blown systems shutdown crawl to water or die red alert.",
"OP what's the longest you've gone without water?",
"Off topic but does anyone find that they don't drink enough? I find it hard to drink the 2 to 3 litres that you're supposed to drink because I don't tend to get thirsty that much. ",
"Its only up to a point anyways right? I mean you might not feel too much after a day without water compared to a day without food but during the second day of dehydration you will very likely be hallucinating and quasi-delirious! You can starve for a pretty long while before you start seeing shit lol \n\nNot to mention that you get more water from your food than you think... You might think you have only gotten about 1L of water that day but you might easily have gotten another 0.5L from just eating a lot of juicy foods!",
"I think it depends on the intensity of the hunger and thirst. When I wrestled, I could ignore hunger pangs, but dehydration and severe cotton mouth was excruciating. ",
"I know it's anecdotal, but I completely disagree. I can ignore my hunger for an entire day. Wake up at 6am and not bother to eat until the next day, no problem. Water though? I need that the very moment I feel the need come on.",
"First of all, your body cannot do much to retain food. The process is very well coordinated and just goes one way: food gets in, food goes down the digestive tube at a speed which falls in a pre-dermined frame, which can be accelerated or slowed a bit, and then gets out.\n\nThis is the reason why we have body fat. We cannot do much with food except extract all the nutrition and pretty much store the surplus, if any.\n\nThis means that the resilience of the system is shifted toward the medium-long term.\n\nWater, instead, is absorbed and incorporated into blood. Your kidney throw out quite a bit of stuff. Your urine can be more or less concentrated, which basically depends on how well hydrated you are, but there's a top limit at how much your kidneys can concentrate urine, so there's a given amount of water you need to throw out every day. On top of that, there's transpiration (sweating), which is the only mechanism your body has to push its temperature down (excessive heat is bad because a lot of the enzymes which perform important tasks in your body are Heath-sensitive, the human body can function well in a pretty limited temperature interval and really does not want to overheat).\n\nSo basically you're bound to lose a given amount of water every day, no matter what, your body can't help it.\n\nIt takes a bit more to get really thirsty because you need to go over a bunch of mechanisms your body has (pretty much, kidney water resorption) to start becoming really thirsty, but once you get dehydrated enough, it's a grade A imperative for your body to get some more water, otherwise systems (among those, critically, the kidney itself, which is largely sensible to dehydration) will start shutting down pretty quickly. The reason you die faster is that your blood volume is the only reserve you get and cannot really store any surplus. Being hungry, on the other hand, does not mean you're running dangerously low on anything, it just means the food has gone through your stomach quite a bit ago and you blood sugar is lowering, your body is basically telling you 'Look, you get more in or I start mobilizing stuff out the storage, tell me which one you prefer'.\n\nReal thirst is much more urgent, when you start to experience real thirst, your body is telling you 'Look, you get liquids in or I shut down'\n\nFrom an evolutionary point of view, I would guess it means our ancestors tended not to be too far away from a water source ever, so being able to store water was not really an issue, while food had a more random pattern of availability, so it was important to be able to store the excess when you had some. \n",
"must be personal, I can go 24 hours without eating and not be too bothered, but if I don't drink water every few hours I'm hating life. ",
"The answer he is looking for is that hunger pains happen when you havent eaten and not when you havent hydrated is that stomach acid isnt affected by how much water you drink. If you havent eaten, your stomach acid just sits and eats your stomach, causing nausea and pain, whereas you just get really thirsty if you arent hydrated. ",
"Soft thirst maybe. But dehydratation just kills the feeling of hunger. Just experience how it feels to spend a couple of hours without water when you just really need it, and you'll see. It feels like you're going to die.",
"For me it's the other way around. Hunger I can ignore for a while. But when I'm thirsty I will make every effort to get a drink in my mouth ASAP",
"Ops question is still pretty valid. People are saying that \"you've never been thirsty before\" and thats fine. \n\nThe question is especially a good one if were talking about our elderly population. Those in their advanced years are more likely to get dehydrated, at a higher degree. its not because they ignored it. its the fact that by the time they get symptoms of being dehydrated, thats it's almost too late, they need intravenous therapy by then. \n\ntheres this thing called insensible water loss too",
"You might be interested in reading about the effects of hunger and thirst. There is an awesome book out called In The Heart of the Sea. Its about the sinking of the whaleship Essex. The survivors lived on about 300 calories a day and very little water (i forget how much). Then towards the end as people start dying off, the others resort to cannibalism. At one point they all agree to draw lots (basically like drawing the short stick) to determine who should kill themselves and sacrifice themselves for food. The author even goes on to bring in other similar accounts of starvation and dehydration on the ocean.\n\nIts a really good read on top of an excellent historical account.\n\nFun Fact Edit: The sinking of the whaleship Essex is what inspired the novel Moby Dick. ",
"Go get lost in the wilderness on a hot summer day. I drank from a still, murky pond and reveled in it. Until the aftertaste hit.",
"By the time I'm noticing any symptoms of mild dehydration, the very idea of taking a drink is a bit revolting. At the point I actually need fluids, I don't feel thirst at all, but the opposite. Hunger I feel all the time. It takes an effort not to eat out of boredom. I drink because I know I have to, and I only drink flavored drinks because plain water just tastes like the chemicals and minerals in it, and is disgusting to the point it tends to make me feel a bit physically sick. At least the flavored stuff motivates me by getting some flavor on my tongue. Whenever I'm out and forced to drink water, I tend to get very noticeably dehydrated quickly, and drink just enough to keep the symptoms within acceptable limits of discomfort.",
"One time I was very sick (diarrhea, vomiting, etc.) I couldn't keep anything down - including water. \n\nI went to sleep that night after forcing down a cup and went to bed. I threw up more that night, and then went back to sleep.\n\nI woke up and I felt... off. My heart didn't feel right. It was hard to think. I could tell I was on the verge of death.\n\nI am very grateful for IV fluids. ",
"I have no scientific background, but I'd bet it's because we derive so much pleasure from food. Combine that with comfort eating and coping mechanisms and you have an answer.",
"The opposite is true for me. It might be personal. It might be that you drink plenty without realizing it. ",
"it is? how? where? did you get the idea that thirst is easier to ignore?\n\nit's boggling my mind right now",
"Not for me. I am thirsty more often than hungry and can put off hunger for quite awhile.\n\nI can not put off being thirsty. I almost always have a gallon of water with me when I can.",
"You have clearly never tried fasting. Food is easy to abstain, the lack of water is what gets ya!",
"It is? I can't stand being thirsty, I'd much rather not eat all day than not drink all day.",
"Its not at all. \nWhen I was a wrestler I would routinely loose 15-20 lbs in a week some times in extreme cases up to 10 lbs in a day. It was mostly water weight that I would have to sweat out. It was horrible. I eventual got a lot better at cutting weight by making sure I would never have to loose more than 5 lbs in a day which wasn't that hard to do. I made sure of this by going days without eating any food at all but allowing myself to drink water. Not eating sucks but its nothing compared to being dehydrated. you actually feel like your going to die. the longest I ever went without any water was 2 and 1/2 days and in that time I lost 15lbs. I wouldn't wish that feeling on anybody, All you can think about is water, your entire body hurts, I couldn't shower because I would involuntarily drink the water and I couldn't sleep because my brain hurt so much. so ya from experience I would go a week with no food over dehydration no question.\n\nTLDR: been both starving and dehydrated. dehydrated is much worse ",
"Disagree. If you have fasted which I see you had from your answer below, you would know that thirst is harder to ignore than hunger. Our body is made of 70% water and without water, our bodies dehydrate and our cells die. Also, you can survive for a while without food, but without water you will be in serious health trouble after three days.",
"You have never really been thirsty then. A few years ago I was backpacking near Zion National park in late May. I was expecting a creek to be about half way to the end of a day's hike. Unfortunately, it was dry. I got to hike an extra 10 miles to get to water in 100 degree weather. It wasn't life threatening, I had drank 3 liters to the point where I should have refilled, but was empty when I ran into where the creek should have been.\n\nThe last four miles where really miserable. All I could think about was how dry my mouth was and how cool and refreshing a dip in the creek would be. I ended up only going about five hours without water, but dehydration was starting to kick in. I would have really been in trouble if the next source was dry also. Fortunately, it was not. It was also near a road so I could have hailed a ride if need be. ",
"Because there is water in food but no food in water therefore our nervouse systems have evolved to send stronger hunger pings than thirst pings. ",
"Speaking solely from a physiological standpoint thirst can be fought off more easily due to the outstanding reabsorptive abilities of our kidneys. To highlight the contrast, I'll start with explaining solid food (calories) and the GI system.\n\nWhen you consume food, your body releases various enzymes to help break down that food and absorb the nutrients in the small intestine. Once the bolus (lump) of food nears the end of the small intestine, the body is pretty much done absorbing nutrients from it. The bolus enters the large intestine, where excess water is reabsorbed to create a more solid fecal matter.\n\n**The important thing to note is that there is no way for the GI tract to recycle that bolus and send it back up to extract more nutrients from it. The best it can do is decrease motility (slow down the passage) of the bolus to yield a greater amount of time the small intestine has to absorb nutrients.**\n\nThe kidneys, however, have a very intricate system by which they filter fluids. The glomerulus controls what goes into the renal tubules (kind of like a stopcock, but it's based on pressure). The renal tubules consist of the descending tubule, Loop of Henle, ascending tubule, distal convoluted tubule, to name a few.\n\n**In the case of dehydration, your body will sense a lack of circulating volume. This in turn will allow your kidneys to reabsorb a high percentage of water that would normally be lost. In turn, you produce a more concentrated, smaller urine volume. You will notice your urine is more yellow/tea colored at this time. The water that would make up your urine volume is significantly reduced. It is circulating in your body making sure you have adequate blood volume/pressure.**\n\nSource: I had a great Renal Pathophysiology professor at university.",
"As someone born and raised in the desert I dispute that thirst is easier to ignore than hunger. \n\nMaybe its because I'm aware of my surroundings and how deadly dehydration and heat shock/exhaustion can be, but thirst is something I do not ignore.\n\nI actually think athletes and people who are very active and outside a lot will also dispute this. ",
"Try going a day without water while also not eating. At the end you will notice that you care more about getting a drink of water than getting a bite to eat.",
"We eat several times per day and crank through the carbohydrates in hours. \n\nWhen we skip a meal we feel the effect on our metabolism and our body reminds us to eat.\n\nThe effects from other aspects of malnutrition take longer and feel different.\n\nWhen we stop drinking water, our bodies gradually adapt. Darker urine, thirst, etc, and our concentration isn't greatly affected until we get a headache or an imperative thirst or some other discomfort. \n\nSo you sit there eating doritos and drinking mountain dew while you acquire kidney stones and your body doesn't really complain too much because it is operating in a tolerable band of hydration. If you operated in a tolerable band of blood sugar you would feel good too but you have opted for the Diabeetus.",
"The book (and upcoming movie), In the Heart of the Sea, about a group of shipwreck survivors (sunken from a whale) goes into fascinating detail of the short and long term processes of thirst and hunger. ",
"I remember one time I was at a music festival. It was a few days long and outside. Probably 90°F for most of the day. I didn't drink water because it was expensive and you couldn't bring in outside food or drink. That is when I experienced real dehydration. If was crazy. I didn't even care what i drank as long as it had a little water in it. It was worse than any hunger I've had. ",
"What are you talking about. I can bear hunger really easily, but I can't stand going a few hours without water. ",
"Because when there's no food in your stomach your stomach walls rub together. They ache. Your stomach is now digesting itself.\n\nEat, god dammit!!!",
"I know what you are talking about, I think maybe some of the others are missing your point. In my opinion I think people tend to act upon hunger more readily than thirst initially is because there are more psychological connections with food than just the satiation of hunger. People eat due to boredom, because they love the flavor of certain foods, for comfort, for the sensation of chewing, the temperature (ice cream, hot fudge sundae, etc).\n\nAlso, I think there is more engagement with eating than drinking. Sight, scent, texture, maybe even the stimulation of good memories of a person or activity, and so on.\n\nUnless you're an alcoholic you just don't tend to drinking a glass of iced tea as readily as you might want a large bag of fries from some fast-food joint.\n\nTo everyone else's point though, if you put off drinking water for very long you WILL drink a glass or two. Given that you can only last 4 days or so without water and maybe 40 without food, the body will command you to drink much sooner than it will eat."
]
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5mzptv
|
why are there state competency tests and college preparatory tests like the (sat) and (act)?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5mzptv/eli5_why_are_there_state_competency_tests_and/
|
{
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"It's difficult to know whether an A from one high school is worth an A in another. Then factor in class choice. And classes offered. It starts to become a weak measuring stick. But colleges have to have SOMEthing to measure with. Making a test that is as standard as possible is one of the methods that developed over the years."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
25239x
|
audio vacuum tubes
|
If sound cannot travel in vacuum, how do audio vacuum tubes work
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/25239x/eli5_audio_vacuum_tubes/
|
{
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"text": [
"Hey, one I can answer! \n\nFirst off, the \"information\" that enters a tube is not audio, it is just an electrical signal. \n\nThe internal components of a vacuum tube are the cathode, anode, grid, and heating element. The small signal (~mv) that needs to be amplified enters the tube via the grid, which rests between the cathode and anode which are both coated with a material that encourages electron flow. The anode is positively charged with a much higher voltage than the grid, while the cathode is negatively charged. As the small signal hits the grid it creates a fluctuation in the large flow of electrons between the cathode and anode, thus amplifying the signal. The heating element is used to promote the flow of electrons, while keeping the components in a vacuum both promotes electron flow and reduces component wear to to oxidation. \n\nSource: I build guitar amps. \n\ntl;dr Small signal modulates big signal. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4b73ck
|
why haven't consoles offered the option for multi-monitor gaming? hardware limitations?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4b73ck/eli5_why_havent_consoles_offered_the_option_for/
|
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"text": [
"Less hardware limitations, more interest limitations.\n\nLike any device, consoles are going to be developed to meet the needs / wishes of most of the target market. And most of the people playing consoles do not care for multi-monitor gaming. Half of the advantage of a console is that you can easily plug it into your tv (a device nearly everybody has anyway) and there you go, you are ready to game. Multi-monitor gaming already takes a slightly more complicated set-up, more TVs and so on, and most people just aren't interested in it.\n\nAnd, as with any device you are making, you are going to aim for the least amount of costs when producing, and putting in extra hardware/software that most of your target market won't use will only make your device more expensive without really leading to more sales. ",
"Consoles have had \"multi-monitor gaming\" for ages, starting from likes of Dreamcast VMU, PocketStation, and of course GameCube/Game Boy Advance integration ([feast your eyes on this ungodly sight](_URL_0_)). And in the recent years, about million tablet/smartphone \"companion\" apps for various games, Xbox SmartGlass, and like.\n\nAnd gamers tend to always kind of regard this stuff as \"nice to have, but *basically a gimmick*\".\n\nAdding a second or third screen would probably be nice for field of view or additional information, but the thing about the other examples I gave is that they're also input devices.",
"Consoles are more about an affordable, consistent experience that fits the average gamer. If the console came with the additional screen (like the Wii U, and I know you don't mean this type of additional screen, but this is a real world example of a screen peripheral) or it was an affordable option, it would work out: you'd have people using the feature, and game/console developers would actually support. But unless everyone can enjoy the feature, it won't be a thing. It would be someone's investment with an uncertain return. This someone would be whoever buys the console.\n\nIt would require considerably more powerful hardware, making the base console more expensive for a feature very few would actually enjoy. Unless the thing came with a spare monitor, folks would need to buy another screen to realize that untapped processing power.\n\nFinally, one of the main selling points of a console is that it fits into an existing entertainment system. Just plug in the video and/or audio and ur set. Very few people have an entertainment system that involves two identically sized screens. You're more likely to find folks with just one big screen/projector, so this is what's targeted.\n\nBesides, the whole peripheral vision thing is being handled by the next big thing in gaming: VR. A headset is something console devs can just sell to consumers, and it doesn't require crazy hardware in the base console...the main cost is in the peripheral.",
"The WiiU has this. It's pretty useful for some multi-player games. It's not common because it uses extra CPU and GPU and 95% of users have only one TV. Why support that? "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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"https://i.imgur.com/4sWNJGf.jpg"
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[]
] |
||
37tdu8
|
why do phone companies market their phones with a certain amount of space, and then drastically reduce that space that is actually usable by adding apps that cannot be uninstalled?
|
I can barely install anything more than Snapchat, Reddit, Instagram, and Facebook Messenger because my phone is full of "MyMetro" and other stuff I can't remove.
(I have MetroPCS)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/37tdu8/eli5_why_do_phone_companies_market_their_phones/
|
{
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"text": [
"I'm sure there's a more nuanced explanation for it, but I'm gonna say greed. For giving a person less than they thought they were getting, almost forcing them to buy more storage space."
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
302fzu
|
what happens to the person who quits a successful band in the middle of a tour / recording contract?
|
If we take one direction for example, will he be sued by an insurance company to recoup their loss? How can he just walk away from his recording commitments? Will he face any financial penalties?
*note, I know he hasn't officially quit the band, just the tour, in case some militant directioners see this.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/302fzu/eli5_what_happens_to_the_person_who_quits_a/
|
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"text": [
"Zayn Malik is \"off sick\". He is entitled to sick leave. However, he can't break his contract and must return to the tour when he 'feels better'. Him not being present at the shows is not something taken lightly on anyone's side. Fans get upset, his management loses money, venue managers and tour promoters certainly aren't pleased. It means financial loss for most people involved.\n\nOne Direction are a big act, with hundreds on the road with them. Fortunately, there are four more boys in the band who (probs unwillingly) take the hit for Zayn. The show continues and the hundreds on the road with them still have things to do, in preparation for the concert. \n\nThe promoter and Zayn most definitely have some sort of financial agreement. I'm sure Zayn didn't just jet off and leave them. (If he did that would be very unprofessional) So no, nobody will sue him for leaving the tour.\n\nFrom his career's perspective, not being on the tour due to illness isn't the end of the world. The speculations on the internet about him potentially leaving the band however, are a bit more worrisome. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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|
149cqc
|
[meta] a friendly reminder
|
Hey everyone!
We'd just like to remind ELI5 that this is *explain to a layman*, **not** explain *to* a five-year-old. Some people like to address OP as "little Johnny" or overtly say things like "when you're old enough" or "ask your mommy."
We get that this is called explain like im five. And the answers are great. But while some people find it amusing or cute, to be honest it gets stale really quick and to many is very patronizing. We all know that the people here aren't actually five-- when they are OP usually says "from my five year old!" We're not into roleplaying here.
To be clear: we won't be removing these explanations. We're not in the business of needless censorship and we don't want to remove otherwise great explanations. Just please refrain from these posts. Nobody posts a legitimate question here because they want to be talked down to. Just answer the question as if OP is not an expert in the field but has a basic understanding of logic and basic things. Generally you can tell by the question where to start. If OP asks about what molecules are, you'd start with the basics of atoms and matter. But if they ask about the half life of uranium, you don't need to start describing that atoms are made of protons, neutrons and electrons, and that they're very small.
Thanks everyone, and keep up the great responses!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/149cqc/meta_a_friendly_reminder/
|
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"Can we also ask that people stop with the \"a 5 year old wouldn't understand that\" replies to answers. If you have a legitimate question over the explanation, sure, but the pedantry over the '5 year old' thing is really getting out of hand.\n\nI fully support this post :p",
"Personally, I'm not bothered by the occasional \"like-I'm-actually-5\" explanation, if that's what the situation calls for. What bothers me are the people that reply to excellent explanations saying \"Umm, this is ELI5. More candy metaphors, please\". \n\nI like this sub, and this mod post really does cement that. Thanks. ",
"That's legitimately disappointing to hear. All the great posts I've seen that came out of this sub were great because they explained complex topics in a very simplistic manner, as though talking to a five year old. I think that the users of this subreddit are mature enough to understand that when someone talks how you've explained in your post it's not because they're being condescending and making fun of the OP, but because the name of the subreddit is *Explain Like I'm Five*.\n\nLike another poster said, if I wanted a Layman explanation I'd probably just go to /r/askscience and ask for one. \n\n*Yikes, downvoting me for providing my opinion on a mod post? Maybe I was wrong about the maturity of this sub.",
"I agree, but I do think people should not use too complex language. So, not only assume that the OP is not an expert in the subject, but also assume that he might not be especially good with the technical or formal language. I have even seen really \"Well, you see Johnny\" posts, with candy metaphors and everything, randomly use pretty big and complicated words.",
"A good and sound advice.\n\n+1 Internet",
"perhaps changing the name to /r/layman? not as cute i suppose\n\nEDIT: Guess thats already a thing",
"ITT we learn that \"explain like im five\" is not a place to explain to people like they're five.",
"I'm so glad this is the mod-supported stance. It always bugged me when people complained that an explanation wasn't suitable for a 5 year old.",
"Explain like I'm fully unfamiliar with the subject at hand",
"My first experience with eli5 was a downer. I vaguely recall it being about electricity and how it makes it way from a power plant to a light bulb. I expected someone to narrate the process as if being the electron..",
"This seems to me to be in direct contrast to the original spirit of this community. For example, consider this extract from the [Five-Year Old's guide To The Galaxy](_URL_1_) response for [Existentialism and Nihilism](_URL_5_):\n\n > You know that game you play, where you keep asking \"Why?\" until your parents get annoyed? That's basically what a lot of philosophy is. We say that it's important to get good grades. A philosopher asks, \"Why?\". Then we say that it's because it's important to get a good job some day. But the philosopher just asks, \"Why?\" again. The label we give you as a philosopher depends on what you think the last answer is, where it's not possible to ask \"Why?\" any more.\n\n > ...\n\nHere's another one from the FYOGTTG explaining [buffer overflow](_URL_4_):\n\n > Imagine a choose-your-own-adventure book (i.e. \"If you choose to go left, turn to page 10. If you go right, turn to page 20). You have sneakily inserted a page 30 which tells the reader to give you all your money.\n\n > ...\n\nOr the FYOGTTG description of [wikileaks](_URL_3_):\n\n > Like you're five, eh 5th Grade...\n\n > Imagine you are a student in a 5th grade class. One day you stumble across the journal sitting open on the floor of another student named Johnny. In this journal you read that Johnny admits to stealing small amounts of everyone's lunch money while everyone is out during recess. He gives all the detail on how he just steals enough change that no one ever notices, and that he even uses that money to buy apples for the teachers to suck up to them. Johnny has been stealing lunch money from the other students, you have proof, so what should you do?\n\n > ...\n\nA significant part of the charm of these responses is that they're spoken as though the listener were actually a child.\n\nIt's also worth noting that the [ninth](_URL_0_) and [tenth](_URL_2_) all time highest voted submissions to this community were meta posts requesting that people only submit questions suitable to a response a five year old could understand (i.e. questions a five year old might actually ask). The message of both of those posts were that the mods needed to more actively delete inappropriate questions. \n\nUsing your example: if someone asks what molecules are, it's appropriate to explain in terms of tinker toys Such a response has charm and is literally what this subreddit asks. If someone asks a question that presumes significant prior knowledge (\"what is the half-life of uranium\" isn't a great example, but it works), the mods should take the initiative to delete the question and direct the OP to /r/askscience since that level of depth is not appropriate to this community.\n\nEDIT: added more examples from the FYOGTTG. I also think it's worth noting that this guide doesn't appear to have been updated for quite some time. I'm not sure if this is due to a decline in the quality of questions/responses or due to inactivity from /u/flabbergasted1, but we should try to revive that project. Maybe a meta reddit, mod inbox or sidebar link where people could suggest new entries.",
" > Some people like to address OP as \"little Johnny\" or overtly say things like \"when you're old enough\" or \"ask your mommy.\" \n\n > ..\n\n > and to many is very patronizing.\n\nWhat's funny is that even actual 5 year olds would find that patronizing.\n\nI think the [Simple English Wikipedia guidelines](_URL_0_) are along the right lines for this subreddit.",
"Aww good job buddy, were gonna put this post on the fridge.",
"But... that's the entire charm of the subreddit. Sometimes answers are just to a normal layman level, and that's helpful of course, but metaphors about toys and siblings and classmates are what drew me to this place in the first place. After all, that's what always makes /r/bestof , as far as I can tell.",
"This makes me sad. Honestly, the only thing bad about this subreddit is repeat questions. But I love the ELI5 answers, and I love the layman answers, and I don't think I've personally ever seen a problem with either of them here. I don't know why you are trying to fix something not broken. (as far as I can tell)",
"If subreddts were really like what they were called, /r/ExposurePorn would be interesting. ",
"It's explain *like* I'm five, not explain *because* I'm five",
"While we're on the subject, can people also stop posting shit like \"ELI5 why people actually believe [such and such opinion with which I disagree].",
"I've also noticed that those \"little Johnny\" posts tend to be long and boring. Like they need two pages of text to explain basics, and then they give up. I don't even bother to read such posts anymore.",
"I'm seriously 5 years old and now that I don't get to say I'm five years old, this makes me sad :|",
"Way to spoil the fun, mod.",
"I consider ELI5 to be a place more for good comparisons and analogies. Given that's how things would be explained to a small child, the subreddit name still works.",
"Some of the best posts on here were explained like a person was five. I think /r/answers it the better sub for layman explanations whereas eli5 should be for actual li5 explanations.",
"Get a sense of humor. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/12m3mk/thoughts_on_eli5_we_can_and_should_do_better_than/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/j86h2/the_fiveyearolds_guide_to_the_galaxy/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/s8l4e/meta_i_think_people_are_forgetting_what/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/j2epj/could_someone_please_explain_wikileaks/c28lbyd",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/j2mod/what_is_a_buffer_overflow_and_how_is_it_used_to/c28ml8a",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/j3aa8/what_is_existentialism_it_seems_like_a_lot_of/c28tdzx"
],
[
"http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_English_Wikipedia"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2filuq
|
why are the sanctions against russia so specific? why not send a stronger message with wider sanctions?
|
Title speaks for itself, but seeing as the situation is so tense and fragile, why not sanction more than "close associates" to Putin?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2filuq/eli5_why_are_the_sanctions_against_russia_so/
|
{
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"ck9kxig",
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"text": [
"Ukraine is not part of NATO, nor is it traditionally part of NATO's sphere of influence. It is traditionally part of Russia's sphere of influence.\n\nIf major economic sanctions were imposed, Russia would see that as disproportionate, because Ukraine is not supposed to be of any interest to NATO. So Russia would retaliate with major sanctions of its own and the situation would escalate. And most NATO countries do not wish to see escalation right now.",
"Sanctions are a two way street. Cutting off Russia from business also means the domestic companies that do business with the country will feel the hurt. Those businesses will all obviously be aggressively lobbying elected official to be the one industry that gets exempted. This creates a lot of political pressure at home to stay away from going that far.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
exckb7
|
why do the layers of rock go from newest to oldest? why does it form like that?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/exckb7/eli5_why_do_the_layers_of_rock_go_from_newest_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fg7frdw"
],
"score": [
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],
"text": [
"For the same reason the clothes at the bottom of your hamper are the ones you wore longest ago. \n\nImagine on Saturday a week ago you put your dirty clothes in the empty hamper. The next day, on Sunday (6 days ago) you put your dirty clothes on top of Saturday's clothes. On Monday (5 days ago) you put your clothes in the hamper on top of Sunday's clothes (which are on top of Saturday's clothes). and so on.\n\nThen, it's time to do the washing. You flip your hamper over into a laundry basket, and the oldest stuff is now on top, while the more recently added clothes are at the bottom.\n\nThat's how geology works. Different periods put down a layer of rock. Each layer gets placed on top of the layer that was placed before it. Everyone once in a while there is some big event that flips over a chunk of land (i.e earthquakes), which results in older stuff on top. But generally, it's newest on top."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3c71zn
|
why does our back itch for about 10 minutes after laying in the grass with no shirt on?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3c71zn/eli5why_does_our_back_itch_for_about_10_minutes/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cssttvv",
"cssu4g5"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Blades of grass are not smooth? It's my understanding that they are barbed or serrated, which could cause tiny cuts in the skin which could become irritated causing the itchiness.",
"There are all sorts of things on a lawn that can cause irritation, while the skin on your back isn't terribly thick (unlike the soles of your feet). The edges of the grass, sand in the soil, lawn chemicals, insects and their waste products, etc. \n\nPicnic blankets and beach towels were invented for several reasons, this being one of them. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
alrdje
|
how does the optic nerve send high quality video to your mind when regular nerves can only send basic on and off signals?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/alrdje/eli5_how_does_the_optic_nerve_send_high_quality/
|
{
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"text": [
"How can a digital video protocol such as HDMI send high quality video from a source to a display when digital signals are simply 0s (off) and 1s (on)?\n\nBasically the same thing. Optic nerve sends the impulses. Visual cortex of the brain essentially \"decodes\" it.",
"A even faster preface-- I try to keep my explanations accessible for a layman, but sometimes I don't do a good job of that-- please let me know if anything I wrote seems too complex, so that I can edit my post to simplify it.\n\nVery quick outline-- your optic nerve doesn't send an image. Your optic nerve sends chemical signals that you piece together into an image through 2 major pathways of vision. One path is vision for action (the dorsal path) that extends through the top of your brain and enables you to answer questions like \"where is this object? how should I interact with it?\" The other visual pathway extends along the sides of your brain (the ventral path) and enables vision for identification (What is this object?). These two pathways together enable you to have a conscious precept of the world.\n\nWell the optic nerve doesn't send an image to your brain. Neurons communicate each other with chemical signals, and neurons in the optic nerve works exactly the same way as any other neuron in your brain. What the optic nerve is *really* doing is taking light (an electromagnetic wave) and converting that electromagnetic wave into chemical signals that are somehow interpreted by your brain as an image. How does that work? We don't really know, but we do have some answers.\n\nWe know that, for example, the optic nerve sends its information to a structure called the thalamus, specifically a part of the thalamus called the lateral geniculate nucleus. From there, the LGN sends information directly to an area of your brain called the primary visual cortex, or V1. V1 is at the back of your head, right behind the little bump in your skull. We know that V1 is retinotopic. This means that a flash of light in a specific part of your visual field will activate a specific part of V1. For example, if I get you to look at a black screen, and flash a spot of light in the upper left, then the lower right part of your V1 will activate. Light in the middle right activates V1 in the lower left. So we know that neurons in V1 are only sensitive to things in specific parts of your visual field. We also know that other cells in V1 are sensitive to edges, other cells are sensitive to things moving in a specific direction. So V1 encodes really basic properties like lines, direction, and location. \n\nI won't get into the super fine details of visual perception, but if you want I can go really in depth with this stuff. Here's the short version-- you very broadly have two \"streams\" of vision. V1 is at the back of your brain. One neuronal pathway (the dorsal path) extends up through the top of your brain and it encodes information you need to interact with objects-- where is it? How should you reach for it? Is it moving? The other neuronal pathway extends through the sides of your brain (the ventral path) and it encodes information you need to recognize things. What is this thing I'm looking at, and how is it distinct from neighboring objects?\n\nSo your optic nerve doesn't transmit an image to your brain. The optic nerve comes from cells in the retina, which detect light. **You** build up the image based on the light you see. Here's an example: take a look at [this](_URL_1_) image. It's the Kanizsa triangle illusion, where you'll see a \"white\" triangle, even though it's not there. If your optic nerves projected a \"high quality image\" to your brain, why would you see a nonexistant triangle? A computer program that detects triangles wouldn't see one here. It's because **your brain creates the image from the very raw information your optic nerve sends**.\n\nFor example, I talked about V1 already. V1 connects to V2 and V3, other areas of your brain, which are areas that only activate when you see angles. V4 activates when you see shape and color, and is part of the ventral path, the path that lets you identify things (shape and color help you figure out what something is). V5 activates when you see motion, and it's part of the dorsal path that helps you interact with things (you would interact with a baseball flying towards you much differently than a baseball you bumped off the counter). So vision is hierarchical-- you build up your visual field from basic parts. Your optic nerves only encode light. It delivers the information to your primary visual cortex, which decodes very rudimentary things about the image. From there, two paths extend from the primary visual cortex, one of them encoding information about where and how to interact with the object, and the other encoding information about what the object is. These two pathways enable you to build a conscious perception of the world around you.\n\nNotably, what you see is NOT a perfectly accurate representation of the world-- your mind is not a \"camera\" that captures the world as it is. If it were, you wouldn't be able to see a triangle in the Kanizsa Triangle illusion, and in fact you wouldn't \"fall\" for any optical illusion.\n\nIt's worth noting though that what you see isn't just a thing stitched together from the bottom up. It's also affected by more abstract \"cognitive\" processes. For example, what do you see [here?](_URL_0_). I just drew this in paint, and your eyes are just detecting some shitty circles and lines. So following my post, V1 would detect where the drawings were, V2 and V3 would detect lines and angles, V4 would detect shape. But watch this. I'm about to change the way you \"see\" this drawing forever.....this is a drawing of a bear cub climbing a tree. And BAM! You see a bear cub climbing a tree now. You probably can't really unsee it. But how does that work? You needed top down cognitive knowledge. You needed to know what a bear cub was, what a tree was, and how bear cubs climb trees. With this knowledge, you exert a \"top down\" influence on what your eyes are seeing, and you create a new image. So the basic parts of the world affects how you see it, but what you know also affects how you see the world. As another example, you've probably been alone in your house and been startled by something you saw (is that a stranger in my house??) only to find it was nothing (oh, it was just my coat hanger). But if you're with your family, that doesn't happen-- what you expect to see affects what you do see. \n\nTl;dr your optic nerve sends REALLY basic information to your primary visual cortex. Through some very complex processes, you build the image up through successive stages of processing, all influenced by your \"top down\" knowledge about how everything works.\n\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nP.S. I didn't really go into the hard science of how any of this works. If anyone is interested in either of the visual pathways, or has any other questions, or just wants more fun facts/experiments about the visual pathways please ask. I love talking about neuroscience."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://imgur.com/a/0wJpxK7",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kanizsa_triangle.svg/800px-Kanizsa_triangle.svg.png"
]
] |
|
238foo
|
why don't optometrists and dentists work in hospitals?
|
Why don't we just centralize all medical needs?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/238foo/eli5_why_dont_optometrists_and_dentists_work_in/
|
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"Because they aren't needed most of the time.\n\nHospitals are already big and crowded, where would you put dental and optometry stuff?\n\nMuch easier to have those two separate since they have nearly no link to the medicine inside hospitals and have different needs.",
"Some hospitals do have doctors that focus on teeth and optics.\n\nBut most of the time these are lumped in with bone and nervous system specialists.\n\nThe simple fact is that they don't need them there. People waiting for a dentist don't want to have to navigate through a hospital, and hospitals don't want to deal with everyday stuff, hence why few hospitals have actual clinics in them, most of the time are just walk-in clinics.",
"Doctor here.\n\nWe have hospital dentists who will see consults and do emergency work. \n\nWe also have ophthalmologists (eye doctors) who will do surgeries and see emergencies in the hospital.\n\nYou don't see them in the same context that you would in a clinic, because most hospitals separate their clinic from inpatient/emergency department/surgery services. It would be a poor allocation of space and resources to see outpatients in the hospital for every specialty.",
"Real estate and construction, as well as necessity.\n\nThink about it this way. Most hospitals are big, sprawling centers with lots of parking (and possibly garages), all dedicated primarily to emergency and intensive care needs.\n\nMost clinics/doctor's offices are typically smaller buildings either in an already established medical park or in any kind of commercial real estate, really.\n\nPutting stuff like dentists, optometrists, etc.. all in the hospital as well increases your real estate and construction needs, and adds more strain on the infrastructure of the hospital itself as well. It makes more financial sense to have the less important practices in smaller offices pretty much \"wherever works\" because it cuts down on costs and requirements for the facility.\n\nThere's also typically little overlap in the needs of intensive care patients (ER, ICU, burn wards, etc) and routine maintenance (dental work, eye exams, general medicine), whereas the practices within the hospital can have a fair bit of overlap and urgency. For instance, somebody comes in to the ER for something and may need to be transferred to another department quickly. It makes sense for those practices to be close together, like in the same building.\n\nthat said, some places to have fairly centralized practices. Kaiser Permanente in my area has three main medical parks and does a number of general medicine and prescription stuff right at their main hospital.\n\n\nAnother reason, Hospitals are typically owned by the health group themselves (Kaiser, Sutter, etc) whereas a dentist's practice may be owned independently but work as a partner to the medical group. This is also why you see some places that take multiple forms of insurance (like Kaiser and Blue Shield for the same practice). ",
"Some optometrists and dentists do keep offices in hospitals.\n\nHospital space is always at a premium, and so there is significant savings to be found in having your office located elsewhere. Also, hospital space must be leased, so anyone inclined to own their space would not have that option. \n\nBeing a tenant in a hospital rather than an owner elsewhere has other implications. Hospitals have rules. If you wanted, for example, to set up a wireless system you would have to do so with the approval of 3 different committees. Even minor remodeling requires exponentially more red tape, and in addition such work would necessarily be undertaken by the unionized internal staff - rather than hiring someone else who might be cheaper, work faster, and have specialty skills that others might lack.\n\nIn short, keeping a hospital office space is restrictive and expensive.\n\nPlus you, your staff and your clients are forced to then pay exorbitant hospital parking rates.\n\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
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|
3jdt03
|
why do so many guitarists seek out older (60's, 70's) guitars?
|
It seems like everyone's looking for a 1967 [insert guitar brand here]. I understand with violins and classical bass', there's the reputation of the luthier to take into account, but for electric guitars like a Gibson or a Fender, what makes the older ones so desirable? What effect does age have on the instrument in terms of sound?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3jdt03/eli5_why_do_so_many_guitarists_seek_out_older_60s/
|
{
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"text": [
"Electronics manufacturing has changed extensively since the 60s. For example, the core of an electric guitar's tone comes from the pickups and tone circuit. Since the 60s the materials used to make pickups has changed a lot, we've gotten better magnets and manufacturing processes that have increased the quality control on pickups, whereas in the 50s and 60s many pickups were basically wire hand wound around a shitty magnet. Some old guitars have a distinctive tone because of that. In addition, the resistors and capacitors made today that make up the passive tone circuit inside the guitar are made quite differently in a way that benefits most electronics manufacturing (audio included) but has changed the tone of the guitars themselves. \n\nWhether or not those changes are good depends on who you ask and who the player is. For someone trying to replicated the creamy tone of Hendrix or Claptop in 1969, they'll tell you that vintage gear is crucial. For someone making Shoegaze or modern metal, they'll probably focus on a lot of more modern technology that didn't exist. \n\n\nThere's also a history associated with some items. For example, the Gold Top '57 Les Paul is so sought after because it was the first run of such an iconic guitar and not that many were made. At auction they run around 65-70 grand because they're more like a piece of artwork than anything else. \n\nWith strats there were a lot of cosmetic changes over the years [which you can read about here](_URL_0_) that also affect the tone. \n\nThere's also a whole thing about the wood used. Over the years that kind of thing has changed, so a '67 strat is going to sound different than a 2015 strat even if they have identical electronics because of the difference in the wood, where it grew and under what climate... it's subtle but it makes a difference. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://reverb.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-the-stratocaster"
]
] |
|
alphw1
|
why are brackets placed around random words in internet articles? such as, " the man [and] woman", or "[they were] standing near the scene".
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/alphw1/eli5_why_are_brackets_placed_around_random_words/
|
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"The words in brackets fill in parts of quotes to add context. The words in brackets are not part of the original quote, but make it easier to understand. ",
"I believe that they do that when the person they are quoting doesn't say some words that are important for context. ",
"It's used when they're quoting someone; the thing in brackets is what they didn't say exactly but the author rephrased it to make sense in the context of the article",
"The words in the brackets are words that were not part of the original quote, but are needed so that the quote makes sense to the reader without the larger context of the whole conversation.\n\nSay an article quoted a guy:\n\n“And then I saw him after he ran out of the place, and he proceeded to run down the street.”\n\nWithout any broader context, it would be difficult for the reader to understand what they were saying.\n\nSo an article might actually print the quote like this:\n\n“And then I saw [the robber] after he ran out of the [bank], and he proceeded to run down the street.”",
"In some journal articles they don’t write in the exact words someone has said, if I told a reporter “I saw 3 dudes with knives standing near the scene of the crime” they might write an article saying “three men were arrested today holding knives, An eye witness said “[they were] standing near the scene of the crime”\n\nThe part in the brackets is kind of what I said, but given what they have already wrote on the article they don’t need to repeat themselves.",
"They are quoting people. However the quotations are not printed in their original contexts and may not fit as well. So they change the quote a bit to make them easier to understand. However as to not deceive the reader they mark the text as altered. This is typical when the original quote have gestures pointing to different people or directions which can not be printed or when the quote was part of a longer statement and therefore used pronouns. It is also possible that the quote used either the full name or an indecent term for someone and the editor does not want that printed. Brackets are therefore a way for the editor to signal that he modified the quote without changing its meaning. It is also possible to use for example ellipses to mark where you have shortened a quote.",
"As others have said it's something that is not technicaly part of the quote but may need mentioned to clarify.\n\nAlthough there are some examples above, here are a few other places it may be needed.\n\nIf someone said they arrived at 8:00 and the quote \"John said I arrived at 8:00\" could be misleading as it may not be obvious to the reader if John arrived at 8:00 or if John was claiming the person that is now speaking arrived at that time.\n\nIt can also be useful when typing spoken quotes as people speak differently than they write, in spoken language it is very common to intentionally leave words out and meaning is still clear, but on the typed page it just looks nuts.\n\nSomewhat related you will sometimes see [sic] after a quote (or a single word.) This means the quote is exactly as it was delivered even though it may not make sense. If I mispeak or misspell something in my original message and you later quote that, someone reading might not know if I misspelled it originally or if you did whole transcribing it. ",
"It’s used when someone is adding words to make the context make more sense\n\nFor example if someone said “then killed the man...”\nThey could change it to “then [he] killed the man...” ",
"To use your example, you might represent: \n\n > \"Fred, a major loser, and Ethel, his third cousin by illegitimate marriage to the Grand Poohbah of Burundi, the one with the world famous Macaw collection, found themselves standing near the scene\" \n\nas \n\n > \"\\[They were\\] standing near the scene\". \n\nFor example, when it didn't matter who they actually were, or their relations...",
"To add what other people are saying as well, if you are using a written quote and it has a spelling error in it, you have to mark it by writing [sic] to indicate you fixed a spelling error.",
"As others have said, the square brackets are used to show where a quote has been altered- everything within the brackets is different from the source quote. Usually, it's for clarity or conciseness.\n\nMost often, it's used for adding or clarifying information that would have been implied by context (replacing pronouns with proper nouns, or correcting grammar to be more understandable)\n\nSlightly less commonly, if you have a very large quote, but there are unimportant parts, you might substitute \"[...]\" to show that a section of text is removed (for instance, if someone is listing off a dozen things, and your purpose for quoting is to show that one specific item from that list is stated, you might remove the irrelevant items and replace the entirely of the removed text with [...])\n\nLastly, it is also used to indicate that a quote is unaltered from the original. This is done by including [sic] after a word that would be considered incorrect. It's literally the author telling you that they did not make a mistake, the original quote really did say what they wrote, and they are aware that it looks wrong. 'Sic' literally means 'thus' in latin, and it's shorthand for 'thus was it written'."
]
}
|
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[] |
[
[],
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||
2a398w
|
why is classical music named things like "symphony no. 5" and not catchier titles similar to modern pop songs?
|
Classical music appears to have really arbitrary names or no names at all. Why is that?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2a398w/eli5_why_is_classical_music_named_things_like/
|
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"And in at number 5 this week is \"Baby I wanna DP your momma\" by Mozart and the Merry Mandolins... surely heading for next weeks No.1 spot!\n\nHmm.. doesn't work, does it.",
"Some do have names as well, but either the names were lost, changed, etc. often times, the songs have names, but the symphony may be just labeled by numbers. ",
"A lot of classical music does have descriptive titles, whether given officially by the composer or adopted as a nickname. But a lot of music, especially Baroque and Classical period music, was just intended to sound pretty and not depict anything in particular.\n\nSome composers also wrote an absolute ton of music, as their job. Haydn was employed by Esterhazy and wrote most of his 104 symphonies while there. Surely he didn't have a deeply personal connection to every single one of them. If someone paid you to write a symphony every few weeks you'd start just giving them numbers too."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3fknvl
|
why does it seem like people are more religious in rural or impoverished areas?
|
Just something I noticed while driving through a lot of small towns this weekend. A lot of the signs for the city had a list of all the churches.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3fknvl/eli5_why_does_it_seem_like_people_are_more/
|
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"text": [
"Religion thrives in areas of under educated and under privileged people. Rural areas lack a great deal of diversity in most cases which means people are not as often exposed to competing ideology which allows the prevailing ideology to become more deeply ingrained.\n\nThose who are under privileged also tend to turn to religion in the same way that they tend to purchase more lottery tickets than those better off. It's all about improving their lot in life, but when people feel they have no power to improve it on their own they turn to faith (hope/luck). Since most religions teach that if your a good person you'll be reworded, these people believe if they have faith in their chosen god that god will reward them with a better life.",
"There are multiple reasons that all contribute. \n\nReligion gives people hope, and is something to lean on in hard times. \n\nAnother is that smaller towns generally don't have enough of a population to support parks, bars, nightclubs, or theaters. Which means that the churches take on the role of gathering spots within those communities. \n\nRural communities also tend to be more conservative, and churches are an old institution. So it's more acceptable in the community to spend money on an old institution than a new on. \n",
"There is a correlation between a lack of education and a high incidence of religious belief. Education tends to direct people away from magical thinking and makes for more critical minds.\n\nThere is also despair and the frantic grabbing at comfort, even fictional, in the absence of real support. \n\nLastly, there is the issue of isolation. Very rural, small towns tend to be insular..especially before the age of the internet. People born into them were frequently not exposed to other modes of thought. ",
"It seems that way because it's true.\n\nIt's not because a lack of fun things to do in the country, either. This is a function of income. You're as likely to find a crazy pentecostal church in the 'hood as you are in the hills."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1zcly2
|
why is crime so high in washington d.c. when it's the capitol of the u.s.a.?
|
Shouldn't there be more security in the capitol of the most powerful nation in the world?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1zcly2/eli5why_is_crime_so_high_in_washington_dc_when/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfsglrn",
"cfsgly2"
],
"score": [
2,
9
],
"text": [
"DC resident here. DC is a pretty sprawling city. There are many neighborhoods that are not well off at all. The budget must be approved by congress, local corruption is rampant (and was even worse a few decades ago with Marion \"Bitch Set Me Up\" Barry who still today holds an elected office).\n\nMuch of DC, including most of downtown (and pretty much all of Northwest) is beautiful. But DC is a large city with lots of poverty like any other city. There is not unlimited money, and even if there was, allocation of it would be very challenging.\n\nThe Metropolitan Police Department is not an agency of the federal government, and so they don't just have a fuckton of money. There's no incentive for the federal government to spend a ton of money on Anacostia or Shaw so what's the point?",
"Crime in DC is well below its old peak, and the capital is no longer ranked in the top ten cities for violent crime; formerly crime-heavy neighborhoods are gentrifying at a furious clip.\n\nBasically, DC is a decent-sized city that varies considerably from place to place. Security around government buildings and tourist attractions has nothing to do with city police presence in residential neighborhoods. Violent crime and the drug trade has always been concentrated in impoverished, majority-black neighborhoods on the east and south sides of the city, where few tourists go and few government workers live. People tend to exaggerate how bad things are--I never felt particularly unsafe east of the Anacostia--but it remains an issue."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
c2s9z2
|
how do civilizations so distinct and distant from one another (like the native americans and the inhabitants of ancient china for example) shared the same technologies, such as the bow and arrow and the spear, being that there is no way of having a technological interchange between them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c2s9z2/eli5_how_do_civilizations_so_distinct_and_distant/
|
{
"a_id": [
"erm8y49",
"erm9ok4"
],
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3,
2
],
"text": [
"All humans originally came from the same area in Africa, so any inventions from before we spread out would have stayed with people in different areas. \n\nIt could also be that they are simple things to make and they work well, so both civilizations could have invented them independently and decided to keep using them",
"The most primitive of our technologies, like the bow, spear, and clothing are some of the absolute oldest technologies of mankind. We're talking flintstones era technology, going back 2.5 *million* years. Fast forward to 70,000 years ago, to when scientists believe there was a land bridge that connected Northeastern Russia to Alaska. That bridge lasted until roughly the end of the last Ice Age (14,000 years ago) and it wasn't until around the end of that Ice Age that mankind made the trip, on foot, to the Americas.\n\nSo to answer your question, by the time the ancestors of the Native Americans crossed to their new home, their bows and arrows were already a technology that had existed for millions of years longer than their own *species.*"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
8fze16
|
how can my 4k tv show me clearer images than what my eyes can see in real life if it’s still my eyes seeing the images?
|
I have fairly bad eyesight if that makes any difference.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8fze16/eli5_how_can_my_4k_tv_show_me_clearer_images_than/
|
{
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"dy7l8xo",
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16,
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"text": [
"The tv is near you, so when an image simulates a 20 yard distance, you're seeing an image that looks like it has a depth that would normally be blurry for you, but since the tv is so near you see it accurately. ",
" > I have fairly bad eyesight if that makes any difference.\n\nThis makes a lot of difference. If you look at say, a landcsape, your eyes and lenses are doing real work trying to focus on all the different things. Bad eyes may not ever be capable of focusing on certain distances.\n\nIf you look at a *photograph* of the same landscape, the camera already did all the work to focus the image and your eyes only need to focus on the photo which is very close to you.\n\nThe TV screen is more like a photograph. Your eye only need to see as far as the TV. There si no real depth in the image, it's a flat picture.",
"Because your eyes don't see an image per se; they take in all the light in the environment, focus it in a particular way that light-sensing cells catch it just right and relay a signal to your brain to create an image out of it.\n\nCurrent camera technology is better than even the average human eye, so the images that a camera presents to you ready-made are better than the ones your eye/brain can create in the same environment. Most importantly, it can do things that your eye can't, like have a ***wide depth of field***, meaning that things both near and far are all in focus at once."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
5iy1zi
|
when a virus infects your computer, how does that benefit the person who created the virus?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5iy1zi/eli5_when_a_virus_infects_your_computer_how_does/
|
{
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"text": [
"a lot of virus's these days are actually randsomware, where they encrypt some data and you need to pay or they delete it. \n\nbut yeah, sometimes there's really no benefit to the creator. some ppl just like to do shit for shits and giggles. ",
"Some viruses copy things you type, like passwords, credit card numbers, etc. Some, like the other user said, delete vital files that will break Windows if you don't pay them. Some just wreak havoc because people like to watch the world burn. ",
"Depends on what it is. Some want to hijack your PC, some just wanna fuck your life up.\n\nThe former are blackhat hacker types that want to use your PC for some thing malicious and the latter are basically virtual arsonists .",
"In addition to the already mentioned ransomeware , stuff stealers and just malicious intent packages, a great many viruses are intended to allow an outside person to hijack your computer horsepower and former student bonnet out of thousands of similarity infected pcs. They can then use them for things like launching ddos (direct denial of service) attacks, spam farms, infection platforms to spread the virus, bit coin mining platforms to make them money directly, etc. Almost all viruses that noticeably slow a computer are doing some sort of action to benefit a criminal in some way. There is also a persistent rumor that more than a few viruses are paid for by Antivirus program companies, in particular the ones that miraculously detect and cure a virus before any of the mainstream a/v programs even notice it's existance\n\nIt should be legal to hunt virus writers for sport. But only with extremely painful methods...",
"If the virus is slowing your computer it may be using it as part of a botnet, or may be using it to 'mine' cryptocurrencies (like bitcoin) for profit.\n\n**Botnets** are networks of infected computers that can be remotely controlled in some way by a command and control server, and directed to do tasks. One common task will be using it in a **DDOS** (Distributed Denial of Service), in which each computer in the botnet makes a huge number of network requests to another computer or network, with the hopes of bringing it down. People with large botnets will often sell the usage of the botnets to others (who will use it to bring down targets) or as a mask for another type of hack against a target. While the attack is active, it may put load on your computer's network (and maybe the processor, depending on the type of attack), resulting in the slowness you describe\n\n**Cryptocurrencies**, like bitcoin are types of electronic currency, and can be traded for goods/services, or traded to others for money. One of the ways cryptocurrencies are generated are by having a computer do **proof-of-work**, which boils down to doing a lot of processor intensive math, until it finds a number that matches an unclaimed piece of currency (this is a simplification). This can take a lot of computing power, so infecting thousands or millions of other computers to do the work (and eat the electricity cost) while you reap the benefits can be quite profitable. While it's doing proof-of-work it will put a high load on your computer's cpu and/or gpu (graphics card) which can result in the slowness you describe.\n\ntl;dr: They sometimes infect your computer to be a zombie slave; attacking others and making money on the hacker's command.",
"It really depends what the virus is programmed to do. Most viruses or malware will \"phone home\" to what's called a command and control server once they infect a new computer. The virus will tell your computer to contact an IP address and say \"hey I'm here\". It will then send the c & c some information like the operating system of the computer, IP address, etc. The c & c may send back some instructions for what it would like the virus to do. A lot of times a virus is programmed to sniff data like online banking passwords and send the data it collects to a c & c server. This data is later sold on the black market. Collecting and sending this data takes up resources like memory on your computer, which is why a computer may get slower when infected with a virus. Someone could also write a virus to do something really lame like open your CD-ROM drive just for the lulz."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2c7th4
|
why does meth make people look so old/sick? what dies it do?
|
See title
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2c7th4/eli5_why_does_meth_make_people_look_so_oldsick/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cjctqgl",
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],
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"text": [
"Meth is toxic to humans, in addition to it being an amphetamine. Unlike normal amphetamines, which cause weight loss due to increased metabolism, meth also has a large amount of negative side effects due to its toxicity. The \"meth look\" is the combined effect of these.",
"A lot of these replies are failing to mention the primary cause of physical deterioration in heavy users of methamphetamines. Abusing stimulants is incredibly taxing on the body. You can stay awake for days and feel like you have all of the energy in the world, but truly, there is no such thing as free energy. All of that use takes a tremendous toll on the user, physically, which coupled with the tendency to scratch at ones own skin can make people look quite horrific.\n\nIt should be noted that abusing any stimulant can have these effects, however it takes a long period of heavy use to have noticeable effects on ones appearance."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2btqr8
|
why do air conditioners smell funky when you first turn them on?
|
The smell goes away after a minute, but what causes it in the first place?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2btqr8/eli5_why_do_air_conditioners_smell_funky_when_you/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cj8sux1",
"cj8t7pl"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"You are not using it enough/are not cleaning it and you are smelling molds and other-things that grow in the AC units and ducts. ",
"Air conditioning works by cooling a heat exchanger and blowing air across it. As this exchanger cools, moisture from the air condenses on it. If this condensation does not dry quickly, it can grow mold and mildew, which will produce a smell the next time the air conditioner is turned on and air is blown across the exchanger. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2k8yyp
|
what exactly causes a person to shake when they have caffeine?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2k8yyp/eli5_what_exactly_causes_a_person_to_shake_when/
|
{
"a_id": [
"clj77ev"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Caffeine essentially causes your body to pump massive amounts of adrenaline into your system. Adrenaline is responsible for your \"fight-or-flight\" response, which means you either fight or run. The shaking is your body's way to prep itself for the upcoming action."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
6ymppc
|
can someone explain to me why when a fly is fling around in a moving bus (or any vehicle) why it doesn’t just hit the back of the bus? i’m confused about why it doesn’t have to continually fly forwards at the same speed as the bus is moving. cheers.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ymppc/can_someone_explain_to_me_why_when_a_fly_is_fling/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dmoi59p",
"dmoi8dj"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"The air in the car moves with the car. When the car accelerates you the air and the fly with it.",
"Does the air in the car hit your face at the same speed as the car is moving? No, it does not. That's because the air moves with the car. The fly is in that air, moving with the car as well."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
cln28g
|
how does paracetamol work? how did it instantly relief me of my chest pain?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cln28g/eli5_how_does_paracetamol_work_how_did_it/
|
{
"a_id": [
"evwh6oz"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"If you are having chest pains, be sure that you are seeing a physician. The internet is not a good source of information on medicine UNLESS you're trained medical personnel."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
640nnq
|
beer bellies. why do europeans who drink strong thick beer not have many beer bellies compared to many american men who drink mostly light beer?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/640nnq/eli5_beer_bellies_why_do_europeans_who_drink/
|
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"text": [
"It's not really just the beer. It's the fried foods and other various crap that makes up the differing diets. \"Beer Belly\" is just a colloquialism, not a clinical term.\n",
"Because their diets are otherwise healthier or they do more exercise.\n\nA \"beer belly\" isn't really a thing. Beer does have calories of course, so drinking it contributes to having a belly, but there's nothing particularly special about the calories in beer compared to anything else.",
"A beer belly is just fat. They're not related to the type of beer you do or don't drink (although beer is a calorie bomb).\n\nAmerican men are significantly fatter on average than most European nations and are therefore more likely to have abdominal fat.",
"It's not enough to compare what Europeans and Americans eat and drink. You also have to compare what they do when they're not eating and drinking. Europeans move more, walk more, do more in general.\n\nLook at the French: Bread, cheese, and cigarettes galore. But they also ride bikes more, and voila! They don't die of more cancer than Americans.",
"The beer could be the difference. If the Europeans are drinking beer with a higher abv , stronger taste, and more expensive, that could \"get them where they need to get\" with less calories. But if an American is downing weak low abv for cheap, they would end up ingesting more calories and alcohol which would convert to sugar to fat.\n",
"I lived in Europe for a few months and I was able walk EVERYWHERE. And vehicle ownership was not as great as it is in the US. \n\nIf I needed to get somewhere that wasn't walkable I'd catch a bus. \n\nThen there was the way they treat food. Refrigerators were 1/2 the size they are in the US. I'd stop each day at a market and pick up what you needed and take it home. Because there was no elevator, I'd carry those groceries up 4 flights of stairs. So I didn't have giant loads - just enough to get by for a day or so. So I didn't \"pig out\" because I would have had to leave sooner and go get more food. \n\nThen there was the fact that the food was fresher. Their markets were open air, and the fruits/vegetables needed to be ripe because I was going to eat them that night. So everything was better tasting and believe it or not, more satisfying. It's night and day.",
"The short answer is you can eat and drink whatever you want, as much as you want, as long as you are willing to work those calories off on the other end of things. There is a big difference between a guy that does 5 mile walk every day and drinks a 6 pack at night vs a guy that doesn't do anything except for sitting behind a computer all day, and drinking that same 6 pack at night. ",
"because of the size of the meals that go with the beer.\n\nalso, lite beers are not filling, heavier beers are, so they drink less of them.\n",
"General obesity is tied to the body converting excess glucose into fat deposits. Americans, on average, are more sedentary than the average European, so someone who overeats and does not exert themselves at all will get fat all over. A male that consumes some excess sugars, but just some, or does actually move around, will only get the deposit in the abdomen. I know some above 30 males that don't drink alcohol at all, but have the \"beer belly\", because they are generally active, but consume a bit more than their bodies use. \n\nAs you said, Europeans tend to be more active, there is a stronger walking/cycling culture there than in the U.S., which is tied largely to shorter distances and high cost to benefit ratios for owning cars. \n\nDrinking culture (going out for a few beers after work, etc.) comes from an earlier era, where most people burned a lot more calories than they do now, because they were working in a factory or in the fields, etc. all day, and they mostly are bread, legumes, root vegetables, etc., so beer/ale was a large component of their daily caloric intake. \n\nTake away the manual labor, or the additional work hours that have since been regulated in most industries, but leave the drinking, and you get excess caloric intake, which you can only resolve by either consuming less, or working more, or both. \n\nBut again, if you are generally active, but consume more calories than you burn, you'll get a fat deposit in your abdomen, which isn't contained by ribs, but is already full of organs and soft tissue, so it will expand. If you weren't generally active, but kept consuming more calories than you use at the same rate, the fat deposits would spread throughout your body. Which they do, anyway, but a little bit of fat in your arms and legs isn't terribly noticeable until it reaches a certain percentage, based on your body structure.\n\nEDIT: I forgot to talk about what some others have mentioned, which is that Europeans, on average, eat smaller portions and eat slower than Americans, among other things. Most Western European countries also have fairly strong regulations on food production, and in general don't put as much sugar in their processed foods. Consuming less processed sugar makes it easier for your body to not immediately turn the sugar you consume to fat.",
"I'm not a doctor but changes in insulin can affect fat storage in the body. This is typically more pronounced as belly fat in men. Sugars are the biggest culprit and light beers have a higher calorie content which is converted to sugar in the body. This might explain your little theory but please correct me if I'm wrong.",
"Strong, thick beer isn't more caloric than lagers. Beer bellies don't actually come from beer necessarily, it's usually the greasy fried food we eat with it, in huge amounts, every day, and then literally never exercise at all. ",
"If person is not overweight it is most likely due to liver cirrhosis. [read more](_URL_0_) Also pint of beer (aprox. 0.5L) contains almost 500 kcal. ",
"I'm not sure that the difference is really as stark as you might be thinking it is. The biggest beer drinkers in the world are from the Czech Republic. The WHO says that over 73% of Czech men are overweight or obese. Around 66% of all adults there are overweight or obese. Something like 60% of German men are overweight or obese. Germans are top 5 in the world for beer consumption.\n\nThe U.S. falls way down the list at #17 for per person beer consumption, but 74% or U.S. men are still overweight or obese. So American men drink far less beer per person than Czech men, but have similar rates of overweight/obesity. So you'll see the basically same percentage of \"beer bellies\" in the world's biggest beer drinking country as you will in the U.S., but far less beer is drunk by the American sporting that belly than by the Czech. This is simplified of course but that means there are probably more real \"beer bellies\" on average in the top beer drinking European countries.... and a lot more \"burgers and fries\" bellies in the U.S. than in Europe. It's more about overall diet and exercise rates than it is total beer consumption.\n\n",
"You guys are absolutely awesome. Thank you for all your responses-- you really got me thinking. And an extra thank you to the guys writing paragraphs. It seems topic is more a commentary on my perceptions more so than international beer belly occurrences. ",
"I think it may be the walking.\n\nA lot European cities have very constricted streets, since these cities are very, very old. Driving, parking, etc. can be a pain. So, walking is the norm.\n\nPlus, some European countries don't really have a culture of snacking, so there isn't the constant ingestion of calories that one sees in America.\n\nSo - it's not really walking - it's more to do with total caloric intake (which is probably lower than that in the US, due to less snacking, smaller portion sizes), and more caloric burn (due to walking, etc.).",
"I haven't seen it mentioned yet in the comments. What people refer to as a \"beer belly\" (round and tight) is called Ascites and is usually a sign of alcoholic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis. ",
"* The biggest source of calories in any beer is the alcohol itself - whether it is a light beer or a dark beer has very little effect on the calorie count. \n\n* In any case the calories in beer don't lead to \"beer bellies\" any more than the calories in in anything else. \n\n* Calories are calories and if you consume too many (in any form) then you will get fat and if you are a man that fat will start building round your waist (for women it is round the hips)\n\nSo the real question is why Europeans appear to be less fat than Americans?\n\nMy guesses are:\n\n* We tend to cook at home more and so eat less processed junk food\n\n* We use less sugar and no corn syrup in our cooking\n\n* Our portions are generally smaller\n\n* We tend to drive less and walk or travel more by public transport\n\nor \n\nit could be an illusion - we don't tolerate obesity as easily as Americans do, so you see less people in the media who are overweight.\n\n\n",
"The duodenum, which is near the upper intestine and stomach, as well as lymph nodes located in the upper gut can both swell due to excessive gas, ulcer or inflammation which can be caused by excessive/habitual alcohol consumption. This swelling of upper gut organs can cause a despondent belly where the individual remains relatively thin elsewhere giving the appearance of usually men looking more pregnant than fat.",
"There is also a difference between obesity and ascites-related abdominal distension which can come with liver damage related to alcohol consumption. Many people have a big belly, but it is not related to beer, it is related to poor diet and sedentary lifestyle. The two are a different thing -they look different, and they have a different root cause. \n\n[This is ascites](_URL_0_) , [this is obesity](_URL_1_). A person can have ascites which gives them a very large belly without having particularly fatty arms, legs, face, or other extremities – the true mark of the beer gut is that it is fluid, not just fat. It is also related to alcohol in general, not just beer.\n\nDrinking beer can definitely make you chubby if you were drinking lots of it and you have a high caloric intake and as a result of the combined beer and other calories at a little disproportionate to the output of calories. But that is not really a \"beer belly\", it is a \"caloric overconsumption belly\".",
"It's not about the beer really, as others have said. \n\nAs an example, Bud Light and Guinness are both 4.2% alcohol. You will get drunk just as fast regardless of which you choose. However, Guinness has 15 more calories than Bud Light for every 12 ounces. \n\nOn a side note, the U.S. is pretty heavy into the craft beer trend right now and has been for a while. ",
"Reminder for everyone ITT.\n\nBMI is utterly worthless unless you are FAT\n\nGod forbid you have muscle, because that way a 5 FT 11 85kg normal person turns out to be overweight borderline obese. ",
"The color of a beer has no determination on its caloric value. Exhibit 1 a Stella Artois has about 220 calories, a Budweiser 145 and a Guinness 150. ",
"Also it's almost impossible to drink the volume of beer light drinkers do with an imperial stout",
"Couple others gave some good reasons as far as being fat/overweight, but I'm gonna give a little insight as to the honest to goodness beer gut. That thing that sticks out like a hill on a guy that looks otherwise, if not in shape, then not out and out fat.\n\nYes, while American men often drink light beer, there's a *specific reason* they drink light beer. \n\nI know at least 5 different guys that'll drink a 30 pack of miller light/bud light/coors light whatever their beer is, over a week, then kill another one just on the weekend.\n\nSometimes they'll buy another on Friday and it'll be gone by Saturday. Most of these companies know it too. Watch their commercials, they might mention the calories but two words in particular will *always* be there.\n\n\"Less filling\" \"less filling\" \"less filling!\" \n\nBecause they know you and your buddies are gonna drink a dozen of them apiece over the course of a Friday evening. You wouldn't do that if they were more filling like real beer.\n\nWhat happens when you drink that much carbonated liquid? Bloating. There's a reason gastric bypass patients aren't allowed carbonated liquid of any kind. Carbonation distends the stomach. Now just imagine doing that to the extreme every day/weekend.\n\nBeer gut.\n\ntl;dr Real American beer guts are more volume than fat. For a lot of American men, beer consumption isn't limited by alcohol, it's how filling the beer is. If the beer company can sell you a less filling light beer, you'll buy more, and drink a lot.",
"Why is no one talking about the different types of beer consumed? ",
"High carb diets or not giving enough times between meals leads to visceral fat, or fat around your internal organs.\n\nThis leads to beer gut.",
"When I left the US I was 182 pounds and I was gone for four months. In the Mediterranean I feel I ate just as much but somehow lost 23 pounds. I am convinced the American food is packed with hormones.",
"Americans are fatter than other countries because a lot of us are more sedentary than our counterparts in other countries (most of us work office jobs which require sitting down for 8-12 hours), we have poor diets due to work or just in general, more spread out locations so its more difficult to use \"human power\" to get to places so we usually drive which burns no calories, the USA thrives on marketing and capitalism and not health so \"healthy\" foods are marketed as such when they're actually just as bad as \"unhealthy\" foods.",
"I think it has a lot to do with geographic area. A lot of countries in Europe are very small compared to the US. It's a lot more like urban living. If you go to New York City, you'll notice that very few people own cars. A lot of people walk or bike everywhere because everything you need is so close, so you don't need the expense of owning a vehicle (and beyond that, due to traffic in NYC, it can often be quicker to walk somewhere than to drive). A lot of Europe is like this due to the small size of many of the countries.\n\nBy contrast, the *vast* majority of the US is not like Europe or NYC. Most of the US is rural, and most of the US population live in rural or suburban areas. Walking or biking 15 miles to the nearest supermarket isn't really viable for most people, so owning a car and driving everywhere is basically mandatory. Couple that with a cushy white collar job, and now you have a sedentary lifestyle unless you're hitting the gym 3 or more times per week, or at least going out daily for a nice long jog or brisk walk.",
"Saw a lot of dudes in England with true beer bellies. I think americans have more fast food bellies that they blame on beer. ",
"Americans drive whenever possible. There are more walking opportunities in Europe, even if it's just to catch the bus or train.",
"[Abdominal obesity](_URL_1_) is caused by poor diets rather than beer. It is partly mediated by insulin / hyperinsulinemia and impaired fat metabolism.\n\nBodybuilders who inject insulin for larger gains also have enormous guts, contrast google searches for [beer belly](_URL_2_) and [insulin gut](_URL_0_).\n\nAmericans have terrible diets compared to Europeans. Full of sugar, refined carbohydrates, sugar, processed vegetable oils, sugar, fructose, and processed foods in general. Have I mentioned sugar?\n",
"It's not the beer that bless bodies with a supremely unattractive belly...It's the inflamed digestive tract that has entirely too much meat in it. Also everyone else in the world walks a hell of a lot more then Americans...At least the ones who make themselves fat. ",
"'Beer' bellies aren't only caused by beer. In fact, studies have shown that Americans are increasingly getting fatty liver disease - something once thought to be primarily caused by alcohol - despite drinking less. The culprit? Fructose.\n\nSee, fructose is processed by the liver in much the same way ethanol, the byproduct of alcohol, is. The body does it's best to convert fructose into glucose, a sugar that is either immediately used or turned into fat. When the body gets too much sugar, it can't process it all fast enough. So what happens is that this fructose gets broken down into uric acid and released into the bloodstream much like ethanol does. When the body's primarily filtering out _sugar_ of all things, the liver takes one hell of a beating.\n\nIn any case, the same process that causes a beer belly also affects those consuming large amounts of sugar. Soda, in particular. In fact, soda can be _worse_ for the body than beer, especially when it comes to developing an unwanted belly.\n\nSo seriously, stay away from High Fructose Corn Syrup. It's _awful_ for your liver, your kidneys, your waistline, and even your joint health. Surprised about that last one? Well, let me enlighten you further.\n\nSee, when the body can't process ethanol or fructose fast enough, it needs to convert it into something else and store it somewhere for processing at a later time. So what the kidneys do is convert both into uric acid and places it into the bloodstream.\n\nWe get uric acid from a number of places, and having some in the bloodstream isn't a particularly bad thing. Hell, when cells die, the body turns _those_ into uric acid as well. The issue comes from the _concentration_ of uric acid in the bloodstream. When it gets too high, this is called Hyperuricemia. Hyperuricemia, if left unchecked, can cause the uric acid in the bloodstream to start forming into microscopic, super pointy crystals. These crystals get caught in smaller capillaries and veins, mainly in the feet.\n\nThis is called Gout, and as someone that suffers from it, you _absolutely do not want to ever have to deal with it._ The affected joint swells up and becomes _extremely_ tender and painful. So much to the point that just putting on socks caused me to start crying from the pain. Moving the joint or putting any sort of weight on it is just asking for trouble, as you can do permanent damage to it. Gout pain has been compared to childbirth by women sufferers, as rare as those are.\n\nSee, gout primarily affects men. No idea why. Something to do with how our bodies deal with uric acid. Women can deal with higher concentrations better, and rarely get hyperuricemia in the first place.\n\nI know I went off on one hell of a tangent there, but I hope this helps _someone_ out there.",
"American here, who spends half his time in Europe. I can tell you from personal experience that beer bellies do not respect national boundaries. I have never grown to like the taste of beer, for that matter any alcohol, and I consider myself lucky in saying so. And as a result, I have zero pot belly. I'm not the most in shape guy because I eat like crap and don't exercise enough, but you couldn't tell because of one reason - no alcohol (okay barring one glass of wine every 4-6 months).",
"Because it's calories.\n\nYou don't get 'beer belly' by drinking beer. You get 'beer belly' based on body fat.\n\nBeer has alcohol and carbs. Alcohol is just under fat in terms of calories per gram. If you drink lots of beer you're getting lots of calories and that's on top of everything else you're consuming.\n\n",
"A 'beer belly' is no different than a normal obese person. It's caused by consuming more calories than your body needs, not specifically from drinking beer.",
"Quality, quantity and how often we drink. \n\nA lot of Americans eat like pigs, so they look like pigs.\n\nEuropeans eat less when they drink unless it is specific events where you full your stomach on that. \n\nStill it's a lot less than the American diet.",
"Mate you havent seen the germans on holiday in their speedos and perfectly spherical bellies",
"I'm on mobile, but has anyone mentioned \"ascites\" associated with chronic alcohol consumption? OP has the quintessential \"beer belly\" in mind, which traditionally presents as fluid accumulation in the abdomen aka ascites.\n\nChronic alcoholism can damage the liver over time, and damage to the liver results in decreased proteins made by the liver which can retain fluid in our blood vessels. When these proteins are not made in enough quantity, some of the fluid can leak out in our gut for example, hence the beer belly.\n\nThere is no major difference between the damage light and dark beer do to the liver of time, but I wanted to give OP an idea of where the traditional beer belly comes from. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/249985/view",
"http://www.wow.com/wiki/Obesity"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://google.com/search?q=insulin+gut&tbm=isch",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_obesity",
"https://google.com/search?q=beer+belly&tbm=isch"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
4dp933
|
what are some benign uses of the deep web?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4dp933/eli5_what_are_some_benign_uses_of_the_deep_web/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d1t2usx"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Your bank account interface is hosted on the deep web. Your personal page is locked behind a password protected interface and search engines or random redditors don't have access to it.\n\nIf it was in the \"shallow\" web, it'd be public information for everyone to see."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
9kr9g0
|
why is it so difficult to stop ourselves from singing songs that we like or is catchy. does it have to do with the brain?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9kr9g0/eli5_why_is_it_so_difficult_to_stop_ourselves/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e71cyaf"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"I remember reading that the brain hates incomplete data so it repeats \"catchy\" things that are not whole. If you want to get rid of an \"ear-worm\" as thay say in german, just sing the whole song and your brain will be happy and archive it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
6w0s5z
|
why do uk chip shop chips have a non-crunchy soft exterior compared to the crunchy exterior of all other chips served in restaurants?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6w0s5z/eli5_why_do_uk_chip_shop_chips_have_a_noncrunchy/
|
{
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"text": [
"When you fry french fries (chips as you call them) if you do not have hot enough oil they will be soft as they absorb more oil. They will also go soft as they sit due to the oil content so fries being soft is also a sign of them being old. It is also just common for places to not cook them long enough. ",
"Never thought about this, but yeah the chippy just doesn't cook them that long and they don't cook them to order they do a load and have sweating away in that tray / drawer thing..... Ready for salt vinegar and draping in awesome curry sauce!!! More of a question is why the chippy still has opening hours like it's 1970... Could murder a chippy supper ",
"Chip shop chips are generally far chunkier than traditional 'fries' but are cooked for roughly the same time. Thinner chips with a smaller surface area will crisp up faster. ",
"They're only fried once. Crispy fries are fried once to cook, then removed and drained and let cool a bit, then refried to crisp the exterior."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
dv6yun
|
how do wireless non-battery pens (for wacom & gaomon tablets) always work and never need to be charged?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dv6yun/eli5_how_do_wireless_nonbattery_pens_for_wacom/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f7b0igv"
],
"score": [
15
],
"text": [
"All the good stuff happens on the tablet. The pen though does have reactive electronics thats powered thru the tip. The tablet emits a electric field and the receiver in the pen picks up that minute power and does simple logic and retransmission"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
dly5pf
|
how does the military deal with people with surnames such as sargent, major, etc.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dly5pf/eli5_how_does_the_military_deal_with_people_with/
|
{
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"text": [
"I've seen it a few times. It usually works out just fine using context. If not, they'll probably develop a nickname.\n\nIt works the same way as somebody with the last name of Smith or Jones, or any other common last name. We had at least 5 Smith's in my company last year. Depending on who all was around and who I was talking to, I would either call them by their last name, their rank, a nickname, or their first name. Which one I used depended on who they were.\n\nI did have a Pvt. Sergeant in my basic training. He wasn't allowed to wear his name tape until the last couple weeks. But that's just because they like to screw with you in basic.",
"Major Major had been born too late and too mediocre. Some men are born mediocre,\r\nsome men achieve mediocrity, and some men have mediocrity thrust upon them. With\r\nMajor Major it had been all three. Even among men lacking all distinction he\r\ninevitably stood out as a man lacking more distinction than all the rest, and people\r\nwho met him were always impressed by how unimpressive he was.",
"This is better in r/answers."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2jn9mf
|
what are taxes and how do i pay them? am i paying them now? when do i start paying taxes? why do people need other people to "do" taxes? what receipts do i need to hand in for my taxes, and who do i give them to? why am i not taught this in school?
|
yowza, reading this title makes it REALLY obvious that I'm pretty young
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2jn9mf/eli5_what_are_taxes_and_how_do_i_pay_them_am_i/
|
{
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"cld9eyq"
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"text": [
"you pay taxes every time you go to the store. sales tax.\n\nbut yer probably talking about income tax. you FILINＧ income tax whenever you start having an income. you could save you receipts but typically as a single young person going to college and renting an apartment, it wouldn't do you much as you don't have any qualifed reason to use receipts. if you're starting a full time job, they'll give you a W2 at the beginning of the year after you start the job. aka. if you start a job 12/29, they'll give you a W2 in by 1/30/2015. but if you start the job on 1/1/2015, they'll give it to you 1/30/2016. \n\nyou take this W2 and report it as your income. if you worked another job part time, they'll probably give you a 1099 form. same idea, different form. it'll state how much the company paid you. you take your W2, 1099, any other income you made, that's what determines how much tax you pay. \n\nlater in life when you pay for college tuition, buy a new car, lose money in stocks, get married, a house, have kids, each will give you a tax allowance that can reduce how much you pay in tax."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
f5arl2
|
how is something classified as a world wonder
|
I was wondering why things like the Brandenburg gate is a wonder yet something like the Moscow gate(probably not real name) isn't
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f5arl2/eli5_how_is_something_classified_as_a_world_wonder/
|
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"text": [
"I’ve only ever heard the Brandenburg Gate refereed to as a wonder in Civ 5. \n\nNo one else ranks it on any lists. \n\nAnyway, there’s no official methodology. Anyone can make their own list, and lots do. From USA Today to engineering societies to travel experts... it’s completely arbitrary and usually just based on opinion.",
"The 7 wonders of the *modern* world is determined by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).\n\nThe 7 wonders of the *ancient* world are not well defined. There are a few lists out there but the original list was made by scholars in something like 400 BC.",
"The original list of the 7 Wonders of the World came about between the 2nd and 1st Century BC and was solidified by the Renaissance. The earliest reference was written by Diodorus Siculus. \n\nThey were the Great Pyramid of Giza, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the Statue of Zeus at Olympia, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the Colossus of Rhodes, and the Lighthouse of Alexandria. A couple of other authors subbed out the Lighthouse and included the Walls of Babylon, and a couple of other changes, but this is the general agreed upon list. \n\nThere are multiple lists of the New Seven Wonders including the American Society of Civil Engineers, USA Today, and the New7Wonders campaign from the early 2000s. \n\nThere are also lists of the Seven Wonders of the Natural world. \n\nLong story short, something is classified as a Wonder if the group that maintains the list decides it is."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1bzdfl
|
why does coffee dehydrate me when it's mostly water?
|
Edit: If coffee first dehydrate me, why does it make me thirsty?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1bzdfl/why_does_coffee_dehydrate_me_when_its_mostly_water/
|
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"In short, it doesn't.\n\nYes caffiene is a diuretic, and yes coffee will speed along you kidney function resulting in increased urinary output. \n\n**BUT** coffee is still mostly water. Even taking into account the increased urinary production rate, the net effect is hydration not dehydration.\n\n[Huffington Post Article.](_URL_3_)\n\n[NY Times Artice.](_URL_0_)\n\n[Mayo Clinic Article.](_URL_2_)\n\n[WebMD Article.](_URL_4_)\n\nI can try and find a few more sciency articles if you'd prefer, but it's pretty well established now that coffee (and similar caffeinated bevarages) don't cause dehydration.\n\n**EDIT:**\n\nFound a scholarly article too, focuses on the effect of [Caffeine on body-fluid electrolyte balance (basically hydration), and exercise and performance.](_URL_1_)\n\nThe particular excert of interest, from the abstract:\n\n > The scientific literature suggests that athletes and recreational enthusiasts will not incur detrimental fluid-electrolyte imbalances if they consume CB [caffeinated beverages] in moderation and eat a typical U.S. diet. Sedentary members of the general public should be a less risk than athletes because their fluid losses via sweating are smaller. \n",
"A better question would be why it make me shit so much. \n\nSeriously. Someone tell me. ",
"The kidney is made up of millions of glomeruli. A glumerulus has an in-going hose (afferent artery) and an outgoing hose (efferent artery). The glomerulus itself is essentially like a cheesecloth with very small holes that filters your blood. \n\nCaffeine belongs to a group of chemicals known as Methyl-xanthines. These chemicals dilate (or make larger) the afferent artery leading to the glomeruli. If you make the in-going hose larger, it can carry more water (blood) leading to more filtration through the cheesecloth. Hence more water is filtered through the kidney, net-net, a bit more makes it to the bladder and you pee it out. \n\nFYI: There actually is some debate as to whether or not there is a net loss of water when drinking coffee.",
"Better question: Why does coffee produce the subjective feeling of thirst?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/04/health/nutrition/04real.html?_r=0",
"http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/12187618/reload=0;jsessionid=WQbDDIubpRH2u1Bvu0IH.4",
"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/caffeinated-drinks/AN01661",
"http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/06/07/hydration-tea-coffee-lettuce-hydration-better-water_n_1577105.html",
"http://www.webmd.com/balance/caffeine-myths-and-facts?page=2"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2pnglf
|
what is the story of the silent hill games?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2pnglf/eli5_what_is_the_story_of_the_silent_hill_games/
|
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"I also would like to know this. Those crazy fuckers with the pyramid heads, the fuck are they all about?",
"I know the town is based loosely on the PA town of Centralia where an underground coal fire has been burning since 1962.\nThe town only has 7 residents cuz ya know' the underground coal fire. \nI read the Wikki page and its a very creepy place",
"I can only tell you the real basic stuff. Silent Hill is a place where people go who are having trouble with themselves or are facing very emotional times. Silent Hill is a parallel universe and you can only enter it spiritually. The main characters who arrive there, have to fix something tragic thats happened. The main characters face their own fears in each game because some of the enemies are different each game.",
"Seeing as how any answer to this question is a spoiler I won't be trying to hide any spoilers or such. Also this is all from memory so I hope I'm actually correct.\n\nSilent Hill was a small East coast American town. The people of Silent Hill worshiped a demon and wanted to birth it into the material world. At one point, a girl with psychic powers was born to a woman and the demon cult endeavored to use this girl as a conduit to birth the demon. \nUnfortunately for the cultists, the girl was hard to break, so, in order to make her an empty subservient, they attempted to rip her personality out of her(or split her into two beings or something) so that they could have only the power and body remaining. When they did so, they created two people: the new infant who was found by a passing driver named Harry Mason(who adopted her and named her Cheryl) and a vengeful, powerful creature who had her original name, Alessa.\nYears pass by and Cheryl is a young girl(just turned 7) and she suddenly has the nagging feeling to go to Silent Hill and become complete again. Mason is unaware of her past however and is driving by Silent Hill when an image of Alessa causes him to veer off the road, crash and fall unconscious. When he comes to, Cheryl is gone and he spends the rest of the game attempting to find her in the town that is now a purgatory prison for all of the people who were involved in the cult and, by association, Alessa's pain and torture. \nDue to Alessa's dark magics, the town is now infested with monsters and demons that are all manifestations of her own mind and psyche. These monsters seem to basically be mindless killers with behavior loosely based upon things that Alessa saw, enjoyed, or hated in her life. \nTo make a long game short, Harry Mason goes through the town, fights the cult, saves Cheryl(in an incredibly strange way I don't really want to get into the birth of the demon god at the end go to wikipedia or something.), and leaves the town to continue raising her.\nThat's the first game of the series, if this sufficed and you want to hear about the other games I can go into detail. Otherwise I don't want to type another essay. \n\ntl;dr, Bad people hurt a little girl who makes Silent Hill really scary. ",
"_URL_0_\n\nRead read read. It's all really fucking interesting, would recommend.",
"The Real Silent Hill Experience was a good overview.\n\n_URL_0_\n",
"You're too young for that game. It will give you nightmares. Let's play Pokemon instead.",
"It's important to note that the games leave many details vague, because not knowing is scarier than knowing. Furthermore, although technically the 4 main games take place in the same universe (and most of the side games as well, I think, though they hardly matter as much), only 1 and 3 are truly connected. 2 has more to do with the town as a separate, powerful entity which takes a persons inner demons and projects them into \"reality\". James Sunderland learns things about himself because the town takes deep, dark emotions and thoughts and amplifies them. 1 and 3 explain the bizarre events that take place as the outward projections of a single person, Alessa Gillespie/Mason, who is a powerful psychic. How much the town of Silent Hill itself has an affect in 1 and 3 is really not quite known, because in 3 we see \"the otherworld\" in places outside of Silent Hill. So perhaps both the town itself has a certain power to it, and certain people in the universe of Silent Hill have the same powers.\n\n4 is completely different and if you played it without paying attention to the other 3 you'd think it had nothing to do with Silent Hill at all. It does, actually, but it's way too hard to explain in a single post. However, it keeps the same theme of ones inner demons being outwardly projected onto the world.\n\nThat's essentially all Silent Hill is. There's no reason or explanation behind it, really. People who are fucked up go to that town or are drawn to it and see their fears, emotions, and dark secrets brought to life.",
"This talks about the movies, but might help. It's really through and does reference the games for a lot.\n\nExploring Silent Hill - Good Bad Flicks: _URL_0_",
"Silent Hill is limbo.\n\nIts the place you go to fight your personal demons and manifestations of your guilt and fear before you pass out.\n\nSilent Hill is not an actual place.\n\nProof?\n\nSilent Hill is set up according to you, the protagonist. In Silent Hill - Homecoming a common theme is the patient in room 203 in the hospital, 206 in the hotel, 206 in jail and all the clocks are stopped on 206. In the end it turns up that you are heavily linked to that number and even the watches are stopped at 2:06 which would make no sense for other characters of the game.\n\nWhy would I be a part of your nightmare? All the demons are based on your fear, sins and life in general.\n\nAnd now, behold the story and the explanation to my favourite story ever. Not favourite Silent Hill story but among my favourite stories.\n\nHomecoming - Silent Hill.\n\nBrief Introduction: Many people dislike this game because the protagonist is a military soldier and apparently this makes the game more \"Shoot up everything\" and less \" Be stealthy\". No. A thousand times no. To this day, Homecoming is among the games where you might want to avoid confrontation at all costs. All of your enemies are competent and they will all deal damage to you regardless of how good you are especially if you dont figure out that the go to weapon is the knive in general. In the previous games you got a Katana and a sledge hammer. None of such bullshit happen in this game (except from the ridiculous laser gun which is kind of Silent Hill Joke).\n\nYou have no idea what is going on and until the very end, you wont know much. You wake up being whilst transferred in a hospital. You can hear war sirens.\n\n[The beginning (notice what happens inside the rooms while they are pushing him around)](_URL_0_)\n\nIf you missed as you are being pushed around violently in that cart, you catch glimpses of children being murdered in the rooms. You see a doctor with saw, you see another guy burrying a kid and you seen another guy chocking a kid. These are your typical irrelevant scarry horror jump scares for the moment and are very easy to miss. \n\nThen see your brother running in this hellhole (full of metallic heavy doors and a hobby room/lounge with a TV mind you) and you realise you need to save him. So you get his toy, give it to him and [this happens](_URL_3_)\n\nLater on, you get inside an elevator, move downwards and get stuck. You hear metal on metal sounds. Silent Hill fans can recognize this sound. Its the Pyramidhead. Again, many people complain about the existance of Pyramidhead in this game but hardcore fans know that Pyramidhead is a representation of guilt and first made his appearance on Silent Hill two.\n\nSo anyway, its all a nightmare and you wake up in a truck, apparently after having hitched a ride and find your way home. There are no pictures of you at the walls at all and you read your mother's letter. \"The house feels so empty without you, I ve never felt so lonely before\". Awww...how cute, a love letter. Right? \n\nHey...btw, something funny is going on on Shepherd's Glen. People are missing, mist everywhere oh yeah...and monsters everywhere. I have to find my brother. I have to save him cause mom doesn't know where she is. Also I keep getting all these info about some patient in room 206 and in one of the rooms with the number 206 I could hear waves and water splashing behind. That's weird. Also all the watches are stuck on 2:06 o clock. My lady friend is mad at me because I left for the army without saying goodbye. And generally there is something wrong with room 206 everywhere I go. I can never open that room.\n\n**Spoilers** start.\n\nLong story short you gradually find out that people left Silent Hill to establish Shepherd's Glen and the four building families agreed with God to sacrifice their first children ceremoniously to appease him and your family is one of the building families so you have reason to believe that your brother is about to be sacrificed as you always see him run around through silent hill.\n\nTurns out that the kids you saw in the introduction of the game are actually the game's bosses. \n\n1) [Plant monster](_URL_2_) whose father burried him alive\n\n2) [This is scarlet, whose father chopped her to pieces](_URL_5_)\n\n3) [And Asphyxia whose name sais it all.](_URL_1_)\n\n\nAt some point in the hotel you meet a lady who claims to [have lost her memories.](_URL_8_)\n\nEventually, you find your father. Who lets you know that it is impossible to find your brother. Why? \n\nIts twist time.\n\nYou killed him. And you felt guilty (which explains Pyramidhead) and in your [flashback](_URL_6_) (watch after 2:35) you kept repeating \"I can save him...I can save him..\". Well...you never joined the army. You got locked up cause you are fucked up. So this dude has a reason to explore this universe and find himself. \n\nRewatch that scene where he hands him over his plush toy and barely touches his hand, just a little bit more and he would be able to reach him. You are never meant to keep up with your brother as you run behind him and that is amazing.\n\n\nEven if you chose to believe the surrealistic version of this game, there are no plot holes. You might ask yourselves...dont the rest of the people know that this dude was locked down? No, they have been lied to. The love interest is mad at you for \"You left without saying goodbye...so fast\". Cause your parents said you joined the army this is why your girlfriend is mad at you. \n\nOh hey...remember your mother's love letter? \"Never felt so lonely before? House is so empty without you?\". Holy shit! It doesn t feel empty, it is empty. It just went from a love letter to a tragic story. Now I actually feel sad for the characters. There are no pictures of poor Alex in the house, his parents no longer love him (which was his issue before he even killed his brother). He lost control of the whole situation.\n\nIt is obvious you do not wake up in a hospital. It is a mental facility (locked heavy doors made out of metal, hobby room with a TV).. Remember the singing lady who lost her memories? She has Alsheimers. Possibly the other patients are child killers as well, somehow brought together at some point.\n\n\nYou die by Pyramid Head, which makes sense because of your guilt.\n\n\nHere is a picture of [Siam](_URL_4_), one of the monsters.\n\n\"The Siam represents helplessness and being dragged along by fate. The female is helplessly bound to the male and dragged around with him, much as Alex Shepherd himself has been bound by his birthright. Additionally, the form represents the powerlessness of Alex's mother. His father made all of the decisions, and she was forced along with it, agreeing with him despite her own feelings\"\n\n\nLike I said, Pyramid Head appears too, many people object, saying he has no reason to show up in that game but since he represents guilt, him showing up makes perfect sense especially after you find out what happened in the end.\n\n\n[Here you can find more about the monsters of SIlent Hill.]\n(_URL_7_)\n\nSpoilers for other games as well:\n\nHarry Mason crashed his car and is bleeding on his steering wheel.\n\nJames Sunderland wants to find a substitute for his dead wife, fails to move on and commits suicide by drawning in a lake.\n\nAlex Shepherd (My Favorite) is going through a lobotomy after getting stuck in a loop, thinking he can save his brother who he murdered.\n\nMurphy Pendleton is either electrocuted, or drifts into madness locked up in his own cell.\n\n\n",
"A wonderful game. You should definitely play it sometime. I grew up with my dad playing games and remember Silent Hill the most. He quit at that horrible piano puzzle though so for the next 10 years I never knew what happened until I met my husband and we played every single one together. It truly is my favorite game in the whole world.",
"Just FYI, its based on a real town that you can go visit where the underground fires are still burning.\n\n[Centralia, PA](_URL_0_)",
"\n\"They look like monsters to you?\"",
"I would say generally that rather than helping people 'come to terms with what they've done' the town is more like a malevolent force making people suffer for their acts. At the beginning of the game you know only that James' wife died of a long illness. At the end, in the hotel room, you discover the twist that James killed his wife himself. Further, throughout the game, James is made to watch his proxy wife, Mary die repeatedly, only to have her come back.\n\nFurther, each character you meet in Silent Hill appears to be experiencing the town differently. You meet a child for example who acts confused at your perception of Silent Hill and who sees no monsters. So the town is in essence a mirror, which reflects your guilt back at you, forcing you to suffer for your sins.\n\nGrim stuff :)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://silenthill.wikia.com/wiki/Silent_Hill_Wiki"
],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDEHuzeOr9M&index=1&list=PL87676CF7D0B816B4"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://youtu.be/CfEnsMWYisI"
],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tLwEmiI_Brw",
"https://www.google.co.uk/search?sugexp=chrome,mod%3D9&q=silent+hill+asphyxia&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hl=el&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=roL3T4KmGfC50AHPvMXYBg&biw=1304&bih=671&sei=w4L3T7aON_GK0QGhu93ZBg",
"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SqtixyhFaY4/Tz-iSKrX1tI/AAAAAAAAAJA/nJcbZ4QlDsg/s1600/sh.jpg",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eeeJxiSWQVM#t=2m50s",
"http://img1.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20120604170157/silent/images/8/89/Shh_art_escalante_04_siam.jpg",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLvFRWidVPE",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zOBsn0LRtI",
"http://silenthill.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Silent_Hill:_Homecoming_Monsters",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9nh67h6l7A#t=1m30s"
],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralia,_Pennsylvania"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
dfibuz
|
what is the function of getting teeth as a child ( milkteeth ) only lose them to go through the whole process again?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dfibuz/eli5_what_is_the_function_of_getting_teeth_as_a/
|
{
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"f338hls",
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4
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"text": [
"A baby skull is too small for adult teeth\n\nBaby teeth are too small for an adult skull\n\nTeeth can't grow after they've been pushed into position\n\nSo there's really only one option: replace them once the skull is nearly full size.",
"A child's skull is too small for adult teeth. So if we do not replace the teeth we either go through about 12-15 years of not having teeth at all, or a life of having tiny teeth."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3mkpcw
|
why are food companies still allowed to freely sell products that are rich in added sugar and calories when research now shows that there is a clear correlation between regular consumption of these products and obesity and related diseases (such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease)?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3mkpcw/eli5why_are_food_companies_still_allowed_to/
|
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"text": [
"Because there is a freedom to sell what you want in the United States (short of some highly addictive or highly dangerous products). The issue isn't the added sugar or calories....the issue is the over-consumption of these products. That is on the consumer, not the companies. ",
"Why are you allowed to drive a car if you know you can have an accident?",
"For the same reason that people can still sell booze or cigarettes or anything else legal that can be harmful when consumed. Because people have the right to do what they wish with their own bodies, to consume what they wish.",
"People have the right to make \"bad\" choices, or what you think are bad choices. You have the right to make choices that I think are bad."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
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[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3mzw5v
|
how do breathalyzers know that what is blowing into them is a person instead of just air from a bike pump for example?
|
Just read [this news article](_URL_0_) about a man that used a racoon to blow on a breathalyzer (the kind that is built in to a cars ignition system) and it made me wonder if there's any way it detects that it is an animal or person blowing on it or just air from something like a bike pump.
Also, could you just use a balloon that you payed someone that was sober to blow up for you and then just releasing it into the breathalyzer? Or just balloons you yourself blew up while sober? Or even helium balloons?
EDIT: Added a link to the article
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3mzw5v/eli5_how_do_breathalyzers_know_that_what_is/
|
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"text": [
"I think the article you read may have been a fake.\n\nI had an interlock device on my car. You have to blow in once when you start your car, and then again 7 minutes later, and then every 20 minutes after that. Not only do you have to maintain a constant force of breath, but when the device clicks you have to suck back in. That causes a valve to close and the device to analyze the breath. \n\nThe only real way to cheat those things is to have a sober person in the car, and unless theyre a child you'd be better off just letting the sober person drive.",
"The story you're citing is an \"interlock\", basically a breathalyzer that prevents the car of a convicted drunk driver from being started while under the influence. \n\nThey work by requiring either a long and forceful blow into the device, or a \"blow-suck-blow\" dictated by some beeps on the device. If you can't blow long or hard enough, your timing is off, or it detects alcohol, you won't pass.\n\nUsing a balloon is almost impossible, it doesn't make enough pressure.\n\nUsing a pump is impossible, it doesn't move enough air.\n\nAny attempt to bypass the system, including tricking the sensor, is against the law.\n\nHonestly, I'm shocked a raccoon worked. I often can't get full grown and sober adults to blow long or hard enough to get a pass."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://detroit.cbslocal.com/2015/09/30/man-uses-raccoon-to-start-breathalyzer-equipped-car-raccoon-then-attacks-driver/"
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
36nfmb
|
why do i see a faint light when i sneeze in the dark?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/36nfmb/eli5_why_do_i_see_a_faint_light_when_i_sneeze_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"crfffsg",
"crffoso"
],
"score": [
4,
2
],
"text": [
"It's likely caused by pressure on your retna. The same reason you see light when you close your eyes and press on them. The pressure activates the photoreceptors in your retna.",
"Sneezing sends a burst of pressure to your eye, specifically your retina. This pressure causes the sensors to go wild for a split second, resulting in what appears to be a flash of light. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
56wzxw
|
the us invented a president and congress instead of preexisting pm and parliament
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/56wzxw/eli5the_us_invented_a_president_and_congress/
|
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"text": [
"The founding fathers wanted a separation of powers between the executive and legislative branch - in a parliamentary system the PM is almost always the leader of the largest party or coalition, which means they can pass whatever bills they want.\n\nBy choosing the head of government and legislators separately then it is less likely that one can dominate the other \n\n",
"British parliamentary power predates the three-branch separation. In Britain, Parliament was the counterweight to the power of the monarch, so the most powerful executive, the effective ruler, always came from Parliament. But this is just an agreement for historical reasons, it's not because somebody sat down and thought of the best way to organize a government.\n\nThe American Founding Fathers though, they did just that. They sat down, thought about it, and came up with the formalized checks & balances system. The head of the executive branch had to be someone who wasn't also a member of the legislative branch.\n\nThe word \"President\" actually comes from \"to preside\", as in, to be the chair of the meeting - in some countries it's the word used for the speaker of a parliament. :)",
"The US wanted to have a government that separated the executive and Judicial functions of government. They felt that having both of those in one body was too much power in one place as they are with a Parliament. The leader of the country needed to be someone not associated with the Legislative branch, that leads to corruption in their eyes. ",
"We didn't really invent it; we resurrected it. The Founding Fathers were huge fans of the concepts underpinning the Roman Republic, which had a plebian lower house (which became the House of Representatives) and an aristocratic upper house (in both cases, the Senate). The Roman Republic also had an underlying Constitution (granted, they didn't really follow theirs, but still).\n\nThe largest departure is the head of state; Rome had two Consuls of equal power, while the US has one President, plus a lower Vice President.",
"The found fathers of the US loved Montesquieu:\n\nMontesquieu saw two types of governmental power existing: the sovereign and the administrative. The administrative powers were the executive, the legislative, and the judicial. These should be separate from and dependent upon each other so that the influence of any one power would not be able to exceed that of the other two, either singly or in combination."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
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[],
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[],
[],
[]
] |
||
6xpldx
|
in an area of gas for $2.09+, why doesn't/can't one gas station just destroy the competition by selling gas for $1.99 and advertising it heavily?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6xpldx/eli5_in_an_area_of_gas_for_209_why_doesntcant_one/
|
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"They can, and do often. Gas wars are common things. But most of the time the nearby gas stations are either owned by the same parent company, or they have deals with each other to not undercut each other by more than a certain margin. ",
"Gas prices fluctuate with the going rate of barrels. The $1.99 gas station owner would be buying high and selling low. He would probably fit right in with the savages at /r/wallstreetbets",
"Because the other stations can change their price within a few hours, so there is no benefit to doing this -- it would mean *all* the stations lose profits.",
"Many gas stations sell gasoline at a tiny profit margin already. I've spoken to a gas station owner who makes more money on a single cup of coffee than 8 gallons of gas. This is also why they are allowed to charge different prices for credit card purchases versus cash. The small fees that credit card processor charges them is enough to totally eat up their profits. ",
"Because the surrounding gas stations will lower their prices to $1.98, and then watch in barely concealed glee while the first guy slowly suffocates under the high cost of advertising heavily. Or they might just keep their prices and $2.09, and watch with barely concealed glee while the first guy slowly suffocates under the high cost of advertising heavily as well as the high cost of selling at a loss.",
"Gas that is $0.10 per gallon cheaper would save me around $2.00 per tank. I fill up twice a month. It's honestly not worth my time to go out of my way for cheaper gas. When I need gas I pull over at the nearest station that's convenient. I suspect a substantial number of people have similar habits.",
"Gas stations profit from being similar yet different. Different additives, same location and similar price. Gas stations and fast food outlets group together in one location because the volume of business they attract by doing so increases the amount of business each does. Attempting to destroy the gas station across the street is actually counter productive. By killing the station across the street they force traffic to go elsewhere for gas. Like pc users are loyal to pc's, Exxon customers are loyal to Exxon, yet if they see lines when they get to their favorite station they will cross the street to the competitor because they need gas now and don't want to stand in line. But they will be back at their regular station next week. ",
"Profit margins are tiny, about 4 cents. When the gas crisis hit volume became so low thousands of gas stations closed down. \n\nThe same is true for most companies. If a neighbor could sell it for less, they already would. That's why small businesses have such high prices, the 5% margin or so Olive Garden makes would bring down an Italian restaurant in a weekend. ",
"because while yes $1.99 might sell more, why sell gas 10¢ less when the consumer will buy it no matter what at $2.09 ? this concept is called 'market price', i.e. the price the consumer will pay for it no matter what. If you sell 10 gallons at $1.99 and i sell 10 gallons at $2.09, you just lost money. ",
"Other comments in this thread have it correct regarding slim margins, loyalty, ease of access, etc. in todays market.\n\nBut in theory (and to answer your question), you are technically correct. You could do just that.\n\nThis is a large part of how Rockefeller got to be one of the richest people in modern history. From Wikipedia:\n\n > Undeterred, though vilified for the first time by the press, Rockefeller continued with his self-reinforcing cycle of buying the least efficient competing refiners, improving the efficiency of his operations, pressing for discounts on oil shipments, **undercutting his competition**, making secret deals, raising investment pools, and **buying rivals out**. In less than four months in 1872, in what was later known as \"The Cleveland Conquest\" or \"The Cleveland Massacre\", Standard Oil absorbed 22 of its 26 Cleveland competitors.[48] Eventually, even his former antagonists, Pratt and Rogers, saw the futility of continuing to compete against Standard Oil: in 1874, they made a secret agreement with Rockefeller to be acquired."
]
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|
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[],
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||
21u3n3
|
finite element analysis (fea or fem)
|
Having some trouble with a project at university and some help would be greatly appreciated!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21u3n3/eli5_finite_element_analysis_fea_or_fem/
|
{
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"I've been wondering about this for aggggeeeeessss lol",
"You can do hand calculations on simple geometries. For example, there are simple equations for the stress, deflection, etc. of a cantilevered beam. It's anchored at one end and sticking out into space, and we know how it will act.\n\nBut what if the geometry you're looking at isn't so simple? Example: what if, instead of a beam anchored at one end sticking *straight* out into space, you have a beam anchored at one end that curves in an S-shape out into space? We don't have an equation for that. At least, not a simple one.\n\nSo what you do is you slice it up into segments (\"finite elements\"). Instead of looking at one continuous, S-shaped beam, you approximate it as 100 beams, joined together end-to-end in an S-shaped chain. If you use enough elements, each one will be small enough that they won't take up much of the curve. So the simple equations for a straight beam will work for them, or at least be close enough.\n\nInstead of one weird-shaped beam, you now have 100 simple-shaped beams. Each one of those has a simple equation for it, so you get a set of 100 simultaneous equations to solve. A computer can solve that easily."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
a56a1t
|
why does it feel so dirty to put on used socks but not other items of clothing such as a t-shirt?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a56a1t/eli5_why_does_it_feel_so_dirty_to_put_on_used/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ebk48bs"
],
"score": [
11
],
"text": [
"Your feet tend to sweat more than other parts of the body, making socks dirtier than any other piece of clothing. Just like how shirts tend to stink before pants would. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1wpv8f
|
what are food stamps and how exactly do they work (german with no clue here)
|
Hi Reddit,
I just read that Wal Mart is going to cut Food stamps and noticed that I don't have a clue how this whole food stamps / coupons system in the US works.
First of all, are food stamps some kind of welfare for the poor or are they the same as coupons for supermarkets?
Some time ago, I saw an episode of that Honey Boo Boo crap (as I got curios wathcing South Park), there the fat mother cut out dozens of coupons and took them with her to Wal Mart. As in Germany we normally don't have such coupons that often (discounts are normally offered to all customers for special products and a "disount price" is displayed instead of the regular price tag).
So are these coupons just some special rebate thing, do people get stuff for free, are there any limitations (I mean, the fat Boo Boo mother cut out like 50 or so)?
Thanks for enlightening me :)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wpv8f/what_are_food_stamps_and_how_exactly_do_they_work/
|
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"text": [
"Please tell me Germany doesn't get Honey Boo Boo.",
"Food stamps (aka SNAP, or EBT depending on the context) is a social welfare program from the US government (not state, county, or city level, meaning it's available everywhere in the country).\n\nPeople with little or no income can apply for this program. While it used to be printed currency, now it's an electronic payment card. From the point of view of the user, it's very similar in operation to a credit card, though the user has to enter an electronic pin code as well.\n\nThe program only allows purchase of food. Alcohol, cigarettes, medicine, and other non-food items are not covered and retailers will not apply food stamp money towards the purchase of those items.\n\nFrequently, the program includes something called \"cash aid\" which DOES allow the purchase of those restricted items.\n\nEach month, the user will receive a specific dollar amount of food stamps and a specific dollar amount of cash aid (usually smaller). The program usually doesn't provide enough money to live on and is meant to supplement income from other sources (other social welfare programs or employment).\n\n---\nCoupons are NOT a social welfare program. They're actually a form of marketing and come in two varieties: retail coupons and manufacturer coupons.\n\nRetail coupons provide discounts for specific items purchased at a specific retailer. The idea is to get customers to come into the store in the first place (increasing the odds of them purchasing other items). Generally speaking, retailers will only honor coupons they themselves produced. This is not always the case, of course, but it is designed to build brand loyalty with a particular store.\n\nManufacture coupons are somewhat uncommon and are usually related to a promotion of some kind being run by a manufacturer instead of a retailer.\n\nAs an example, a Sony camcorder might include in the box manufacturer coupons for half off Sony cassettes for the camcorder. Manufacturer coupons are also commonly used where a product is a prize. For example a \"life-time supply\" of Joseph Farms cheddar cheese would be awarded as a large number of manufacturer coupons, each good for one free block of cheddar cheese from Joseph Farms. Manufacturer coupons are accepted at most retailers as the manufacturer reimburses the retailer for the product.\n\nBoth types of coupons have specific products or groups of products that they a valid for use with. They also have all sorts of different discounting rules.\n\nMost common discounts one item by a specific dollar amount \"$3.00 off\". They can also discount by a percentage \"50% off\". Retailer coupons can apply to the whole purchase \"$10 off your purchase\". They can also apply to groups of items \"Buy 3 [item a] an receive 1 [item b] for [discount]\". They never, however, result in a negative till balance; a store will never pay you for using coupons. That \"$10 off the purchase\" coupon usually has some kind of stipulation about the minimum total purchase.",
"Food stamps come in the form of either federal or state welfare assistance programs for those that can not afford to purchase food otherwise. \n\nYou have most likely heard about the latest cuts to [SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program)](_URL_3_) which provides financial assistance to families and individuals that (generally) fall below 130% of the poverty line. That's about $25k for a family of 3. \n\nDue to the Great Recession we now have [48 million Americans requiring food stamp benefits just to get by](_URL_2_). Most household recipients of SNAP actually work. [They receive about $133 a month in benefits.](_URL_4_) \n\nWalmart is not cutting the SNAP or any other Food Stamp program. [Congress did](_URL_0_). The SNAP program is funded through the Farm Bill and congress cut $9 billion of dollars out of the program which will have a significant impact on States trying to feed their poor. \n\n[Walmart released their quarterly profit outlook based in part due to these congressional cuts](_URL_1_). Walmart is required by the SEC to disclose this information because they are a publicly traded company and the SEC mandates that they distribute this information to current and potential shareholders. \n\nBasically, Walmart disclosed to potential investors that they won't make as much money for the first quarter of 2014 because of these legislative cuts to SNAP. Walmart is one of the most popular stores that people visit to purchase groceries and other household goods that SNAP covers and with nearly $9B in cuts Walmart is going to generate less sales as fewer Americans will have the funds to purchase those goods. \n\nLess SNAP $ = Less Revenue (and therefore less profits) for Walmart. \n\nTo clarify, Walmart is a private company. They did not cut the food stamp program. They announced that they will make less money because congress cut the food stamp program. \n\nPrivate companies, like Walmart, offer coupons to increase the volume of sales and has nothing to do with food stamps. I think you put multiple news stories together and got confused. Hopefully, this clears it up. ",
"In Germany, if you're unemployed and sanctioned by the jobcenter for not complying, they can also give you food stamps (Lebensmittelgutschein) to make sure you're not wasting the money on drugs etc."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/congress-set-cut-billions-food-stamps",
"http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSBREA0U0YK20140131?irpc=932",
"http://www.policymic.com/mobile/articles/80641/this-is-the-face-of-food-stamps",
"http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program",
"http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&amp;amp;amp;amp;id=2226"
],
[]
] |
|
64b2re
|
; why do we sign for stuff? does it matter if the signature matches previous ones? is it just a papertrail?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/64b2re/eli5_why_do_we_sign_for_stuff_does_it_matter_if/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dg0s4j7"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Working for the post office here. A signature helps us prove that someone at that address actually took delivery. Our scanners give GPS locations of each scan but a signature shoes who took it. It works as a piece of mind thing to if you are sending it. It also means that we can not just leave it at your door. We have to have it signed or else it comes back and we leave a notice to have it picked up at the office or re delivered. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
77kq41
|
sometimes pregnant women have the urge to eat specific foods throughout their pregnancy. is it because they lack a certain nutrient common in that food that the fetus needs?
|
And to further complicate things, it can change from pregnancy to pregnancy it seems. First pregnancy my wife craved pickles every day, second pregnancy it was tijuana mama pickled sausages, this time it's pizza. She normally hates those foods, which makes it even weirder.
ETA during a friends pregnancy she craved peanut butter 24/7. I've heard of some women craving ice cream.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/77kq41/eli5_sometimes_pregnant_women_have_the_urge_to/
|
{
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"domnh46",
"domo03y",
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],
"score": [
21,
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],
"text": [
"A friend of mine craved dirt while she was pregnant. And there was good dirt and not good dirt according to her, she could tell by looking at it but couldn't explain the difference.\n\n She actually ate dirt, like went out into a field and got a cup of dirt and ate some. Her doctor told her that as long as she made sure it was clean dirt, as in no manure, fertilizer, bug spray, random chemicals or that type of thing that it would be fine to go ahead and eat some dirt.",
"The honest answer is that nobody knows exactly why such cravings happen. Pica is a condition where a person starts to crave items that are non-nutritive, like ice, dirt and so on. They may or may not have a deficiency, such as in pregnancy, but they may also lack iron, often in pregnant mothers and kids.\n\nAs for why people crave certain foods in pregnancy, the possible reason is a combination of changes in the ability to smell, a whole mix of hormones and other biological changes in the way a pregnant person thinks and eats. ",
"We have done research and there are many theories, but to this day we don’t fully know what causes these cravings. Theories range from it having to do with part of the brain to hormones. \n\nPica is a whole mother problem entirely which the previous poster covered. \n\nWe do however know that women from different cultures crave different things according to what is normally available. I would think this is why women in countries with more processed foods crave weird junk. Maybe it was once supposed to be useful, but has been undermined by the change in available foods?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
5597si
|
why there are more diagnosis' of autism in north america than europe, asia, etc.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5597si/eli5_why_there_are_more_diagnosis_of_autism_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d88mc22",
"d88mkn1",
"d88nm5h",
"d88nmux",
"d88ohax",
"d88ow2b",
"d88w4ui"
],
"score": [
13,
10,
14,
5,
3,
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"text": [
"No one knows, the epidemiology of and causes of autism are still a matter of considerable research and poorly understood. Even fully framing the nature of autism has some issues. You can't have an answer, there isn't one. ",
"I got a diagnosis of autism for my son when we was very young. He was having major issues at school and the teachers immediately alerted me to his behaviour. We took him to a local psychiatrist and they diagnosed autism. I wanted a second opinion, so I contacted the Kennedy Kreiger center through John Hopkins. It was an eight month waiting list, but we got in, and he went through a three day diagnosis process. They informed us that autism is so broad (hence the term, autism spectrum) but so specific, that it is actually confused and misdiagnosed with other very similar disorders. They also told me it was rare that they gave out the term \"autistic\" to a patient.\n\nMy son came back being diagnosed with high functioning autism, which is the one type that often slips through the cracks since most of the symptoms just come through as the child being a jerk, obtuse or antisocial. They are in fact none of those things, but instead don't have the ability to understand complex social systems or things that are abstract and require reading between the lines. In other words, my son is a genius when it comes to concrete things (math, science, even grammar). I do not say that lightly. His IQ test put him up there with known geniuses of our time. \n\nHowever, he struggled for a very long time trying to understand people and he gets bored very easily. He's in gifted at school, but also takes classes to teach him how to understand the people around him. As he gets older, he is able to understand when I am sad or happy, and his teachers have taught him what to do when someone is sad or happy and how to react. He also was taught how to start or end conversations (which makes him sound robotic, but we are working on that). PS I also work with him at home, but it's so nice to have someone on our side at school helping with this. \n\nI love my son more than anything and I have learned how to teach and guide him in life. My only wish is that he finds a partner who understands and loves him the way I do. He has a lot of love to give, just in his own little way.\n\nTo summarize, autism is recognized in the US as being a part of the spectrum, and there are many different ways it presents itself. Also, it's very difficult to narrow it down, so some may be misdiagnosis, but the child still has SOMETHING. \n\nI can also assure you that my son was this was from birth, which is why it took until he was in school for people to notice it. It just was who he was. It's his personality, and not a disease he caught or something he got from vaccines. He was quite literally born that way. \n\nEdit: words",
"The main reason that autism, it's a spectrum, is diagnosed more in North America and some parts of Europe is that the system is better at diagnosing it than it was before. \n\nThere always were \"different\", \"slow\", weird\" kids. Now we can put a label on them. They haven't got round to that in poorer parts of the world.",
"The quick and dirty answer is insurances, and lobbying.\n\nAlot of politics went into the new DSM which is used as a diagnostic tool, the diagnosis for autism is so broad it can cover many behavioral mental health and genetic problems. The reason for this it allows more compensation for care for more people.\n\n\nThe reason you don't see this in other countries is there isn't a need as they have nationalized Healthcare and government support for childcare, so obtaining a diagnosis isn't required to get the help you need",
"It could be because of how school is structured; like ADD. \n\nADD is easy to diagnose if kids are to sit on their ass and learn a limited amount of subjects for extended periods of time. \n\nBut for some reason, ADD symptoms don't really present in PE and active Electives like history class (well, for many). \n\nIn the US, we prioritize structure and compliance. ",
"Your premise is incorrect, at least according to [this article] (_URL_0_). If that's to be believed, the US rate is 2/3 that of the UK and 1/3 that of the world leader, Japan. ",
"In Japan parents will often avoid getting their kids diagnosed with mental problems. \n\nI have one kid in my class that clearly has issues, I'm guessing autism, but her mother refuse to acknowledge it. She says \"It's just her personality\". \n\nThe mother isn't stupid either. She knows the stigma that will come from a diagnosis and being sent to a 'special' school. \n\nStill, it's a shame to see her daughter falling behind in all her subjects and struggling to interact with other people."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/11-countries-with-the-highest-rates-of-autism-in-the-world-357960/?singlepage=1"
],
[]
] |
||
4oasst
|
how do mods for video games work? do developers expose their source code?
|
I'm interested to know exactly how games like Skyrim/X-Com/Fallout/Total War can support the practice of modding from a technological standpoint? Do they give content creators access to the game's source code/engine to explore and then build off of? And if so, doesn't this create the dangerous consequence of making your game vulnerable to reverse engineering/pirating? Once a mod has been created, do the developers sign off of it? How does it all work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4oasst/eli5_how_do_mods_for_video_games_work_do/
|
{
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"text": [
"I can mainly speak about Paradox's grand strategy games, specifically Hearts of Iron IV. In that game, there are text files in the game folder that the game engine references, and you can easily make modifications to the entire engine by altering these text files.\n\nFor example, it might say something like:\n\n > infantrycost:1200\n\nand you change the text file to:\n\n > infantrycost:900\n\nAnd you just created a mod, in this case changing the cost of infantry from 1200 to 900 (I'm just pulling the example out of my ass for the sake of the explanation).\n\nBut, rather than changing the base game files, you create an identical text file in a specially marked mod folder. When the game boots up, it loads any mod files of the given name instead of its counterpart in the base game files.\n\nA lot of PC games, especially those hosted on Steam, are now being specially designed to accept and distribute mods. On Steam it's called the Steam Workshop.",
"Some games integrate mod support, like /u/onlysane1 showed.\n\nOther games are deconstructed by the community to create mods. For example, Minecraft.",
"Most games that have mod support officially will actually expose their game engine through the use of an Application Programming Interface or API. This is more like giving developers access to some functions that will help them develop their modification.\n\nId love to finish this, but my phone battery is about to die. I'll try and finish tomorrow!",
"If the developer openly supports mods, like Bethesda offers up the Creation Kit for the Elder Scrolls series, it's basically the DIY for modifying their game engine and the gameplay. The developers have to make the game in such a way that supports modding versus not and forcing modders to having to hack and thus potentially break it. For instance, Android supports the modding of its themes, and some user experience, iOS does not.",
"In the case of Bethesdas games, the mods are little files that include a set of changes. The game will load vanilla (unmodded) initially, and then load the changes via esp files based on their load order.\n\nSay you mod a gun from 10 damage to 15. The game will load 10 damage first and then it will see in your esp that it's supposed to be 15 and change it accordingly.\n\nThis is why load orders are so important with Bethesda games. If you have two esps that change the same variable, the most recently loaded esp will take precedent.",
" > Do they give content creators access to the game's source code/engine to explore and then build off of?\n\nSomewhat, yes. Some developers include the tools they used to make the game along with the game. Back in the day, Valve released the level editor they used internally, along with a software development kit that people could use to modify the game. That led to stuff like CounterStrike, Day of Defeat, etc.\n\n > And if so, doesn't this create the dangerous consequence of making your game vulnerable to reverse engineering/pirating?\n\nNot necessarily - tools given away by the developers are often limited in what they can modify (i.e the level editors can only modify/make levels) and if you want to do anything else you'll probably have to reverse engineer the rest of the game.. \n\nSpeaking of reverse engineering, I'm of the opinion that every game out there is vulnerable to reverse engineering/pirating, regardless of whether or not the devs actually opened it up to modding. Take Diablo 2, for instance - Blizzard never officially supported modding for D2, but that didn't stop anyone from doing it (see: _URL_0_). ",
"I can shed some light on how it specifically works in Bethesda rpgs (applies to Fallout 3, NV, 4, Morrowind, Oblivion and Skyrim).\n\nBasically the engine, the very core of the game and all the content in the game are separated. You have the game's esm (elder scrolls masterfile) which includes all the content (TESV and FO4 have a update.esm as well). This is only the code however, all the meshes (shapes), textures (colors which get wrapped around the shapes), sounds etc. are stored separately. \nThe esm is grouped into categories, e.g. WEAP (weapons) or ARMO (armor) and within groups you find \"records\". A record is one entry within a group, within the WEAP category it would include things like the name, damage, reach, swing speed, etc.\n\nAs you can see, with enough time on your hand you could create your own game within beth's engine, simply unload their master and load the one you created instead (see Nehrim which was created for Oblivion's engine). \n\nSo, how does a mod fit into this? Let's imagine you're reading /r/skyrim and see someone say how the ebony blade scales off 1h skill and 2h perks, and you think to yourself \"I can fix that!\". So you go into the CK, make all the necessary changes, save the esp (elder scrolls plugin, always depends on a .esm master file) and load it into your game. \nNext time you start your game the engine will load the skyrim.esm and your plugin. Upon loading your plugin the game realizes \"okay, in the group WEAP the record for the ebony blade has been overridden by the record in the plugin, so I gotta disregard what the skyrim.esm file says and do what the plugin tells me to do\". \n\nTl;dr: in TES games engine and content are separate. The engine loads a master and overrides stuff in the master with mod added stuff, or simply adds it to the game."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.moddb.com/games/diablo-2-lod/mods"
],
[]
] |
|
5lh1mv
|
banking
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5lh1mv/eli5banking/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dbvpccv"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Banks use double-entry bookkeeping. This means every account has a credit column for sums added to it, and a debit column for sums taken out of it (not to be confused with credit and debit cards).\n\nLet's say you have $800 in your bank account. When you deposit $200 in cash at the bank they enter the amount into their electronic ledger in the credit column on your account. Your balance is now $1,000. The bank also records the cash deposit as a credit on the bank's own cash-on-hand account. This account's balance also increases accordingly by $200.\n\nThe bank can then take the $200 in cash you deposited and do something else with it. For example, it can hand some of it to Betty, who just withdrew $100 from her checking account. Your account is not affected by Betty's withdrawal. There is no credit given or debit taken from it. \n\nBetty's checking account was debited $100 when she got the cash (meaning her balance is now $100 lower). The bank's total cash balance is now also down by $100, because when they gave that cash out to Betty, they logged it as a debit on their cash account.\n\nThese numbers always have to match perfectly. The bank takes each account's previous known balance, adds any credits and subtracts any debits made since, and the result should match the current balance. Their cash balance has to match the total cash deposit credits they made. If any of the numbers are mismatched, that's a warning that something is wrong. \n\nAnd so, if any change happens to your balance without a corresponding credit, or if any credit appears without a solid record of where it came from (such as a cash deposit, transfer, or a payment you received such as interest on savings/investments), it is likely to raise a warning flag. \n\nThis means you can trick the bank into thinking you have more money than you're supposed to have, but only if you can create a comprehensive trail of credits/debits and ensure it all balances out neatly when they reconcile or audit the accounts. Or you must figure out a way to withdraw the cash and run away before the mismatch is investigated! "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
mqx41
|
why funeral processions are allowed to disregard traffic laws
|
I just saw a funeral procession nearly T-bone a driver who was turning on the green arrow. No horn or nothing; they just ran the lights. Why are they allowed to do stuff like this?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/mqx41/eli5_why_funeral_processions_are_allowed_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
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"c336qu3"
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"score": [
9,
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10,
9,
8,
10
],
"text": [
"Because they're dead busy.",
"Funeral processions have varying rules depending on the state. Generally funeral processions have right of way over normal traffic.\n\nThe most common set of rules says that as long as the lead car entered an intersection legally, the rest of the procession may follow regardless of traffic signals.\n\nThis may be outdated or incomplete, but [here's a list](_URL_0_) of some state by state rules.",
"funeral companies want to cause accidents to create more clientele. genius!",
"Because they're dead busy.",
"Funeral processions have varying rules depending on the state. Generally funeral processions have right of way over normal traffic.\n\nThe most common set of rules says that as long as the lead car entered an intersection legally, the rest of the procession may follow regardless of traffic signals.\n\nThis may be outdated or incomplete, but [here's a list](_URL_0_) of some state by state rules.",
"funeral companies want to cause accidents to create more clientele. genius!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.cga.ct.gov/2004/rpt/2004-R-0303.htm"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.cga.ct.gov/2004/rpt/2004-R-0303.htm"
],
[]
] |
|
20lkbn
|
why are human eyes so readable?
|
Why are we able to tell so much about what a person is thinking or feeling by looking in their eyes?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20lkbn/eli5_why_are_human_eyes_so_readable/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cg4fmb9",
"cg4form"
],
"score": [
6,
4
],
"text": [
"We mostly just look at the facial muscles surrounding the eyes. For example, when you're smiling your cheeks go a little higher. When you're sad, they're usually more relaxed.",
"We evolved that ability because it is very beneficial for a social species to infer what another member of the group may be feeling. \nIt is much harder to do with for example birds."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
186otu
|
what determines the colour or tint that a galaxy gives off.
|
Often you see pictures of these bright galaxies with vibrant colours, and I was wondering what makes it look a certain colour?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/186otu/what_determines_the_colour_or_tint_that_a_galaxy/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c8c35ox"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"First of all, a lot of the colors you see in astronomical photos aren't real. Images are taken in different wavelengths of light, like infrared or ultraviolet, and then visible colors are assigned, often arbitrarily, to those invisible frequencies. Frequently, visible light is taken by three different cameras, each capturing one images of red, green, or blue light. These are later combined, just like pixels on a screen.\n\nDisregarding that -- what gives anything out in space its color is mostly its temperature. Hot stars are more \"blue\" and colder stars are more \"red\". (I'll leave out a complicated thing like doppler shift.) A galaxy with more hot stars would be bluer.\n\nIn addition to temperature, chemicals can give things different colors, depending upon how they react with cosmic and other rays. This is more common in nebuli, but clouds of dust and gas around galaxies can do it, too. When the gas is excited by energetic particles passing through it, electrons jump in their orbits and release photons. The particulars of the energy in that electron determine the wavelength of the photon, and hence the color of the light it emits.\n\nYou can see this in the aurora on Earth. Oxygen in the atmosphere, for example, glows green when it's ionized, which is what the process of those energetic particles interacting with it is called. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3ulubb
|
how do certain things stretch when pulled slowly, but tear when pulled quick?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ulubb/eli5_how_do_certain_things_stretch_when_pulled/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cxg2l10"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Basic laws of physics. Force = mass X acceleration. It's the same reason you can't push a nail into a board by pressing the hammer against it, but you can nail it in by swinging the hammer and striking the nail head."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
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