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General Conditions Affecting The Foot And Ankle
- The forefoot contains the five toes (phalanges) and the five longer bones (metatarsals).
- The midfoot is a pyramid-like collection of bones that form the arches of the feet. These include the three cuneiform bones, the cuboid bone, and the navicular bone.
- The hindfoot forms the heel and ankle. The talus bone supports the leg bones (tibia and fibula), forming the ankle. The calcaneus (heel bone) is the largest bone in the foot.
Muscles, tendons, and ligaments run along the surfaces of the feet, allowing the complex movements needed for motion and balance. The Achilles tendon connects the heel to the calf muscle and is essential for running, jumping, and standing on the toes. Sometime you get conditions that can affect the wellbeing of your feet like a few of these conditions below
Use the foot health information pages below to learn more common foot conditions and treatments. Latest Information About General Foot Health Brochures:
Important Disclaimer The information presented in these links are for educational purposes only and is not in any way meant to be a substitute for medical care or advice from a physician or health care professional. Readers of these links should consult directly with physicians or health care professionals for any medical care or advice.
Arthritis is inflammation and swelling of the cartilage and lining of the joints, generally accompanied by an increase in the fluid in the joints. Each foot has 33 joints that can be afflicted with arthritis.
Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis caused by a buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints that can lead to sudden, intense pain.
Diabetes & Cardiovascular Disease
- Charcot Foot
The term “Charcot foot” describes a pattern of bone and joint damage that results in weaknesses.
Today’s podiatrist plays a key role in helping patients manage diabetes successfully and avoid foot-related complications.
- Diabetic Wound Care
A diabetic foot ulcer is an open sore or wound that occurs in approximately 15 percent of patients with diabetes and is commonly located on the bottom of the foot.
- High Blood Pressure
High blood pressure is also known as hypertension. Your podiatrist is vitally concerned about hypertension and vascular disease (heart and circulatory problems).
- Peripheral Arterial Disease
PAD is caused by a blockage or narrowing of the arteries in the legs when fatty deposits (plaque) build up. The buildup of plaque causes the arteries to harden and narrow.
- Peripheral Neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy is damage of the peripheral nerves—the nerves in your toes and fingertips. In the United States, the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy is diabetes.
Foot & Ankle Injuries
Bursitis is inflammation and swelling of fluid-filled sacs called bursae.
- Puncture Wounds
A puncture wound is a traumatic injury to the foot.
- Sprains, Strains, and Fractures
The feet and ankles work together to provide support and mobility to the body. A foot or ankle sprain is a soft tissue injury. A fracture is actually a break in the bone.
Muscle & Tendon Problems
- Haglund’s Deformity
Haglund’s Deformity is a bony enlargement of the back of the heel bone. Sometimes it’s called “pump bump” because the deformity often occurs in women who wears pumps.
- Heel Pain
The heel bone is the largest of the 26 bones in the human foot. Like all bones, it is subject to outside influences that can affect its integrity and cause heel pain.
Tendinitis is the inflammation of a tendon. Achilles tendinitis, or an inflammation of the Achilles tendon, is one of the most common causes of foot or ankle pain.
- Athlete’s Foot
Athlete’s foot is a skin disease caused by a fungus. It most commonly attacks the feet because shoes create a warm, dark, and humid environment that encourages fungus growth.
- Corns and Calluses
Corns and calluses are areas of thickened skin that develop to protect that area from irritation. They are usually caused by rubbing or excess pressure against part of the foot.
Psoriasis is caused by faster-than-normal turnover of skin cells. In people who have psoriasis, the new cells move to the surface so rapidly that the dead cells build up on the surface in dry, whitish-silver patches.
- Skin Cancers of the Feet
Skin cancer can develop anywhere on the body, including in the lower extremities. Most skin cancers of the feet are painless, and often there is a history of recurrent cracking, bleeding, or ulceration.
- Sweaty Feet
Excessive sweating of the feet is called hyperhidrosis. People whose feet sweat excessively often also have problems with excessive sweating of the palms.
Warts are one of several soft tissue conditions of the foot that can be quite painful. They are caused by a virus and can appear anywhere on the skin.
Toe Joint & Nerve Disorders
A bunion is an enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe that forms when the bone or tissue at the big toe joint moves out of place. If you suspect you have a bunion, find a podiatrist!
- Hammer Toes
A hammer toe is a contracture, or bending, of the toe at the first joint of the digit, called the proximal interphalangeal joint. This bending causes the toe to appear like an upside-down V when looked at from the side.
A neuroma is a painful condition, also referred to as a “pinched nerve” or a nerve tumor. It is a benign growth of nerve tissue frequently found between the third and fourth toes.
- Ingrown Toenails
Ingrown toenails, the most common nail impairment, are nails whose corners or sides dig painfully into the soft tissue of nail grooves, often leading to irritation, redness, and swelling.
- Toenail Fungus
Toenail fungus is an infection underneath the surface of the nail caused by fungi. The disease is characterized by a progressive change in a toenail’s quality and color.
- Prescription Custom Orthotics and Shoe Inserts
Shoe inserts are any kind of non-prescription foot support designed to be worn inside a shoe. Custom orthotics are specially-made devices designed to support and comfort your feet.
Often when pain or deformity persists, surgery may be appropriate to alleviate discomfort or to restore the function of your foot. | <urn:uuid:7438710f-1e1c-4f4f-8dc7-db81374ec046> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://drogunlana.com/general-foot-health-brochures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510358.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928031105-20230928061105-00360.warc.gz | en | 0.918106 | 1,464 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Editor’s Note: This is Part 2 of a three-part series. Part 3 will run tomorrow. You can read Part 1 here.
It is claimed there was a “development” of Catholic doctrine on the death penalty during the pontificate of John Paul II that precludes its application in “modern society.” Upon close examination of the relevant texts, however, one finds that the posited “development” is really an opinion bound up with a matter of fact: that current penal systems can render murderers “harmless,” so that the death penalty should be imposed only rarely, if at all. This opinion does not (and cannot) repeal the traditional teaching that just retribution, deterrence and expiation are also legitimate aims of the death penalty.
First of all, the 1992 version the Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC)—issued before the definitive Latin text now in effect—preserved the traditional teaching intact:
2266: Preserving the common good of society requires rendering the aggressor unable to inflict harm. For this reason the traditional teaching of the Church has acknowledged as well-founded the right and duty of legitimate public authority to punish malefactors by means of penalties commensurate with the gravity of the crime, not excluding, in cases of extreme gravity, the death penalty . . . The primary effect of punishment is to redress the disorder caused by the offense. When the punishment is voluntarily accepted by the offender, it takes on the value of expiation. Moreover, punishment has the effect of preserving public order and the safety of persons. . . .
2267: If bloodless means are sufficient to defend human lives against an aggressor and to protect public order and the safety of persons, public authority should limit itself to such means, because they better correspond to the concrete conditions of the common good and are more in conformity to the dignity of the human person.
“Rendering the aggressor unable to inflict harm” is not positively presented as the sole criterion for imposition of the death penalty, but as only one element of “preserving the common good of society,” which certainly includes more than restraining future violence by the same criminal. Paragraph 2266 also teaches that commensurate punishment, redressing the disorder caused by the offense and expiation are legitimate purposes of penal law. Public authority—exercising the discretion I have already mentioned—“should” use bloodless means in place of capital punishment, but only if they would be sufficient to protect public order and the safety of persons, not simply the safety of persons. Thus, the 1992 CCC can be harmonized with the traditional teaching that the death penalty is a legitimate form of civil vengeance for grave crimes, not merely a form of societal self-defense.
Uncertainty arises, however, with the statement that penalties short of death “better correspond to the concrete conditions of the common good.” This is a sweeping factual claim outside the competence of the Magisterium. No explanation is offered as to which “concrete conditions” in which places suddenly make the death penalty inappropriate, even though Pius XII expressly approved it as recently as 1954.
Even more problematic is the statement that bloodless penalties are “more in conformity to the dignity of the human person.” If this is true, then why did the Church approve the death penalty for 1,992 years? The CCC does allow that the death penalty also conforms to human dignity, only less so than bloodless penalties. But how is one to determine relative conformity to human dignity as between confinement for life in a hellish prison and an execution that may well be preceded by repentance? Here the distinction between natural and supernatural dignity must be drawn. All created things have natural dignity, but only man has the supernatural dignity of an immortal soul. From the natural perspective, a prison sentence may appear more “dignified” than execution; but if imminent execution provokes final penitence, from the supernatural perspective a death freely accepted in expiation for sin is infinitely more in accord with human dignity. Moreover, “modern” prisons are occasions of grave sin at every turn. That prisons are “more in conformity to human dignity” than capital punishment is dubious at best. The Holy Ghost does not vouchsafe factually contingent assessments of prison conditions throughout the world. Such assessments are simply not matters of Catholic doctrine.
The question of the “development” of teaching came to the fore with promulgation of John Paul II’s Evangelium Vitae (EV) in 1995. The following passages are pertinent:
Modern society in fact has the means of effectively suppressing crime by rendering criminals harmless without definitively denying them the chance to reform. (EV, 27)
The primary purpose of the punishment which society inflicts is “to redress the disorder caused by the offense.” Public authority must redress the violation of personal and social rights by imposing on the offender an adequate punishment for the crime, as a condition for the offender to regain the exercise of his or her freedom. In this way authority also fulfills the purpose of defending public order and ensuring people’s safety, while at the same time offering the offender an incentive and help to change his or her behavior and be rehabilitated. (EV, 56)
It is clear that, for these purposes to be achieved, the nature and extent of the punishment must be carefully evaluated and decided upon, and ought not go to the extreme of executing the offender except in cases of absolute necessity: in other words, when it would not be possible otherwise to defend society. Today however, as a result of steady improvements in the organization of the penal system, such cases are very rare, if not practically non-existent. (EV, 56)
EV moves closer toward the position that there is only one basis—societal self-defense—for imposition of the death penalty. Yet the phrases “defending public order,” “adequate punishment for the crime,” and “redress the disorder caused by the offence” would allow imposition of the death penalty even when the offender can supposedly be “rendered harmless” by other means. EV does not strictly deny this, but rather proposes prudentially to limit application of the death penalty based on an assertion that is patently dependent upon the existence of particular facts: because “modern society in fact has the means of effectively suppressing crime by rendering criminals harmless,” cases in which the death penalty is warranted are “very rare, if not practically non-existent.”
In the first place, the phrase “very rare, if not practically non-existent” offers no real guidance. Who defines “very rare,” and what is meant by “practically” non-existent? The words suggest a prohibition of the death penalty without actually imposing one—because, of course, the Magisterium cannot now prohibit what it has always approved as a matter of revealed truth. Rather, the proposed new limitation on the death penalty is bottomed entirely on the claim that “Modern society in fact has the means of effectively suppressing crime by rendering criminals harmless . . .”
But what are these “means” which modern society has? None other than prisons. Yet there have always been prisons. If it were merely a question of rendering criminals “harmless” by imprisonment, the Church would always have taught that life imprisonment is to be preferred to capital punishment. If anything, life imprisonment 500 years ago was far more likely to be life imprisonment than it is today. EV’s reference to “steady improvements in the organization of the penal system” is of no help. Which “steady improvements” in which “penal system” now make the death penalty unacceptable? May only societies with laggardly penal systems continue to execute convicted murderers in ordinary course? How many “steady improvements” must prisons achieve before the death penalty becomes “very rare, if not practically non-existent”?
In short, the quality of prison systems seems a rather insubstantial moral criterion for deciding application of the death penalty. What about just retribution, expiation, deterrence, and aggravating factors such as the number or tender age of the victims? The Pope has no right to remove these criteria from civil authority’s prudential judgment, nor does EV actually do so.
All of this assumes it could be demonstrated that “modern” imprisonment really achieves even the minimalist penal goal of rendering murderers “harmless.” Quite the contrary, convicted murderers routinely kill each other in prison, or kill guards, or are paroled to claim more victims among the general population. For this reason alone, we are not bound to accept EV’s purely factual assertion that prisons render murderers harmless. This is simply not true. And what about the murderer who does kill again, either in prison or upon release? How many people must a murderer murder before the death penalty becomes appropriate under the nebulous “rare, if not practically non-existent” standard?
Amazingly, EV does not even call for life imprisonment without parole for cold-blooded killers, but rather states that “modern society” should allow even these “the chance to reform” and “be rehabilitated.” Neither the Catechism nor EV provides an answer to a grieving father’s recent lament that if a “rehabilitated” murderer-rapist on parole had been executed—in accordance with traditional Church teaching based on revealed truth—his daughter would be alive today.
Based solely on EV 56, however, in 1997 the 1992 CCC was amended for the Latin definitive edition:
2267: [T]he traditional teaching of the Church does not exclude recourse to the death penalty, if this is the only possible way of effectively defending human lives against the unjust aggressor. If, however, non-lethal means are sufficient to defend and protect people’s safety from the aggressor, authority will limit itself to such means, as these are more in keeping with the concrete conditions of the common good and more in conformity with the dignity of the human person. Today, in fact, as a consequence of the possibilities which the state has for effectively preventing crime, by rendering one who has committed an offense incapable of doing harm—without definitely taking away from him the possibility of redeeming himself —the cases in which the execution of the offender is an absolute necessity ‘are very rare, if not practically non-existent.’ [quoting EV, 56]
Note that the key phrase in the 1992 version—
the traditional teaching of the Church has acknowledged as well-founded the right and duty of legitimate public authority to punish malefactors by means of penalties commensurate with the gravity of the crime, not excluding, in cases of extreme gravity, the death penalty
has been replaced by—
the traditional teaching of the Church does not exclude recourse to the death penalty, if this is the only possible way of effectively defending human lives against the unjust aggressor.
Thus, societal self-defense now appears to be presented as the sole criterion for imposition of the death penalty under the “traditional teaching of the Church.” And yet in the 1997 CCC we still find the following: “Legitimate public authority has the right and the duty to inflict punishment proportionate to the gravity of the offense. Punishment has the primary aim of redressing the disorder introduced by the offense. When it is willingly accepted by the guilty party, it assumes the value of expiation.” (¶ 2266) Is not the death penalty a punishment proportionate to the offense of murder? Does it not redress the disorder caused by the offense? Does it not assume the value of expiation—indeed, the supreme expiation—if willingly accepted?
The 1997 CCC addresses none of these questions, but simply repeats the Pope’s sweeping penological opinion in EV that cases requiring the death penalty are “rare, if not practically non-existent,” because of “the possibilities which the state has for effectively preventing crime, by rendering one who has committed an offense incapable of doing harm.” But who decides whether penological “possibilities” suffice to outweigh the need for capital punishment? As always, civil authority decides. EV does not bind civil authority to forego the death penalty. EV does not forbid Catholics to advocate the death penalty or to vote for general death penalty legislation. Therefore, the posited “development” of doctrine is illusory.
hristopher A. Ferrara (B.A., J.D. Fordham University) is a civil rights attorney who represents pro-life activists in state and federal courts across the country. He is founder and Chief Counsel of the American Catholic Lawyers Association, a religious organization devoted to the pro bono defense of the rights of Catholics in the courts and in public discourse. His fifth book, The Church and the Libertarian, has been praised as “a fine exposition of Catholic social teaching” and a “joy to read” (Catholic Herald) and “a future classic… required reading for the layman and seminarian alike” (The Distributist Review). Mr. Ferrara is a frequent contributor to The Latin Mass Magazine and The Remnant, and his articles and essays have appeared in numerous other publications. | <urn:uuid:a153f5ac-ab10-4a93-a463-ad7d8be8da96> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://catholicexchange.com/the-churchs-surprising-stance-on-capital-punishment-part-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661905.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00121-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947738 | 2,787 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Twenty-fifth in a series
(whee·sht) Dialect, chiefly Scot. ~v.
1. a call for quiet or silence; used as an interjection Wheesht! to bring about or continue, the silence of others. ~esp. children (often in “Will ye wheesht, you pair! Ma heid’s loupin!“).
2. quiet, hushed [haud yer wheesht is to hold one’s tongue]. | <urn:uuid:5efcf455-6809-4c0c-93f4-03700f7e304b> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://literalbarrage.org/blog/2005/02/07/your-scottish-slang-word-o-the-day-wheesht/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049276537.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002116-00166-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.859384 | 108 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Summer Scholar Guides
All students experience learning losses when they do not engage in educational activities during the summer months. Most lose up to 2 months of reading and math performance. Those losses accumulate during the elementary school years so that by the time a child enters middle school he/she may be 2 1/2 years behind!
Link to curriculum covered during the previous and upcoming school year.
Parent Roadmaps for Reading:
Suggested Summer Reading:
Parent Roadmaps for Math:
Suggested activities and resources to prepare for the upcoming school year: | <urn:uuid:fe1cd578-470c-43b0-bc16-1378531bcc6a> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.athenscityschools.net/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=1552482&type=d&pREC_ID=1678434 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671106.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122014756-20191122042756-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.948337 | 111 | 2.921875 | 3 |
If you are noticing more bats around your house or property, you are not alone.
Mid to late summer is the time when residents typically notice more bat activity, may have bats flying into their houses, or occasionally find a bat on the ground or roosting in unusual locations.
There is no need to be alarmed at these surprise visitors. They are often the young pups, spreading their wings. Female bats gather in maternity colonies in early summer and pups are usually born in late June, learn to fly in July and August, and then move out in late summer.
When pups are learning to fly, their early efforts may land them in locations where they may come in closer contact with humans. If they are in a safe location, out of the way of people and pets, you can simply leave them alone. They will normally move off without prompting.
If you find a dead bat or a bat that has been in a strange location for more than 24 hours, please contact the Sunshine Coast Wildlife Project at 604-989-1007. Remember to never touch a bat with your bare hands.
Some species of bats, including the federally endangered little brown myotis, have adapted to roost in human buildings. Having bats is viewed as a benefit by some landowners, who appreciate the insect control. Others may prefer to exclude the bats. Under the BC Wildlife Act it is illegal to exterminate or harm bats, and exclusion can only be done in the fall and winter after the bats have left the building. For guidance on exclusion, please contact [email protected] or visit bcbats.ca.
Conservation of bats and their habitat on the Sunshine Coast is supported by the Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program, Habitat Conservation Trust Foundation, Forest Enhancement Society of BC, Habitat Stewardship Program for Species at Risk, and the B.C. government.
– Submitted by Michelle Evelyn | <urn:uuid:a28b2ee2-7b50-489f-81bb-79fc85d93661> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.coastreporter.net/in-the-community/bats-are-on-the-move-3416954 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.948569 | 392 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Dr Montessori was one of the first educationists to see the relationship between the brain, senses and muscles. In Dr Montessori ‘s view movement is of great importance to mental development provided the action is connected to mental activity. Montessori declared that purposeful movement is what not only drives behaviour but also learning.
Movement in a Montessori School takes a number of forms – that provided by the design of the environment and the movement associated with organised games, dance and drama.
Physical Education is an important part of Montessori Education
In the Children’s House the children are free to move around the environment; collecting the number rods one at a time, ten times helps them to build a muscular memory of the ‘concept’ ten. The child sees ten rods, picks up rods ten times, physically carries ten rods one at a time to the lesson and away from the lesson. He is learning the decimal system not only with his mind but also with his whole body.
Montessori said “Work is inseparable from movement”. Since it is the child’s work to learn, the educators are mindful to incorporate purposeful movement into the learning programmes.
In the Children’s House, the children take a break when they need it, to water the plants or sweep outside. As the children grow older there is less of a need for breaks but there are the possibilities for working off their physical energy in the garden or sweeping the verandas provided they inform their teacher of where they are going.
The Montessori classroom has many opportunities for children to be active. For example, the children have the option of working on the floor, spreading out and taking more space than if they were confined to a desk. There is a variety of furniture to sit at and on. The children are free to move about the classroom to gather their materials, have a snack or take a break.
The Montessori Walking the Line activities help the children develop their balance and precision whilst walking with exercises of increasing difficulty.
There are weekly formal movement lessons give to the classes. The Children’s House have perceptual motor movement lessons – fundamental skills such as catching, throwing, hop skip and jumping.
Social & Emotional Health and Physical Education
As a Montessori School, each class is run as a micro community that is part of the macro community that is the school. Each class has a span of three years in it. This is a deliberate arrangement to provide a community in which there are children to look up to, children to take care of, opportunities to take a tutoring role and to be a leader.
The school is a small school providing the children with many opportunities to practice their relationship skills. When best friends fall out, there are not enough children to find another friend too many times so it is important to learn how to make up and get on. All the adults are addressed by their first name. This can and does lead to the occasional disrespectful behaviour and the staff use the incidents to help the children learn how to speak to people.
In the classrooms there are practices and activities to help the children learn the rights and responsibilities of living in a community. Chairs are always tucked under tables to give people a clear passage; tables are for food and working at; equipment is put away in the manner in which it was found so the next child will have a good experience with it; children and staff greet each other each morning and shake hands when leaving the classroom at the end of the day; mats are put out to denote a work space to be respected and to delineate work space and aid focus. Grace and courtesy lessons are given on the mores and manners of society – saying Thank you, Excuse me and apologising for offensive speech and behaviour.
The children learn through the Montessori Silence Game activities, the sound of silence and restful feelings that come about from moments of stillness and quiet.
Through these varied practices and activities, the children at Casa Mia develop strong social and emotional skills that stand them in good stead as they move in the larger high school environments. | <urn:uuid:1aeff301-eb33-4ecc-b281-18f1bc23da3f> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://casamiamontessori.wa.edu.au/learning/health-and-physical-education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202689.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322200215-20190322222215-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.965413 | 846 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Dug bulbs should be prepackaged in boxes or other containers with a thin layer, in order to ensure their good ventilation. Then, they should be placed in the dry, well-ventilated area, where they are periodically inspected to remove diseased or suspicious bulbs. The dried bulbs are cleaned of old scales, roots and earth. The whole nests are separated into bulbs. If the bulbs digging has been hold in wet weather, they are usually washed off the dirt under running water, and then laid out in boxes in a single layer to dry.
Flower buds are formed in the first month after digging, at this time the average temperature for most varieties +73-77° degrees, for fringed ones experts recommend +77-81° degrees. Subsequently, it will be enough +65-68° degrees for planting. Heat from +86° degrees and above inhibits the growth of bulbs, the flower buds are broken, the bulbs are dehydrated. In this case, store them in cooler conditions.
Humidity and illumination
Optimal humidity of the storage area should be within 60 – 70%. Illumination should be as low, as possible. You know that usually, bulbs spend their rest period in the soil in complete darkness. If you bring even a weak scattered light, the physiological processes in the bulbs will be broken. | <urn:uuid:737d1f84-b96b-4429-919f-1d08775d25c3> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | http://www.agroconection.com/how-to-store-tulip-bulbs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585439.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021164535-20211021194535-00600.warc.gz | en | 0.932885 | 271 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Exploring Change Through Poetry
Using the poem "Change," by Charlotte Zolotow, students discuss the concept of change while learning basic elements of poety.
- Grades: 6–8
- Unit Plan:
Introduce students to the many elements of poetry. Spark a discussion about change and growth using the questions below.
- Understand and appreciate poetry.
- Understand the following literary terms: form, stanza, lines, free verse.
- Demonstrate the ability to make connections between a text read independently and his or her prior knowledge, other texts, and the world.
- Demonstrate the ability to draw conclusions and make inferences.
- Demonstrate the ability to express and explain ideas orally with fluency and confidence.
Step 1: Ask students to think about a favorite poem or a favorite song they have recently read or heard. Have them describe what makes that poem or song memorable.
Step 2: Introduce the poetic term form by asking the students if they have ever noticed the shape of a poem? The way a poem looks, the arrangement of the words on a page, is form.
Step 3: Tell students that poems are made up of lines, which may or may not be sentences. Explain to the students that when lines are arranged in groups, each group is called a stanza.
Step 4: Explain to students that a poem's form can help you understand its meanings. Some poems have a formal structure while others sound more like conversation: these are called free verse.
Step 5: Have students read an excerpt from "Change." Allow them to discuss the form with a partner referring to the numbers of lines and stanzas.
Step 6: Have students read the entire poem.
Step 7: Distribute the Poetry Evaluation Questions (PDF) and have each student evaluate the poem.
Step 8: Read the poem aloud and have students share their response to the questions. Pose these additional questions to facilitate further discussion:
- Are the seasons seen as things that change or things that stay the same?
- Does the speaker feel that life has changed?
- How do you know?
Step 9: Continue discussion by asking students, "What is change? What types of things change? Does change promote growth? If so, how? If not, why?
Supporting All Learners
Provide a hard copy and project the poem on a board with a transparency or projector screen. Allow students time to read the poem multiple times on their own silently and out loud. Read it with the class out loud.
Home Connection: Invite students to ask their parents the following questions: How important do you think it is to belong? Do you think it is better to "go with the flow" or to make your presence known?
How have you changed this school year? Think about how you were when you first entered this classroom and think about how you are now.
Respond to the following quotation: "You start out with one thing, end up with another and nothing's like it used to be, not even the future." Quote from "The Yellow House on the Corner" by Rita Dove, an American poet.
Students will complete a graphic organizer on the following topic: Think about a change in your life. How did it help you grow?
Discuss different forms with students: limerick, sonnet, haiku, etc. | <urn:uuid:c50f812f-e004-4c19-9f25-c596ae1a5309> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/lesson-plan/exploring-change-through-poetry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064167.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00294-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951482 | 697 | 4.3125 | 4 |
Managing Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsessions are very intrusive and distressing thoughts or images that go well beyond the content of worries. Compulsions are repetitive actions or thoughts that are done to reduce distress, to ameliorate doubt and/or to "prevent" something bad from happening.
Who among us has not had disturbing (e.g., obscene, violent, blasphemous, racist, mean-spirited, rude, etc.) thoughts pass through our minds? For most of us, these are dismissed with a shudder as mere "brain noise." For some of us, these are the catalysts for profound doubts and alarm.
For example, many new parents may experience obsessional thoughts of unwittingly harming their infants. Such thoughts often provoke intensely irrational alarm and shame: "Do I not want this child? Is thinking it the first step toward doing it? If I tell anyone about this, they'll lock me up!"
Prevalence of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder = 2-3% Of these, many are primarily obsessional (i.e., no overt compulsions, but there may be lots of cognitive compulsions) who are tormented by disturbing thoughts and inner efforts to control or neutralize them. Reassurance-seeking and efforts to neutralize thoughts may become compulsions that are frequently irresistible.
Obsessive thoughts may focus on the most inappropriate, vile, offensive, ridiculous, dangerous or shameful thing you can imagine. Such content, coupled with the knee-jerk effort to suppress or neutralize the thought, is exactly what makes it "stick." The "jolt" your body feels when you have the thought makes the thought seem very important. Fearful thoughts like "why take the chance?" often drive compulsions to momentarily allay doubt.
Many people assume that OCD is primarily defined by overt washing, checking or ordering. Hence, they may believe that the OCD diagnosis does not apply to them or to their loved one. But most of the OCD cases we treat are not of this stereotypic kind. The article below provides an excellent review of seven seemingly "atypical" but actually fairly common types of OCD: Hyperawareness or sensorimotor OCD, emotional contamination OCD, pedophilia OCD, perfectionism OCD, scrupulosity OCD, homosexuality OCD, and harm OCD.
Common obsessive thoughts: (Also, see Unwanted, Intrusive Thoughts page.)
What if I hurt my baby?
What if I'm gay? (in a heterosexual person, or vice versa)
What if I lose control of myself and say something crazy or awful?
What if I lose control of myself and do something crazy or awful? (e.g., suddenly turning the steering wheel while in traffic, jumping from a moving car, jumping from a high place, cutting off all my hair, fondling someone, having sex with an animal, running naked into the yard, doing something obscene or blasphemous in church).
What if I carelessly contaminate myself/my family with germs/disease?
What if I carelessly leave doors unlocked, the stove on, etc.?
What if I can't trust what I remember, what I said, or the contents of consciousness? What if nothing's real?
Checking, repeating, washing or disinfecting, praying, counting, ordering, hoarding, reassurance-seeking, touching, neutralizing thoughts, replaying memories, perfectionism about errors, doing something until it feels "just right." (Notice that "compulsions" are not the same as impulse disorders like "compulsive gambling" or "compulsive spending.")
Like with worries, the consuming desire to get rid of obsessive thoughts is not a solution. It is the major contributor to the problem.
Those plagued by obsessions doubt their self-control of their own behavior. Yet, such individuals' profound alarm and guilt about their disturbing thoughts suggest that their brain's orbital frontal cortex is successfully doing its job: actively inhibiting untoward or dangerous actions, no matter what the thoughts. OCD is a disorder of overcontrol, not undercontrol. If you have manifestations of OCD and have never acted on such thoughts but are severely distressed by them, the inhibitory activity of your brain is entirely contrary to your fears. Check with a professional familiar with OCD.
Like with worry, many of the same cognitive errors rule:
Thoughts are over-valued.
("If I keep thinking this, it must be really important.")
Doubt is translated into actual danger.
("Thinking it is dangerously close to doing it. If I keep thinking it, I must be getting closer to doing it.")
Thought content must be controlled.
("I've got to use will power!")
Total certainty is not only possible but imperative.
("How can I be absolutely sure I won't….")
Need to avoid culpability.
("If I'm careful enough, I can't be held responsible for bad things.")
Magical power to keep things from happening.
("If I can control this bad thought, my loved ones will be safe.")
Wish to erase all risk.
("If I'm careful enough, I can control the risk.")
Thus, effective treatment often begins with cognitive therapy and education tailored to address such errors in thinking. A primary focus of cognitive therapy is to increase tolerance for uncertainty and a willingness to "take risks" rather than grasping at momentary (but futile) feelings of certainty that perpetuate the cycle. CBT also emphasizes that, no matter how compelling, the content of obsessive intrusions is irrelevant. In some individuals, such an understanding may be enough. However, most individuals will need to use exposure (i.e., repetitive, voluntary immersion in the obsessive thought they ordinarily try to avoid or neutralize) in order to recover. For compulsions, special effort will be directed toward response prevention (i.e., blocking the automatic connection between the anxiety-arousing obsession and the anxiety-relieving behavior or thought). They will be encouraged to "lean into" uncertainty and discomfort whenever possible. Over time and across repetitions, they become more inured to obsessional content most of the time; but, they also become more willing to accept the jolt of uncertainty and discomfort when it does occur, without trying to get rid of it and, thus, getting entangled.
Examples of self-conducted exposure, preferably guided by a therapist familiar with OCD:
"Scheduled Obsessing": Schedule several times per day when you give your full attention to your obsession and the distress that accompanies the thought. Try to postpone other intrusions of the obsession until your next scheduled time to give it your full attention. Aim not to do or think anything to lessen your distress until a set time on the clock.
"Loop Tape": Your therapist can help you write a vivid transcript of your obsession that you record. You can then listen to this for regular exposure sessions to the point of habituation, (i.e., until no anxiety is aroused and you mostly feel bored listening to your own once-scary obsession).
Standard Exposure: If you fear "satanic" thoughts, you might watch The Exorcist repetitively to the point of boredom. If you fear harming children, you might research the Andrea Yates case until it no longer raises your anxiety. If you fear sexual thoughts, you might repeatedly write every "dirty" word and act you can imagine. If you fear "germs" or contamination, you might deliberately touch "dirty" things. An OCD therapist can help you tailor exposure to your particular obsessions.
Change the status quo of an obsession: Don't try to make it go away, but change the obsession in some manner. For example, sing the content of your blasphemous thought. Write down everything that you can think of in five minutes related to a sexually charged obsessive thought. Make all AIDS-related obsessive thoughts "blue" in your mind (e.g., color them blue and envision the word "blue" amidst such thoughts) and remind yourself that all such "blue" thoughts are obsessions. Turn your obsessive image of a reprehensible act into an absurd slapstick comedy that "plays" in your mind. There are myriad variations of exposure that can be adapted for most forms of OCD.
Medications can be very useful and can sometimes be imperative for OCD:
Anafranil (clomipramine) was the first "antidepressant" that also showed anti-OCD effects, too. SSRI's (e.g., Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, Celexa, Lexapro and Luvox) and other "antidepressants" (e.g., Effexor) are the most commonly used, are generally best tolerated, and are well-studied. Higher range dosing for longer periods is the norm. Combinations of medications may augment your response. There can be remarkable individual differences in response and side effects across the various medications. Having no response or uncomfortable side effects to one drug does not predict your potential response to another drug. Consult with someone who is an expert in the psychopharmacology of OCD and be patient.
Further Reading: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
ASDI's Dr. Sally Winston has co-authored (with Marty Seif, Ph.D.) an article entitled, "Breaking the Cycle: OCD Treatment that Works" in the Psychotherapy Networker.
Link: Psychotherapy Networker
and a book, entitled: Overcoming Unwanted Intrusive Thoughts: A CBT-Based Guide to Getting Over Frightening, Obsessive, or Disturbing Thoughts. New Harbinger, 2017.
Expert Opinions from International OCD Foundation: http://iocdf.org/expert-opinions/
Grayson, J. Freedom from Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Personalized Recovery Program for Living with Uncertainty. Updated Edition. Berkeley Trade, 2014. | <urn:uuid:5687c304-b223-4c10-84e4-fec5ba3249a6> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.anxietyandstress.com/managing-ocd | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500154.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204205328-20230204235328-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.930848 | 2,089 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Issue: August 30, 1999
Propagating Datura and trumpet vineQuestion:
I moved into a house that has a beautiful Datura and a bush/vine with orange trumpet-shaped flowers. Both have put out seeds, the Datura's look like little pine cones and other plants look like green bananas.
I would like to plant more of these around my house, what is the best way (and time) to propagate them? Will they grow from seed?Answer:
The datura, if it is datura, should grow well from seed. The datura seed pod is usually covered with spines, kind of like a little round porcupine. If that is what you have, let the pods mature and as they split open , collect the seed and plant them where you wish them to grow. You can also plant them in the garden and transplant them later. If this is the common "Sacred Datura" or "Angel Trumpet" it is also possible to propagate it from pieces of root. Dig some thick pieces of root that are three to four inches long and bury them shallowly where you wish the new plants to grow. This is probably best done in late winter just before the plants begin growth. Keep the root pieces slightly moist as they are beginning to grow. Just be aware that the plant (all parts) is toxic if ingested.
The other plants sounds like a trumpet vine which may also be propagated by root cuttings as described above, by cuttings, and most easily by "layering". To layer the plant, take a long stem, wound it by scratching the bark or slicing through the bark with a knife. Apply rooting hormone powder to the area of the wound, then bury the stem at that point. Use some metal wire or a heavy rock to help hold the vine in place. At this time, the stem which is still attached to the parent plant should begin producing roots at the point of the wound. In a few months it may be separated from the parent plant and transplanted to the site where it is to be grown. It is too late this year to try this, or at least too late to expect to transplant it this fall. You may begin the process and give it until late next spring to develop roots, or begin the process just before growth begins next spring.
Fire ants in New MexicoQuestion:
I moved from Texas where fire ants are a problem. I have heard rumors that the fire ants are in New Mexico as well. Is that true?Answer:
According to Dr. Carol Sutherland, NMSU Extension Service Entomologist, red imported fire ants were collected and identified in 1998 with samples from a residence in Las Cruces. So, yes, they are now in New Mexico. The have subsequently been found in Dona Ana county in residential areas from the northern part of the county to the Texas border.
You are familiar with the problems associated with fire ants, but others who have not experienced them before may find the following information from a news release by Dr. Sutherland interesting.
Dr. Sutherland warns that fire ants can attack in force, many crawling on a victim, often unnoticed, then many begin to sting at the same instant. Each sting produces nickel-sized welts, "each with a pustule. These are painful as well as intensely itchy and were slow to heal." This in itself is not proof of fire ants, but suggests that the possibility should be considered by sending a sample to the New Mexico Department of Agriculture. Dr. Sutherland said that samples containing a large number of the ants should be taken to your local Cooperative Extension Service office so that they may forward them to the New Mexico Department of Agriculture. | <urn:uuid:7fa8ee6b-5f59-46ae-9349-26801a661d0a> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://aces.nmsu.edu/ces/yard/1999/083099.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398451872.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205411-00201-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96617 | 763 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The DICT Development Group
3 definitions found
From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 :
Accede \Ac*cede"\, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Acceded; p. pr. & vb.
n. Acceding.] [L. accedere to approach, accede; ad + cedere
to move, yield: cf. F. acc['e]dere. See Cede.]
1. To approach; to come forward; -- opposed to recede.
[Obs.] --T. Gale.
2. To enter upon an office or dignity; to attain.
Edward IV., who had acceded to the throne in the
year 1461. --T. Warton.
If Frederick had acceded to the supreme power.
3. To become a party by associating one's self with others;
to give one's adhesion. Hence, to agree or assent to a
proposal or a view; as, he acceded to my request.
The treaty of Hanover in 1725 . . . to which the
Dutch afterwards acceded. --Chesterfield.
Syn: To agree; assent; consent; comply; acquiesce; concur.
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) :
v 1: yield to another's wish or opinion; "The government bowed
to the military pressure" [syn: submit, bow, defer,
accede, give in]
2: take on duties or office; "accede to the throne" [syn:
3: to agree or express agreement; "The Maestro assented to the
request for an encore" [syn: assent, accede, acquiesce]
From Moby Thesaurus II by Grady Ward, 1.0 :
77 Moby Thesaurus words for "accede":
OK, abide by, accede to, accept, acclaim, accord to, acquiesce,
acquiesce in, agree, agree to, agree with, allow, applaud, approve,
approve of, assent, attain to, be agreeable, be instated,
be willing, buy, cheer, comply, concur, condescend, connive at,
consent, consent to silently, cooperate, deign, endorse,
face the music, give consent, give the nod, go along with, grant,
hail, have no objection, hold with, in toto, knock under,
knuckle down, knuckle under, let, live with it, mount the throne,
nod, nod assent, not refuse, not resist, obey, okay, permit,
ratify, receive, relent, resign, sanction, say aye, say yes,
submit, subscribe, subscribe to, succumb, swallow it,
swallow the pill, take, take it, take kindly to, take office,
vote affirmatively, vote aye, vote for, welcome, wink at, yes,
Questions or comments about this site? | <urn:uuid:05e8150f-4c79-46b8-8d39-7d70beaf5083> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://www.dict.org/bin/Dict?Form=Dict2&Database=*&Query=accede | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671245.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122065327-20191122093327-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.806796 | 655 | 2.78125 | 3 |
“Semiconductor nanostructures producing single photons, twins and triplets for quantum photonics”
While photonics is an established area of technology covering optical communication, manufacturing, sensing, and many other fields of application, hardly any of its methods actually make use of the quantization of light. Quantum photonics applications, on the other hand, explicitly build on the quantum properties of light to realize secure key distribution, optical quantum computing, and quantum computer networks.
Sources of quantum states of light are important building blocks of such quantum photonic systems. Traditionally these sources were realized using nonlinear optical techniques in conventional optical laboratory setups but for any real world applications, it is clear that we need to achieve miniaturization and integration. In our work, we employ single semiconductor quantum dots, nanowires, and waveguides to implement sources of single photons, entangled photon pairs and even triplets of photons. While there are still many open research questions, these sources have the potential to make quantum photonics a practical reality. | <urn:uuid:53f1426e-9282-4d85-9597-a011248583a1> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.wilhelmexner.org/en/exner-lectures/exner-lectures-2018/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738552.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809102845-20200809132845-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.916472 | 211 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The Wisconsin Department of Health warns of a mysterious disease that people need to be aware of.
According to TODAY'S TMJ4 sister station Channel 3000, the World Health Organization added a disease to the list of viruses that could cause a global epidemic.
The disease is called Disease X and experts say it is dangerous because of its unknown potential. Disease X, which is not a disease in itself but a collection of diseases, is the latest outbreak around the world.
There are plans in place should the disease break out in Wisconsin. | <urn:uuid:a32856eb-41e5-48b5-8e96-6710ecc49d1f> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.tmj4.com/news/local-news/disease-x-could-cause-global-epidemic-wisconsin-department-of-health-warns | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359093.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201052655-20211201082655-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.952525 | 108 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Mobile App Development
Learn the basics and gain a holistic understanding of the appverse
Understand the steps and skills needed to build an iOS app from start to finish
Learn the concepts and principles that make a great app and how to apply them to your own ideas
Learn to make decisions on designing, marketing, and developing an app
Understand the basics of managing the app development process
ABOUT THIS WORKSHOP
Many of us have had ideas for mobile apps float through our minds, and it’s entirely possible one of your ideas could turn into something great — but without the knowledge of how to create, design, and market your new app, it’s impossible for your idea to come to fruition. This workshop will teach you about the process of creating an app from start to finish — from learning about the appverse itself to development, design, economics, management, and marketing. With your newfound knowledge, you’ll be on the fast track to creating your app and getting it live and online quickly, efficiently, and in a manner that will maximize its potential for success.
PREREQS & PREPARATION
This is an introductory and interactive course designed for non-technical people and aspiring mobile entrepreneurs, no prior technical or programming knowledge is required for this class. All students are recommended to come to class with an idea that can be discussed and shared. A sample mobile app will be used as a case study example.
ABOUT THE INSTRUCTOR(S)
Blue Label Labs
Bobby Gill is the founder of Blue Label Labs, a mobile development lab with offices in New York City and Redmond, Washington. He has over ten years of experience engineering and managing projects at various companies, including Microsoft. Bobby has deep expertise in building interesting and unique concepts for the mobile generation on iPhone, Android, and Windows platforms. From stand-alone tools to large-scale social networking concepts, Blue Label Labs released several private label applications, while also developing e-commerce products designed to make mobile development more accessible to non-technical audiences. Bobby holds a master’s in business administration from Columbia Business School and bachelor’s degree in mathematics in computer science from University of Waterloo. He loves crepes. Blue Label Labs
Plans change. We get it. But if you can't make it to a class/workshop, please email us at least 7 days before the scheduled event date. No refunds will be given after this timeframe.
Learn More: Mobile App Development | <urn:uuid:3872b6d7-3e0d-4cf6-aded-a4230aeeb2c4> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://entrepreneurship.org/en/Events/Listings/Entrepreneurship/2013/March/Mobile-App-Development.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637899548.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025819-00008-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923883 | 507 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Chernobyl reactor inventory at the time of the accident.About 26 of these radionuclides were released into the airat the time of the disaster.
Of these, 17 were found in thenear zone of the failed reactor. It is important to note, theceramic aerosolized uranium and plutonium fuel particles,similar to those that caused at least some of the devastatingsymptoms of the Gulf War Syndrome,
were ignored by UNSCEAR. But they were obviously emitted from thereactor with other nuclear debris. Only radioactive cesiumwas used in UNSCEAR 2000 as a basis for determiningthe external effective radiation doses to the larger exposedpopulation.A uranium fire, such as occurred at Chernobyl, burnsat 3000 to 6000 degrees Centigrade, heat sufficientto aerosolize all metals exposed to it - including allradioactive heavy metals, iron, steel, nickel, copper, etc.In an internal aerosolized ceramic form, the maximumpossible dose from the radioactive chemicals is deliveredto the victim, and the maximum toxic metal effect canbe caused. is is because in a pulverized ceramic form,of nanometer size, the surface area is maximized, theself-shielding is minimized, and the solubility in body fluid is minimized, resulting in a maximum contact dose.Nano particles can pass through the cell wall, the blood-lung and blood-brain barriers, and can penetrate to theseminal fluid or cross the placenta. ey are too small tobe removed by the kidney filters. is artificial debris isnot life compatible. e medical profession recognizesmany more radiation-related genetic and teratogenticeffects of radiation than does the UNSCEAR report, andthe nuclear establishment.
Contaminated food only partially considered
Exposure via the food web, thought to be the greatestsource of contamination for most people, was mentionedrelative to cesium contamination of soil only for thoseliving in the local contaminated areas. However, as is wellknown, efforts were made to mix fresh produce and milk so as to spread the radioactivity over the larger formerUSSR region. Whether or not the exported contaminationwas subtracted from the local dose was not indicated.Internal contamination of the cesium contaminatedareas, was based on annual consumption of milk andpotatoes, although UNSCEAR admitted the majority of the pollution was in the milk, meat, potatoes andmushrooms, and that other radionuclides were inhaledand consumed.
In this evaluation, I am omitting:• the radiogenic thyroid diseases, not because they are not tragic, but only because they are not usually fatal.
Only fatalities due to radiation syndrome orradiogenic cancer (over the lifetime of the exposedpersons) are included.• Many of the fatal cancers have, of course, not yetbecome clinically observable.• Important research on radiation-related heart diseasein Belarus was unfortunately interrupted, and alsois not included in UNCSEAR 2000 or in thisanalysis.
Deaths due to radiation
e very early deaths due to radiation syndrome occurredto those who suffered severe damage to the CentralNervous System. ey died quickly, in Moscow Hospital6, and are undoubtedly the 28 deaths attributed to acuteradiation syndrome deaths noted in the UNSCEAR 1988 report, (Appendix to Annex G). Later UNSCEAR admitted to 30 deaths among power plant employees andfiremen within a few weeks of the disaster, in additionto the 28 radiation deaths. Until the 2005 IAEA report,which revisited direct radiation deaths, the official deathtoll was reported as 31, with 28 due to radiation.Deaths due to severe exposure of the lung tissue and thered bone marrow would be expected to occur some timeover the following two years. Given the lung and bonemarrow doses
and the fact that 713 emergency workers(87% of 820,)
had external effective doses of radiationabove 0.5 Sv, and also that their exposure to radioactiveuranium and plutonium (and americium together withother decay products of the fuel) particles from the reactorfuel was not factored in by UNSCEAR, I estimate 140deaths due to lung irradiation and 90 deaths due tobone marrow irradiation. us, I would estimate deathsattributable to acute radiation exposure as: 253.
Estimated fatal cancers among emergency & recovery workers
Emergency and Recovery Workers and accident Witnesses,were exposed to both external and internal radiation duringthe disaster. e estimated fatal cancer risks were based ondoses given in Tables 16 and 17 in the UNSCEAR 2000report.
Cancer Deaths were estimated using 10% perPerson Sv, from UNSCEAR 1991 and BEIR V
reportsusing the DS 86 dosimetry from Hiroshima and Nagasaki.A higher 20% per Person Sv estimate is based on thecancer risks noted in the work of Drs. John Gofman,
and Steve Wing,
who posit risks as highas 30 to 50% per Person Sv. A risk of 20%, as used in thispaper is clearly within a reasonable probability marginof the official estimate. Internal doses from the burningradioactive fuel are based on the dose quality factor of 20, for alpha particles, rather than the estimates forparticular radionuclides as is reported in ECRR 2003.
is maintains consistency of methodology.However, I note, the true estimate may be ordersof magnitude greater due to ICRP’s (InternationalCommission on Radiological Protection) inability toinclude the insolubility of these particles and their non-homogeneous distribution in organs.Cancer deaths of Emergency and Recovery Workers in1986, based on the UNSCEAR 2000 doses, are estimated
NUCLEAR’S ENDLESS NIGHTMARE | <urn:uuid:ac4a093d-042c-4148-9a50-5442850323f2> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.scribd.com/doc/50890761/Nuclear-s-Endless-Nightmare-The-Real-Chernobyl-Death-Toll | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510263423.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011743-00001-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935564 | 1,242 | 3.125 | 3 |
from the “Periodic Table of Poetry” series (#52, Te)
When a couple is meant to be together
(but at their core they’re nothing alike),
you can see them come together almost violently,
before their anger pushes them away from each other.
Until they do it again, and again, and again.
It’s like they can’t stop. They can’t help it.
They rush to each other for a mad embrace,
they feel intense attraction that they can’t escape,
‘til they know despite their lust, they hate each other so,
and they do everything they can to break free.
It’s a sick cycle they’re stuck in.
This coming together. Then rushing apart.
There’s electricity in the air. I hear the buzz
whenever I walk by that street corner and see
all of the electrical wires, crossing in every direction —
I can hear the loose electricity jumping into the air.
Do you know why electric wires are spaced far apart
when they’re up high on poles like that? Well,
that’s because those Tellurium metal alloy wires
up high in the sky like that aren’t even insulated —
and they have a strong magnetic field with all that electricity
coursing through them. If wires were closer to each other
while up in the air, the wires would swing toward each other
because of their insanely strong magnetic attraction.
In being drawn to each other, an arc may form
between the wires, destroying them almost instantly.
But then again, magnetism in the wires switches polarity
a hundred and twenty times every second
(because ofelectricity’s sixty hertz frequency)…
That would make those wires want to repel each other
as often as they were magnetically drawn to each other.
So yes, for one hundred twenty times every second,
these wires would vibrate back and forth.
So if there’s no electric arc, these Tellurium metal
alloy wires would vibrate so intensely and violently,
that if they weren’t kept far apart
they would destroy each other, vibrating.
Tellurium is used in alloys with steel
to make high-strength conductors.
Abundant cosmically but rare on Earth,
it’s often found combined with gold:
in the first gold rush, this mix looked like waste,
so they used it to fill potholes or sidewalks.
Once they realized it was Tellurium and gold,
there was a second gold rush…
Acute poisoning with Tellurium is rare;
most organisms tolerate Tellurium.
Organic tellurides have antioxidant activity.
and can even be used to identify pathogens
responsible for diphtheria.
It’s optical refraction makes it perfect for glass.
It’s been used in color ceramics,
and gives rubber heat resistance,
In copper, iron, lead or stainless steel,
it makes the metals more machinable,
improving solar cell efficiency and electric
power generation, so it helps any energy.
I don’t know,
maybe that explains why
we’ve been feeling
this electricity in the air. | <urn:uuid:fa284074-c3ed-4386-b19f-a11fb6f17047> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.artvilla.com/tag/repel-poem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711394.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209080025-20221209110025-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.917655 | 732 | 2.515625 | 3 |
- Author: Jeannette E. Warnert
Asian citrus psyllid was first identified in California in 2008, and has been found from San Diego and Imperial counties in the south, all the way to Sacramento County in the north. See a map of Asian citrus psyllid and huanglongbing distribution in California.
UC Agriculture and Natural Resources specialists and advisors are working with the citrus industry, USDA and CDFA to control ACP populations and keep HLB contained while researchers search for a cure for the disease.
In order to find and remove infected trees before ACP can spread the disease to other trees, UC scientists are focusing research on early HLB detection technologies (EDTs). When infections first start, the bacteria are in just a few leaves. If the sampler doesn't collect those leaves, the disease can be missed. It can take one to two years for the bacteria to distribute itself throughout the tree so this sampling error doesn't occur.
Early detection technologies use whole tree responses to early infections. For example, Carolyn Slupsky, food science and technology professor at UC Davis, measures changes in tree metabolism (its day-to-day chemical function) when it becomes infected. Every leaf on the tree is connected to the tree's metabolism, so it doesn't matter which leaf is collected. This type of test can detect an infected tree within weeks or months after infection instead of years.
Scientists are also studying ways to modify ACP so the insects are unable to spread HLB, and studying the use of conventional breeding, genome editing or genetic engineering to develop disease-resistant citrus. Read summaries of the research here.
View a four-minute video that shows how to monitor for ACP presence in residential citrus: | <urn:uuid:c396a0ac-74f7-491f-bc45-61576f0b59dd> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=30401 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710711.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129200438-20221129230438-00783.warc.gz | en | 0.933671 | 356 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Monsignor Kett Playground
Inwood Marble in New York City Parks - Monsignor Kett Playground
New York City sits atop a foundation comprised of five distinct layers of bedrock: Fordham gneiss, Manhattan schist, the Hartland Formation, Staten Island serpentinite, and Inwood marble. Of these layers, Inwood marble is perhaps the most aesthetically distinctive with its pure, crystalline white appearance. The white rock below is marble that was excavated from Inwood Hill Park and placed in Monsignor Kett Playground to serve as a symbol of this area’s geological past.
Inwood marble, named for the northern Manhattan neighborhood in which it is most visible at the surface, came into being about 450 million years ago, during the formation of the ancient supercontinent Pangea. Continents are not anchored down—they rest on plates along with pieces of the ocean floor, which in turn float on the earth’s molten core. These plates shift continuously, colliding and separating, causing earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, often forming mountain ranges with rocky peaks. It was during the coalescence of continents into Pangea that the East Coast of North America collided with a string of volcanic islands, and Inwood marble was formed. Inwood marble was originally composed of limestone and dolomite, minerals that had accumulated over the underlying gneiss foundation. When the two plates collided, the limestone and dolomite were crushed under the intense heat and pressure, forming a white, metamorphic marble.
Inwood marble, much softer than schist and gneiss, is easily eroded, particularly by acid rain. Marble’s softness is responsible for much of the geography of New York City. Veins of marble once connected Manhattan to the mainland. Over time, the marble washed away, creating pathways for the Hudson, Harlem, and East Rivers around the newly-formed island of Manhattan. Marble is now rarely found above ground. Below ground, however, miners and subway workers often find themselves surrounded by the dazzling white rock.
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- Inwood Marble In New York City Parks - Monsignor Kett Playground
- Monsignor Kett Playground | <urn:uuid:87a11bf7-ddf1-4865-9f19-50b3af03f7bd> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/monsignor-kett-playground/highlights | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170614.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00580-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943742 | 475 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Autonomous driving will come about. But how do you make it safe for each traffic situation, what transportation infrastructure will be required, and what will be the impact of future traffic models? Under the leadership of Audi AG, the SAVeNoW consortium is running a simulation on these questions using a digital twin of the urban traffic of Ingolstadt as an example. The Department of Interior Design Engineering at the Institute for Engineering Design and Industrial Design (IKTD) at the University of Stuttgart is investigating in part of the project how the design of the vehicle interior can influence traffic behavior.
If software development for autonomous driving is already a major challenge, software testing and validation will be even more so: For a variety of individual traffic situations, proof is required that the vehicle is safe. When driving on highways with their regulated traffic, such verifications are still feasible in the real world. In bustling city centers, however, this is practically impossible because of the many unpredictable traffic situations, and some tests are not an option anyway for safety reasons.
Against this background, the partners from SAVeNoW (Functional and Traffic Safety for Automated and Connected Mobility - benefits for society and ecological impact) already developed the tools and processes for a digital copy of a city in a previous project. Various road situations, traffic volumes, traffic lights, and similar things were integrated into this copy, so that scientists were able to simulate the behavior of an autonomous vehicle in these situations. This know-how will now be applied in the SAVeNoW project, using the example of the city of Ingolstadt. The project maps static elements such as roads, buildings, traffic infrastructure, and traffic rules as well as dynamic variables such as road users and general conditions such as rush hour or the weather. "Such a digital twin is of great benefit," says Prof. Wolfram Remlinger from the IKTD, who is leading the Stuttgart subprojects of SAVeNoW. "You obtain high-quality information on road safety before even a single kilometer is tested on the real road."
Better traffic forecasts
In addition to safety aspects, the researchers also want to use the digital twin to find solutions to issues of transport efficiency, ecology, and social acceptance. The underlying question is to what extent autonomous driving can support the political goal of getting traffic problems in cities under control.
It is an individual choice whether people use cars, motorcycles, or buses and trains, ride bicycles, walk, or use a combination of all these. It depends on factors such as travel time, availability, costs, driving / travel comfort, and perception of safety. Autonomous driving may lead to new mobility solutions, such as buses or shared cabs "on demand", that shift the weighting of these preferences. "With the model of the digital twin we can try out how many vehicles a city will need in the future in order to meet its mobility needs, which routes will be used at which times of day, what impact this will have on traffic volume, and how the number of empty runs will develop. All of this enables improved traffic forecasts - even before the cars are built."
The impact of vehicle interior design
People’s motivation to use autonomous vehicles and what drivers will do when there is almost no need for them to pay attention to what is happening on the road, also plays a role in the acceptance of new solutions. Do they want to talk with colleagues or use the time for a nap? On the basis of these motives, the Stuttgart scientists want to find out what types of vehicle interior and equipment vehicle users will be asking for under the new conditions. For example, new arrangements of the seats, a group table or, in contrast, glass walls between the seats would be possible.
The aim is to give citizens who are involved in the research as test subjects the opportunity to experience these options in the form of a mixed-reality model. "We want to find out what vehicle types and designs there should be in the future, but also research the processes and the readiness for change," Remlinger concludes. | <urn:uuid:435f53a4-8d2b-41f8-8f88-2aea382d8937> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.myscience.org/news/2021/digital_twin_for_autonomous_driving-2021-uni-stuttgart | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303356.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121101528-20220121131528-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.950012 | 834 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The crime and safety statistics of New Orleans, the most incarcerated city in America, is practically unremarkable. While still having one of the higher crime rates among 100 cities, and a bloated murder rate, it does not make anyone’s “Top 10 Most Dangerous Cities” listings. Despite this, the answer to nearly every social or public health problem is a cage, tasking the likes of our District Attorney, Sheriff, judges and public defenders with solving addiction, homelessness, mental illness, lack of education, and unemployment. It is no mystery why these solutions systemically elude us.
Prior to the Civil War, there was no need for convict labor for large public projects such as the levee system. There was also no need to disenfranchise massive numbers of people when elections came down to contests between wealthy white men. The slave system maintained the status quo for as long as historically possible. Too long, of course. And where power is threatened, the powerful will generally take action to assure threats are eliminated.
In 1868, Louisiana expanded the class of convicted people who were denied voting rights. It went from the white men who were convicted of forgery, bribery, and perjury to barring all men (Black or white) who were “under order of imprisonment.” Meanwhile, the labor force continued nearly uninterrupted because the 13th Amendment allowed slavery to continue as long as people were convicted of crimes. As one plantation owner famously remarked, “before we used to own them. Now we just rent them.”
The equation is simple:
Conviction + Disenfranchisement = Hard Labor – Political Power to Change.
This arrangement went largely untouched for 150 years. Along the way, Louisiana became the most notoriously creative in ways to suppress Black voting while also building up the disproportionately largest gulag in the world. Poll Tax, Grandfather Clause, Understandings Clause, and outright murder were some of the most well known tactics to maintain power, but people should recognize that Louisiana is one of only two states that allow a non-unanimous jury for convictions.
The Fear of a Modern Slave Rebellion
When Albert Woodfox, Herman Wallace, and Robert King were organizing in the early 1970s to ease the oppression of legally enslaved people at the Louisiana State Penitentiary, when they were organizing under the most logical banner of the Black Panthers, their demise was practically assured by history. Surprisingly, they were not outright murdered and joined a long lineage of activists that did not begin with Dr. King, Malcolm X, or Fred Hampton. And just as surprisingly, they survived the initial backlash to a wrongful accusation of killing a prison guard, unlike Emmit Till, Trayvon Martin, Mike Brown, Eric Garner, or Tamir Rice (none of whom were accused of killing a law enforcement officer). Miraculously, they overcame horrid conditions of oppressive incarceration, unlike Sandra Bland, Freddie Gray, and Gynnya McMillen- none of whom, mysteriously, even made it past the police station. It is amazing that they were not gunned down in the prison yard like George Jackson, a Black Panther incarcerated in California, that led to the 1971 Attica Prison Riot in New York.
Every part of the Angola 3 achieving delayed justice, and release, defies gravity in America- especially in Louisiana. The release of Albert Woodfox, following King and Wallace, is a testament to their bond of purpose, their will to persevere, and the growing public intolerance of injustice.
The Right to Defend Against Government Accusations
One can look back at the early 1970’s and reasonably conclude that Woodfox, Wallace, and King never had a chance. What we need to know, however, is would they have a chance today? Woodfox had a second trial, a second one where the state acted so unfairly it was also thrown out by reviewing courts. Today politicians use a budget crisis as a reason to underfund the constitutionally mandated right to counsel, and yet the government is not using that same crisis to close down prison and jail cells.
Those wondering why the ACLU is suing the Orleans Public Defender and the state body that funds the public defenders need to realize it is actually a person denied counsel who is suing. Such a person is the only one with a right to sue, as the right attaches to the person accused of a crime. As it happens, this plaintiff’s claim impacts us all. Will we get a lawyer? Will the 300 people, whose childhood sentences of Life Without Parole were recently thrown out, get lawyers? Would Woodfox have gotten a proper team appointed for a third trial? One way to keep the equation going is to overwork the defense side and continue the conviction system as originally designed. But it is not all static, of course. Slave labor may not be the needed outcome of the equation anymore, as it has some new variables:
(Accusation – Funded Defense Team) +
(Vigorous Police Investigation x Political Ambitious District Attorneys)
Prison Employment +
Contracts for Services (Medical, Food, Telecommunications, Sanitation, Transportation)
+ Incarcerated People Who Are Not “Unemployed”
The public defender has no “right to defend,” thus a demand made upon them, to be passed along to the state budget crunchers, must come from the people with constitutional rights: defendants. While Louisiana struggles with a budget crisis, they can think about the multiple millions of dollars spent trying to maintain the wrongful convictions of the Angola 3 (and many others), and the cellblocks dedicated to wrongful convictions, think of the children sentenced to die in prison, along with Orleans District Attorney Leon Cannizaro and Jefferson Sheriff Newell Normand’s recent comments: about how easing marijuana possession enforcement will basically send New Orleans into a murderous crime spree. Rather than tie marijuana to Doritos, as most Americans do, these out-of-touch elected leaders tie this drug (legalized in several states) to guns.
Marijuana is a “gateway drug,” but not to some realm of intoxicated violence and the bloody business of unregulated commerce. It is a gateway drug to the criminal justice system, where someone gets a “strike” or probation status that forever erodes future constitutional rights.
Peeling Back 150 Years of Construction
Taking a public health approach to the problems our criminal justice system has helped create and exacerbate will not happen overnight. It will come through changes both modest and bold. We need a combination of increased rights, services provided, inspiration, and reducing the punishments. In some cases, punishment needs to be outright eliminated.
Louisiana, Minnesota, and Florida are currently moving towards a citizenship dilemma that will never go away until resolved: When will people living in our communities, on probation or parole, have voting rights- the most basic element of citizenship and democracy. Until this mass of people (over 70,000 in Louisiana) have this tenet of citizenship we will always feel excluded, and be excluded. This exclusion extends to our children, into our friendships, and impacts our workplaces.
Maryland’s legislature recently voted to override their governor’s veto, restoring citizenship to all people who are outside of prison and living in the community. Kentucky, however, has restored then reversed voting rights by executive orders; proving the tenuous nature some view this fundamental cornerstone of democracy.
Those who oppose voting rights don’t believe in democracy.
They are simply un-American.
While very fundamental questions linger about allowing people back into the community from where we come, some make moves on reducing punishments. It is not possible for the 80 million convicted Americans to undergo the brutality, including decades in torturous solitary confinement, suffered by the Angola 3. The taxpayers cannot afford it, the communities cannot absorb it, and the individual families cannot survive it.
President Obama recently eliminated solitary confinement for children in federal custody. Acknowledging that sensory deprivation amounts to torture is a significant moment in mainstream political history, and hopefully our leaders will soon recognize that torture should not be tolerable on our adults. Hopefully state leaders will follow federal leaders, who should be incentivizing such reductions in brutality in the same way federal dollars contributed to the massive spending boom required to build mass incarceration as we know it.
The federal government is close to passing a sentencing reform act that would apply to their federal prisoners. It is important for people to understand that such federal initiatives DO NOT apply to people in state custody, as each state has its own set of independent state laws that are only limited by the U.S. Supreme Court’s interpretation of “cruel and unusual punishment” and protected rights of defendants.
Those who wonder what each of the latest federal bills “will do,” they should be asking the interpretations by impacted people- those who have a stake in the actual success of the litigation beyond claiming victory in its passage. As one would expect, federal legislation often doesn’t begin by asking for too much and typically gets watered down further in the process. If a bill has a modest, but genuine, impact it should be embraced as such rather than over-hyped in a manner that leads people to wash their hands and proclaim a job “well done.”
The federal Fair Sentencing Act will immediately impact some people, and represent a downward trend in sentencing laws, but will not go much further in producing lasting reductions in mass incarceration. Reducing the mandatory minimum on 1kg of heroin / 5kg of cocaine / 280g crack / 50g meth (from ten years to five) will only help the few people who may be serving under ten years for such a major amount of hard drugs. Similarly, the reduction on 100g of heroin / 500g of cocaine / 28g of crack / 100 marijuana plants / 5g of meth (five years minimum to two) will only help those few people where the judge would have given them less.
Doing What You Can, Where You Can
As VOTE’s executive director Norris Henderson always says, “Get in where you fit in.” Some will work on citizenship while others on sentencing. Some gravitate to addiction services and others need to build homes, but ultimately we need to be building our community in ways that involves us all, that puts us all in it to win it, collectively ensuring injustice does not occur.
Welcome home Albert Woodfox.
May you live a long and peaceful life full of all the things you hold dear.
Rest in power, Herman Wallace.
May your spirit guide us along the arc of humanity, the one that bends towards justice.
Keep fighting for justice, Robert King.
May you grow ever stronger through vindication. | <urn:uuid:2c19b975-d2ae-49e1-b56a-8dd966791ae0> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.vote-nola.org/blog/category/digest | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145941.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224102135-20200224132135-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.957761 | 2,198 | 2.71875 | 3 |
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Published byAmerica Tayman Modified over 8 years ago
Lección 9 Paquita y Sara
Pluperfect of Subjunctive Has the same communicative function as the pluperfect indicative to refer to an action occurring before another past action. However the pluperfect subjunctive is used in subordinate clauses that express attitude, feeling, doubt, wishes, and emotions.
Pluperfect of Subjunctive Form the pluperfect of subjunctive using imperfect subjunctive form of haber + past participle HubieraHubieras Hubiera+hablado HubierámosHubieran
Pluperfect Indicative + Subjunctive Indicative Dijo que el guardia había gritado al criminal He said that the guard had yelled at the criminal Subjunctive Deseaba que el guardia no hubiera gritado al criminal He wished that the guard had not yelled at the criminal
Uses of se The impersonal se to express “people, one, we, you, they” These expressions are equivalent to English sentences that have impersonal subjects such as people, one, you, we, and they when used with 3 rd person singular form of a verb (Se dice que un hombre no sabe callar es un tonto = they/people say that a man who doesn’t know how to keep silent is a fool) However the 3 rd person plural of the verb may be used alone to express these impersonal subjects
Uses of se The passive se Se may be used with the 3 rd person singular/plural of a verb as a substitute for the passive voice in which the person who does the action is not mentioned (Se vende comida en las calles = food is sold on the streets) When the statement refers to a specific person the verb that follows se is in the 3 rd person singular and the personal a is used (se acepta Juan porque ha dejado de mentir = Juan is being accepted because he stopped lying)
Indefinite and Negative Expressions Afirmativo Algo (something) Alguien(someone) Algún (any/some) Siempre (always) También (also) O…o (either…or) Negativo Nada (nothing) Nadie (nobody) Ningún (none) Nunca (never) Tampoco (neither) Ni…ni (neither…nor)
Indefinite and Negative Expressions The adverb “no” can be used with a second negative expression to form a double negative. “No” must precede the verb and the negative expression should immediately follow the verb or be placed at the end of the sentence (no apuesto nunca = I never bet) When the negative expression precedes the verb “no” is omitted (nunca apuesto)
Indefinite and Negative Expressions Because nadie and alguien refer only to people, the impersonal a is required when they appear as direct objects of the verb (no, no se arrestó a nadie) Alguno and ninguno drop the –o before a masculine singular noun (algun perro) In a negative sentence, all indefinite words are negative (El policía no interroga a nadie tampoco)
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Isotopes of iodine
|Standard atomic weight (Ar)||
Its longest-lived radioactive isotope, 129I, has a half-life of 15.7 million years, which is far too short for it to exist as a primordial nuclide. Cosmogenic sources of 129I produce very tiny quantities of it that are too small to affect atomic weight measurements; iodine is thus also a mononuclidic element—one that is found in nature only as a single nuclide. Most 129I derived radioactivity on Earth is man-made, an unwanted long-lived byproduct of early nuclear tests and nuclear fission accidents.
All other iodine radioisotopes have half-lives less than 60 days, and four of these are used as tracers and therapeutic agents in medicine. These are 123I, 124I, 125I, and 131I. All industrial production of radioactive iodine isotopes involves these four useful radionuclides.
The isotope 135I has a half-life less than seven hours, which is too short to be used in biology. Unavoidable in situ production of this isotope is important in nuclear reactor control, as it decays to 135Xe, the most powerful known neutron absorber, and the nuclide responsible for the so-called iodine pit phenomenon.
In addition to commercial production, 131I (half-life 8 days) is one of the common radioactive fission-products of nuclear fission, and is thus produced inadvertently in very large amounts inside nuclear reactors. Due to its volatility, short half-life, and high abundance in fission products, 131I, (along with the short-lived iodine isotope 132I from the longer-lived 132Te with a half-life of 3 days) is responsible for the largest part of radioactive contamination during the first week after accidental environmental contamination from the radioactive waste from a nuclear power plant.
The relative atomic mass of iodine is 126.90447(3).
- 1 Notable radioisotopes
- 1.1 Iodine-129 as an extinct radionuclide
- 1.2 Iodine-129 as a long-lived marker for nuclear fission contamination
- 1.3 Radioiodines I-123, I-124, I-125, and I-131 in medicine and biology
- 1.4 Iodine-135 and nuclear reactor control
- 1.5 Iodine-128 and other isotopes
- 2 Non-radioactive iodide (I-127) as protection from unwanted radioiodine uptake by the thyroid
- 3 List of isotopes
- 4 References
- 5 External links
Radioisotopes of iodine are called radioactive iodine or radioiodine. Dozens exist, but about a half dozen are the most notable in applied sciences such as the life sciences and nuclear power, as detailed below. Mentions of radioiodine in health care contexts refer to iodine-131 more often than to other isotopes.
Iodine-129 as an extinct radionuclide
Excesses of stable 129Xe in meteorites have been shown to result from decay of "primordial" iodine-129 produced newly by the supernovas that created the dust and gas from which the solar system formed. This isotope has long decayed and is thus referred to as "extinct". Historically, 129I was the first extinct radionuclide to be identified as present in the early solar system. Its decay is the basis of the I-Xe iodine-xenon radiometric dating scheme, which covers the first 85 million years of solar system evolution.
Iodine-129 as a long-lived marker for nuclear fission contamination
Iodine-129 (129I; half-life 15.7 million years) is a product of cosmic ray spallation on various isotopes of xenon in the atmosphere, in cosmic ray muon interaction with tellurium-130, and also uranium and plutonium fission, both in subsurface rocks and nuclear reactors. Artificial nuclear processes, in particular nuclear fuel reprocessing and atmospheric nuclear weapons tests, have now swamped the natural signal for this isotope. Nevertheless, it now serves as a groundwater tracer as indicator of nuclear waste dispersion into the natural environment. In a similar fashion, 129I was used in rainwater studies to track fission products following the Chernobyl disaster.
In some ways, 129I is similar to 36Cl. It is a soluble halogen, fairly non-reactive, exists mainly as a non-sorbing anion, and is produced by cosmogenic, thermonuclear, and in-situ reactions. In hydrologic studies, 129I concentrations are usually reported as the ratio of 129I to total I (which is virtually all 127I). As is the case with 36Cl/Cl, 129I/I ratios in nature are quite small, 10−14 to 10−10 (peak thermonuclear 129I/I during the 1960s and 1970s reached about 10−7). 129I differs from 36Cl in that its half-life is longer (15.7 vs. 0.301 million years), it is highly biophilic, and occurs in multiple ionic forms (commonly, I− and IO3−), which have different chemical behaviors. This makes it fairly easy for 129I to enter the biosphere as it becomes incorporated into vegetation, soil, milk, animal tissue, etc.
Radioiodines I-123, I-124, I-125, and I-131 in medicine and biology
Of the many isotopes of iodine, only two are typically used in a medical setting: iodine-123 and iodine-131. Since 131I has both a beta and gamma decay mode, it can be used for radiotherapy or for imaging. 123I, which has no beta activity, is more suited for routine nuclear medicine imaging of the thyroid and other medical processes and less damaging internally to the patient. There are some situations in which iodine-124 and iodine-125 are used in medicine, also.
Due to preferential uptake of iodine by the thyroid, radioiodine is extensively used in imaging of and, in the case of I-131, destroying dysfunctional thyroid tissues. Other types of tissue selectively take up certain iodine-131-containing tissue-targeting and killing radiopharmaceutical agents (such as MIBG). Iodine-125 is the only other iodine radioisotope used in radiation therapy, but only as an implanted capsule in brachytherapy, where the isotope never has a chance to be released for chemical interaction with the body's tissues.
Iodine-131 (I131) is a beta-emitting isotope with a half-life of eight days, and comparatively energetic (190 keV average and 606 keV maximum energy) beta radiation, which penetrates 0.6 to 2.0 mm from the site of uptake. This beta radiation can be used for the destruction of thyroid nodules or hyperfunctioning thyroid tissue and for elimination of remaining thyroid tissue after surgery for the treatment of Graves' disease. The purpose of this therapy, which was first explored by Dr. Saul Hertz in 1941, is to destroy thyroid tissue that could not be removed surgically. In this procedure, I131 is administered either intravenously or orally following a diagnostic scan. This procedure may also be used, with higher doses of radio-iodine, to treat patients with thyroid cancer.
The I131 is taken up into thyroid tissue and concentrated there. The beta particles emitted by the radioisotope destroys the associated thyroid tissue with little damage to surrounding tissues (more than 2.0 mm from the tissues absorbing the iodine). Due to similar destruction, I131 is the iodine radioisotope used in other water-soluble iodine-labeled radiopharmaceuticals (such as MIBG) used therapeutically to destroy tissues.
The high energy beta radiation (up to 606 keV) from I131 causes it to be the most carcinogenic of the iodine isotopes. It is thought to cause the majority of excess thyroid cancers seen after nuclear fission contamination (such as bomb fallout or severe nuclear reactor accidents like the Chernobyl disaster) However, these epidemiological effects are seen primarily in children, and treatment of adults and children with therapeutic I131, and epidemiology of adults exposed to low-dose I131 has not demonstrated carcinogenicity.
Iodine-123 and iodine-125
The gamma-emitting isotopes iodine-123 (half-life 13 hours), and (less commonly) the longer-lived and less energetic iodine-125 (half-life 59 days) are used as nuclear imaging tracers to evaluate the anatomic and physiologic function of the thyroid. Abnormal results may be caused by disorders such as Graves' disease or Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Both isotopes decay by electron capture (EC) to the corresponding tellurium nuclides, but in neither case are these the metastable nuclides Te-123m and Te125m (which are of higher energy, and are not produced from radioiodine). Instead, the excited tellurium nuclides decay immediately (half-life too short to detect). Following EC, the excited Te-123 from I-123 emits a high-speed 127 keV internal conversion electron (not a beta ray) about 13% of the time, but this does little cellular damage due to the nuclide's short half-life and the relatively small fraction of such events. In the remainder of cases, a 159 keV gamma ray is emitted, which is well-suited for gamma imaging.
Excited Te-125 from EC decay of I-125 also emits a much lower-energy internal conversion electron (35.5 keV), which does relatively little damage due to its low energy, even though its emission is more common. The relatively low-energy gamma from I-125/Te-125 decay is poorly suited for imaging, but can still be seen, and this longer-lived isotope is necessary in tests that require several days of imaging, for example, fibrinogen scan imaging to detect blood clots.
Both I-123 and I-125 emit copious low energy Auger electrons after their decay, but these do not cause serious damage (double-stranded DNA breaks) in cells, unless the nuclide is incorporated into a medication that accumulates in the nucleus, or into DNA (this is never the case is clinical medicine, but it has been seen in experimental animal models).
Iodine-125 is also commonly used by radiation oncologists in low dose rate brachytherapy in the treatment of cancer at sites other than the thyroid, especially in prostate cancer. When I-125 is used therapeutically, it is encapsulated in titanium seeds and implanted in the area of the tumor, where it remains. The low energy of the gamma spectrum in this case limits radiation damage to tissues far from the implanted capsule. Iodine-125, due to its suitable longer half-life and less penetrating gamma spectrum, is also often preferred for laboratory tests that rely on iodine as a tracer that is counted by a gamma counter, such as in radioimmunoassaying.
Most medical imaging with iodine is done with a standard gamma camera. However, the gamma rays from iodine-123 and iodine-131 can also be seen by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging.
Iodine-124 is a proton-rich isotope of iodine with a half-life of 4.18 days. Its modes of decay are: 74.4% electron capture, 25.6% positron emission. 124I decays to 124Te. Iodine-124 can be made by numereous nuclear reactions via a cyclotron. The most common starting material used is 124Te.
Iodine-124 as the iodide salt can be used to directly image the thyroid using positron emission tomography (PET). Iodine-124 can also be used as a PET radiotracer with a usefully longer half-life compared with fluorine-18 In this use, the nuclide is chemically bonded to a pharmaceutical to form a positron-emitting radiopharmaceutical, and injected into the body, where again it is imaged by PET scan.
Iodine-135 and nuclear reactor control
Iodine-135 is an isotope of iodine with a half-life of 6.6 hours. It is an important isotope from the viewpoint of nuclear reactor physics. It is produced in relatively large amounts as a fission product, and decays to xenon-135, which is a nuclear poison with a very large thermal neutron cross section, which is a cause of multiple complications in the control of nuclear reactors. The process of buildup of xenon-135 from an accumulated iodine-135 can temporarily preclude a shut-down reactor from restarting. This is known as xenon-poisoning or "falling into an iodine pit".
Iodine-128 and other isotopes
Iodine fission-produced isotopes not discussed above (iodine-128, iodine-130, iodine-132, and iodine-133) have a half lives of a couple of hours or minutes, rendering them almost useless in other applicable areas. Those mentioned are neutron-rich and so go through beta decay to their xenon counterparts. Iodine-128 (25 min half-life) can decay to either tellurium-128 by electron capture, or to xenon-128 by beta decay. It has a specific radioactivity of 2.177 x 106 TBq/g.
Non-radioactive iodide (I-127) as protection from unwanted radioiodine uptake by the thyroid
Colloquially, radioactive materials can be described as "hot," and non-radioactive materials can be described as "cold." There are instances in which cold iodide is administered to people in order to prevent the uptake of hot iodide by the thyroid gland. For example, blockade of thyroid iodine uptake with potassium iodide is used in nuclear medicine scintigraphy and therapy with some radioiodinated compounds that are not targeted to the thyroid, such as iobenguane (MIBG), which used to image or treat neural tissue tumors, or iodinated fibrinogen, which is used in fibrinogen scans to investigate clotting. These compounds contain iodine, but not in the iodide form. However, since they may be ultimately metabolized or break down to radioactive iodide, it is common to administer non-radioactive potassium iodide to insure that metabolites of these radiopharmaceuticals is not sequestered by thyroid gland and inadvertently administer a radiological dose to that tissue.
Potassium iodide has been distributed to populations exposed to nuclear fission accidents such as the Chernobyl disaster. The iodide solution SSKI, a saturated solution of potassium (K) iodide in water, has been used to block absorption of the radioiodine (it has no effect on other radioisotopes from fission). Tablets containing potassium iodide are now also manufactured and stocked in central disaster sites by some governments for this purpose. In theory, many harmful late-cancer effects of nuclear fallout might be prevented in this way, since an excess of thyroid cancers, presumably due to radioiodine uptake, is the only proven radioisotope contamination effect after a fission accident, or from contamination by fallout from an atomic bomb (prompt radiation from the bomb also causes other cancers, such as leukemias, directly). Taking large amounts of iodide saturates thyroid receptors and prevents uptake of most radioactive iodine-131 that may be present from fission product exposure (although it does not protect from other radioisotopes, nor from any other form of direct radiation). The protective effect of KI lasts approximately 24 hours, so must be dosed daily until a risk of significant exposure to radioiodines from fission products no longer exists. Iodine-131 (the most common radioiodine contaminant in fallout) also decays relatively rapidly with a half-life of eight days, so that 99.95% of the original radioiodine has vanished after three months.
List of isotopes
isotopic mass (u)
|range of natural
|108I||53||55||107.94348(39)#||36(6) ms||α (90%)||104Sb||(1)#|
|109I||53||56||108.93815(11)||103(5) µs||p (99.5%)||108Te||(5/2+)|
|110I||53||57||109.93524(33)#||650(20) ms||β+ (83%)||110Te||1+#|
|β+, p (11%)||109Sb|
|β+, α (1.09%)||106Sn|
|111I||53||58||110.93028(32)#||2.5(2) s||β+ (99.92%)||111Te||(5/2+)#|
|112I||53||59||111.92797(23)#||3.42(11) s||β+ (99.01%)||112Te|
|β+, p (.88%)||111Sb|
|β+, α (.104%)||108Sn|
|113I||53||60||112.92364(6)||6.6(2) s||β+ (100%)||113Te||5/2+#|
|β+, p (rare)||113Sb|
|114mI||265.9(5) keV||6.2(5) s||β+ (91%)||114Te||(7)|
|116mI||400(50)# keV||3.27(16) µs||(7−)|
|118mI||190.1(10) keV||8.5(5) min||β+||118Te||(7−)|
|120m1I||72.61(9) keV||228(15) ns||(1+,2+,3+)|
|120m2I||320(15) keV||53(4) min||β+||120Te||(7−)|
|121mI||2376.9(4) keV||9.0(15) µs|
|123I[n 3]||53||70||122.905589(4)||13.2235(19) h||EC||123Te||5/2+|
|124I[n 3]||53||71||123.9062099(25)||4.1760(3) d||β+||124Te||2−|
|125I[n 3]||53||72||124.9046302(16)||59.400(10) d||EC||125Te||5/2+|
|126I||53||73||125.905624(4)||12.93(5) d||β+ (56.3%)||126Te||2−|
|127I[n 4]||53||74||126.904473(4)||Stable[n 5]||5/2+||1.0000|
|128I||53||75||127.905809(4)||24.99(2) min||β− (93.1%)||128Xe||1+|
|128m1I||137.850(4) keV||845(20) ns||4−|
|128m2I||167.367(5) keV||175(15) ns||(6)−|
|129I[n 4][n 6]||53||76||128.904988(3)||1.57(4)×107 y||β−||129Xe||7/2+||Trace[n 7]|
|130m1I||39.9525(13) keV||8.84(6) min||IT (84%)||130I||2+|
|130m2I||69.5865(7) keV||133(7) ns||(6)−|
|130m3I||82.3960(19) keV||315(15) ns||-|
|130m4I||85.1099(10) keV||254(4) ns||(6)−|
|131I[n 4][n 3]||53||78||130.9061246(12)||8.02070(11) d||β−||131Xe||7/2+|
|132mI||104(12) keV||1.387(15) h||IT (86%)||132I||(8−)|
|133m1I||1634.174(17) keV||9(2) s||IT||133I||(19/2−)|
|133m2I||1729.160(17) keV||~170 ns||(15/2−)|
|134mI||316.49(22) keV||3.52(4) min||IT (97.7%)||134I||(8)−|
|135I[n 8]||53||82||134.910048(8)||6.57(2) h||β−||135Xe||7/2+|
|136mI||650(120) keV||46.9(10) s||β−||136Xe||(6−)|
|137I||53||84||136.917871(30)||24.13(12) s||β− (92.86%)||137Xe||(7/2+)|
|β−, n (7.14%)||136Xe|
|138I||53||85||137.92235(9)||6.23(3) s||β− (94.54%)||138Xe||(2−)|
|β−, n (5.46%)||137Xe|
|139I||53||86||138.92610(3)||2.282(10) s||β− (90%)||139Xe||7/2+#|
|β−, n (10%)||138Xe|
|140I||53||87||139.93100(21)#||860(40) ms||β− (90.7%)||140Xe||(3)(−#)|
|β−, n (9.3%)||139Xe|
|141I||53||88||140.93503(21)#||430(20) ms||β− (78%)||141Xe||7/2+#|
|β−, n (22%)||140Xe|
|142I||53||89||141.94018(43)#||~200 ms||β− (75%)||142Xe||2−#|
|β−, n (25%)||141Xe|
|143I||53||90||142.94456(43)#||100# ms [> 300 ns]||β−||143Xe||7/2+#|
|144I||53||91||143.94999(54)#||50# ms [> 300 ns]||β−||144Xe||1−#|
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
- Bold for stable isotopes, bold italics for nearly-stable isotopes (half-life longer than the age of the universe)
- Has medical uses
- Fission product
- Theoretically capable of spontaneous fission
- Can be used to date certain early events in Solar System history and some use for dating groundwater
- Cosmogenic nuclide, also found as nuclear contamination
- Produced as a decay product of 135Te in nuclear reactors, in turn decays to 135Xe, which, if allowed to build up, can shut down reactors due to the iodine pit phenomenon
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.
- Isotope masses from:
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- J. R. de Laeter; J. K. Böhlke; P. De Bièvre; H. Hidaka; H. S. Peiser; K. J. R. Rosman; P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. Lay summary.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005. Check date values in:
- N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
- Meija, J.; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
- "Nuclear Data Evaluation Lab". Archived from the original on 2007-01-21. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
- Augustine George; James T Lane; Arlen D Meyers (January 17, 2013). "Radioactive Iodine Uptake Testing". Medscape.
- Hertz, Barbara; Schuleller, Kristin (2010). "Saul Hertz, MD (1905 - 1950) A Pioneer in the Use of Radioactive Iodine". Endocrine Practice. 16 (4): 713–715.
- Robbins, Jacob; Schneider, Arthur B. (2000). "Thyroid cancer following exposure to radioactive iodine". Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 1 (3): 197–203. doi:10.1023/A:1010031115233. ISSN 1389-9155. PMID 11705004.
- V. R. Narra; et al. (1992). "Radiotoxicity of Some Iodine-123, Iodine-125, and Iodine-131-Labeled Compounds in Mouse Testes: Implications for Radiopharmaceutical Design" (PDF). Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 33 (12): 2196.
- E. Rault; et al. (2007). "Comparison of Image Quality of Different Iodine Isotopes (I-123, I-124, and I-131)". Cancer Biotherapy & Radiopharmaceuticals. 22 (3): 423–430. doi:10.1089/cbr.2006.323. PMID 17651050.
- BV Cyclotron VU, Amsterdam, 2016, Information on Iodine-124 for PET
- "Frequently Asked Questions on Potassium Iodide". Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- "Potassium Iodide as a Thyroid Blocking Agent in Radiation Emergencies". Federal Register. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- "Universal Nuclide Chart". nucleonica. (Registration required (. ))
- Iodine isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's
- Iodine-128, Iodine-130, Iodine-132 data from 'Wolframalpha'
|Isotopes of tellurium||Isotopes of iodine||Isotopes of xenon|
|Table of nuclides| | <urn:uuid:1bf9891d-2cf1-491a-aa57-a40f79c55dd2> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-127 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463610342.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528162023-20170528182023-00339.warc.gz | en | 0.82161 | 6,208 | 3.75 | 4 |
Essays about identity in culture
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Original essay: culture influences identity identity is influenced by many factors, with some more obvious then others gender and ethnicity are the most. Debate over how new immigrants, particularly those from china, might dilute the singaporean culture and identity perennially reiterates itself in the mass media and. Essay writing guide from the ideas of post modernity we can conclude that our culture and identity is no longer predetermined. How to write a short essay on cultural identity, customessayordercom. | <urn:uuid:712ad429-1c0e-4dfd-9336-d2d6f8798d1d> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://qzassignmentscaw.shvkxir.us/essays-about-identity-in-culture.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513760.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021052235-20181021073735-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.923023 | 825 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Presentation on theme: "The difference between a democracy and a dictatorship is that in a democracy you vote first and take orders later; in a dictatorship you don't have to."— Presentation transcript:
The difference between a democracy and a dictatorship is that in a democracy you vote first and take orders later; in a dictatorship you don't have to waste your time voting. Charles Bukowski Charles Bukowski If American women would increase their voting turnout by ten percent, I think we would see an end to all of the budget cuts in programs benefiting women and children. Coretta Scott King Coretta Scott King According to the U.S. Census, the most common reason people give for not voting is that they were too busy or had conflicting work or school schedules. Jeff Miller Jeff Miller American youth attributes much more importance to arriving at driver's license age than at voting age. Marshall McLuhan Marshall McLuhan “Nobody will ever deprive the American people of the right to vote except the American people themselves and the only way they could do this is by not voting.” – Franklin D. Roosevelt (32 nd U.S. President) "To vote is like the payment of a debt, a duty never to be neglected, if its performance is possible." – Rutherford B. Hayes (19 th U.S. President)
“The vote is the most powerful instrument ever devised by man for breaking down injustice and destroying the terrible walls which imprison men because they are different from other men.” – Lyndon B. Johnson (36 th U.S. President) “Lower voter participation is a silent threat to our democracy...It under-represents young people, the poor, the disabled, those with little education, minorities and you and me.” -Nancy Neuman “The future of this republic is in the hands of the American voter.” - Dwight D.Eisenhower “To make democracy work, we must be a notion of participants, not simply observers. One who does not vote has no right to complain.” –Louis Armour “The ballot is stronger than the bullet.”- Abraham Lincoln
Written by Don Klipstein.Don Klipstein. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS The 2000 election - As the news mentioned a lot, the 2000 Bush-Gore contest was hinged on Florida. Florida's 24 electoral votes were decided by a vote count of officially 537 votes in favor of Bush out of a Florida total of about 6 million. Court cases decided the election. A mere extra few thousand votes one way or another in Florida would have pulled a concession speech by one of the contenders within a few days as opposed to the court-decided mess. Not affecting the overall outcome *this time* are the results of four other states: New Mexico - A mere roughly 366 votes in favor of Gore after recounting and double-checking. 4 electoral votes out of 538 get determined by a margin comparable to the population of one largish apartment building! Wisconsin - 5,708 votes in favor of Gore. Iowa - 4,144 votes in favor of Gore. Oregon - 6,765 votes in favor of Gore. Note that this is not unique even in modern USA history. In 1960, JFK won the total USA popular vote over Nixon by a margin of merely 118,000 votes, about 50.1 vs. 49.9! In 1980 in Massachusetts, Reagan beat Carter by only 6,000 votes. Full turnout in just one neighborhood could have changed Reagan's margin of victory and his claims of nationwide mandate.
Congressional Elections UPDATE 11/24/2000 - a Congress seat in New Jersey was decided on a narrow margin confirmed by a recount. I think the margin of victory was just one or two hundred votes. And a U.S. House seat can make a difference when the Houses of Congress are nearly evenly divided while the U.S. President is decided by an election so close that court cases are determining how to count votes. In 1982 in one congressional district of Indiana, Democrat McClosky and Republican McIntyre just about had a tie. This race was eventually settled in the U.S. House of Representatives in favor of McClosky on a party line vote. A mere 50 to 100 votes one way or another could have made victory obvious enough to not have to be decided by the House. In 1994, Republicans had a major takeover of the House. About half the Republicans' margin of majority in the House was from elections decided by a 51-49 margin. In 1996, the Republican's margin of majority was cut in half, largely in races decided on a 51-49 margin. Just remember that a major tax bill, mentioned by some as "the largest tax increase in U.S. history", passed the House by only one vote in 1993. Written by Don Klipstein.Don Klipstein.
U.S. Senate Races.3% of Virginia's voters give Democrats a majority of the US Senate! In 2006, a Virginia senate race had Democrat James H. Webb defeating incumbent Republican George Allen by a margin that was.3% (50.15 to 49.85) as of the time Allen conceded. http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2006/pages/results/states/VA/S/01/index.html reports a vote count that breaks down to the same 50.15%-49.85% margin among the votes for these two candidates. The vote count was 1,172,671 to 1,165,440, with a difference of 7,231 votes. The U.S. Senate is having Democrats achieving a 51-49 majority as a result of the 2006 elections. http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2006/pages/results/states/VA/S/01/index.html In 2002, South Dakota decided a U.S. Senate seat by only a few hundred votes, in favor of Democrat Tim Johnson over Republican John Thune. In 1992, Republican Arlen Specter beat a challenge by Democrat Lynn Yeakel by a 51-49 margin. During the term Arlen Specter was re-elected to, a Federal gay rights bill was defeated in the Senate by one vote. A tie would have been voted into victory by the Vice President. (Of course the bill would still have had to pass the House where it would have been defeated, but you get the idea.) Oddly enough, nearly half of all black men and nearly 30 percent of black women in Philadelphia who voted in that election voted for Republican Specter, with the endorsement of several local black Democrat politicians - all male. In 1974, there was a close race in New Hampshire for a U.S. Senate seat, between Democrat John Durkin and Republican Louis Wyman. A recount went a mere 10 votes in favor of Durkin, reversing an earlier narrow result in favor of Wyman. A second recount went in favor of Wyman by two votes. Written by Don Klipstein.Don Klipstein.
In 1800 - Thomas Jefferson was elected President by one vote in the House of Representatives after a tie in the electoral college. In 1824 - Andrew Jackson won the presidential popular vote but lost by one vote in the House of Representatives to John Quincy Adams after an electoral college dead-lock. In 1845 - The U.S. Senate passed the convention annexing Texas by two votes (27/25). In 1846 - President Polk's request for a Declaration of War against Mexico passed by one vote. I n 1867 - The Alaska purchase was ratified in the Senate by two votes: 37-2, paving the way for future statehood. In 1868 - President Andrew Johnson was Impeached but not convicted because the Senate was one vote shy of the necessary two thirds required. In 1876 - Samuel Tilden won the presidential popular vote but came up one electoral vote shy and lost to Rutherford B. Hayes. In 1941 - Congress amended the active-service component of the Selective Service Act from one year to two-and-a-half years by one vote, 203 to 202. In 1948 - A Texas Convention voted for Lyndon B. Johnson over ex-Governor Coke Steven in a contested Senatorial election. In 1962 - Governors of Maine, Rhode Island and North Dakota were elected by an average of one vote per precinct. In 1989 - A Lansing, Michigan School District millage proposition failed when the final recount produced a tie vote 5,147 for, and 5,147 against. On the original vote count, votes against the proposition were ten more than those in favor. The result meant that the school district had to reduce its budget by $2.5 million. In 1994 - 1.1 votes per precinct in Alaska elected Tony Knowles as Governor and Fran Ulmer as Lt. Governor out of 216,668 votes cast in the General Election. In 1994 - Republican Randall Luthi and Independent Larry Call tied for a seat in the Wyoming House of Representatives from the Jackson Hole area with 1,941 votes each. A recount produced the same result. Mr. Luthi was finally declared the winner when, in a drawing before the State Canvassing Board, a pingpong ball bearing his name was pulled from the cowboy hat of Democratic Governor Mike Sullivan. In 1997 - Vermont State representative Sydney Nixon was seated as an apparent one vote winner, 570 to 569. Mr. Nixon resigned when the State House determined, after a recount, that he had actually lost to his opponent Robert Emond 572 to 571. In 1997 - Dakota Democrat John McIntyre led Republican Hal Wick 4,195 to 4,191 for the second seat in Legislative District 12 on election night. A subsequent recount showed Wick the winner at 4,192 to 4,191. The State Supreme Court however, ruled that one ballot counted for Wick was invalid due to an overvote. This left the race a tie. After hearing arguments from both sides, the State Legislature voted to seat Wick 46 to 20. In 2000 - The Presidential election was decided by an extremely narrow margin. George W. Bush won the state of Florida by just 537 votes, making him the next President of the United States. Close to 6 million voters went to the polls in Florida. It might not have been by one vote, but certainly every vote counted. | <urn:uuid:5e5988f2-4695-4722-8ceb-a57ff23e39f5> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/4244057/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805977.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120090419-20171120110419-00020.warc.gz | en | 0.965944 | 2,115 | 2.515625 | 3 |
April 1853 a small political squabble broke out on the Senate
floor over the publication of a report by John Russell Bartlett,
the outgoing Commissioner of the Mexican border survey. Prior
to supervising this perennial expedition, Bartlett was a Rhode
Island publisher and a co-founder of the American Ethnological
Society. As a Whig party appointee he was quickly ousted by
the new Democratic administration of President Pierce. His dismissal
was due, in no small part, to an allegedly lenient position
he had taken during the dispute with the Mexican government
over the exact location of the border. It was the Texan Senator
Sam Houston who proposed that, despite his removal, Bartlett
would be authorized to compose a report on the geography, natural
history and indigenous tribes on both sides of the Mexican border.
Houston offered editorial guidelines for the prospective report
-- demonstrating the extent to which senators were involved
in the production of such official documents. The report, he
suggested, should occupy about a thousand pages stretched over
two volumes. The Indian subject matter would follow the example
set by Henry Schoolcrafts volumes on the history and present
condition of the Indian tribes of America -- a mammoth project
that was sanctioned by Congress a few years earlier. The natural
history segment should take after another celebrated government
publication John Fosters report on the Geology
of Lake Superior -- a document that was a model for both exploration
did not expect Bartletts work to be anything but an expensive
document to print. But the whole country between California
and the Atlantic was interested in Bartletts account,
he claimed. To further impress the point he told his audience
that in the distribution of Fosters geological report
to remote parts of the union, many volumes were stolen out of
mailbags much before they arrived to their destinations. Houstons
story was met with skeptical chuckles in the chamber. Somehow
the concern displayed by this rugged Texan towards books and
their publication seemed to be out of place. But Houston insisted.
The book thefts demonstrated, he said, "the great value
of the work, and the great desire of the people for intelligence...
[It] is a cogent reason for an urgent necessity of having the
supply of books increased." He himself was very careful
in sending the books back home, spending hundreds of dollars
protecting them in boxes at least until they reached Texas.
"I am not afraid of the mails being robbed in Texas,"
he declared, prompting another round of laughter.
mannerism aside, in the three decades that preceded the Civil
War, government and especially Congress sponsored a multitude
of publishing ventures. Beginning in the late 1810s Congress
committed itself to fund serial publications that commemorated
federal history -- titles such as the American State Papers,
Annals of Congress, The Documentary History of the American
Revolution or The Works of President John Adams. In the
1840s large printing initiatives shifted to the exploration
of the West. John Fremonts highly-stylized narrative on
his travels across the Rockies to California dazzled the public
mind and heralded a new age of the "Great Reconnaissance"
and western expansion. Fremonts early reports were enormously
popular, issued in 10,000 copies each and republished by private
printers to meet the demand. By the 1850s the routine production
of expeditions accounts became a luxurious affair: large tomes
bound in leather and populated with exquisite woodcuts or hand-colored
steel engravings. The most stupendous of these were the eleven
volumes published throughout the 1850s in the wake of a large
cluster of expeditions to determine the route of the future
transcontinental railroad. The publication of those reports
with their "life-like" depictions of western reptiles
and shrubs cost twice as much as all of these expeditions combined
-- well over two hundred thousand dollars. In addition to such
special enterprises, there was the perpetually increasing volume
of ordinary legislative and executive documents -- petitions,
memorials, resolutions, or the bulky volume of the annual message
of the president.
production and dissemination of printed matter seems to support
the notion that providing information became a vital dimension
of state power and the governing process in the nineteenth century.
Other government actions also helped sustain networks for diffusing
information -- for instance, patronage of Washington newspapers
that articulated the administrations views or the low
postal rates, akin to a subsidy, given to all newspapers. One
of the pillars of this government-sponsored information highway
was the ability of congressmen to use the postal services themselves
free of charge, their so-called franking privilege.
Writing in the context of the present anxieties (or jubilation)
over the demise of print culture in the digital bowels of cyperspace,
Geofrey Nunberg recently pointed, in passing, to the role of
the State in what he otherwise calls the "phenomenology
of information." Nunberg emphasizes both the historicity
of "information" as a recent creation as well as its
material dimensions. Libraries, museums, daily newspapers, card
catalogues, or, in our case, state publications -- all received
their standard modern configuration in the nineteenth century.
These informational genres impose a particular form of registration
on their content and concurrently strive for self-effacement.
They endow "information" with its reified material
properties such as uniformity or quantifiability. At the same
time, the semantic features of "information," such
as objectivity and autonomy, reflect the power of institutions
and the practices that surround these objects, such as the authority
of the state or the daily ritual of purchasing and perusing
a newspaper. One element in the creation of these vehicles of
information has been therefore the suppression of explicit authorship,
the elimination of the subject in the language of the document,
and its subsequent replacement with institutional or phenomenal
the modern state created a powerful apparatus, purposefully
devised to provide mass, uniform, transparent and ostensibly
authorless facts, befitting "the age of information";
for instance, the national Census. But rather than offer a master
narrative on the ascendance of the State through dispensation
of knowledge, in what follows I will demonstrate the dissonance
and cracks in the informative performances of the State in the
context of my particular historical episode -- mid 19th century
production of congressional reports, expeditions narratives
and other printed genres. Two arguments are central to my analysis.
Without rejecting Nunbergs insights into the material
and historical aspects of information, I will nevertheless argue
first, that the material facets of state publications -- the
physical properties that rendered them books and artifacts --
often eclipsed any information value, or at least never ceased
calling attention to themselves; and second -- that the making
of government documents actually aggrandized rather than diminished
individual authors and authorship.
to both contentions is the fact that official publications had
numerous and somewhat opposing assignments beyond the façade
of information. For example, the publication of narratives and
scientific knowledge on the west was conceived of as a national
project that glorified both government action and national know-how.
The grandeur of the newly-acquired western empire was replicated
or simulated by the splendor of those volumes. It was manifested
prominently in their aesthetic work that was, besides issues
of content, an effect of tangible aspects such as their binding,
font-size, and quality of engravings. These reports were roving
monuments that could be sent across the nation, or even across
the Atlantic, for inspection and admiration. Washington, after
all, was trying to assert itself against the perceived cultural
and intellectual supremacy of Europe.
official print output was integrated into the exchange relationship
between Congressmen and their constituents. Documents were reproduced
in large numbers, allocated among senators and representatives
and then, duly sent to institutions and individual supporters
in their home districts. For instance, in the papers of Massachusetts
Senator Charles Sumner one may find many personal requests for
particular government publications. In a few cases individuals
were cultivating private collections of such complimentary reports.
Decisions on printing were made with great attention to the
reading preferences of voters. Congressmen were often heard
asking candidly whether a specific document will be sought-after
by the people back home. Official information had a direct political
value as well. Typically, Congressman Abraham Lincoln wrote
on May 1848 to a constituent: "I will place your name on
my book, and send you such documents as you desire, when I can
get them." Lincoln predicted that the publication in question,
which included official correspondence made during the War with
Mexico, would be, when completed, the "best electioneering
document" for his party.
popular publication was arguably the annual agricultural report
of the Patent Office. It was an illustrated volume featuring
a bric-a-brac of reports and correspondence on field cultivation
and animal husbandry techniques around the globe, new seeds
and grafts, lists of farming associations and other such useful
or merely interesting details. By the 1870s this handbook was
printed in a quarter of a million copies. By the conclusion
of the century, 400,000 copies were pressed rendering this the
most widely circulated annual publication of that era. In an
early dispute over the printing of the Patent Office report
representative David Cartter from Ohio argued that Congress
owed the public such an account. Betraying more than a trace
of sectional animosity he said "West of the mountains,
the people got nothing from the Government but intelligence.
Of the 30 million dollars which were annually taken from the
people, to supply the Treasury, why should they not be permitted
to receive back five mills on the dollar, in the way of information?"
also voted for a substantial package of costly books for the
benefit of their own libraries. By the 1850s a bundle of books
for each new member of either house was estimated to be worth
a thousand dollars. To add to the scandal it turned out that
many government publications were purchased from representatives
by private speculators and sold in bookstores in DC, Boston
and other cities to those who did not have the right political
connection to get them gratis.
publishing enterprises, Congress -- a body that enacts laws
-- stepped into the market-place of books. Senators were to
make contracts for engraving and embossing, to choose among
various types of leather, muslin and other binding. This intervention
of a representative body in an actual -- not metaphoric -- line
of production was fraught with tension. Besides, although report-making
constituted an arena of action for government to demonstrate
its might, it was also a domain in which government sometimes
displayed sheer incompetence. At times, it was easier (and as
we have seen cheaper) to send ships to remote oceans or a group
of soldiers to uncharted deserts rather than to publish a book
describing those ventures. The famous Wilkes exploring
expedition to the Pacific Northwest took four years to conclude,
in 1842. The publication of the subsequent reports took another
thirty years but was never actually completed. In 1861 an English
botanist wrote to an American colleague regarding this project:
"Who on earth is to keep in their heads ... such a medley
of books -- double-paged, double-titled, and half finished as
your Government vomits periodically into the great ocean of
Scientific bibliography." The state thus could (and did)
get lost in its printing expeditions. The entire project of
registering and departing information rendered government vulnerable
to the type of criticism that became even more vitriolic in
the twentieth century, namely that government is a compulsive
or an incontinent printer.
as the 1850s, questions were recurrently posed, in and outside
Congress, concerning the duty of government to provide information
and the type of knowledge that lent itself for such circulation.
Some of these issues were evident in the episode with which
I began -- the debate over the printing of Bartletts report.
Senators claimed that some publication initiatives were too
exorbitant and others contained inaccessible piles of details
and were thus practically useless except for wrapping loaves
of bread in DC markets. (It did not escape participants that
the proposed publication of Bartletts account circumvented
the entire logic of reporting, for evidently the Department
of the Interior, its addressee, was quite uninterested in such
Andrew Butler and others remarked that the Senate was asked
to issue a book that was yet to be written, whose actual content
was unknown and the credentials of its authors uncertain. Defensively,
Sam Houston resorted to circular reasoning. To those who maintained
they should not publish a book about which they knew nothing,
he answered that that was precisely why the book should be printed
-- so they could learn something about the topic. This rhetorical
trickery rested on the ambiguity of the Senates double
role as both producer and consumer of information and the further
confusion between lawmakers and voters as readers. Although
Houston himself did not agree with Bartlett on the border question,
he asserted his belief that Bartlett should be given the chance
to present his other findings. "He may give us a very entertaining
lecture upon the manners, customs, and peculiar habits of Mexico."
But Houston was not the most persuasive advocate for Bartletts
report, for the Senator ultimately admitted that he had never
glanced at a government report with the exception of the agricultural
volume. He had no great desire to read any other document either.
Things did not improve when he further conceded that he supported
the publication in part because Andrew Gray, Bartletts
chief surveyor and a prospective contributor to the report,
was a fellow Texan. The Senate finally decided not to proceed
with the debate, thus practically killing the motion.
James Mason from Virginia charged during this exchange that
Bartlett chose various routes that deviated from the vicinity
of the border just so he could collect material for a book.
His colleague Senator Hannibal Hamlin (Maine) maintained that
every author in search of a publication attached himself to
some expedition or survey so he could secure official sponsorship.
Senator Robert Hunter saw in the printing of books at the expense
of Congress two types of hazardous desires: the craving of authors
for personal fame, and the consequent demand of the public to
have books for nothing, an appetite that government would never
be able to satisfy in full. Twenty years later, a Senate committee
would protest that heads of executive bureaus had become aspiring
"book makers." They kept clerks working all year round
obtaining facts and figures with which to inflate their annual
of army officers, lawmakers and others to assert themselves
in print also endowed official reports with a surplus of style.
That style often conformed to recognizable model-narratives
and yet could be considered personal. Government reports, back
then as now, were signed documents closely associated with individuals.
John Fremont -- of the trail to California fame -- made a political
career on the foundation of his authorial voice, becoming in
1856 the first presidential nominee of the Republican Party.
There were also interesting material relationships between government
employees and the texts they wrote in their official capacities.
Officers of the army corps of engineers received hundreds of
copies of their reports for personal use. In the late 1850s
Congress gave Schoolcraft, who was by then sick and bed-ridden,
a special copyright to republish his six volumes on the Indian
tribes of America. In another twist that further exemplified
the confusion over governmental and personal stakes in (what
was in fact) intellectual property, Seth Eastman, the projects
illustrator, launched a counter campaign, demanding proper compensation
for his artwork which he claimed, was entrusted by Congress
to the hands of another man.
The debate over Bartletts report would digress into a
conflict between two authors, pitting Bartlett against his successor,
army corps of engineers colonel William Emory. For the rest
of the 1850s they battled in the papers, directly or through
proxies, over their performance as commissioners and the comparative
value of their respective accounts. Emorys report was
eventually published in a lavish form by Congress. Bartlett
had to satisfy himself with a commercial publisher titling his
1854 book Personal Narrative of Explorations and Incidents
in Texas, New Mexico, California, Sonora, and Chihuahua.
The New York Herald, to give an example, continued to
urge for an official edition of Bartletts ethnological
collection. The paper claimed that "Every nation in Europe
possesses such collections, illustrating the history, manners,
customs and arts of their primitive inhabitants." This
celebration of the Indian past, another national project, sought
as its site a museum in Washington (that would become a reality
only in September 1999) or, alternatively, the type of museumification
afforded by books such as Bartletts or Schoolcrafts.
The New York Times joined the chorus. It would have been
to the credit of any government to present the knowledge garnered
by Bartlett to the world, the paper editorialized. "How
differs this from sowing freely and reaping sparingly? -Appropriating
liberally for the prosecution of the work, yet, by refusing
appropriations for publishing, reaping no other fruits than
the Commissioners Personal Narrative." Bartlett
himself wrote that he was denied the privilege that was given
to all other public officers. All reports of American surveys
and explorations (including expeditions to the Amazon) were
officially published and distributed without charge. Emory countered
in the Washington Union alleging that the former commissioner
was still in possession of government property, most importantly,
sketches made by the commissions artists that had "both
intrinsic and mercantile value."
In a reversal
of roles, when the first volume of Emorys report was completed
in 1857 , the Herald attacked it as one of those tomes
crafted to glorify their authors. It was labeled "a ponderous
volume" brimming with expensive illustrations -- 99 steel,
copper and stone engravings and 20 woodcuts. The writer did
not neglect to mention that the engravings were done in Paris
and that foreign artists were preferred to Americans in rendering
this service. The article poked fun at Emorys arrogance
in appending his name to a mountain near the Rio Grande. A sketch
of that mountain was in fact embossed on the cover of the report.
By depicting Mount Emory on the binding, Emory the officer/author
was able to sign or inscribe his report both inside and outside.
The illustration enhanced the function of the document as a
monument. However, its national significance was obviously threatened
by Emorys own bloated sense of self.
than one way, therefore, the dispute over Bartletts report
demonstrated the blurred lines between governmental and individual
ownership of texts, specimens, illustrations and knowledge in
general. The exchange in the press gave ample evidence to the
prevalent uncertainty concerning the role of government in providing
fresh information, scientific and other, to a wide public and
the special mission that government was assigned in representing
and preserving a supposedly vanishing Indian culture.
of the problemtatics that I have surveyed here, rather swiftly,
were generated by the friction among three parameters of the
modern public sphere: first, the requirement for transparency
that encourages lawmakers and bureaucrats to create a public
archive, a double in print for their routine activities; second,
the contending need for a usable, succinct knowledge that resides
outside transcripts of congressional debates or departmental
memoranda, and lastly the literary and material properties of
official documents; facets that were often attached to drives
that originated in individuals but also epitomized the desire
of the state to engage in cultural production. Modern representative
governments attempt to represent themselves back to the public.
The State also often engages in literary and aesthetic representation
of the country, its social "condition," its history
and nature through cultural artifacts -- books and others.
in its simplest form the problem of governments as sources of
information or knowledge can be reduced to questions of veracity
and volume -- although, then as now, these are the most often
articulated challenges against the medium of government publications.
Curiously, it is sometimes unclear whether government tells
us too little or too much. This suspicion endures even from
the vantage point of the 1990s. I will end with two contemporary
examples. First, Hillary Rodham Clintons Health care report.
For conservatives, this gigantic document, thousands of pages
long, signified by its sheer size and unreadability the excess
of an unbridled bureaucracy which they saw as the essence of
the proposed reform itself. More recently, Kenneth Starrs
best-selling voyeuristic account of President Clintons
sexual liaisons combined an excess of detail with a well-groomed
(stylistically excessive) narrative structure. Yet, the parade
of dozens of boxes of evidence whisked into offices on Capitol
Hill only raised suspicion about concealed information. Sometimes
government engages in deception by bombarding us with indigestible
piles of information, by telling us "everything."
(A contention that was first made by the English radical William
Cobbett in the 1830s facing the barrage of official reports
-- "blue books" -- under whose umbrella the British
government enacted a massive and rather oppressive poor law
In his Washington:
Outside and Inside (1873), George Townsend, the Washington correspondent
of the Chicago Tribune, portrayed in great detail the mounds
of printed matter that were stored in the bowels of Capitol
Hill. Under the supervision of the Doorkee | <urn:uuid:e68b8ec3-ac0c-40c6-bebb-d7589f4abf06> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/papers/frankel.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768034.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00003-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948912 | 4,681 | 3 | 3 |
|Film Description:||The city of Jiaohe, 10 km west of the city of Turpan, Xinjiang province, China, was an important site along the Silk Road trade route leading west. Now, an archaeological site, the city was built on a 1650 meter-long islet in the middle of a river surrounded by steep cliffs which formed natural defenses. The city had eastern and western residential areas and Buddhist temples and stupas to the north and graveyards and the ruins of a large government office in the southern part of the eastern district.|
It was finally sacked by the Mongols led by Genghis Khan in the 13th century.
Penn Museum's Chief of Staff Jim Mathieu and Senior Registrar Xiuqin Zhou, traveled to Jiaohe in Xinjiang Province.
Find out more about the Secrets of the Silk Road exhibition opening at the Penn Museum February 5 - June 5, 2011 at http://www.penn.museum/silkroad
|Video Category:||Exhibiton Related| | <urn:uuid:285084e4-4a9b-4dfe-b2f5-281d35ac6a14> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.penn.museum/collections/videos/video/1055 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813712.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221182824-20180221202824-00709.warc.gz | en | 0.950317 | 214 | 3.265625 | 3 |
The Antikythera mechanism is a strange astronomical calculator. It was discovered in a shipwreck off the Greek island of Antikythera in 1900, and is astoundingly complex. It was a bronze clockwork device with at least 30 gears, and looks like something from the 1400s. But recent research indicates that it likely dates earlier than 200 B.C.
Because of its anachronistic nature, it’s often associated with ancient aliens or the lost city of Atlantis, but the device itself doesn’t calculate anything ancient astronomers didn’t already know. By that time observational astronomy was quite sophisticated. The manufacture of the device also doesn’t utilize any construction methods that weren’t known at the time. What’s astounding is that this astronomical knowledge and manufacturing was combined to create a precision portable calculator.
Although found on a Greek ship and having Greek engravings, the layout of the device follows Babylonian astronomy. The device calculated the Egyptian solar calendar, as well as the Metonic lunar calendar. It predicted solar eclipses, and even calculated the timing of the Olympic games. It even calculated the positions of the Sun, Moon and planets along the ecliptic. The planetary positions are not particularly accurate, since they use the Greek model of perfectly circular orbits. Still, it is an astounding demonstration of human ingenuity.
Given its sophistication, there are likely even earlier versions that were constructed, though we have never found anything else like it. How such a calculating device was developed, and when that knowledge was lost, remains a mystery.
Paper: Christián C. Carman & James Evans. On the epoch of the Antikythera mechanism and its eclipse predictor. Archive for History of Exact Sciences
Volume 68, Issue 6 , pp 693-774 (2014) | <urn:uuid:03690138-4cd3-4d71-b228-a45bd4acdf3d> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://briankoberlein.com/2014/11/29/clockwork-twin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247489729.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219081639-20190219103639-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.961743 | 374 | 4.125 | 4 |
Although the creatures are common in Maryland and may be found readily in the spring in urban backyards, many people have never seen them -- or perhaps have mistaken them for large insects.
The animal is the ruby-throated hummingbird -- the only one among 339 known species of the tiny bird that inhabits Maryland -- and area residents soon will have a chance to learn how to find and photograph it.
The world's most dedicated watchers of hummingbirds, and pTC likely the only couple who can claim to make a living off the little bird, Robert A. and Esther Quesada Tyrrell of El Monte, Calif., will present a slide-lecture Dec. 2 at the Baltimore Zoo.
Mr. Tyrrell, 43, said he saw his first hummingbirds while vacationing at the Grand Canyon in 1975, but did not seriously consider the problems involved in photographing them until a backyard encounter later that year.
"I happened to be in my parents' backyard, and I saw a hummingbird silhouetted against the sky on a telephone wire. It was just sitting there. I thought how nice it would be to photograph it hovering in the air."
Mr. Tyrrell, a professional photographer at the time for a studio with clients including several major league sports teams in Los Angeles, borrowed some equipment and set it up in the yard at 6:30 a.m. to catch some hummingbirds in flight.
The project took 2 1/2 hours, and the pictures turned out just fine -- except for the wings. They were "blurry," Mr. Tyrrell recalled in an interview.
The next project took six years -- producing pictures of hummingbirds in flight with their wings frozen still.
The problem for photographers is that hummingbird wings beat approximately 78 times a second -- so fast that the human eye cannot see them, and the camera can almost never freeze their movement.
Mr. Tyrrell said the solution was an antique piece of lighting equipment: a 1940s-vintage strobe that flashes at a 50-millionth of a second, enabling him to stop the bird in flight.
"That's what freezes the bird in flight," he said "It's not the film speed or the shutter on the camera. It's the actual flash unit."
Over the past decade, he and Mrs. Tyrrell, 41, have devoted increasing amounts of time to the pursuit of hummingbirds. They photographed and studied the habits of all 16 species that thrive in North America and compiled their work in a glossy hard-cover book, "Hummingbirds: Their Life and Behavior," published in 1985 by Crown and selling for $35.
The book proved popular enough -- with 11 printings and 100,000 sold to date -- that the Tyrrells were able to give up other jobs and make hummingbirds a full-time effort.
It has kept them well stocked with film and airline tickets to continue what they called their "treasure hunt" in more tropical climes. The result is their just-published second book, "Hummingbirds of the Caribbean" (Crown, $40), featuring 16 more species. There are 236 color photos, culled from 10,000 images in Ektachrome 100 slide film.
The Tyrrells say the biggest challenge was tracking down the smallest of the 16 Caribbean species and world's smallest bird -- the bee hummingbird. It is found in Cuba and, weighing less than a penny, is the easiest to mistake for a bug. They had to haul their equipment through a crocodile-infested swamp to find it.
Maryland's ruby-throated hummingbird, the only species east of the Mississippi, is easier to find.
The bird's size ranges from 3 to 3 3/4 inches. The male has a sparkling scarlet gorget, or neck pouch, a green back, gray-white underbelly and forked, brownish-black tail. The female does not have the brightly colored neck, and its tail is rounded and marked with white spots.
To attract them, set out special feeders filled with a solution of one part sugar to four parts boiled water, which approximates the nectar the birds normally sip from flowers through their long bills. A drop of red food coloring also helps get their attention.
Don't be surprised if you see hummingbirds battling over feeder territorial rights. They can be fiercely combative, and the Tyrrells note that about the only time hummingbirds get together is for a few brief seconds -- to mate.
The bird sleeps at night, and the best time for observing them is early morning and late afternoon, Mr. Tyrrell says, "for the simple reason that is the height of the feeding times when they first
wake up in the morning and feed heavy for three hours, and before they go to sleep they have to store energy for the cold night."
The hummingbird arrives in the region around mid-April and nests primarily in May and early June. When cold weather nears, the hummingbird migrates south to Florida or Central America.
The Tyrrells, too, having finished off hummingbirds of North America and the Caribbean, plan to head south -- to South America, and the 300-plus other species.
"I'm going to have a beard right down to the floor when I'm done," Mr. Tyrrell said.
The Tyrrells' slide lecture, "Hummingbirds -- Jewels of the Sky," will be presented at 2 p.m. Sunday Dec. 2 in the Baltimore Zoo's Maryland Building.
Admission is $3 for members and $4 for nonmembers. Because seating is limited, advance reservations are recommended and may be made by calling the zoo's education office at 467-4387. | <urn:uuid:45f4c691-1f7b-486a-84d3-f5f05b6df9af> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1990-11-26/news/1990330025_1_hummingbirds-tyrrell-photographers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541896.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00009-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961615 | 1,186 | 2.640625 | 3 |
One of the trickiest concepts in algebra involves the manipulation of exponents, or powers. Many times, problems will require you to use the laws of exponents to simplify variables with exponents, or you will have to simplify an equation with exponents to solve it. To work with exponents, you need to know the basic exponent rules.
Structure of an Exponent
Exponent examples look like 23, which would be read as two to the third power or two cubed, or 76, which would be read as seven to the sixth power. In these examples, 2 and 7 are the coefficient or base values while 3 and 6 are the exponents or powers. Exponent examples with variables look like x4 or 9y2, where 1 and 9 are the coefficients, x and y are the variables and 4 and 2 are the exponents or powers.
Adding and Subtracting with Non-like Terms
When a problem gives you two terms, or chunks, that do not have the exact same variables, or letters, raised to the exact same exponents, you cannot combine them. For instance, (4x2)(y3) + (6x4)(y2) could not be simplified (combined) further because the Xs and the Ys have different powers in each term.
Adding Like Terms
If two terms have the same variables raised to the exact same exponents, add their coefficients (bases) and use the answer as the new coefficient or base for the combined term. The exponents remain the same. For instance, 3x2 + 5x2 would turn into 8x2.
Subtracting Like Terms
If two terms have the same variables raised to the exact same exponents, subtract the second coefficient from the first and use the answer as the new coefficient for the combined term. The powers themselves do not change. For example, 5y3 - 7y3 would simplify to -2y3.
When multiplying two terms (it does not matter if they are like terms), multiply the coefficients together to get the new coefficient. Then, one at a time, add the powers of each variable to make the new powers. If you multiplied (6x3z2)(2xz4), you would end up with 12x4z6.
Power of a Power
When a term that includes variables with exponents is raised to another power, raise the coefficient to that power and multiply each existing power by the second power to find the new exponent. For instance, (5x6y2)2 would simplify to 25x12y4.
First Power Exponent Rule
Anything raised to the first power stays the same. For example, 71 would just be 7 and (x2r3)1 would simplify to x2r3.
Exponents of Zero
Anything raised to the power of 0 becomes the number 1. It doesn't matter how complicated or big the term is. For instance, both (5x6y2z3)0 and 12,345,678,9010 simplify to 1.
Dividing (When the Larger Exponent is on Top)
To divide when you have the same variable in the numerator and denominator, and the larger exponent is on top, subtract the bottom exponent from the top exponent to calculate the value of the exponent of the variable on top. Then, eliminate the bottom variable. Reduce any coefficients like a fraction. If you were to simplify (3x6)/(6x2), you would end up with (3/6)x(6-2) or (x4)/2.
Dividing (When the Smaller Exponent is on Top)
To divide when you have the same variable in the numerator and denominator, and the larger exponent is on the bottom, subtract the top exponent from the bottom exponent to calculate the new exponential value on the bottom. Then, erase the variable from the numerator and reduce any coefficients like a fraction. If there are no variables left on top, leave a 1. For instance, (5z2)/(15z7) would become 1/(3z5).
To eliminate negative exponents, put the term under 1 and change the exponent so that the exponent is positive. For example, x-6 is the same number as 1/(x6). Flip fractions with negative exponents in order to make the exponent positive: (2/3)-3 equals (3/2)3. When division is involved, move variables from the bottom to the top or vice versa to make their exponents positive. For example, 8-2÷2-4=(1/8)2÷(1/2)4=(1/64)÷(1/16)=(1/64)x(16)=4.
- maths mark image by Bram J. Meijer from Fotolia.com | <urn:uuid:1a89b2c3-6c01-4c69-9f30-0cefb66741b8> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://sciencing.com/10-laws-exponents-7273644.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526560.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720173623-20190720195623-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.902285 | 1,011 | 4.625 | 5 |
First detected in Mandan, North Dakota in 1969, Dutch Elm Disease (DED) is a fungus that is spread by elm bark beetles. When an elm tree is infected with DED, branches in the upper crown will yellow, curl and wilt, commonly referred to as flagging. If a healthy elm tree is next to a tree infected with DED it is possible for the fungus to spread through the root systems. This happens when trees are planted close together and as they mature their roots fuse together, also known as root grafting. For the NDSU Extension Service's newest publication on Dutch Elm Disease click here.
Several options are available to help minimize the spread of DED:
Beetles overwinter under the bark, so it is very important to dispose of elm wood by burning, burying, chipping or debarking.
Severing Root Grafts
A viable option only if the infected tree is less than 25%. Trenches at a depth of 40" (inches) should completely encircle the infected tree. Fill in the trenches with soil and remove the infected tree. If the tree is infected more than 25%, it is likely that the fungus has spread to the surrounding elm trees.
There are treatment options available; however, it can become costly and may do more harm than good in the long run.
Plant Resistant Varieties
Many DED-resistant cultivars are available in the nursery trade.
Accolade, Cathedral, Discovery, Jefferson, New Horizon, Patriot, Prairie Expedition, Princeton, Triumph and Vanguard are a few examples that have proven successful. | <urn:uuid:c10bcef6-93a9-4896-bec1-3ac4878a1d77> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://bismarcknd.gov/1408/Dutch-Elm-Disease | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178367790.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303200206-20210303230206-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.940857 | 335 | 3.515625 | 4 |
April is National Child Abuse Prevention Month, a national campaign to prevent child abuse and neglect and promote the social and emotional well-being of children and families. This year, we’ll share a series of blog posts that explore the issue in depth.
Across the United States, nearly 3 million children are victims of maltreatment each year, and in San Diego, an estimated 10% of children are vulnerable to instances of abuse and neglect, based on data from the County’s Child Welfare Services department .
Abuse and neglect are considered Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), situations which are gaining increased attention for their negative impact on child development. ACEs can lead to negative consequences that persist into adulthood, including: increased chronic disease, increased risk of homelessness, limited economic productivity, criminal conviction and substance abuse. However, warm and responsive relationships with caring adults can buffer the effects of ACEs and increase a child’s ability to cope with trauma stemming from abuse and neglect.
As the YMCA of San Diego County, we reach 1 in every 8 adults and 1 in every 5 children, and this level of impact puts us in the unique position to strengthen the bonds in families to ensure no child suffers from abuse.
Within YMCA Childcare Resource Service, our Behavior Support Services helps parents and caregivers build on their child-rearing skills to create a nurturing environment for children, ages 0-5, in the following ways:
- Education – through behavior observations and consultations, we help new parents distinguish which behaviors are developmentally appropriate for their children and which may need correction. For example, physical reactions from a child who lacks the ability to verbalize emotions is expected. However, if aggressive behaviors continue late into development, we guide parents and caregivers through behavior prevention and response strategies so children can build skills in preparation for school readiness and peer relationships
- Emotion Regulation – we help parents and caregivers increase their ability to regulate emotions and identify when they may need to call on healthy coping skills to reduce frustration. Our work helps parents and caregivers respond appropriately to a child’s challenging behavior so they can maintain a sense of security and nurture bonds with the children or the children in their care.
- Barrier identification – in some cases, maltreatment is tied to more profound causes, including chronic stress, mental health issues, substance use, and generational trauma. These instances afford our team an opportunity to engage with families in a deeper way to identify barriers to stability and connect them to resources that strengthen family functioning.
- Protective factors – we strengthen families by supporting parent and caregiver resilience, knowledge of parenting and child development, social and emotional competence of children, social connections among families, and concrete support in times of need. These supports are scientifically proven to create healthy family environments for the optimal development of young children.
All tools and recommendations in the program are research-backed and drawn from evidence-based practices in the field of behavior and social-emotional development. Our behavioral intervention and support approach is based on information from the Center for Social Emotional Foundations of Early Learning (CSEFEL) from Vanderbilt University and the tenets of “Positive Discipline” by Dr. Jane Nelson.
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Ringel, Jeanne S., et. al. "Improving Child Welfare Outcomes: Balancing Investments in Prevention and Treatment," 2017. | <urn:uuid:024c792b-671d-4fb7-a40b-34676dd4bf05> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.ymcasd.org/es/national-child-abuse-prevention-month-it-starts-us | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348492427.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605014501-20200605044501-00377.warc.gz | en | 0.930543 | 725 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Six Sigma Belts Certification Levels Explained
Six Sigma Belt Levels from Champion to Master Black Belt
Understanding the Six Sigma Belt levels can be confusing. Once you fully understand the levels of Six Sigma, earning certification and progressing up the levels can be difficult, but rewarding. Businesses across the world recognize Six Sigma certification as proof that an individual has the knowledge and training to enhance, reduce or eliminate unnecessary costs and streamline business processes that help propel future growth. Hiring managers are looking for the knowledge and skills offered by a Six Sigma certified professional, in order to improve business goals, increase profitability and overall efficiency. When you receive Six Sigma Certification, you will have the tools necessary to thrive in many positions. You will have a direct knowledge of how to reduce costs, increase revenue, streamline business processes and improve employee buy-in.
The idea of Six Sigma is that you can measure the total number of defects you have in a process. Once that figure is known, you can systematically eliminate the defects. The goal is to essentially get to as close to zero defects as possible. To reach Six Sigma quality level, a system must not have more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities.
What Are the Six Sigma Belts?
Six Sigma uses a colored belt tier system for its certification. To receive Six Sigma Certification, one must follow a hierarchical process.
Here are the Six Sigma Belt Levels you can achieve through Certification:
- Six Sigma White Belt – White belt certification demonstrates an introductory level of knowledge to the fundamental concepts of Six Sigma.
- Six Sigma Yellow Belt – Yellow Belt certification indicates that you have learned the specifics of how Six Sigma works, how it’s disciplines are applied to the workplace and where best to concentrate your time as you learn the process.
- Six Sigma Green Belt – Green Belt certification focuses on advanced analysis and resolution of problems related to quality improvement projects. Green Belts lead and manage projects, while providing support to Six Sigma Black Belts.
- Six Sigma Black Belt – Black Belt certification signifies that you are an expert in Six Sigma philosophies and principles. Black Belts are known as agents of change within an organization who lead project teams.
- Six Sigma Master Black Belt – A Master Black Belt represents the top of the Lean Six Sigma achievement structure. They have extensive experience and are leaders in their fields.
Many people want to know the advantages of each belt and exactly how to earn Six Sigma Certification. One of the most frequently asked question is the difference between a Six Sigma Green Belt and Six Sigma Black Belt.
Six Sigma White Belts
We’ll first begin by explaining the White Belt. This is the first level of the Six Sigma Certification process. You start at the ground level by solving problems at a local level. White Belts will connect with higher-tier individuals such as those professionals with a Green or Black belt to solve each problem. The goal of a White Belt is to understand the fundamental concepts of Six Sigma.
Six Sigma Yellow Belts
Yellow Belt for Six Sigma is where you get into the specifics of how Six Sigma works, what it is, how the disciplines can be applied to the workplace, and where best to concentrate your time as you learn the process. A Yellow Belt professional is well versed in the basics of Lean Six Sigma, which includes all aspects of the phases of D-M-C. Thus we recommend that students enter a class to receive the guidance necessary. Yellow Belt Lean Six Sigma is where the fun is just getting started to eliminate defects from within enterprise systems.
Six Sigma Green Belts
A Green Belt supports a Six Sigma Black Belt by analyzing and solving quality problems and is involved in quality-improvement projects. Green Belts also assist in reviewing data and suggestions sent by lower-tiered belts. There are times Green Belts will have enough experience to lead and manage a project of their own. It all depends on their experience level in a particular field. Green Belts are known as the workhorses of a business.
Those with a Green Belt will be able to apply learned tools such as define, measure, analyze, improve and control to everyday work problems. They will also be able to assist Black Belts in Six Sigma teams and team projects to provide measurable improvement to the enterprise.
Candidates that have a thorough knowledge of the Six Sigma methods and procedures at the Green Belt level have a distinct advantage when searching for a career. Hiring managers seek candidates with the knowledge and expertise those with a Green Belt possess. The average salary for Green Belts start at $75,000 (salary citation).
Typical jobs for those with a Six Sigma Green Belt include: Compliance structural engineer, lead manufacturing engineer, operating systems specialist, business process analyst, project engineer, and senior IT project manager.
Six Sigma Black Belts
A Six Sigma Black Belt understands Six Sigma philosophies and principles, including the supporting systems and tools. This person demonstrates team leadership and understands all aspects of the DMAIC model [in accordance with] Six Sigma principles.
Black Belts are known as agents of change within an organization. They have a deep understanding of team dynamics and handle assigning roles and responsibilities to team members. Most often these team members are Green Belts. It is the goal of a Black Belt to improve overall quality and profitability. On average, Black Belts save companies approximately $230,000 per project. The average salary for a Black Belt is estimated at $88,000 per year (salary citation).
Typical jobs for those with a Six Sigma Black Belt include: Project Manager, Vice President of Operations, and Manager of Manufacturing.
Six Sigma Master Black Belts
Master Black Belts are the top of the food chain for Lean Six Sigma / Black Belt Six Sigma subject matter experts [in the field of study].
The Master Black Belt (MBB) requirements for individuals are at least five years as a Black Belt Six Sigma (BBSS) or experience on a minimum of 10 BBSS projects throughout their experience as a professional. The aforementioned is what you are required to submit for portfolio review and acceptance as a MBB student. Both the IASSC and the ASQ review your experience as a Six Sigma professional, which includes coaching and teaching, mentoring, your responsibilities as a BBSS professional, and your depth and breadth of technical experience and innovation.
The average salary for a Master Black Belt starts at $132,000 and can exceed $200,000 per annum (salary citation).
Typical jobs for those with a Six Sigma Black Belt include: Senior Project Manager, Senior Process Engineer, Lean Transformation Expert, and similar positions.
How Six Sigma Training Can Advance Your Career
Move up within the organization. For starters, many companies provide Six Sigma training to their workforce. Their goal is to groom employees who already understand the internal culture and operations of the business. In such an environment, a person with Six Sigma certification has a veritable “leg up” on opportunities for promotion.
Become more visible and knowledgeable. Employees working on Six Sigma projects are charged with looking at the entire organization. As a result, not only do they become more knowledgeable about different departments and operations, their commitment to improving quality and efficiency lands them “on the radar” of senior-level executives — another way to grow within the company.
Build self-esteem. By achieving Six Sigma certification, you demonstrate a commitment to following through and a dedication to learning that inevitably boosts your self-esteem.
Gain a reputation as an expert. Individuals with significant Six Sigma experience often receive speaking requests from trade organizations and industry groups. After all, “quality improvement” is a hot topic these days, regardless of the type of business.
Because Six Sigma is used in companies as varied as software developers and the U.S. military — “basically any organization that could use some kind of improvement in its internal processes” — this represents a unique strategy for ambitious employees to change their careers and/or advance in a fields of their choice.
Whichever belt you seek, as a Six Sigma, you will have the tools to thrive in business. Earning your Lean Six Sigma Certification will help you accelerate your career as a true subject matter expert for eliminating deficiencies as a fundamental value add to the corporation. This makes you valuable as a SME for all things Six Sigma and will put you ahead of the competition for employment consideration. We hope this article has helped you to understand the levels of Six Sigma certified professionals, along with the benefits, challenges, and expectations. | <urn:uuid:aab4528f-9f87-4cf4-aba1-e0ed74e66740> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.sixsigmacamp.com/what-are-the-six-sigma-belts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590069.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718060927-20180718080927-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.951479 | 1,750 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Herbal Nerd Society Exclusive Article
Balm of Gilead/Cottonwood buds (Populus species) is famous for its antimicrobial properties. Galangin is just one of the many compounds that battle both bacteria and fungal infections. It is considered to be one of the primary constituents of Balm of Gilead AKA Cottonwood bud. It is a flavanone which is a type of flavonoid in the leaf bud of Poplar trees particularly cottonwoods. This compound is mildly water soluble which allows it to reside in the waxy resin that the bud exudes. The low water solubility helps it penetrate beyond the skin barrier. This aids deep healing without overwhelming the system and opening a risk of over-absorption.
What is a Flavanone?
First, let’s begin with a basic description of a flavonoid. This is a group of compound that are very common in higher plants. They often carry the pigment of the plant such as the blue color of blueberries. Flavonoids are very aromatic. They are most common known as antioxidants but have a multitude of other uses. Flavanones are a simple type of flavonoid without pigment that contains the aromatic and antioxidant properties of a common flavonoid.
Galangin has proven its worth as a stout defense as a broad spectrum antibiotic. Research has proven itself worthy against Gram-negative bacteria (Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis) and Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, B. coagulans, and Staphylococcus aureus). The low solubility of galangin is one of the keys to its potency as an antibiotic. It allows this simple compound to work within multiple layers of the body’s tissues to perform it’s antioxidant magic. By attaching to extra oxygen molecules, it suppresses growth of microbes such as bacteria, fungus, viruses, protozoa and yeast by effectively starving them of oxygen. This is why antioxidants are such a vital part of food preservation.
Contraindications for Balm of Gilead
Spilanthes is generally considered safe for use. People that are allergic to propolis should avoid it as it is often a primary ingredient that bees gather to make this waxy sealant in their hives. The cause of propolis allergy is still under investigation. There is not enough evidence available at the time of publishing this post to prove that Balm of Gilead is hazardous if used medicinally if you are pregnant or nursing.
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Coronavirus (COVID-19) Health and Safety Guide
ASERT has compiled resources for those with autism and those who care for people with autism relating to the current COVID-19 outbreak.
A FREE virtual workshop empowering parents, educators, & professionals to support children with mild Autism, ADHD, & learning differences.
OCT. 21 Social-Emotional Guidebook Part 1: Motivate Your Child to Practice Social Skills and Emotional Coping Skills with Positive Feedback Cycles
Program Description: Children with social challenges often find themselves in discouraging negative cycles with adults & peers. Discover how to create positive learning cycles & spark children’s practice of social-coping skills. You will learn why Targeted Positive Reflection is your magic wand to A) ignite change, B) avoid power struggles, C) develop real-time self-awareness, D) motivate practice, E) empower self-advocacy/self-determination, & F) enhance relationships. You’ll also learn to give cooperation-enabling instructions and how to prompt slow transition-ers/initiators. Join us to discover how to avoid shut-downs by compassionately coaching your child through social miscues or misunderstandings using questions and not corrections.
(Save the Date) Nov. 11 Social-Emotional Guidebook Part 2: Transform Nonfunctional/Unacceptable Behavior to Positive Coping and Cooperation with Strategic Rewards, Limits, and Consequences
Program Description: Did you know that effective and strategic use of rewards and consequences can get your child un-stuck & accelerate social, emotional, & behavioral improvement? This presentation debunks incorrect myths & assumptions about behavior, then teaches a range of reward-consequence programs for mild to challenging behavior at home or school. The emphasis is on lovingly teaching children and teens to decrease disruptive, ineffective, or unkind behaviors, and replace them with positive replacement behaviors. | <urn:uuid:1428a9ef-c786-469c-9419-a02a659381e5> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://paautism.org/event/social-emotional-guidebook/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587767.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025185311-20211025215311-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.869781 | 391 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Breathing Principles of Hatha Yoga
The right way to breathe is the soul of Hatha Yoga.
Let’s learn the breathing principle of Hatha Yoga, which is a little difficult in yoga.
When practicing an asana, especially the unfamiliar asana method, you can use natural breathing to master the asana process first.
When you are familiar with it, combine the correct breathing methods.
When you are proficient, you will naturally use your breath to complete the asanas, and it will give you the feeling of being in one go.
That is a perfect combination.
1. Inhale when the body is opened, expand the chest and heart, and increase and decrease, and exhale when closed.
2. The body folds forward slightly and exhales; the body opens (folds), shrinks, opens, and inhales when it expands.
3. The twisting process of twisting poses is generally done by exhaling.
4, in the use of weight to complete the contraction, you should use exhalation to further break the body, some plow.
5. For some asanas, you may start to miss it all at once. At this time, you can use breathing to follow up further.
Specific breathing methods, what kind of breathing you use to enter that asana, continue to use that breathing to deepen. | <urn:uuid:73209779-067c-4c87-99b6-60de1cd3489d> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.pinkwedding.cn/xiyu/135.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401578485.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927183616-20200927213616-00796.warc.gz | en | 0.90392 | 284 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Conventional predictions lead us to fear that Europe, like other dominant civilizations from Egypt to the Roman Empire, has entered a period of decline a decline that, at least from a statistical point of view, seems unstoppable. Europe now has, compared with its main competitors, the lowest birthrate (with the exception of Japan), the highest unemployment rate, the oldest population, the highest social expenditures, the lowest industrial-growth rate, the weakest industrial research in key sectors of information technology, the fewest new patents. Even its renowned financial markets are heading toward fragility. And though its share of the worldwide GNP remains high above 20% this too will drop rapidly in the future.
Thus everything is shaping up for 21st century Europe to become little more than a "Venetian Continent," visited by millions of Asians and Americans, inhabited by tourist guides, museum caretakers and hotelkeepers. In the big global bazaar, the place occupied by European companies, products, ideas, literature, music and cinema will soon be taken over by objects, services, sounds, noises, words and images from elsewhere.
This worst-case scenario which will come true if market forces alone dictate the outcome can be described in these terms: 20-odd European countries will be assembled into a single European Union, a unified economic space in which a dozen or so of these states will share a new common currency, the euro. This large market, entirely open to outside investment, will have no common budgetary, fiscal or social policy. It will be under the domination of the Continent's premier industrial power, Germany, which will turn the euro into a kind of supermark. Lacking financial resources of its own, this monetary union will probably not create social mechanisms capable of compensating for the devastating effects on employment caused by productivity differences between regions.
This could lead the richest regions such as Piedmont, Catalonia and Flanders to refuse joint liability for their less fortunate neighbors and to decide to talk directly with European Community authorities in Brussels and Frankfurt. Faced with a rapidly growing membership, the Union will no longer be able to remain a decision-making center with a coherent economic and security policy or a credible defense. Lacking a strong common will, moreover, most of the European Union countries will be unable to reduce their tax burdens. They will cease to be competitive because of high labor costs, which will move various activities toward Africa and Asia and thereby increase European unemployment. According to this scenario, only Germany will be able to get by, if it manages to maintain its social consensus, its banking resources and its lead in certain key sectors. Even then, Germany will be held back by the recessionary climate surrounding it.
At the same time, all European countries will raise military spending because of a double threat. To the east, there will be a Russia in turmoil, financially drained and gradually fragmented into more or less autonomous provinces, several of which have nuclear armies run by one or more local generals. To the south, there will be a Maghreb tested by a radical Islam, where millions of desperate inhabitants will be tempted to cross the Mediterranean, thus multiplying the risks of all kinds of destabilization. In sum, if the countries of Europe remain divided, the most probable outcome is that the market will impose a destructive every-man-for-himself approach that will make Europe, at best, a Venetian continent and, at worst, a Buenos Aires continent, which means decay with dictators.
Yet Europe still has the means to become the premier economic power of the 21st century. To do this, it will need to realize that the marketplace alone will not assure its future. What would have happened to North America if, in the 19th century, economic laws were the only ones dictating the social order? It would have become a land of anarchy and dictatorships. To build the U.S., there needed to be a political will, a view of the future and institutions that adequately reflected the aspirations of its people. In the same way, Europe will be doomed to be a Venetian continent unless it imitates the Founding Fathers of the U.S. This requires creation of a vision of Europe 50 years down the road and the judging of all actions according to how they contribute to this vision. In setting its agenda, Europe must:
Establish political institutions to complete the common currency.
Europe must create a treasury ministry, a supreme court and a senate to represent its member countries. And with these institutions it must launch, with the help of the private sector, a massive, 20-year program to install a network of communications infrastructure connected to the Internet. Once that is done, European tourism, the No. 1 industry of the 21st century, will be a strength and not a sign of decline. | <urn:uuid:df5e5c55-8032-47ea-9cd9-29408ca74f9f> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2025752_2025449_2025328,00.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824757.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00309-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946485 | 971 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Because anxiety accompanies so many medical conditions, some serious, it is extremely important for the doctor to uncover any medical problems or medications that might underlie or be masked by an anxiety attack. The doctor will perform a physical examination and ask about the patient’s medical and personal history.
The patient should describe any occurrence of anxiety disorders or depression in the family and mention any other contributing factors, such as excessive caffeine use, recent life changes, or stressful events.
It is very important to be honest with your doctor about all conditions, including excessive drinking, substance abuse, or other psychological or mood states that might contribute to, or result from, the anxiety disorder.
Diagnosing children with an anxiety disorder can be very difficult, since anxiety often results in disruptive behaviors that overlap with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or oppositional disorder. Other conditions with symptoms similar to anxiety disorders include pervasive developmental disorders such as Asperger syndrome, learning disabilities, bipolar disorder, and depression. Many children have anxiety disorder and a co-occurring condition, which should be treated along with anxiety.
Other Conditions with Similar Symptoms
People with anxiety disorders are more likely to see a family doctor before a mental health specialist, since their symptoms are often physical. Symptoms can include muscle tension, trembling, twitching, aching, soreness, cold and clammy hands, dry mouth, sweating, nausea or diarrhea, or urinary frequency. Anxiety attacks can mimic or accompany nearly every acute disorder of the heart or lungs, including heart attacks and angina (chest pain). In fact, nearly all individuals with panic disorders are convinced that their symptoms are physical and possibly life-threatening.
Heart Problems. Some patients who enter the emergency room with chest pain, and who have a low-to-moderate risk for a heart attack, are actually suffering from panic attacks. It is often difficult even for specialists to distinguish between heart conditions and a panic attack:
- Women who are having an actual heart attack or acute heart problem are much more likely to be misdiagnosed as having an anxiety attack than are men with similar symptoms.
- Mitral valve prolapse, a common and usually mild heart problem, may have symptoms that are nearly identical to those of panic disorder. The two conditions, in fact, frequently occur together.
Review Date: 01/27/2011
Reviewed By: Harvey Simon, MD, Editor-in-Chief, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc. | <urn:uuid:baead7e0-bdce-40cc-87ae-4103e400cef2> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.healthcentral.com/anxiety/introduction-000028_5-145.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698196686/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095636-00083-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952603 | 529 | 3.0625 | 3 |
In this project you will choose an issue that you feel is important to your life and future, develop your understanding of it, and your understanding of international opinion about it, produce a digital representation of your understanding, and finally share and discuss your experiences with others. All this in six weeks.
We'll be working with grade seven and eight students from three other schools who are doing versions of this same project. Once school is in Canada, another in the United States, and the third is another international school in Malaysia!
The central questions, the ones your project answers, are:
- What are the central issues and concerns that people my age, in my place, have about their lives, about their futures, or about the issues that are facing their nation and the world?
- How do I relate to these issues?
- How are these issues similar and different from other people my age in different places around the world?
- What is it like to be ____ (your age) in ____________ (your state or country)
Along the way, you will create a network of people whose ideas will support the development of your understanding of your issue. These will be students from our school, the schools we are working with, and the general public.
Let's not get ahead of ourselves. Like the saying, a journey of a thousand miles begins with one step. It's time to take that first step, which is to introduce yourself on your blog. Other students will use your introduction to connect with people who share similar interests. Here are some ideas to help get your introduction going.
Who are you? How old are you? What's your life like here in Cartagena? What issues are you interested in? You are introducing yourself to the group of students in other countries who will be working on this project with you. | <urn:uuid:4f35b3a0-a409-4d5e-8dc7-029021a14b11> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://mrhide7.blogspot.com/2007/01/teen-life-project.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676594886.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723032237-20180723052237-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.966572 | 375 | 3.359375 | 3 |
“The OSFC and the entire state of Ohio are national leaders in creating healthy, sustainable schools,” said Rachel Gutter, director of the Center for Green Schools at USGBC. "Since 2007, we've watched the OSFC successfully grow a program that shows LEED is working for Ohio — these schools are saving money, energy and resources. Ohio shows a deep commitment to the well-being of its students, teachers and communities through the use of LEED.”
LEED is the world’s premier benchmark for the design, construction and operation of high-performance green buildings. Since 2007, the OSFC has required the design of each school building it funds to at least seek LEED Silver certification, with the goal of achieving Gold. Monroe Central High School of the Switzerland of Ohio Local School District in Monroe County became the 100th public education facility in Ohio to achieve LEED, receiving a Silver certification. Of the 100 certifications, 44 schools have exceeded LEED Silver, earning LEED Gold or Platinum.
Other notable LEED-certified schools include London Middle School of the London City School District in Madison County, which was the first LEED Platinum school in the state and boasts a 40 percent reduction in water usage and 42 percent energy savings. Robert A. Taft Information Technology High School in Cincinnati became the first public high school in the state to receive LEED Platinum certification. Cloverleaf Elementary School in Medina County earned LEED Silver, which “shows taxpayers that the district is energy conscious,” according to Superintendent Daryl Kubilu.
OSFC Executive Director Richard Hickman called today’s announcement “exciting, and certainly a statement on how Ohio has embraced environmentally friendly design. These projects, which represent a commitment to both our schoolchildren and the future of our environment, are the direct result of innovative teamwork from architects, construction managers, trade contractors and our project partners, the local school districts. I commend them for their accomplishments.”
Ohio is the recognized nationwide leader in sustainable school design, with more than 300 total schools either registered or certified through LEED. On average, Ohio’s first 100 certified schools have been designed to use 35 percent less energy and an average of 37 percent less water than comparable buildings constructed and operated to traditional standards. In addition, these schools provide healthier indoor environments conducive to learning.
Healthy, sustainable schools are in demand throughout the United States. A recently released independent national survey from the Center for Green Schools at USGBC and United Technologies Corp. revealed that three out of four Americans are supportive of green schools and 90 percent of Americans think it is important to improve public school buildings.
Additionally, the use of LEED has had a positive economic impact on Ohio and surrounding states. All OSFC projects using LEED encourage the use of products and materials that are harvested, manufactured and/or produced within a 500-mile radius of the project, supporting nearby economies. On average, nearly 35 percent of building materials for these schools was procured from regional sources, and 22 percent of the schools’ building materials contain recycled content. The 100 schools have also diverted more than 188,114 tons and 57,565 cubic yards of construction waste from Ohio landfills.
“We applaud the OSFC for embracing the challenge to make better buildings for Ohio’s schoolchildren,” says Tyler Steele, chair of the USGBC Central Ohio Chapter. “Like any taxpayer, I encourage responsible use of public money. LEED makes sense because it is a third-party-verified system that encourages energy efficiency, conservation of resources and support for Ohio’s economy through incentives for locally sourced materials. This policy, and these investments in people, products and process, are a driving force behind innovation and the continued growth of Ohio's economy." | <urn:uuid:5477b999-ee65-401f-95d0-9f141106f008> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.coatingsworld.com/contents/view_breaking-news/2013-12-11/temp-title-262104/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170700.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00649-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959742 | 781 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Practice what you preach. Suit your actions to your words. Walk the talk. Hypocrisy is ingrained as a moral failing for most adults, but when do children learn to make the same distinction?
According to a new study from University of Chicago psychologists, the shift seems to happen early in elementary school.
The researchers discovered that children who were at least 7 years old began to predict future behavior based on a person’s statement about morals. Unlike their younger peers, those children thought that someone who said stealing was bad would be less likely to steal—and also thought that thefts by those individuals should be punished more harshly.
“Our findings suggest that children of this age are thinking critically about people falsely representing themselves in some way,” said UChicago doctoral student Hannah Hok, the first author on the study. “They’re thinking about reputation at a relatively early age.”
Hok produced the study with Asst. Prof. Alex Shaw, the senior author and a leading expert on how concepts such as reputation and fairness develop in childhood. Published this week in the journal Child Development, the research relied on a series of experiments conducted with more than 400 children ranging from 4 to 9 years old.
“Children understand that when people’s words—when they talk about moral principles—are discordant with their actual behavior, they should be punished more harshly,” Shaw said.
In the first experiment, the participants were told about two children, one who condemned stealing (“Stealing is bad.”) and one who made a morally neutral statement (“Broccoli is gross.”). They were then asked to predict who was more likely to steal, and which theft should be punished more severely.
Participants in other experiments were asked to compare someone who condemned stealing with someone who praised sharing (“Sharing is really, really good.”), as well as with someone who denied stealing (“I never steal.”).
In all cases, the 7- to 9-year-old participants were more likely than younger children (ages 4 to 6) to use condemnation as a predictor for future action.
A final experiment presented participants with someone who praised stealing and someone who condemned it. Both older and younger children predicted that the former would be more likely to steal—indicating that young children may have particular trouble using condemnation as a behavioral signal.
Interviewing children at a Chicago science museum, the researchers did not collect demographic information other than age and gender, and did not find significant gender-based differences in their results.
Shaw hopes to conduct more research into the behavior of younger children and whether they can better predict actions that are morally neutral, such as eating broccoli. He also hopes to examine how children’s judgments may change with social context, and how they treat hypocrisy that doesn’t benefit the speaker.
“It may not be inconsistency, per se, that kids are reacting to,” Shaw said. “We think it’s engaging in hypocrisy to benefit yourself that provokes the negative reaction.”
Other co-authors on the study were Alia Martin, a psychologist at New Zealand’s Victoria University of Wellington; and UChicago alum Zachary Trail, AB’17. | <urn:uuid:100eb2ac-7dae-49a2-88b9-2ccf5caddfae> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://reachmd.com/news/when-do-children-begin-recognize-hypocrisy/1629886/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944996.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323034459-20230323064459-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.974978 | 683 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Humanities › History & Culture CONNOR - Name Meaning & Origin Share Flipboard Email Print Tom Brakefield/Digital Vision/Getty Images History & Culture Genealogy Surnames Basics Genealogy Fun Vital Records Around the World American History African American History African History Ancient History and Culture Asian History European History Inventions Latin American History Medieval & Renaissance History Military History The 20th Century Women's History View More By Kimberly Powell Genealogy Expert Certificate in Genealogical Research, Boston University B.A., Carnegie Mellon University Kimberly Powell is a professional genealogist and the author of The Everything Guide to Online Genealogy. She teaches at the Genealogical Institute of Pittsburgh and the Salt Lake Institute of Genealogy. our editorial process Kimberly Powell Updated February 18, 2019 Connelly is a patronymic surname, the shortened form O’Connor, which in turn is an Anglicization of the Gaelic Ó Conchobhair or Ó Conchúir, meaning "descendant of Conchobhar." The name Conchobhar is thought to mean "lover of hounds," from the Gaelic con, meaning "hound or wolf," and cobhair, "aid, or desiring." The Connor name is also thought to denote strength and leadership, from conn, meaning "wisdom, strength, counsel," plus cobhair. The O'Connors descend from several distinct royal Irish families and clans; they are from Clare, Derry, Galway, Kerry, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo and the province of Ulster. CONNOR is one of 50 common Irish surnames of modern Ireland. Surname Origin: Irish Alternate Surname Spellings: CONNER, CONOR, O'CONNOR, O'CONOR, COUROY, CON, CONE, CONNE, KONNOR Famous People with the Surname CONNOR: Sandra Day O'Connor - former U.S. Supreme Court justiceRoger Connor - American baseball Hall of FamerFlannery O'Connor - American writerSinéad O'Connor - Irish singer-songwriter Genealogy Resources for the Surname CONNOR and O'CONNOR British Surname Profiler - Distribution of the Connor Surname: Trace the geography and history of the Connor surname through this free online database based on a University College London (UCL) project investigating the distribution of surnames in Great Britain, both current and historic.Connor Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Connor surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Connor surname query.FamilySearch - CONNOR Genealogy: Find historical records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Connor surname and its variations.CONNOR Surname & Family Mailing Lists: RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Connor surname.Cousin Connect - CONNOR Genealogy Queries: Read or post genealogy queries for the surname Connor, and sign up for free notification when new Connor queries are added.DistantCousin.com - CONNOR Genealogy & Family History: Free databases and genealogy links for the last name Connor. | <urn:uuid:52d29e7e-2458-4db5-b45a-7701045699c8> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.thoughtco.com/connor-name-meaning-and-origin-1422484?utm_source=emailshare&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=shareurlbuttons | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141177607.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124224124-20201125014124-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.858416 | 646 | 2.609375 | 3 |
- This event has passed.
Endemic Bird Day 2017
13 May 2017
It’s that time of year again! On 13 May 2017, go out birding wherever you are in India to take part in the third edition of the Endemic Bird Day. The Endemic Bird Day which coincides with the Global Big Day, which is a worldwide effort to document as many species as possible in a single 24-hour period.
The heat of May in the subcontinent is often too oppressive to allow for a “Big Day” and overall species’ diversity is lower with many of the winter migrants having left for their breeding grounds further north. However, this is a fantastic opportunity to observe and document a number of our resident bird species. A number of these birds are endemic or near-endemic to our region.
Last year, over 200 birders took part in the event, uploading almost 600 lists to eBird, and documenting 449 species (which included over 100 species endemic to South Asia). You can view the list of all the 225 endemics of South Asia (as listed on eBird) here.
If you’re looking to get started preparing for this year’s Endemic Bird Day, here are three quick ways to have the most fun:
- “Scout” your birding spots for May 13. Finding where the endemic birds are ahead of time makes the Endemic Bird Day birding more fun, and also gives you more chances to be out enjoying birds. Learn how to use eBird to find birds.
- Use eBird Mobile. This free data-entry app makes it so you don’t have to enter your sightings at the end of the day, and tools like Quick Entry mean you spend less time with your face in a notebook or a phone, and more time looking for birds. Get eBird Mobile here.
- Get a friend involved. Perhaps this is a good birding buddy, or someone who has never been birding before. By taking part in the Endemic Bird Day, you can introduce your friends and family to the birds around you. You can also put your marker on the Global Big Day global participation map. | <urn:uuid:baa5ed3d-2531-444b-bc87-3fec6aba750a> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://birdcount.in/event/endemic-bird-day-2017/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578530161.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421020506-20190421042506-00125.warc.gz | en | 0.963253 | 453 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Let’s Get Dirty: Fun Mud Activities
Guest post by Susan Goodman
Been raining forever and your kids are stir crazy? Grab some old clothes, don some ratty shoes or boots, and go outdoors. Just find some mud patches (or make them) and have a great day getting dirty.
And here are goofy, gooey ways to get started. And parents: Here are some tips to get mud stains out of clothing!
Be an Artist
- Give your child a stick and a muddy surface to draw on. Mistakes are no problem; mud is a very forgiving medium. Just smooth them over and start again.
- Mud prints are fun, too. Your child’s muddy hands and/or feet can stamp cool patterns onto a sheet of paper. If you prefer to keep it simple, the sidewalk is another canvas.
- And then there’s sculpture. Mud balls can become out-of-season snowmen or abstract sculptures. If your child’s creation isn’t sticking together, just add more water.
- Here is an amazing mud-ball project, which is an interesting art form in Japan.Your kids might shrink from actually doing it, since it involves rubbing a mud ball for two hours—but it’s a fun thing to tell your kids about during their mud play.
Be a Builder
- Your children can make buildings of all shapes and sizes if they use sticks to create a frame and pack mud on to it. Houses perhaps, a castle with a moat, a stable to put toy horses in.
- If they also like the idea of large-scale public works, have them make a river by digging a trench in the mud or dirt. Then, add water as needed. Most importantly, build a dam to protect the town!
Be a Biologist
- Take a walk through your neighborhood or a local park so your children can learn which animals go under cover during rain and which come out in this type of weather. You might not have pigs nearby, but some dogs will happily wallow in a mud puddle if they have a chance. You may also see birds swooping down to take a bath.
- This is also a fine time to study worms that surface to breathe when their burrows fill with water. Supply a magnifying glass so your children can get an even closer look. Then, enlist the kids in a Worm Rescue Squad. Ask them to move any worms they find on the sidewalk back to the dirt so they don’t dry out.
- Now, help them build a worm hotel.
Be a Baker
- If you’re going to play in the mud, why not go “classic” and make some mud pies? If you have some old cake or pie tins, great. Otherwise, shallow plastic containers work just fine. Once the pies are “baked,” it’s time to make them beautiful! Encourage your children to scour the yard for pebbles, petals, and leaves that will make perfect decorations on top.
Keep the Fun Going Inside
- After you go in and get all cleaned up, your mud day can continue. Make a “dirt dessert!” Or try making no-bake Mud Cookies with your children.
- When you all sit down with your cookies, finish the day by reading Mud by Mary Lyn Ray, Diary of a Worm by Doreen Cronin, and The Puddle by David McPhail. | <urn:uuid:ed0619a7-ce26-40ec-80da-acf0ea92d5d0> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://blog.nwf.org/2011/04/lets-get-dirty-fun-mud-activities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719877.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00250-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936069 | 728 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Vaccine Gap for Underinsured Children
Limited Funding Hampers Vaccination of Underinsured Children, Study Shows
WebMD News Archive
Aug. 7, 2007 -- Underinsured children may be going without recommended vaccines due to limited federal and state funding, a new study shows.
Kids who are underinsured for immunization come from families with private health insurance that doesn't fully cover vaccination costs.
The new study, published in The Journal of the American Medical Association, is based on information provided by state immunization program managers during 2005 and 2006.
The researchers included Grace Lee, MD, MPH, of Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care.
First, Lee's team interviewed nine immunization program managers. Based on those interviews, the researchers sent surveys to immunization program managers nationwide, 48 of whom completed the survey.
The states' funding and health care situations varied. But in general, the managers cited limited federal and state funding as the main reason why underinsured kids may not get vaccinated as recommended.
For instance, Lee and colleagues tracked recommendations for the chickenpox (varicella), pneumococcal disease, meningococcal disease, hepatitis A, and tetanus/diphtheria/whooping cough vaccines.
"None of the vaccines we studied was covered for all underinsured children in the United States," write the researchers.
Growing costs plus shrinking budgets add up to a vaccination gap for underinsured children, notes editorialist Matthew Davis, MD, MAPP.
"As the number of recommended vaccines and the prices of those vaccines increase, so too do the economic barriers to vaccination for underinsured children," writes Davis, who works at the University of Michigan's Child Health Evaluation and Research Unit. | <urn:uuid:db070c56-7666-44b2-a9cb-4dd37248ec36> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.webmd.com/children/vaccines/news/20070807/vaccine-gap-for-underinsured-children | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246660493.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045740-00172-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934687 | 351 | 2.515625 | 3 |
New Delhi, India—The Government of India's Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and Bharat Biotech announced positive results from a Phase III clinical trial of a rotavirus vaccine developed and manufactured in India. Data from the trial, presented today at the International Symposium on Rotavirus Vaccines for India—The Evidence and the Promise, showed ROTAVAC® to have an excellent safety and efficacy profile.
The clinical study demonstrates for the first time that the India-developed rotavirus vaccine ROTAVAC® is efficacious in preventing severe rotavirus diarrhoea in low-resource settings in India. ROTAVAC® significantly reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea by more than half—56 percent during the first year of life, with protection continuing into the second year of life. Moreover, the vaccine also showed impact against severe diarrhoea of any cause.
"This is an important scientific breakthrough against rotavirus infections, the most severe and lethal cause of childhood diarrhoea, responsible for approximately 100,000 deaths of small children in India each year," said DBT Secretary Dr K. VijayRaghavan. "The clinical results indicate that the vaccine, if licensed, could save the lives of thousands of children each year in India."
The vaccine was developed through a unique social innovation partnership that brought together the experience and expertise of Indian and international researchers as well as the public and private sectors. The vaccine originated from an attenuated (weakened) strain of rotavirus that was isolated from an Indian child at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi in 1985-86. Since then, partners have included DBT, Bharat Biotech, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Stanford University School of Medicine, and the nongovernmental organization, PATH. Dr M.K. Bhan, who recently completed his service as DBT Secretary, was tireless in fostering the social innovation partnership and ensuring the highest standards for the vaccine.
The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase III clinical trial enrolled 6,799 infants in India (aged six to seven weeks at the time of enrolment) at three sites—the Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies (SAS) in New Delhi; Shirdi Sai Baba Rural Hospital, KEM Hospital Research Centre in Vadu, Pune; and Christian Medical College (CMC) in Vellore. The Clinical Operations Management Unit headed by Dr Nita Bhandari at SAS oversaw the day-to-day coordination and logistical complexities of this multi-site study and played a pivotal role in the conduct of this trial. The Principal Investigators were Dr Temsunaro Rongsen-Chandola at SAS, Dr Ashish Bavdekar at KEM, and Dr Gagandeep Kang at CMC.
The Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB), an independent group of experts established to protect the participating infants' rights and needs during the Phase III trial, determined that the trial met the highest standards for ethics and patient care and complied with international standards for good clinical practices.
Bharat Biotech previously announced a price of US$ 1.00/dose (or approximately INR 54/dose) for ROTAVAC® and will soon file for registration of the vaccine in India. If licensed by the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI), the vaccine will be a more affordable alternative to the rotavirus vaccines already on the market.
"With its low price and strong efficacy, ROTAVAC® has the potential to significantly reduce the incidence of severe diarrhoea due to rotavirus among children in India," said Dr M.K. Bhan, Advisor to the Indian Academy of Pediatrics and former DBT Secretary.
The vaccine efficacy compares favourably with the efficacy of the currently licensed rotavirus vaccines in low-resource countries. The study results showed clear evidence of protection across different rotavirus strains and continued efficacy in the second year of life.
Infants enrolled in the study received ROTAVAC® and the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) vaccines, including oral polio vaccine (OPV). When the immune responses to OPV were tested, the result showed that infants receiving OPV at the same time as ROTAVAC® generated comparable immune responses to all three polio serotypes as the infants receiving OPV without ROTAVAC®; this result supports the concurrent administration of OPV and ROTAVAC®.
"Vaccines work to save and protect children from diseases like rotavirus for a lifetime," said Bill Gates, Co-Chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. "This public-private partnership is an exemplary model of how to develop affordable technologies that save lives."
The vaccine development partnership was supported by DBT, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Research Council of Norway, and the UK Department for International Development. Bharat Biotech invested important technical, manufacturing, and financial resources towards vaccine development. ROTAVAC® is an oral vaccine and is administered to infants in a three-dose course at the ages of 6, 10, and 14 weeks. It is given alongside routine immunizations in the UIP vaccines recommended at these ages.
"ROTAVAC® represents the successful research and development of a novel vaccine from the developing world with global standards," said Dr Krishna M. Ella, Chairman and Managing Director of Bharat Biotech. "ROTAVAC® is a testament of our strong vision and commitment to develop affordable health care solutions for infectious diseases—we are proud, yet humbled by our contribution to this social innovation project and global public health priority. We are thankful to all the partners in the Rotavirus Vaccine Development Project—DBT, the Indian Council of Medical Research, PATH, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, NIH , CDC, and Stanford University—for their valuable support in this unique international public-private partnership."
Prior to conducting the study, the investigators received approvals from the DCGI, the Institutional Review Board for DBT, and the ethics review committees of each study site. The study partners also consulted with the State Governments of Delhi, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu, as well as the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. In addition, the study was approved by the Western Institutional Review Board in the United States and met the highest international clinical trial standards. The DSMB strictly monitored the trial throughout for adherence to these standards and protocols. The trial design included a strong safety net to identify and treat illnesses, especially gastroenteritis, among study infants as early as possible. All of the infants enrolled in the trial received high-quality medical and emergency care during the trial period.
The support laboratory was the Translational Health Science and Technology Institute with Dr Sudhanshu Vrati as the lead. Quintiles was responsible for several aspects of the trial including medical monitoring, data management, site monitoring, pharmacovigilance, and biostatistics. Good Clinical Practice compliance of the clinical trials was audited by ANTHA Clinical Quality Assurance.
Additional resources for media:Description of the social innovation partnership that developed ROTAVAC®
DBT website: http://dbtindia.nic.in
Bharat Biotech website: http://www.bharatbiotech.com
Media contacts:For DBT:
Allison Clifford | EurekAlert!
Biofilm discovery suggests new way to prevent dangerous infections
23.05.2017 | University of Texas at Austin
Another reason to exercise: Burning bone fat -- a key to better bone health
19.05.2017 | University of North Carolina Health Care
Staphylococcus aureus is a feared pathogen (MRSA, multi-resistant S. aureus) due to frequent resistances against many antibiotics, especially in hospital infections. Researchers at the Paul-Ehrlich-Institut have identified immunological processes that prevent a successful immune response directed against the pathogenic agent. The delivery of bacterial proteins with RNA adjuvant or messenger RNA (mRNA) into immune cells allows the re-direction of the immune response towards an active defense against S. aureus. This could be of significant importance for the development of an effective vaccine. PLOS Pathogens has published these research results online on 25 May 2017.
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a bacterium that colonizes by far more than half of the skin and the mucosa of adults, usually without causing infections....
Physicists from the University of Würzburg are capable of generating identical looking single light particles at the push of a button. Two new studies now demonstrate the potential this method holds.
The quantum computer has fuelled the imagination of scientists for decades: It is based on fundamentally different phenomena than a conventional computer....
An international team of physicists has monitored the scattering behaviour of electrons in a non-conducting material in real-time. Their insights could be beneficial for radiotherapy.
We can refer to electrons in non-conducting materials as ‘sluggish’. Typically, they remain fixed in a location, deep inside an atomic composite. It is hence...
Two-dimensional magnetic structures are regarded as a promising material for new types of data storage, since the magnetic properties of individual molecular building blocks can be investigated and modified. For the first time, researchers have now produced a wafer-thin ferrimagnet, in which molecules with different magnetic centers arrange themselves on a gold surface to form a checkerboard pattern. Scientists at the Swiss Nanoscience Institute at the University of Basel and the Paul Scherrer Institute published their findings in the journal Nature Communications.
Ferrimagnets are composed of two centers which are magnetized at different strengths and point in opposing directions. Two-dimensional, quasi-flat ferrimagnets...
An Australian-Chinese research team has created the world's thinnest hologram, paving the way towards the integration of 3D holography into everyday...
24.05.2017 | Event News
23.05.2017 | Event News
22.05.2017 | Event News
26.05.2017 | Life Sciences
26.05.2017 | Life Sciences
26.05.2017 | Physics and Astronomy | <urn:uuid:ae8c2da7-0a24-4120-a51a-dc44851af32c> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/medicine-health/rotavirus-vaccine-developed-india-demonstrates-214006.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609610.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528082102-20170528102102-00222.warc.gz | en | 0.930651 | 2,145 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Waste, which is non-affective and comes from city, town or village as domestic and biomedical waste is termed as municipal solid waste
Causes of Solid Waste Pollution
A. Over population:
Pollution naturally increases with the growing number of persons, produce more waste.
The tendency to pronounce the things as fashion and check them out, when not required as out of fashion.
Packaging of most of the gifts is considered as the source of solid waste pollution as most of these are non-biodegradable.
D. Due to poor implementation of environment protection laws, urbanization, lack of awareness and lack of participation from the public, the problem of solid waste has increased at the highest level.
E. Growth in consumption leads to consumption of items and on the other hand, wastes production.
Affects of Solid Waste Pollution
A. Contaminates water and air, resulting into diseases and dysentery in Human beings.
B. Mosquitoes breed in the stagnant water, blocked due to waste choked in the drains.
C. Decomposition of solid waste spreads obnoxious odour in the air, thus polluting it.
D. Burning of waste, especially plastic adds up obnoxious fumes in the air.
E. Garbage dumps and decomposed waste helps many harmful species to breed in them.
F. The infected water supply also leads to large scale epidemics.
Solid Waste Management
The process of transportation, storage, collection and processing of solid waste in a protective and economic manner is termed as solid waste management. The above steps are followed thoroughly in waste management, its first and foremost priority is waste avoidance by minimizing it. To reduce waste, reuse it and recycle, it is called waste prevention.
It is our second priority to reuse, recycles it at the maximum level. Once the possibility of waste prevention is exhausted, the next priority is to reduce the volume of residual waste pass on for final disposal. In recycling, material is separated from the garbage for the process of recycling. For example
A. Old cars are recycled in the German industry.
B. Gas, oil, Chemicals and Tar are also retrieved from the old tyres.
C. Papers, cans etc. are recycled to produce fresh papers.
D. Glass is melted to prepare new articles.
It involves the following process:
The people in the city dump around 90% of the solid waste into natural or constructed pit or depression which compacts due to the surrounding dust.
In this process, the materials like glass, rubber and plastic etc. are separated and the rest waste is exposed for bacterial action for decomposition for several months to produce manure.
Incineration:Burning of waste to warm up residential units is termed as incineration. It is a convenient and quick method.
It’s the process of burning the waste in absence of 02– In it organic compounds split into gaseous and gaseous fractions (CO, C02, CH4, tar and charred carbon).
Disposal into sea:
It’s a simple and cheap method in which the solid waste is disposed under deep sea water at a remarkable distance from the coastal areas. | <urn:uuid:011c45dc-012b-4bfd-ac25-d48240a34553> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.shareyouressays.com/89155/essay-on-solid-waste-causes-affects-and-solid-waste-management | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689779.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923213057-20170923233057-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.930805 | 657 | 3.703125 | 4 |
The Extreme Green Rehabilitation protocol is applied to houses rescued from demolition through owner donations and acquisition. Extreme Green rehabilitation results in energy efficient homes with superior indoor air quality. The Extreme Green Rehabilitation can be found in our:
- Ecological Communities
- Scattered-Site, Single and Multi-Family Units
At least 65 percent of a house is either reused or salvaged. Parts of the home, including the shell, roof, flooring and doors, can usually be recycled. All of these materials represent embodied energy and carry a carbon cost, so the more that can be salvaged, the greater the carbon savings.
Although new materials are necessary to complete the rehabilitation, Builders of Hope uses non-toxic, energy efficient, and low-flow products. The impact – lower utility bills from energy and water savings, better indoor air quality, and better, healthier home ownership opportunities for families.
Standard amenities in Extreme Green Rehabilitation include passive solar orientation, compact fluorescent lighting, double pane, low-E windows, Energy Star appliances, sealed envelopes that include weatherized and insulated crawl spaces, upgraded HVAC systems and large porches.
The homes have improved air circulation and quality, through indoor-outdoor air exchange, ceiling fans, tile and wood flooring (rather than carpet that holds and releases toxic residues) and non-toxic glues and paints.
Living and Learning Lab
Partnering with Duke University, Builders of Hope launched a living learning lab to create affordable renovated homes using green building principles. The Nicholas School of the Environment and Pratt School of Engineering are spearheading this ongoing project in Durham, North Carolina to test and assess the Extreme Green Rehabilitation process to see which environmental upgrades – such as energy efficiency or water conservation – deliver the most impact and provide homeowners or landlords the greatest savings. This experiment also seeks to disprove the premise that only a privileged minority can afford an efficient and environmentally sound home.
Builders of Hope acquired six homes through an agreement with the City of Durham for the living learning lab. The shotgun style Rock Street homes are virtually identical. Because the houses each have the same orientation and climatic conditions, university researchers can scrutinize the effects of using various materials and variables. Duke students began the experiments in the fall of 2010. Additional partners in the living learning lab include the historic restoration builder Trinity Design/Build and sustainable urban planners Civitech.
Students live in the homes, monitoring the effectiveness of different Extreme Green Rehabilitation criteria and measuring the advantages gained from these construction methods. The research will provide real, on-the-ground contributions to advance green rehabilitation of homes.
Verifying Extreme Green
The North Carolina Solar Center’s Healthy Built Homes Program serves as an independent verifier for Builders of Hope. These programs certify that homes meet green guidelines – including energy and water use reduction strategies, renewable energy use, protection of land and reduction of pollution and waste during construction and throughout the life of the home.
Independent verification results in guaranteed heating and cooling costs in Builders of Hope homes. For example, in 2010 a 1,100 square foot home in Raleigh would have a guaranteed maximum utility bill of $45 per month. In the circumstance that the bill is higher than this, the third party certifier pays for the cost overrun and identifies and repairs any problems that caused the higher bill.
Advanced Energy, a Raleigh, North Carolina energy certifier, has worked with Builders of Hope on this aspect of home construction. As Krista Egger of Advanced Energy says, “The affordable housing population is most vulnerable to rising utility costs. The less they have to spend on utilities, the more they can spend on health care, food and other necessities.”
Additionally, a North Carolina State University study proved that Extreme Green Rehabilitation has been proven to be nearly twice as energy efficient as building a new home with traditional stick-built construction techniques. | <urn:uuid:0096b3e8-661c-4a35-82c6-91addad272c9> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.buildersofhope.org/about/what-we-do/extreme-green/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657123617.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011203-00214-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921218 | 795 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The “Holy Island” of Lindisfarne off the coast of northeastern England is notable for the great monastery established there in the early 7th century, as well as for its most famous expression of Medieval religious art, The Lindisfarne Gospel. Lindisfarne is also notable for suffering the first recorded Viking attack in 793 A.D., which was preceded, not surprisingly, by the sighting of ferocious dragons in the sky.
Lindisfarne is not recognized by most modern scholars as having had any military associations tied to its early history, much less naval ones. However, renewed archaeological interest in Lindisfarne’s early period, coupled with observations made a few years back by Professor Howard Williams, brings to mind some interesting possibilities, which in turn lead us to a suggest a new hypothesis regarding the island’s early history. Whether this hypothesis will eventually be proven valid or not remains to be seen.
The earliest archaeological evidence of human habitation on Lindisfarne dates to the Late Neolithic era, consisting of a lone stone found out of context with cup-marks on it. At that period the coastline around Lindisfarne would likely have been far different than from today and, in fact, may not have been an island at all. Today the “Holy Isle” is a tidal island which can be accessed by land when the tide is out. Lindisfarne’s relation to sea and shore has doubtless changed several times over the intervening millennia. Of greater importance for our present concern is Lindisfarne’s geographic proximity to Bamburgh Castle, the royal capital of an Anglian dynasty during the Late Brittonic (or Early Saxon) Period. Lindisfarne was within eyesight of Bamburgh and the relationship between the Northern Anglian dynasty’s royal seat and the island was clearly one of long standing, both religiously and politically.
Throughout most of its history, Lindisfarne has been seen in the context of it as a holy place and monastic center. But there is evidence that it has served a far more secular role in the past as well. In 2001, the Time Team conducted brief three-day investigation of Lindisfarne, concentrating on sites referred to as “the Priory” and “the Palace.” Most of their finds from this short survey were of post-Medieval date, but what they discovered was relevant to our present line of inquiry. The “Palace,” it turns out, was a tavern with an adjacent brew-house and in all likelihood was part of a 16th century naval station. Similarly, the “Priory” was probably a naval barracks, where definite evidence was found for it having been used to house military supplies, including solid shot for cannon. The Time Team also uncovered evidence of an earthwork near The Priory, as well as a lost angular bulwark. A nearby field, today dry land, would have been a tidal basin at that time and was probably a part of the sixteenth century naval station. All in all, while the Time Team did find assorted Medieval finds (mostly shards of pottery) they determined that, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries at least, Lindisfarne was “the Portsmouth of the North.”
The geographic location of Lindisfarne in far northeastern England made it ideally suited as a place from which Elizabethan fleets might sail out to defend against incursions from both Scotland or from across the North Sea, or indict enemies sailing north from the English Channel; its strategic location would have made it equally useful as a naval base in earlier eras as well. This fundamental geographic reality of Lindisfarne has not escaped the attention of other scholars, despite the dearth of written sources on the subject. Professor Williams, in his essay, “Lindisfarne’s Landscape and Seascape,” points out that Lindisfarne’s natural harbor on the south shore, coupled with its proximity to the Angle fortress of Bamburgh, would have made it a “key maritime central place” in the seventh and eighth centuries.
Lindisfarne Castle, while looking suitably Medieval to the modern eye, in fact only dates to the seventeenth century, but the castle is located on a large outcropping of rock with clear visibility for miles around and may well have had a genuine military installation atop it in ages past, now covered over or erased by later construction.
These inferences regarding Lindisfarne’s early military and naval importance, throw the infamous Viking attack on the “Holy Island” in an entirely new light. To be sure, the pious monks with their silver and gold would have been easy targets for the wolves of the sea; but what if the Viking raid had a sound military purpose as well? A swift, sudden attack on the main Saxon naval base of the north, putting their northern fleet to the torch while it sat at anchor helpless and unmanned, would in one bold blow have shattered Anglo-Saxon maritime defenses and exposed the entire eastern coast of England open to numerous smaller plunder raids.
Without the northern fleet to ward off even these lesser blows, larger Viking raids were inevitable. The Danes, it should be remembered, invaded Britain from the northeast, of which the attack on Lindisfarne was the opening gambit. For English chroniclers, steeped in the ethos of a warrior culture, it would have been far less humiliating to record the butchery of pious unarmed monks at the monastery and conveniently omit from their chronicle the fact that the pride of the Saxon navy had been caught unawares and butchered at anchor with sails furled.
Although the Viking raid in 793 may be the first detailed mention of Lindisfarne, we know that it was a thriving place long before that and that there may yet be archaeological evidence of it having had a military function long before the Viking Age. A new archaeological investigation of Lindisfarne is currently being undertaken, and while only preliminary results are available, the Dig Ventures expedition has already uncovered some interesting finds. The new expedition is specifically tasked with looking for “Early Medieval” finds, presumably those associated with the monastery established there by St. Aidan in 635. Among the sites being investigated was a structure called the “Holy Island Heugh” where their first season uncovered the foundation of a massive 25m. wide wall. The Heugh is a rocky spine of high ground which seemed to protect the monastery from storms coming out of the North Sea; Lindisfarne Castle is built along another such outcropping to the east. Among some of the small finds from the first season were numerous indicators of early maritime activity, although none specifically naval.
Brian Hope-Taylor in 1962 had determined that the Heugh was scattered with buildings of an early date, so it was a logical site for the present-day excavators to investigate. Opening a trench on the Heugh, the Dig Ventures team uncovered the massive 25 meter wall; its lack of mortar suggests to them a pre-Norman date, while its size and structure point to it being a tower. Such a massive construction argues strongly for it being more than simply a “signal tower” and likely served a military purpose.
The military installation on the Lindisfarne Heugh (if such it was) is thought to be of early Saxon date which, if proven true, strongly supports Professor Williams theory regarding Lindisfarne being a Bernician and then a Northumbrian naval base. But Lindisfarne’s strategic value surely was not only appreciated by the Anglian kings of Benicia; before the area fell under their rule Lindisfarne would have been an important port in the Brittonic Period—an era popularly associated with the Arthurian post-Roman state. Is there any evidence which can point to a pre-Saxon phase at Lindisfarne and nearby Bamburgh?
Towards the end of the sixth century, a war broke out between the newly established Kingdom of Bernicia, ruled by Theodoric, versus a coalition of Celtic British kings (and a few Irish as well) led by the famous (or infamous) Urien of Rheged. Bamburgh was taken by a force of the Dalriada Scots, while British armies overran the rest of the upstart Saxon kingdom. Overwhelmed by superior forces, Theodoric retreated to Ynys Metcaut—the Celtic British name for Lindisfarne. Although, as with most events of the Brittonic Period, dating is fluid for this campaign the best estimate puts it sometime around AD 590.
The Anglian dynasty of Bernicia would surely have fallen had not Urien been assassinated at the instigation of one of his own sub-kings. As it was, the siege (or blockade, depending on the translation) of Ynys Metcaut lasted three days and three nights. Nennius’ text is a bit obscure in this passage and it is not entirely certain whether the siege/blockade of Lindisfarne was raised due to Urien’s death or whether he was perhaps murdered later because of his failure to take the island citadel. In any case, it is clear from the passage that Ynys Metcaut was a military stronghold of some sort and the possibility that there was naval component to the siege is at least implied; whether Urien’s siege was raised by the timely arrival of a Saxon fleet is purely speculative but not unreasonable given the island’s history and geography.
All this occurred in the late sixth century, after the unified Brittonic state of the fifth century had disintegrated into separate successor realms governed by competing Celtic warlords, with each seeking hegemony—both over each other and over the Saxon realms that also arose in this era.
Going farther back into the past of this region, when a Celtic Overking or Ameradaur still held sway over most of what had been the Roman diocese of Britannia, it is generally acknowledged that the first Germanic settlers did not come as conquerors, but had been settled as foederati under Octha, military auxiliaries recruited by the British Overking to defend the area against both Picts and less friendly Saxons who might come raiding across the North Sea. They initially replaced Cunedda’s warband of the southern Votadini, who had been dispatched to Wales to deal with the Irish threat there. While the exact date of the settlement of the first Germanic federates is, again, a moot point, a date in the early to mid fifth century is not unreasonable.
It was not until the mid to late sixth century that Ida is believed to have moved north from the Anglian colony of Deira (the Celtic Deywr) and established, probably by force, his headquarters at the former Brittonic stronghold of Din (or Dinas) Guayardi—Bamburgh. Din Guayardi could well have begun as a Roman signal station in the fourth century or earlier; as a rocky outcropping which guarded the mouth of a river, it also made a natural location for a later Brittonic citadel. It is believed to have been the capitol of the Brittonic kingdom of Bryneich from the late fifth into the mid sixth century, up until Ida’s revolt. If Lindisfarne was not already a naval base before Ida’s arrival, it would certainly have been so after.
While the early history of Lindisfarne remains but dimly understood, the geography and topography of Lindisfarne, Ynys Metcaut, would not have changed radically between the late fifth and early seventh centuries, nor would the island’s strategic relationship to northern Britain have changed during that time. The first garrison could have been Celtic British, superseded by a Saxon garrison in the employ of a local Romano-Celtic polity before Ida’s outright break with his Celtic neighbors. In any case, the use of Lindisfarne as a naval base would have been the logical outcome of its location under both Brittonic and Anglian rule.
At the present time, despite its fame, its long history and successive archaeological surveys, the systematic investigation of Lindisfarne is just beginning. Moreover, to date little or no underwater archaeology has been conducted around the island to supplement investigations on land. While current investigations are concerned with the early Saxon period (largely with seventh century remains), which are scarce enough, one would hope excavators would keep their eyes—and minds—open for earlier Brittonic occupation levels.
We know the Brittonic period favored wooden architecture over stone, so the evidence in the ground may consist of little more than discolorations in the soil where post-holes once lay; it may also be that the post-Roman Brittonic occupation levels were scraped clean by successive construction and reconstruction on the island and that such evidence is absent entirely. Still, excavators should be made aware of the possibility of their existence, as the subtle testimony of the soil can be easily overlooked or ignored, as it has been on many other sites in the past.
If it is proven that Lindisfarne possessed an early Saxon era naval installation, it inevitably follows that Lindisfarne would have served a similar role in the preceding era. Reinvestigation of previous sites thought to have had no post-Roman occupation are more and more showing evidence of continuity from the Roman period onward; the whole concept of an “Anglo-Saxon Invasion” has been called into question by a growing number of scholars. Future careful investigations of the “Holy Island” may yet reveal that Lindisfarne had an as yet undocumented Brittonic Era presence and verify its use as a Dark Age naval base.
Janet Backhouse, The Lindisfarne Gospels, (Oxford: Phaidon, 1981).
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, A.D. 793:
Howard Williams, “Lindisfarne’s Landscape and Seascape,” Archaeodeath Blog, July 10, 2014: https://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2014/07/10/lindisfarne/comment-page-1/
Dig Ventures. Site Diary: “Tools Down” June 27, 2016: https://digventures.com/lindisfarne/timeline/diary/site-diary-tools-down/
Dig Ventures. Site Diary: “A Whale’s Tale” June 18th 2016: https://digventures.com/lindisfarne/timeline/diary/4339/
“Archaeologist’s Find St. Cuthbert’s Tower” Berwick Advertiser, July 12, 2016: http://www.berwick-advertiser.co.uk/news/archaeologists-find-st-cuthbert-s-tower-1-4175447
Nennius, Historia Brittonum, cap.63; the syntax of this passage is somewhat garbled; the way it is phrased makes it uncertain as to whether the Bernician King in question was Theodoric or Hussa. For the war and Urien in general, see John Morris, The Age of Arthur, (NY: Scribers, 1973), 232-237; also see Peter Marren, Battles of the Dark Ages, (Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword, 1988), 60-61.
Anglos-Saxon Chronicle, AD 547. All early dates in the ASC were assigned by later editors and for the fifth and sixth centuries are highly suspect. For a discussion of the etymology of the place name Lindisfarne and the origin of the Saxon presence in Bernicia, see Caitlin Green “Lindisfarne, the Lindisfaran and the Origins of Anglos Saxon Northumbria” Britons and Anglos-Saxons, Lincolnshire AD 400-650 (Lincoln: History of Lincolnshire Committee, 2012), Chap. 6 235-265. At least one scholar would put Ida’s revolt against his British overlords at 575; see Donald Henson, “The Early Kings of Bernicia” Academia.Edu (2008):
Dr. Francis Pryor, in his Britain AD (BBC TV Channel 4, 2004), described it as “The Invasion That Never Was,” while other scholars, though more circumspect, also emphasize British continuity over discontinuity. See, for example Howard Williams, “Forgetting the Britons in Victorian Anglo-Saxon Archaeology” in Nicholas Higham, Britons in Anglo-Saxon England, (Woodbridge, Boydell, 2007) Chapter 3, 27-41; Christopher A. Snyder, “A Gazetteer of Sub-Roman Britain (AD 400-600): The British sites.” Internet Archaeology, (3). (Council for British Archaeology, 1997). | <urn:uuid:e2a36f1d-e72a-4935-a439-dddee79aea21> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://coleckc.wordpress.com/category/nennius/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146123.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225141345-20200225171345-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.961723 | 3,567 | 3.46875 | 3 |
This could be partly thanks to the American and British development programs that have funded beekeeping training courses as an alternative to the opium trade.
Marine Corps News recently reported on the latest three-day course to take place at a master beekeeping teaching farm at the Gereshk Agricultural College.
Farmers learned the basics from a fellow Afghan beekeeper and were given a starter hive, basic beekeeping supply and a set of beekeeping clothes.
Profits from beekeeping combined with fruit growing and fish farming could generate over $1,000 per year, well over the annual $450 profits from poppies, says the news source.
While TreeHugger praises the initiative for investing money in a sustainable profession, blogger Sami Grover questions the reporting of the Afghan government and the British Army. Ultimately though, Grover concludes that "given that every farming nation needs pollination to survive, and that bees around the world are struggling, this seems as good a place as any for our military to be spending their time..."
This isn't the first time that beekeeping as a profession has been encouraged. Bees Without Borders is an organization dedicated to training impoverished communities in beekeeping skills, and has volunteered their lessons in places such as the Niger Delta, Iraq, and India. Beekeeping in the U.S. has also gained attention recently, but in an unlikely place -- cities. This summer, "citizen scientists" in the U.S. took on the role of monitoring the declining wild bee population, HuffPost's Lucia Graves reported.
Bees play a critical role in our ecosystem. About one-third of the world's food supply relies on insects such as bees for pollination. Studies suggest that the bee population could be increasingly threatened by climate change.
Watch a video of Afghan farmers in Helmand learning the beekeeping trade: | <urn:uuid:d5e656f6-11a4-4e7c-9bbc-4390b2de5a62> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/09/afghanistan-poppy-beekeeping_n_922352.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065341.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00147-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964925 | 374 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Here is a description of some forms of recessive autosomic cerebellar ataxias (in other words it is obligatory that the two parents transmit the faulty gene to have a child afflicted by these diseases). Both men and women can be afflicted.
Friedreich’s ataxia is a severe disease which was described for the first time by the German neurologist Nicolas Friedreich in 1881.
The ataxia causes an inability to coordinate the movements of the voluntary muscles (ataxia) attributable to the premature death of the nervous cells which control balance and coordination. With these troubles are associated a thickening and an attack of the functioning of the cardiac muscle (cardiomyopathy) due to the reduced production of a protein, frataxin.
This decrease in frataxin brings an excessive accumulation of iron in the cells, which results in a poor functioning of the mitochondria particularly on the level of the nervous system and the heart. Mitochondria are the structures which generate energy on the cellular level. This poor functioning of the mitochondria is also manifested by an excessive increase of certain products in the blood such as malondialdehyde. (Dr. Michel Vanasse, neurologist, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal).
Mode of transmission : recessive autosomic (affects both sexes and both parents must transmit the gene to have a child afflicted by the disease). The disease, in spite of the fact that it is hereditary, is not always present in each generation.
Age of appearance : The symptoms appear most of the time around 13-14 years of age. Cases are observed in children and in adults. The most recent data inform us that it would be more accurate to say from 1 to 80 years of age.
Symptoms : Friedreich’s ataxia affects the upper and the lower limbs, the muscles of the trunk, the neck and the head. It brings about a loss of the positioning sense of the legs which makes balance become difficult (coordination and precision). At the beginning, there are troubles walking and balancing (similar to a person in a state of intoxication) : little by little, walking becomes unstable with an increasing distance between the feet, inequality of steps, excessive spacing of the lower and upper limbs, the alignment of heels are more or less damage. The person begins to need help to move around.
As the disease progresses, other symptoms can manifest themselves such as a poor coordination of the lower and the upper limbs (clumsiness of the hands from which comes difficulty to write, a generalized muscular weakness (more so in the legs), the loss of certain reflexes, problems of elocution and articulation (difficulty speaking with an explosive and slow voice, irregularity in the tone and the intensity of the voice).
Swallowing is sometimes difficult (the person chokes while swallowing liquids and solids) and, in the majority of cases, there will be a loss of coordination of the ocular muscles (irregular movements of the eyes), and a loss of visual and auditory acuity (deterioration of the visual and auditory nerves). A deformation of the spinal column is also present in a great number of afflicted persons.
Because of the evolution of the disease, from 8 to 10 years following the first sign of symptoms, the afflicted person will have to use a wheelchair in order to palliate his inability to walk.
Secondary problems (not in all cases) :
- Cardiac problems (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, i.e., the heart is larger than normal and causes anomalies of the rhythm of the cardiac pulse). Important to be followed up regularly.
- Diabetes is sometimes present.
Deformations (not in all cases) :
- hollow feet (the top of the foot will bulge and the bottom in the centre will be hollow)
- spinal column (scoliosis, lordosis, kyphosis), related to incoordination and to posture
Evolution : The evolution is faster at the beginning and the afflicted persons will see themselves confined to a wheelchair. The evolution and the symptoms can be different from one person to another even if these persons belong to the same family.
Cause : One single gene is the cause. Friedreich’s ataxia results from a mutation (alteration or change produced in the gene and preventing it from functioning normally) in the encoding gene for a protein called “frataxin”. Gene X25 was discovered in 1996 on chromosome 9. The function of this gene is to make a protein : frataxin. Its role is to make oxygen circulate through the mitochondria present in each cell. However, in Friedreich’s ataxia, the frataxin is insufficient. Little frataxin being present, oxygen does not circulate in the mitochondria and accumulates at its entrance. Given that the mitochondria need iron to live, right from its arrival, it is oxidized by the accumulated oxygen. The iron rusts and the cell dies.
Diagnostic test : The gene having been discovered, a blood sample is sufficient to know if an individual is healthy, a carrier, or afflicted. An early diagnosis is very important, to detect the different symptoms in order to take charge of them as quickly as possible. A series of tests can be necessary in case of uncertainty:
- molecular biology
- nuclear medicine
- lumbar puncture
- magnetic resonance
Taking charge : Neurological follow-up is indispensable to evaluate the evolution of the disease in order to better orient the patient to the clinical and technical services (taking charge) required. Cardiac and diabetic follow-up may likewise be necessary.
Cardiac problem : gives the seriousness of the disease and the final diagnosis.
Functional reeducation : Reeducation allows one to limit functional losses and to avoid deformations, therefore complications. The goal is to keep a good autonomy if not an improvement. These readaptation services allow them to develop autonomy and to maintain for as long as possible their acquired experience which eases their social integration.
- physiotherapy (all regarding physical upkeep)
- speech therapy (for speech difficulties)
- occupational therapy (aims at autonomy in daily life)
Cure and research : For the moment no cure exists but the symptoms can be treated. For the duration of one year, eleven Friedreich’s ataxics were treated with idebenone.
Mode of transmission : recessive autosomic (affects both sexes and both parents must be carriers of the gene but they are not afflicted).
Age : right from early childhood, when the child starts to walk. Toward the twenties, atrophy of the hands and the feet. Around 30-40 years of age, the person uses a wheelchair to travel long distances.
Frequency : in this region, one person out of 22 is a carrier. There are around 320 afflicted Quebecois.
Evolution : slow and progressive. As the patient grows older, the anomalies in the cerebellum accentuate, limiting coordination and balance. Life expectancy is equal to the population in general.
- lack of balance while walking bringing frequent falls,
- spasticity especially in the legs (accentuating as time goes by),
- lack of coordination of the movements of the arms (from which comes the difficulty to write and to execute precise movements),
- difficulty to pronounce words and a slow, thick, slurred speech,
- progressive weakness (because of the attack on the responsible nerves of the feet and the hands).
Deformation : slight deformation of the feet and the hands.
Secondary problems : none. No cardiac troubles, diabetes or others.
Screening : to be done around 4 years of age.
Functional reeducation : occupational therapy, physiotherapy, and speech therapy in order to limit functional losses and to prevent certain complications. These readaptation services allow them to develop their autonomy and to maintain for as long as possible their skills which facilitate their social integration.
Gene and protein : the gene is discovered and its protein is SACSINE. It has undergone a mutation and consists of an expansion of the CGA trinucleotides. This information is important to know if the patient is ataxic.
Medical research :
- studies on the role and the function of the protein,
- evolution of the disease,
- medication to reduce the spasticity in the legs,
- find a test to identify the disease.
Year of discovery: 2006
Origin of identification: In Quebec, Beauce and Bas-Saint-Laurent regions.
Responsible gene: SYNE 1.
Symptoms: Locomotion problems (balance), dysarthria and manual dexterity difficulties.
Life expectancy: Normal.
Age at onset: About thirty.
Mode of transmission: Recessive. The presence of two abnormal genes is necessary for the disease to manifest itself.
Aid to mobility: Cane to strengthen the support and provide more safety.
Curative treatment: So far there has been no remedy or treatment to cure ataxia of Beauce. Yet, it is possible to treat the symptoms. The functional rehabilitation is necessary. The physiotherapist, the speech-language pathologist (for the diction problems), the occupational therapist (for the assistance with daily living), the psychologist and the social worker work in close collaboration for the evaluation, medical care and support.
The physiotherapist will be very useful for all of your physical movements. The physiotherapist will treat your articulations and muscles. Stretching, strengthening, flexibility will be appropriate to keep your abilities at their current level as long as possible.
Your walk-pattern will also be studied and corrected in order to help you move on your legs more easily. Do you need an orthopedic equipment to facilitate your movements? If yes, which one would be the most suited to your needs? Do you correctly use your cane? Do you have a regular exercise program? Feel free to discuss it with your physiotherapist. The occupational therapist can help you in giving you some helpful tips. She knows all useful objects and gadgets for people who have dexterity problems. She will put you in a difficult position and will find the best way to adapt it to your condition (for example: grab a glass of water and bring it to the table, bring packages etc. Moving some furniture is often enough to make a room more accessible… and a life more pleasant). An external, informed and accustomed eye can be very useful.
The speech-language pathologist can help you normalizing the speed of your voice and its tone. Breathing exercises will be useful to learn how to relax when walking. A small tip to check your voice quality: record yourself and listen to yourself. You will decide then. The psychologist will help you to find a good moral and mental stability. It’s normal to be shocked, depressed and totally disoriented when being diagnosed with ataxia. People don’t want to believe it. Sooner or later, people will have to change their lifestyle and live with ataxia. But it would be better sooner rather than later. There are beautiful moments ahead and your family and friends like you, regardless of your present physical condition. Don’t stay in the questioning phase, consult and find inner harmony.
It is interesting to have the help, opinions and advices of a professional in rehabilitation field. It is useful to have the point of view of another person, reliable and objective to assess the problems and find the treatments and appropriate solutions.
Take a look at the section In everyday life, the lower part concerns you. It’s entitled « How ataxias that appear at adulthood become a reality in the daily life? ».
Here are the scientific research steps to be undertaken:
- Find the cause;
- Know the biological mechanisms
- Create animal models to do clinical trials; thanks to the results of those trials, find a treatment that will hopefully be useful.
Mode of transmission : recessive autosomic (afflicts both sexes and both parents must be carriers of the faulty gene without however being afflicted).
Appearance : starts with the small child and brings about a progressive handicap. The child is normal at birth. The first signs of the disease appear during the second year of life.
- loss of balance,
- elocution difficulty,
- loss of muscular control (confines the patient to a wheelchair),
- loss of writing,
- nystagmus (difficulty in controlling the movement of the eye),
- repeated respiratory infections and progressive neurological damaging,
- accelerated cutaneous-mucous aging,
- particular frequency of certain cancers concerning 10% of the children,
- a vein in the shape of a star appears in the corner of the eye or on the surface of the ears. 70% of the children are clinically noted “immunodeficiency” because of respiratory infections which can be treated life-long.
Cancer : predisposition to cancer. T-A patients are more susceptible to have cancer of the blood, 1000X more than the population in general. Leukaemia and cancer of the lymph are the most common types of cancer. But there is an extreme sensitivity to radiation, therefore the patients do not tolerate it.
Sex and age : men as well as women, all the children are afflicted. 1 case/40,000 births although many have not been diagnosed and are deceased. Nevertheless, this disease is very common.Youths are confined to a wheelchair around the age of 10 years and will die of respiratory problems or from cancer between 10 and 20 years of age. Some will live until 40 years of age but it is extremely rare.
Evolution : progressive.
Gene : on chromosome 11, discovered in 1995.
Diagnosis : in the first stages of the disease, the diagnosis is difficult to give. The characteristics allowing one to affirm the diagnosis is the quasi constant increase of the alpha-foetoprotein as well as cytogenetics. The test permitting one to establish a diagnosis is simple. The analysis is carried out on the lymphocytes in the blood.
Research : much research. In 2004, there was an international conference held at the University of Birmingham (October 13-14-15). Web site : www.atsociety.org.uk
Death : cancer and pneumonia because of respiratory infections between 10 and 20 years of age.
Cure : none. Injections of globulin will help the immune system.
DIAGNOSIS/TESTING: The diagnosis of AOA1 is based on clinical findings (including family history) and exclusion of the diagnosis of ataxia-telangiectasia. Cerebellar atrophy is visible on MRI in all affected individuals. EMG reveals axonal neuropathy in 100% of individuals with AOA1. Molecular genetic testing of APTX, the only gene associated with AOA1, is clinically available.
MANAGEMENT: Treatment of manifestations: may include physical therapy, particularly for disabilities resulting from peripheral neuropathy; a wheelchair for mobility, usually by age 15-20 years; educational support for difficulties with speaking, reading, and writing. Prevention of secondary complications: high-protein diet to prevent edema by restoring serum albumin concentration; low-cholesterol diet. Surveillance: routine follow-up with a neurologist.
GENETIC COUNSELING: AOA1 is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. At conception, each sib of an affected individual has a 25% chance of being affected, a 50% chance of being an asymptomatic carrier, and a 25% chance of being neither affected nor a carrier. Carrier testing for at-risk family members and prenatal testing for pregnancies at increased risk are possible if both the disease-causing alleles in a family are known.
Source : Coutinho P, Barbot C. Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia Type 1. GeneReviews [Internet].
DIAGNOSIS/TESTING: The diagnosis of AOA2 is based on clinical and biochemical findings, family history, and exclusion of the diagnosis of ataxia-telangiectasia and AOA1. AOA2 is associated with mutations in the gene SETX, which encodes the protein senataxin. Molecular genetic testing is available on a clinical basis.
MANAGEMENT: Treatment of manifestations: physical therapy for disabilities resulting from peripheral neuropathy; wheelchair for mobility as needed; educational support (e.g., computer with speech recognition and special keyboard for typing) to compensate for difficulties in reading (caused by oculomotor apraxia) and in writing (caused by upper-limb ataxia). Surveillance: routine follow-up with a neurologist.
GENETIC COUNSELING: AOA2 is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Each sib of an affected individual has a 25% chance of being affected, a 50% chance of being an asymptomatic carrier, and a 25% chance of being unaffected and not a carrier. No laboratories offering prenatal testing are listed in the GeneTests Laboratory Directory; however, such testing may be available through laboratories offering custom prenatal diagnosis.
Source : Maria-Céu Moreira, Michel Koenig. Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia Type 2. GeneReviews [Internet]. | <urn:uuid:b14b0c63-70b3-4c38-bc7f-0206bd9bd3ed> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://lacaf.org/en/ataxias/formes-and-transmission/recessive-ataxias/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141184123.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20201125183823-20201125213823-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.926368 | 3,617 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Sports medicine involves a broad term that involves dealing with injuries and recovery from sports as well as injury prevention. Top few most common injuries from sports are Achilles tendinitis, concussion, groin strain, shin splints, pulled muscles etc. You can do stretches and warm up before exercising to avoid strain, do not overexert yourself, run on soft surface with proper shoes, give yourself time to cool down after vigorous activities. See here for more help on the sports injury, treatments and injury prevention described in this infographic.
**Disclaimer: This content should not be considered medical advice and does not imply a doctor-patient relationship. | <urn:uuid:21779543-d08e-48a7-a270-6d22725eccf5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://oklahomapaindoc.com/articles/sports-medicine-lets-talk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100599.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206130723-20231206160723-00587.warc.gz | en | 0.945837 | 126 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The Elk Institute is a non-profit that was established to provide mental health education, consultation, treatment, and clinical research service to our military and veteran communities. Specializing in the treatment of psychological trauma (PTS, PTSD, shell shock, battle fatigue, etc.), services are provided at no cost to the individual war fighter. [LEARN MORE]
What is Psychological Trauma?
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD, PTS), shell shock, battle fatigue, etc, are all referred to as “Psychological Trauma” here at The Elk Institute.
Psychological Trauma is not something that comes about because you are mentally ill, weak, unprepared, broken, or otherwise less than what you ought to be. Psychological trauma comes about due to a NATURAL PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE to threatening situations in your environment. Psychological Trauma effects the way the material from that event is stored in your memory – it causes storage in fragments, rather than a whole, complete memory.
The fragmented details of the event are stored as sensory memories, therefore when particular fragments (smells, sights, sounds, etc) are re-experienced later, what is immediately brought up in your body is the same sensory experience you had when you encountered your traumatic event the first time. This is what is commonly referred to as ‘being triggered’—an element from the event “triggers” the physiological response that goes along with that sensory data (smell, sight, sound, sensation).
By addressing the memory’s fragments of a Psychological Trauma in a place where you are not in emergency mode, we can teach your brain to reframe a traumatic event and store the information from the event wholly (not in fragmented pieces). When the memory is fully integrated and stored in a complete way, fragmented shards do not pop up triggering the physiological responses associated with the original event. | <urn:uuid:72c1d03d-f88c-4a97-9daf-1c84d8508b22> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.elkinstitute.us/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510208.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926111439-20230926141439-00291.warc.gz | en | 0.93742 | 393 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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According to science, growing up in the mid-part of the 20th Century was like playing in a minefield. Hazards every way we turned. Kids gnawed teddy-bears eyes loose and swallowed them. A sediment layer at the bottom of every toy box held sharp-pointed Pick-Up-Sticks and toxic lead parts broken off toy soldiers mixed along with a wealth of other health-threats.
Paint of that era came in two varieties. Calsomine, better known as whitewash, was made from slaked lime. It was cheap and popular, and on a scale of risk it was pretty harmless. Manufacturers added glue, egg, chalk, Portland cement, salt, soap, and if you wanted to fancy things up a bit, pigment. Its the stuff Tom Sawyer put on his fence.
The other variety was lead paint which was made from litharge, or white lead. Lead chromate added a yellow tint in a lead-plus-lead formula. Lead made paint more durable, gave it a nice finish and resisted moisture. When I was young, I helped paint our house twice with it. Though most families had turned to pre-mixed paint in cans, Dad followed the advice of his deceased painter-father to buy twenty-pound sacks of powdered white lead which we stirred up with linseed oil to make paint. He never suspected that the untimely death of his own father might have been due to lead.
So the outside of our home was multi-layered with lead. Before re-painting we scraped and sanded away loose lead paint. Inside, every surface but plastered walls and ceilings was coated deeply with lead paint. Chairs, bookcases, bicycles, kitchen cabinets, porch and basement floor, the crib rails I teethed on; all of it was covered over with lead. Though latex paint was just then being introduced, Dad remained a stickler for his fathers leaded tradition.
Lead paint was normal. Every home up and down our street was coated with lead paint. Spokane owed its prosperity to the lead and zinc mines beyond Coeur dAlene so local investors and mine workers held lead up as a good thing. These were the people Tom Brokaw wrote about in his The Greatest Generation. All of them with off-the-charts concentrations of lead in their blood.
Lead is dangerous. How dangerous depends on the length and nature of exposure. Lead is useful, as employed in everything from batteries to buckshot. We can rest easy about so-called lead pencils. The black stuff that marks paper has always been graphite, never lead.
So pardon me if I look askance at the latest round of scare stories citing lead content in Chinese toys. Yes, lead is bad. But since my leaded friends from Spokanes West Valley High School class of 1951 lived long, creative and productive lives, maybe we shouldnt get quite so hysterical over infrequent contact with lead. I didnt panic at the 25 pounds of raw lead hung on my weight belt during a recent dive.
Mass-testing showed that children who grew up near Kellogg, Idahos smelters suffered learning difficulties along with other problems. Their 24/7 exposure to lead was severe and prolonged. Smelter fumes that killed off pine forests on nearby mountainsides delivered millions of times the exposure a child gets from gnawing a toy with a little lead in its paint formula. Double the combined effects of todays exposures to lead and they wont come close to matching dire threats of childhood obesity and diabetes.
And then there is asbestos. If you plan to renovate or demolish an elderly building, youll run smack into asbestos-mitigation regulations. First you call in a licensed inspector who may or may not arrive in a haz-mat suit. He will carve out samples from walls, ceilings and floors from each room, bag them and deliver them to a lab that will charge you somewhere between $50 and $300 per test, depending.
Should asbestos be found, more licensed workers show up, definitely haz-mat suited, to extract all the asbestos-containing material which they put in special disposal bags with special tags affixed. More cost. These must be transported to a licensed disposal facility by a specially licensed hazardous-materials trucker. If you want to appeal the process, you contact one of a growing number of asbestos-specializing lawyers. Still more cost.
Im sensitive to the asbestos issue because, when young, I sawed sheets of asbestos to fit behind our upstairs and basement stoves. My hand-saw liberated clouds of truly dangerous asbestos that might have had something to do with my chronic bronchial irritation.
Prolonged breathing of airborne asbestos is profoundly dangerous but shouldnt be equated with brief handlings of the non-friable asbestos found in floor tiles. Non-friable means the asbestos-content stays mostly stuck in the tiles. Yet low-risk and high-risk stuff are made to generate the same level of fear.
Broadcast media love good health-threat issues. Just the thing to fill airwaves should Britney, Paris and O.J. happen to go respectable at the same time. West Nile virus, MRSA infections, killer bees, toxic mold, flammable pajamas or brain tumors from cell-phones; which will top our fear-factor? If tabloids need a fresh scare-story, they have only to check up on the Center for Disease Controls latest study.
There is risk and then there is risk. It seems proper to address the most dangerous exposures first, then worry about detachable eyes on teddy bears. For instance, war is hazardous to health, far more hazardous than lead paint or asbestos. Bullets and improvised explosive devices are especially hazardous, so much so that one would expect the same leadership that protects citizens against lead content in toys to do more to reduce that risk.
Comments may be addressed to: [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:e37b39cf-5f2d-45fd-8f63-e6cc7f885c60> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.marysvilleglobe.com/opinion/27606384.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824319.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00268-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963219 | 1,260 | 2.625 | 3 |
Essential Books on Harry Truman
There are countless books on Harry Truman, and it comes with good reason, during his first few weeks as Vice President, Truman scarcely saw President Franklin Roosevelt, and received no briefing on the development of the atomic bomb or the unfolding difficulties with Soviet Russia. Suddenly, upon Roosevelt’s death, these and a host of other wartime problems became his to solve.
“America was not built on fear. America was built on courage, on imagination, and an unbeatable determination to do the job at hand,” he remarked.
In order to get to the bottom of what inspired one of America’s most consequential figures to the height of political power, we’ve compiled a list of the 15 best books on President Harry Truman.
Truman by David McCullough
The life of Harry S. Truman is one of the greatest of American stories, filled with vivid characters – Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin, Eleanor Roosevelt, Bess Wallace Truman, George Marshall, Joe McCarthy, and Dean Acheson – and dramatic events. In this riveting biography, acclaimed historian David McCullough not only captures the man – a more complex, informed, and determined man than ever before imagined – but also the turbulent times in which he rose, boldly, to meet unprecedented challenges.
The last president to serve as a living link between the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries, Truman’s story spans the raw world of the Missouri frontier, World War I, the powerful Pendergast machine of Kansas City, the legendary Whistle-Stop Campaign of 1948, and the decisions to drop the atomic bomb, confront Stalin at Potsdam, send troops to Korea, and fire General MacArthur.
Drawing on newly discovered archival material and extensive interviews with Truman’s own family, friends, and Washington colleagues, McCullough tells the deeply moving story of the seemingly ordinary “man from Missouri” who was perhaps the most courageous president in our history.
Harry S. Truman: A Life by Robert H. Ferrell
Robert H. Ferrell, widely regarded as an authority on the thirty-third president, challenges the popular characterization of Truman as a man who rarely sought the offices he received, revealing instead a man who – with modesty, commitment to service, and basic honesty – moved with method and system toward the presidency.
Truman was ambitious in the best sense of the word. His powerful commitment to service was accompanied by a remarkable shrewdness and an exceptional ability to judge people. He regarded himself as a consummate politician, a designation of which he was proud.
While in Washington, he never succumbed to the “Potomac fever” that swelled the heads of so many officials in that city. A scrupulously honest man, Truman exhibited only one lapse when, at the beginning of 1941, he padded his Senate payroll by adding his wife and later his sister.
Harry S. Truman by Robert Dallek
In April 1945, after the death of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the presidency fell to a former haberdasher and clubhouse politician from Independence, Missouri. Many believed he would be overmatched by the job, but Harry S. Truman would surprise them all.
Few chief executives have had so lasting an impact. Truman ushered America into the nuclear age, established the alliances and principles that would define the cold war and the national security state, started the nation on the road to civil rights, and won the most dramatic election of the twentieth century – his 1948 “whistlestop campaign” against Thomas E. Dewey.
Robert Dallek shows how this unassuming yet supremely confident man rose to the occasion and clashed with Southerners over civil rights, with organized labor over the right to strike, and with General Douglas MacArthur over the conduct of the Korean War. Truman personified Thomas Jefferson’s observation that the presidency is a “splendid misery,” but it was during his tenure that the United States truly came of age.
Man of the People by Alonzo Hamby
Insecure, ambitious, a man of honor, a partisan loyalist, an agrarian Jeffersonian Democrat who became a champion of big government, Truman was a complex figure who fought long and hard to triumph over his own weaknesses. In Man of the People, Hamby offers a gripping account of this distinctively American life, tracing Truman’s remarkable rise from marginal farmer in rural Missouri to shaper of the postwar world.
Truman comes alive in these pages as he has nowhere else, making his way from the farmhouse, to the front lines in France during World War I, to the difficult small-business world of Kansas City – all the time struggling with his deep feelings of inadequacy and immense ambition. Hamby provides an honest, incisive look at the rising politician’s relationship with Kansas City political boss Tom Pendergast, who sponsored his career from the county court to the U.S. Senate. We see how Truman, a ferocious and skilled fighter in factional party battles, tried to balance his sense of honor with his political loyalties.
Free of corruption himself, he nevertheless refused to repudiate Pendergast even when the boss was sinking under the weight of his ties to organized crime. This hallmark among books on Harry Truman also offers the best account yet of his critical years in the Senate, covering not only his World War II probe of the defense program but also his neglected and revealing populist investigations of the railroads during the 1930s. It demonstrates that Truman was one of the most popular and respected members of the upper house.
Conflict and Crisis by Robert J. Donovan
“It was quiet on the second floor. The vice-president walked solemnly into Mrs. Roosevelt’s sitting room, where she waited, grave and calm. With her was her daughter, Mrs. Anna Roosevelt Boettiger, her husband, Colonel John Boettiger, and Stephan Early. Truman knew at a glance that his premonition had been true. Mrs. Roosevelt came forward directly and put her arm on his shoulder.
“Harry, the President is dead.”
Robert J. Donovan’s Conflict and Crisis presents a detailed account of Harry S. Truman’s presidency from 1945-1948.
The Hidden White House by Robert Clara
In 1948, President Harry Truman, enjoying a bath on the White House’s second floor, almost plunged through the ceiling of the Blue Room into a tea party for the Daughters of the American Revolution. A handpicked team of the country’s top architects conducted a secret inspection of the troubled mansion and, after discovering it was in imminent danger of collapse, insisted that the First Family be evicted immediately.
What followed would be the most historically significant and politically complex home-improvement job in American history. While the Trumans camped across the street at Blair House, Congress debated whether to bulldoze the White House completely, and the Soviets exploded their first atomic bomb, starting the Cold War.
Indefatigable researcher Robert Klara reveals what has, until now, been little understood about this episode: America’s most famous historic home was basically demolished, giving birth to today’s White House. Leaving only the mansion’s facade untouched, workmen gutted everything within, replacing it with a steel frame and a complex labyrinth deep below ground that soon came to include a top-secret nuclear fallout shelter.
The Accidental President by A. J. Baime
Heroes are often defined as ordinary characters who get pushed into extraordinary circumstances, and through courage and a dash of luck, cement their place in history. Chosen as FDR’s fourth-term vice president for his well-praised work ethic, good judgment, and lack of enemies, Harry S. Truman was the prototypical ordinary man. That is, until he was shockingly thrust in over his head after FDR’s sudden death.
The first four months of Truman’s administration saw the founding of the United Nations, the fall of Berlin, victory at Okinawa, firebombings in Tokyo, the first atomic explosion, the Nazi surrender, the liberation of concentration camps, the mass starvation in Europe, the Potsdam Conference, the controversial decision to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the surrender of Imperial Japan, and finally, the end of World War II and the rise of the Cold War.
No other president had ever faced so much in such a short period of time. The Accidental President escorts readers into the situation room with Truman during a tumultuous, history-making 120 days, when the stakes were high and the challenges even higher.
The Trials of Harry S. Truman by Jeffrey Frank
Truman believed that the point of public service was to improve the lives of one’s fellow citizens, and was disturbed by the brutal treatment of African Americans. Yet while he supported stronger civil rights laws, he never quite relinquished the deep-rooted outlook of someone with Confederate ancestry reared in rural Missouri.
He was often carried along by the rush of events and guided by men who succeeded in refining his fixed and facile view of the postwar world. And while he prided himself on his Midwestern rationality, he could act out of emotion, as when, in the aftermath of World War II, moved by the plight of refugees, he pushed to recognize the new state of Israel.
Harry Truman’s Excellent Adventure by Matthew Algeo
On June 19, 1953, Harry Truman got up early, packed the trunk of his Chrysler New Yorker, and did something no other former president has done before or since: he hit the road. No Secret Service protection. No traveling press. Just Harry and his childhood sweetheart Bess, off to visit old friends, take in a Broadway play, celebrate their wedding anniversary in the Big Apple, and blow a bit of the money he’d just received to write his memoirs. Hopefully incognito.
In this lively history, author Matthew Algeo meticulously details how Truman’s plan to blend in went wonderfully awry. Fellow diners, bellhops, cabbies, squealing teenagers at a Future Homemakers of America convention, and one very by-the-book Pennsylvania state trooper all unknowingly conspired to blow his cover.
This gem among books on Harry Truman revisits the couple’s route, staying at the same hotels and eating at the same diners, and takes readers on brief detours into topics such as the postwar American auto industry, McCarthyism, the nation’s highway system, and the decline of Main Street America. By the end of the 2,500-mile journey, you will have a new and heartfelt appreciation for America’s last citizen president.
Harry Truman and the Struggle for Racial Justice by Robert Shogan
When Harry Truman was rescued from political obscurity to become Franklin Roosevelt’s running mate, black Americans were deeply troubled. Many believed that Truman, born and raised in former slave-holding Missouri, was a step back on civil rights from Henry Wallace, the liberal incumbent vice president. But by the end of his own presidency, black newspaper publishers cited Truman for having “awakened the conscience of America and given new strength to our democracy by his courageous efforts on behalf of freedom and equality.”
In this first full-scale account of Truman’s evolving views on civil rights, Robert Shogan recounts how Truman outgrew the bigotry of his Jackson County upbringing to become the first president since Lincoln to attempt to redress the nation’s long history of injustice toward its black citizens – and in the process transformed the course of race relations in America.
Shogan vividly demonstrates the full significance of the thirty-third president’s contributions to that transformation. He ordered the integration of the armed forces and threw the weight of the Justice Department behind the long struggle against segregation in housing and education. And he used the platform of his presidency to relentlessly trumpet the cause of equal rights for those least favored Americans, even making an unprecedented address to the NAACP.
Harry S. Truman by Margaret Truman
In one of the most intimately sourced books on Harry Truman, Margaret Truman writes with unequaled insight and understanding about her father’s extraordinary life and offers rare glimpses at the personalities and politics behind the world events of his time.
1948 by David Pietrusza
Indelibly, we recall the iconic newsphoto: jubilant underdog Harry Truman brandishing his copy of the Chicago Tribune proclaiming “DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN.” But far, far more exists to 1948’s election than a single inglorious headline and a stunning upset victory. Award-winning author David Pietrusza goes beyond the headlines to reveal backstage events and to place in context a down-to-the-wire donnybrook fight against the background of an erupting Cold War, the Berlin Airlift, and the birth of Israel, as well as a post-war America facing exploding storms over civil rights, and domestic communism.
The Autobiography of Harry S. Truman is a compilation of autobiographical writings composed by Truman between 1934 and 1972. Taken directly from his own manuscript material, the volume presents the thoughts and feelings of the man himself. The book touches on details in Truman’s life from his days as a boy until graduation from Independence High School in 1901 to the vice presidency of the United States and beyond. There is also a memorandum written by Truman about the Pendergast machine in Kansas City telling how it was possible to work with the machine and not be soiled by it.
Where the Buck Stops; Edited by Margaret Truman
In the bestselling tradition of Margaret Truman’s biography Harry S. Truman, here are the thirty-third U.S. President’s fascinating theories and opinions on leadership and leaders, plus his picks for the best and worst presidents – all in his bluntly honest “give-em-hell” style.
The Presidency of Harry S. Truman by Donald R. McCoy
It is not too much to suggest that the Truman administration, along with that of FDR, constituted the most important turning point in recent U.S. history. During the Roosevelt administration, the American state system had changed dramatically: the federal government had rapidly become ascendant over state and local governments, and the executive branch – particularly the presidency – had become a repository of vast power. After 1945, it remained for Truman to make the new American state system a permanent feature at home and to define its role on the world scene.
Here are detailed the domestic and foreign policy events of the Truman years – in civil rights, Social Security, employment, public housing, education, health, and natural resources; in the establishment of the United Nations, the Marshall Plan, the North Atlantic Treaty, the increasingly stormy relations with the Soviet Union and the decision to fight in Korea, the creation of National Security Council and the CIA, the unification of the armed forces, and the president’s loyalty-security program.
In analyzing the central concerns and manifold difficulties of the period from 1945 to 1953, this necessary installment among books on Harry Truman deepens our understanding of the administration that made big government a permanent and pervasive feature of the American scene and that raised the U. S. government to its position as an enduring and powerful presence in world affairs.
If you enjoyed this guide to the best books on Harry Truman, be sure to check out our list of The 10 Best Books on President Franklin D. Roosevelt! | <urn:uuid:6c54599f-2742-4964-aafb-27f27e9f878d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://brooksysociety.com/the-15-best-books-on-president-harry-truman/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100164.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130000127-20231130030127-00308.warc.gz | en | 0.956436 | 3,205 | 2.921875 | 3 |
THE HOLY SPIRIT Lesson 3 for July 19, 2014
HE IS THE REPRESENTATIVE OF JESUS “And I will pray the Father, and He will give you another Helper [paraklētos], that He may abide with you forever.” (Juan 14:16) • Jesus called the Holy Spirit “paraklētos” (John 14:26). “para” = “beside” “klētos” = “called” The Holy Spirit is “one called to the side of.” He is sent to be beside us, to console us, to help us and to exhort us. • Before ascending to Heaven, Jesus told to His disciples, “I will not leave you orphans; I will come to you.” (John 14:18). That “coming” was not a physical one, but the coming of a representative. Jesus had been their advisor, helper and comforter; the Holy Spirit would be our Advisor, Helper and Comforter since then. • John said, “we have a paraklētos with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous.” (1 John 2:1). Jesus is our representative before the Father, and the Holy Spirit is the representative of Jesus before us.
HE IS A PERSON Which work does the Holy Spirit do that prove He is a Person?
HE IS GOD “But the Helper, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in My name, He will teach you all things, and bring to your remembrance all things that I said to you.” (John 14:26) The Holy Spirit is mentioned several times along with the Father and the Son: • Matthew 28:19 • Luke 1:35 • Luke 3:22 • John 14:26 • John 15:26 • Acts 2:33 • 2 Corinthians 13:14 • Galatians 4:6 • 2 Thessalonians 2:13 • Hebrews 9:14 • 1 Peter 1:2 • In addition, He is given divine qualities: • He is omnipresent. Psalm 139:7. • He foretells the future. John 16:13. • He may be blasphemed. Mark 3:29.
E.G.W. (Evangelism, cp. 18, pg. 615) “The Comforter that Christ promised to send after He ascended to heaven, is the Spirit in all the fullness of the Godhead, making manifest the power of divine grace to all who receive and believe in Christ as a personal Saviour. There are three living persons of the heavenly trio; in the name of these three great powers—the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit—those who receive Christ by living faith are baptized, and these powers will co-operate with the obedient subjects of heaven in their efforts to live the new life in Christ.”
HIS WORK IN US HE LEADS US TO CHRIST “However, when He, the Spirit of truth, has come, He will guide you into all truth; for He will not speak on His own authority, but whatever He hears He will speak; and He will tell you things to come. He will glorify Me, for He will take of what is Mine and declare it to you.” (John 16:13-14) HE TRANSFORMS US “not by works of righteousness which we have done, but according to His mercy He saved us, through the washing of regeneration and renewing of the Holy Spirit.” (Titus 3:5) HE TEACHES US “But the Helper, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in My name, He will teach you all things, and bring to your remembrance all things that I said to you.” (John 14:26)
“The office of the Holy Spirit is distinctly specified in the words of Christ: ‘When He is come, He will reprove the world of sin, and of righteousness, and of judgment.’ John 16:8. It is the Holy Spirit that convicts of sin. If the sinner responds to the quickening influence of the Spirit, he will be brought to repentance and aroused to the importance of obeying the divine requirements. To the repentant sinner, hungering and thirsting for righteousness, the Holy Spirit reveals the Lamb of God that taketh away the sin of the world. ‘He shall receive of Mine, and shall show it unto you,’ Christ said. ‘He shall teach you all things, and bring all things to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said unto you.’ John 16:14; 14:26” E.G.W. (The Acts of the Apostles, cp. 5, pg. 52)
RECEIVING THE HOLY SPIRIT “But you shall receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you; and you shall be witnesses to Me in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth.” (Acts 1:8) How can we receive the Holy Spirit? First step:Asking for the Holy Spirit (Luke 11:13) Second step:Being baptized with the Holy Spirit (Acts 1:5) To be baptized is to be totally immersed in something. It includes the whole person. Baptism with the Holy Spirit means to be totally under His influence, completely “filled with the Spirit” (Ephesians 5:18). This is not a “once and forever” experience, but is something that needs to be constantly renewed.
“To us today, as verily as to the first disciples, the promise of the Spirit belongs. God will today endow men and women with power from above, as He endowed those who on the Day of Pentecost heard the word of salvation. At this very hour His Spirit and His grace are for all who need them and will take Him at His word.” E.G.W. (Testimonies for the Church, vol. 8, cp. 3, pg. 20) | <urn:uuid:d08ece03-8068-4c7f-830b-9982be6a797b> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.slideserve.com/aulii/the-holy-spirit-powerpoint-ppt-presentation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989916.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20210513111525-20210513141525-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.940267 | 1,300 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Egypt’s Antiquities Ministry on Tuesday said it had repatriated an illegally smuggled artifact from the UK.
The statement from the ministry said the newly recovered item, which belonged to King Amenhotep I from the 18th dynasty, had been put on display at a London auction house.
The ministry in its statement said the relic was originally exhibited at an open museum of the ancient temple of Karnak in the city of Luxor. It didn’t say how the artifact was smuggled out of the country.
According to the ministry, the Egyptian ministry in London received the artifact in September.
The North African country has in recent years stepped up efforts to stop the trafficking of its antiquities even as it increases the search for new discoveries.
It has warned foreign museums that it will not help them mount exhibits on ancient Egyptian sites unless they returned smuggled artifacts. | <urn:uuid:60a765f3-1a23-4bbc-aeac-637db3e04851> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://africa.cgtn.com/2019/01/08/105313/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585516.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022145907-20211022175907-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.975209 | 176 | 2.53125 | 3 |
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Writer's Grab Bag: acrostic poem. Write an acrostic poem about your mom using the letters in the word MOTHER. Older kids might enjoy the challenge of using
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Veteran acrostic poem. Example. Veterans are very important people. Every November 11, thank a veteran. They help defend America and our freedoms.
an acrostic poem using your first name as the spine and description words/phrases in Spanish to write Make a list of 10 Spanish adjectives that describe you.
acrostic poem: Step 1: Write out Alexander the on a sheet of paper. Step 2: Choose a word you feel best describes the type of leader, person or military
Rugby Sevens acrostic poem. In an acrostic poem you need to write the letters of the subject word e.g. RUGBY, vertically down the left hand side of the page.
DIRECTIONS FOR acrostic poem. I. 1 . DESCRIBE YOURSELF BY OF THE WORD THAT IS DESCRIBING f. YOU SHOULD BE TIMES NEW ROMAN OR.
Page 1. Teamwork acrostic poem.
acrostic poem sunflowers. Item 3263. Write an acrostic poem using the word sunflowers. S. U. N. F. L. O. W. E. R. S. Sunflowers. A poem by.
of sunflowers, etc. d). Have students create and turn in a rough draft of their own acrostic poem on paper. 2. Final Draft: a). Instruct students to open a word
Winter acrostic poem. Hot chocolate. Outside. Tobbagan. Christmas. Hill. Ornament. Cold. Olympics. Licking an icicle. Arctic. Tree. Elf. By: Adamo | <urn:uuid:318e62d8-9fcd-4d70-b4e4-edbb67bfff3e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mybooklibrary.com/economics-acrostic-poem.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00506-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.850893 | 987 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Domestication of Industrial Microbes.
Curr Biol. 2019 May 20;29(10):R381-R393
Authors: Steensels J, Gallone B, Voordeckers K, Verstrepen KJ
Domestication refers to artificial selection and breeding of wild species to obtain cultivated variants that thrive in man-made niches and meet human or industrial requirements. Several genotypic and phenotypic signatures of domestication have been described in crops, livestock and pets. However, domestication is not unique to plants and animals. Microbial diversity has also been shaped by the emergence of novel and highly specific man-made environments, like food and beverage fermentations. This allowed rapid adaptation and diversification of various microbes, such as certain Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Oenococcus, Saccharomyces and Aspergillus species. During the domestication process, microbes gained the capacity to efficiently consume particular nutrients, cope with a multitude of industry-specific stress factors and produce desirable compounds, often at the cost of a reduction in fitness in their original, natural environments. Moreover, different lineages of the same species adapted to highly diverse niches, resulting in genetically and phenotypically distinct strains. In this Review, we discuss the basic principles of microbial domestication and describe how recent research is uncovering its genetic underpinnings.
PMID: 31112692 [PubMed – in process] | <urn:uuid:7d8845a2-c6d4-4e50-947e-a820fb7dd54e> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | http://olmdiagnostics.com/1970/01/01/domestication-of-industrial-microbes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487608856.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210613131257-20210613161257-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.915042 | 299 | 3.203125 | 3 |
From 2010 to 2015, for example (Table), the average extent of forest and land fires in various countries remained high. In some countries they are even more extensive than in Indonesia. The area of forest and land fires in Russia reaches about 2.3 million ha each year; in the US it reaches 2.2 million hectares; about 236,000 ha burn in Australia, about 107,000 in Spain and about 84,000 hectares in Portugal. The area of forest and land fires in those countries is larger than in Indonesia, where it is about 64,000 hectares per annum.
The data shows that global forest and land fires are not country specific, not ecosystem specific and not industry/commodity specific either, but a global phenomenon that happens in nearly every country every year.
Table: Area of forest fires in Indonesia and other countries (hectares)
Source: European Commission, 2016 * USA-NOAA, National Centers for Environmental Information ** Environment and Forestry Ministry
Countries that have the best technology and equipment, have management, government and a large amount of funds and a reliable community ethos, such as the US, Australia and European countries, are also unable to prevent forest and land fires. Forest and land fires are not related to whether there is peat land and whether there are oil palm plantations. Russia, the US, Australia, Portugal and Italy do not have oil palm plantations, but forest and land fires also take place, even more than in Indonesia.
The interesting thing to learn is the distribution of fires based sector and land use (Figure). About 70 percent of fires in Europe and North Africa hit forests, timber estates and natural land and about 29 percent of fires take place on agriculture land. This shows that forest areas are the most being gutted by fire in each country.
A great many fires also hit agricultural land in nearly each country in Europe and North Africa. This raises interesting questions. Do farmers in advanced countries like Europe have habits like Indonesian farmers? Or is agriculture the victim of a spill-over of forest fires? | <urn:uuid:923bef73-f82b-4da6-9cbf-522d1dfc73e6> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://palmoilina.asia/hoax_vs_fact/hoax-16-forest-and-land-fires-in-indonesia-are-larger-than-in-other-countries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154032.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730220317-20210731010317-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.859571 | 417 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The Digital Transformation is an integral part of modern education. The pace of digitization in our world is always changing, whether it’s manufacturing, computing, transportation, finance, construction, or education. The paradigm is shifting to lifelong learning, requiring a continual evolution of technical skills and training. Infusing technology is now an imperative in the modern education space.
As educators, it is our responsibility to infuse technology into our programs and curriculum to meet the changing needs of our students and their future employers, and to address the skills gap and growing demand for skilled professionals. The future of our workforce depends on it!
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Learn more about OcuWeld and VR training to enhance education. To request a media interview or press kit, complete the form below:
New Curriculum for a New Age: OcuWeldTM benefits for students and employers
The future is less about credit accumulation and much more about skill acquisition. Now is the time to marry career technical education with new pathways to careers and lifelong learning.
OcuWeld is a new and innovative Virtual Reality (VR) welding simulator designed by expert welding instructors for our welding students. OcuWeld provides welding students the opportunity to practice hands-on classroom training in a virtual environment, making concerns about safety, access, and cost of materials no longer relevant. OcuWeld fully immerses students in a virtual environment that mimics classroom lab training and provides access to lessons that complement their online and onsite curriculum.
OcuWeld is fully self-contained within an Oculus Quest 2 device. Students can access OcuWeld any place, any time, with or without internet connection, as long as they have their Oculus device with them.
While OcuWeld will be fully integrated with our curriculum, it provides students the autonomy to drill down into process or positions where they feel the need for additional practice or have a stronger personal interest.
OcuWeld amplifies the student experience by providing supplemental learning outside of the classroom environment, reinforcing the skills and knowledge these students will need to find successful employment in the field.
OcuWeld training is comprised of over 19 different modules to cover all applications for welding including, TIG, MIG, Stick, Flex-Core etc. including:
What is the metaverse? The metaverse is a virtual-reality space in which users can
interact with a computer-generated environment and other users.
The web is constantly evolving. Emerging now is a more immersive 3-D environment that features augmented reality, virtual reality, and persistent connections. It is called the metaverse, and it may transform learning. OcuWeld takes full advantage of the metaverse by enhancing curriculum with Virtual reality (VR) training to help students to continually learn new innovative techniques and apply new technologies to align with the ever evolving needs of our industries and employers.
OcuWeld engages students with the ideal blend of gamification and education. Students enjoy learning in a fun and highly interactive and dynamic environment that mimics real world applications.
StrataTech Education Group is a leader of Tech Education for the skilled trades focusing on welding, pipefitting, HVAC, refrigeration and electrical. StrataTech Education currently operates: Tulsa Welding School (TWS) with locations in Tulsa, Jacksonville, and Houston and The Refrigeration School, Inc. (RSI) in Phoenix.
We’re excited to roll out the OcuWeld for the benefit of our students at Tulsa Welding School and The Refrigeration School, Inc. Our goal is to provide education and training that aligns with industry technological and digital transformations. StrataTech is exploring innovative methods to provide students with the best possible training outcomes and employers with highly qualified skilled candidates to meet hiring demands.
© 2022 StrataTech Education Group. All Rights are Reserved
Proudly Built by Arsenal Studios | <urn:uuid:dce4d1f0-cb91-4574-a96a-d6eaf64600cd> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://ocuweld.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337631.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005140739-20221005170739-00773.warc.gz | en | 0.934656 | 798 | 2.671875 | 3 |
If you haven’t seen any of Linda’s work you need to take a look! For the past few years I’ve been using Interactive Read Alouds in my classroom. It’s a wonderful resource that has read alouds identified for different reading comprehension strategies, and lessons to accompany the read aloud. It’s fantastic! I’m not doing it justice, you should check it out!
I bought two new books. They’re my birthday present to myself. Isn’t that semi-sad? But I can’t help myself…all of my jeans have holes in them but I would rather buy teacher books than clothes. Sigh – I’m hopeless!
These are officially on my summer to-read list!
I originally wasn’t planning on buying anything but Linda Hoyt shared some truly inspiring ideas for reading and writing and I had to buy them. HAD TO!
*********Keep Reading! *********
**There are Common Core nuggets of knowledge from Linda Hoyt herself!!**
Did you know the common core has created a list of text exemplars?
This means that for the grade levels examples of excellent text have been identified in different areas – stories, poetry, read alouds, informational text, etc.
The Common Core emphasizes that our students need to read and be exposed to complex, rich text – especially informational text. And they’ve provided a list of examples – wasn’t that kind?!
Hoyt recommended that we familiarize ourselves with the text attributes that characterize these exemplars. What makes them examples of excellence? By identifying these attributes we can better identify other wonderful books, and we can teach these attributes to our students.
But we can’t stop with just reading these texts, because, according to the Common Core, writing is also of utmost importance. Our students need to be taught to write and write well. What better way than to study excellent works of writing!
For example, all writing has punctuation. BUT excellent writing includes rich internal punctuation. (I nearly jumped out of my seat with excitement at the term – she gave a name to a vague idea that I had floating around my head). Also, by writing in clusters of three the text becomes more lyrical. Vivid imagery is also a common characteristic of excellent writing.
See coded example:
Hoyt recommends that we study these texts with our students. That we identify these writing attributes that make the texts great together with our students. Then, with our students, work on creating writing with those attributes (i.e. internal punctuation, clusters of three, or vivid imagery and so many more).
This is just one example of many. Hoyt was able to make these attributes come alive. She was also able to present instructional strategies that were feasible for any grade level. Remember, I’m excited and I teach in a bilingual 1/2 classroom where nothing is easy! I can’t wait to start teaching writing!
Hoyt shared many more strategies and ideas on reading informational text and writing informational text. I will share them as I have a chance to reflect and read her books.
Click below for the common core list of exemplars:
This was ridiculously long and I commend you if you made it this far, you’re an awesome teacher!!! I hope at the very least the link is helpful so you can hunt for the text exemplars at your grade level.
Mrs. CastroPin It | <urn:uuid:0e8833dd-7dcb-4f78-8605-2ca8e29c4f6c> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://mrscastrospanglishstyle.blogspot.com/2012/06/linda-hoyt-is-brilliant.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823309.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019141046-20171019161046-00795.warc.gz | en | 0.94512 | 731 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Rosemary Sutcliff spoke to a ‘Children’s Literature New England’ conference in 1989, in Cambridge (UK). Her contribution was entitled ‘History and Time’. At one point she told an anecdote to indicate that she saw her task as a historical novelist to be to breathe life into the bare bones of the accounts of academic historians and teachers.
Many years ago, when I was sure of myself as only someone scarcely out of their apprenticeship can be, I was talking to an audience of school teachers in the Midlands that are sodden and unkind, when a County Inspector of Education stood up and asked what was my justification for writing historical novels, which he clearly considered a bastard form, instead of leaving the job to legitimate historians who knew what they were talking about. I looked him straight in the eye and said: “Historians and teachers, you and your kind, can produce the bare bones, all in their right order, but still bare bones. I and my kind can breathe life into them. And history is not bare bones alone, but a living process.” Looking back I’m rather shaken at my hardihood, but I still think I was right.
- Source: Historical Fiction for Children: Capturing the Past by Fiona M. Collins, Judith Graham. Routledge (2013). p 112 | <urn:uuid:ed8448b6-d488-4d66-bb20-bfdb6723f543> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://rosemarysutcliff.com/2015/01/28/historical-fiction-breathes-life-into-the-bare-bones-of-history-rosemary-sutcliff/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188926.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00618-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974187 | 278 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Michigan’s share of the working age population working in key opportunity industries increased by 0.3 percent between 2015 and 2016 and is close to the “Top Ten” state average. Michigan also exceeds the peer state average.
What It Is: Employment as a share of working-age population in the engineering, geographic trade, higher education, life sciences, automotive, and natural resources sectors.
Why It Matters: These six sectors represent major opportunities crucial for growing Michigan's economy and moving it forward in the new global economy. These three major indicators (GDP, employment, and earnings) show how these sectors are contributing to a state's production and to residents' well-being. | <urn:uuid:0638218d-7159-4543-9029-98449b0c23f1> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.blmcompetitivenessperformancetracker.com/share-of-nat-employ-17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813088.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220185145-20180220205145-00634.warc.gz | en | 0.929198 | 140 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Quick tips to help your garden survive and thrive during a heat wave
Beat the Heat, Save your Plants!
Are you worried about your plants in this scorching heat? Whether you are working on the Urban Gardens at CAPREIT, or tending to your own personal gardens.
Here are some quick tips to help your garden survive and thrive during a heat wave:
Water Wisely – hydrate your plants early in the morning or late in the evening to minimize evaporation.
Water plants at their base to help roots absorb water effectively
Mulch Magic – Apply a layer of mulch around your plants to conserve moisture while keeping soil cool
Shade Solution – Provide temporary shade for vulnerable plants by using umbrellas, cloth or even old bedsheets
Do not over use fertilizers – during extreme heat plants can become stressed.
Avoid excessive fertilizing as it can lead to burns
Pruning Protocol – Trim away any dead or damaged leaves to reduce stress on your plants
Stay Vigilant – Keep an eye out for signs of dehydration. Wilting or yellowing leaves are signs your plants need a drink!
Additional information and resources:
Our Urban Gardens Initiative Continues to Grow capreit.ca/capreit-continues-to-cultivate-change-with-urban-agriculture-for-the-third-year-in-a-row
Growing with Residents – Key findings from our 2021 Garden Season capreit.ca/growing-with-residents/
Hot weather gardening tips extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-news/hot-weather-gardening-tips
How to Protect Your Garden During a Heat Wave learn.eartheasy.com/articles/how-to-protect-your-garden-during-a-heat-wave
The Best Time to Water Your Plants During a Heatwave backyardboss.net/water-your-plants-during-a-heatwave/ | <urn:uuid:ce73f6c2-a5d3-4242-bc4d-10bc7bc81a97> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.capreit.ca/quick-tips-to-help-your-garden-survive-and-thrive-during-a-heat-wave/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511364.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004084230-20231004114230-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.878004 | 410 | 2.796875 | 3 |
This is a drawing depicting the motions in interior of Uranus.
Image from: The New Solar System
Motions in Uranus' Interior
Motions in the interior of a planet help carry heat from the inside to the outside.
The drawing to the left illustrates the kind of movements that happen in interior of a planet. Material rises from the interior, and flows in a roiling motion like the boiling of a pot. In the drawing are
shown loops of material turning over in the upper ice layer of Uranus.
In the interior of Uranus, the ice layers are warm enough to move in this fashion. Some scientists think, however, that the interior of Uranus may have a different sort of motion.
The magnetosphere of Uranus seems to be produced by motions in the icy layers inside Uranus.
Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store!
Our online store
includes issues of NESTA's quarterly journal, The Earth Scientist
, full of classroom activities on different topics in Earth and space science, ranging from seismology
, rocks and minerals
, and Earth system science
You might also be interested in:
The figure to the left is an illustration of the flow of ice in the Antarctic region of the Earth. Ice flows readily, albeit slowly. Terrestrial glaciers are ample evidence of the fact that ice can move....more
Motions, or currents in the interior of a gas-giant planet such as Uranus may be very different from the motions typical of the Earth's interior. A second idea for the motions in the interior of a gas-giant...more
Magnetospheres are generated with 1.) magnetic materials and 2.) with motions within the magnetic material. The terrestrial planets generate magnetospheres within the iron cores at the center. This leads...more
The Giant planets do not have the same kind of structure inside that the terrestrial planets do. Their evolution was quite different than that of the terrestrial planets, and they have much more gas and...more
In astromony, it is a usual procedure to calculate the luminosity of a star, and this calculation indicates the energy and the temperature of the star. When the luminosity of the outer planets was calculated,...more
Motions in the interior of a planet help carry heat from the inside to the outside. The drawing to the left illustrates the kind of movements that happen in interior of a planet. Material rises from the...more
Atmospheres of the giant planets have definitely evolved from their formation out of the primitive solar nebula. How much they have evolved remains to be seen, however. Because of their enormous gravity,...more
The major gaseous constituent of the atmosphere is methane. At the uppermost reaches of the atmosphere, near the thermosphere, methane gas breaks apart due to the influence of energetic photons or charged...more | <urn:uuid:a0579d6d-c305-4ef7-898a-23dd805ba83f> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.windows2universe.org/uranus/interior/U_int_motions_overview.html&edu=high | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802765616.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075245-00128-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911558 | 580 | 3.953125 | 4 |
The European Network of Safer Internet Centres
The joint Insafe-INHOPE network national consists of Safer Internet Centres (SICs) in all 27 countries in the European Union (EU), plus Iceland, Norway and Russia. Each Safer Internet Centre is typically composed of the following four components:
National awareness centres focus on raising awareness and understanding of safer internet issues and emerging trends. They run campaigns to help children, young people, parents, carers and teachers more aware of the potential risks they may encounter online, and aim to empower them with the skills, knowledge and strategies to build resilience and stay safe.
For an overview of the work of Insafe Awareness Centres, download the information sheet.
Helplines provide information, advice and assistance to children, youth and parents on how to deal with harmful content, harmful contact (such as grooming) and harmful conduct such as (cyberbullying or sexting). Helplines can increasingly be accessed via a variety of means – telephone, email, web forms, Skype, and online chat services.
For an overview of the work of Insafe Helplines, download the information sheet.
Hotlines exist to allow members of the public to report illegal content anonymously. Reports are then passed on to the appropriate body for action (internet service provider, police or corresponding hotline). Hotlines are coordinated by INHOPE - the International Association of Internet Hotlines, working in partnership with Insafe to deliver a safer - and better - internet.
Youth panels allow young people to express their views and exchange knowledge and experiences concerning their use of online technologies, as well as tips on how to stay safe.
Click on the links to the left (or on the map from the site homepage) to find out more about your local Safer Internet Centre, the services it offers, and the key contact points for further support and information. | <urn:uuid:3b746c8a-8a5e-4ab9-a263-95078e520cdf> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.saferinternet.org/countries | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533121.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00361-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902942 | 388 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Taxonomy: Kingdom - Plantae (plants). Subkingdom - Tracheobionta (vascular plants). Superdivision - Spermatophyta (seed plants). Division - Magnoliophyta (flowering plants). Class - Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons). Subclass - Rosidae. Order - Rosales. Family - Rosaceae (rose). Genus - Oemleria Rchb. Species - Oemleria cerasiformis (Torr. & A. Gray) Landon.
Ecology: Indian plum is found from the Pacific coast to the western slopes of the Cascades and the northern Sierra Nevada. It is one of the earlier flowering woody plants in the Pacific Northwest and provides good cover and food for birds and other animals. The flowers are foul smelling, part of a fly-pollination syndrome.
In the WFDP: Indian plum is incredibly rare in the WFDP, with only two stems (which are two leaders of the same tree) above 1 cm at DBH that are tagged. | <urn:uuid:01488c4f-affc-41f2-a512-24a0a0b9d9ed> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://website-wild3820.s3-website-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/Species/OECE.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823614.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211083052-20181211104552-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.819747 | 223 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Addressing high-tech bullying: Help is out there
October is national “Stop Bullying” month. The website www.stopbullying.gov has a lot of very useful resources for parents and educators to learn more about bullying and cyberbullying. If you suspect that your child or student is being bullied online, there are steps you can take to address the problem.
The first step is to prevent cyberbullying from happening in the first place. The U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (HHS) suggests the following. Be aware of what your kids are doing online. You should know what websites your kids visit, what apps they use on their smartphones, what social media they use and who their “friends” are. If you suspect something is going on, you can install monitoring software and enable parental control filters on their computing devices. Be prepared for some pushback, but rest assured that you are doing this for their benefit, not just to be nosy.
HHS also suggests establishing rules for technology use by your kids, and educating them about the implications of improper online behavior. Remind them not to share their passwords with their friends. Talk about what websites they can visit, and which ones they cannot (and tell them why). Most importantly, stress that they need to be extremely careful when they post anything online, such as messages or photos. They may think the information can be deleted later, or apps like Snapchat will cause the information to disappear after a few seconds, but nothing ever truly goes away on the Internet. Once it’s out there, it’s out there forever.
Lastly, create an atmosphere of trust with your kids, so that if they are being cyberbullied, they are not afraid of letting you know. Schools typically have policies in place to deal with bullying. There is technology available to identify the originator of malicious postings; even when the cyberbully thinks they are anonymous, they usually are not. If law enforcement gets involved, their ability to lift the veil of online secrecy is even more potent.
Cyberbullying is such an important issue that the White House has become directly involved. The First Lady has started an anti-cyberbullying initiative to raise awareness of the problem. Sadly, we may have to accept that cyberbullying is the new normal.
* * *
On Wednesday, October 4, I’ll be giving a public lecture on cyberbullying as part of the Center for Technology & Society’s “Tech Talks.” The lecture takes place at 5:30pm in the Tradewinds restaurant at the Duran Golf Club in Viera. The talk will discuss current efforts to combat cyberbullying, including using lessons learned from defeating bullying in the real world. Visit www.cts.today/techtalks for more information
Scott Tilley is a professor at the Florida Institute of Technology in Melbourne. Contact him at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:9f39e52e-d961-47ad-a611-e8171dbf59f1> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.floridatoday.com/story/news/local/2017/09/28/addressing-high-tech-bullying-help/106070432/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057427.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923165408-20210923195408-00157.warc.gz | en | 0.9618 | 617 | 3.125 | 3 |
Beginning in 1979 the New Mexico Landfill accepted municipal waste from neighboring communities and businesses for 21 years. During that time landfill operators buried as much as 1.5 million cubic yards of refuse along the bottom of a local ephemeral drainage basin. Refuse was deposited in a series of trenches excavated from the center of the basin and mounded up to 15 feet over the preexisting grade. In anticipation of cessation of operations the New Mexico Landfill began closure activities in compliance with New Mexico Environment Department regulations. Between 1995 and 2000 a clay liner was constructed over the top of the landfill to prevent surface water infiltration and a number of piezometers and monitoring wells were installed to sample groundwater. Analyses of water samples from monitoring wells hydraulically up gradient and down gradient of the landfill showed downgradient groundwater is being impacted by the landfill. Comparison of the analyses from upgradient and downgradient monitoring wells during an October 2004 sampling event showed the following maximum contaminant concentration increases in downgradient monitoring wells: aluminum 460%, barium 400%, iron 400%, lead 320%, manganese 2,300%, chloride 2,400%, sulfate 1,700%, total dissolved solids 570%, and total phenols were not detectable in the upgradient monitoring well and were in excess of the New Mexico Environment Department drinking water standards in a downgradient monitoring well. This document characterizes groundwater contamination associated with the New Mexico Landfill and presents corrective actions to minimize further leachate generation. Corrective actions proposed for the New Mexico Landfill consist of groundwater and surface water diversion from the refuse material, landfill cap improvement, and leachate collection and treatment. Water inflow to the landfill will be diverted from the refuse with a combination of trenching to sever Groundwater flow paths and cap improvements to reduce infiltration. Leachate will be collected and treated with a filtration system and discharged into a constructed wetland. Contaminant concentrations in water discharged from the treatment system will be equal to or below levels established in the upgradient monitoring well. The total cost of the Corrective Action Plan is estimated to be 1.7 million dollars.
Landfill remediation, Monitoring Wells, Leachate collection, Contamination plume, Constructed wetlands, Impermeable cap
Lane, Matthew. "Corrective Action Plan for the New Mexico Landfill." (2009). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/wr_sp/119 | <urn:uuid:9a31ace0-47dd-4916-88d6-b15f8f707d79> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/wr_sp/119/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499758.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129180008-20230129210008-00643.warc.gz | en | 0.902701 | 526 | 3.265625 | 3 |
During pregnancy, the maternal uterus serves as the perfect nourishing and protective environment for developing baby. The amniotic fluid, present inside the amniotic sac or amniotic cavity, protects the developing fetus from any harm in case of a sudden pressure or jolt to the abdomen of pregnant female. Besides serving as the shock absorbing cushion, the amniotic fluid also serve several vital functions in the growing baby. The fluid promotes maturation of digestive and respiratory system of the fetus, helps in the prevention of different infections, as well as maintains normal movement of the baby in your tummy.
However, as the time of labor approaches, a lot of pregnant mommies may experience amniotic fluid leak that may evoke some concerns: ready for labor or other conditions that need medical care?
Am I Leaking Amniotic Fluid?
Whether it is amniotic fluid leak or not is pretty difficult to make judge by women, as there are many other discharges like urine and vaginal fluid during pregnancy, especially in the last 3 months when the pregnant female casually experiences cervical discharge. Fetal movement or increasing weight of the baby often leads to these discharges which are usually misunderstood as the amniotic fluid.
Following are some hallmark signs to help you distinguish which kind of discharges you are suffering:
If the discharge has a characteristic odor, you are leaking urine.
If the discharge is clear, has color from white to light yellowish, then it is probably vaginal fluid.
If the discharge is clear with plugs of thick mucus, white flakes or blood in some cases, you are leaking amniotic fluid. In most cases, pregnant women may experience discharge in copious amounts that can wet panty liners or underwear significantly. The amniotic fluid is without any odor and you can use a sanitary napkin to assess the color and smell of the discharge. It is highly advised to seek medical help to confirm the discharge.
Here is a video that a mom talking about her experience about amniotic fluid leaking.
What Causes Amniotic Fluid Leak?
In clinical scenarios, the most common cause of amniotic fluid leaks is SROM (spontaneous rupture of membrane). This is a physiological condition that is the result of excessive build-up of pressure and tension in the amniotic fluid cavity, which can lead to a leakage of fluids. SROM, as known as water breaking, usually happens towards the end of the pregnancy and marks the beginning of labor, culminating in childbirth.
If a woman is not yet at the term, PROM (premature rupture of membrane) is the condition in which a tear in the amniotic cavity leads to leakage of amniotic fluid. PROM is characterized by an abrupt flow of a large amount of fluid usually at 37th or 38th week of pregnancy. The common causes of PROM are:
Defect in development of uterus
Defect in development of amniotic cavity
Immediate and emergent medical attention is needed in order to manage amniotic fluid leak before the term.
How to Deal with Amniotic Fluid Leak
Leave It Alone
In case of small tears, it is better to leave it as it is for some period of time as minor tears heal on their own, but if the tear is large, then immediate management by the health care provider is necessary in order to prevent complications during pregnancy.
Consult a Physician
In case of a premature or preterm rupture of membranes, physicians can conduct several tests to confirm it is amniotic fluid leak or not. For this purpose, there are many over the counter testing kits are available. After it is confirmed the mother is leaking amniotic fluid, medical management is needed.
In case of spontaneous rupture of membrane at the term, healthcare providers perform emergent interventions to induce labor within 48 hours in order to optimize the chances of a healthy child.
When You Are Leaking an Excessive Amount of Amniotic Fluid
Hydramnios is a condition in which a higher than normal amount of amniotic fluid is present in the amniotic cavity that leads to excessive stretching of the uterine cavity, causing amniotic fluid leaks and early onset of labor. In addition, this excess amount is also responsible for generating an extra pressure over the female abdomen to suppress the internal organs. The attachment of placenta and umbilical cord are also affected in Hydramnios, which will increase the danger of the fetus.
If the mother is suffering from this condition, certain measures are needed to protect the fetus from complications, such as:
Regular follow-ups to assess the level of amniotic fluid.
Use of drugs to decrease the urine production in fetus in order to decrease the build-up of pressure in the amniotic cavity.
The process of amnio-reduction to remove the excess amount of amniotic fluid.
In serious conditions, the delivery of the baby can also be scheduled early to minimize the risk of permanent disabilities in the baby due to amniotic fluid imbalance. | <urn:uuid:09205e36-c5d2-488c-a9c9-5816295f1604> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://www.enkiverywell.com/amniotic-fluid-leak.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039617701.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423101141-20210423131141-00405.warc.gz | en | 0.944047 | 1,047 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Operation Barbarossa 1941 Term Paper
- Length: 6 pages
- Sources: 6
- Subject: Drama - World
- Type: Term Paper
- Paper: #92216278
Excerpt from Term Paper :
The German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 is perhaps one of the most crucial turning points of World War II, as hubris of Adolf Hitler and the German high command was rewarded with an unexpected defeat. Code-named Operation Barbarossa, after a medieval German ruler, the German invasion was doomed from the start, based as it was upon a number of assumptions regarding the Soviet ability to repel an attack and the estimated length of the operation. By examining the immediate context of Barbarossa as well as the planning and outcome of the operation, one is able to see how the catastrophic German defeat in the Soviet Union set the stage for the Nazi's eventual downfall.
The plans for Operation Barbarossa were first drawn up in February of 1941, but Hitler's desire to invade Russia had been made clear years before, such that one may view Barbarossa as the culmination of "nearly two decades of Nazi ranting about a Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy" (Kirchubel, 2007, p. 8). Although the Soviet Union and Germany had signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty in 1939, "which provided Germany with natural resources, strategic materials and a free hand in western and much of central Europe," both sides seemed aware that this treaty was only a means of forestalling the inevitable, considering Germany's ever-increasing need for natural resources and the fundamental oppositions between Nazi ideology and Communism (p. 8). Thus, while Hitler bid his time until he could invade the Soviet Union, the Soviets were simultaneously waiting for the German military to wear itself down in Europe before striking Germany (although this is not to suggest that the Soviet Union had any plans for a German invasion anywhere near as developed as Operation Barbarossa). As Hitler believed his efforts to control western Europe were largely a foregone conclusion, he directed his attention towards Russia.
Operation Barbarossa differed from other German invasions from the start, because during the initial planning stages Hitler demonstrated a loathing towards the general populace of Russia not previously seen (despite his obvious opinions regarding certain ethnic groups). Thus, the plan for Barbarossa consisted of three key elements. Firstly, "the Wehrmacht was to be ready to bring down the Soviet Union in a short campaign," with "the ultimate goal [being] to break up Russia into states handed over to civilian administration as and as extensively as possible" (Mineau, 2004, pg. 102-103). In order to accomplish this complete takeover, the responsibility for securing captured areas was taken from the Wehrmacht and handed over to the Sipo-SD as well as the SS, with the intention that these organizations would deal with "leading emigrants, saboteurs, terrorists" and other partisan resistors in such a brutal fashion as to discourage any further resistance on the part of the general populace (p. 103). These plans reveal two major assumptions underlying Operation Barbarossa that would eventually prove disastrous for the German campaign.
Firstly, Hitler assumed that the Red Army was simply not prepared to repel a German invasion, not least of all because Stalin's purges had included a number of military leaders (Steury, 2005). This, coupled with Germany's relatively easy domination of France, led to Hitler suffering "from what the Japanese, from bitter experience, would call "victory disease," such that "Germans overestimated their own capabilities, even as they underestimated the Soviet capacity to resist" (Steury, 2005). This assumption of Soviet weakness allowed Hitler to assume that the initial military operation would be over quickly, which was the second fatal overestimation, as the German military's complete lack of preparation for the Russian winter demonstrated. Thus, even as the initial date for the operation was pushed later and later, the Germans remained confident that they could secure the vast expanse of the Soviet Union before weather became an issue (Kirchubel, 2007, p. 10). This of course proved false, but even more basic errors on the part of the German military, and Hitler in particular, led to the failure of Barbarossa. Before examining these errors, however, one must briefly examine the Soviet side of the equation, and in particular the extent to which Stalin was or was not prepared for the invasion.
One of the most hotly debated historical aspects of Operation Barbarossa is the extent to which Stalin knew of the attack beforehand, considering that he apparently "ignore[d] the yearlong military buildup in eastern Europe and the (by one count0 87 separate, credible intelligence warnings of the German invasion that he received during 1940-1941" (Steury, 2005). This was despite the fact that Stalin seemed all to aware that Germany was intent on attacking Russia, and indeed, his diplomatic efforts were almost entirely geared towards forestalling this conflict, rather than avoiding it. It seems that Germany's impending attack should have been obvious to all, considering that "in 1929, Polish counterintelligence agents intercepted an Enigma machine," so that by 1939, both the British and French had their own copies of the machine as well as the necessary information for breaking German encryption (Dziewanowski, 1994, p. 381). Thus, Polish and British intelligence learned of preparations for Barbarossa in time to warn Stalin of an impending attack, and even Stalin himself had previously acknowledged Hitler's inevitable desire to invade the Soviet Union.
Nonetheless, the Soviets were caught off-guard, so that "on the morning of 22 June 1941, […] German unites punched through the Soviet lines and encircled hundreds of thousands of troops, while the Luftwaffe pulverized the Soviet air force on the ground" (Steury, 2005). The German forces of over three million men were divided into "three army groups lined up abreast at the starter's barrage" which "simultaneously started off as fast as possible in three extrinsic directions: towards Moscow, Leningrad, and Kiev," because the Germans wanted to take Russia quickly while simultaneously securing the vast oil supplies in the Ukraine (Showalter, 2010, p. 1318-1319). Army Group North headed towards Leningrad, Army Group Centre originally headed towards Moscow, and Army Group South went to Ukraine.
Again this plan demonstrates the fundamental assumptions underlying the German operation, because although the German forces were able to rapidly advance into the Soviet Union, miscalculations regarding the speed with which the operation could be accomplished forced the German command to come up with new plans on the fly, resulting in a bungling of the entire operation. The decision to divide the forces in this way contributed to the German military's eventual inability to secure Moscow, due to the fact that "Hitler's decision to send the panzers of Army Group Center away from Moscow and into the Ukraine robbed the Wehrmacht of a victory that would have changed the world for generations" (Hooker, 1999, p. 150). The fact that Barbarossa was predicated upon everything going precisely to plan is demonstrated by the relative chaos which characterized German tactical decisions following the initial advance into Russia. The decision to treat any resistance or subversion with the utmost brutality backfired spectacularly, radicalizing and emboldening the population rather than crushing it into subservience, and providing the Soviets with the most effective propaganda they could imagine (a phenomena which allows a number of uncomfortable comparisons to the use of the United States' contemporary decision to torture detainees and indiscriminately bomb civilians and militants in jihadist propaganda).
As Army Group Centre was delayed by much stronger Soviet resistance (of both the military and subversive kind) than expected, Hitler decided that securing Ukraine was ultimately a more important goal than capturing Moscow. In August of 1941, Hitler "issued orders […] to break off the armored advance on Moscow and encircle Kiev" (Hooker, 1999, p. 156). Unwilling to commit to the original plan, even at the behest of his military advisers, Hitler essentially panicked when his assumptions regarding the speed with which Operation Barbarossa might be accomplished so that instead of a decisive, three-pronged blitzkrieg of the Soviet Union, the German advance deteriorated into a relatively disorganized misapplication of strength (figure 1, Kirchubel, 2007, p. 6). Examining the attached map of German and Soviet troop movements demonstrates this with a kind of simple clarity, because the decision to send the panzers of Army Group Centre south towards Kiev meant that they would have to cover nearly twice the distance when they were once again redirected towards Moscow. Thus, the overconfidence which characterized the planning of Barbarossa crumbled in the face of Soviet resistance, so that despite the fact that the Soviets were still under-prepared and under-supplied, following Hitler's August decision the fate of the German campaign was essentially sealed.
Though the failure of Operation Barbarossa may have been apparent to some in 1941, "the Red Army would take years, burying its dead in their millions, to move the same distance west" as the German army had managed to advance east. Nonetheless, Barbarossa proved to be a turning point in the war, because aside from Britain's ability to maintain despite German bombings, the Soviet Union had effectively broken the spirit of a German command that had previously considered its military might and tactics undefeatable. Germany's attack on the Soviet… | <urn:uuid:05c5dd1c-5fb4-42e1-b3f8-0a2eb519f63c> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.paperdue.com/essay/operation-barbarossa-1941-45904 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188824.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00038-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972768 | 1,954 | 3.828125 | 4 |
"With the availability of genome sequences from Anopheles mosquitoes of divergent lineages, we now have the opportunity to significantly improve our understanding of these important malaria vectors and develop new strategies to combat malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases," explained Zhijian Tu, professor at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Of about 450 different species of mosquitoes in the Anopheles genus, only about 60 can transmit the Plasmodium malaria parasite that is harmful to people. The team chose 16 mosquito species that are currently found in Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America, but evolved from the same ancestor approximately 100 million years ago.
Today, the 16 species have varying capabilities for transmitting malaria and adapting to new environments. The researchers sequenced their genomes to better understand the evolutionary science behind the differences.
In a second related study, researchers found that the most dangerous species, Anopheles gambiae, is able to increase its transmission capabilities by swapping genes at the chromosome level.
A genetic process called introgression, where genes from one species flow into another, plays a role in evolution, in this case by enhancing the capacity of mosquitoes to transmit the malaria parasite, the findings suggested.
The research in the second paper was led by Matthew Hahn, professor at Indiana University. Both the studies appeared in the journal Science. | <urn:uuid:c0a4928f-871b-4bdd-be8f-de588a675849> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://post.jagran.com/not-all-mosquitoes-can-transmit-malaria-study-1417156278 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424846.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724102308-20170724122308-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.9244 | 271 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Common Core State StandardS for engliSh language artS & literaCy in hiStory/SoCial StudieS, SCienCe, and teChniCal SubjeCtS appendix b | 3 How to Read This Document
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A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens www.world-english.org . Stave One. Marley's Ghost. Marley was dead, to begin with. There is no doubt ...
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Session 1 - Diffusing the Conflict 8. Begins the healing process by encouraging the couple to share their personal feelings with you and with each other
Title: The Theory of Bureaucracy Developed by Max Weber (1864-1920), a German professor of sociology. Author: JohnAvice Last modified by: Dr. Mohammed Ahmed
Title: FURNACE AGE CHART Author: Michael P. O'Handley Last modified by: Michael P. O'Handley Created Date: 9/12/2008 3:30:00 AM Company: Your Inspector Inc.
Hooman Katirai, MS (CS), MS (TPP), CSM, PMP. 232 Olive Ave, North York, ON, M2N 4P6 (416) 722-2323, [email protected]. Profile Hooman has a … | <urn:uuid:cad91852-bffb-44ae-bb39-8057ca6ea258> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://document.discussants.com/pregnancy-symptoms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886939.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117122304-20180117142304-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.655679 | 379 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The need to understand wildlifeFrom gorillas to elephants, WWF is on the trail of threatened species to better understand their needs, behaviour and the threats they face in the wild. These efforts represent the basis of any conservation measure.
In Dzanga-Ndoki National Park (Central African Republic), WWF heads a team that is studying western lowland gorillas, in particular their movements and whereabouts.
The gorillas have become used to human presence, making it easier to learn about their behaviour and providing the opportunity for tourists to observe them. This will help provide the funding and the incentive to protect the forest.
WWF is training often-illiterate park rangers to use Cybertracker. Whenever they spot a species such as elephant or gorilla, they simply touch an image of the animal on a hand-held computer device that later transfers the findings and location to a computerized database. The cumulative data, when analysed, gives us an insight into the behaviour and needs of the species. | <urn:uuid:b55e16e1-b57f-4490-971e-b32ba97b836e> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/congo_basin_forests/wwf_solutions/congo_wildlife_management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510273663.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011753-00216-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938478 | 202 | 3.625 | 4 |
Will the International Space Station’s latest hiccup throw a wrench in the plans of business moguls who hope to launch the first humans into space to vacation near the moon and perhaps even colonize Mars?
Giant strides within the space industry could lead to an aerospace hotel within a few years, and fortunately, the space station’s partial shutdown this week won’t slow them down, says John Spencer, President of Space Tourism Society.
The space tourism industry is linked to one of the most complex human constructions, NASA’s International Space Station, which experienced a partial shutdown on Wednesday.
When asked whether NASA’s budgetary constraints will pose problems in assisting the space station, a NASA spokesperson told ABC News that “they have enough money in the budget to cover it.”
Read more: ISS Cooling System in Partial Shutdown
A habitable artificial satellite acting as a laboratory 200 miles above Earth, the space station holds docks for spacecraft to be tested, launched into space and sometimes back, including potential tourist vehicles.
This year, NASA announced a $17.8 million contract with Bigelow Aerospace LLC, a technology start-up, to construct an inflatable module at ISS. The company is developing revolutionary space habitats, some prototypes for which have been in orbit since 2006. Bigelow Aerospace is going to build and test a spacecraft, or aerospace hotel docked at ISS. Spencer says this will be an aerospace hotel for those who want to experience space-living and it will launch after a “couple of years.”
Meanwhile, the supply of future space tourism services, led by the world’s notable entrepreneurs, seems to be growing along with demand for them.
In 2002, Tesla Motors founder Elon Musk launched SpaceX as the first private space flight company, which is expanding its space transport technologies in engines and spacecraft. Early this month, the company launched its first major communications satellite during its third attempt.
According to Mars One Foundation, non-profit aiming to establish a permanent human settlement on Mars, said more than 200,000 people have signed up to take a trip to Mars. The Mars One Foundation announced partnerships with Lockheed Martin for a human exploratory mission in 2018.
Virgin Galactic, the brainchild of Sir Richard Branson, has its eyes on offering commercial space trips to the moon as their technology advances.
However, the International Space Station has not been used as a tourist station for a number of years, says Spencer. He hopes to see more return docks at the station that can provide additional spaces.
That hope is for personal interests, in part. Spencer says he’s been making models of “orbital super yachting” with the vision of a yacht in space in which humans will travel from Earth to orbit. | <urn:uuid:edc48947-db05-4383-8313-061668dcffcb> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/business/2013/12/will-iss-troubles-dampen-civilian-space-efforts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462035.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00175-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949772 | 574 | 2.625 | 3 |
A planarian is one of many non-parasitic flatworms of the Turbellaria class. It is also the common name for a member of the genus Planaria within the family Planariidae. Sometimes it also refers to the genus Dugesia.
Planaria are common to many parts of the world, living in both saltwater and freshwater ponds and rivers. Some species are terrestrial and are found under logs, in or on the soil, and on plants in humid areas.
Some planarians exhibit an extraordinary ability to regenerate lost body parts. For example, a planarian split lengthwise or crosswise will regenerate into two separate individuals. Some planarian species have two eye-spots (also known as ocelli) that can detect the intensity of light, while others have several eye-spots. The eye-spots act as photoreceptors and are used to move away from light sources. Planaria have three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm), and are acoelomate (they have a very solid body with no body cavity). They have a single-opening digestive tract; in Tricladida planarians this consists of one anterior branch and two posterior branches.
Planarians move by beating cilia on the ventral dermis, allowing them to glide along on a film of mucus. Some also may move by undulations of the whole body by the contractions of muscles built into the body membrane.
Triclads play an important role in watercourse ecosystems and are often very important as bio-indicators.
The most frequently used planarian in high school and first-year college laboratories is the brownish Girardia tigrina. Other common species used are the blackish Planaria maculata and Girardia dorotocephala. Recently, however, the species Schmidtea mediterranea has emerged as the species of choice for modern molecular biological and genomic research due to its diploid chromosomes and the existence of both asexual and sexual strains. Recent genetic screens utilizing double-stranded RNA technology have uncovered 240 genes that affect regeneration in S. mediterranea. Many of these genes have orthologs in the human genome.
Anatomy and physiology
The planarian has very simple organ systems. The digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, and a gastrovascular cavity. The mouth is located in the center of the underside of the body. Digestive enzymes are secreted from the mouth to begin external digestion. The pharynx connects the mouth to the gastrovascular cavity. This structure branches throughout the body allowing nutrients from food to reach all extremities. Planaria eat living or dead small animals that they suck up with their muscular mouths. Food passes from the mouth through the pharynx into the intestines where it is digested by the cells lining the intestines. Then its nutrients diffuse to the rest of the body.
Planaria receive oxygen and release carbon dioxide by diffusion. The excretory system is made of many tubes with many flame cells and excretory pores on them. Also, flame cells remove unwanted liquids from the body by passing them through ducts which lead to excretory pores, where waste is released on the dorsal surface of the planarian.
At the head of the planarian there is a ganglion under the eyespots. The cerebral ganglia, a bi-lobed mass of nerve tissue, is sometimes referred to as the planarian brain and has been shown to exhibit spontaneous electrophysiological oscillations, similar to the electroencephalographic (EEG) activity of other animals. From the ganglion there are two nerve cords which extend the length of the tail. There are many transverse nerves connected to the nerve cords extending from the brain, which makes the nerve system look like a ladder. With a ladder-like nerve system, it is able to respond in a coordinated manner. The planarian has a soft, flat, wedge-shaped body that may be black, brown, blue, gray, or white. The blunt, triangular head has two ocelli (eyespots), pigmented areas that are sensitive to light. There are two auricles (earlike projections) at the base of the head, which are sensitive to touch and the presence of certain chemicals. The mouth is located in the middle of the underside of the body, which is covered with cilia (hairlike projections). There are no circulatory or respiratory systems; oxygen entering and carbon dioxide leaving the planarian's body diffuses through the body wall.
There are sexual and asexual planaria. Sexual planaria are hermaphrodites, possessing both testicles and ovaries. Thus, one of their gametes will combine with the gamete of another planarian. Each planarian transports its excretion to the other planarian, giving and receiving sperm. Eggs develop inside the body and are shed in capsules. Weeks later, the eggs hatch and grow into adults. Sexual reproduction is desirable because it enhances the survival of the species by increasing the level of genetic diversity. In asexual reproduction, the planarian detaches its tail end and each half regrows the lost parts by regeneration, allowing neoblasts (adult stem cells) to divide and differentiate, thus resulting in two worms. Some species of planaria are exclusively asexual, whereas some can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
As a model system in biological and biomedical research
The life history traits of planarians make them a model system for investigating a number of biological processes, many of which may have implications for human health and disease. Advances in molecular genetic technologies has made the study of gene function possible in these animals and scientists are studying them worldwide. Like other invertebrate model organisms, for example C. elegans and D. melanogaster, the relative simplicity of planarians facilitates experimental study.
Planarians have a number of cell types, tissues and simple organs that are homologous to our own cells, tissues and organs. However, regeneration has attracted the most attention. Thomas Hunt Morgan was responsible for some of the first systematic studies (that still underpin modern research) before the advent of molecular biology as a discipline. Planarians are also an emerging model organism for aging research. These animals have an apparently limitless regenerative capacity, and the asexual animals seem to maintain their telomerase levels throughout their lifetime, making them "effectively immortal".
Planaria can be cut into pieces, and each piece can regenerate into a complete organism. Cells at the location of the wound site proliferate to form a blastema that will differentiate into new tissues and regenerate the missing parts of the piece of the cut planaria. It's this feature that gave them the famous designation of being "immortal under the edge of a knife." Very small pieces of the planarian, estimated to be as little as 1/279th of the organism it is cut from, can regenerate back into a complete organism over the course of a few weeks. New tissues can grow due to pluripotent stem cells that have the ability to create all the various cell types. These adult stem cells are called neoblasts, and comprise 20% or more of the cells in the adult animal. They are the only proliferating cells in the worm, and they differentiate into progeny that replace older cells. In addition, existing tissue is remodeled to restore symmetry and proportion of the new planaria that forms from a piece of a cut up organism.
The organism itself does not have to be completely cut into separate pieces for the regeneration phenomenon to be witnessed. In fact, if the head of a planaria is cut in half down its centre, and each side retained on the organism, it is possible for the planaria to regenerate two heads and continue to live.
Biochemical memory experiments
In 1955, Robert Thompson and James V. McConnell conditioned planarian flatworms by pairing a bright light with an electric shock. After repeating this several times they took away the electric shock, and only exposed them to the bright light. The flatworms would react to the bright light as if they had been shocked. Thompson and McConnell found that if they cut the worm in two, and allowed both worms to regenerate each half would develop the light-shock reaction. In 1962, McConnell repeated the experiment, but instead of cutting the trained flatworms in two he ground them into small pieces and fed them to other flatworms. He reported that the flatworms learned to associate the bright light with a shock much faster than flatworms who had not been fed trained worms.
This experiment intended to show that memory could be transferred chemically. The experiment was repeated with mice, fish, and rats, but it always failed to produce the same results. The perceived explanation was that rather than memory being transferred to the other animals, it was the hormones in the ingested ground animals that changed the behavior. McConnell believed that this was evidence of a chemical basis for memory, which he identified as memory RNA. McConnell's results are now attributed to observer bias. No blinded experiment has ever reproduced his results of 'maze-running'. Subsequent explanations of maze-running enhancements associated with cannibalism of trained planarian worms were that the untrained flatworms were only following tracks left on the dirty glassware rather than absorbing the memory of their fodder.
In 2013, Tal Shomrat and Michael Levin have shown that planarians exhibit evidence of long-term memory retrieval after regenerating a new head.
- "Planarian (flatworm) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
- Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2005). Biology. Benjamin Cummings. pp. 1230 pp. ISBN 0-8053-7146-X.
- Panteleimon Rompolas, Ramila S. Patel-King, Stephen M. King Chapter 4 – Schmidtea mediterranea: A Model System for Analysis of Motile Cilia Methods in Cell Biology, Volume 93, 2009, Pages 81–98 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0091-679X(08)93004-.
- Manenti R., 2010 – Effect of landscape features and water quality on Triclads inhabiting head waters: the example of Polycelis felina. Revue Ecologie Terre et Vie, 65: 279–285.
- Newmark, Phillip A.; Alvarado, Alejandro Sánchez (1 March 2002). "NOT YOUR FATHER'S PLANARIAN: A CLASSIC MODEL ENTERS THE ERA OF FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS". Nature Reviews Genetics 3 (3): 210–219. doi:10.1038/nrg759. PMID 11972158.
- Developmental Biology, Georgia Tech. "Regeneration in S. mediterranea". Retrieved 2014-03-31.
- Sarnat, HB & Netsky, MG. (2002). When does a ganglion become a brain? Evolutionary origin or the central nervous system. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology 9(4): 240-253
- Aoki, R, Wake, H, Sasaki, H & Agata, K. (2009). Recording and spectrum analysis of the planarian electroencephalogram. Neuroscience 159(2): 908–914
- Tan, T. C. J.; Rahman, R.; Jaber-Hijazi, F.; Felix, D. A.; Chen, C.; Louis, E. J.; Aboobaker, A. (27 February 2012). "Telomere maintenance and telomerase activity are differentially regulated in asexual and sexual worms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. doi:10.1073/pnas.1118885109.
- Dalyell, J.G., (1814). Observations on some interesting phenomena in animal physiology, exhibited by several species of planariae. Edinburgh.
- Handberg-Thorsager, M, Fernandez, E and Salo, E (2008). Stem cells and regeneration in planarians. Frontiers in Bioscience: A Journal and Virtual Library 13: 6374–6394
- Salo, E, Abril, J, Adell, T, et al. (2009). Planarian regeneration: achievements and future directions after 20 years of research. The International Journal of Developmental Biology 53: 1317–1327
- Aboobaker, A. Aziz (2011). "Planarian stem cells: a simple paradigm for regeneration". Trends in Cell Biology 21 (5): 304–311. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2011.01.005. PMID 21353778.
- Reddien, P & Alvarado, A(2004). Fundamentals of Planarian Regeneration. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 20: 725–757
- New Scientist. "Do it again. Round up of regenerating animals". New Scientist. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
- Bob Kentridge. "Investigations of the cellular bases of memory". University of Durham. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
- Rilling, M. (1996). "The mystery of the vanished citations: James McConnell's forgotten 1960s quest for planarian learning, a biochemical engram, and celebrity". American Psychologist 51 (6): 589–598. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.51.6.589.
- For a general review, see also Georges Chapouthier, Behavioral studies of the molecular basis of memory, in: The Physiological Basis of Memory (J.A. Deutsch, ed.), 1973, Academic Press, New York and London, Chap. l, l–25
- Shomrat T, Levin M (2013-07-02). "An automated training paradigm reveals long-term memory in planaria and its persistence through head regeneration". The Journal of Experimental Biology 216 (20): 3799–3810. doi:10.1242/jeb.087809. PMID 23821717.
- More information on freshwater planarians and their biology
- More information on the genetic screen to identify regeneration genes
- YouTube videos: Planaria eating worm segment, Planarian
- Schmidtea mediterranea, facts, anatomy, image at GeoChemBio.com
- Alejandro Sanchez-Alvarado's seminar: Principles of Planarian Regeneration
- Link to an article discussing some work on planarian immortality
- A user-friendly visualization tool and database of planarian regeneration experiments
- Aboobaker, Aziz (27 February 2008). "Immortal Worms". Test Tube. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham. | <urn:uuid:c71915fc-4f8a-418b-8837-aff206fe9ef6> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planarian | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510261249.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011741-00286-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895274 | 3,083 | 4.15625 | 4 |
The particular mechanics of the Harrier's thrust vectoring system can be better understood by studying the picture shown below.
The Harrier employs four small nozzles, located in pairs beneath the wing. These nozzles are able to rotate straight down to achieve hover, straight back for forward flight, or somewhere in between for short takeoff/landing and maneuverabilty in flight. This arrangement is sometimes referred to as the "four-poster" since each nozzle produces one "post" that lifts the aircraft while in hover.
The remarkable feature of the Harrier is that all of four these thrust-vectoring nozzles plus two small roll control jets in the wingtips are powered by just a single engine. The advantage of this approach is greater weight efficiency since the same powerplant is used in all modes of flight. The disadvantage, however, is that the engine must be located near the center of gravity and there is little flexibility in the overall layout of the aircraft because of the propulsion arrangement.
A similar V/STOL scheme is known as the three-poster, as illustrated below.
Boeing selected this arrangement for its X-32 entry in the Joint Strike Fighter competition, although the three lifting nozzles are fixed and do not rotate. All or some of the jet exhaust is instead redirected through ducts leading to the three vertical nozzles for V/STOL operations. However, the four-post and three-post approaches are obviously similar and it is therefore not surprising that the overall layout of the X-32 (short fuselage and high-mounted wings with significant anhedral) is very reminiscent of the Harrier.
On the contrary, Lockheed Martin has opted for an augmented fan arrangement in its competing X-35. Inspired by the Russian Yak-141, the X-35 utilizes two separate engines. The primary powerplant is a jet engine that provides the thrust for forward flight. In hover, this engine not only drives a separate lift fan located near the center of the aircraft, but the single nozzle on the main engine also rotates downward to provide aditional lift. As with the Harrier and X-32, the X-35 is also equipped with two small roll control nozzles in the wingtips. Although this option requires two engines and the lift fan is nothing but dead weight when in forward flight, this arrangement allows much greater flexibility in the overall layout of the aircraft. Both the Yak-141 and X-35 (shown below) more closely resemble traditional aircraft layouts since the designer is better able to tailor the aircraft for forward flight, high-speed flight, and other requirements beyond hover.
Keep in mind that we have only discussed two of the many approaches to V/STOL flight that have been attempted.
But aside from the helicopter, which has pure VTOL capability but is limited to a low maximum forward speed, the
Harrier is the only V/STOL aircraft currently in operation.
- answer by Jeff Scott, 2 September 2001
Will the F-35B variant of the JSF be able to take off vertically? It is called the STOVL model for Short Take Off and Vertical Landing, which leads me to believe otherwise. If not, then how will the F-35B be able to truly replace the Harrier? Will it still be able to operate from amphibious assault ships like the Harrier does?
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|About Us | Contact Us | Copyright © 1997-2012| | <urn:uuid:3508193e-cb75-46c4-b259-7eb0b656a93e> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/planes/q0042.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802775222.147/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075255-00094-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955956 | 725 | 2.984375 | 3 |
When food or liquid enters the laryngeal vestibule but, unlike with aspiration, does not descend below the level of the vocal cords themselves. Laryngeal penetration alone would be an indication of mild swallowing dysfunction, but it would not by itself create a risk of pneumonia, as aspiration might.
Photos of laryngeal penetration:
Laryngeal penetration (1 of 1)
After the patient swallowed several boluses of blue-stained applesauce, there were traces visible on the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis, indicative of penetration into the earliest part of the airway. By itself, soiling of the laryngeal vestibule to this minor degree does not threaten the person’s ability to eat by mouth. | <urn:uuid:6513302f-b4d8-4e30-a1b4-37552c51cbc6> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://laryngopedia.com/laryngeal-penetration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592650.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721164755-20180721184755-00021.warc.gz | en | 0.904022 | 160 | 2.578125 | 3 |
American Airlines Flight 77
American Airlines Flight 77 was American Airlines' transcontinental flight from Washington Dulles International Airport, in Dulles, Virginia to Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles, California. The flight flew every day in the morning on this route. On September 11, 2001, the aircraft flying this route—a Boeing 757-223—was hijacked by five al-Qaeda terrorists. The hijackers crashed the plane into the Pentagon on purpose. The crash was part of the September 11 attacks.
Two still images from a Pentagon security camera video immediately before and after the crash highlighting Flight 77 prior to impact
|Date||Tuesday, September 11, 2001|
|Site||West wall of Pentagon, Arlington, Virginia|
|Aircraft type||Boeing 757-223|
|Flight origin||Washington Dulles Int'l Airport|
|Destination||Los Angeles Int'l Airport|
|Passengers||53 (plus 5 hijackers)|
|Fatalities||59, plus 5 hijackers, in aircraft|
125 in Pentagon
|Injuries||numerous (on ground)|
|Survivors||none from aircraft|
The hijackers went into the cockpit and made the passengers move to the back of the plane less than 35 minutes into the flight. Hani Hanjour, one of the hijackers who was trained as a pilot, took over the flight. Passengers on the plane were able to make telephone calls to loved ones. They also called people to tell them what was happening on the plane. The hijackers did not know that passengers were doing this.
The aircraft crashed into the western side of the Pentagon at 09:37 EDT. All 64 people on board the aircraft, including the hijackers, died. 125 people in the building died as well. Dozens of people saw the crash. News sources began reporting on the incident within minutes. The impact damaged an area of the Pentagon and started a large fire. Part of the Pentagon collapsed. Firefighters spent days trying to stop the fire. The damaged areas of the Pentagon were rebuilt in 2002. The fixed areas were able to be used again starting on August 15, 2002.
The 184 victims of the attack are honored in the Pentagon Memorial next to the Pentagon. The 1.93-acre (7,800 m2) park contains a bench for each of the victims. The benches are put in order of the victim's years of birth. These years range from 1930 (aged 71) to 1998 (aged 3).
Hijackers of American Airlines Flight 77Edit
- American Airlines Flight 77 Brief summary, as well as complete victim list | <urn:uuid:f31a7d46-fe39-4b53-ae7e-0c3617620c1b> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541317967.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20191216041840-20191216065840-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.945092 | 540 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) are not synonymous. The Internet is the physical computer system that consists of an international internetwork of networks that link millions of computers and allow information to be transferred between any node within the system. The World Wide Web is the accessible information available over the Internet which is in the form of documents, multimedia or any other standard file format available for transfer over the Internet.
The Internet – Origins
The Internet began life as ARPANET, a large Wide Area Network (WAN) which was developed by the American Department of Defence during the cold war. ARPANET was a distributed system that was not built around a central communications center that could be destroyed by a nuclear attack. If one node failed, information could be transferred or reroutedaround the broken node to provide reliable communication.
The Internet is simply the interconnection of computer networks with a router at each node to select the next node in the path towards the destination. Routing of information is achieved using as a non-proprietary protocol developed by the American Department of Defence called TCP/IP. This protocol is a set of rules that define the manner in which information is divided into smaller packets, routed through the system to a specific destination and reassembled into its original form.
After the war the US academic science network used by research institutions and universities was given access to ARPANET. Later the businesses community and then the general public where given access. This quickly grew into a large inter-networked system well before the World Wide Web was developed.
Structure of Internet
Although the Internet appears to the user as a internetwork of networks, it is actually structured in a hieratical fashion similar to a tree structure, with a higher speed national and international backbone connection at the top. At the bottom of the tree, individuals and businesses connect to an Internet Service Provider (ISP). Above the ISP’s are the Internet Access Providers (ASP’s) and above them the National Access Provider (NAP) who provides the national high speed backbone to handle the vast quantity of national Internet traffic, and also connect internationally to NAP’s in other country domains.
User connections to an ISP may be via dial-up modem and normal phone line, or a permanent high speed digital line for a larger business.
The World Wide Web
The world wide web consists of the collection of hypertext documents and associated files which are formatted according to Hypertext standards and are accessible via the Internet. It was developed by the scientists at the European high energy physics center (CERN) in response to the different services and different text mode interfaces used on the Internet. They created a single protocol for linking, retrieving and viewing documents which used a single application termed a browser to display documents on screen with hyperlinks for navigation.
The National Centre for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) then developed a browser called Mosaic in 1993 that included a graphic user interface. Its author Marc Andreessen later left the NCSA and founded the Netscape Communications Corporation. | <urn:uuid:03dc3ca2-2e06-4f6d-a1b2-f354055f2855> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://dynamicdigitalinternet.com/internet-vs-world-wide-web | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572934.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916200355-20190916222355-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.934599 | 626 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Next: Optional Display Prev: Horizontal Scrolling Up: Display
Emacs has the ability to hide lines indented more than a certain
number of columns (you specify how many columns). You can use this to
get an overview of a part of a program.
To hide lines, type `C-x $' (`set-selective-display') with a numeric
argument N. Then lines with at least N columns of indentation
disappear from the screen. The only indication of their presence is
that three dots (`...') appear at the end of each visible line that is
followed by one or more invisible ones.
The commands `C-n' and `C-p' move across the invisible lines as if
they were not there.
The invisible lines are still present in the buffer, and most editing
commands see them as usual, so you may find point in the middle of
invisible text. When this happens, the cursor appears at the end of the
previous line, after the three dots. If point is at the end of the
visible line, before the newline that ends it, the cursor appears before
the three dots.
To make everything visible again, type `C-x $' with no argument.
automatically generated by info2www | <urn:uuid:2ce4871e-b578-44d1-8579-d3e343a30de2> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/info2www?(emacs)Selective%2520Display | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398465089.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205425-00312-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.86431 | 277 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Diseases of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract are still a pressing problem today. An increase in the frequency of pathological processes is noted among people regardless of their age, which is linked to improper nutrition, a preoccupation with fast food, and stress. For the most part, these diseases tend to be chronic and require lifelong treatment. Natural remedies for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, in particular, pine nuts, make it possible to carry out effective pathogenetic treatment and aid in the prevention of pathological processes.
Types of Gastrointestinal diseases, causes
Depending on the localization of the pathological process, the following gastrointestinal diseases may be distinguished:
- Pathology of the stomach (gastritis with increased or lifelong acidity, stomach ulcer, erosion).
- Diseases of the intestine (enteritis, disruption of the processes of digestion and the absorption of carbohydrates and gluten).
- Lesion of the large intestine (inflammatory, non-specific ulcerative colitis, radiation injury, Crohn’s disease).
- Pathology of the liver (hepatitis, hepatosis of various etiology), pathology of the pancreas (chronic pancreatitis), pathology of the structures of the hepatobiliary system (cholangitis, cholecystitis).
The development of gastrointestinal tract diseases may be caused by numerous various factors. The most common of these include:
- Improper nutrition—in particular, the lack of soups and broths, as well as vegetables and fruits in the diet, “eating on the run.”
- Regular stress. Under the influence of negative emotions and mental exhaustion, glucocorticoids, hormones of the adrenal cortex, are produced, which cause the formation of ulcers and erosion in the stomach and duodenum.
- Infections. Various pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi) may appear in the structures of the gastrointestinal tract and cause inflammation.
- Influence of negative environmental factors (ionizing radiation, toxins, including certain dyes and preservatives, medications).
- Hereditary predisposition.
A knowledge of the stimulating factors is essential for preventing the development of the diseases.
Influence of pine nut oil and pine nuts on the gastrointestinal tract
Siberian pine nut oil and pine nuts contain vitamins and organic compounds that have positive effects for digestive tract:
- The neutralization of free radicals, which are “fragments” of organic molecules containing unpaired electrons.
- The stimulation of regenerative processes (restoration) of damaged tissues.
- A reduction in the manifestation of the inflammatory reaction regardless of the origin of the disease.
- A modulation of the activity of all links of the immune response.
- A positive influence on the mucous membrane of the stomach and upper sections of the intestine, an influence that consists of protecting these organs from the actions of unfavorable factors.
- The suppression of the growth and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms—pine nut oil with resin contains secretions that lead to the destruction of microbes.
- The creation of a wholesome environment for the growth of beneficial flora.
Pine nut oil and pine nuts have a comprehensive influence. The joint action of all pine nut components increases the positive effect.
How to use
The comprehensive treatment of gastritis, enterocolitis, colitis and other digestive tract diseases involves the use of siberian pine nut oil internally, 5 ml (1 teaspoon), 3 times a day on an empty stomach at approximately equal intervals. Gastritis, enteritis and intestinal colitis may be prevented with the use of a prophylactic dosage of the oil, 5 ml once a day. The course of treatment or preventive treatment is four to six weeks.
Pine nut products’ rich set of substances is needed by every person and it makes these products not only beneficial but in certain circumstances even essential. Pine nut products are the phenomenon responsible for the robust health of the inhabitants of the Siberian taiga. It is thanks to this gift from nature itself that the inhabitants of Siberia have strong immune systems and great strength!
These articles come directly from researchers and are passed on to everybody. siberianpinenutoil.org assumes no liability for any content in these articles. For Educational purposes only. This information has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This information is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. | <urn:uuid:373e1234-2b7a-4224-850e-45eeb27f5c2e> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://siberianpinenutoil.org/en-de/pine-nut-oil-to-cure-the-digestive-tract-diseases-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487608856.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210613131257-20210613161257-00567.warc.gz | en | 0.898039 | 912 | 2.96875 | 3 |
He was the Once and Future prince. The most important boy in all of England, the entire hopes of a new dynasty rested upon Arthur Tudor. He became a bright and beautiful young man who spent his entire life in pursuit of greatness. He was a young scholar, a leader, a lord and a husband. Then his life was snatched from him, and Arthur faded into obscurity. Over the centuries Arthur has become a faint impression, overshadowed by his father Henry VII’s difficult final years as he coped with the loss of his son and wife; outshone by the plight of his beautiful princess left widowed and stranded in a foreign country; forever eclipsed by the legendary reign of his tyrannical yet charismatic brother Henry VIII. Arthur is a curiosity, an allegedly frail young man who accomplished little more than being the first husband of the mighty Katherine of Aragon, and whose wedding night would cause centuries of speculation and frenzied debate.
Prince Arthur: The Tudor King Who Never Was tells the story of the real Arthur, an influential figure in his own right, a thoughtful and well-loved young man who was on his way to becoming one of the most important figures in Europe. Dr. Sean Cunningham joins us today to discuss his new book, and the Tudor prince who had the potential to become one of history’s greatest kings.
Your research focuses on the Yorkist and early Tudor reigns, what was it about Prince Arthur that you found intriguing?
Prince Arthur seems to encapsulate the triumph, tragedy and contradictions of the Tudors in one short life.
His parents risked a great deal on his birth but then sent him away to be raised independently. He went on to rule the Marches of Wales as a king-in-waiting, hardly saw his parents, but remained at the core of Henry VII’s hopes for the long-term security of the Tudor royal family and its right to the crown.
Arthur’s marriage demonstrated the wealth and ambition of Henry VII but did not bring him physically into the arms of his family. He was the ultimate Tudor-insider; trained from birth to rule, but he was possibly a virtual stranger to some of his blood relatives. He absorbed his father’s attention and resources yet was also expected to learn how to be a king by ruling in his own right from the age of six (obviously with help).
Arthur’s death was a total shock. Henry VII had complete belief in God’s support and developed no Plan B to build Prince Henry’s skills in case Prince Arthur suffered any mishap. Arthur’s life had been an elaborate training programme in how to become king. His death caused a domino effect of disasters and events that lasted for at least sixty years. Without Arthur, Henry VII came to rely on a harsh and stifling system of rule that was aiming for survival after 1503, rather than anything more ambitious. That change in policy was driving the country towards civil war by the time the king died in April 1509.
Arthur’s life stands in the centre of Henry VII’s reign as the focus for many of the king’s policies and most of his concerns. The fact that Arthur is missing from so many of the narratives of the Tudor period when he had such a prominent role in the first Tudor reign, means that we cannot fully understand how the Tudor century fits together unless we put Arthur back into the picture.
I think that, while the importance of Arthur’s birth is always mentioned, it is still underestimated. Can you tell our readers about the significance of Arthur’s birth and what it meant to Henry VII and Elizabeth of York’s early reign?
Until the marriage of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York produced an heir there could not really be a claim that Lancaster and York had been united. Henry VII knew that he needed an heir but he gambled his crown, if not his life, on his first child being a healthy boy. The court and government moved to Winchester in August 1486 and the city was set up for the birth and christening of a baby boy who would be named after the legendary British king. That was a colossal risk – just like his march across Wales and England to the battle of Bosworth a year earlier.
Henry VII was already facing conspiracy in the royal household and open rebellion in the north and midlands. He needed all of his planning to fall into place to be able to unite the court and the wider political community behind him. The birth of Arthur enabled that to happen. Had events not turned out so strongly in Henry VII’s favour then Lambert Simnel’s serious rebellion of June 1487 would probably have been far-better supported. The kind of inaction and desertion that Richard III had suffered in August 1485 is likely to have been repeated at the battle of Stoke. Such difficulties might have made Henry VII’s reign as short as Richard III’s too. Instead of Arthur becoming a rallying point for the Tudor crown, any other outcome of Queen Elizabeth’s pregnancy might have set Henry VII on course for deposition before his reign had got going.
Looking at the political climate preceding Arthur’s birth and Henry VII’s own formative years, what factors influenced the forming of Arthur’s household?
The king and queen agreed to raise their infant prince in a palace forty-five miles from London, so it might be counter-intuitive to say, but security was probably a primary concern.
Arthur’s birth had fulfilled all of the hopes of King Henry and Queen Elizabeth, although perhaps for different personal reasons – she, that death had not claimed her in childbirth; and he, that Arthur now gave a focus for his regime’s development. Above all, Arthur’s safe arrival can only have confirmed to King Henry that God truly favoured him. An expectation of ongoing divine protection might have convinced the king to take the risk of establishing an independent life for his infant son.
Arthur’s residence at Farnham removed the regime’s heir from the dangers present in a royal household that was itself a melting pot of former loyalties. An act of parliament was necessary in 1487 to improve the policing of crown servants, and its text makes some reference to disturbances and plots that had already arisen. A balance of personnel still had to be found that protected the royal family but also supplied opportunity for former opponents to demonstrate their loyalty to the new king. Removing Arthur from that threat into a separate household made it easier to run his household as a secure institution.
In the first six years of his life, the prince’s residence was transformed from being a nursery into a small version of the king’s household structure. We see the replacement of nurses and cradle rockers with masters-at-arms, sewers and yeomen of the chamber. Even as a child, Arthur was encouraged to take opportunities to learn how to behave as the focus of servants and as a leader in ways that his father had never enjoyed in his own dislocated childhood.
When Henry VII had lived at Raglan and Weobley castles as a ward of the Herbert family, he had very little access to his mother. It is unlikely that Arthur was so isolated. Loss of records hides the details, but it might be the case that Henry sought a balance for Prince Arthur: far enough from London and his family to generate a sense of independence, self-reliance and toughness, but still near enough to have regular visits. The exchange of servants suggests that contact was frequent and performance in post well-monitored.
What do we know about Arthur’s education?
If Bernard André, his main tutor, is to be believed (and he was paid to be a sycophant), Arthur was a prodigious learner. By the age of eleven he was fluent in French and Latin and had learned several classical texts by heart. André used his European humanist contacts to push Arthur’s abilities further. He collected together the latest Renaissance texts – many of them very recent rediscoveries and new printings of Roman and Greek masters like Cicero, Quintilian, Tacitus and Thucydides. André also wrote some glosses and guidance of his own.
André joined Arthur’s household at Ludlow in 1496. Before then, the prince had been taught basic grammar, languages, history and natural science by John Rede, headmaster at Winchester School. Both he and André and bishops William Smith and John Alcock, who led the Council in the Marches, were from the same group of Oxford academics known to the king and Margaret Beaufort. They would have ensured consistency and the most up-to-date classroom education for Henry VII’s son.
The prince was assigned his own herald -Wallingford- at the age of three when he became Prince of Wales in 1489. That might have marked the start of some basic learning in heraldry, history, genealogy – Arthur’s own family history!
While at Farnham we know that Henry learned to ride and became a fine archer. We don’t know what his physical military training was like but he had impressive armour made for him. His officers and friends could assemble a large army of cavalry, archers and billmen from his marcher estates and he would have learned the skills of leadership (he was probably conscious that many of his predecessors as Prince of Wales had been bloodied in battle before the age of sixteen). Henry VII would not have neglected that side of his learning.
Arthur’s other training that was most relevant to his future role as king would have come from observing and repeating the responsibilities given to his advisers and officials. That was how he would have mastered the application of the law or efficiency in running his manors, woods and estates.
Other skills, like to ability to judge character and personality could only have come from interaction and conversation. So Arthur would also have had an active social side to his education, as seen in the evidence of his numerous visits and travels within the marcher counties.
Because of Arthur’s youth his role as lord of his household is often overlooked. Had Arthur lived after the first year of his marriage, what might some of his continuing responsibilities have encompassed?
Since Arthur’s role on the Welsh Marches was designed to supply him with the broad skills of kingship, it is unlikely that he would have continued there indefinitely once his marriage had settled down. The Council of the Marchers had been re-established before Arthur went to live in Ludlow and continued in the king’s name after Arthur died.
So it seems likely that a period of transition would have commenced with Arthur returning to live in one of the Thames valley palaces near London. That move would have allowed him to integrate himself with the king’s counsellors and familiarise himself with the machinery of central government. Arthur could then have scaled-up the practical and social expertise he had already developed to in the more dynamic world of the king’s household and court.
Part of the plan would have been to welcome a pregnant Princess Catherine; something that would again have changed the dynamics of the regime in a very positive way. Henry VII might then have felt that he could abdicate and pass on responsibility on his own terms to an heir who was fully prepared to rule in his own right.
Arthur is often seen as much younger than his bride Katherine of Aragon, despite being only a year younger, how do you think this idea developed?
Partly because she lived to marry Henry VIII and grow older. Back-projecting Catherine’s life in England made it very difficult to go beyond 1509 because so few people remembered Arthur when he had been alive. By 1530, even the king might have struggled to recall his dead brother. Henry’s role as an eleven-year-old at the wedding festivities of Arthur and Catherine may have been the single occasion when he spent a meaningful period of time with his brother. Thirty years later that memory might have been a little blurred.
The youngest of the men and women who gave statements in 1527-28 at the inquiry into the validity of Catherine’s marriage to Prince Arthur were perhaps in their late-forties. Discussing events that had happened at the very start of the century might have seemed like an age away. Arthur was very firmly part of that period. He would have been recalled as a youth. Because Arthur died, whatever memories people had of him were frozen while the first Tudor prince was a bright-eyed teenager fresh from his own wedding.
Catherine might also have seemed more mature to English observers. At the age of sixteen many girls are more developed than boys of the same age. Historical hindsight over a great span of years makes it equally difficult to pinpoint when puberty ran its course. That could have been a factor in Arthur’s appearance and his behaviour towards his wife in 1501-02. Being only slightly older in 1501 might then have made her appear far more mature than Henry. The fact that she was Spanish, had endured a challenging journey to her wedding, and had brought many novel and surprising practices, clothes, and hundreds of pairs of platform shoes to England, might also have made her seem more exotic and worldly-wise than her husband.
How did the legend of King Arthur inform Prince Arthur’s life?
Just by naming his son Arthur, King Henry made the connection in people’s minds. The prince immediately had an image to emulate. Caxton’s printed version of Mallory’s Morte d’Arthur had appeared the year before Arthur was born. The legendary story would have been fresh in the minds of literate lords and gentry. So Arthur’s training could aspire to turn the prince into a ‘paragon of generosity, affluence, courage, military success, and courtliness’ (ODNB). All were admirable attributes that would have served any king well.
King Arthur’s role in uniting the country in the face of invaders and external threats was also a good point of reference to bring to mind in 1486. Since his father was wily enough to realise that his accession had not ended the Wars of the Roses, Arthur would be presented as a prince who could unite the nation and its people in the face of the king’s enemies; but only if he was supported by all subjects.
The Arthurian connection was also important in attracting support. The Mortimer ancestors of the queen had a very strong tradition of association with King Arthur and the older rulers of Britain. A prince named Arthur who also inherited that ancestry and was also able to claim its support in the Welsh Marches provided a strong anchor for the Tudor crown.
I think that anyone interested in Tudor history will speculate about what sort of king Arthur would have made at some point. Do you think that he is sometimes romanticised in light of his brother Henry VIII’s often tyrannical behaviour?
Arthur’s marriage at fifteen years acknowledged that he was on the cusp of adulthood. Unlike his father, who as far as we know had received no formal training as a leader, Arthur had been learning how to rule from the time that he was two or three weeks old. Although this would have been a gradual process, Arthur lived his entire life in an environment that was set up to provide training in decision-making and leadership.
Henry VII probably wanted his son to follow his example and rule in a similar way. The king’s period of harsh rule, ‘rule by recognisance’ and the rise of powerful but low-ranking ministers did not emerge until Prince Arthur and the queen were dead by 1503.
If there is one thing you would like readers to take away with them about Arthur’s life, what would it be?
The he was on course to be a great king. Arthur had been bred to rule. At a young age, he seems to have mastered many of the mechanical aspects of being a leading noble– managing land and estate officials, running the law in his region, controlling his household and its staff. Unlike the general impression given by some Victorian writers, Arthur was very active and there is no evidence that he was sickly or ill until his final few days of life. He travelled widely and in meeting people he would have learned the inter-personal skills needed to understand and lead life at court. Reports suggest that he was a well-rounded and experienced young man; perhaps a little weighed down by his father’s expectation, but fully prepared for life as king.
His father wanted to pass on the crown in a controlled way. Arthur had been through most of the stages of development that King Henry had planned. After Arthur’s marriage in November 1501, the next stage in this process was for him to become a father. Had that happened, and had Arthur survived his illness at the end of March 1502, then Henry VII could have felt very confident in passing on the crown once his son had reached adulthood.
The period of harsh rule that Henry VII is most notorious for emerged only after Arthur and Queen Elizabeth had died and in response to the dangerous situation that their deaths left him in. Dealing with their loss and the instability that it brought, was partly to blame for the rapid decline in the king’s health and a change in the nature of his kingship from 1504. Had Arthur lived then the king and queen would probably not have felt so compelled to try to have another child. Henry VII might have ruled for longer but with Arthur by his side in the last stages of his training. King Henry’s final years as king would almost certainly have been more harmonious and constructive than they turned out to be in reality.
Henry, duke of York had to step into the role of Prince of Wales; only without a decade a specific education and training for the role behind him. The last years of Henry VII’s reign tried to salvage something from the disaster of family deaths and the loss of experienced allies like Reginald Bray who had held government together. Had Arthur been awaiting his chance to rule then sixteenth century England would have been a very different place to the one we are now familiar with.
Prince Arthur : The Tudor King Who Never Was by Sean Cunningham. Published by Amberley Publishing 2016.
During the early part of the sixteenth century England should have been ruled by King Arthur Tudor, not Henry VIII. Had the first-born son of Henry VII – Arthur, Prince of Wales (1486-1502) – lived into adulthood, his younger brother Henry would never have become King Henry VIII. The subsequent history of England would have been very different; since the massive religious, social and political changes of the Henry VIII’s reign might not have been necessary at all. In naming his eldest son Arthur, Henry VII was making an impressive statement about what the Tudors hoped to achieve as rulers within Britain. Since the story of Arthur as a British hero was very well-known to all ranks of the crown’s subjects, the name alone gave the young prince a great deal to live up to. Through Arthur’s education, exposure to power and responsibility, his key marriage to a Spanish princess, Catherine of Aragon, and his preparation for kingship, did Henry VII hope to shape his heir into a paragon of kingship that all of Britain could look up to? This biography explores all of these aspects of Prince Arthur’s life, his relationship with his brother and imagines what type of king he might have been.
Pictures ©Sean Cunningham. Used with permission. Do not reproduce.
Dr Sean Cunningham, is Head of Medieval Records at the UK National Archives. He main interest is in British history in the period c.1450-1558. Sean has published many studies of politics, society and warfare, especially in the early Tudor period, including Henry VII in the Routledge Historical Biographies series and his new book, Prince Arthur: The Tudor King Who Never Was, for Amberley. Sean is about to start researching the private spending accounts of the royal chamber under Henry VII and Henry VIII for a new project with Winchester and Sheffield Universities. He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society and co-convenor of the Late Medieval Seminar at London’s Institute of Historical Research. | <urn:uuid:3cabce07-b96b-48cb-80f7-ae2ba5c16cb4> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://nerdalicious.com.au/history/prince-arthur-the-tudor-king-who-never-was-with-sean-cunningham/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814566.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223094934-20180223114934-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.988634 | 4,223 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Thor and the Nordic welfare state: Not so Nordic, after all
Something quite similar has happened with the concept of the ‘Nordic welfare state’. There is no exact definition of that term, and if you use it in order to denote a welfare system with particular design features – emphasis on universal (as opposed to means-tested) benefits, financing through progressive taxation rather than social insurance contributions, etc. – I’ll let you off the hook. But most of the time, the term ‘Nordic welfare state’ is used in the sense of ‘a welfare state which is exceptionally large, encompassing and progressive’. And that usage is not correct.
The graph below shows net social expenditure in high-income countries as a proportion of GDP. This is the best measure for international comparisons, because it automatically corrects for cross-country differences in the tax treatment of social transfers. Suppose in one country, the poorest X% of the population receive a tax-free income transfer of £800. In an otherwise identical country, the poorest X% receive a transfer of £1000, but the transfer is subject to an income tax payment of £200. In a comparison of gross social spending, it would appear as if the second country had a much larger welfare state. In a comparison of net spending, the countries would appear identical.
For most countries, the difference between gross and net social spending is not very large, because benefit income is usually not heavily taxed. The gross/net distinction can therefore, for a lot of purposes, be ignored as a technicality. But there are exceptions, and the Nordic countries are among them. Once transfer income is adjusted for direct taxes levied on it, the Nordics cease to be exceptional. After the adjustment, it is still not incorrect to say that the Nordic welfare states are large – but it is wrong to insinuate that welfare state largesse is a specifically Scandinavian property. It is really a property which the Nordics share with many other countries, so there is no reason to single them out in this regard.
Net social expenditure (public and publicly mandated) in % of GDP, 2011
-based on OECD data
The graph shows that France and Belgium are the real Big Welfare countries, that Anglosphere countries are overrepresented at the opposite end, while the Nordics do not even form a visible cluster of their own. There is simply nothing very special about them. Some of the Mediterranean countries’ position at the high end has probably more to do with the euro crisis rather than with a deliberately adopted social model, but the broad pattern still stands.
You get a similar impression if you rank welfare states by the extent to which they reduce a country’s Gini coefficient, or by various indices of ‘progressivity’: The Nordic welfare states are very progressive and very redistributive, but not outstandingly so. These features are common to many welfare states, and there is no reason to attribute them specifically to the Nordic countries.
So why do we continue to hear eulogies for the Nordic welfare state as if it were a unique and outstanding model? Presumably, the reason is simply that this produces the desired result. People from across the political spectrum see the Nordic countries as successful economies from which a lot can be learned. “Big Government works – look at Sweden!” sounds more credible than “Big Government works – look at Italy!”. The Nordic countries are international outliers, but in a very different respect: They offer a combination of factors which makes them uniquely resilient to Big Government policies. That, however, is a topic for another blog. | <urn:uuid:5f2e6bb9-66bc-4eed-a5af-fbef73fab5a4> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://iea.org.uk/blog/thor-and-the-nordic-welfare-state-not-so-nordic-after-all | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103645173.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629211420-20220630001420-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.955459 | 759 | 2.625 | 3 |
One in three women of reproductive age have at least one chronic condition that could compromise their health or lead to adverse outcomes during pregnancy, according to University of Utah Health scientists.
Yet few of these women are using the most effective forms of contraception to prevent unplanned pregnancies. The researchers say this could be a sign that women with preexisting health problems aren’t receiving adequate counseling about the safest and most effective birth control options for them.
“The prevalence of chronic health conditions among reproductive-age women is surprising because we think of them as being one of our healthiest populations,” says Lori Gawron, first author of the study and an assistant professor of in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology at U of U Health. “Unfortunately, many of these women aren’t seeing an OB/GYN until they are pregnant. That suggests to me that there are a lot of missed opportunities in the health care system to make sure these women understand the risks of pregnancy, particularly if their disease isn’t under control.”
The study appears in the November issue of the Journal of General Internal Medicine.
Among the women at risk for complications during pregnancy are those who have a history of heart disease, breast cancer, epilepsy, high blood pressure and diabetes. In all, the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) lists 21 preexisting conditions that could pose an unacceptable health risk, especially if the pregnancy is unplanned.
In these cases, the CDC suggests doctors counsel their patients about long-acting, highly effective contraceptive methods, such as an intrauterine device (IUD) or contraceptive implant, to prevent unintended pregnancies until the preexisting conditions are stabilized and the woman chooses to become pregnant.
To determine what impact these recommendations are having in the Mountain West, Gawron and her colleagues used the Utah Population Database to identify nearly 742,000 reproductive-age women, ages 16 to 49, who had sought treatment for any condition at either U of U Health or Intermountain Healthcare over a five-year span, beginning in 2010.
The researchers then identified billing and diagnostic codes from these health care systems, two of the largest in the Mountain West, to pinpoint diseases among these women that could compromise health during pregnancy. In addition to the ailments listed by the CDC, the researchers tagged several other conditions such as depression, asthma and thyroid problems that are suspected of complicating gestation.
The research team found that nearly 33% of the women studied had at least one chronic condition that could adversely impact their health while pregnant. Yet, based on medical records, less than 8% of those women were using the most highly effective forms of birth control. This is a concern since previous research found women with chronic conditions have a greater risk of unplanned pregnancy, as well as increased risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, when compared to healthy women.
“The reasons for unintended pregnancy vary,” says Jessica Sanders, family planning research director at U of U Health. “Women with chronic conditions may have competing priorities. When you’re trying to balance out your health care concerns [and] your medication use, thinking seriously about contraception can be overwhelming. However, this also presents health care providers with a tremendous opportunity to increase awareness of and access to forms of contraception that are acceptable to these women so they can optimize their health prior to pregnancy and achieve their reproductive goals without medical complications.”
Cost, personal preference and insurance are all factors in birth control choice. For instance, in this study the researchers found that women on Medicare or Medicaid were more likely to have a record of IUDs or contraceptive implants than women who were uninsured or had private insurance.
But misinformation is also a big factor, Gawron says. In fact, studies suggest that some women believe or are told that they are infertile because of their chronic health conditions. So, they are less likely to prioritize contraception.
Gawron and Sanders urge primary care practitioners as well as women with chronic conditions to become better informed about the potential risks involved with pregnancy. If necessary, physicians should refer these women to a reproductive health provider for additional advice and counseling.
“It is completely up to the woman with a chronic condition and her family to determine if she wants to become pregnant,” Gawron says. “But I want her to understand what the risks are ahead of time. If she isn’t willing to take those risks, then she should be using the safest and most effective birth control method that works for her.”
In addition to Gawron and Sanders, co-authors of the study were Katherine Sward, Azadeh Poursaid, Rebecca Simmons and David Turok from U of U Health. The research was supported by the University of Utah Center for Clinical & Translational Science and the Program in Personalized Health Collaborative Pilot Project Grant.
UNIVERSITY OF UTAH | <urn:uuid:bc81be3e-6f00-4cbc-ad29-776eba36e469> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.healthcanal.com/pregnancy-childbirth/249488-one-third-of-reproductive-age-women-have-health-conditions-that-may-complicate-pregnancy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703495936.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210115164417-20210115194417-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.967757 | 1,009 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The Linux word count command is named
wc command counts the number of characters, words, and lines that are contained in a text stream. If that sounds simple or boring, it's anything but; the
wc command can be used in Linux command pipelines to do all sorts of interesting things.
Let's take a look at some Linux
wc command examples to show the power of this terrific little command. | <urn:uuid:2d024120-eb3f-4c46-8031-986df31f1d61> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://alvinalexander.com/category/tags/word-count | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256600.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522002845-20190522024845-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.90849 | 85 | 2.890625 | 3 |
From: NASA Office of Inspector General
Posted: Monday, March 28, 2016
WHY WE PERFORMED THIS AUDIT
NASA's Ground Systems Development and Operations (GSDO) Program is responsible for preparing the Kennedy Space Center (Kennedy) to launch the next generation of rockets and spacecraft, including the Space Launch System (SLS) and Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (Orion) NASA plans to use for deep space exploration. To accomplish this mission, the GSDO Program must move vehicles to launch pads, manage and operate the equipment required to connect spacecraft with rockets, and send the integrated vehicles into space. As part of this effort, the GSDO Program is developing the Spaceport Command and Control System (SCCS) a software system that will control pumps, motors, valves, power supplies, and other ground equipment; record and retrieve data from systems before and during launch; and monitor the health and status of spacecraft as they prepare for and launch. To create the SCCS, NASA is writing a large amount of computer code to "glue" together multiple existing software products or, in some cases, the parts of those products the Agency deems most effective for its purposes.
In the past, NASA has experienced difficulties with similar large, complex software development efforts. For example, between 1995 and 2002, the Agency spent more than $500 million on two separate attempts to update command and control software at Kennedy. Both efforts failed to meet their objectives and were substantially scaled back or cancelled prior to completion.
In this audit we examined whether NASA is effectively managing the SCCS software development effort. To complete this objective, we performed work at Kennedy, interviewed GSDO Program officials and commercial companies involved with command and control software, and reviewed various studies concerning the SCCS, Federal laws, and NASA policies.
WHAT WE FOUND
The SCCS development effort has significantly exceeded initial cost and schedule estimates. Compared to fiscal year 2012 projections, development costs have increased approximately 77 percent to $207.4 million and the release of a fully operational version has slipped by 14 months from July 2016 to September 2017. In addition, several planned capabilities have been deferred because of cost and timing pressures, including the ability to automatically detect the root cause of specific equipment and system failures. Without this information, it will be more difficult for controllers and engineers to quickly diagnose and resolve issues. Although NASA officials believe the SCCS will operate safely without these capabilities, they acknowledge the reduced capability could affect the ability to react to unexpected issues during launch operations and potentially impact the launch schedule for the combined SLS-Orion system.
The root of these issues largely results from NASA's implementation of its June 2006 decision to integrate multiple products or, in some cases, parts of products rather than developing software in-house or buying an off-the-shelf product. Writing computer code to "glue" together disparate products has turned out to be more complex and expensive than anticipated. As of January 2016, Agency personnel had developed 2.5 million lines of "glue-ware," with almost two more years of development activity planned. In comparison, NASA reengineered the Hubble Space Telescope command and control system with approximately 500,000 lines of "glue-ware" code.
Audit of the Spaceport Command and Control System March28,2016 IG-16-015 (A-15-008-00)SCCS Project managers told us the decision to develop SCCS in this manner was motivated by several factors. Managers did not want to rely on a single company's software because if that company encountered financial difficulties or stopped providing technical support NASA's space exploration efforts could be negatively impacted. In addition, at the time the decision was made, managers believed the effort to integrate the various software products would not be overly time-consuming or technically complex. While that decision may have been reasonable based on what managers knew at the time, it is now clear they underestimated the complexity of the software integration activities that would be required.
In the past, NASA has encountered difficulties with large and complex command and control software development efforts, failing on two occasions to meet expected requirements despite spending more than $500 million. In something of a repeat of this pattern, the SCCS development effort is more than 1 year behind schedule and significantly over cost, and several planned software capabilities have been deferred.
NASA made its decision regarding the SCCS software architecture nearly 10 years ago, but in our view this may no longer be the most prudent course of action given significant advances in commercial command and control software over that time. For example, the two companies under contract with NASA to deliver supplies to the International Space Station Orbital Sciences Corporation and Space Exploration Technologies both use commercial software products to accomplish their missions. In our judgment, the GSDO Program's reluctance to change course reflects a cultural legacy at NASA of over-optimism and over-promising what the Agency can achieve in a specific timeframe.
WHAT WE RECOMMENDED
In a draft of this report, we recommended the Associate Administrator for Human Exploration and Operations commission an independent assessment to evaluate the status of the SCCS software development effort and determine the necessary steps to reduce the risk of further cost, schedule, and performance issues, including consideration of acquiring commercial command and control software to replace some or all of the system currently under development.
NASA agreed to conduct an independent assessment of the command and control system once software for Exploration Mission-1 the first launch of the combined SLS-Orion system scheduled for November 2018 is successfully delivered. We consider management's plan responsive to our recommendation. Therefore, the recommendation is resolved and will be closed upon completion and verification of the proposed corrective action.
// end // | <urn:uuid:ab842c70-18ea-4a37-83d1-f057e2319504> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=48624 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742793.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115161834-20181115183106-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.951945 | 1,168 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Human genetic and in vivo animal studies have helped to define the critical importance of podocytes for kidney function in health and disease. However, as in any other research area, by default these approaches do not allow for mechanistic studies. Such mechanistic studies require the availability of cells grown ex vivo (i.e., in culture) with the ability to directly study mechanistic events and control the environment such that specific hypotheses can be tested. A seminal breakthrough came about a decade ago with the documentation of differentiation in culture of primary rat and human podocytes and the subsequent development of conditionally immortalized differentiated podocyte cell lines that allow deciphering the decisive steps of differentiation and function of 'in vivo' podocytes. Although this paper is not intended to provide a comprehensive review of podocyte biology, nor their role in proteinuric renal diseases or progressive glomerulosclerosis, it will focus specifically on several aspects of podocytes in culture. In particular, we will discuss the scientific and research rationale and need for cultured podocytes, how podocyte cell-culture evolved, and how cultured podocytes are currently being used to uncover novel functions of podocytes that can then be validated in vivo in animal or human studies. In addition, we provide a detailed description of how to properly culture and characterize podocytes to avoid potential pitfalls. | <urn:uuid:220acd59-9fd9-409a-8063-8d64815ea012> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17457377/?dopt=Abstract | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488534413.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623042426-20210623072426-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.923088 | 265 | 2.609375 | 3 |
For centuries, the majesty and mystery of the Great Smoky Mountains have lured mankind. The Cherokee were among the first to build thriving communities here, and backcountry frontiersmen were next to put down roots. In time visitors arrived eager to take in the cool mountain air and returned home with stories of “hillbillies.”
Eventually, civic boosters from western North Carolina and east Tennessee took note and began advocating for the protection of the Great Smoky Mountains. Before a national park could be established, though, there were competing interests to be sorted and a consideration of the lives affected.
Highlights of The Great Smoky Mountains National Park include:
• Draws attention to the region’s photographers such as James E. “Jim” Thompson, E.C. “Jack” Huff, Walter M. Cline Sr., Louis E. Jones, and George Masa and the role their images played in the campaign to establish the national park and subsequently in attracting tourists to the mountains
• Showcases a number of rare postcards held by private collectors
• Deals with regional stereotypes such as the “liquored-
Available at area bookstores, independent retailers, and online retailers, or through Arcadia Publishing at (888)-313-2665 or online.
Arcadia Publishing is the leading publisher of local and regional history in the United States. Our mission is to make history accessible and meaningful through the publication of books on the heritage of America’s people and places. Have we done a book on your town? Visit arcadiapublishing.com. | <urn:uuid:473ca0a9-fbf1-4053-b4d2-a1dbd2450456> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.prlog.org/12026404-great-smoky-mountains-featured-in-new-book.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042992201.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002312-00001-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951396 | 327 | 2.78125 | 3 |
by Joe Lello
Most would agree that the pinnacle of ORMUS production techniques would have to be the classic sodium burn method, introduced to us by an individual whom, for purposes of the Internet, prefers to remain known only as The Essene. The sodium burn method is quite effective at disaggregating metals, but it unfortunately requires the experimenter to handle a fairly spirited if not downright dangerous substance - namely elemental sodium metal. Sodium metal itself is both caustic and toxic, but much more problematic is the fact that elemental Sodium spontaneously breaks down water into its component parts, Hydrogen and Oxygen, immediately upon contact. This reaction occurs so quickly and so violently that it produces a great quantity of heat, which more often than not ignites the highly flammable Hydrogen gas, and that Hydrogen gas then burns even more fiercely due to the presence of all that free Oxygen. If a large enough quantity of sodium metal is involved, sufficient heat may be generated by these burning gases to reach a temperature where the sodium metal itself may then ignite - and now you've got some serious fireworks on your hands!
While elemental sodium metal can be safely handled with the use of a little common sense, it is possible to attain results rivaling those of a sodium burn, by utilizing a much tamer substance - namely the hydroxide of sodium, more commonly known as lye. This process has come to be known as a "lye fusion" or lye burn. It works well with black volcanic sand and it works very well with copper metal. Unfortunately it has not proven very effective with gold metal, however when you consider that the cost of a pound of sodium metal is roughly $150 vs. an 18 oz. container of lye at three dollars and change - it makes pretty good sense to save the sodium metal for use with gold or other precious metals.
It has been stated that Red Devil brand lye is almost as pure as reagent-grade sodium hydroxide. Others claim that it contains contaminates. The author knows of at least a dozen people who have been using Red Devil lye in their alchemical Workings and ingesting the end products for years, and they are all still alive and kicking - but if you are a perfectionist and worried about every part per gazillion of contaminates, lab-grade sodium hydroxide is readily available, of course at a significantly higher cost.
Perhaps this is also a good time to mention another controversy: that of glass vessels vs. boiling lye. For all of you self-proclaimed scientific geniuses out there who are so fond of pointing out that boiling lye reacts with glass, the author has used the same Pyrex glass boiling crucible at least 25 times now with no appreciable signs of attack other than a fine white film on the inner surface of the crucible, and that is only in some spots. The ancient alchemist had no such advantage as corrosion-resistant borosilicate glassware to work with, yet somehow they got the job done without perishing. It is this author's opinion that, especially for a beginner, the advantages of being able to see and more precisely control the boiling process far outweigh any "danger of contamination" from lye attacking the glass.
The lye fusion method is a relatively straight-forward procedure. If you can afford it, a sturdy, covered titanium crucible seems to be preferred for working with either elemental Sodium metal or Sodium Hydroxide. If you cannot obtain a titanium vessel, acceptable results can be had by using a crucible made from 1810 stainless steel. Generally, a small 5-inch or 6-inch diameter stainless steel cooking pot with a well-fitting stainless steel lid makes an acceptable vessel. Make sure to remove any plastic handles or knobs that may be present, and plug up any left-over holes with a stainless steel nut and bolt. Another caution - make sure the handle is not riveted on with aluminum rivets. The aluminum rivets will melt almost as soon as your crucible hits the fire (...don't ask me how I know this!) and should the aluminum metal make it's way into the lye - toxic compounds will be formed and your project will be ruined. Drill any aluminum rivets out and replace them with stainless steel nuts and bolts, or simply leave the handle off and plug up the holes with stainless hardware.
Many inexpensive small cooking pots have an aluminum-filled base plate attached to the bottom of the pan to assist in evenly distributing the heat when used at normal cook stove temperatures. Try to avoid using this type of pot. When used as a crucible, the aluminum layer will melt and ooze out of the cracks around the bottom of the pot. While this may not seem all that problematic at first glance, keeping those blobs of melted aluminum from reacting with the lye solution just makes one more thing to have to deal with unnecessarily when you already have enough to keep you busy.
If you are unsure of the composition of your crucible - do a dry run in the fire first and see how it reacts. Better to find out you've got a problem with an empty crucible, instead of a pot full of valuable prima materia. Heating the crucible to red heat will also remove any traces of oils, waxes or chemicals that may be present.
Aside from the monetary savings, another big advantage to using lye is that it is a finely divided material, generally present as small beads or granules. The small grains mix more intimately with the materia than large, jaggedly-cut, hurriedly-arranged chunks of sodium metal. If you intend to do a burn using Copper or other metal, take a thin sheet (foil is best) of your metal about 5 inches square and hammer it out as thin as you can with a ball peen hammer. You may not notice much happening with metals that are harder and less malleable than gold, but hammer it out anyway - since you are putting a little of yourself and your intent into the Work this way. Next, using a sturdy pair of scissors, cut the hammered sheet into strips about 1/8th of an inch wide. Then take 3 or 4 strips at a time in hand and cut them off into the smallest flakes you can make. The flakes should be no larger than this letter "X."
Copper flakes ready to mix with lye granules.
If you are going to do a burn of black volcanic sand, put about 1/4 cup of your sand into your prepared crucible and place it on the stove at the very lowest heat setting, uncovered, for about 10-15 minutes to drive out any moisture. When you think the sand is dry enough, place the cover on the crucible and set it aside to cool. When the crucible is cool enough to hold in your hand, remove the top and add about 1 to 1-1/2 cups (8 to 12 oz.) of lye. Put the cover back on and shake thoroughly to mix the lye and the sand together well. For metal flakes, a swirling motion works best for this.
A good source of heat for the lye fusion process is a propane "turkey cooker." These are readily available (especially after the Thanksgiving holiday) from most discount, department or dollar stores for somewhere in the neighborhood of 40 dollars (US). WalMart and Sears Hardware stores often "blow them out" on clearance sales for as little as $14.99 per unit! Try to find one that is rated at least 145,000 BTU. A turkey cooker offers a distinct advantage over other types of propane burners in that it is already set up with an acceptable platform upon which to place the crucible. The author uses a large de-commissioned propane space heater sold by W.W. Grainger that produces 250,000 BTU of heat. It is a great big bear of a burner, good for outdoor use in cold climates, but it does not come with a ready-to-use platform for the crucible. You'll have to rig something up yourself.
The author's "Big Bear" of a burner.
Be advised: If you want to be able to attain cherry-red heat outdoors, even in very cold ambient temperatures, you are going to need a BIG burner. It is also a good idea to set up some sort of a wind-break around your burner. CBS blocks or bricks are the best bet, but wood may also be used if sufficiently insulated by facing it with foil-backed insulation or sheet metal on 1/4" standoffs.
A suitable wind-break helps to conserve heat.
A further aid to getting enough heat is a heat-concentrator or shroud. This can be made from a piece of sheet metal or a length of stovepipe. Place the concentrator around the crucible to further increase the heat on those c-o-l-d northern days.
A sheet-metal heat-concentrating shroud.
Place your crucible and its contents onto the burner platform and place a 2-3 lb. weight on the lid. A metal barbell weight works well for this. If nothing else, find a good-sized rock or a brick. Avoid using concrete, as concrete tends to "explode" when heated rapidly due to the expansion of trapped internal moisture. Try to get your crucible centered over the burner as best you can. Some re-positioning of the crucible may be necessary once you fire it up, so have some sort of implement ready. Fireplace tongs work nicely for this, and it also wouldn't hurt to have a good pair of welders gloves handy. Fire up the burner and try to get the crucible completely engulfed in the flame so it is heated as evenly as possible.
There are generally no pyrotechnic flare-ups with lye, like you occasionally have with a sodium burn, but there are still plenty of toxic vapors coming off of the mixture so stay upwind of the burner. Ideally, your crucible should get red-hot, at least the lower 1/3 of it. Once the crucible reaches glowing red heat, time the burn for at least 30 minutes. You can let it go for an hour if you want to, but the author has obtained good results at 30 minutes with both volcanic sand and Copper metal. When you think your mixture has cooked sufficiently, cut the heat off and take a break.
Remove the weight from the lid of the crucible as soon as you turn off the flame - since this will usually take much longer to cool than the crucible itself and it's entire contents. When the crucible is cool to the touch, remove the lid. It may be necessary to tap the cover of the crucible gently around its circumference with a small hammer to get it to loosen up and come off.
Remember people, this is highly caustic LYE - chunks of it may go flying around >>> ONE SPECK OF IT IN YOUR EYE WILL BLIND YOU FOR LIFE! <<< Always use safety goggles or safety glasses. Work near a sink and have a bucket of fresh water on hand to use for an emergency eye-rinse. A bottle of vinegar to neutralize any lye burns on the skin is also a good idea.
The contents of the crucible should now look kind of like solidified oatmeal.
Inside the crucible after a burn.
Unlike a sodium burn, the material in the pan is still very water soluble after a lye burn! Anyone who has ever spent a few hours with their hands stuck in a plastic bag, chipping and smashing chunks of caustic sodium-metal "cement" loose from the bottom of a steel pan will definitely appreciate this point. Set the crucible down into the bottom of a large plastic bucket and SLOWLY add distilled water to it, stirring with a large plastic or stainless-steel spoon. When no more of the burned material will dissolve into that batch of distilled water, dump the water out into another plastic bucket and add some more fresh distilled water. Continue this procedure until the crucible is empty.
Pour the dissolved material, and any leftover sand, metal, or what-have-you into a 2 quart stainless-steel pot (or Pyrex casserole) with a well-fitting lid. Add more 1:8 lye solution [16 oz. lye to 1 gallon distilled water] if necessary to bring the level up to within an inch of the rim of the pot. Again, it is a good idea to put a weight on the lid to keep as much steam from escaping as possible. Bring the solution to a GENTLE ROLLING BOIL over a GAS flame, and boil for 4 - 6 hours, adding more pre-heated distilled water periodically as needed to keep the level constant.
[Note: When a lye menstruum such as this begins to boil, it boils ALL AT ONCE, and it will immediately boil over if the flame is set anywhere above a bare minimum. Trust me - this makes a hell of a mess, not to mention the hazard to people, pets, etc. If you start out with a medium flame to "get it going" - STAY RIGHT THERE WITH IT UNTIL IT BEGINS TO BOIL and immediately reduce the flame to a minimum to keep it from boiling over. If you do not heed this advice, you will sorely wish that you had.]
Allow the solution sufficient time to cool and settle. Unfortunately, this might take an entire day...or longer. If you have ever done anything that has anything at all to do with Alchemy, then you know it takes a lot of PATIENCE. Nothing will come of this procedure that will make anything happen in a hurry. We're not baking a cake here. This isn't moonshine we're brewing. In most cases, the effects of M-state materials take months and years to manifest, so WHAT'S YOUR HURRY? If you allow sufficient time for the material to settle, your menstruum will be almost crystal-clear and it will filter quite quickly and easily. If you rush it - you will clog your filter paper and it will wind up taking even longer to get the job done.
The best method is to siphon the top liquid off of the settled solids using a length of vinyl tubing (like air tubing used with an aquarium). If, however, you are one of those people that just never got the hang of starting a siphon, you can simply use a ladle to scoop out the liquid slowly so as not to disturb the settled solids. Whichever method you choose, when the liquid level gets low, removing the last of it will be a little easier if you cant the vessel to one side by propping it up underneath one edge with something.
The best method is of course is to vacuum filter the menstruum with a Buchner funnel and a 1 micron glass filter, however this is not absolutely necessary. Even if you plan to do a vacuum filtration, you will still need to pre-filter the material. Shown below is a method of filtering that has proven to work well either as a prelude to vacuum filtering or as an end in itself. Obtain some stainless steel strainers (try a dollar store) and stack 5 coffee filters into each of three strainers. Place 3 clothespins evenly spaced around the rim of the first strainer, and pre-wet the filters with distilled water. Repeat with the second strainer, then place the second strainer inside the first, resting it's clothespins directly on top of the first set of clothespins. Repeat with the third strainer. Some juggling of the clothespins may be necessary to get everything situated, but once everything is in place, the setup will remain stable throughout the procedure.
A handy setup for pre-filtering.
If you do not have a large Pyrex beaker, find a suitable container like a wide-mouthed gallon jug or a large bowl and position the strainers up above it as best you can. Slowly add your menstruum until it all filters down into the container. After filtering, the liquid should be as clear as vodka. If it is not, repeat the procedure with fresh filters. (If your liquid is still cloudy after 30 coffee filters - there's something wrong with your eyes, or your filters!)
For this portion of the process it is best to use a pH meter with decent resolution, preferably one that has temperature compensation. Simple pH paper simply cannot successfully be used for this. Why, you ask? Because unless you have eyes like an oriental pearl sorter, it is impossible to discern a fraction of a pH point with pH paper, not to mention the fact that you will need about 200 pieces of pH paper every time that you do this. Practically every piece of lab equipment used in Alchemy can be fudged with kitchenware or other common items, but not the pH meter, sorry. If you are serious about alchemical Work, break down and buy a decent meter, and I don't mean one of those $39 specials suitable only for checking your salt-water aquarium. Get yourself a real pH meter. Probably the best-known source for pH meters is Hanna Instrument Co. and their most economical, yet still decent meter would be the HI8314.
Assuming that you have a decent pH meter, put a sufficient quantity of your menstruum into a large beaker or other Pyrex glass container, position the meter probe(s) and begin stirring the solution with a glass rod or nylon spoon. Be sure the stirring tool is resistant to room-temperature acids and alkalis. Slowly drip in 20% - 30% HCl into the menstruum while constantly stirring.
>>> Once again, remember...you are DRIPPING CORROSIVE ACID into CAUSTIC LYE. ONE DROPLET OF EITHER SPLASHED IN YOUR EYE WILL BLIND YOU. Always use proper eye protection. Work near a sink, and have a bucket of clean water available as an emergency rinse, and some vinegar to neutralize any lye burns on the skin. <<<
The goal here is to adjust the pH slowly, lowering it by no more than .1 pH point per minute. Monitor the temperature of the solution while you are titrating it, and do not allow the temperature to go above 45 degrees Centigrade (about 100 F). If the temperature reaches 45 C, stop and let the solution cool. Go make a cup of tea or something. - remember, we're not in any hurry here.
Bring the pH slowly down to 1.0 and stop. You may notice a characteristic effervescence of the menstruum just before this point - this is quite normal. If the temperature is still low enough, begin dripping in 1:8 lye solution, again while constantly stirring. This time, the goal is now to RAISE the pH by no more than .1 pH point per minute. As before, do not allow the solution to heat above 45 degrees C. When you get to about pH 7 or 8, depending on the temperature, you should see a white precipitate beginning to form. If you are working with copper or black volcanic sand, you can take the pH up to about 9.5 and stop.
If you were working with Copper metal, look very closely at the color of the precipitate which forms. The precipitate MUST be white - any other color except white is no good. If you should happen to get a blue or green precipitate, re-dissolve it by once again dripping HCl into the menstruum slowly until the pH goes back down to 1.0 and try again. This time work much, much more slowly.
All that's left to do now is to wash (almost) all of the salt out of our precipitate. Find a large slender glass vessel shaped like a cylinder and pour the solution into it to settle. Cover it with plastic wrap to keep dust, bugs, etc., out of it. You will find that your precipitate will settle much faster if it is kept in the dark, so put some aluminum foil, or a brown paper grocery bag over your settling vessel while it falls. Department and dollar stores sometimes have large glass candle-holders that make excellent precipitate-settling cylinders. Some hold upwards of 2 liters of solution and they are very inexpensive, so you won't beat yourself up so bad when it slides through those lye-slippery fingers and goes crashing to the floor. An acceptable glass cylinder can also be made by removing the top portion of a glass bottle, but this will be left up to the resourcefulness of the individual.
cylinders, one with nail polish spots every 250 ml.
When the solution has settled completely - again, this may take a day or longer - pour or siphon off the top water until only precipitate remains in the cylinder and add roughly 3 times the volume of the precipitate of distilled water and let it settle again. When this has settled, taste a little bit of it with a plastic spoon. If it is still too salty for you, wash it again. If you plan to carry any of the solution anywhere by car, or send any of it to someone by mail, be sure to leave plenty of salt in it to protect it from x-rays and EMF from scanners, etc. | <urn:uuid:60f759ff-50f4-4a7b-8e04-759bd2da4e43> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.subtleenergies.com/ormus/tw/lyeburn.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398468396.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205428-00065-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935681 | 4,409 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Author Stewart Ross admits that exploration is ³not just about technological advances; it's also about people.² Make no mistake, though, this book delights in those technological advances, and illustrator Stephen Biesty's artwork is perhaps the centerpiece of this work.
Each of the fourteen journeys covered here begins with a a contextual background of the explorer, his or her times, the motivation for the exploration, and a few intriguing, little-known facts. The writing is inviting and punctuated by small illustrations of such related items as navigational tools, how a sail's shape affects steering, maps, the breathing apparatus used by Edmund Hillary, and other visuals that enhance the narrative.
What soon becomes the most anticipated part of this book, however, is unfolding the extra-large paper at the end of each chapter; the reader is rewarded with diagrams of boat building details, the layout of a caravansary (where Marco Polo spent many nights on the Silk Road), exploded views of boats and airships, even a cross section of the Columbia and a tracing of its trip to the moon. One of the more amusing illustrations is the depiction of the Ma Robert, the boat that carried David Livingstone into the depths of Africa. Its gorgeously detailed drawing includes and points out all the design flaws that made it unsuitable for its journey.
While Ross covers the explorers you've come to expect (Columbus, Polo, Magellan) he surprises with attention to those more often overlooked like Mary Kingsley, Pytheas, and Zheng He. In addition, through Biesty's illustrations the reader will become better acquainted with the adjustable rudder, the make up of an astronaut's suit, the Vikings' navigational tool, and the layers of the earth's atmosphere.
Give this book to potential illustrators and those interested in exploration, history, and inventions. They won't be disappointed!
Reviewed by Jane Behrens, High School Librarian, Johnston High School
How did successful explorers of land, sea, and air get to their destinations? Fourteen historic journeys travel across the oceans of the world, up into the stratosphere and down to the deepest place on earth.
Less-known expeditions, like Pytheas the Greek sailing to the Arctic Circle in 340 BC and Mary Kingsley’s solo travels in West Africa in 1895, are highlighted along with familiar firsts such as Magellan’s fleet circumnavigating the globe and Apollo 11 landing on the Moon. Peek inside a camel caravansary on the Silk Road, retrace the difficult trek up Mt. Everest, and compare the construction techniques of various seagoing ships with Biesty’s ever-popular cross-section diagrams.
Each chapter contains illustrated foldouts which show ships, aircraft, or extreme condition clothing in intricate detail, as well as clear maps of each journey. You’ll travel across the seas, through the skies, on perilous land journeys, and even into space with the amazingly complex drawings and intriguing text in this well-designed book. 92 pages plus foldouts (and the book cover unfolds to become a world map of all 14 journeys!).
Recommended by: Katy Manck, Librarian-at-Large (retired academic/corporate/school librarian), Gilmer, Texas, USA | <urn:uuid:54a23132-f293-4e98-a81f-66722cbbd7e9> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://abookandahug.com/into-the-unknown/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573519.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919122032-20190919144032-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.937972 | 678 | 3.1875 | 3 |
By Monika Kocaqi and Dolly Wittberger
Violence against women is a violation of women’s human rights. Its different forms, including domestic violence, cause serious short- and long-term physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health problems. They also affect children, and lead to high social and economic costs for women, families, and communities. The cycle of violence is recurrent and enslaving. It leaves marks on minds, bodies, and spirits. It strikes at autonomy, destroys self-esteem, and reduces quality of life, with negative consequences for personal, family, and social relations. Committed aggressions are threatening and generally associated with social problems, unemployment, marginalization, social inequalities, loss of quality of life, increased health care costs, etc. The prevalence of violence against women is high: more than half of Albanian women (52.9 per cent) experience one or several of five types of violence (intimate partner violence, dating violence, non-partner violence, sexual harassment, and/or stalking) during their lifetime. Despite local government efforts to provide support to victims and survivors of domestic violence, the vast majority of cases remain unreported, and to openly address violence within family relations is still a taboo.
Considering the root causes of violence against women and domestic violence, and the impact on women and communities, this issue must be highlighted at the highest public levels, through continuous awareness-raising, informational, and educational activities. In order to support victims/survivors and prevent violence, it is extremely important to speak openly about the various forms of violence against women, including domestic violence. Society must recognize them as what they are; accept that they exist; discuss their signs, causes, and consequences; and ensure effective protection and prevention measures are in place. Given the long-lasting negatives effects on communities and societies at large, domestic violence cannot be considered as a private matter any longer. Communities should be supported to adequately respond to violence against women and cases of domestic violence. This is particularly true for communities in areas where outreach is limited due to geographical location, i.e. small villages or administrative units further away from the city where the Municipality is located.
Within this context, in November 2019, PLGP’s partner Municipality of Cërrik organized a kick-off event in the framework of the 16 Days of Activism Campaign against Gender-Based Violence in the Administrative Unit of Mollas. The activity was an integral part of the Mayor’s ongoing “One Month – One Community” initiative, aimed to enhance much-needed outreach to thus-far underserved Administrative Units. More than 52 participants including women, men, girls, and boys of different age groups (ranging from adolescents to elderly) participated in this activity. It was the first time that such a public activity happened in their village. For the members of this small rural community, the Mayor’s presence, as well as the presence of PLGP’s Chief of Party, sent a clear signal that they were important and considered citizens beyond the election time.
Information was provided on gender-based and domestic violence, their various forms, the protection provided by Albanian legislation, and relevant services that exist in the country and specifically in the municipality of Cërrik. Addressing violence against women and domestic violence requires responsible state institutions and involved actors to coordinate their actions and resources.
In his speech, Mayor of Cërrik highlighted the need to apply the multi-sectorial response, the significance of specialist support-services, and the importance of protecting women and family members from violence.
“I am very grateful to all women, men, girls and boys who participated in today’s meeting. I feel good that together we are trying to challenge those harmful gender stereotypes, which until recently have been considered as women’s issues only. Together we must say NO to violence against women and girls, because every violated woman is a daughter, a sister, a wife in a family. So, the family must be her shelter of happiness and not a place of violence,” said Andis Salla, the Mayor of Cërrik.
PLGP’s Chief of Party underlined the need to show zero tolerance to violence against women and domestic violence, as a precondition for building healthy families and peaceful societies.
Supported by PLGP, a considerable number of informative leaflets were produced and distributed during the event. They covered a brief description of the different forms of domestic violence, key elements of Albanian legislation on protection orders, and information on the services the Municipality of Cërrik offers, together with the respective help-line number which can be used to report violence and seek support.
“We are so happy that this activity is organized here in our village, and we really need similar outreach activities to be continuously organized in schools, with youth, teachers, and women of the community,” said Ms. Erona Gjini, a woman of this community and member of the Cërrik Municipal Council. The event was covered by the Municipality in social media, included in the calendar of activities shared among key national institutions and international agencies, and was also linked by hashtags to related global campaigns such as “Orange the World”, “Generation Equality”, and “16 Days”. | <urn:uuid:163aad98-0545-439c-8bd1-90cd8fc1c7fc> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.plgp.al/strengthening-community-resilience-saying-no-to-violence-against-women/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347432521.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200603081823-20200603111823-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.964024 | 1,103 | 2.96875 | 3 |
As a child of the 80s and 90s, all I wanted to do was build and engineer things with my Legos. People were nice enough to encourage this, but they insisted on only giving me pink Lego sets with dolphins and pink convertibles instead. As adults perhaps they thought they knew better than 8-year old me, who wanted the train or pirate sets they marketed to boys. Barbies held no interest for me, but I loved building the sets of houses where she lived. And I had to built it without instructions because that was more challenging. Once it was built, it sat there collecting dust. I was pro-princess however, but when I played princess she was the heroine and I was frequently rescuing others. I adapted to the gendered toys handed down to me, but I spent so much energy modifying them to fit something beyond their girlie-ness that I have to wonder if my creativity and personal development was limited by them.
That’s where GoldieBlox comes in. It’s a toy company that focuses on creating construction toys that develop an early interest in science, technology, engineering and math for girls. It was started because for over a hundred years, these types of toys have been limited to the boys club. One might argue that girls could easily just buy and use the same Erector Sets the boys use, but marketing has sent a clear message that those toys are more for boys than girls. And it’s had a profound effect on women in the sciences.
“Only one-fifth of physics Ph.D.’s in this country are awarded to women, and only about half of those women are American; of all the physics professors in the United States, only 14 percent are women.” (New York Times, October 2013, Why Are There Still So Few Women in Science?) Fewer than 3 in 10 graduates in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics are women. And barely 1 in 10 actual engineers are women (Upworthy.com).
They are trying to get the message out on this discrepancy and get girls constructing! They’ve released an awesome ad, which they are vying to get into the Superbowl with. It will be a great break to see girls do something else than eat Doritos provacatively, wash cars in bikinis or drink cold bear in a push up bra. So if you want young viewers to see something with a positive message that’s not about sex and stereotypes, vote for GoldieBlox here!
It may be too late for me to reclaim my childhood filled with pink and princesses, but GoldieBlox and myself can at least make sure that the next generation of girls can be more than just damsels in distress! | <urn:uuid:a801adef-b076-4357-b206-63ca5978828a> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://thefeministbride.com/girls-can-be-more-than-princesses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510260734.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011740-00391-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978595 | 568 | 2.6875 | 3 |
People were shown a bunch of writing purporting to make various claims about facts about the world, then were asked later which facts they believed.
It turns out when the writing was written in better prose or with better penmanship, people were more likely to assess the claims made in the writing as true.
This is evidently an example of a psychological finding that people are more likely to believe something as true if it is presented in a way that reduces cognitive load (e.g. by reading easy-to-read sentences or easy-to-read penmanship).
So, to get good grades, write clearly and legibly.
- Thinking Fast and Slow (2011) by Daniel Kahneman | <urn:uuid:5c13db15-effd-4d75-8323-94344098b4e0> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://weekend-tidbits.wonderhowto.com/news/todays-tidbit-proper-penmanship-and-prose-will-make-you-more-trustworthy-0139338/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863259.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619232009-20180620012009-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.983855 | 141 | 3.46875 | 3 |
up to 16% of world Jewish population
|Regions with significant populations|
|Bosnia and Herzegovina||2,000|
|Historical: Ladino, Arabic (Andalusian), Haketia, Judeo-Portuguese, Berber, Catalanic, Shuadit, local languages |
Modern: Local languages, primarily Modern Hebrew, French, English, Turkish, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Ladino, Arabic.
|Related ethnic groups|
|Ashkenazi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, other Jewish ethnic divisions, Samaritans, other Levantines, Lebanese, Syrians, other Near Eastern Semitic people, Spaniards, Portuguese and Hispanics/Latinos|
Sephardi Jews, also known as Sephardic Jews or Sephardim (Hebrew: סְפָרַדִּים, Modern Hebrew: Sfaraddim, also יְהוּדֵי סְפָרַד Y'hudey Spharad, meaning "The Jews of Spain"), are a Jewish ethnic division. They emerged as a distinct community around 1000 AD on the Iberian Peninsula. Jews established communities throughout Spain and Portugal. Then in the late 15th century, when all Jews were expelled from Spain, they migrated and set up new communities in the countries of England, the Netherlands, North Africa, Anatolia, the Levant (Eastern Mediterranean), and the Balkan countries, as well as the Americas, where they kept their traditions and religious practices. For hundreds of years and through the 20th century, Sephardi Jews have continued to speak their Judeo-Spanish language commonly called Ladino, besides the language of their place of residence. | <urn:uuid:40f38dd7-314a-45e0-8332-51ee1e18efd8> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardi_Jews | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126043644-20200126073644-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.873194 | 371 | 3.234375 | 3 |
If you're finding my weekly brain teaser too low stakes, try this one, win a million bucks!
There are 11 ways of expressing the number 100 as a number and fraction using the nine digits once each.
91+ (5823/647) = 100
The challenge is to find some of the other 10 ways.
Hint: In 9 of them, that first number is above 80. In one of them, it's less than 10. | <urn:uuid:5ba23990-c34b-45a6-b68c-97d509d35c7e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://baddatabad.blogspot.com/2013/06/wednesday-brain-teaser-6-12-13.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100229.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130161920-20231130191920-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.912978 | 94 | 2.875 | 3 |
Hanging Parrots General Info and Species Listing ... Photos of the Various Hanging Parrot Species for Identification
The Wallace's Hanging Parrot (Loriculus flosculus) - also known as the Flores Hanging Parrot - is endemic to the western parts of the island of Flores in the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia.
Their preferred habitat includes forest and wooded areas, as well astall secondary vegetation. Outside the breeding season, they are usually seen in small family groups and small flocks of up to 10 birds. At times larger gatherings can be seen foraging in favored feeding areas, such as on flowering and fruiting trees.
The Wallace's Hanging Parrot is well camouflaged by its plumage and is, therefore, easily overlooked in the foliage. They are most commonly seen flying. Their flight is rapid with whirring wing-beats. Their calls are not particularly loud, but sharp and shrill.
Due to its very small range and population, this parrot qualifies as endangered. The current population is estimated at between 2500 and 10000. Its main threat is habitat destruction due to deforestation.
Please note that some sources consider this species extinct. The state that the only specimen collected in about 1875 on Flores Island may not have been a valid species and it disappearead after deforestation. (References: Fuller, E. Extinct Birds of the World QL676.8.F85 1987 ISBN 0-8160-1833-2 p.13).
This is a small arboreal parrot, averaging 4.75 inches (11 to 12 cm in length). The male is predominantly yellowish-green, with a red bill, an elongated red spot on the throat, orange legs and dark red nape, bright red rump and uppertail-coverts. The bill is pale red with yellow tips. The iris of the male is orange (hen brown) and the feet are brownish-flesh in color.
Hens have brown irises and the red throat patch is much smaller or even absent in some females.
Their natural diet consists of nectar, fruits, buds, flowers and seeds.
Species: Scientific: Loriculus flosculus ... English: Wallace's Hanging Parrot ... Dutch: Flores Hangparkiet ... German: Blütenpapagei ... French: Loricule de Walace
CITES II - Endangered Species
Species Research by Sibylle Johnson
Please Note: The articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers. Please contact them directly with respect to any copyright or licensing questions. Thank you. | <urn:uuid:b27e9ff6-7857-4cef-b97e-7331b15c30d7> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.beautyofbirds.com/wallacehangingparrots.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370499280.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331003537-20200331033537-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.913845 | 552 | 3.265625 | 3 |
New chickpea disease study will begin in 2021
Interest in chickpea production in Nebraska has ebbed and flowed over the last 20 years. Beginning about 2000 chickpeas, also known as garbanzo beans, became a popular crop to rotate into production systems, particularly in Box Butte County.
In 2005-06 acreage of the new crop approached 10,000 acres planted. However, due almost exclusively to the appearance of a disease called Ascochyta blight, interest in the crop dropped drastically. This devastating disease, caused by a fungus, Ascochyta rabiei, is considered to be the most important yield limiting factor worldwide, and is present everywhere chickpeas are grown.
Over the last three years, interest in planting chickpeas has been on the upswing due to increasing public demand and its usage in salad bars (before COVID) and food products such as humus. Although its planted acreage in Nebraska was projected to exceed 12,000 in 2020 (it was about 12,200 in 2018), the disase is still an issue that must be addressed to achieve successful production and economic returns for the growers. Until this disease is effectively controlled, or management strategies are recognized, production acreage in Nebraska will likely remain sporadic.
Current Disease Management
Managing this disease has historically been very difficult. Under cool, wet conditions, the pathogen is very aggressive and unbelievably destructive. Genetic resistance will ultimately be the most efficient method for disease management, but producing new disease-resistant cultivars adapted to this region is a slow process.
Several fungicides have also been available, but they are expensive, and populations of the fungal pathogen in Nebraska have developed resistance to the strobilurin class of fungicides such as Quadris and Headline. Furthermore, producers are reluctant to include additional high cost inputs into their farming systems if it can be avoided.
Fungicide-alternative chemical products
New chemical products are gaining in popularity that are less expensive than standard fungicides, environmentnally friendly, commercially available, and can be utilized by organic producers. They are also highly unlikely to induce resistance to the plant pathogens. Over the last decade in Scottsbluff, we have successfully demonstrated the utilization of several of these products (SaniDate and OxiDate) for managing bacterial diseases in dry beans, and new products are being released seemingly each year.
New funded project
In an effort to resolve these issues, we have recently been awarded a U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Specialty Crops Block Grant issued through the Nebraska Department of Agriculture. A planned three-year study will begin in 2021 with the purpose of evaluating these new products and their ability to effectively manage the disease until cultivars with acceptable genetic resistance are commercially available.
Our primary objective with this study is to answer the question on whether any of these new chemicals will have the same positive effect on protecting other crops (chickpeas in this case) against fungal diseases in the same manner as they have had previously with bacterial diseases in dry beans.
Even if new, high-yielding resistant cultivars are produced, previous research with dry bean breeder, Carlos Urrea, determined that neither technique would properly manage the disease alone. It is still highly likely that both chemical applications coupled with genetic resistance will be necessary to completely and properly handle this disease. We are also attempting to identify the best-performing chemical products that reduce disease development and improve yields.
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OVERLAND PARK, Kan. (May 17, 2021) – On Monday, May 10, 2021, member leaders of American Farm Bureau Federation, National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, National Farmers Union, R-CALF USA, and the United States Cattlemen’s Association met… | <urn:uuid:1aeeaa01-c55c-46e9-8b74-a7c2be390282> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.tsln.com/news/ag-political-issues/new-chickpea-disease-study-will-begin-in-2021/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621450.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615145601-20210615175601-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.958216 | 809 | 3.109375 | 3 |
An engineer at Facebook has created a new unit of time which could help with latency and stutters in online video and audio.
Christopher Horvath invented a ‘flick’ or ‘frame-tick’, and is defined in the programming language C++, which is used to generate visual effects for film, television and other media. It is equal to 705,600,000th of a second and is larger than a nanosecond and smaller than a microsecond.
The unit is intended to give programmers a way to measure the time between media frames without using fractions.
“When working creating visual effects for film, television, and other media, it is common to run simulations or other time-integrating processes which subdivide a single frame of time into a fixed, integer number of subdivisions. It is handy to be able to accumulate these subdivisions to create exact one-frame and one-second intervals, for a variety of reasons,” Horvath said. | <urn:uuid:27cf3d36-7856-4bad-8394-ffb0849b6c6a> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.tvbeurope.com/tvbeverywhere/engineer-creates-new-unit-of-time-to-improve-online-video | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247486480.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218114622-20190218140622-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.940312 | 206 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Other than scaling down the quantity of discarded waste, paper recycling may even allow you to in earning some money. Listed here are some how you can make cash recycling paper.
Recycling is absolutely not a brand new concept and as per archaeological evidences, ancient people used to recycle waste material, in periods when resources were scarce. It’s said that the history of recycling could be traced back to the traditional Greeks of 400 B.C. Before the appearance of industrialization, the folks of Europe used to soften down scrap metal, for reuse. Even the ash from wood and coal, was used as a raw material for brick making at the moment. Aside from scaling down the quantity of trash, recycling also is good for preventing environmental pollution to a degree. Besides that, recycling is additionally related to some financial benefits. Now, recycling is without doubt one of the prevalent concepts and is additionally mandatory in certain regions. Personally, it’s also possible to contribute to those efforts and help to chop down the huge amounts of trash being dumped in landfills. You can even make some money through recycling. Allow us to see the right way to earn money recycling paper from the next lines.
Making Money from Recycling Paper
Paper recycling is associated with the surroundings in various ways. We know that paper is one of the general products, around the globe and almost 90% of the pulp required for making paper is product of wood. Recycling paper saves the trees which are felled for this purpose. Another factor is that paper forms an incredible section of the trash dumped in landfills. Recycling paper reduces the quantity of paper discarded as waste. Studies show that greater than 35% of the municipal waste includes paper in addition to paper products. In step with statistics, manufacture of virgin paper involves air and water pollution, which might be lower to greater than half, with recycling. Even the price of recycling paper is lesser than that of creating virgin paper. If you’re interested, it can save you our environment and make some money through paper recycling. Continue reading this text for some information on tips on how to make cash recycling paper.
- Recycling waste paper can fetch your cash. All you need to do is to gather these papers and sell them in a recycle center that pays you well.
- Before starting with the duty, it will become better to realize a basic understanding concerning the prevailing rates for various kinds of waste paper and paper products. Make an inventory of these recycling centers that accept paper and paper products. Then compare the rates offered by them, before choosing the good one. You ought to also learn about the kinds of paper and paper products accepted by these centers.
- Apart from saving the waste paper and paper products at your residence, you might also collect them from the nearby houses, schools, offices, etc. There’ll be many that should be happy to discard the waste paper, as opposed to carrying them to the recycling center, all on their lonesome.
- Grocery stores are perfect for collecting heavy cartons manufactured from cardboard. Even retail stores within the locality may prove useful for you, in the event that they are able to part with such cartons and other waste paper products.
- Another strategy that may be applied to enrich your returns, is to gather and store waste paper and sell them when the rates are high. It’s essential to discover a clean, dry place for storing paper. You intend to even have a scale to weigh the paper and cash books must be maintained.
- If you have an interest, you will employ some people for collecting such waste paper for recycling. You will be required to pay some amount to them, for such service. distribute pamphlets about your paper recycling service, together with your address and get in touch with number, to the nearby regions too.
- It have been noticed that some people pay a nominal amount to their customers, appreciating their efforts to gather the waste paper. This would prove useful in increasing your number of waste paper.
The above said was just a brief overview on tips on how to receives a commission for recycling paper. So, in case you are excited about making some money through this form, contact people for your locality and make an inventory of prospective suppliers. Visit the paper recycling areas within the locality and decide the person who pays you the simplest. Now, start with collecting, storing and selling paper for recycling. When you get established, you’re able to expand your corporation and increase the income from paper recycling. | <urn:uuid:930dbe99-ca49-4875-ab49-4777e231193d> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.showmoneyonline.com/how-to-make-money-recycling-paper/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657121288.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011201-00167-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959018 | 925 | 2.984375 | 3 |
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