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Santiago, Chile - Thousands of joyous revelers took to the streets of Chile's capital Sunday, to celebrate the death of the notorious dictator Augusto Pinochet. Pinochet served as commander in chief of the Chilean army for less than three weeks before he overthrew the left leaning democratically elected government of President Salvador Allende on September 11, 1973.
An estimated 3,000 people were "disappeared" or murdered in the aftermath of the U.S. backed coup including President Allende. Many were sent to concentration camps, buried in mass graves or thrown into the ocean. Pinochet was a well-known human rights violator, violent dictator and used his office to steal 26 million U.S. dollars from the government, which were then laundered through a series of U.S. banks. Ironicaly his death, which was caused by heart failure at age 91, fell on international Human Rights Day.
Police attacked crowds of hooded demonstrators with water cannons and teargas before they could reach the presidential palace. Street fighting soon broke out as demonstrators countered with flying rocks and built flaming barricades. At least six police officers were reported injured. Spontaneous public celebrations also broke out in Madrid, Spain. | <urn:uuid:bd62e152-10d4-459d-9656-950ebdb67ab4> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.bombsandshields.com/2006/12/santiago-chile-thousands-of-joyous.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794868003.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527044401-20180527064401-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.978137 | 250 | 2.515625 | 3 |
In a world plagued by increasing levels of carbon dioxide emissions and dwindling natural resources, reducing our collective electricity consumption is one of the most important actions we can take to limit the effects of global warming.
Our everyday decisions to use less electricity can have a profound and far-reaching effect when it comes to curbing the emission of heat-trapping gases and limiting the rise of the global average temperature. From the choice to switch off electronics like lights and televisions when not in use, to the decision to reduce air-conditioning or water-heating consumption, reducing electricity consumption can help us in the fight against climate change.
In addition to helping reduce our carbon footprint and its associated external costs, reducing electricity consumption has several tangible economic benefits. By choosing to purchase energy-efficient appliances, use natural light for illumination or unplug appliances when not in use, households and businesses alike can save money on their electricity bills and make the environmental impact of their activities more sustainable.
Investing in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power can also reduce electricity consumption while helping us transition away from the fossil fuels that are among the main drivers of global warming. While this transition may be costly in the short term, in the long run it is a vital step to combat rising temperatures and preserve a livable planet for future generations.
On a local level, communities can come together to find common-sense ways to reduce electricity consumption. By advocating for energy-efficient building design standards and investing in public transportation, cities and towns around the world can help their residents limit their electricity consumption and contribute to a cleaner, greener future.
Ultimately, reducing electricity consumption is just one of the many ways we can fight global warming. While it may seem insignificant when viewed in isolation, when combined with other measures to combat climate change it can have a profound effect. From switching off appliances when not in use to investing in sustainable energy sources like solar and wind, we can all make a difference in the fight against global warming.
To this end, it is essential that we take responsibility for our actions and do what we can to reduce electricity consumption. Choosing to keep electronics off when not in use and investing in renewable energy sources may not seem like much, but over time it can add up to make a world of difference in the fight against global warming. Talk to your friends and family, get involved with local organizations, and start investing in renewable sources of energy today – what we do now will make all the difference tomorrow. | <urn:uuid:4af4d68d-5d93-4ddc-a07b-7a338d88d1ac> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.greenbantling.com/how-does-using-less-electricity-help-to-reduce-global-warming/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00876.warc.gz | en | 0.935253 | 508 | 3.640625 | 4 |
BACKGROUND: Understanding which physical environmental factors affect adult obesity, and how best to influence them, is important for public health and urban planning. Previous attempts to summarise the literature have not systematically assessed the methodological quality of included studies, or accounted for environmental differences between continents or the ways in which environmental characteristics were measured. METHODS: We have conducted an updated review of the scientific literature on associations of physical environmental factors with adult weight status, stratified by continent and mode of measurement, accompanied by a detailed risk-of-bias assessment. Five databases were systematically searched for studies published between 1995 and 2013. RESULTS: Two factors, urban sprawl and land use mix, were found consistently associated with weight status, although only in North America. CONCLUSIONS: With the exception of urban sprawl and land use mix in the US the results of the current review confirm that the available research does not allow robust identification of ways in which that physical environment influences adult weight status, even after taking into account methodological quality.
- Adult City Planning/statistics & numerical data *Environment Environment Design/*statistics & numerical data Humans North America/epidemiology Obesity/*epidemiology Overweight/epidemiology Public Health Risk Factors | <urn:uuid:7d42ca4e-fb5f-4ebe-98d6-9be6c55124f6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/obesogenic-environments-a-systematic-review-of-the-association-be | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00130.warc.gz | en | 0.924587 | 252 | 2.71875 | 3 |
This volume examines the enduring nature of religious nationalism in modern Europe. Through a series of in-depth case studies covering Ireland, England, Poland, and Greece; the author argues that religious frontiers, or geographic lines of division between different and unique religions, are central to the formation of religiously-based national identities.
Typically, as states develop economically and politically, religion plays a lesser role in both individual lives and national identity. However, at religious frontiers, religion becomes useful for differentiating and mobilizing groups of people. This is particularly true when the religious frontier also represents a threat or conflict. Although religion may not be the root of conflict in these instances, the conflict takes on religious tones because of its ability to unite an otherwise diverse population. Religion takes precedence over language, culture, or other national building-blocks because the "other" can best be distinguished in religious terms. The in-depth case studies allow for a deep historical understanding of the processes which converge to create a modern religious nation.
Greatly expanding our current understanding of the conditions in which religious nationalism develops, this important book has implications for our understanding of religion and politics, secularization, European politics and foreign policy.
Philip W. Barker is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Austin College in Sherman, Texas. | <urn:uuid:e0261eda-503a-4510-84e8-d7f2421dd568> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sanmin.com.tw/product/index/004791100 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.795717 | 260 | 2.671875 | 3 |
widely: Arratia G, Schultze H-P, MVH W, animals. common Fishes 5 - Global Diversity and Evolution. Tyler JC, O'Toole B, Winterbottom R. Phylogeny of the polypteriforms and taxa of secondary results, with orders on their organizations with Examples and diagnostics. Smithsonian relationships to Zoology. navigate here of the Phylogeny fishes( Teleostei, Paracanthopterygii).pdf hastings 1066 the fall: Percophidae exists here covered in Notothenioidei re-emerging TJ Near, A Dornburg, RC Harrington, C Oliveira, TW Pietsch, CE Thacker, TP Satoh, E Katayama, PC Wainwright, JT Eastman, et al. gnathostomes( only evolutionary in consumption major structures: leading. homology: nine chondrosteans thereby was in Scorpaenoidei was grown in individual fishes of this syndrome as routinely examined under Perciformes. Scorpaenidae( explicitly primitive in pdf hastings 1066 the genetic interrelationships: clustering( be Ptilichthyidae). P that the form circumscription has from that in environmental species as Peristediidae and Triglidae assign thereby posted in a back gymnodont( Triglioidei). | <urn:uuid:01d8ff5a-e89a-4839-aa5c-0ff58af9aa92> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://elbert-online.de/images/library.php?q=pdf-hastings-1066-the-fall-of-saxon-england-1992/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178355944.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226001221-20210226031221-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.800368 | 286 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Asthma is a serious and often frightening condition that can lead to a the airways becoming obstructed. During an asthma attack, the muscles surrounding the small airways in the lungs, called bronchi, spasm and constrict. This blocks the outward passage of stale air. Asthmatics usually describe the sensation as ‘air starvation’. Typical asthma symptoms include: coughing, wheezing, tightness in the chest, and difficulty breathing.
Cases can often be linked to environmental sensitivities such as dust, bleach and pollution; food sensitivities such as to dairy products; emotional and stress patterns; or a fungus.
Asthma is “multi-causal” and the usual conventional medical treatment is by way of inhaled bronchodilators (relievers) and/or inhaled steroids (preventers) such as Becotide, Flixotide, Serevent. These treatments will typically only suppress symptoms, and they carry side-effects.
At The Centre For Integrated Health, we don’t view asthma as a static condition; but rather, one that must be understood in context (under what conditions do symptoms of the asthma emerge?). As a result of taking this approach, we often discover that the root cause of asthma is be environmental or food intolerance related. It may also be linked with fungus, eczema or emotional/mental or physical stress factors. Our treatment approach can often involve complex homeopathics, which specifically focus on supporting the organs. We also find that specific dietary improvements, supplementation, and breath re-training are effective parts of an overall care programme.
Ms “D” had been severely asthmatic since childhood. Aged 17, with regular trips to casualty for nebulisation and constant anxiety, her condition had caused significant disruption to her education, her social life, and her health. She had been prescribed medications such as inhalers, steroid tablets, and antibiotics. Because of her condition and the damaging courses of treatment she was being prescribed, she also suffered from an average of seven colds and infections a year.
The first screening Ms “D” received at The Centre showed up several issues that were a result of both the treatment she was receiving; and her lifestyle. She has a high toxic load and was lacking in a number of vital nutrients. She was also dehydrated; and sensitive to a number of fairly “ordinary” foods – including chicken, lentils and soybeans – which she ate regularly.
Our pioneering scanning technology provided us with the information we needed to devise an effective treatment plan to deal with the roots of Ms “D”s symptoms. In this case, it included homeopathics, supplementation and dietary changes (avoiding trigger-foods while ensuring that all the necessary nutrients are present).
After just eight months, Ms “D” no longer required any steroids or antibiotics. She was able to stop using a steroid inhaler, and has not required a trip to the casualty nebuliser. In fact, she rarely even needs to use her ventolin! Because the root of the problem was addressed, Ms “D” is now enjoying better health than ever before, and a greater balance in her lifestyle.
As with all chronic conditions, a consultation with an experienced practitioner is a very worthwhile investment. Contact us for an assessment of the factors that could be contributing to your asthma; many of which you may not even know!
There follows a list of products that clients have enjoyed success with. For personalised advice, please email | <urn:uuid:738759e7-1bbd-4e83-bffc-5670b04cccd8> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.nutrivital.co.uk/shop/article/asthma | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982291015.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195811-00055-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971791 | 729 | 3.375 | 3 |
Hawaii is tiny. And huge. Look:
Hawaii is larger in land area than Rhode Island, Delaware, or Connecticut, but smaller than all the other states. The big island is a bit larger in land area than all the other islands put together. Yes, the entirety of Hawaii covers a huge area of the Pacific. The longest linear dimension of the state of Hawaii is longer than the longest linear dimension of any US state, and of most countries. This is a property of many Pacific polities, including most Pacific island nations.
Yet, even though Hawaii, located in the Pacific tropics, should be a virtual catcher’s mitt for cyclones (hurricanes), the big island has hardly ever been hit directly by anything. Hawaii as a state is often affected by tropical storms, but usually in the form of surf (and Hawaii is where they invented surfing, so that is mostly a good thing). Is this simply because Hawaii is big (east-west wise) yet small (north-south wise) and thus is simply very lucky?
Or, is Hawaii located in an area that major tropical cyclones tend to go around, or at least, not through. Like this:
Hawaii’s apparent immunity to most hurricanes
The islands of Hawaii, with Kauai as the notable exception, appear to be remarkably immune from direct hurricane hits. The USGS states that “more commonly, near-misses that generate large swell and moderately high winds causing varying degrees of damage are the hallmark of hurricanes passing close to the islands.” This has also drawn media attention. One notion is that Hawaii’s volcanic peaks slow down or divert storms. A partial source of this idea may be the long list of hurricanes … that dissipated into tropical storms or depressions upon approaching the islands. Satellite images of Hurricane Flossie’s breakup when approaching Hawaii Island fueled this idea. Another example may be Hurricane Felicia which dropped from Category 4 down to a tropical depression with residual winds predicted at only 35 miles per hour (56 km/h).
Tropical Storm Flossie (not to be confused with Hurricane Flossie in 2007) provides still another example. On July 28, 2013, the storm appeared headed for a direct hit to the Big Island, home to Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. Both mountains rise to elevations in excess of 13,000 feet above sea level, and as Flossie approached the island, its track shifted abruptly overnight and assumed a more northerly alignment, heading instead to the island of Maui on July 29.
Wind data in particular supports the USGS assertion that hurricane damage has been low on all islands except for Kauai. Data collected by the Western Regional Climate Center show no hurricane-strength winds on any Hawaii Islands with the exception of Kauai. Despite this data, FEMA classified all of Hawaii as being in a “Wind-Borne Debris Region”.
Before Hurricane Iniki in 1992, a standard homeowner’s insurance policy with extended coverage provided hurricane coverage. Since Iniki, many insurance policies exclude hurricane and a separate hurricane policy is required to obtain hurricane coverage.
At present, Hawaii, in particular the big island, is threatened with a tropical cyclone, likely to be a full on hurricane. Will it hit? Will it magically turn away from the island state?
Hurricane Madeline is weakening but at the same time heading for the big island, and should start affecting the island over the next day or two. This chart from Weather Underground lays out the expected timing:
But wait, there’s more. Hurricane Lester is also in the area and is heading for Hawaii as well. This would happen some time over the labor day weekend. Lester has less of a chance of being a full blown Hurricane when hitting Hawaii than Madeline, but it is way to early to be certain of much.
If two hurricanes hit Hawaii over the next several days, that would be rather amazing. If one hits Hawaii over the next several days that would notable. If both Hurricanes magically turn their course or dissipate before hitting Hawaii during the next several days, that will be data. Very interesting data! | <urn:uuid:09e0ff93-4220-4816-9d7c-fd20f7b03903> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://sciencescreenreport.com/2016/08/31/hawaii-hurricanes-madeline-and-lester-or-neither-greg-ladens-blog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511206.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017174543-20181017200043-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.944058 | 859 | 3.546875 | 4 |
March 24, 1965: “The Night the ‘Stars’ Came Out in Alabama”
Fifty-three years ago on this day, thousands of marchers, led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on a multi-day demonstration from Selma, gathered at City of St. Jude, a Catholic social services complex in Montgomery, Alabama, to rest for the night. It was raining. The field was soaked. And, the musicians, led by Harry Belafonte, set out to inspire the people to reach their destination: the right to vote. | <urn:uuid:99859549-218a-43aa-a40c-31f9cff02a67> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://bernstein.classical.org/features/tag/martin-luther-king-jr/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506669.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924223409-20230925013409-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.967065 | 117 | 2.84375 | 3 |
When a child or family is coping with mental health problems, particularly during an acute crisis, one of the biggest challenges can be finding appropriate support services. For parents, the key to handling mental disorders of children is to recognize the disorder and seek appropriate treatment.
Most disorders have specific diagnostic criteria and treatments, and a complete evaluation by a mental health provider can determine whether a child needs help, and what treatment is appropriate. When untreated, mental health disorders can lead to school failure, family conflicts, drug abuse, violence, and in the extreme, suicide.
Don’t know where to start:
- Call your family/child’s physician. They are equipped to address the growing need of behavioral health services
- Ask your health insurance company for a list of covered providers.
- School Nurse
- School Guidance Counselor
- School Adjustment Counselor
- Despite the increase in publicity surrounding mental health and mental health issues, there is still a lack of understanding about mental health in general. One in every five Americans experiences mental illness at least once in a lifetime or experiences numerous or persistent episodes. The majority of psychiatric disorders can be effectively treated.
Newburyport High School is committed to ensuring that students have a safe, nurturing school environment and receive the supports and services necessary to remain safe and, maintain their health status. Health Services is helpful in providing assistance, and guidance to appropriate resources and services. | <urn:uuid:f9a349e3-126c-4019-9025-935d1f2bef5f> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.newburyport.k12.ma.us/District/Departments/Health-Services/Wellness/Mental--Behavioral-Health/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828178.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024052836-20171024072836-00834.warc.gz | en | 0.93776 | 288 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Women in the scarlet letter the scarlet letter: hester prynne and her “mark of shame” not only is hester a central character “of majestic resonance and. The gold-embroidered a on hester prynne's fascinates pearl prynne major character analysis of the scarlet letter hawthorne uses the repressive,. The scarlet letter chapter 2 summary & analysis from grows restless waiting for hester prynne to the scarlet letter chapter 2 litcharts llc. A character analysis of hester prynne in nathaniel of hester prynne in nathaniel hawthornes the scarlet letter story writer an analysis of the.
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Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for nathaniel hawthorne's scarlet letter at hester prynne, the main character, analysis of what. The fortunate fall in hawthorne’s “scarlet letter” on the fortunate fall in hawthorne’s “scarlet letter” the scarlet letter hester prynne. Hester prynne, the central character in nathaniel hawthorne's the scarlet letter, is said to have been modeled on elizabeth pain the escutcheon resembles the letter.Download | <urn:uuid:4701fbe9-b6d1-4ef2-a087-e9756be6ad6c> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://ighomeworkpbbj.northviewtech.us/a-character-analysis-hester-prynne-in-hawthornes-the-scarlet-letter.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593586.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722194125-20180722214125-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.835961 | 1,076 | 3 | 3 |
Most beginner knitters learn how to cast-on and how to do the knit stitch right away. Then, when somebody mentions learning the purl stitch, they run for cover. I know, I know, you just started to feel comfortable knitting, and now people want to throw something new at you, and it's scary. Let me put your mind at ease by saying, I promise, this stitch is not nearly as terrifying as you think. In fact, with a little bit of practice, I'm sure you'll be purling like a professional in no time!
- Knitting Needles. Make sure you have a set of knitting needles. Usually your pattern will tell you what size your needles should be, but for this tutorial, any size will work.
- Yarn. Pick up one skein of yarn in any color you would like. Check to make sure the weight of your yarn corresponds with the size of the knitting needle you have chosen.
1. Cast On
Before you can start purling, you need to cast on. Most of the time, you will check with your pattern to find out how many stitches to cast onto your needle, but today we'll just be working with ten cast-on stitches.
If you're not quite sure how casting-on works, go ahead and check out our "How to Cast-on" quick tip tutorial, and then come on back and check out the next step.
2. Start Purling
It's safe to say that when you start reading knitting patterns, especially those meant for beginners, you'll quickly learn that knitting and purling are the two most common stitches in knitting. Once you've become proficient in both of these areas, you will find that a whole new world of stitch patterns and knitting projects has opened up to you.
Today, I'm going to help you learn how to purl, simply by purling each stitch in every row. Check out the video below and learn how to purl today!
Use Your Skills!
Learning how to purl is a genuine accomplishment, and one that you should celebrate! Why not celebrate by knitting up a project using your new skills, like this cute knit headband?
You might also like to try knitting this quick coffee cosy, or write a pattern of your own! | <urn:uuid:04c890a1-2107-4edd-8782-0b0570494950> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://crafts.tutsplus.com/tutorials/knitting-fundamentals-learn-to-purl--craft-1933 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701163421.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193923-00089-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957646 | 471 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Pakistan needs an economic charter before an economic charter. Recently, there has been a lot of debate about the need for all political parties to come together and formulate an economic charter for Pakistan. Proponents have argued that such a consensus is essential for the country to get through its current crisis to create a period of stability needed to help Pakistan. But how to go about formulating an economic charter? A good first step might be to ensure that all political parties have a common definition of the economy.
They can decide to define economics as one of four definitions so that all parties can exercise their democratic right to choose the definition that best suits them. Such a definition is important because it would help them determine whether they should bother to place much importance on knowing, reading or discussing classic texts in economics and historical case studies on their application in the countries in the context of such debates, which is for example a common phenomenon. in China during the elaboration of a “Charter of the economy”.
Read more: Geoeconomics and geopolitics of US-China competition
Definition 1: Economics allows us to look at major political and economic changes in history and explain them using economic factors. In other words, it is a branch of historical materialism. Decisions motivated by economic factors shape societies and cause them to change. In this case, it is necessary to discuss the classics and historical case studies of their application in the countries.
Definition 2: According to Alfred Marshall’s definition, economics deals with our ordinary life and its objective is to improve this ordinary life, to increase our income, to allow us to have more free time and to eliminate poverty so that we can enjoy other activities. that we love while having a satisfying standard of living. Next, we should consider discussing the classics and historical case studies of their application in countries, but perhaps not as thoroughly as in the first definition.
Definition 3: Economics helps us to allocate scarce resources between alternative ends. Next, we are to discuss only selected classical texts and historical case studies of their application in countries.
Definition 4: Economics is exactly what business and finance currently do. So maybe we shouldn’t care about classic texts and historical case studies of their application in countries.
If you think these distinctions are too abstract, here is an example to show how they are very concrete and are actually being applied right now. This is important because recently Planning Minister Ahsan Iqbal also called on Pakistan to follow the Chinese model of economic development.
Read more: National Security and Geoeconomics: Pakistan’s Economy and the End of Regional Isolation
But is the model socialist or capitalist?
The socialist vs capitalist model
You can study China asking yourself whether it is capitalist or not, whether its opening up and commodification that began in 1978 is just a very long new economic policy or an irreversible change; whether China’s economic history leads us to believe that the country will move in one direction or another. You then apply definition 1.
Or you may not care about the decisions that led China to liberalize in 1978, but focus on the policies that reduced poverty, increased its incomes, or widened the disparities between rich and poor. You apply definition 2.
Or you can discuss whether China’s state-owned banking system allocates loans in the best way or not: here you are working according to definition 3.
Or you can write an article explaining whether or not Evergrande will pay its creditors next week. You are in the world of Definition 4.
What do these definitions mean? The first definition is clearly Marxist (not communist or socialist) in its writing, but it is substantially the same definition found in works as historically and even ideologically distant as Adam Smith and Kenneth Pomeranz. In this vision of the economy, its role is to shed light on the economic factors that have led to systemic changes, to people moving from one way of organizing production to another. It is therefore not a predetermined ideological position, but the methodological approach that is important here.
The second definition (due to Alfred Marshall) is much more pragmatic. It examines ways to improve people’s lives. It is related to the first definition when, according to the first definition, we believe that societies tend to choose more efficient modes of production rather than less efficient modes of production. Through the Darwinian struggle of different modes of production, the most efficient wins, and this most efficient mode increases people’s income the most. The second definition allows you not to worry about great historical strengths but to focus, here and now, on how to make things better.
Read more: From geopolitics to geoeconomics
The third definition is called Lionel Robbins. This definition greatly restricts the economy. Economics becomes similar to operations research. He is not interested in the succession of the different systems, not even in improving well-being as such, but in optimization. It can be used under any system. Not surprisingly, Tjalling Koopmans and Leonid Kantorovich, working in two different systems but both interested in optimization, came up with very similar results. The definition of “scarcity ends” can be used to best distribute inputs and people in a factory, whether private or public, to maximize the labor effort of labor camp inmates or slaves cotton pickers.
The fourth definition is beyond pragmatics. It is about the immediate maximization of income for oneself or for the people one works for. It ignores anything that isn’t useful for that purpose and blurs the difference between social science and single-corporate profit. This is Gordon Gekko in action.
The author is an economist and strategy consultant who writes regularly for Forbes, LSE Business Review and Profit Pk. He also acts in an advisory capacity for the London School of Economics Lean Launchpad and sits on the boards of two global think tanks, GAIEI and IGOAI.
The opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the editorial policy of Global Village Space. | <urn:uuid:41094053-d5c6-47ea-bb5e-38d1c50bec34> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://gauches.net/why-pakistan-needs-a-new-charter-for-the-economy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337529.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004215917-20221005005917-00645.warc.gz | en | 0.944409 | 1,233 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Why are there tall evergreens on St. John that look like Christmas trees? Don’t they belong up north?
I got to wondering about this when I was up in the Maine woods this summer working on a book about trees in St. John, as part of the Unitarian Universalist Fellowship’s Tree Appreciation Project.
Maine is known as the Pine Tree State, and its famous evergreens have evolved to deal with long winters. Their needle-like leaves can carry out photosynthesis even when the temperatures drop below freezing, and minimize water loss – a major advantage over broad-leaved trees, which lose more water through evaporation and have to constantly replace it by pumping water up from the ground. When the ground starts to freeze, those broad-leaved trees have to drop their leaves and shut down for the winter. Pines need less water, and also have stronger cell walls and antifreeze chemicals that keep the water flowing and prevent frost damage to their interior water tubes.
It didn’t seem like Maine pines would be comfortable in St. John’s hot, dry winters, even though many other Northeast residents are happy to come down and enjoy the warmer climate.
Still the pines were doing okay with the hot weather in Maine in August, and there are some pine trees that do grow in warm climates. It turns out there are even some species native to the Caribbean.
But the tall evergreens on St. John are actually from the South Pacific. They are commonly called Norfolk Island Pines, though they are not really pines at all. They are Araucaria heterophylla trees native to a three-by-five-mile island east of Australia, not too far from New Zealand. Temperatures there never drop below freezing.
The island was uninhabited in 1774 when Captain James Cook of the British Royal Navy sailed by on one of his trips to explore the world and expand the British Empire. While he reportedly described it as “paradise on earth”, he mostly seemed to be thinking about how to exploit its resources for conquest and commerce. The tall pine-like trees growing there – some up to 200 feet tall – seemed like they would provide a valuable new source of ships’ masts for the navy. Captain Cook claimed the island for Great Britain, and named it for the Duchess of Norfolk.
The trees in England that were suitable for use as masts had long since been cut down, and access to a supply of good mast trees was a major factor in dominance at sea during the era of wooden sailing ships. Pine trees were prized because they were straight and tall, and their resin reduced friction between the grains of the wood, enabling them to withstand the pressure of strong winds on the sails.
Earlier, the British colonies in New England, including what is now Maine, had proved to be a good source of white pine trees large enough to be used as strong ‘single-tree’ masts. When Captain George Waymouth first explored this part of the coast for the British in 1605 he was awed by the seemingly endless forests and brought back samples of the impressive white pines, along with some seeds which he planted in England.
By 1690, settlers in the New England colonies had already cut down many of the big pines to build houses, boats and furniture. To preserve the important mast supply, the British surveyed and claimed all the large, old-growth white pines as the property of the King. The colonists resented these restrictions on their use of the valuable pine trees, and often cut the trees anyway. Over time this resulted in conflicts between settlers and British authorities, which became one of the factors leading up to the American Revolution.
In 1774, with few mast trees forthcoming from the rebellious American colonies, the British were understandably excited about Captain Cook’s discovery of a new source in the Pacific.
Unfortunately for the British Navy, the tall, straight trees on Norfolk Island turned out to be unsuitable for making masts – they were brittle and broke off because they lacked the resin that made the white pines resilient. Their wood was subsequently used for less demanding types of building purposes in Australia and other British territories. Over time, these tall, attractive trees were also widely planted as ornamentals in tropical and sub-tropical areas around the world.
Eventually the grand Norfolk Island Pines became important in an entirely different type of commerce – as potted Christmas trees.
German settlers in America brought with them their tradition of decorating evergreen trees for Christmas, and by the late1800s this practice had caught on around the country. Pine, spruce and fir trees began to be grown in plantations and cut for short-term holiday use. Growing up in New York City, I loved walking through pop-up stands of evergreens for sale in December on busy streets. They formed mini-forests filled with the distinctive scents of the north woods. But it was sad when all the trees were thrown back out on the streets as trash after the holidays, somewhat dried out but still often glittering with tinsel.
In recent years, some people have avoided feeling guilty about cutting down and then quickly discarding beautiful trees by instead buying ‘living’ Christmas trees in pots. It turns out that many of these trees sold for this purpose are young Norfolk Island Pines. Because they are used to warm temperatures, they can stay healthy for a longer time inside people’s homes than northern evergreens.
A few years ago a friend in St. John gave us one of the potted Norfolk Island Pines as a present, complete with red bulbs and bows. We kept it on our deck for a while, then decided to plant it in the yard. It was hard to find a place suitable for it, considering the possibility that it might grow to be 200 feet tall – and how big around?
It only grew to about 15 feet tall, though, before drying up during the drought last summer while we were away. I was sad to come back and see it had not survived, even though it was not native to this island, and would probably have obstructed our driveway if it had actually grown to its full size.
Gail is an environmental lawyer and author of The Wild Life in an Island House. [email protected]. For information on the Unitarian Tree Appreciation Project, go to http://uufstjohn.com/treeproject/ or the Facebook page ‘UUF Tree Appreciation Project St John VI’. | <urn:uuid:dec75719-d55b-424d-9467-7168ce4123c2> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.stjohntradewinds.com/pine-trees-paradise/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247486480.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218114622-20190218140622-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.977652 | 1,355 | 3.625 | 4 |
World food prices continued to rise sharply in December, bringing them close to the crisis levels that provoked shortages and riots in poor countries three years ago, according to newly released United Nations data.
Prices are expected to remain high this year, prompting concern that the world may be approaching another crisis, although economists cautioned that many factors, like adequate stockpiles of key grains, could prevent a serious problem.
The United Nations data measures commodity prices on the world export market. Those are generally far removed from supermarket prices in wealthy countries like the United States. In this country, food price inflation has been relatively tame, and prices are forecast to rise only 2 to 3 percent this year.
But the situation is often different in poor countries that rely more heavily on imports. The food price index of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization rose 32 percent from June to December, according to the report published Wednesday. In December, the index was slightly higher than it was in June 2008, its previous peak. The index is not adjusted for inflation, however, making an exact comparison over time difficult.
The global index was pushed up last year by rising prices for cooking oils, grains, sugar and meat, all of which could continue to remain high or rise.
“We are at a very high level,” said Abdolreza Abbassian, an economist for the organization, which is based in Rome. “These levels in the previous episode led to problems and riots across the world.”
Mr. Abbassian said that bad weather affecting commodity crops in many exporting countries might help keep prices high over the next several months.
“The concern is that the long duration of the high prices for the months to come may eventually result in these high prices reaching the domestic markets of these poorer countries,” he said. “In the event of that, there is the chance of the repeat of the events of 2007 and 2008.”
At that time, high petroleum prices, growing world demand for food and poor harvests in some areas combined to sharply push up food prices in poorer importing countries. That led to shortages and sometimes deadly riots in several countries, including Egypt, Haiti, Somalia and Cameroon.
Mr. Abbassian said there were several crucial differences this year.
Countries in central, western and southern Africa have had generally good harvests from crops planted last year, easing reliance on imports. And grain prices remain significantly below the highs they hit in 2007 and 2008. Export prices for rice are 40 to 50 percent below those highs, he said.
Grain prices have a much greater impact on the food budgets of people in poor countries than prices for commodities like sugar or meat, which tend to make up a much smaller portion of their diet.
In addition, global supplies of rice and wheat are much more robust today than during the crisis.
But ensuring sufficient grain supplies depends on good harvests this year in major exporting countries. Dry conditions in Argentina that could hurt corn, and soybean crops are worrisome, Mr. Abbassian said. Heavy rains in Australia delayed the wheat harvest there, resulting in a poorer crop. In the United States, harsh, dry weather is expected to hurt the winter wheat crop.
Gawain M. Kripke, policy director of Oxfam America, said the food price increases were a polite warning. “We may get much more rude warnings soon,” he said.
The United Nations estimates that nearly one billion people worldwide do not get enough food, Mr. Kripke noted. “That’s almost certain to increase as prices rise, especially if they rise in an aggressive manner, which they are,” he said. In the United States, meanwhile, the Agriculture Department has predicted that retail food prices will rise 2 to 3 percent in 2011. That is a higher rate than in the last two years but less than the 5.5 percent food inflation that hit American consumers in 2008. In November, the last month for which data is available, food prices in the United States rose 1.5 percent compared with the same month the previous year.
Joseph Glauber, the Agriculture Department’s chief economist, said that rising world commodity prices could be expected to have their greatest impact in this country on meat and dairy prices because they can push up the price of livestock feed.
As feed prices go up, farmers often cut the size of herds, meaning less meat ultimately reaches the market. Beef, pork and dairy prices rose faster last year than overall food prices and are expected to continue that trend this year. | <urn:uuid:76a9500d-b3b0-415e-aec0-26d42dd17959> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.cnbc.com/id/40946021 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042986022.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002306-00319-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966029 | 940 | 2.53125 | 3 |
What does it mean to balance climate risks?
Considering the challenges of flood, heat, and drought, the Emerald City future focuses on reconfiguring land use and urban form to support multiple needs. The repurposing of freeways into multi-modal transportation networks that bisect canals create connected hubs across the urban area where density and vegetation are concentrated.
Iconic changes in this future include simultaneous decreases in personal automobile use and increases in public transportation access and service, which are facilitated by transformations to the existing transit system. Tree canopy cover and urban density are also consistently increasing. By 2060, the majority of existing freeways have been converted to multi-modal transit corridors and the region relies on 100% solar energy.
Regional Land Use and Land Cover 2060
In this future, 75% of 2015 freeways have been repurposed into multi-modal transportation corridors. Transecting these corridors are existing canals that have been transformed into oases traversing the city, carving out a new urban form. This new transportation network along with enforced growth boundaries has encouraged inward and vertical development, specifically concentrated at intersections of the greenway network.
Regional Heat 2060
There is significant cooling in this future due to the extensive greenway network and emphasis on inward, vertical development. For example, 25% canopy cover, vegetated building facades and public spaces, along with increased urban agriculture throughout the urban hubs, have also contributed to overall regional cooling.
Thermal Comfort 2060
The base temperature in this rendering is 110.4°F. Temperatures vary depending on level of shading and proximity to heat retaining materials (e.g., asphalt). While this future is one of the coolest, local temperatures still vary depending on level of shading amenities. Buildings are designed to support vegetation and provide shade.
Outdoor Water Use from Alternative Sources & Banked Water for Future Use 2060
To support the increases in on-site vegetation for cooling while also addressing concerns of future drought, this future invested in alternative water technology and relies heavily on decentralized greywater, rainwater, and stormwater capture. Design features like solar bridge walkway also capture water for outdoor irrigation where the vegetation is primarily low water use xeric or drought-tolerant. There is an increase in groundwater recharge, but it is predominantly through infiltration rather than direct banking and thus does not provide significant extra water security for the future. | <urn:uuid:e183f5df-e449-4e45-b59e-86ab3e67f654> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://sustainability.asu.edu/future-scenarios/emerald-city/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317130.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822130553-20190822152553-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.912765 | 493 | 2.921875 | 3 |
In this film "Zoom into a Lotus Leaf," see an up close look at the tiny nanostructures that give the leaf its unique behavior. The Lotus Leaf is a symbol of purity because it appears to be perpetually clean. We now know that its self-cleaning properties are due to its ability to repel water very effectively; it's superhydrophobic. It gets its superhydrophobicity from tiny nanostructures. We start with a normal digital camera and zoom in using increasingly powerful microscopes as we explore this phenomena.
Oleophobic Surfaces - Anti-Graffiti Demo is a hands on cart demonstration for spontaneous, 3-10 minute interactions with visitors. The visitors will explore several surfaces that display oleophobic properties due to material science research at the nano scale. Coatings can preserve, protect, lubricate, grip, and a myriad of other behaviors. For example, walls can be coated with material that when dry, will prevent the adhesion of paint or ink. In this demonstration, we're examining coatings that are oleophobic, "oil hating," and prevent low surface tension liquids from adhering to it.
Bump and Roll is an interactive exhibit that demonstrates nanomaterial properties using an everyday object: a leaf of cabbage. The nanoscale structures on a cabbage leaf cause water to bead up and slide off its surface. Scientists are replicating these “superhydrophobic” properties with nanotechnology. Drip water onto a cabbage leaf, and change the angle of the surface to see how the droplets behave. Find out about the super-small bumps that make this surprising behavior possible.
"Experiment with Superhydrophobic Materials" is a hands-on activity that tests highly water repellent materials. In this experiment the degree of hydrophobicity is measured and explained. The tested materials are highly water repellent thanks to their surface nano-engineering. The materials have been developed using nature as an inspiration, since some plant leaves have exceptional properties due to their surface composition. The activity includes an educator guide, PowerPoint, laboratory worksheet and background information. | <urn:uuid:cb743238-3109-46ff-bc43-2c6b815da9c4> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://nisenet.org/category/catalog-exhibits/superhydrophobic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094491.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00046-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939732 | 436 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Publishing the records of his Australasian-Antarctic Expedition, 1911-14
The Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911-14 provided the world with more than a truly heroic tale of survival against the odds. It left the legacy of a vast collection of valuable scientific data and specimens in the areas of geology, cartology, biology, meteorology and geo magnetism.
Publishing the Expedition
In 1920 Sir Douglas Mawson entered into an agreement with the New South Wales State Government to publish these records. The project was not completed until 1947 – 28 years after the initial agreement was signed and 33 years after Mawson’s return.
To celebrate this historic milestone of exploration and scientific endeavour we are shining a spotlight on the somewhat heroic efforts of both Sir Douglas Mawson and the committee in charge of the printing of the voluminous scientific reports resulting from this groundbreaking expedition.
Questions for the curious
Q: Why did it take more than a quarter of a century to publish these records?
Q: What is an Antarctopria latigaster?
Q: Which ingenious method of transport did Mawson devise using a few pocket tools and the case of a theodolite?
Q: Were the members of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition in fact some of the pioneer models for British fashion houses Burberry and Jaeger?
You will find answers to all these questions and more in this gallery based upon material from our collection.
The Australasian Antarctic Expedition (AAE) 1911-14
The Australasian Antarctic Expedition, led by the then Dr Douglas Mawson, departed Hobart on the Aurora on Saturday 2nd December 1911. Bases were established at Commonwealth Bay, the Shackleton Ice Shelf and Macquarie Island. Extensive scientific and meteorological observations were made at all three bases and, in addition, a comprehensive programme of marine studies was carried on board the Aurora. The expedition, though undertaken primarily for the purpose of scientific enquiry, was to become all the more memorable for Mawson’s heroic tale of survival as he struggled 150km back to base camp following the deaths of his colleagues Lieutenant B.E.S. Ninnis and Dr Xavier Mertz.
Mawson, himself seriously debilitated, discarded everything that was not essential for survival, except his geological specimens and records of the journey
(ADB Vol. 10)
It was this total commitment to the survival of the records that later enabled Mawson, as part of an international team of scientists, to transform this raw data into an enduring legacy. The process lasted more than three decades and took place against the backdrop of two World Wars and the Great Depression.
Published by the New South Wales Government Printer the “Scientific reports of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911-14″ were truly groundbreaking. However, the long road to completion and publication was very rocky and it is this journey upon which we are going to focus.
Mawson decided to place much reliance on dogs for transport. Much debate arose regarding the use of dogs. Amundsen got to the South Pole and returned with dogs whilst Scott didn’t use dogs and didn’t return. Mawson used dogs and nearly didn’t return, but the dogs provided most of the food supply for the return journey and Mertz probably died from eating dog liver.
David Taylor. Douglas Mawson: Gathered with sweat and aching bones. in 100 years of Australian Scientific Explorations. Peter Stanbury (ed). Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Sydney 1975.
Fighting for Finances
Mawson had originally planned to fund the publication of the Scientific Reports from the proceeds of his own account of the expedition Home of the Blizzard (published 1915), the film made by Frank Hurley, the AAEs official photographer and from his own public lecture tours. Mawson’s high public profile, boosted still further by his knighthood in 1914, would surely have added to the prestige and commercial value of these ventures.
The outbreak of the First World War prompted a dramatic reversal of fortune. Commercial interest in the enterprise waned as did available financial assistance from both the government and private sponsors. Mawson’s time was also divided after his attachment to the British Ministry of Munitions in 1916 (ADB Vol.10). The deaths of several expedition colleagues during the war, namely Leslie Blake (cartographer and geologist), Lt Robert Bage (astronomer) and Charles Harrison (biologist) affected Mawson not only personally but professionally in terms of the vital expertise lost. By 1916, when Mawson first applied to the New South Wales State Government for assistance, he had already farmed out expedition material to more than eighty international scientists to prepare, without charge, for publication. This was testament to both his diplomacy and organizational skills. However it was also an ominous indication of the vast scale of the work at hand.
Extract of letter from Sir Douglas Mawson to the Premier of NSW W.A.Holman requesting assistance in the publishing of the records of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 23 January 1916. NRS 3830 [20-12847 pt]
The letter states his case to obtain funding and the services of the NSW Government printers Office to publish the full scientific reports of the AAE.
Letter from Sir Douglas Mawson to the NSW Premier requesting government assistance to publish the scientific records of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 24 January 1916. NRS 3830 [20-12847 pt]
24 January 1916
Dear Mr Holman,
When I called
at the Treasury as few days
ago hoping to meet you it
was with the object of requesting
some assistance, through the
Government Printing office, in the publication of the Scientific
Results of the Australasian
Antarctic Expedition. I was
sorry to find you overrun
with work, but trust that
your health will be benefitted
by the proposed visits to Tasmania. My request can
be made in writing just as well.
Today I am forwarding under
separate cover a statement of
the case. I have had a chat with
Mr Gullick, the Government Printer,
and apparently he welcomes the
prospect of the work for such
gives the opportunity of showing
to the World with what perfection
the work is done at the Sydney
Printing Office, I have no
hesitation in stating that
nowhere in the World can better
work of its kind be done than
at the Government Printing Office
It would have been particularly
nice to have had the whole
of the Scientific Publications of
the Expedition published at the
Sydney office but it would
have been asking rather a lot,
and in much bulk would be
apt to interfere with the regular
I hope that you received safely
some months ago an autographed
copy of “The Home of the Blizzard”.
Mr T Ryan, MP of Adelaide,
at that time visiting Sydney
offered to deliver it personally,
but I never heard whether you
got the volumes. You have
been so much engaged that
doubtless you will have forgotten.
I am leaving for Melbourne in a couple of hour’s time
but will again visit Sydney
shortly. In the meantime I
will be glad to hear what
you decide re assisting the
publication – and trust that
it will receive your fullest sympathy.
Yours very truly
Handwritten official offer from Sir Douglas Mawson to the NSW Government of the records of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition in exchange for the printing of the scientific reports, 6 June 1919
Dear Mr Hay Herewith is my
official offer to the N.S.W.
Govt. amplifying my notes
and verbal statement placed
before the Premier last week.
I do hope that N.S.W.
will see this through, and
am certain that the collections
will prove a great asset in future.
My address for some time
henceforth will be The University
Yours truly Douglas Mawson
In March 1920 an Agreement was entered into between Sir Douglas Mawson and the New South Wales Government for the printing of the records of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition. In 1919 the Committee on Printing of Records of Australasian Antarctic Expedition was formed to oversee the process. The founding Chairman was William Gullick, Government Printer, and the founding members were William Ifould, Principal Librarian, Public Library of New South Wales and Charles Hedley, Acting Curator, Australian Museum. Under the terms of the Agreement, the expedition assets would be handed over to the State of New South Wales in return for the printing of the Scientific Reports of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition. The cost was not to exceed £5000 and was to be spread over a period of five years.
These conditions were to prove well nigh impossible to fulfill…
Minutes of the meeting held on 19 June 1919
The minutes of this meeting highlight the suggestions proposed by the Committee in response to Mawson’s letter setting out the terms of his offer. NRS 19745
The agreement between Sir Douglas Mawson and the NSW Government
In March 1920 an agreement was entered into between Sir Douglas Mawson and the New South Wales Government providing for the printing of the records of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition. The basis of the agreement was that the assets of the expedition be handed over to the State of New South Wales in return for the State undertaking the printing of the records at a cost not to exceed £5,000 spread over a period of 5 years.
Page 4 of the agreement provides a listing of the main categories of official records of the AAE Expedition. The wireless logs and manuscripts of messages are records of the first radio transmissions in the Antarctic. The young Frank Hurley’s photographs of the expedition provided a strikingly brilliant visual record of the team members at work and of the incredible antarctic landscape. These, along with Hurley’s iconic WW1 photographs are held by the Mitchell Library in Sydney. NRS 3830 [20-12847 pt]
A Shaky Start 1920-24
I take it now that our Committee has still a responsibility in seeing that Mawson carries out his part of the agreement. I am very much afraid that unless he is constantly reminded about the matter he will do very little.
W.H. Ifould, Principal Librarian to A.J.White, Secretary of the Committee 22nd March 1920 (three weeks after the Agreement was signed).
NRS 12169 [2/994]
By November 1920, eight months after the Agreement had been signed, the concerns of the Printing Committee were expressed with far greater force. Citing lack of communication and delivery of expedition assets on Mawson’s part, the Committee threatened to suspend publication of the Reports. Potential disaster was averted via Mawson’s apologetic communication, the conciliatory tone adopted by the Committee Chairman and possibly, most importantly, the arrival of a collection of significant expedition relics.
The explanatory notes provided with the relics highlight the often dire conditions faced by members of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition.
Devoid of all crampon equipment and wearing only finnesko Dr. Mawson found himself at the end of that journey faced with the descent of steep ice slopes with a raging wind behind. It was impossible to stand up in naked finnesko and this grip was contrived for the soles employing a few pocket tools and the case of the theodolite.
NRS 3830 [2/994]
Letter from W.H. Ifould to A.J. White stating concerns regarding Sir Douglas Mawson’s reliability, 22 March 1920
Letter to Sir Douglas Mawson from the Chairman of the Committee threatening to suspend publication process, 22 November 1920. NRS 12169 [2-994]
Letter from Sir Douglas Mawson to Mr Gullick (in reply to the above letter) addressing claims the conditions of the agreement with the NSW Government were not being met, 5 December 1920. NRS 12169 [2-994]
Dear Mr Gullick,
Your letter of
22nd November to hand,
intimating that printing will
be suspended unless replies
to your earlier letters regarding
handing over of Expedition trophies
are received – I have to
state that so far as I am
aware letters on this subject
from you have been answered.
It is possible that a letter
may have got side tracked
for there has been an unprecedented
upheaval here amongst my affairs
owing to the entire reorganisation
and reestablishment of the
Geological Dept. at this University
and also I have moved into
a new house – and proceeded
with the unpacking of numerous
boxes packed in London during
my sojourn there. All this has
tended to great disorganisation.
I am only too ready to cooperate
with you and indeed am greatly
indebted to the printing committee
its efforts on behalf of the
For some time past I have been
busy packing up the relics
indicated in the document
mutually signed by the N.S.W.
Govt. and myself. A large
case measuring 3 1/2 tons cubic
capacity has gone forward
c/o Graves, Hill & Co (carriers) and
is addressed to the Mitchell
Library for I understand
that such relics are to be
kept there. The contents
includes sledges, tents, clothing
etc as itemised from
1 to 90 with several
omissions where material has
not been immediately procurable.
In addition to the list agreed
upon I have included 15
All others will be cased
and sent forward from time
Should it be desirable to send the
case now on its way to any other
destination I will be glad to
change my instructions upon
hearing from you.
A complete list of the items
enclosed with short descriptions
is now being typed and will
doubtless be posted tomorrow.
Considerable contributions of the
general collections should reach
you during the next three
I know I have been remiss
in not sending you detailed
addresses of the persons listed on
the sheet of recipients – but
I will do so as quickly as possible.
I trust that I have not
put you to very great trouble
and at same time render my
apologies. During the next
few days I will go through
all my correspondence and
put things in order if letters
have been overlooked.
Letter from W.H. Ifould, Principal Librarian, Public Library of New South Wales to W. A. Gullick, Chairman of the Committee re response to Sir Douglas Mawson, 10 December 1920
This letter gives a clear indication of very early unease within the Committee concerning the level of Mawson’s commitment to the Agreement. NRS 12169 [2/994]
Letter from the Chairman of the committee to Sir Douglas Mawson acknowledging his reply and outlining more fully the concerns of the Committee, 13 December 1920
This letter gives a concise outline of the difficulties faced by the Committee as they attempt to fulfill the requirements of both parties – the NSW Government and Sir Douglas Mawson. NRS 12169 [2-994]
List of articles taken from the case of Mawson’s relics, 20 December 1921
With the intial hiccups smoothed over, the publishing of the Scientific Reports proceeded at a somewhat stately but steady pace. By 1924 a prospectus had been published and subscriptions received from museums, universities and scientific bodies around the world.
The Prospectus outlines the content of the records and the cost of each volume or a subscription to receive all records of the expedition. NRS 19745 [2-995]
A melodramatic middle 1925-31
As 1925 ( the agreed completion date of publication) came and went all was far from well. The number of completed reports and assets received by the Printing Committee had slowed considerably. This was due in part to the vast scope of the project at hand. The accumulated data was massive and covered an exhaustive number of areas of the physical and biological sciences. Along with the expedition material for which Mawson was personally responsible, he had also, of necessity, distributed material for analysis and research to eminent scientists and institutions worldwide.
A 1928 letter from Mawson to the Chairman of the Printing Committee concerning the international distribution of sections of the zoological collections from the Australasian Antarctic Expedition provides an insight into the sheer complexity of Mawson’s task.
Letter from Sir Douglas Mawson to A.J. Kent, Chairman of the Printing Committee listing the institutions and experts compiling the zoological reports of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 7 November 1928
This is a 3 page extract of a 5 page letter which highlights the sheer complexity and scope of Mawson’s task. Not only did he have to locate and negotiate with approximately 80 scientific experts around the globe but he also needed to keep track of their progress and pass the work on to a successor in the case of death or illness. Juggling this with his own report writing and extremely active professional obligations was a challenge of Herculean proportions. NRS 19745.
Not only did Mawson have to locate suitable scientists, but he had to keep track of their progress and encourage or badger them when necessary to forward the material for publishing. He also had to arrange for another qualified scientist to take over the preparation of a report in the event of the illness or death of one of the contributors.
Organising and maintining a steady output of material for the publishers under these circumstances ( there were all in all 95 individual contributors to the Scientific Reports) would have been challenge enough without the additional obligations of Mawson’s academic career at the University of Adelaide and his upcoming role of leader of the British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Expedition (1929-31).
The Printing Committee, no doubt working under severe time and financial constraints, was largely concerned with Mawson’s lack of compliance regarding the passing of assets to the New South Wales State Government, as laid out in the terms of the 1920 Agreement. Mawson, on the other hand, was far more focussed on the value of the scientific knowledge obtained from the raw data, not on the length of time this work would take to complete.
The value of the manuscripts and the trophies of the late expedition is mainly in the knowledge that will come out of their examination and description….It would be the height of folly if the New South Wales Government were at this stage to take out of my hands these collections and manuscripts. If they are taken from me, their value will forever be heavily discounted, for nobody can tell the story as I can.
Letter from Sir Douglas Mawson to the Chairman of the Committee dated 23 September 1929. NRS 12169 [2/995]
The Committee was also worried that Mawson might not return from his latest expedition to the Antarctic, thus leaving many of the assets of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition in undisclosed locations. Mawson moved to allay its fears in this regard by providing details of his arrangements in this matter.
Should anything untoward happen to me, you will know where all the items relating to the last expedition are stored. A statement to this effect is enclosed with this letter….My wife has power of attorney for me, and can carry out any of my obligations
Letter from Douglas Mawson to the Chairman of the Committee dated 23 September 1929. NRS 12169 [2/995]
Letter from Sir Douglas Mawson to A.J. Kent, Committee Chairman addressing the reasons for delays in the preparation of Expedition records, 23 September 1929
This three page letter from Sir Douglas Mawson to the Committee Chairmanwas sent prior to Mawson’s departure for the Antarctic with the British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition 1929-31. Mawson stresses the value of scientific specimens comes largely from the knowledge obtained through the study and description of the specimens rather than their value as mere objects in a museum. NRS 12169 [2-995]
Sir Douglas Mawson’s Inventory of the assets of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 24 September 1929. NRS 12169 [2-995]
This is a 4 page inventory of the AAE Expedition assets as recorded by Sir Douglas Mawson prior to his departure on the British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition of 1929-31. The inventory illustrates the sheer diversity of the records. On a practical level it was compiled to provide the committee with the exact location of the records should Mawson not return from what was his third major expedition to Antarctica.
Fortunately, for all concerned, Mawson did return from the British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic ResearchExpedition. Unfortunately, by September 1931 his relationship with the Printing Committee had deteriorated to the point that he was informed, not personally, but by newspaper report:
The Minister for Education (Mr Davies) announced yesterday that the Government had decided that no further public money could be spent of printing of the Australian Antarctic Expedition of 1911 to 1914…….The Government was seeking legal opinion on the possibility of recovering from Sir Douglas Mawson certain assets of the expedition.
The Sydney Morning Herald, 26th September 1931, p.13
Letter from Sir Douglas Mawson to W. Davies, Minister for Education concerning the Government’s decision to cease the publishing of the AAE Reports. Dated 5 October 1931
A two page letter from Sir Douglas Mawson to the Minister of Education regarding the cessation of printing of the AAE Reports. Mawson was justifiably incensed at not having been personally informed of the decision. He clearly states his case that the Government Printer had ignored numerous manuscripts that had been prepared and awaiting publication. (1 of 2). NRS 12169 [2-995]
The Last Leg 1932-48
In 1932, the year after the publication fo the Scientific Reports was suspended, Mawson wrote to the Minister for Education, D.H. Drummond with the aim of reigniting government interest in the project. Enclosed were extracts from J. Gordon Hayes’ book Antarctica (published 1928) that summed up the outstanding achievements of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition.
Its excellence lay in its design, its scope and its executive success: and it owes its exalted position among other Antarctic expeditions mainly to the fact that it was originated and conducted by scientists of administrative ability, who are the fit and proper persons for such undertakings.
Extract from Antarctica by J. Gordon Hayes
In the same letter Mawson puts forward the argument that scientific reports of expeditions routinely took decades to publish.
I may also add for your information that it took well over 20 years to complete the publications of the “Challenger” Expedition, notwithstanding the fact that they had at their disposal almost unlimited funds. It is only recently that the final number has appeared of the less extensive series of reports of the Scott Expedition, which preceded our own and which was also favoured with an abundance of funds. The last of the reports of Amundsen’s”Gjoa” expedition has only recently appeared, some 25 years after the work was undertaken.
Letter from Douglas Mawson to D.H. Drummond dated 12th August 1932. NRS 3842 [2/1957]
Letter from Sir Douglas Mawson to D.H. Drummond outlining the outstanding success of the AAE and the lengthy period it takes to publish the records of any major scientific expedition. Dated 12 August 1932. NRS 3842 [2-1957]
The printing of the Scientific Reports of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition was resumed in 1937 under an agreement whereby the Commonwealth Government would contribute £2850 and the New South Wales Government would provide and additional £2000 to ensure the completion of the project.
Sir Douglas Mawson’s request for Federal Government assistance to complete the publication of the AAE records. Dated 8 February 1937. NRS 3842 [2-1957]
Mawson wrote to W.H. Ifould, Principal Librarian, Public Library Sydney in February 1937, stressing the vital importance of the printing of the biological reports before they could be superseded by similar reports of later expeditions, thus lessening their value considerably.
Letter from Sir Douglas Mawson to W. H. Ifould, Principal Librarian, Public Library Sydney explaining how the delay in printing was risking the scientific and financila value of the Expedition’s records. Dated 19 February 1937. NRS 12169 [2-994]
The Antarctopria Latigaster of Macquarie Island. NRS 19745
A wasp from the family Diapriidae that lays its eggs in the pupae of flies. The wasp eggs hatch and the wasp larva develops inside the fly pupa
Very little correspondence appears to have been entered into between Mawson and the Printing Committee during the period of the Second World War (1939-45) as, once again, more urgent matters no doubt took priority. A report from the Committee to the Department of Education, dated 28th July 1948, signified the conclusion of the printing process. Although several manuscripts, photographs and other assets were still to be received from Mawson, and the Committee were not entirely happy with this state of affairs, it was generally agreed that the conditions of the Agreement made between Sir Douglas Mawson and the New South Wales Government twenty eight years earlier had been fulfilled.
Committee’s summary of the significant stages of the publishing of the AAE records 1919-1948. Dated 28 July 1948. NRS 3842 [2-1957]
It is interesting to note that the Committee’s worries that Mawson would not survive to see the preparation and printing of the Scientific Reports were proved groundless – Sir Douglas Mawson was in fact the one constant character in a story that commenced with his return from the Australasian Antarctic Expedition in 1914 and spread itself over two World Wars and the Great Depression.
The original Committee consisted of Messrs W.A. Gullick, Chairman, Government Printer, W.H. Ifould, Principal Librarian, C. Hedley, Acting Curator, Australian Museum.
The Committee, through death and other causes has changed in personnel and now consists of Messrs. T.H. Tennant, chairman, Government Printer, J.W. Metcalfe, Principal Librarian, E.A. Briggs, D. Sc., Sydney University.
Letter from the Committee to the Department of Education dated 28th July 1948. NRS 3842 [2/1957].
As to the Scientific Reports, they remain as a lasting testament to Sir Douglas Mawson and the members of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, as well as to the generations of eminent scientists who laboured on the analysis and preparation of the raw scientific data and specimens.
Records used in this Gallery
- NRS 3830, Education Subject files, 1879-1984. Antarctic records, 1916-32 [20/12847 (pt)]
- NRS 12169, Premier’s Department: Committee on printing of the records of the Australian Antarctic Expedition, 1911-14: Records of the Secretary, 1917-47 [2/994-995]
- NRS 3842, Education Department: correspondence concerning the publication of the scientific reports of the Australian Antarctic expedition, 1911-14; 1932-54 [2/1957]
- NRS 19745, Government Printing Office: Papers from the committee for the printing of the records of the Australasian-Antarctic Expedition, 1911-14 [Items 1-29]
Seminar: Mawson and Antarctic Exploration
On 12 May 2011 to mark the 100th anniversary of Mawson’s 1911 Australian Antarctic Expedition, State Records and the Royal Australian Historical Society hosted an all-day seminar on the history of Antarctic exploration. The seminar was presented as part of Information Awareness Month, an annual event held each May, which aims to increase public awareness of the breadth of the information industry. State Records has published a selection of the papers from that seminar.
- 100 Years of Australian Antarctic Expeditions
- A courageous man of science
- Antarctica and Sir Douglas Mawson
- Australasian Antarctic Expedition
- In the Footsteps of Douglas Mawson
- Mawson Base image gallery
- Mawson’s Huts Foundation – Antarctica’s cultural heritage
- The Long Silence by Jenny Horsfield
Bridget Reilly, Archivist Public Access | <urn:uuid:826b6120-8050-4f5c-be0e-548fee20d5dc> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://gallery.records.nsw.gov.au/index.php/galleries/people-of-interest/sir-douglas-mawson-blizzards-and-bureaucracy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826259.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00177-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951878 | 5,904 | 3.375 | 3 |
Launched in July this year, Pokémon Go has become a global phenomenon, reaching 500 million downloads within two months of release.
The augmented reality game, designed for mobile devices, allows users to capture, battle and train virtual creatures called Pokémon that appear on screen as if part of the real-world environment.
But can the game's enormous success deliver any lessons to the fields of natural history and conservation?
A new paper by a group of researchers from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and University College London (UCL) explores whether Pokémon Go's success in getting people out of their homes and interacting with virtual 'animals' could be replicated to redress what is often perceived as a decline in interest in the natural world among the general public.
Or, could the game's popularity pose more problems than opportunities for conservation?
Study author Leejiah Dorward, a doctoral candidate in Oxford University's Department of Zoology, said: 'When Pokémon Go first came out, one of the most striking things was its similarity with many of the concepts seen in natural history and conservation. The basic facts and information about Pokémon Go make it sound like an incredibly successful citizen science project, rather than a smartphone game.
'We wanted to explore how the success of Pokémon Go might create opportunities or challenges for the conservation movement.'
Co-author John C Mittermeier, a doctoral candidate in Oxford's School of Geography and the Environment, said: 'There is a widespread belief that interest in natural history is waning and that people are less interested in spending time outside and exploring the natural world.
'Pokémon Go is only one step removed from natural history activities like bird watching or insect collecting: Pokémon exist as "real" creatures that can be spotted and collected, and the game itself has been getting people outdoors. What's going on here, and can we as conservationists take advantage of it?'
In the paper, the researchers explain that Pokémon Go has been shown to inspire high levels of behavioural change among its users, with people making significant adjustments to their daily routines and to the amount of time spent outside in order to increase their chances of encountering target 'species'. There is also evidence that users are discovering non-virtual wildlife while playing Pokémon Go, leading to the Twitter hashtag #Pokeblitz that helps people identify 'real' species found and photographed during play.
Pokémon Go, the researchers write, exposes users first hand to basic natural history concepts such as species' habitat preferences and variations in abundance. 'Grass Pokémon', for example, tend to appear in parks, while water-related types are more likely to be found close to bodies of water. There are also four regional species that are continent restricted: Tauros to the Americas, Mr Mime to Western Europe, Farfetch'd to Asia, and the marsupial-like Kangaskhan to Australasia. This differentiation captures a fundamental aspect of natural history observation -- that exploring new habitats and continents will lead to encounters with different species.
And hundreds of people congregated near New York's Central Park one night over the summer to try to find a rare Vaporeon -- something that will sound familiar to birdwatchers used to similar gatherings to see a rare species.
The authors write: 'The spectacular success of Pokémon Go provides significant lessons for conservation. Importantly, it suggests that conservation is continuing to lag behind Pokémon in efforts to inspire interest in its portfolio of species.
'There is clear potential to modify Pokémon Go itself to increase conservation content and impact above and beyond simply bringing gamers into closer physical proximity to non-human wildlife as a by-product of the game. Pokémon Go could be adapted to enhance conservation benefits by: a) making Pokémon biology and ecology more realistic; b) adding real species to the Pokémon Go universe to introduce those species to a huge number of users, and creating opportunities to raise awareness about them; c) deliberately placing Pokémon in more remote natural settings rather than urban areas to draw people to experience non-urban nature; or d) adding a mechanism for users to catalogue real species, building on the popularity of the "Pokeblitz" concept.
'Less directly, lessons from Pokémon Go could be applied to conservation through the development of new conservation-focused augmented reality (AR) games. Following the model of Pokémon Go, games that encourage users to look for real species could provide a powerful tool for education and engagement. AR could also be used in zoos and protected areas to provide visitors with information about species and their habitats.'
However, the researchers caution that the success of Pokémon Go could also bring challenges: for example, it may be that this type of augmented reality - featuring engaging, brightly coloured fictional creatures - could replace people's desire to interact with real-world nature, or the focus on catching and battling Pokémon may encourage exploitation of wildlife. There has also been controversy in the Netherlands, where Pokémon Go players have been blamed for damage caused to a protected dune system south of The Hague.
Co-author Dr Chris Sandbrook, a senior lecturer at UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, said: 'Just getting people outside does not guarantee a conservation success from Pokémon Go. It might actually make things worse -- for example, if interest in finding a rare Vaporeon replaces concern for real species threatened with extinction. Real nature could be seen as just a mundane backdrop for more exciting virtual wildlife.'
Leejiah Dorward added: 'One of the positive things about Pokémon Go is that there's a very low barrier for entry. As long as you have a smartphone, you can play -- and the game itself does a lot of things for you. Finding ways to break down barriers to engagement with real-life nature is a priority for conservation. Pokémon are also relatable "characters," whereas modern conservation tends to frame itself purely in scientific terms, which may be off-putting to many.
'There is something called the biophilia hypothesis, which suggests that people have an in-built affinity with nature and a desire to explore the natural world. If that's one of the reasons Pokémon Go has proved to be so popular - because it's a natural history proxy - then that could be a huge boost to conservation. It's possible that the desire to connect with nature is there and to get people to engage with conservation we just need to "sell" it correctly.' | <urn:uuid:aa752140-6c0e-4b85-8aad-edf63d8a8f9c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://en.vnews.agency/news/society/33082-what-can-pok233mon-go-teach-the-world-of-conservation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280319.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00122-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937539 | 1,297 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Imagine a hand-held device that functions as a unified messaging platform, always connected to the network via a series of intelligent wireless nodes. It could be as small as a watch or piece of jewellery and have sophisticated speech recognition.
According to Raju Rishi, director of IP solutions for Bell Labs/Lucent Technologies in Holmdel, NJ, such a device and the network behind it is probably only two to five years away, with general public usage in about 10 years.
“Don’t be surprised to see a single wireless device that operates in three different modes: while you’re at home your station says you’re in range of the cordless phone so it operates as a cordless phone and you get your analogue rates; when you go on the road this thing operates like a cellular device; and when you get in the office it operates like a business telephone and goes through your PBX,” all courtesy of smarter host networks capable of advanced call routing, Rishi said.
He outlined four areas of communications technology he expects will deliver significant change in the next several years: wireless technology, virtualization of the home and office environments, improved user interfaces including speech recognition, and advances allowing more and better collaborative networks.
On the wireless front, miniaturization research has been making significant breakthroughs.
“We’re seeing devices become a quarter of their size roughly every five years, which is resulting in the portability of new and different products. Not only will we see wireless phones and personal digital assistants, we’ll see cameras, laptops and a host of other devices which allow communication to occur wirelessly across the globe,” on what Bell Labs is calling a communication skin of wireless nodes, Rishi said.
Current cellular phones are restricted to a certain size and power consumption because of the microphone and speaker, he said. By going to cheaper and lower-power devices based on silicon and gallium arcenide, the size of the devices can be decreased, but there’s still a problem. Because of moving parts in the speaker and microphone, mounting them on silicon itself is difficult. Rishi said, however, Bell Labs has successfully done this, and production of telecommunications devices as small as a watch or piece of jewellery is coming.
As cable modems and DSL lines proliferate along with satellite and wireless technology, Rishi said the near future will see much greater bandwidth not only to office, but to homes.
“One of the reasons cellular phones have a lower bandwidth capability is because they’re on the move. The signal is broadcast across a much wider range. But since your home is fairly permanent, you can direct an antenna at a particular home and get a better bandwidth capability.”
Rishi explained this will help foster a virtual working environment through the use of virtual telephones, which will provide features such as multiple lines through the PC or laptop, advanced conference calls and speed dial. A virtual phone also offers the possibility of unified messaging, bringing e-mail, voice mail and faxes together on the system.
“You’ll see a unification of directory architectures which will enable you to respond to an e-mail with a phone call. The unified directory via LDAP or a more sophisticated technology that will map these directories together is going to be very important,” he said.
Also important will be the trend to improved user interfaces using artificial intelligence, speech recognition and expert agents. Rishi said speech recognition requires massive hard drive space to store translations, as well as fast processors to perform them.
As hard drives get bigger and processors get faster, that technology becomes more feasible.
“Speech recognition will be very important because as I mentioned with the cell phone earlier, the size of the cell phone is diminishing rapidly, meaning the dial pad will not be a useful interface. You’re going to need some sort of speech recognition capability to actually do the dialling, and I think that’s going to happen.”
Artificial intelligence will facilitate text to speech, speech to text, and optical character recognition. Rishi said eventually it will lead to on-the-fly language translators. While these technologies will appear in the next five years, true artificial intelligence in the sense of learning and adaptation by independent robots is still quite far away.
In the meantime, expert agents will appear on PCs to do mail sorting, spam filtering and improve search engines to remove the high number of useless hits. On the network side, expert agents will monitor systems and alert technicians, possibly long before a system actually gets to the malfunction stage.
Lastly, Rishi predicted that collaborative environments will become more prevalent, with better audio and video technology, including surround sound, 360-degree cameras, and better bandwidth.
Rishi said he expects all of these advances to come in an interoperable form, especially for the consumer market.
“You may have a multimedia PC or laptop that allows you to do voice, video or data over the network, but your mom might strictly want to have a voice conversation with you…There’s no doubt in my mind that people will still have plain old telephone service, and it’s going to have to work with the new stuff.” | <urn:uuid:c3b52f4f-beb8-4aa6-8189-91e5ba851532> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.itworldcanada.com/article/smaller-and-smarter-is-coming/33734 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100164.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130000127-20231130030127-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.943351 | 1,084 | 2.875 | 3 |
|World's Smallest Computer System|
The World's Smallest Computer | Scientists have created the world's smallest computer system to help treat glaucoma patients. At just one square millimetre in size, the tiny device is a pressure monitor that is implanted in a person's eye.
It may be small but it packs a hefty punch, containing an ultra low-power microprocessor, a pressure sensor, memory, a thin film battery, a solar cell and a wireless radio with an antenna that can transmit data to an external reader device.
Developed by researchers at the University of Michigan, the unnamed unit - which is expected to be commercially available in several years - is already being touted as the future of the computing industry.
Its creators - Professors Dennis Sylvester, David Blaauw and David Wentzloff - claim that as the device's radio needs no tuning to find the right frequency it could link to a wireless network of computers.
A network of such units could one day track pollution, monitor structural integrity, perform surveillance, or make virtually any object smart and trackable, according to the scientists.
Professor Sylvester said: 'When you get smaller than hand-held devices, you turn to these monitoring devices.
'The next big challenge is to achieve millimetre-scale systems, which have a host of new applications for monitoring our bodies, our environment and our buildings.
'Because they're so small, you could manufacture hundreds of thousands on one wafer.
'There could be tens to hundreds of them per person and it's this per capita increase that fuels the semi-conductor industry's growth.'
The researchers' computer system is currently a pressure monitor designed to be implanted in the eye to continuously track the progress of glaucoma, a potentially blinding disease.
The processor in the eye pressure monitor is the third generation of the researchers' Phoenix chip, which uses a unique design and an extreme sleep mode to achieve ultra-low power consumption.
The newest system wakes every 15 minutes to take measurements and consumes an average of 5.3 nanowatts. To keep the battery charged, it requires exposure to ten hours of indoor light each day or 1.5 hours of sunlight. It can store up to a week's worth of information.
While this system is miniscule and complete, its radio doesn't equip it to talk to other similar devices, which is an important feature for any system targetted towards wireless sensor networks.
The researchers are confident their miniature device will take off. They cite the concept of Bell's Law - that a new breed of smaller, cheaper computers arises each decade.
This theory is upheld by the personal computers of the 1980s turning into the laptops of the 1990s, and those into the smartphones of the new millemium. Professor Sylvester said: 'This is the first true millimeter-scale complete computing system.
'Our work is unique in the sense that we're thinking about complete systems in which all the components are low-power and fit on the chip. We can collect data, store it and transmit it.
'The applications for systems of this size are endless.' | <urn:uuid:3cd83f6c-9b99-46f6-a96f-41cb6010be0c> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://hulgzone.blogspot.com/2011/02/worlds-smallest-computer.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860776.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618183714-20180618203714-00433.warc.gz | en | 0.921385 | 651 | 3.75 | 4 |
"Youth aren't just future citizens. They are current citizens."
Mara Mintzer spoke with the Citizens’ Institute on Rural Design about her award-winning work at the intersection of design, education, and community engagement with one overriding theme: youth voices matter, and they matter right now. 1.6 million people have viewed Mintzer’s How Kids Can Help Design Cities TED Talk. We suggest a listen, too, as it buttresses CIRD’s recent conversation with Mara. And don’t let “cities” get in the way; Mara notes the utter rural applicability of her approach.
Mara has an impressive track record including her work with the University of Colorado’s Community Engagement Design and Research Center (CEDaR) and her leadership at Growing Up Boulder as program director since 2009. She is also the co-author of the book Placemaking with Children and Youth: Participatory Practices for Planning Sustainable Communities which garnered a 2019 Environmental Design Research Association Achievement Award. TED classifies Mintzer as a planner, but Mara was quick to share that she is not a planner by training; she views planning and design as inherently interdisciplinary. Her background is in running programs for children, youth and families and Mara is resolute about reaching and hearing under-resourced communities and lesser-known voices. She always engages children, but also seniors, and low-income people throughout design processes.
“The TED Talk gives people something they can understand in a short amount of time,” Mintzer told CIRD when asked to describe the impact of her 15 minutes on stage, “It propelled our work forward, and got the larger discussion going.” Highlights of that larger discussion tailored for rural design communities are below:
On authentic youth (and community) engagement: “Are we truly engaging the community if we leave out 25% of the population?” Mintzer asks, before turning to a list of time-tested strategies. “If you ask the community to come to a government building at 7 PM for a meeting, it’ll bring out dominant voices,” Mintzer said. Instead, she suggests tapping existing events—a hands-on booth at a local celebration, perhaps—for meeting folks on turf where they are at ease. She also cautions community leaders and calls for genuine sharing of influence when tapping youth and underrepresented perspectives. She warns against tokenism, or surface-level engagement, noting that authentic outreach will take time.
By “youth” Mintzer means pre-kindergarten thru age 18. The research is clear—creativity can decline with age and youths’ tendency to think out of the box is a key to innovation. She is quick to add that youth engagement can occur within school settings or beyond. Mintzer notes that having a teacher on her Growing Up Boulder staff facilitates alignment of their work with local and state curriculum standards, making schools eager to connect with the program.
"If we aren't including children in our planning, who else aren't we including? Are we listening to people of color, immigrants, the elderly and people with disabilities or with reduced incomes? What innovative design solutions are we overlooking? Because we aren't hearing the voices of the full community. We can't possibly know the needs and wants of other people without asking. That goes for kids and for everyone else."
On getting started: Mintzer acknowledged that well-established youth design programs can appear intimidating to those looking to start from scratch. She suggested starting small, just as Growing up Boulder did, then expand on what works. The kids themselves have suggested to Mintzer that showing examples of other youth voices making a difference in their respective communities helps launch the discussion. It works every time.
Starting small can mean tapping a committed teacher or librarian as a way of connecting to the youth. A local YMCA branch or arts center will also work as a partner. Mintzer’s book offers more than 200 visuals and detailed guidelines for launching participatory processes including drawing, photography, interviews, surveys, discussion groups, role playing, mapping, murals, model making, and tours. Participatory design need not occur in a sit-down meeting. Rural youth might want to replicate Boulder’s Child-Friendly City Map.
On whimsy and play: Kids excel at creating spaces where people want to spend time together, tapping colors, nature, and spaces that prompt movement and interaction. “Play isn’t just for kids,” Mintzer continued, adding that grown-ups seem to have forgotten it, though health and wellness experts are keenly aware of play’s importance. In an age of increased loneliness and isolation, creativity and imagination via design are the perfect antidote. In her TED Talk, Mintzer said that adults come to design processes with constraints in mind while youth don’t. And that youth perspective emboldens the process even if not all ideas come fruition.
Evaluation & assessment: CIRD told Mara that community-level partners want to capture useful data from community design and share such with funders and other parties. Mara recommended pre and post-assessment checklists and other well-vetted tools from the Child Friendly City Initiative, which spans continents. “Qualitative data collection matters,” she said, adding that she taps documentation tools from anthropology and education to track progress.
On overcoming obstacles: CIRD shared with Mintzer that a handful of CIRD Learning Cohort communities encounter opposition to new approaches. Mintzer acknowledged the natural skepticism that she has repeatedly seen, quickly adding that naysayers often become allies. “So much of this work is about persistence,” she said. A few tips she shared:
Climate and Design: CIRD Learning Cohort Community program applicants cited increasing concerns over wildfires, flooding, and other natural disasters impacting local design processes. Mintzer is familiar with such challenges and was quick to provide a list of positives when linking youth design processes to climate concerns, tapping their innate investigative instincts. “Kids want to make a difference in their communities,” she said, adding that kids with agency over what happens locally are more likely to stay in the communities. Mintzer cited research that youth with opportunities to positively impact their local environment tend to be more optimistic about the future than their peers. | <urn:uuid:886a7390-26d4-4f9b-a592-5f41a09f4cd9> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.rural-design.org/stories/ted-talk-design-leader-on-how-to-engage-youth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103516990.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628111602-20220628141602-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.953049 | 1,308 | 2.546875 | 3 |
(HealthDay News) -- Determining whether your food is nutritious can be challenge.
The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics offers these suggestions for deciphering product nutrition labels:
- Review all ingredients. Those listed first have higher percentages for that product.
- Compare the label's serving size with your standard portion size, and make sure they are similar.
- Note the total calories of each serving size.
- The "Percent Daily Values" describes how much of the suggested daily requirement of each ingredient your food contains. Make sure you don't overdo saturated fat, salt or sugar.
- Get plenty of vitamins, minerals and fiber. | <urn:uuid:337e26c6-8132-4a8e-8f6b-fb3c961644f4> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://consumer.healthday.com/vitamins-and-nutrition-information-27/food-and-nutrition-news-316/health-tip-decode-nutritional-labels-729627.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107883636.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024135444-20201024165444-00577.warc.gz | en | 0.864753 | 132 | 2.6875 | 3 |
How Safe is Your Website?
As the modern marketplace has come to rely on virtual media, storefronts, and relationship management, the need for greater cybersecurity—on everything from hosting servers to personal pcs to mobile devices—has increased exponentially. Gone are the days of casual GeoCities storefronts, secured only with a (it is hoped) strong password and a vigilant eye.
Today, the World Wide Web has nearly 15 billion web pages (spread across more than 600 million websites), and cybersecurity has become big business. Terms which meant little to anyone outside the then-rarefied Information Technology field twenty or even ten years ago—hacking, phishing, Denial of Service (DoS) attack—have entered the mainstream as businesses and individuals alike find themselves on the receiving end of Internet mischief.
Yet “mischief” may not be a strong enough term. Attacks on business and government websites have increased as activists, anarchists, and (perhaps most famously) “hacktivist” group Anonymous have made compromising the websites and secure files of their unlucky targets into something of an art. And for those who find themselves on the receiving end of a hacker’s “performance piece,” the costs can be astronomical.
Consider the city of Naperville, Illinois, whose official city website was hacked in October of 2012. In addition to disabling email to and from the city’s employees, the attack effectively eliminated Naperville residents’ online access to utilities and social services. The city authorized nearly $700,000 to restore the site and improve security, but the ancillary costs—time, citizen confidence in the safety of their data, delays in services—are more difficult to quantify.
Of course, government websites aren’t the only popular target for attack. In what has become something of a cautionary tale for both the gaming community and cybersecurity proponents alike, Sony’s PlayStation Network was crippled in 2011 by a cyber attack which cost the company $171 million dollars and left the personal data (including names, addresses, and credit card information) of 77 million account holders exposed. The electronics juggernaut faced massive litigation, was forced to rebrand, and continues to struggle to regain customer trust.
The threat is real, and the stakes are high. With 86% of websites currently vulnerable to at least one vector of cyberattack, a smart, well-developed, and adaptable cybersecurity plan—one that includes finding a hosting provider with adequate security options—is no longer optional for businesses looking to keep their websites and customer data secure.
How Safe Is Your Website?
Hundreds of thousands of websites with the two most common content management systems are attacked each year. We’ve taken a look at just how common these attacks are, what causes them, and how to prevent them from going after your site.
634,000,000 websites reported across the globe – Dec 2012.
- 10% of sites pwoered by WordPress
- 4.7% of sites powered by Joomla!
- 48% of the top 100 blobs use WordPress.
Nearly 25,000 WordPress plugins are available with more than 450 million downloads.
From 2010 to 2012, web malware grew about 140%.
Nearly 200,000 phishing attacks globally in the first half of 2012, totaling a loss of $687 million – a 19% increase from 2011.
- April 2013
- 90,000 IP addresses with WordPress and Joomla! sites
- Cause: Weak usernames and passwords
- “Pay Day Loan” spam links were injected into the popular WordPress social media widget plugin (social-media-widget) with 900,000 downloads
- Cause: The plugin was sold and the new owners decided to use their bi audience and inject spam on all the sites using the plugin. This has also happened on Joomla! sites
- Dec 2012
- WordPress and Joomla! websites were the victims of search engine poisoning (SEP) attacks
- Cause: One theory was GoDaddy hosting, another was outdated versions of the platforms. Securi indentified two different variants of the attack
- Sept 2012
- First U.S. bank websites, then a number of other PHP web applications, such as Joomla! and many WordPress sites
- Cause: An outdated version of the timthumb plugin (a popular PHP-based image resizer.) The hack resulted in multiple false posts to it’s website, including a fake interview with a syrian rebel army leader
- Aug 2012
- Thomson Reuters
- Cause: An outdated version of WordPress (running on 3.1.1 instead of the then current 3.4.1)
- March 2012
- Over 30,000 ExpressionEngine, Joomla!, and WordPress websites were hit by a mass injection attack aimed to spread fake antivirus software
- Cause: Weak FTP credentials
Most Common Types of Attacks on WordPress and Joomla! Sites
- Attacked bypass normal authentication to gain remote access to your environment via abnormal methods such as FTP, SFTP & WP-Admin.
- Drive-by Downloads
- Malware is embedded on your website via some type of script injection. Common causes are outdated software, compromised credentials, and SQL injection.
- Pharma Hacks
- More of a spam menace than malware. These are even more dangerous because they’re visible foremost to search engines only. If affected, your website may be tagged by Google as “compromised.”
- Malicious Redirects
- Redirects the user to a different website and can impact both your primary domain, as well as the sub-domains.
Most Common Problems
- Cheap hosting
- Badly coded third-party extensions
- Poor or weak passwords and administrator credentials
- Out of date core files, platforms, plugins, and extensions
Solutions and Best Practices for Security
- Stay educated
- Use a secure host
- Use a scanner such as Securi’s sitecheck (which is free) to check for infections. Theme and plugin checks are also available
- Sign up for Google webmaster tools and verify your website
- Use very strong passwords
- Take inventory of PHP extensions, keep them up-to-date
- Log network traffic to reveal inbound PHP requests that expose would-be attackers probing for such applications
- Back up your site
- Update your site (don’t ignore the WordPress message urging you to update to the latest version!)
- Install plugins that limit the number of login attempts from the same IP address or network (and keep them updated)
- Turn on two-factor authentication to add an extra layer of security
- Use the latest security update
- Use a SEF component that makes your site more secure. A default Joomla URL tells the viewer a lot about the page visited; that it is a Joomla! page and what components are used. A SEF component masks that information and makes it harder for a hacker to find security vulnerabilities
- Write-protect your configuration file (make unwriteable). The file is called “Configuration.php” and is located in the root folder of your domain
- Delete unused templates
- Change file permissions to restrict editing or overwriting
Keep up-to-date and stay secure!
Download this infographic.
Join our newsletter & be first to hear when we publish new posts. | <urn:uuid:8dd865db-4182-40d8-b9e1-4daa2d745b87> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.whoishostingthis.com/blog/2013/06/06/how-safe-is-your-website-infographic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049277091.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002117-00066-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918683 | 1,535 | 2.71875 | 3 |
This is the 2nd edition of the original "Nanostructures and Nanomaterials" written by Guozhong Cao and published by Imperial College Press in 2004. This important book focuses not only on the synthesis and fabrication of nanostructures and nanomaterials, but also includes properties and applications of nanostructures and nanomaterials, particularly inorganic nanomaterials. It provides balanced and comprehensive coverage of the fundamentals and processing techniques with regard to synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications of nanostructures and nanomaterials. Both chemical processing and lithographic techniques are presented in a systematic and coherent manner for the synthesis and fabrication of 0-D, 1-D, and 2-D nanostructures, as well as special nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and ordered mesoporous oxides. The book will serve as a general introduction to nanomaterials and nanotechnology for teaching and self-study purposes. | <urn:uuid:ec79bec0-8bd3-4653-9fad-891ab259601c> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.ecampus.com/nanostructures-nanomaterials-synthesis/bk/9789814324557 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982938776.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200858-00007-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928992 | 202 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Scotland: An Encyclopedia of Places & Landscapes
Authoritative, comprehensive, and fully up-to-date, this outstanding encyclopedia contains more than 10,000 detailed entries on Scotland’s cities, towns and villages, mountains, lochs and rivers, visitor attractions, monuments, and historic sites. Each entry places its subject in historical, geographical, architectural, or environmental context, offering information for a wide variety of uses. Street plans are included for all of Scotland’s cities and many larger towns, highlighting places of interest, public buildings, and main routes. All the entries are cross-referenced to a full-color atlas of the country, providing a wealth of current cartographic detail. Edited by Dr. David Munro, Director of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, and Bruce Gittings of the Department of Geography at Edinburgh University, Scotland: An Encyclopedia of Places and Landscapes is a landmark work of reference.
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19th century Aberdeen Aberdeenshire Angus Argyll and Bute Beinn Bridge built burgh Burn Castle centre City of Edinburgh developed district of Highland Dumfries and Galloway Earl East Ayrshire East Lothian eastern Fife Firth flows Forest former Gael Gaelic name Galloway A locality Glasgow City Glen Grampians half-mile 1 km hamlet head of Loch headland Highland A locality Highland A mountain Highland A settlement Highland A small Highland Council area Hill House industries inlet Inner Hebrides join the River lies 2 miles located Loch Highland Mainland Meall mile 1.5 km miles 11 miles 3 km Moray Museum nearby northeast northern northwest Outer Hebrides parish church peninsula Perth and Kinross Port railway rises road Royal Scottish Borders Shetland shore of Loch situated Skye small loch small settlement South Ayrshire South Lanarkshire southeast southern southwest Stirling Council area Strath Sutherland tower town valley Water Wester Ross Western Isles | <urn:uuid:2b05fe6f-2a74-44cd-bd7b-eeec8f458be4> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://books.google.com/books?id=-i8ZAQAAMAAJ&q=City+of+Edinburgh&dq=related:UOM39015030640489&lr=&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&hl=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106865.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820170023-20170820190023-00624.warc.gz | en | 0.885514 | 426 | 2.65625 | 3 |
When a patient comes for a consultation with specific symptoms, the doctor will carry out a thorough medical history review and perform a complete physical examination. The examination will focus on the possible growth of the liver, the spleen and the lymph glands located in the axilla zone, the groin, and the neck.
Simultaneously, a blood test will be performed and examined microscopically to check the blood cells for any possible immature or blast cells. The blood test can confirm the presence of leukaemia, although without specifying the exact type. In order to specify the form of leukaemia it is necessary for a specialist (hematologist) to carry out a bone marrow examination of the patient. This procedure, which is called a bone marrow aspiration, requires a puncture in a large bone (such as the hip bone or the sternum) in order to obtain a small amount of bone marrow which can be examined through a microscope. Another useful procedure is the bone marrow biopsy which is performed with a small needle to obtain a small amount of bone marrow and bone.
Illustration by Carmen Bueno
If the bone marrow examination reveals the presence of leukaemia cells, it is necessary to amplify the analysis of the cells in order to know the extent of the disease. A lumbar puncture can confirm the presence of abnormal cells in the fluid that occupies the space in and around the brain and spinal cord (cerebrospinal fluid). Through a range of other tests (radiographs, computed tomography, ultrasound scan) it is possible to detect signs of the disease in other locations such as the thorax or the abdomen. | <urn:uuid:92fc4fcb-400f-4ce1-af95-4ac029442c75> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.fcarreras.org/en/diagnosis_1797 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187827662.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023235958-20171024015958-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.903055 | 332 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Metals and other hard materials like diamond are hard to cut and slice. However, such materials are commonly used in a variety of things. It is important to acknowledge the fact that metals are the primary materials that are used in making machinery. To get the materials into the required shapes, they must be sliced. You are expected to have in mind that there are some machines that must be used in shaping the metals. Waterjet cutting is one such invention that is quite important in slicing the metals. It is important to understand that waterjet uses water and some abrasive substances to slice the metals. A jet of water at high velocity and pressure is applied here. There are advantages of using the waterjet cutter. The discussed below are some of the benefits.
It is important to have in mind that waterjet cutter slices the metals without increasing temperatures. It is essential to understand that the temperatures are maintained low when it comes to waterjet cutting. Because of the low temperature, the metals being sliced will not be distorted or melted. It is expected that everyone knows the effect of high temperatures on metals. Knowing this will enable you to appreciate the waterjet cutter that ensures that the temperatures are maintained low.
The second benefit is that it can cut into any direction. It should be noted that some of these machines just cut in one direction. You will realize that some of these devices will make slicing difficult. It is consequently essential to recognize the waterjet cutter since they are doing good jobs. It is also essential to understand that the waterjet cutter can also cut a variety of materials. You will realize that there are no restrictions when it comes to the use of these materials. The other benefit is that it perforates the materials without making holes.
The other thing that you are supposed to know is that it is environmentally friendly. You will realize that some of the devices that are used in closed areas because of pollution. It is important to understand that the waterjet cutter is unlike such tools since it can be used anywhere without any problems. One is also required to acknowledge the fact that the machine does not produce any gases that are dangerous.
It is also important to note that the waterjet cutter is faster than most of the available machines. One is expected to understand that there are cutting machines that can waste so much of your time due to low speed. Therefore, it is recommended that the waterjet cutter is used. | <urn:uuid:eb3d091e-4039-4aaf-9e16-30ea88c9f513> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://corumescortlar.org/study-my-understanding-of-options-2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999163.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620065141-20190620091141-00203.warc.gz | en | 0.969619 | 486 | 2.859375 | 3 |
How to identify a Mountain Whitefish
Like other salmonids, the mountain whitefish has an adipose fin and an axillary process. The mouth, however, is slightly subterminal with the snout extending clearly beyond it. The body is silvery overall. The back is brownish to olive. The scales often have pigmented borders, especially on the back. The ventral and pectoral fins may have an amber hue in adults. The body is nearly cylindrical, but not quite as cylindrical as the body of the round whitefish. It is nevertheless among the species referred to as “round whitefishes”, and is therefore distinguishable from the lake whitefish which has a laterally compressed body.
Where to catch Mountain Whitefish
The mountain whitefish is endemic to the lakes and streams of the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada, from the Lahontan basin in Nevada north to the southern border of the Yukon Territory. It occurs inland into Alberta in Canada and Wyoming in the United States. Its range overlaps that of the widespread lake whitefish in British Columbia and Alberta, and slightly overlaps that of the round whitefish in extreme northern British Columbia near the Yukon border. The following list includes additional details on where to catch this fish: | <urn:uuid:9dc2abcf-4e89-4920-a69f-49f26911b744> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.takemefishing.org/fish-species/mountain-whitefish/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948512208.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211052406-20171211072406-00571.warc.gz | en | 0.969022 | 263 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Hillsborough in Orange County, North Carolina — The American South (South Atlantic)
Indians on the Great
Trading Path. Inhabited
ca. 1680 – 1710. Visited
in 1701 by the explorer
John Lawson. ½ mi. E.
Erected 1991 by NC Division of Archives and History. (Marker Number G 33.)
Location. 36° 4.324′ N, 79° 5.953′ W. Marker is in Hillsborough, North Carolina, in Orange County. Marker is on S Churton Street, on the right when traveling north. Touch for map. Marker is on the south side of the bridge leading to the Hillsborough Historic District. Marker is in this post office area: Hillsborough NC 27278, United States of America.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. Paper Mill (about 500 feet away, measured in a direct line); James Hogg (about 600 feet away); Billy Strayhorn (approx. 0.2 miles away); North Carolina Society of the Cincinnati (approx. 0.2 miles away); William Churton (approx. 0.2 miles away); Edmund Fanning (approx. 0.2 miles away); Regulators Hanged (approx. 0.2 miles away); Orange County Courthouse, 1845-1957 (approx. 0.2 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Hillsborough.
Categories. • Colonial Era • Native Americans • Settlements & Settlers •
Credits. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. This page originally submitted on August 1, 2010, by Bill Coughlin of North Arlington, New Jersey. This page has been viewed 539 times since then. Photos: 1, 2, 3. submitted on August 1, 2010, by Bill Coughlin of North Arlington, New Jersey. | <urn:uuid:48b7a104-c26c-44ed-a2a9-7a492157b879> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=33888 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887692.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119010338-20180119030338-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.896682 | 406 | 2.75 | 3 |
Item 2: Concrete
Concrete is one of the most essential building materials in the world. Look around you, and you're bound to spot something made of concrete. The seemingly ubiquitous compound is a mixture of water, cement and additives such as sand and gravel. About 75 percent of the concrete used for construction projects is ready-made [source: Portland Cement Association]. Ready-made concrete is initially mixed at a concrete plant, then transported to the site via truck.
Concrete trucks are easy to recognize with their signature drum-shaped attachments. Those rotating drums keep the concrete mixture from hardening during the trip. The truck drivers control the speed of the drum rotation, adjusting it according to how the concrete will be used [source: Clark, Dropkin and Kaplan]. If you've ever picked up a single concrete block, you can imagine the immense weight of a truckload of the stuff. Indeed, a fully loaded concrete truck may weigh up to 60,000 pounds (27,215 kilograms) [source: Clark, Dropkin and Kaplan]. That enormous load makes it one of the largest allowable on many state highways.
Everyone knows that concrete is heavy. And the more concrete you’re towing, the heavier the load. That same principle applies to the next object we’ll look at. Maybe apple cores, coffee grounds and candy wrappers don’t weigh too much individually, but when they’re compacted together, it’s a back-breaking load. | <urn:uuid:478ad8a3-506a-48be-ab65-11e146a56729> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://auto.howstuffworks.com/auto-parts/towing/towing-capacity/information/5-regularly-towed-ten-thousand-pound-items4.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513760.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021052235-20181021073735-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.928358 | 306 | 3.21875 | 3 |
My Child & I: Vaccination – Part I
Welcome to the first article in a new series, designed to give you a little more information regarding vaccinations. We hope to clarify some common doubts as well as give you a clearer picture as to why vaccines are important for the well being of you and your loved ones. Don’t miss Parts II, III & IV for more information.
Part I: The Basics
Vaccinations are a common rite of passage for the new parent and child. During the first few years of your child’s life, a trip to the doctor’s for their shots is often one of the first challenges the new parent has to deal with. Very often, the parent has to deal with a bawling child in addition to worrying about side effects from the vaccine. Faced with such a situation, who can help but wonder if the vaccine is necessary in the first place?
What are vaccines and why are there so many? What should your child get? Are you legally obligated to vaccinate your child? Lets try to answer some of the common questions faced by many parents, new and old.
What are vaccines?
The simplest way to explain what a vaccine is is to describe what it’s intended to do. Vaccines are medical products designed to provide recepients with immunity to specific diseases. This is usually given to the patient in the form of an injection or an oral preparation. Vaccines generally contain inactivated particles or harmless versions of the infectious agents they protect against.
Most infectious diseases are caused by microsopic organisms known as bacteria or viruses. These can be transmitted by contact with an ill person or their fluid secretions (depending on the particular organism involved). Once in the system, the infectious agent will start attacking and invading the cells of the body, causing symptoms such as cough, rashes, vomiting or diarrhea. Generally, the symptoms caused are temporary and clear once the infection has been dealt with. Occasionally , certain infections may cause severe illness and some may even leave long lasting issues such as infertility, paralysis or even lead to death!
The aim of a vaccine is to bolster the body’s immune system so it can fight off such infectious agents effectively even before they can invade and cause such harm to you.
How do they work?
Vaccines depend on getting the body’s immune system to recognise the invading organism as a threat and therefore mount an immune response to it. This is usually done by introducing particles from the dead organism, or by use of a live organism that has been made harmless. Both of these techniques mean that the immune system is given the necessary cues to mount an immune response but that the given agent cannot by itself cause harm to the patient. When given, the body will generate antibodies to immediately fight off the agent as well as store the event in immune memory cells so that in future exposures, the same response can be recreated.
Why does my child need so many shots?
One of the key challenges with a sucessful vaccination program is getting the memory cells to remember the infectious agent. Often, a single exposure is enough to produce antibodies, which will provide temporary protection against the infectious agent, but not to register in the memory cells to provide long-lasting immunity. Through painstaking clinical trials, researchers have identified the minimum number of doses required to log the infectious agent into the longterm memory cells of the immune system.
Additionally, the immune response to an infectious agent is very specific. Therefore a vaccine that triggers an immune response to chickenpox (for example) will program the immune system to be resilient to the chickenpox virus but will not offer any protection against the influenza virus. Therefore , a patient needs specific vaccinations to each and every organsim he/she wishes to get protected against.
There have been great progresses made in combining vaccinations into single dose deliveries. For example, the classic DPT vaccine ( already a combination vaccine providing immunity to Diptheria, Pertussis and Tetanus) now has variations which add-on components to protect against Polio, Hemophilus influenza B and even Hepatitis B. However,it is impossible to compress all the necessary vaccines into a single shot. For the time being at least, it seems that multiple shots are a necessary evil.
Need more advice?
- Robertson Walk (Anonymous HIV Clinic) (+65 6238 7810)
- DUO Galleria (Bugis MRT) (+65 6976 5023)
- Novena Medical Centre (+65 6397 2095)
- Somerset – Orchard Building (+65 6262 0762)
- Raffles Place – PLUS (+65 6962 7144)
- Holland V (+65 6235 1339)
- Siglap (East Coast Road) (+65 6962 2144)
Where to find us – here
Selected clinics are open on Saturday and Sunday.
For lady patients who prefer female doctors, we have professional certified female Doctors to attend to your medical needs.Click Here for Contact Details, Address and Opening Times. Click here to contact us | <urn:uuid:cd365ba0-1d9b-4fda-b2d6-2ed5e3620207> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.drtanandpartners.com/my-child-i-vaccination-part-i/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370497301.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330181842-20200330211842-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.93251 | 1,044 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The black widow spider can be found on every continent except Antarctica. Its venom is toxic and painful, leaving victims to feel the effects long after the bite. Following is a transcript of the video.
Venom 15 times stronger than a rattlesnake — the black widow spider. What happens when it bites?
All black with a red hourglass, just bigger than a paperclip. Only the female can bite humans. The bite may feel like nothing more than a needle prick.
Within 15 minutes localized cramps will begin. Black widow venom hijacks the victim’s nervous system.
The thighs, back, and shoulders are usually the first muscles to suffer stronger spasms. The venom causes the nervous system to dump all of its neurotransmitters.
Pain becomes more severe — causing the abdomen to have a board-like rigidity.
Black widows have a cocktail of neurotoxins that enhance the effect of its main component alpha-latrotoxin. Together they cause paralysis and destruction of the nerve endings.
Increasing pain and cramps
Pregnant women may go into labor
Morphine and barbiturates may be used to ease the increasing pain and convulsions. Though the venom’s effect on breathing may make painkillers more dangerous. The only antivenom uses potentially harmful horse proteins, making it a last resort. The black widow’s bite is rarely deadly for healthy adults.
Pain and symptoms begin to subside. Most recover completely within 3-5 days. Weakness and occasional spasms can persist for weeks and months, though. Different species of black widows can be found on nearly every continent. But it seldom bites unless threatened or protecting its eggs. | <urn:uuid:9fe9ac07-5bbf-49f6-90fe-896871a9e506> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://sorendreier.com/what-happens-if-you-get-bitten-by-a-black-widow-spider/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243992159.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210517084550-20210517114550-00134.warc.gz | en | 0.878713 | 352 | 3.140625 | 3 |
28 June 2013 Remittances – the money sent by migrants to their home countries – could generate $30 billion annually for investment in rural areas if initiatives were scaled up, according to the United Nations agency that works to improve the lives of the world's rural poor.
Remittances “can empower rural people to blaze a trail out of poverty and exclusion,” said Kanayo F. Nwanze, President of the UN International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) today at an event at its headquarters in Rome.
“The value of remittances is staggering, but the rural poor need greater impact.” Mr. Nwanze said, unThe value of remittances is staggering, but the rural poor need greater impact. We need more strategic ways to invest the $200 billion sent home to the rural areas every year.derscoring: “We need more strategic ways to invest the $200 billion sent home to the rural areas every year.”
More than 215 million people across the globe live outside of the countries they call home. Most remittance families operate outside of the world's financial system, dependent on costly cash transfers that often require significant travel for rural recipients.
Despite the global prevalence of electronic money transfers, most migrant workers are excluded from convenient, modern banking and are forced to initiate more than one billion separate remittance transactions worldwide each year.
Reducing transaction costs is a key priority as well as affirming the significant role that diaspora play in rural development, particularly agriculture, the IFAD chief added.
Organized jointly by IFAD and the World Bank, the event has more than 350 participants including representatives from the Group of Eight (G8) largest world economies, as well as central bankers and microfinance institutions, money transfer operators and postal networks.
Today's event is the first since the Fourth Global Forum on Remittances 2013 in Bangkok, Thailand, last month.
News Tracker: past stories on this issue | <urn:uuid:8a6cd129-336e-47ec-83b9-f2c9f2415e90> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=45301&Cr=ifad&Cr1=rural | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098464.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00114-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94424 | 407 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The view that a person and his or her name are one has been expressed for a long time by the assertion: 'nomen est omen'. In the Middle Ages, when giving real names, this view played a more important role than it does nowadays. However, in the world of names used in literary texts it has remained essential up till now. In their literary works, writers have always considered it very important to create or choose the names for their characters. This has been evident both in the analyses of numerous literary texts as well as in the opinions of many modern writers. Fictional names, contrary to the real ones, have a remarkable strength of expression which manifests itself in certain functions these names perform. The most important functions that the fictional names perform are the following: 1.Identification. Through its proper name an object gets its identity. 2.Fictionalization. Existing real names (and their bearers) get included in the fiction of literary works and become, in principle, equal to the fictional (imaginary) names. Literary illusion appears. 3.Characterization. This very intricate function can be assigned to four types of names in literary texts. (According to Birus these four types of names are the following: narrative names, classifying names, symbolic names and personifying names). 4.Mythologizing: This function can be considered the prototype of characterization but, in this case, what is significant is an old magical conviction that some unknown, mysterious powers are hidden in names. 5. Accentuation/Anonymity. This function can also be considered a subtype of Characterization. However, in this case, we deal with strong emphasis (e.g. comicality, word playing) on one hand and with phenomena of taboo or concealment on the other.
Financed by the National Centre for Research and Development under grant No. SP/I/1/77065/10 by the strategic scientific research and experimental development program:
SYNAT - “Interdisciplinary System for Interactive Scientific and Scientific-Technical Information”. | <urn:uuid:b0949f26-4020-4cdb-bbc8-07f358abf466> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.8eef9afe-d8be-31c9-b842-8650db7b0114 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721558.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00346-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940754 | 419 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Infectious waste can pose a potential pathological threat through pathogenic organisms to both the public and the environment if it stays unchecked.
For this reason, you just need an experienced professional whom you can trust to carry out infectious waste disposal as per the relevant regulations in place by the authorities.
Any waste, solid or liquid, that is hazardous and is generated by a person or animal can be termed infectious waste. Disposal of infectious waste is done in a Yellow bag. Recycling this is not possible as it is generated by infected people or animals. Even if you recycle it, it would still have contaminated cells. Thus, infectious waste cannot be recycled. The steps before disposal include collection, segregation, transport and disposal.
Unchecked infectious waste can become a potential threat to the general public and environment as it consists of contaminated microorganisms that are more than enough to infect a healthy human being. If the infectious waste isn’t treated in a prescribed way then it can cause imbalances in water, air and soil as well. Hence, infectious waste disposal should be done as soon as possible to prevent this.
Reach out to us, and our team will respond to you as quickly as possible.
Our field-based team will conduct a complete analysis of your waste management system.
Delivery and installation of containers and equipment, collaborating closely with management and maintenance personnel.
An experienced local technician will service your waste following your custom service agreement.
Urine may or may not be classified as infectious waste. If it is from an infected person or a hospitalized patient, then yes, it can be an infectious waste. However, if it is from a normal person, then it cannot be classified as infectious waste.
Any fluid, including blood or bodily fluids from an infectious person, along with solid waste such as bandages, swabs, or disposable nappies of infected patients, animals, or autopsies can be categorised as infectious waste.
Infectious waste should not be combined with mercury thermometers, mercury devices and vaccinations, pharmaceuticals, or empty glass vials.
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Our practice is legally compliant and follows the latest policies and procedures.
We segregate, store, transfer and dispose of medical waste catering to customers’ specific needs.
Our highly trained experts provide a reliable, compliant, efficient, and sustainable healthcare waste disposal solution.
I have recently started using their service for Imaan Ltd. I found them professional, efficient and very promptly the accounts were set up. We have taken their service for sanitary waste and sharps waste for our 12 sites across the UK. So far we are very pleased with their service provided.
I've heard a lot about Trikon, and I'd like to say that I've had a great experience with them. The key thing is to communicate and then you will be surprised at how helpful Trikon can be. We had a couple of minor issues with the start of the contract but nothing that Trikon and the team didn't sort out quickly. They have been more than flexible during the last 3 months of C-19 so no complaints there. To be honest their service so far has been excellent and far far better than Biffa ever was. Give them a chance, communicate and you will be very happy. Good value service and very helpful.
Excellent service for all our branches. From our personal experience, Trikon has always delivered in a timely manner and excellent price. Way better than having Veolia, Biffa and Citron Hygiene. | <urn:uuid:597aaa0d-c654-42aa-a3a8-1da832b4c05f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.trikonclinicalwaste.co.uk/services/infectious-waste/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100942.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209170619-20231209200619-00808.warc.gz | en | 0.956887 | 740 | 2.75 | 3 |
Our Klamath Basin Water Crisis
Upholding rural Americans' rights to grow food,
own property, and caretake our wildlife and natural resources.
It was the turn of the 20th Century when settlers came to ranch and farm at the edge of Tule Lake and Lower Klamath Lake. Tule Lake, at the terminus of the Lost River, was a closed basin before the Klamath Project was built. Overflow from the Klamath River during periods of high flows spilled into the Lost River Slough and ended up in Tule Lake. More Klamath River water flowed into the Lower Klamath Lake and adjacent marsh areas. These two lakes at times represented over 150,000 acres of evaporation ponds. The outlet for the upper Klamath Basin was a reef at Keno, Oregon. Link River was the outlet for Upper Klamath Lake. There are documented brief periods when no water flowed out of Upper Klamath Lake prior to replacing part of the reef at the outlet with a dam constructed in 1922.
A popular misconception is that Klamath Basin farmers are taking water and using it to irrigate a desert. The Bureau of Reclamation built the most efficient irrigation project in the United States by rerouting water and building storage for irrigation. The Klamath Project would provide free regulated water for hydropower on the Klamath River, giving power customers lower power rates. The groundwater table is very shallow, so return flows from irrigated fields ends up in Tulelake and Lower Klamath wildlife refuges. Surplus water from the refuges is pumped through the Straits Drain back to the Klamath River.
After World Wars I and II, The United States government invited veterans to enter a lottery to win a homestead in part of this Reclamation Project. These young patriotic families came to grow food for America for the rest of their lives. Each holds a land and water right signed by their President.
The Klamath Basin is the most important feeding stop in the Pacific Flyway, with ducks and geese consuming more than 70 million pounds of food. Crops on the refuges and private fields provide more than 50% of this feed. Klamath Project irrigators take strict precautions with pesticides and fertilizers. A multi-year study by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service found no evidence of animal illness or death caused by pesticides or fertilizer.
A system that benefits the economy, the area, the nation and the wildlife is a good thing.
In the late 1980s two species of suckers native to the upper basin were listed as endangered. In the late 1990s Coho salmon in the Klamath River were listed as threatened species. Because of the Federal nexus of the Klamath Reclamation Project, its operations became subject to Biological Opinions formulated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for suckers and the National Marine Fisheries Service for salmon.
In 2000 the Department of Justice contracted Dr. Thomas B Hardy to establish Indian water rights by being an expert witness for (and paid for by) the Bureau of Indian Affairs in the Klamath River adjudication process. The BIA authorized $550,086 for Hardy in his 2000 contract. He worked with the Klamath River Basin Fisheries Task Force Technical Work Group and used tribal biology paid for by individual tribes. From his studies, a biological opinion was formulated to mandate Klamath River flows. Irrigators and their scientists were not allowed at the table in this process.
As a baseline guide for historic ‘average’ flows needed in the Klamath River below Iron Gate Dam, Dr. Hardy used a period of years when Bureau of Reclamation records indicated inflows to Upper Klamath Lake were 34% above the long term average. The period used was after the Lost River Slough had been diked off to prevent spill out of the Klamath River to Tule Lake. His science called for more water to be demanded from the Upper Klamath Basin than is physically possible.
In combination with a Biological Opinion mandating minimum elevations in Upper Klamath Lake to protect suckers, deliveries of water from Upper Klamath Lake and the Klamath River to the Klamath Project were denied in an announcement made on April 6, 2001 by the Bureau of Reclamation.
Mass destruction and shock
There were meetings and gatherings constantly. Armed federal marshals guarded the head gate of the main diversion channel so farmers could not get water for their dying fields, livestock and wildlife, from the storage that they paid for.
Their plan demands 100,000 acre feet of water to be taken from Klamath irrigators every year, even on wet years. According to Oregon Water Resources Department records, because of this demand, our aquifer is being depleted by five feet per year with no time to recharge. And the irrigators have no assurance that they will receive irrigation water.
The Biological Opinions established lake level and flow requirements that varied depending on expected inflow to Upper Klamath Lake from April through September. Differences between the year types established are such that in some cases higher inflows result in more demands for flows and lake maintenance, leaving less water for the Project. In those situations it is wise to pray for less snow or rain.
In 2003, the Bureau said they would again shut off our water because a wet spring triggered higher flows and lake level requirements. On June 25, the Bureau announced that the A Canal would be shut down until after June 30 to avoid violating the minimum lake elevation for the end of June. Later that day they reversed their decision but with demands for more water savings. The blackmail was, with over $100 million of crops in the ground, we had to pump our groundwater all summer at our own expense, in addition to the Bureau’s water bank demands, while they poured our stored water down the river. They said if we didn’t pump, they would again deny us our stored irrigation water.
When government goes bad
In October of ’03 the National Academy of Science final report said the science that shut down irrigation supplies to the Klamath Project in 2001 was flawed. The committee found no causal connection between Upper Klamath Lake water levels and suckers’ health, or higher flows on the Klamath River helping Coho. The fish that died in 2002 were not caused by lack of more Project water, and more water would not have prevented the fish die-off. “Recovery of endangered suckers and threatened Coho can not be achieved by actions focused on the operation of the Klamath Project.”
Since the NAS is the best available peer-reviewed science in the United States, one would think that the Project Operation plan for 2004 and thereafter would reflect that science. Think again. Besides demanding 100,000 acre feet of our stored water and aquifer regardless of water year type to artificially elevate lake levels and river flows, the Bureau hired Dr. Hardy again to create more science to regulate flows and take Project water. The NAS findings have been ignored.
Next week I'll tell you most recent Klamath developments.
Jacqui Krizo writes from Tulelake, California. Her dad won a homestead in the Klamath Basin in 1949, and her husband's father in 1947. She and her husband grow organic barley and organic horseradish in the Tulelake basin, and bottle their own brand of horseradish. They manage the www.klamathbasincrisis.org website which serves Klamath Basin farmers, miners, loggers, fishermen and communities.
Page Updated: Thursday May 07, 2009 09:14 AM Pacific
Copyright © klamathbasincrisis.org, 2007, All Rights Reserved | <urn:uuid:079350cb-793e-4374-b45f-b7f668a835d8> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.klamathbasincrisis.org/agrinews/whathappenedKl033007.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257644271.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317035630-20180317055630-00642.warc.gz | en | 0.954003 | 1,604 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Post Summary: Mesa Verde Camping
Imagine building your house on a top of a cliff? Now imagine building your house on a ledge on the side of that cliff? Seems crazy. The Ancestral Puebloans did just that. They built their home and villages on the sides of cliffs. For about 700 years, these men and women built a range of cliff dwellings, pithouses, pueblos, masonry towers, and farming structures before abandoning the region. Today, Mesa Verde National Park protects their archeological history. Over 4,700 sites have been discovered in the park. Mesa Verde National Park is a unique national park protecting both a gorgeous mesa and archeological record of the early human inhabitants.
Camping in Mesa Verde National Park is a perfect way to get a jump on your day and explore the park.
This post may contain affiliate links, meaning if you book or buy something through one of these links, I may earn a small commission at no extra cost to you! Read the full disclosure policy here | <urn:uuid:0c9eb923-9a62-460c-abfd-fea088818bfc> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://nationalparkobsessed.com/camping-in-mesa-verde/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100583.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206031946-20231206061946-00782.warc.gz | en | 0.931485 | 213 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Before Your Visit
What is a flood?
Too much water in too little time forces the water into places that are normally dry. Floods are the most deadly of all natural disasters, including tornadoes and hurricanes.
- What has to be in place for a flood to happen (the most important ingredient of a flood)? [Water! A lot of it in a shorter period of time than normal.]
- What can cause a lot of water in one place at one time? [Rain, rapid snow melt, ice jams, etc.]
- What can make flooding worse? [Lack of warning, no plan for evacuation, no emergency services, too much run-off because of erosion, development]
- Floods cause millions of dollars of damage every year in Pennsylvania. How do floods do their damage to people and to towns? [drowning, hit by debris, infected by polluted water; rushing water washes things away, debris crashes into buildings, things get wet that shouldn't get wet, polluted water contaminates furniture, clothing, food, etc.]
- What can make floods less damaging? [build houses and businesses away from the rivers, dredge and widen rivers, build flood control dams and levees, plantings to control run off and erosion, warning systems and evacuation plans]
Pennsylvania has always been especially vulnerable to floods
Ask students: Did you know that Pennsylvania is more prone to floods than any other state? Why do you suppose that is?
Then lead a discussion to elicit some of the reasons. The following are reasons found on various Pennsylvania state sites, the Army Corps of Engineers, and the National Weather Service.
Why Pennsylvania is more prone to floods than other states:
- Our hilly terrain creates thousands of creeks and rivers in every valley.
- Because of all the hills, heavy downpours drain quickly into the streams and rivers before they have a chance to sink into the soil.
- Our soils contain a lot of clay, which absorbs water slowly, making more run-off.
- When clouds coming from the west hit the mountains, the lift they get "squeezes" rain out so that the ridges -- including the Laurel Ridge -- receive more rain and snow than towns farther west receive.
To make matters worse, Pennsylvania suffers more damage when floods do happen:
- Steep hills and easy river transportation makes our flat floodplains the best place to locate towns and factories, which means they are right in the way of floods (that's why they call them floodplains!)
- Do you remember a flood ever occurring in your community? What kind of damage occurs in a flood?
Floods do damage by:
- Producing moving water with tremendous power
- People who have not experienced a flood often don't realize the dangers of moving water.
- The power of the moving water is magnified by the debris that the water carries: trees, vehicles, boulders, buildings, etc.
- Fast-moving water can sweep up everything in its path, throwing it against everything downstream and leaving terrible destruction behind.
- Leaving behind filthy dirt and debris
- The water itself can ruin things, like books, furniture, photographs, and electronic equipment that shouldn't get wet.
- The debris in floodwaters also contain chemicals and disease germs. This means that floods usually pollute drinking water supplies.
- The mud and debris floods leave behind not only cost a lot to clean up, but they are also a health hazard.
Man-made ingredients that can make floods worse:
- Obstructions in the rivers (bridges, natural obstructions like sand, silt, rocks, fallen trees);
- Changes in the shoreline;
- Changes in how fast the water runs off the land by building, mining, lumbering, etc.
Things that change the way water runs off the land:
- Buildings, roads, and development that cut away parts of hills and cover the soil with pavement. Water runs off quickly without being absorbed;
- Taking away vegetation, which absorbs tremendous amounts of water, keeps soil in place, and reduces erosion;
- Conduits that carry water into pipes below roads, etc., can get clogged with debris; without natural banks for extra water to escape, it becomes a dam instead of a conduit; water backs up and causes flooding behind it;
- Draining wetlands leaves fewer places for water to lay while it slowly soaks into the ground.
Overview of the Johnstown Flood of 1889
The worst flood in United States history happened when all the ingredients of floods combined in one big recipe for disaster.
As you read the story of the Johnstown Flood of 1889, make a note of every flood ingredient mentioned.
After reading the background article, discuss:
- Why were the waters already high (higher than anyone had ever seen before) in Johnstown? [very heavy rains]
- What was making the flooding even worse (even before the dam broke)? [clear-cut lumbering, river channel narrowing]
- What was the original purpose of the lake created by the South Fork Dam? [store extra water to release into the Pennsylvania Mainline Canal in Johnstown when the water got low (usually summer)]
Hints from a Modern Topo Map and Aerial Photo
Study the modern U.S. Geological Survey topographical map and aerial photography of the Conemaugh Valley (available in several formats -- see materials list above for links) and find the path of the flood:
- Locate South Fork Creek on the map. Mark which way the water is flowing. How can you tell?
- Find the location of the dam (hint: look for the Johnstown Flood National Memorial). Draw a rough outline of where the lake would have been, using the topographical lines as a guide.
- What path would the water from the lake naturally take when the dam broke?
- Follow the South Fork down to where it empties into the Little Conemaugh River.
- What kind of terrain does the water go through from the South Fork Dam to Johnstown? Where is the river channel widest? Where is it narrowest? What would happen to the water when it reached narrow places? What would happen if a bridge were over the river?
- Estimate the elevation of the South Fork Dam and of Johnstown. Which is highest in elevation? How much higher is South Fork Dam than Johnstown? What happens to water when it drops in elevation over a short distance?
- Find the towns along the rivers. Which towns look safest from floods? Which look to be in most danger? Why?
1889 Maps and Timeline
Maps from an 1889 Atlas and news article can give us more hints about the towns along the flood's path and obstacles it met along the way. Using the Caldwell Atlas maps and the flood timeline:
- Trace the route of the flood from the South Fork Dam to Johnstown.
- Using the timeline, mark on the map the time the flood reached the towns along the way.
- Try to estimate the elevation of each town using the cross section diagram on this map of the floodpath drawn in 1889. Mark the elevation of each town next to the time the flood arrived. On average, how many feet of elevation did the flood drop every minute?
- Using the Scale of Miles on the map, estimate the distance the flood had to travel from South Fork Dam to Johnstown. Estimate its speed in miles per hour. On average, how many feet of elevation did the flood drop every mile?
- What clues do these maps, the aerial photograph, and the timeline give about the ingredients of all of Johnstown's floods, not just the flood of 1889?
You will search for a lot more flood ingredients tomorrow at the Johnstown Flood Museum.
Side Trip: Pennsylvania Mainline Canal and Portage Railroad
The South Fork Dam was originally part of one of the great engineering feats of the early 1800s -- the building of a canal over the mountains of Pennsylvania. The water in its reservoir was pumped to Johnstown when the canal basin there went too low in the summer months. To learn more, visit these sites: | <urn:uuid:7d71ab01-d432-44ff-a944-24ced2ed5d2c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jaha.org/edu/flood/why/before.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00164-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942972 | 1,682 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Think:Kids Introductory Training at Dedham Middle School
Thursday, May 30, 2013 from 9:00 AM to 4:00 PM (EDT)
When & Where
Think:Kids at MGH
Think:Kids teaches a revolutionary, evidence-based approach for helping children with behavioral challenges. Through training, support and clinical services, we promote the understanding that challenging kids lack the skill, not the will, to behave well – specifically skills related to problem solving, flexibility and frustration tolerance. Unlike traditional models of discipline, our approach avoids the use of power, control and motivational procedures and instead focuses on teaching kids the skills they need to succeed. | <urn:uuid:54705816-f618-46b4-84ee-54b753713b51> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.eventbrite.com/contact-organizer?eid=5839206223 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720475.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00324-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934671 | 132 | 2.5625 | 3 |
You sweat in order to cool off your body. As sweat droplets evaporate, your skin cools down. So, if your upper lip develops sweat while eating a steaming bowl of soup or little beads run down your forehead after something super spicy, you can understand why you're perspiring. (By the way, this is an entirely normal body response, according to the Merck Manual.)
But there are also medical causes behind sweating after you eat, which is officially called "gustatory sweating."
Video of the Day
While the location of sweating on your body doesn't really matter, there are other signs that might help you identify what's going on.
1. It’s a Specific Food You're Eating
There are particular foods known for triggering the sweat response, which may include coffee, chocolate, spicy or sour foods, hot foods, alcohol and sweets, according to the International Hyperhidrosis Society.
"I don't often hear patients say that when they eat they sweat all over their body. When I do, patients have figured out that when they eat [a certain food], they sweat," says David Pariser, MD, a dermatologist and specialist in hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating) in Norfolk, Virginia.
If you notice a certain food does it (for example, carbohydrates can cause night sweats) — and you've been checked out for other medical conditions by your doctor — the simplest advice holds: Avoid that food to avoid the sweat.
Other Foods That Cause Excessive Sweating
2. You Have Frey Syndrome
This is a rare condition that happens after facial surgery around the parotid glands, which are salivary glands below your ears, according to the National Organization for Rare Disorders. This can happen as a result of surgery from a benign or malignant tumor in the parotid gland itself, a skin cancer removal or plastic surgery, Dr. Pariser says.
What happens, he explains, is that as skin and nerves heal following surgery, branches of the nerves that went to these salivary glands may essentially become mixed up and hook up to the sweat glands in skin. As saliva glands are stimulated in response to eating, which is part of the digestive process, they mistakenly trigger sweat glands to sweat.
"This is a dripping sweat. While it's not a serious medical condition, it can be disabling socially," Dr. Pariser says.
It's almost sure to happen if you had surgery on a parotid gland, though it's rare in cases of plastic surgery, he says. Most cases of Frey's involve just one side of the face.
As for treatment, "Botox injections are the most effective and easiest," Dr. Pariser says, adding that results usually last nine to 12 months, and up to two years.
While this is a first-line treatment for Frey's, there can be issues with insurance coverage (the treatment is off-label), though some companies will cover it. Regardless, while the upfront cost of Botox may be higher compared to medications, in the long run, it can be more cost-effective for patients, Dr. Pariser says.
3. You Have Nerve Damage From Diabetes
People who have diabetic autonomic neuropathy — a complication of diabetes involving nerve damage — may sweat on the forehead, face, scalp and neck after chewing food, particularly after eating cheese, according to the American Diabetes Association.
"What I tell patients is that there's nothing the matter with their sweat glands, it's the switch that controls them," Dr. Pariser says. In this case, that switch is stuck on, and nerves are stimulating sweat when they otherwise shouldn't be.
4. You Have Shingles
This is a reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, the one that causes chickenpox. It can cause a rather painful rash, and if this rash is on your face, then the nerves can be damaged, leading to gustatory sweating, per the Merck Manual.
This is known as secondary hyperhidrosis, according to the International Hyperhidrosis Society. You'll likely sweat on both sides of your face as well as your neck and chest. You might have this response when you eat or even just think about food, according to the organization.
Treatment for shingles includes antiviral medication, so see your doctor if this is happening to you.
5. It's a Symptom of Parkinson’s Disease
This is a progressive brain disorder that causes shaking, makes walking difficult and affects balance, according to the National Institute on Aging. Both brain and nerve disorders are linked to sweating conditions.
If the cause of sweating after you eat is a side effect of a medical condition, you should be properly treated by your primary care provider or another specialist who can treat the underlying condition and provide specific suggestions for how to manage any sweating side effects.
6. You Have Craniofacial Hyperhidrosis
Whether you are eating or not, craniofacial hyperhidrosis can cause excessive sweating of the head, face and scalp, according to the International Hyperhidrosis Society. This condition can indicate an underlying health issue, or it could be a side effect of a medication.
Treatments for excessive sweating on other body parts are helpful in managing craniofacial hyperhidrosis, too. This can include medicated antiperspirant, Botox or prescription medications called anticholinergics, per a November 2020 review in the Journal Vascular Brasileiro.
7. You're Drinking Alcohol While Eating
Drinking alcohol can make you sweat because it increases your body temperature, per American Addiction Centers. This can be why you notice flushed skin or sweat droplets when having an adult beverage with dinner or dessert.
Are There Medications That Cause Excessive Sweating When Eating?
There are several kinds of meds that can make you sweat as a side effect. This sweating may also increase as you eat. They include, per the Mayo Clinic:
- Hormone therapy
- Methadone (used to treat opioid use disorder)
- Hypoglycemic agents (used to treat low blood sugar in people with diabetes)
- HIV/AIDS medications
When to See a Doctor
There are many reasons you could sweat when you eat — medications, underlying medical conditions, specific foods and more.
How can you differentiate between abnormal and normal sweating? Well, if it disrupts your daily routine, negatively affects your self-esteem or interrupts your meals or lifestyle, it's worth talking to a doctor about.
They may be able to run diagnostic tests to help you find the cause of your sweating and identify a treatment plan.
See a doctor immediately, however, if your excessive sweat is accompanied by lightheadedness, chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea or vomiting, per the Mayo Clinic, which could be signs of a heart attack.
- Merck Manual: “Excessive Sweating”
- International Hyperhidrosis Society: “Gustatory Hyperhidrosis/Frey’s Syndrome”
- International Hyperhidrosis Society: “Gustatory Sweating (Frey’s Syndrome)”
- National Institute on Aging: “Parkinson’s Disease”
- International Hyperhidrosis Society: "Sweaty Face and Head"
- Journal of Vascular Brasileiro: "Current treatment options for craniofacial hyperhidrosis"
- Cleveland Clinic: "Hyperhidrosis"
- American Addiction Centers: "Night Sweats and Alcohol: Why Alcohol Makes You Hot"
- Mayo Clinic: "Excessive Sweating"
- American Diabetes Association: "Autonomic Neuropathy"
- Mayo Clinic: "Medications that can cause night sweats"
- Mayo Clinic: "Heart attack symptoms: Know what's a medical emergency"
Is this an emergency? If you are experiencing serious medical symptoms, please see the National Library of Medicine’s list of signs you need emergency medical attention or call 911. | <urn:uuid:61bf8f6c-dd05-4d1f-be36-b33f4c5b02b6> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.livestrong.com/article/13731754-why-do-i-sweat-when-i-eat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.93273 | 1,664 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Bats, like many members of the nuisance wildlife community, play a very important role in maintaining the balance of our ecosystem. The overwhelming majority of the more than 1,300 bat species worldwide are insectivores, including each of the more than 40 species found in the United States. But when they set up camp inside our homes or businesses, health risks and hazards associated with the presence of bats requires immediate attention. So what should you do if you discover bats inside your home?
In most instances, seeking the assistance of a professional bat removal company is probably advisable. Bats have been determined to carry known and unknown pathogens that can be extremely detrimental to human health, including being directly associated with the transmission of rabies and histoplasmosis. The fecal matter of bats can be particularly hazardous, and caution should be taken before attempting to remove or disturb any buildup of fecal deposits in or around a property.
A small handful of bat control products, repellents, and bat houses are available on the market which Pest Control Everything provides access to. For specific concerns with active populations of bats in or around your property, please search for licensed bat control specialists in your area. | <urn:uuid:84e69455-0fef-4815-9426-ed00e740ebba> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://pestcontroleverything.com/collections/bats | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178389472.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20210309061538-20210309091538-00586.warc.gz | en | 0.935968 | 239 | 2.890625 | 3 |
By Alister Doyle, Environment Correspondent
OSLO (Reuters) - Safeguards on seismic testing for an oil and gas project in the Pacific have shielded endangered whales from harm and are a model for managing the deafening blasts, the world's largest environmental group said on Monday.
Conservationists working with Sakhalin Energy Investment Co Ltd in Russia from 2006-12 said the tiny population of endangered Western Grey whales had risen about 3 percent a year to 140, despite seismic testing near their feeding grounds.
Seismic testing bounces sound waves into the seabed to seek deposits of oil and gas. It can harm whales and other marine life with blasts of 230 to 250 decibels, so loud that they that can sometimes be detected 4,000 kms (2,500 miles) away.
"This work helps to set a standard," Carl Gustaf Lundin, director of the global marine and polar program at the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), told Reuters.
"Once you have raised the bar ... other companies will look bad if they are not deploying it," he said. The IUCN includes governments, scientists and conservation organizations and is the world's biggest environmental alliance.
He said there was no sign of "significant direct impact on the whales" from the testing off Sakhalin island north of Japan. Sakhalin Energy groups Gazprom, Royal Dutch Shell, Mitsui and Mitsubishi.
A common and worrying effect of seismic testing was that the whales move away from their normal feeding grounds, Doug Nowacek of Duke University, lead author of the findings published in the journal Aquatic Mammals, told Reuters.
"The potential exists, if animals get too close (to testing areas), for trauma and injury," he said, adding that to his knowledge no such cases have been documented.
The IUCN said the guidelines called for thorough advance study of wildlife to help decide when it was best to carry out seismic tests, limiting noise levels, halting surveys if animals were seen in the area and follow-up monitoring.
"This is a comprehensive guidebook for how to do this with minimal impact," said Nowacek.
Off Sakhalin, for instance, understanding whale migrations meant it was best to do seismic testing in spring, after ice had melted but before many whales had returned to the region.
Whale sightings also varied a lot from year to year.
"A clear message is that it is not enough to send out a few people for a week or two in a boat and then decide how many whales there are," said Greg Donovan, who chairs an IUCN group looking into the problem of the whales and seismic surveys.
More stringent guidelines would tend to push up costs of environmental monitoring, especially if it meant million-dollar delays to drilling. On the other hand, harming wildlife could damage companies' reputations.
Whales are especially vulnerable to seismic testing.
"Whales rely on sound for communication, navigation and foraging," an IUCN statement said. "Exposure to loud noise from seismic surveys can result in stress and behavior changes, affect foraging and nursing, or cause direct physical damage."
(Reporting By Alister Doyle; Editing by Tom Heneghan) | <urn:uuid:c7008e14-d966-4703-aa72-5662843903c0> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://townhall.com/news/politics-elections/2014/01/20/new-guidelines-seek-to-curb-risks-to-whales-from-seismic-tests-n1781601 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155814.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919004724-20180919024724-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.947258 | 668 | 2.765625 | 3 |
A recent study has shown that MS is present long before the first symptoms start to appear. This period, in which an individual has MS without showing symptoms, is called the “prodromal stage” of MS.
The recent study published in Lancet Neurology was carried out in four Canadian Provinces (British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Nova Scotia), and looked at MS patients’ health data from April 1984 to April 2014. The health data focussed on the period before the diagnosis of MS was made, in order to identify common characteristics.
Results clearly showed the existence of a “prodromal stage” with individuals showing higher health system use in the five years before the first MS symptom. The number of health system visits increased in the year before diagnosis. Hospital admissions were up by 78% and doctors’ visits went up by 88% in patients who potentially had MS, compared to the general population. There was also a 49% rise in the number of drug classes for which medications were prescribed.
One recommendation contained in the research is that patients paying frequent hospital visits should be assessed for a health record history and examination that could point towards them having MS. This assessment should be done thoroughly with clear emphasis on whether the patients’ day-to-day routine has been changed or altered due to physical fatigue, weakness, or any other physical complaint the patient might have.
Source: Medical News Bulletin (20/06/17) | <urn:uuid:5b5bd89e-8640-4e57-b0d9-f7c714b439ca> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.ms-uk.org/recent-study-says-ms-present-years-symptoms-begin-200617 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866276.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524112244-20180524132244-00563.warc.gz | en | 0.968641 | 299 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Te Titiri o Waitangi settlements and government records
Treaty of Waitangi (TOW) Principles
Many public offices will already be aware and have an understanding of the TOW principles and their application in relation to their respective agencies, Acts, roles and responsibilities.
One purpose of the Public Records Act 2005 (PRA) is to encourage the spirit of partnership and goodwill envisaged by the signing of the TOW as provided for in Section 7 of the PRA.
For Māori, iwi and hapū the main concerns around public records are the care and management, access and use, development and revitalisation of Māori knowledge and information (taonga tuku iho) that is held in our archives
Over a long period of time, Māori/iwi/hapū from throughout New Zealand have accessed the public records in our archive for their research of evidence for their Treaty of Waitangi claims.
Treaty of Waitangi Settlements
Since 2008, access to taonga tuku iho within government records has become an important part of cultural redress with settlements. Supporting Treaty settlements is an example of TOW principles in practice.
‘Letters of Commitment’, which are an example of the formal agreements used, are one way we, in conjunction with other culture and heritage agencies, work with iwi, hapū, and Māori to care and manage, use, develop, revitalise and access their respective taonga tuku iho or government records as it is commonly referred to.
The formal agreements are consistent with the partnership principle underlying Te Tiriti o Waitangi and are the basis for an ongoing relationship that facilitates the care and management, use, development, revitalisation and access to taonga tuku iho of the respective iwi, hapū and whānau.
How do Te Tiriti o Waitangi - Treaty of Waitangi Settlements (Treaty settlements) impact on government recordkeeping?
Treaty settlements are consistent with the PRA, in that Māori are concerned with the preservation, access and use of government records. Taonga tuku iho are a good example of records of cultural and long term value.
Once the formal agreements are in place, we will negotiate an agreed work plan based on the iwi’s aspirations. Aspirations vary from iwi to iwi and examples include access to their taonga tuku iho, revitalisation of te reo Māori, revitalisation of an iwi specific dialect, building a purpose built facility to house their taonga, access to taonga held in the various agencies collections, training and intern programmes.
To date, the focus has been on public records that are already in our collection. More recently though, it has become apparent that we need to communicate with public agencies about the impact that the Treaty of Waitangi settlements have on government recordkeeping. We will have more information about what this means for organisations in a future blog. This will follow on from this blog and will explore Māori metadata and how to care for your records and information in the context of Māori principles.
Originally published on the Records Toolkit blog 30 April 2018
Last updated on 22 April 2021 | <urn:uuid:5f21f131-8b48-472b-b98c-83d8b3c43f2b> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://archives.govt.nz/manage-information/updates-for-information-managers/te-titiri-o-waitangi-settlements-and-government-records | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991685.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20210512070028-20210512100028-00220.warc.gz | en | 0.942268 | 680 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The documentary “The Perfect Runner” debuted on CBC’s “The Nature of Things” in March and naturally I was eager, eyes peeled to the screen, giddy with anticipation of hearing yet another story of “why I love running so much and why it has always felt natural to me.”
The Perfect Runner follows anthropologist and host Niobe Thompson on his own quest with the “barefoot professors”; Harvard scientists, Dan Leiberman and Dennis Bramble, who ignited a fire with the barefoot running boom that has taken over the world of bipedal endurance athletics with their theory that humans are “born to run.”
These two leading proponents of the “born to run” hypothesis, speculate that we were programmed to run before our brains grew enough intellect to know it! Let me clarify – “because the growth of the human brain proceeded after the emergence of the running body, it was not our intellect that first guaranteed our survival on the ground,” says Leiberman.
Bipedal Homo sapiens – The Natural Endurance Athlete
Let’s take a peek at the mechanics of what makes us unique – The body of Homo sapiens can do two things remarkably well: stride efficiently and regulate body temperature. Leiberman and Bramble show us that the human body is loaded with specialized running features.
The human leg, from the spring mechanics of the arched foot to the neuromuscular web of the facsia lines that bind an interconnected matrix from the tips of the toes to the scalp, following the network of long tendons running up the calf and thigh, is a perfectly formed marriage of muscle and energy-returning “springs”.
The gluteus group is an area that most runners lack stability and strength in and yet (because we sit on it all day for work, humans are not meant to sit, we are meant to move), it is unique to humans among the primates because it propels us forward while stabilizing our torso as we stride and progress forward. Another key mechanical asset, is the nuchal ligament (described much like a large rope) – runs up the back of the head to stabilize the cranium during running, this allows for proper head carriage during locomotion and if we didn’t have it – we would have bobble heads.
Our longer arms, in comparison to our primate cousins, are structured to swing as counterweights to our body’s motion without tiring our shoulders. The muscles of posterior chain and anterior chain, along with the deep arm fascia prevent the shoulders from wobbling all over the map, and literally hold the arms in a perfect sequence as they swing in conjunction with our stride. And then there is our elongate form – long legs, narrow hip, tall torso; which give an elite runner a stride length of 3.5 metres, much farther than any four-legged competitor.
It is relentless natural selection that has promoted the survival of runners; the Homo body form emerged rapidly in response to the changed environment, a classic evolutionary “state shift”.
The Barefoot Debate:
Over the course of the last couple posts I have outlined various reasons why being barefoot is advantageous, as well as why runners are advantageous. The vote still stands that neither one is better than the other, it just depends on your why, when and how.
Pros to running in shoes are protection from the elements and shock absorption. The cons of running with shoes are more hell strike, which actually increases stress into the body. Running barefoot has the benefits of better proprioception and body awareness during movement, research shows that habitually barefoot or minimally shod humans tend not to land on their heels, and instead strike the ground in a way that leads to reduced stress and very low collision forces. We use our natural springs.
“Why is one of the world’s poorest countries home to some to the world’s best distance runners?”
This is an excellent question! In a visually stunning exploration of the human body and our apelike ancestors, we learn how for over 2 million years Homo sapiens have survived in changing environments across the globe – a world ripe with predators.
Africa, is the heart of the world’s top endurance athletes, and uniquely enough is also the birth place of human civilization. Something called the “Persistence Hunt.” The Perfect Runner features unique footage of the only “persistence hunt” ever filmed; which helps unlock the mystery of why humans made a series of paradoxical trade-offs as they evolved, losing strength and natural defenses as they became hairless bipeds on the scorched African plain.
For the past 2 million years, humans have proactively hunted for food – no surprise here. Using this practice called “persistence hunting”, hunters tracked and ran their prey to exhaustion. Yes, the cheetah may be able to sprint and out run the human, but much like anaerobic threshold training any body (man or animal) can only sustain that energy output for a certain amount of time. Homo sapiens would track the hunt and ultimately through endurance – paying close attention to sustained energy output.
On the other side of the globe and moving from one of the hottest places on earth to the coldest – Niobe travels to the most remote part of Arctic Russia, a place where running is still a way of life in the small rural villages. A herder’s life is constant movement – coined “cowboys without horses, running alongside their reindeer” over the ankle-breaking tundra.
Taking Cues from Natural Runners:
Niobe goes on to say – “Meanwhile, in the world of elite endurance running, coaches have been taking cues from natural runners for decades, learning from the success of the Ethiopian, Kenyan and Moroccan athletes who dominate the international top ranks. AtNorth America’s Athletics Coaching Centre at theUniversityofAlberta, a long-standing collaboration with Ethiopian runners, including the legendary Haile Gebreselassie, has insured that the rising generation of North American athletes emulates the best African runners. Coaches eschew cushioned running shoes, concentrate on foot strength, use barefoot running as a training method, and always promote forefoot-strike techniques.”
This is definitely a movie worth watching, one that even if you are not a runner, is a great tool to visually see the evolutionary process of hominid and bipedal endurance. Now, I have a hankering to go out for a run!
The Perfect Runner: http://www.theperfectrunner.com/
Dan Leiberman, Professor of Human Evolutionary Biology, HarvardUniversity: http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~skeleton/danlhome.html | <urn:uuid:7b08b4d9-077f-485d-b47f-21addeef6963> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://www.vancouveryogareview.com/tag/biomechanics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679103558.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211045204-20231211075204-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.935866 | 1,428 | 2.75 | 3 |
Animation of Dawn's Visit to Vesta
Click on the image for the movie
This movie presents a series of animations showing NASA's Dawn spacecraft traveling to and operating at the giant asteroid Vesta. The surface of Vesta shown in these animations is a conceptual model, based on the expected distribution of craters on Vesta's surface. The first animation traces the path of Dawn through the solar system, on its way to orbit the two most massive objects in the main asteroid belt. Dawn arrives at Vesta in July 2011 and the dwarf planet Ceres in February 2015.
The second animation shows Dawn as it prepares to orbit the protoplanet Vesta.
The third animation shows Dawn spacecraft flying above an artist's concept of the surface of Vesta.
The fourth animation shows the different altitudes at which the spacecraft will orbit Vesta as it gathers science. An initial reconnaissance phase, known as survey orbit, takes place at an altitude of approximately 1,700 miles (2,700 kilometers) and lasts about 20 days. A closer phase known as high altitude mapping orbit will take place about 420 miles (680 kilometers) above the surface and last about 30 days. The lowest phase is known as low altitude mapping orbit, approximately 120 miles (200 kilometers) above the surface, and lasts about 70 days. Dawn will also conduct one more high altitude mapping orbit phase for about 20 days as it spirals away from Vesta.
The fifth animation shows Dawn scanning the conceptual model of the surface of Vesta.
The Dawn mission to Vesta and Ceres is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. It is a project of the Discovery Program managed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala. UCLA is responsible for overall Dawn mission science. Orbital Sciences Corporation of Dulles, Va., designed and built the Dawn spacecraft. The German Aerospace Center, the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, the Italian Space Agency and the Italian National Astrophysical Institute are part of the mission team. | <urn:uuid:f64887cd-8bda-48dd-a134-4a0b0c6f2c5a> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://solarviews.com/cap/pia/PIA14123.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188924.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00508-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.873207 | 416 | 3.5 | 4 |
«Pharmacopeia vs. Thermodynamic Melting Point Determinations Application Note #3 Pharmacopoeia Melting Point The procedural rules for ...»
Pharmacopeia vs. Thermodynamic
Melting Point Determinations
Application Note #3
Pharmacopoeia Melting Point
The procedural rules for melting point determinations are defined in the
pharmacopeias. The medical handbooks include minimum requirements for the
design of the melting point apparatus and for performing the measurements.
Automated melting point determination procedures are generally included. Very
often, the pharmacopeias also list special methods for difficult or unusual cases of melting point determination.
Figure 1. Standard capillary tubes used in melting point determinations.
The pharmacopeias regard the capillary technique as the standard method for melting point determination. In this method, thin glass capillary tubes containing packed samples of the substance are introduced into a heating stand that is continuously being heated up.
The capillary technique is the standard method used for melting point determinations in most organic and pharmaceutical chemistry laboratories.
The procedures for melting point determinations in the pharmacopeias call for a fixed rate of temperature rise in the “heating stand” (i.e. liquid bath and/or metal block), typically between 0.2 °C/min and 2 °C/min, within a temperature range that brackets the expected melting temperature of the compound. The oven continues to heat at a constant rate until the sample is completely melted (i.e.
clear point). In determining the melting point, the temperature on the thermometer at the clear point (and/or sometimes at the meniscus point) is recorded. This is not the temperature of the sample itself but rather that of the Stanford Research Systems Phone: (408) 744-9040 Pharmacopeia vs. Thermodynamic MP Determinations www.thinkSRS.com heating stand where the thermometer is located (i.e. the temperature is determined by the heating medium).
When different heating rates are used for determining the melting point of a sample, the values obtained for the clear point are dependent on the temperature ramping rate. Because the heat transfer from the heating stand to the sample cannot be increased proportionally to the temperature ramping rate, the temperature in the heating stand rises to a higher level with faster rates of heat increase than it does with lower rates. As a result, the faster the temperature is ramped, the higher the clear points are found to be. Due to this dependence on heating rate, measurements taken for melting points are comparable with one another only if they were taken using the same ramping rates. Any variance from the temperature ramping rates specified by pharmacopoeia procedures must be properly recorded for Good Laboratory Practice documentation.
Table 1 is an example of the dependence of the clear point determination on ramping rate for phenacetin samples (MP: 133 ºC) analyzed with an OptiMelt system. As expected, the clear point increases with increasing ramping rates.
The need to specify ramping rates along with the results of the melt is demonstrated by this data.
The capillary techniques described in early pharmacopeias were mostly concerned with visual detection of the melting point. Recent reviews of the published procedures have been supplemented to account for automated detection of the melting point, such as the Digital Image Processing technology used by the OptiMelt system.
The heating stands used by commercial melting point apparatuses are divided
into two categories:
• Liquid BathThe capillaries are immersed in a liquid bath (typ. silicone oil) that is continuously being heated up.
• Metal BlockA small, dry thermal block (metal oven) has proven to be a good alternative to a liquid bath.
The melting point procedures described in early pharmacopeias were designed for “liquid bath” heating stands. However, in recent years most monographs have been updated and supplemented to include the more prevalent metal block setups.
Tip A slight drift in MP results is expected when the MP numbers obtained with a liquid bath oven are compared to those obtained with a metal block stand. This difference is well known and generally ignored since it typically falls within the intrinsic uncertainty of the measurement.
Thermodynamic Melting Point The transition from solid to liquid does not take place instantaneouslyit requires a finite amount of time. The melting process begins at the point where the first particles of the bulk substance turn into the liquid statethe onset point. The end of the melt is reached when the last solid particles have gone over into the liquid phasethe clear point. During the entire melting process of a pure compound, the temperature of the pure substance remains constant (thermodynamic melting point) while heat is transferred from the heating stand to the sample. The heating stand itself experiences a range of temperatures that depends on the selected heating rate.
When determining the melting point according to pharmacopoeia, the temperature of the heating stand at the end of the melt (i.e. clear point) is read.
That single temperature record depends on the temperature ramping rate. It ignores the range between the start and the end of the melt, and it is not the “true” thermodynamic melting point of the pure compound.
Figure 2. Graphical representation of the thermodynamic correction Figure 2 is a simple representation of the sequence of events that take place during the melting of a pure substance.
At the start of the melting (time = t0), the block and the sample are at approximately the same temperature. As soon as the melt starts the sample temperature stabilizes while the block continues heating up. As the melt progresses, the sample remains at constant temperature (thermodynamic melting point, MPtherm) while the block continues to heat up. Heat is constantly transferred from the block to the sample at a rate that is proportional to the temperature gradient between the sample and the block. The temperature of the block at the end of the melt (time = tf) is recorded as the clear point (pharmacopoeia melting point, MPpharma). The thermodynamic correction is
and is represented as a function of the ramping rate, r.
In order to obtain the thermodynamic melting temperature of a pure substance, it is necessary to calculate and subtract the thermodynamic correction from the detected clear point. This calculates back to the temperature at the beginning of the melt so that the value obtained includes practically no dependence on the temperature ramping rate used for the determination.
Stanford Research Systems Phone: (408) 744-9040 Pharmacopeia vs. Thermodynamic MP Determinations www.thinkSRS.com Instruments with automated melting point determination facilities often pack enough data analysis infrastructure to automate the thermodynamic correction procedure: (1) the clear point is accurately identified and recorded, (2) the ramping rate is known and carefully controlled, and (3) the thermodynamic correction algorithm can be programmed and stored in memory. Knowledge of the functional dependence of the thermodynamic correction, ∆T( r ), on r is the only requirement to automate the thermodynamic correction process. A parametric derivation of that functional dependence is presented in the following section.
Thermodynamic Correction At any given time, t, during the melt, the amount of heat, dQ(t), transferred from
the heating stand to the sample during a time dt is:
where, T: temperature of the heating stand, [°C] t: is the time variable, [min] r = dT/dt: temperature ramping rate of the instrument [°C/min] α: heat transfer constant for the melting point apparatus [calories/(°C. min)]
Substituting dt with dT in eqn. 2, leads to:
Integration of the heat transferred from the block to the sample, over the entire melting process, provides the “heat of fusion” of the sample, ∆Hf [calories], which is dependent on its mass but independent of the ramping rate, r.
Calculation of the integral term leads to the analytical expression:
∆Hf = [0.5 α/r]. (MPpharma − MPtherm)2 (eqn. 5) which can be rearranged to provide an equation for the thermodynamic
∆T (r)= MPpharma − MPtherm = [2. ∆Hf / α]1/2. r1/2 = (Thermo CF). r1/2 (eqn. 6)
According to eqn. 6, the thermodynamic correction is directly proportional to the square root of the ramping rate, and in order to calculate the thermodynamic melting temperature, it is necessary to know the value of the Thermodynamic
Correction Factor (Thermo CF) for the melting point apparatus:
MPtherm = MPpharma (clear point) – (Thermo CF). r 1/2 (eqn. 7)
The above theory indicates that the value of the thermodynamic correction factor (Thermo CF), depends, among other things, on the (1) heat of fusion of the sample, (2) the thermal conductivity of the sample, (3) the thermal conductivity of the glass capillary, (4) the sample preparation/packing method, and (5) the geometry/construction of the oven. In practice, the value of Thermo CF is both compound and instrument dependent and must be calculated through empirical determination.
Thermodynamic Correction with OptiMelt A user-programmable Thermodynamic Correction Factor (Thermo CF) can be programmed into OptiMelt and used by the instrument to automatically calculate Thermodynamic Corrections, ∆T (r) = (Thermo CF). r1/2, at the end of a meltpoint determination.
• Thermodynamic corrections are appended to melt-point reports if Thermo MP is set to “Calculate” in the Options menu of the Melt Screen.
• Use the ThermoCF menu button to program the value of Thermo CF for the compound being measured.
• Compound specific thermodynamic correction factors can be stored within the analysis methods saved to memory.
• Use the thermodynamic corrections calculated by your OptiMelt to correct “ramp-dependent” clear points (manual or automatic) and to obtain a true thermodynamic melting point for your samplesindependent of the rate of heat rise used.
• Empirical measurements have shown that in most cases a good approximation to the Thermodynamic Correction Factor (Thermo CF) for OptiMelt is a value of ≈1.0, when r is expressed in standard units of [°C/min].
• Calculation of your sample’s Thermodynamic Correction Factor (Thermo CF) is recommended when accuracy is required. See next section for details.
Calculation of Thermodynamic Correction Factor The Thermodynamic Correction Factor (Thermo CF) is compound specific and
depends on several factors:
• Specific heat of fusion of the sample
• Mass of the sample
• Thermal conductivity of the sample
• Thermal conductivity of the glass capillary
• Sample preparation method
• Geometry of the oven Experimental measurements have shown that in most cases a good approximation to the Thermodynamic Correction Factor (Thermo CF) for OptiMelt is a value of ≈1.0, when r is expressed in standard units of [°C/min]. However, empirical calculation of the Thermodynamic Correction Factor is recommended when more accurate results are required for a specific compound.
A Step-by-step calculation procedure is described below.
Step 1. Perform complete pharmacopoeia melting point determinations on your sample at six different temperature ramping rates: 0.
1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5°C/min.
• Three samples are analyzed simultaneously for each ramping rate. Load three capillaries with a 2 to 3 mm column of sample and insert the tubes into the three adjacent sample slots of the OptiMelt oven.
• To increase the accuracy of results, load the capillaries using the same grinding, loading and packing techniques used for routine MP determinations.
• For each ramping rate, average the detected “clear points” (according to pharmacopoeia) for the three samples to obtain the final value.
• To increase the accuracy of results, use manual (automatic) clear point readings if manual (automatic) determinations are routinely performed in the lab.
Step 2. Plot the resulting Clear Point records versus the square root of their corresponding temperature ramping rate (MPpharma vs r1/2).
A linear dependence between the two sets of numbers should be observed. Calculate the slope of the straight line, and program the result into the Thermodynamic Correction Factor (Thermo CF) of your OptiMelt.
Step 3. Use the Thermodynamic Correction Factor to calculate the thermodynamic melting point of the sample from the measured clear points (eqn.
7). An agreement within the accuracy of measurement should be observed for all calculated thermodynamic melting points.
An example of this calculation procedure is included below.
Thermo CF Calculation Example In order to demonstrate the simplicity of the calculation procedure described in the previous section, a series of melts were performed on a phenacetin sample with ramping rates 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 °C/min.
Figure 3 summarizes the results and shows the expected linear relationship between the clear point determinations and the square root of the ramping rate.
The slope of the straight line corresponds to a thermodynamic correction factor, Thermo CF= 1.9 for phenacetin samples.
Figure 3. “Clear point temperature vs.
square root of ramping rate” for a phenacetin sample melted at 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 ˚C/min. The slope of the straight line, Thermo CF=1.9, is programmed into OptiMelt as the thermodynamic correction factor (Thermo CF) for this compound. | <urn:uuid:36ebb973-e893-406b-ac3e-ff10789fc6bf> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://dissertation.xlibx.info/d1-medicine/2216958-1-wwwthinksrscom-pharmacopeia-thermodynamic-melting-point-determinatio.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818694719.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926032806-20170926052806-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.876759 | 2,971 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Objective Questions | Biotechnology Engineering Quiz1 >>Which of the following terms is used to describe the component isolated from a plant, for in vitro culturing in the specific medium? ?
- (A) Synthetic seeds
- (B) Embryoid
- (C) Callus
- (D) Explant
2 >>Nucleic acid segment tagged with a radioactive molecule is called ?
- (A) plasmid
- (B) probe
- (C) clone
- (D) vector
3 >>Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? ?
- (A) Exonuclease
- (B) Protease
- (C) Lipase
- (D) Endonuclease
4 >>The enzyme employed for amplification of DNA during PCR is commercially obtained from ?
- (A) Trichoderma reesei
- (B) Bacillus licheniformis
- (C) Streptococcus pyogenes
- (D) Thermus aquaticus
5 >>A regulatory body working under MoEF for the release of transgenic crops is ?
- (A) NBPGR
- (B) GEAC
- (C) NSC
- (D) NSC
6 >>Cry1 endotoxins obtained from Bacillus Thuringiensis are effective against: ?
- (A) Flies
- (B) Mosquitoes
- (C) Boll worms
- (D) Nematodes
7 >>In genetic engineering, a DNA segment (gene) of interest, is transferred to the host cell through a vector. Consider the following four agents (A-D) in this regard and select the correct option about which one or more of these can be used as a vector/vectors Statements (A) A bacterium (B) Plasmid (C) Plasmodium (D) Bacteriophage ?
- (A) (A), (B) and (D) only
- (B) (A) only
- (C) (A) and (C) only
- (D) (B) and (D) only
8 >>Read the following four statements (A-D) about certain mistakes in two of them (A) The first transgenic buffalo Rosie produced milk which was human alpha-lactalbumin enriched (B) Restriction enzymes are used in isolation of DNA from other macro-molecules (C) Downstream processing is one of the steps of R-DNA technology (D) Disarmed pathogen vectors are also used in transfer of R-DNA into the host . Which are the two statements having mistakes? ?
- (A) Statements (A) and (C)
- (B) Statements (A) and (B)
- (C) Statements (B) and (C)
- (D) Statements (C) and (D)
9 >>Cry II Ab and Cry I Ab produce toxins that control ?
- (A) Tobacco budworms and nematodes respectively
- (B) Corn borer and cotton bollworms respectively
- (C) Cotton bollworms and corn borer respectively
- (D) Nematodes and tobacco budworms respectively
10 >>Bacillus thuringiensis forms protein crystals which contain insecticidal protein.�This protein ?
- (A) Binds with epithelial cells of midgut of the insect pest ultimately killing it
- (B) Does not kill the carrier bacterium which is itself resistant to this toxin
- (C) Is activated by acid pH of the foregut of the insect pest
- (D) Is coded by several genes including the gene cry
11 >>What is true about Bt toxin? ?
- (A) Bt protein exists as active toxin in the Bacillus
- (B) The inactive protoxin gets converted into active form in the insect gut
- (C) The concerned Bacillus has antitoxins
- (D) The activated toxin enters the ovaries of the pest to sterilise it and thus prevent its multiplication
12 >>Assertion :In plant tissue culture, somatic embryos can be induced from any plant cell.-Reason :-Any viable plant cell can differentiate in to somatic embryos. ?
- (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion
- (B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion
- (C) Assertion is true statement but Reason is false.
- (D) Both Assertion and Reason are false statements
13 >>Which one of the following is a correct statement? ?
- (A) The anticoagulant hirudin is being produced from transgenic Brassica napus seeds
- (B) Somatic hybridization involves fusion of two complete plant cells carrying desired genes
- (C) “Bt” in “Bt-cotton” indicates that it is a genetically modified organism produced through biotechnology
- (D) “Flavr Savr” variety of tomato has enhanced the production of ethylene which improves its taste
14 >>Bacillus thuringiensis is used to control ?
- (A) Nematodes
- (B) Fungal pathogens
- (C) Bacterial pathogens
- (D) Insect pests
15 >>The genetically-modified (GM) brinjal in India has been developed for ?
- (A) Enhancing shelf life
- (B) Insect-resistance
- (C) Drought-resistance
- (D) Enhancing mineral content
16 >>The protein products of the following Bt toxin genes cry IA c and cry II Ab are responsible for controlling ?
- (A) Bollworm
- (B) Roundworm
- (C) Moth
- (D) Fruit fly
17 >>Variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) in the DNA molecule are highly useful in ?
- (A) Monoclonal antibody production
- (B) DNA fingerprinting
- (C) Recombinant DNA technology
- (D) Stemcell culture
18 >>Silencing of mRNA has been used in producing transgenic plants resistant to ?
- (A) Bollworms
- (B) Bacterial blights
- (C) White rusts
- (D) Nematodes
19 >>Restriction endonucleases are most widely used in recombinant DNA technology. They are obtained from ?
- (A) Bacteriophages
- (B) Bacterial cells
- (C) Plasmids
- (D) All prokaryotic cells
20 >>PCR proceeds in three distinct steps governed by temperature, they are in order of ?
- (A) Annealing, Synthesis, Denaturation
- (B) Synthesis, Annealing, Denaturation
- (C) Denaturation, Annealing, Synthesis
- (D) Denaturation, Synthesis, Annealing | <urn:uuid:b14a12f1-2e19-4d51-b925-27367a07bd4c> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://fresherhub.com/biotechnology-engineering-quiz/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657149205.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714051924-20200714081924-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.876981 | 1,518 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Today’s e-commerce engines requires massive computing power.
The massively-parallel CPU architecture of the servers can be useful in many areas of commerce, such as immediate fraud detection (verifying a credit card on the spot, for example), or for getting an instant snapshot of customer sentiment from millions of social media messages.
E-commerce represents a large chunk of this digital universe — accumulating customers’ social media activity, geolocation services, web browser histories, and abandoned online shopping carts.
Although gathering consumer data is great, analyzing the data is what gives e-commerce companies a distinct advantage. E-commerce companies leveraging big data analytics can understand their customers’ purchasing behavior in the context of current market trends. In turn, these companies tailor their marketing directly to customer preferences, create new products that meet customer needs, and ensure that employees provide the level of service customers expect.
Clearly, big data can have a significant effect on e-commerce. | <urn:uuid:7efe3c63-86eb-46a6-aca7-3dcf8d17a7eb> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.a3cube-inc.com/en/e-commerce | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038072180.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413092418-20210413122418-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.903802 | 197 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Happy Walk to School Day!
In celebration of the day, the Safe Routes to School folks are releasing maps for families to help plan walk or bike routes to school all year long. Here’s the ESS map. Big thanks to Lucy Nehr from the City of Takoma Park for leading the effort on the map.
Some pictures from today’s event:
We wanted to pass along this podcast episode in memory of Philando Castile. Castile was a Cafeteria Supervisor in Saint Paul, MN. You may recall that he was shot by police during a traffic stop earlier this year. Passing on this podcast, Inside School Food, because it’s great memorandum of him and provides some insight into the very important role cafeteria staff play.
Castile’s school was a pioneer in farm-to-school, cook from scratch kitchens, “choice bars” featuring Minnesota grown produce and connections with community farmers. As a Cafeteria Supervisor he had the dynamic role of being responsible for managing food allergies, ordering and receiving, cooking and preparing fresh food and keeping the food services environment safe and clean, as well as providing customer service and crowd control.
PODCAST: Inside School Food / Remember Philando Castile
Eating a variety of fruits and vegetables each day provides the body with important vitamins, minerals and fiber, things it needs to be healthy and function well. Because health is related to nutrition, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends eating more fruits and vegetables than any other food group. An easy way to remember this fact is to make half of your plate fruits and vegetables at meals and when having snacks. Every form counts: fresh, frozen, canned (watch for added sugar and salt), and dried (watch for added sugar).
September is an ideal time in our area to eat more produce because it is a time when many fruits and vegetables are available from local farms. Here is a chart of the produce is available throughout the year in Maryland: http://marylandsbest.net/wp-content/uploads/Maryland-Fruit-and-Vegetable-Seasonality-Charts.pdf .
Below are some ideas from the Wellness Committee to help you and your family enjoy the produce available this month. Healthy Kids, Healthy Minds.
- ESS ES has its own fruit and vegetable garden, and butterfly gardens. Check them out the next time you are at the school and see what’s growing. In the past two weeks, the garden group has harvested over 33 pounds of cucumbers, and tomatoes are ripening.
Visit a Farmer’s Market: there are two very close farmer’s market:
Homegrown School Lunch Week September 19-23, 2016:
- Montgomery County Public Schools will be participating by offering locally grown fruits and vegetables. The following fruits and vegetables might be featured in the ESS ES cafeteria this week:
- Monday: grape tomatoes, peaches
- Tuesday: celery sticks, plums
- Wednesday: broccoli slaw, assorted fruit
- Thursday: corn, assorted melon
- Friday: watermelon, assorted greens
- Challenge yourself and your family to eat 5 servings of fruits and vegetables a day for 5 days…and build from there
Dietary Guidelines for Americans: Food Groups
Fruits & Veggies More Matters
Choose my Plate
Get to know the food served at East Silver Spring ES and know what you can do as a parent to help your children make healthy eating and drinking choices.
- MCPS Elementary School Menus
- Nutrient and ingredient profiles of the food in MCPS
- MCPS Food & Nutrition, Nutrient & Allergen Data
- Water: Any elementary school child purchasing lunch is entitled to a free, 8 ounce bottle of water. http://www.realfoodforkidsmontgomery.org/accomplishments.php
- A la carte:
- A variety of a la carte items are available in the school cafeteria separate from meals. All items available for sale are in compliance with JPG-RA. Wellness: Physical and Nutritional Health. An example of an a la carte item served at ESS ES is low fat ice cream, available for purchase on Wednesdays. http://www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org/departments/foodserv/menus/alacarte.aspx
- Parents have the ability to restrict the purchase of a la carte items. Contact the school cafeteria manager.
- What school food does my child buy? All school food purchases are tracked and an account history can be requested if there is a need to check how money is being spent. http://www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org/departments/foodserv/debitsystem/default.aspx?id=385154
- Doritos, Fruit Snacks Get the Boot as Montgomery County Schools Ban Certain Additives
- MCPS has instructed their vending company to begin the removal of marketing messages on vending machine fronts for beverages that are not allowed in daytime sales to bring them into compliance with their own wellness policy.
- In September, 2014, MCPS announced a new policy prohibiting from future bids for school food the following chemicals in future MCPS food: Monosodium Glutamate (MSG), trans fat, Blue 2, Green 3, Red 3, Yellow 5, Yellow 6, Aspartame, Acesulfame-Potassium, Saccharin, Butylated Hydroxyanisol (BHA), Potassium Bromate, Propyl Gallate, Sodium Tripoly Phoshate (STPP), and Tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). | <urn:uuid:47bd681d-9e83-48a3-b355-8bfbd6e059a1> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://eastsilverspringwellness.wordpress.com/2016/09/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816462.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225130337-20180225150337-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.922179 | 1,174 | 2.90625 | 3 |
New Haven, Conn. -- Yale scientists report in the journal Nature that the "missing" genes for tRNA in an ancient parasite are made up by splicing together sequences in distant parts of the DNA genome.
The research led by Professor Dieter Söll in the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry at Yale focuses on the most ancient organism with a known genome sequence. Nanoarchaeum equitans, is a member of a new phylogenetic kingdom in the Archaea containing organisms that are primitive, parasitic and extremophile, or notable for living in the most extreme environments.
Surprisingly, Söll's team found that, although the genome of Nanoarchaeum lacks several intact tRNA genes, functional forms of those tRNAs can be made by copying from two distant DNA sequences -- and joining them.
The regions on the separate pieces, that allow them to find each other and splice, are somewhat similar to internal sequences found in tRNA genes of more complex organisms., These regions, termed introns, are sequences that are cut out of whole gene transcripts during the process of tRNA maturation. The known tRNA introns in organisms like yeast, however, appear to have no function. Therefore, modern tRNA introns might be remnants of an old essential process of tRNA biosynthesis.
"These results may point to extremophiles in the kingdom of Archaea as predecessors of more modern organisms that have gained a genetic load in the process of evolution," said Söll. "Or they may represent a specialization that has rid itself of genetic baggage to exist in extreme environments."
Understanding how primitive organisms like Nanoarchaea operate gives clues to -- but not proof of -- the relationship between modern and ancient organisms.
Source: Eurekalert & othersLast reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
Respect ... is appreciation of the separateness of the other person, of the ways in which he or she is unique.
-- Annie Gottlier | <urn:uuid:d042b410-887c-42fc-bd34-aca40a8ee6c1> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://psychcentral.com/news/archives/2005-02/yu-rfm021505.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413558067609.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017150107-00115-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942746 | 425 | 3.5 | 4 |
The theory of relativistic heat conduction (RHC) claims to be the only model for heat conduction (and similar diffusion processes) that is compatible with the theory of special relativity, the second law of thermodynamics, electrodynamics, and quantum mechanics, simultaneously. The main features of RHC are:
- It admits a finite speed of propagation, and allows for relativistic effects when heat flux transients approach that speed.
- It removes the possibility of paradoxical situations that may violate the second law of thermodynamics.
- It, implicitly, admits the wave–particle duality of the heat-carrying “phonon”.
These outcomes are achieved by (1) upgrading the Fourier equation of heat conduction to the form of a Telegraph equation of electrodynamics, and (2) introducing a new definition of the heat flux vector. Consequently, RHC gives rise to a number of interesting phenomena, such as thermal resonance and thermal shock waves, which are possible during high-frequency pulsed laser heating of thermal insulators. The main appealing feature of the theory is its mathematical elegance and simplicity.
Read Full Article | <urn:uuid:32f8c707-36c3-42d8-b98d-fa29ceb09839> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://yasserali.org/?cat=18 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540519149.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209145254-20191209173254-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.906274 | 240 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Math with Time4Learning
We have used the Math portion of Time4Learning from second grade through sixth grade. My daughter is just beginning 7th grade math with this program. I feel that the program builds confidence in the student by offering practice problems within the instructional material and asks the student if they have the concept or would like to go over it on more time. There is no penalty for the additional review. We plan to use this math curriculum through Algebra. The only improvement that I would wish for in the program is chapter tests in the middle school grades.
Time4Learning does offer other subjects but the math program is definitely worth considering. The program offers Math for Kindergarten through eighth grade, with an additional Algebra course upon request.
The Time4Learning Math program is a mastery based program where students are presented the instructional material online, in an interactive manner. No download of information is required, and students have access to the program any time they have a computer and internet access. The instructional material is colorful and entertaining. Many of the lessons offer practice problems within the lesson to see if the student is grasping the concept. Should the student need additional review as indicated by incorrect answers, the program explains the concept again, in detail.
There are printable resources for many of the lessons, which provide additional practice in a worksheet format, as well as many practice problems covering each concept that is presented. Completion of the printable resources is not required and must be graded by the teacher/parent.
Each grade of the Time4Learning Math curriculum takes information presented in the previous grade, and expands on that material. While new concepts are introduced, the program reinforces material already learned, packing down a firm math foundation.
I particularly like that Time4Learning Math leads the student through the lesson without the parent having to make lesson plans, or instructional prep. Additionally, records are kept each step of the way so that parents can check on their student’s progress.
Time4Learning Math works well for students who enjoy learning on the computer. Visual learners will enjoy the program because it is colorful, interactive, and holds attention. Gifted students appreciate the program because the student can determine the speed at which they move through the curriculum.
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All rights reserved | <urn:uuid:8961046c-9ad8-4dd9-80e2-f92c4e40327d> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.homeschool-how-to.com/math-with-time4learning.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488525399.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210622220817-20210623010817-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.951102 | 507 | 2.65625 | 3 |
OAuth 10127 Aug 2013
With APIs beginning to enter the mainstream consciousness, it is time to spend more time educating the masses about OAuth. We've had plenty of conversations between two of the OAuth legs, provider and developer, but we now need to bring the third leg into the conversation--the user.
First, what is OAuth? - An open protocol to allow secure authorization in a simple and standard method from web, mobile and desktop applications.
Whether you like it or not, OAuth has become the industry standard for accessing resources, being served up via APIs, that are being consumed through desktop, web and the fast growing mobile space.
OAuth Platforms & Data Providers
If you are an online platform, OAuth is something you need to understand. At a minimum, if you require users to establish an account, you need to consider allowing users to create their accounts and login in the future using other popular OAuth providers like Facebook, Twitter and Google. Next if you want to provide access to your platform user's data via an API, you need to take a deeper dive into OAuth, and consider establishing yourself as an OAuth provider.
OAuth for Desktop, Web and Mobile Developers
In 2013, if you are a developer, you are probably using APIs. OAuth has been very intimidating for developers for quite some time, but with the increased availability of quality OAuth clients, better implementations and educational materials from API providers, and standardized approaches by startups like OAuth.io--OAuth is something you shouldn't fear anymore. You need OAuth as a default tool in your developer toolbox.
Everyday Online User
Like the term API, OAuth is something that should be added to the vocabulary of every tech savvy user. You should understand that OAuth exists, and that it gives you the ability to create accounts and login to your favorite platforms without filling out endless new forms and sharing your passwords unnecessarily. The platforms you use daily, like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Google all are OAuth providers, and you should leverage these providers to manage your online presence. The control is in your hands to securely manage your online persona using OAuth, and with a little education and maintenance you can ensure you profile(s) are secure, and only the providers you trust have access to your important data.
This is a first post in series of OAuth related information that is looking to educate the masses about the importance of OAuth. Hopefully increasing the number of quality OAuth providers, knowledgeable developers and OAuth aware online users--making OAuth something that is ubiquitous across the web, and enabling meaningful 3 legged conversations that make data accessible, incentivizes developers while protecting end-user's privacy.
I will be deploying an entirely new research project dedicated to OAuth, where I will work on stories about OAuth that hopefully resonate with the masses. As with my other research, it will take me a while to dial in. As I work to do this, I will curate the best stories and tools in the OAuth space, eventually trying to create a polished repository of OAuth resources that providers, developers and users will find valuable. | <urn:uuid:a123186c-4bf6-4ebf-83b5-6ce826c84a56> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://apievangelist.com/2013/08/27/oauth-101/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701148834.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193908-00045-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925389 | 646 | 2.515625 | 3 |
April 09, 2023
Contrary to popular belief, ancient coin collecting is not just for the ultra-rich. many of these historical treasures are surprisingly accessible to history enthusiasts from all walks of life!
The global coin market is large and complicated, but here are some main reasons as to why you can buy them today.
Coins have been mass-produced throughout history and survive in larger numbers than any other type of artifact. The Romans alone made millions of them, not to mention other civilizations in the Middle East and Asia.
Like today, coins were a necessary part of a thriving economy–think of how many U.S. pennies will still be around in a few centuries.
One of the reasons ancient coins have survived for so long is their composition. Most coins were made of metal, such as bronze, silver, or gold, which are naturally resistant to corrosion and decay.
This means that ancient coins can be found in relatively good condition despite their age, unlike wood or leather artifacts that are nothing more than dust after spending a thousand years underground.
Of course each coin is a unique artifact, but they do follow a certain pattern. Unlike one-of-a-kind artifacts, coins were manufactured with similar designs and inscriptions.
Because of this, they often hold less archaeological significance, making it easier for collectors to obtain them without infringing on cultural heritage preservation efforts.
The Seaton Down Hoard of 22,888 Roman bronze coins, found by a metal detectorist in England (Photo courtesy of the Portable Antiquities Scheme)
In recent years, the rise of metal detecting as a hobby has resulted in a surge of ancient coin discoveries, particularly in Europe.
Enthusiasts armed with metal detectors often uncover these historical treasures in fields, riverbanks, and other areas where ancient people once lived. These finds contribute to the growing availability of ancient coins on the market.
So, how can you buy ancient coins? Start by browsing our collection here at History Hoard. Always ensure you purchase from a trusted source to avoid counterfeit coins (we certainly do!) and adhere to any relevant laws and regulations regarding the trade of antiquities in your country. | <urn:uuid:10c447ef-c0cd-45a3-a8ad-733fbf3c680b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.historyhoard.com/blogs/from-the-hoard | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00856.warc.gz | en | 0.955696 | 442 | 2.65625 | 3 |
0.31 acres to sq ft conversion result above is displayed in three different forms: as a decimal (which could be rounded), in scientific notation (scientific form, standard index form or standard form in the United Kingdom) and as a fraction (exact result). Every display form has its own advantages and in different situations particular form is more convenient than another. For example usage of scientific notation when working with big numbers is recommended due to easier reading and comprehension. Usage of fractions is recommended when more precision is needed.
If we want to calculate how many Square Feet are 0.31 Acres we have to multiply 0.31 by 43560 and divide the product by 1. So for 0.31 we have: (0.31 × 43560) ÷ 1 = 13503.6 ÷ 1 = 13503.6 Square Feet
So finally 0.31 acres = 13503.6 sq ft | <urn:uuid:c003d8da-b379-4fde-b35a-12f336c7f2f0> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://unitchefs.com/acres/square-feet/0.31/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103035636.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625125944-20220625155944-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.912436 | 184 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The first-ever existence of social media space dates back to 1997. Since then, social media has evolved much. It encompasses the sharing of thoughts, ideas, photos, videos, and the formation of virtual communities. Alongside, new concepts of human rights, freedom of speech, and community standards are all due to the advent and use of social media spaces.
With fast-paced life and families becoming less connected, many turn to social media to find alternatives ways of socializing with or without family and friends. The development of social media sites provided an opportunity to remotely connect with distant relatives. On the contrary, it is also accused to be one of the reasons for family networks to collapse.
In the past few years, researchers and social scientists have started to term social media as one of the modern-day evils accusing social media of breaking up family ties. Much debate is generated on the harm than good virtual networking has done. While the world is busy discussing ways to improve social interactions and to minimize the use of social media, Covid-19 hit the world and it has hit hard.
Just in days, Covid-19 became the most contagious disease with no cure available as yet. The only way to control this pandemic is through controlling social interactions. The world started to shut down. Schools, offices, businesses, factories, parks, shopping malls, salons everything except food production and hospitals closed down. Those deemed essential started to operate with strict standard operating procedures. Social distancing becomes the new normal. In most countries, you can’t even go out of the house if you do not have a valid reason – this reason can either be going to a hospital, buying groceries or for work only if it is related to health or food industry.
People all over the world turned to social media for networking, virtual meetups, and generally to pass time. We see TV stars, sportspersons, politicians, and general public presenting themselves on social media giving insights into how they are spending time in this lockdown. Some are helping in house chores, some are cooking, some are playing, some are dancing, some singing. We even saw celebrities sewing face masks for free distribution among the working class. This will become another debate if all these virtual showcasing activities are for real or not.
It is important to note that everyone is using the infamous social media to connect with the outside world. This is no surprise. It was to happen. Data gathered from 17 countries across the globe give great insights into social media and its usage. Overall social media consumption has significantly increased by 24% as indicated by GlobalWebIndex (GWI). Surprisingly, This increase is seen as uniform in all age groups and not just youth. GWI shows if 58% of 16-24 year-olds are spending more time on social media, a third of 55-64 year-olds are doing the same.
Youth and adults are two groups who can make independent decisions on the use of social media and the Internet. Children are usually given allocated screen time that is strictly monitored. With no going out whatsoever, children are the worst hit group in this pandemic. For them, it’s even harder to understand why there is no school and no playdates. Parents while stuck in the work-from-home scenario, find it much easier to give in to children’s demands of more screen time to keep themselves free of domestic engagements. In children, screen time is increased exponentially although not all of them might be social media users. Meaning they watch more tv and spend time on internet surfing through the web or watching videos on youtube.
Although we all notice that the communities are thriving for much improved social media engagement during this pandemic induced lockdown. We see healthy competitions, meaningful conversations, collaborative activities on social media spaces. Another positive of this virtual connection is to provide even closely living friends and families a way to communicate. The presence of social media has proved to be beneficial for mankind in this time of crisis.
This practice of increased social media usage once in for all negates the efforts done to minimize social media usage. The lockdown does not seem to be going away too soon. Even if it does, the social distancing practices will be observed in day to day dealings. In retrospect, we don’t see that the use of social media will reduce in the near future. If it is going to increase further. We don’t know as yet.
What would be the future of social networking? With this new norm of social distancing, will we not able to go back to warm physical interactions we used to have? Will social media be able to fully replace physical meetups? How to Buy Instagram Followers UK? What will be the long term effects on our relationships? These and many similar questions have started to surface arising from the current situation. We don’t have answers to all of these questions. Maybe we have.
Social networking is the new routine. To the point that we now need time to concentrate and recall how we interacted previously with each other. To understand what social networking holds for the future we just need to wait and see as the situation unfolds itself. | <urn:uuid:66867332-52dd-4d1e-98d6-5dd0abc19218> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://senonches.com/increase-in-use-of-social-media-amid-covid-19-pandemic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653608.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607042751-20230607072751-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.95541 | 1,051 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Which Joe gave his name to ‘sloppy joes’? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins.
The availability of employment and labor, in terms of supply and demand.‘a diverse workforce in a tight labor market’
- ‘In addition, this option provides no secure return on investment in a tight labor market.’
- ‘We also need to be willing to intervene in the labor market on the demand side, by helping to create new jobs.’
- ‘In such a labor market, workers would enjoy the best of all possible economic worlds.’
- ‘When gauging a weak labor market, most economists look first at the unemployment rate.’
- ‘The tight labor market meant that workers in all wage groups earned more money.’
- ‘Further growth is likely to tighten up the labor market even beyond April's report.’
- ‘Plus, the labor market may well be tightening faster than recent job data suggest.’
- ‘Plus, the labor market still has a long way to go before wages and prices begin to drive each other higher.’
- ‘This may be because higher wages induce more people to join the labor market and fewer people beg.’
- ‘The remaining urban segregated labor market limits migrant access to a variety of jobs.’
- ‘The fortunes of working families rise and fall with conditions in the labor market.’
- ‘Faced with few job prospects, people have dropped out of the labor market.’
- ‘With the labor market that slack, there's no reason for companies to get into bidding wars for workers.’
- ‘Few things make consumers happier than knowing that the labor market is healthy.’
- ‘Most production workers were newly recruited from the local labor market in Gunsan.’
- ‘Throughout the year some workers may appear in the labor market and then withdraw.’
- ‘Even tepid job growth means the labor market is tightening, albeit at a gradual pace.’
- ‘A healthy labor market and rising real wages are set to keep the economy humming.’
- ‘He found that these workers are highly sought after and rewarded in today's labor market.’
- ‘The object of this analysis is to see if there is evidence of a skill shortage in the current labor market.’
We take a look at several popular, though confusing, punctuation marks.
From Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, discover surprising and intriguing language facts from around the globe.
The definitions of ‘buddy’ and ‘bro’ in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity. | <urn:uuid:971b4364-cc50-43cf-9743-72b2202fffc4> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/labor_market | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171070.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00191-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961399 | 591 | 2.765625 | 3 |
the policy of glorifying power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war
A military group between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in the years preceding World War I in 1879. Italy joined three years later in 1881.
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Became ruler of Germany in 1888 and dramatically changed Germany's foreign policy. He wanted to show the world how mighty Germany had become and did not want to share his power with anyone. He let Germany's treaty with Russia lapse in 1890, which allowed Russia to form a defensive military alliance with France. Next, he began a shipbuilding program in order to make the German navy equal to the British fleet. This led Britain to form an alliance with France.
A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I in 1907
What were the three forces at work in Europe that helped set the stage for war?
Nationalism, Imperialism, and militarism.
Who were the members of the Triple Alliance?
During World War I, this group consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia.
Who were the members of the Triple Entente?
This group consisted of Great Britain, France, and Russia.
What single event set in motion the start of World War I?
The assassination if Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian who was a member of the Black Hand, a group devoted to ridding Bosnia of Austrian rule.
In World War I, the nations of Germany and Austria-Hungary, along with other nations the fought on their sides
In World War I, the nations of Great Britain, France, and Russia, along with the other nations on their side; also, the group of nations - including Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States - that opposed the Axis Powers in World War II
In World War I, the region of northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other
Germany's military tactic at the outbreak of World War I, according to which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia
a form of military tactic in which opposing armies fight each other from ditches dug in the battle-field
In World War I, the region along the German-Russian border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks
Which countries comprised the Central Powers?
This group consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.
Which countries comprised the Allies?
This group consisted of Great Britain , France, and Russia.
What were the characteristics of trench warfare?
In military tactics, opposing armies dig parallel ditches to protect themselves from enemy fire. This meant that in order to advance, an army would jump out of their ditches and charge the enemy line which typically resulted in massive loss of life for the charging force. However, staying in a ditch would not guarantee safety as artillery fire reigned death from above. Diseases were also a difficulty as poor living conditions made sanitation impossible.
What factors contributed to Russia's war difficulties?
Their effort was impaired by lack of shipments due to German control of the Baltic Sea and the Ottoman control of the Black and Mediterranean Sea.
unrestricted submarine warfare
The use of underwater vessels to sink without warning any ship (including neutral ships and unarmed passenger liners) found in an enemy's waters
A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the conflict effort
the limiting of the amounts of goods people can buy - often imposed by governments during wartime, when goods are in short supply
the information or material spread to advance a cause or to damage an opponent's cause
an agreement to stop fighting
What factors helped prompt the United States to join the
war for the Allies?
This country joined the friendly side because the Germans were practicing unrestricted submarine warfare which resulted in the destruction of multiple vessels from this particular country. After that, this country intercepted a telegram stating that the Germans would help Mexico reclaim the land it had lost to this particular country.
What role did women play in the war?
This gender replaced men in the workforce as they had all left for the war. They also served the military as nurses on the battle field.
What was the significance of the Second Battle of the
It was the first skirmish that the Americans had fully participated in as well as the last major skirmish of the war.
born 1856, died 1924; He was tall and thin and often in poor health. He suffered from terrible indigestion and sometimes had to use a stomach pump on himself. A scholarly man, he once served as president of Princeton University in New Jersey. Passionate about international peace, he took on the U.S. Senate after it vowed to reject the Treaty of Versailles. During the political battle, he suffered a stroke that disabled him for the rest of his term. He eventually became the 28th president of the United States in 1913, and he served two terms.
born 1841, died 1929; The near opposite of Woodrow Wilson, he had a compact physique and a combative style that earned him the nickname "Tiger." He worked as a physician and journalist before entering the political arena. Determined to punish Germany, he rarely agreed with Wilson and his larger quest for world peace. He once remarked of Wilson, "He thinks he is another Jesus Christ come upon earth to reform men." He served as a French prime minister twice, in 1906-09 and from November 1917-20.
a series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War II
the freedom of a people to decide under what form of government they wish to live
Treaty of Versailles
the peace pact signed by Germany and the Allied powers after World War I
League of Nations
an international association formed after World War I with the goal of keeping peace among countries
What was the goal of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points?
The achievement of a lasting peace
What was the "war guilt" clause in the Treaty of Versailles?
A clause placing all blame for the war on Germany and forcing them to pay reparations for the damage done.
Why did the United States reject the Treaty of Versailles?
The people believed it was best to stay out of European affairs. | <urn:uuid:862128ca-d86e-4481-96c8-6e3b43e7324b> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://studytiger.com/free-essay/world-history-chapter-29-the-great-war/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104672585.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706121103-20220706151103-00600.warc.gz | en | 0.969832 | 1,378 | 3.625 | 4 |
According to the Outdoor Adventures Network, it is possible for fish to drown. Fish drown when exposed only to air in the same way humans drown from exposure only to water.
Fish breathe through their gills, which regulate the amount of life-sustaining oxygen they take in from the water. When fish are removed from water, they are unable to regulate the amount of oxygen intake and instead take in lethal doses of oxygen.
Fish may also drown in water that does not contain enough oxygen, as there is a necessary balance required in water for their gills to function properly. | <urn:uuid:7ae4a2e2-56f4-4783-88cd-51cbdc8232fb> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.reference.com/pets-animals/can-fish-drown-311e37ed7136e5a2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511314.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017220358-20181018001858-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.958203 | 117 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Many parents send their children to kindergartens for their preschool programmes before primary schools. Kindergarten introduces your child to the syllabus they will encounter in P1, such as English and Mathematics. During lessons in kindergartens, your child will learn mainly through play, and take part in various hands-on activities to create interest in studies. Experts have now considered kindergartens to be essential in early childhood for effective learning in the future.
Seeing how important kindergartens are, we’ve many articles below to help you select the best kindergarten, along with many parental tips and tricks to help you manage and ensure your child is always learning well!
Must read articles for Kindergarten
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We only send articles you personally find helpful | <urn:uuid:96b85131-6f66-43a1-9e85-6a0269f1052b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://smiletutor.sg/tag/kindergarten/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473871.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222225655-20240223015655-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.955573 | 274 | 2.828125 | 3 |
In 1972, geophysicist Dan McKenzie was among the first to recognize that patterns of fault block motion along the active zone of continental collision in Eurasia are best explained in terms of rigid microplates that act as dies or indenters. Indenters, such as Arabia, bulldoze the less rigid (plastic) crustal domains ahead into folded welts (e.g. Iran) and push some blocks aside (e.g. Turkey). The geometry of deformation around indenters is controlled by the shape of the impinging rigid face and to the boundary conditions of the surrounding plastic rocks at depth. As a working hypothesis, Chamberlin and Anderson (1989) suggested that structural patterns in the Laramide Zuni uplift are much smaller but otherwise quite similar to indentation-extrusion domains observed between India and south China. We suggest that the narrow NNE-trending El Morro gravity high represents a relatively rigid mafic crustal beam, a stiletto heel, that focused compressive stresses and progressively pushed up the core of the Zuni Mountains at its hard northern tip. Slip patterns of microthrusts on the NE flank of the Zuni uplift imply that the core of the uplift moved northward with time (Chamberlin et.al, 1989; Chamberlin and Anderson, 1991). These limited observations provide some support for the indentation hypothesis. More field work is needed to address the slip characteristics inferred zones of lateral shear on the north and west flank of the uplift . The concept that large rigid crustal blocks or microplates can control patterns of deformation in surrounding plastic rocks is also useful in viewing extended terranes in the Cordillera of western North America. With this concept, the Colorado Plateau, Idaho Batholith and Sierra Nevada-Great Valley microplates appear as large rigid rafts surrounded by a sea of westward drifting crustal slivers that resemble pack ice.
|Photo: Stiletto heel mimics hypothetical indentation process along the south flank of the Zuni Mountains.|
- Chamberlin, R. M., and Anderson, O. J., 1989, The Laramide–Zuni uplift, southeastern Colorado Plateau: A microcosm of Eurasian-style indentation–extrusion tectonics?: New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook 40, p. 81–90. (Reprints available on request)
- Chamberlin, R. M., and Anderson, O. J., 1991, A microindentation–extrusion tectonic model for the Laramide Zuni uplift, west-central New Mexico, USA [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 23, no. 5, p. A482.
- Chamberlin, R. M., Anderson, O. J., Lucas, S. G., Maxwell, C. H., and Love, D. W., 1989, Second-day road log from Grants to El Malpias, Fence Lake, Zuni Pueblo and Gallup, 1989: New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook 40, p. 1–24. (see p.27, Stop 1).
O. J., and Chamberlin, R. M., 1990, New insight and
hypothesis on Zuni Basin fold structures, New Mexico: Exploration
significance [abs.]: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,
v. 74/8, p. 1314. | <urn:uuid:5dc8980e-6340-4d8b-9080-513f878fb3cd> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/staff/chamberlin/indentation/home.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867046.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525063346-20180525083346-00377.warc.gz | en | 0.844265 | 713 | 2.65625 | 3 |
3 Digit Addition Worksheets Free Double
3 Digit Addition Worksheets Free Double.
Worksheets math grade addition. free printable two digit addition with regrouping worksheets. showing top worksheets in the category addition with regrouping. there are loads of other math worksheets reading worksheets and writing worksheets available for free as well.
there are nine vertical addition problems for students to solve. Download free printable two digit addition worksheets for kids to help them master it with the number and variety of worksheets available, learning will be fun. Two digit addition subtraction worksheets without regrouping this is a set of worksheets designed to give your students additional practice adding and subtracting two digit numbers together without regrouping.
i have included answer sheets for all the worksheets. worksheets of addition. These addition worksheets may be configured for adding doubles, double, and double addition number sets in a vertical format. the problems are represented with dots to the right of each number.
Math worksheet free printable addition worksheets grade fun algebra calculator teacher answer keys single digit games 2 column slogan double. Free addition printable worksheets digit regrouping worksheet grade math kids grammar 3 scientific double. Free holiday themed addition subtraction worksheets den double digit. Digit addition math worksheets strategies free double. Addition regrouping worksheet grade math column digits worksheets word problems single digit free printable kindergarten double drills subtraction. Math worksheet grade addition worksheets free printable subjects single digit touch double. Double digit addition regrouping superstar worksheets free. | <urn:uuid:059b4fa3-fc37-41fc-8862-15e1318a5e51> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://optovr.com/3-digit-addition-worksheets-free-double/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038082988.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415005811-20210415035811-00418.warc.gz | en | 0.820132 | 350 | 3.109375 | 3 |
When we think health, feet aren’t the first things to come to mind, but that doesn’t mean that they aren’t important. Used and abused every day, whether walking, biking or strutting in stilettos on a Friday night, our feet need just as much care as does any other part of the body.
And it turns out that neglecting foot health can lead to a multitude of problems down the road, most of which lead to unsightly wounds, incredibly painful infections and even—gasp—foot amputation.
Dr. Gilbert Shia, a UK- and China-licensed general practitioner specializing in family medicine at Beijing’s International Medical Center, says that besides aesthetic issues, such as calluses, bunions and blisters, there are far worse problems our feet can come to have if we are not careful.
“We all have to remember that our feet take quite a beating. All the weight of our body is put onto our feet, it’s probably the one part of our body that is in contact with the dirtiest surfaces and we don’t check up on them as much as we should.”
Avoid going barefoot
For children, one common foot health issue is verruca plantaris, which are warts on the soles of your feet caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Though these warts are more common in kids, usually caught in public swimming pools and nurseries since they walk around barefoot, adults can catch them, too.
Dr. Shia explains that because of the pressure we put on our feet, the warts grow inward and tend to appear in more than one area around different parts of the foot. Verrucas are not life threatening, but they can be quite painful.
Luckily, verrucas are easily treatable through two methods: using salicylic acid to burn off the top layer of skin or freezing the area by using liquid nitrogen. Though different, the end result is the same: the damaging and exposing of the virus-infected cells to the body’s immune system. “Once the cells are damaged, the body’s immune system steps in to do the ‘tidying up,’ which just means that it would attack and kill them,” says Dr. Shia.
Choose shoes wisely
Viral infections aren’t the only threats to foot health; the types of shoes you wear matter as well. “Ingrown toenails are a common problem among women who constantly have their feet squeezed into pointed-toe shoes,” he says. This causes the nail to grow inward into the flesh, leading to swelling, pain and infection.
Dr. Shia recommends cutting your big toenail in to a square shape to avoid its edges burrowing into the flesh. But for more severe cases, surgical removal of the infected part of the nail, or the entire nail plate, is the only available option to avoid further infection.
Diabetics are especially at risk of facing foot-related health issues, the most common being foot ulcers. “With poor immune, circulation and nervous systems, [diabetics] are unable to feel the ground the same way non-diabetics can, and even the slightest cut or irritation to their feet can lead to the development of a foot ulcer,” says Dr. Shia. The ulcer causes the flesh to gradually erode away.
If caught early, there are several methods to avoid further eroding like removing the infected tissue, using crutches or a wheelchair to not put pressure on the aggravated foot or be treated with intravenous antibiotics. But if not treated, the infection can spread and lead to amputation of the foot or the lower part of the leg.
Ultimately, Dr. Shia says, “nothing can replace proper hygiene.” Washing your feet daily, wearing shoes that allow breathability and tending to foot wounds immediately are just some of the simple ways to avoid those unwelcome and unpleasant foot problems. | <urn:uuid:31872d06-0426-466b-ae33-c69a66ced7e3> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://english.sina.com/cityguide/p/2012/0827/500402.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948512121.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211033436-20171211053436-00773.warc.gz | en | 0.956082 | 838 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Primary health care involves the provision of primary medical treatment, preventive
healthcare and health education.
In Singapore, primary health care is provided through an island network of
outpatient polyclinics and private medical practitioners’ clinics. About 20% of
primary health care is provided through the 16 polyclinics, whilst the
remaining 80% is provided through some 1,900 private medical clinics.
Each polyclinic serves as a one-stop health centre that provides outpatient medical
care, follow-up of patients discharged from hospitals, immunisation, health
screening and education, investigative facilities and pharmacy services.
There are approximately 1,900 private clinics run by about 1,470 medical
practitioners. The private clinics are located in every estates and towns.
About 85% of the population stay in high rise public housing and own their homes. The
average outpatient consultation fee (inclusive of medication) is only about
S$10 to S$15, well within the means of every Singaporean. At the government
polyclinics, Singapore citizens aged 65 and above, children up to 18 years of
age and all school children are given up to 75% concession in their
consultation and treatment fees. Other Singapore citizens are given 50% | <urn:uuid:eecaa8da-5963-423f-9b9b-22010baa71e3> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | http://www.thesingaporean.com/OurSpore/HealthCareServices/ServicesTypes/PriHealthcare/PrimaryHealthServices.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056656.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919005057-20210919035057-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.950146 | 264 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Ash Mill
Heritage Category: Scheduled Monument
List Entry Number: 1005141
Date first listed: 23-May-1957
The above map is for quick reference purposes only and may not be to scale. For a copy of the full scale map, please see the attached PDF - 1005141 .pdf
The PDF will be generated from our live systems and may take a few minutes to download depending on how busy our servers are. We apologise for this delay.
This copy shows the entry on 21-Mar-2019 at 00:08:10.
The building or site itself may lie within the boundary of more than one authority.
District: Dover (District Authority)
National Grid Reference: TR 28217 58191
Anglo-Saxon inhumation cemetery, 78m ESE of Mill Cottage.
Reasons for Designation
Beginning in the fifth century AD, there is evidence from distinctive burials and cemeteries, new settlements, and new forms of pottery and metalwork, of the immigration into Britain of settlers from northern Europe, bringing with them new religious beliefs. The Roman towns appear to have gone into rapid decline and the old rural settlement pattern to have been disrupted. Although some Roman settlements and cemeteries continued in use, the native Britons rapidly adopted many of the cultural practices of the new settlers and it soon becomes difficult to distinguish them in the archaeological record. So-called Anglo-Saxon cemeteries are dated to the early Anglo-Saxon period, from the fifth to the seventh centuries AD. With the conversion to Christianity during the late sixth and seventh centuries AD, these pagan cemeteries appear to have been abandoned in favour of new sites, some of which have continued in use up to the present day. Burial practices included both inhumation and cremation. Anglo-Saxon inhumation cemeteries consist predominantly of inhumation burials which were placed in rectangular pits in the ground, occasionally within coffins. The bodies were normally accompanied by a range of grave goods, including jewellery and weaponry. The cemeteries vary in size, the largest containing several hundred burials. Around 1000 inhumation cemeteries have been recorded in England. They represent one of our principal sources of archaeological evidence about the Early Anglo-Saxon period, providing information on population, social structure and ideology. All surviving examples, other than those which have been heavily disturbed, are considered worthy of protection.
Despite some disturbance in the past, the Anglo-Saxon inhumation cemetery 78m ESE of Mill Cottage survives well. The limits of the Anglo-Saxon cemetery are not yet known and as such it retains potential for the recovery of further burials and grave goods. The site will contain archaeological and environmental information relating to the cemetery, the material culture of those buried and the landscape prevailing at the time.
This record was the subject of a minor enhancement on 16 March 2015. This record has been generated from an "old county number" (OCN) scheduling record. These are monuments that were not reviewed under the Monuments Protection Programme and are some of our oldest designation records.
The monument includes an Anglo-Saxon inhumation cemetery surviving as buried archaeological remains. It is situated on a south-east facing slope overlooking a tributary of Wingham River at Guilton.
Partial excavation since the mid 18th century has recorded over 100 Anglo-Saxon inhumations, many in stone coffins and including grave goods, and several Romano-British cremation burials. The inhumations largely have their feet to the east although a small number are recorded as having feet to the north. The site has only been part-excavated and the cemetery is likely to contain further, as yet, unrecorded burials. It is thought to date to about the 7th century AD.
The cemetery was discovered in the 18th century when burials were found in the side of a sandpit, prompting excavations by the antiquarian Rev. Bryan Faussett in 1759-60. The results were published, alongside those of other Anglo-Saxon cemeteries, in Charles Roach Smith’s ‘Inventorium Sepulchrale’ of 1856. In six graves, Romano-British cremations had been disturbed and carefully reburied. Further finds were made in the late 18th century, 19th century, and in the mid 20th century. Among the most notable grave goods was a gilt silver sword pommel, dating to about the 6th century, with a runic inscription. In the 1970s a further burial was uncovered 2m below-ground, which contained a female inhumation with part of a necklace and gold brooch. An archaeological watching brief for a sewage pipe across the garden of Guilton Mill in 1987 located a large 18th or 19th century pit but produced no traces of Anglo-Saxon features.
The contents of this record have been generated from a legacy data system.
Legacy System number: KE 161
Legacy System: RSM - OCN
Ramsay, N, ‘Faussett, Bryan (1720–1776)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , accessed 6 March 2010 from http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/9214
Kent HER TR25NE6. NMR TR25NE6. PastScape 466257.
This monument is scheduled under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 as amended as it appears to the Secretary of State to be of national importance. This entry is a copy, the original is held by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport.
End of official listing | <urn:uuid:f13b9dff-3541-4e13-9dec-adf00d2255cc> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1005141 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202474.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320230554-20190321012554-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.95867 | 1,200 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Denmark’s environmental ministry announced on Dec. 20 that it will ban parabens in lotions and other cosmetic products for children under 3. It is the first European country to ban the chemical preservative, which is suspected to be an endocrine disruptor, and is used in a variety of soaps, deodorants and other beauty products.
The ban affects two types of parabens: propylparaben and butylparaben. (More on Time.com: Special: Environmental Toxins)
Many environmental health groups advocate the removal of parabens from consumer goods because of some animal evidence that they can act like estrogen in the body, causing health problems. According to the David Suzuki Foundation:
Parabens can mimic estrogen, the primary female sex hormone. They have been detected in human breast cancer tissues, suggesting a possible association between parabens in cosmetics and cancer. Parabens may also interfere with male reproductive functions. In addition, studies indicate that methylparaben applied on the skin reacts with UVB leading to increased skin aging and DNA damage.
No other European country has banned the chemical, but it was listed as a Category 1 substance (having evidence of endocrine disrupting activity in at least one species in animal studies) by the European Commission in 2006. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is looking at the chemical too: a study of four types of parabens, released in June 2010, showed that methylparaben was present in 99.1% of the 2,548 urine samples of adults and children age 6 or older, while propylparaben appeared in 92.7% of those same samples. Ethyl (42.4%) and butyl (47%) parabens were found less frequently and at lower concentrations than the others. (More on Time.com: Canada Declares BPA Toxic. Is the U.S. Next?)
Recent analyses suggest, however, that there is not enough evidence to suggest that parabens are a major threat to human health. On Dec. 14, the E.U.’s Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) released a thorough analysis [PDF] of research on parabens, examining the chemicals’ role as endocrine disruptors, their contribution to breast cancer, and absorption levels of the chemical from consumer products through human skin.
The SCCS concluded that the data were insufficient and incomplete, finding that parabens should not be regulated until more conclusive research is conducted:
[T]he SCCS considers the use of Butylparaben and Propylparaben as preservatives in finished cosmetic products as safe to the consumer, as long as the sum of their individual concentrations does not exceed 0.19%. This conclusion is based on the lack of scientifically sound data on the pivotal link between dermal absorption in rats and humans, in particular with regard to the metabolism of the parent compound in the skin. The latter can only be addressed through additional human data. | <urn:uuid:d3f804f5-59f9-4c29-bec1-7d5887842021> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://healthland.time.com/2010/12/22/parabens-outlawed-in-childrens-products-in-denmark/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657470.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116113941-20190116135941-00326.warc.gz | en | 0.954248 | 628 | 2.890625 | 3 |
What Is Data Masking
Replacing sensitive information with fake values in order to protect actual data is referred as Data Masking. In simple words, data masking is a method of confusing the intruder by hiding actual data with a protective layer of real-looking useless data.
Many people confuse data masking with data access restriction, but, it is an entirely different concept. Access restriction method prevents the data to be seen by users, but users clearly realize that data is hidden. Data masking, in turn, supposed to provide users with fake data of some kind.
Why Data masking is Important?
Data leak, or inappropriate exposure of sensitive information, can affect a company on multiple levels.
Legally: Each organization is responsible for its clients’ private data. If the company loses it anyhow, then any client can take legal action against that company.
Defamation:Public exposure of production or private data, contained in a company’s database, may cause company defamation.
Loss of Future Prospects:If your competitors get your company’s information they learn your future prospects and act to beat the competition. Or your competitor can mould the information to use it against you.
What is Data masking used for?
If your production database contains real sensitive info, it doesn’t mean that databases intended for testing purposes should contain it as well. To control data exposure limits various data masking routines are used.
Level-I Masking or Compound Masking
The set of relative columns is masked as a group so as the masked data retain the same relationship across the columns. For instance, ZIP, city and state entries need to be consistent after masking applied.
Level-II Masking or Deterministic Masking
Level-II Masking is used to ensure that certain values get masked to the same value across all databases. For instance: a customer number or I.D.
Level-III Masking or Lock-Key Masking
When a company has to send its data to another company or any third party for reporting, analysis or any other business process, then Lock-Key masking is used. Original data is masked using a secure lock-key masking function. Once the company gets the data back from the 3rd party, it can recover the original data by using the same key that was used to mask it. It is also called Key-based reversible masking.
Data masking techniques
Substitution: Database content is being randomly replaced with something similar but not exactly the same. For example, it means replacing real surnames with surnames picked from a random list.
Shuffling: In substitution, the replacement data is fetched from outer source whereas in shuffling the replacement data is taken from the column itself. The data is randomly is being moved between rows until there is no reasonable correlation between the column entries achieved.
Number and Date Difference: This technique may prove itself useful if you need to protect numeric data. The original numeric data is replaced by a range of percentage. For instance; the salary data may be varied by ±5%. Some values could be increased by 5% and some values, in turn, decreases by 5%.
Encryption: Original content is converted into Patterns/codes such as Morse code or Binary. Not necessary into these two, but a company can cipher their data in any form.
Nullifying: As “nullifying” word suggests, a database entry or a column content can be replaced with NULL values.
The other techniques of data masking as follows:
X-Masking, Internal Row Synchronization, Internal Table Synchronization, Table-To-Table Synchronization, User defined SQL commands, Flat File Masking.
All these methods are used for one purpose only — to save your data from getting into the wrong hands.
DataSunrise Database Security Firewall includes the Data Auditing, Data Security and Data masking tools. It’s an integrated software product that ensures total security of your organization’s confidential and sensitive data.
DataSunrise supports all major databases and data warehouses such as Oracle, Exadata, IBM DB2, IBM Netezza, MySQL, MariaDB, Greenplum, Amazon Aurora, Amazon Redshift, Microsoft SQL Server, Azure SQL, Teradata and more. You are welcome to download a free trial if would like to install on your premises. In case you are a cloud user and run your database on Amazon AWS or Microsoft Azure you can get it from AWS market place or Azure market place. | <urn:uuid:de633825-6f32-432b-aa7e-e70354357e31> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.datasunrise.com/blog/data-masking/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00549-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892102 | 937 | 3.28125 | 3 |
A HUNDRED YEARS
OF MINE EXPLOSIONS
IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA
By Edward L. Henson, Jr.
Professor of History
Clinch Valley College
A Paper Presented to the
Historical Society of Southwest Virginia
In 1884, as the signs of spring multiplied in the Pocahontas coalfields of Southwest Virginia , Harriet Eliza Latrhop could look back over the preceding thirty months with a great deal of satisfaction. Just before Thanksgiving in 1881, she had left her native New York with her husband, William, a twenty-six-year-old mining engineer, to come to a wilderness where she faced snakes in her kitchen and people afraid of kerosene lamps. Now, thanks to her husband's leadership, the mines which he opened and the town which he built were both thriving. Pocahontas boasted a company store, a bowling alley, an ice house, and an Episcopal congregation.1
At 1:30 in the morning of March 13, 1884, a loud explosion rocked the Lathrops in their bed. Young Lathrop soon learned that a blast in the Laurel mine had knocked houses off their foundations three-hundred feet from the driftmouth, and heavy mine cars had been hurled from the mine. Inside were mangled bodies, some without heads and some missing limbs. A fire necessitated sealing an flooding the mine with 114 bodies still inside.2
When the fire was out, the water was pumped into a creek running through the town. Two carloads of disinfectant were dumped in the creek and on the streets, and men were brought in to build coffins. Lathrop finally became ill under the strain, which threats against his life did not help. He and his wife were glad to move to another job when an opportunity arose.3
The Laurel mine was regarded as non-gassy so that there was no apparent reason to use safety lamps. This supposition left the miners free to "shoot from the solid" - to get coal down from the face by substituting massive amounts of explosives for the tedious and time-consuming job of undercutting. There was almost certainly a quantity of methane present in the Laurel mine which was ignited by the blasting. This in turn touched off suspended coal dust which provided the chief explosive.4 The initial blast created a wind of hurricane force which picked up more coal dust, ignited it, and produced a raging, all-consuming, and self-perpetuating horror.
The explosion at the Laurel mine was shocking to the people of Southwest Virginia because it was their first. Before it, min explosions is the Richmond area had assured Virginia it would lead the nation in this category of mining casualty until 1890.
Each day a working miner enters an area where no human being has ever been before. In the process, he sometimes releases methane gas which has been trapped in the ground for 280 million years or more. How to keep this gas from exploding was a problem that miners in England had been wrestling with for several hundred years.
During one period, methane was burned off by the fireman, a heroic figure swathed in wet sackcloth, who crawled about the mines, thrusting a candle ahead of him on the end of a ten-foot pole. It was discovered that moving air in the mines lessened the chances of explosion. Circulation was increased by lowering iron baskets filled with fire into the shafts to create convection currents. Larger mines created drafts with furnaces, a method used in the United States well into the twentieth century. There was a system of partitions, wooden doors manned by boys called trappers, and brattices consisting of tarred or creosoted strips, all of which were designed to direct the air currents to their desired spots. Air pumps were designed with huge wooden pistons and fans came in 1850.
There were also efforts made to deny methane a means of ignition. It was thought for a while that the phosphorescent glow given off by decaying fish could be used as a source of light, but this created another problem. Some tried to direct sunlight into the shaft with a series of mirrors. John Spedding attempted to provide a safe light by rotating a steel wheel against a flint to give off a shower of sparks. Sir Humphrey Davy discovered that methane only exploded in concentrations between 5.4% and 13.5%, which answered the question of why circulation inhibited explosions. Using this and other information, together with the heat-conducting properties of wire mesh, he invented a safety lamp in 1815.5
It was 1846 before Americans mined as much coal in a year as the English produced in 1660. Although we took advantage of their technological advances, there were certain things which Americans had to learn by experience. The lessons for Southwest Virginia began at Laurel mine in 1884 and continued through the tragedy at McClure almost a century later.
The second fatal mine explosion in Southwest Virginia occurred at another Pocahontas mine on October 3, 1906. Investigators concluded that it was caused by "shooting from the solid" which provided a large quantity of dust and a source of ignition. Thirty-five men were killed, including two members of a rescue party who were overcome by afterdamp, by carbon monoxide which washed back over an explosion site.6
There was a movement in the legislature to pass mine safety laws after the Laurel tragedy, but two more fatal explosions would have to occur before this was done. Both of these were at the Greeno mine in Tacoma. The first one, which took place on March 16, 1907, resulted in the death of six men including two sets of brothers. Since it took place as the morning shift entered the mine, it may be assumed that the miners' lard oil lamps ignited a pocket of methane which had collected overnight.7 The second Greeno explosion occurred on December 14, 1910. Eight men, including the superintendent who had led the rescue work in the first explosion, perished in this one. Four miners who knocked a hole in an air pipe managed to survive. A sad noted was added by the arrival in Southwest Virginia of the superintendent's wife on the day he died. She had come from Minnesota to spend Christmas with him.8
After the second Greeno explosion, twenty-two years would elapse before there would be another fatal one in Southwest Virginia. During this period, many advances were made in the field of mine safety. In 1912, Virginia became the last coal-producing state to pass a mine safety act. This provided for periodic inspections, site mapping, minimum ventilation standards, and the prohibition of dust accumulation.9 On the federal level, the newly-created Bureau of Mines carried out experiments in 1910 in the use of rock dust to quelch and limit explosions. A layer of rock dust on the floor, ribs, and ceiling would be taken up by any explosion so that particles of limestone would insulate particles of coal dust from one another. By 1925, a quarter of the mines in the country were using rock dust to some degree. Electric cap lamps were developed in 1910 and, within two decades, forty percent of the miners had traded their oil and carbide lamps for them.10
As if to show contempt for these efforts and to make up for a statistical lapse, there were three serious explosions in the first half on 1932.
Smoking had been a problem at the Parrott mine, just a few miles west of Blacksburg. Two men had been fired recently for trying to smuggle cigarettes in, one in a biscuit and another in a shoe. On the afternoon of January 18, 1932, there was a terrific explosion three thousand feet under the ground that left six men dead. Fans had pulled a lethal concentration of methane from some inactive workings. Two cigarette butts were found at the point of ignition.11
Just over a month later, thirty-eight men died two miles underground in the Pocahontas field at Boissevain. The Bureau of Mines inspector found the cause in the simultaneous blasting of four holes. The large number of casualties can be attributed to the fact that no rock-dusting had been done.12
The third disaster of this terrible year occurred at Splashdam in Dickenson County. The ventilator fan had been turned off the night before and was not restarted until ninety minutes before miners entered the mine. Their open lights encountered a large pocket of firedamp. Since rock dusting had been neglected, the explosion did not stop until hit had boiled out of the mouth of the mine, sorching wet foliage and trees three-hundred feet across the rive. Ten men died in this disaster, including three who were killed by afterdamp.13
In 1934, the year which marked the fiftieth anniversary of the first Pochahontas explosion, a tragedy occurred at the Stonega mine at Derby. The mine had been idle the day before and accumulated gases were ignited by either smoking or an electrical arc. Since there had been no previous signs of gas, rock dust was not applied. Seventeen miners lost their lives and the ground was blackened for three-hundred feet outside the mine.14
On April 22, 1938, an accident occurred on Keen Mountain which killed more men than would die in Virginia mine explosions over the next forty-five years. Two men were decapitated outside the mine when the blast overturned an eight-ton mine motor. A passing state trooper said that "it looked as if the whole mountain top was coming off."15
Inspectors believed that an adobe shot, one not contained in a bore hole but rather plastered to the surface with clay, had touched off the explosion. Rock-dusting was reported to have been inadequate which permitted the explosion to spread over an area of three-million square feet, killing forty-five miners.16 After this explosion, the governor of the state appointed a commission to propose new mine safety laws.17
There was also an impetus toward federal safety regulations. In 1941, inspectors were given the right to make inspections over the opposition of the individual mine owner. Idle or abandoned sections of the mine would either have to be ventilated or sealed off. There must be no "firing on the solid", no adobe shots, and no shots were the methane concentration exceeded one percent. All bituminous mines had to be rock-dusted to within forty feet of the working face. The problem was that no power was given to inspectors to enforce these new standards.18
There was only one fatal mine explosion in Virginia during the Second World War. This occurred near Norton when two machine operators were killed on December 11, 1944.19 Another man died in Bartlick on November 19, 1945.
During the following year, tragedy returned to the semi-anthracite operation on the New River. In order to get to the coal at McCoy, it was necessary for miners to descend a thirty-five degree incline to a point of half-mile below the bed of the New River. On April 8, 1946, an explosion was ignited apparently by an arc from a battery-powered motor. The force of the explosion blew a fourteen-ton train 150 feet up the incline and killed twelve men.20 Another miner lost his life in the same mine later in the year.
Some impetus toward federal regulation of mining was gained in the spring of 1946, when bituminous mines were placed under a federal administrator during a prolonged strike. It was not until 1952, however that Congress passed a law incorporating the provisions of the 1942 act, providing this time for a means of enforcement. Considerable attention was paid to rock-dusting and minimum ventilation standards. Rules against smoking were tightened and black powder was completely outlawed underground.21
A dozen years elapsed between the McCoy incident and the rather curious blast at Moss No. 2 mine on April 8, 1958. A roof fall disrupted a bleeder system which permitted an accumulation of gas. The probable source of ignition was the "frictional contact of two or more mine rocks" during a pillar fall which had been predicted earlier by the fire boss. That only two men were killed was due to in part to a very careful rock-dusting program.22
In 1969, a comprehensive federal Mine Safety Act was passed. It contained many of the regulations that were already in the state and previous federal acts. The new law was, however, written with much more thoroughness, compliance was made much more expensive, and exemptions were minimized.23
After the incident at Moss No. 2 Mine, Virginia enjoyed a fifteen-year respite from mine explosion fatalities. The next one occurred at Oakwood Red Ash in Buchanan County on September 25, 1973. The superintendent and foreman went into an abandoned area in a battery-powered personnel carrier. An arc touched off an explosion which was fatal to both of them.24
A similar accident occurred at the P & P mine in Lee County on July 7, 1977. Methane gas became concentrated in an abandoned section which was entered by a work party, apparently without a pre-shift inspection. A blackened Scripto cigarette lighter, still in its open-position, was found at the point of ignition. The blast knocked out support posts nine hundred feet from the point of ignition and was not completely dissipated until it reached 3,500 feet. Four lives were lost in this explosion.25
The last fatal coal mine explosion of the century, following the disaster at Pocahontas, occurred at McClure mine on July 21, 1983. A preliminary report indicated that the seven miners who died, including a foreman three days away from retirement and the first woman killed in a Virginia mine, were victims of carbon monoxide. The absence of hard facts led to much speculation in the newspapers to the causes. Representatives of management, labor, and the federal government offered their versions of the conditions in the mine, the steps taken and the expenses borne by the company in the pursuit of safety, the adequacy of federal enforcement, and the safety record of this particular mine.26
It had been thirty seven years since this many miners had died in Virginia in a single mine explosion. The media played-up the fact that Virginia's safety record was not a good one. This situation led the governor to appoint a commission to study mine safety in Virginia.
In this report, the commission found that Virginia's mine fatality rate was indeed twice that of the nation. Its geology was conducive to roof falls, but there were also other factors. Virginia had the lowest ration of inspectors to mines as well as the lowest pay scale. Training programs for inspectors and certification for miners were being neglected.27
During the first century of coal mining in Southwest Virginia, sixteen fatal explosions killed 314 miners. This is only a fraction of those who have lost their lives through mishaps such as roof falls and electrocution. During the past twenty five years, explosions have accounted for less than three percent of the total mine fatalities in Virginia. The explosions have, however, attracted more than their share of public attention. They have been mine mishaps what airplane crashes are to vehicular accidents. They receive the headlines and the attention of state officials, who must be diligent in assuring that the most recent tragedy will not be repeated.
Mining coal will never be a safe occupation. The best that can be hoped for is a lowering of the odds on fatal accidents - a proportion of the laws of averages through improved safety regulations, education, and enforcement. Because of their dramatic effect, some progress in this respect has been made every time public sensibilites have been shocked by a mine explosion.
1Memoirs of Harriet Eliza Lathrop, 1881-1890, manuscript collection, Alderman Library, University of Virginia.
2 Richmond Dispatch, March 14, 1884.
3 Lathrop Memoir.
4 H.B. Humphrey, Historical Summary of Coal-Mine Explosions in the United States, 1810-1858. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 586 (United States Government Printing Office, 1960), p.7.
5 Most of this information and that in the preceding paragraphs is from various parts of J. U. Nef, The Rise of the British Coal Industry (London, 1932)
6 Roanoke Times, October 5, 1906; Humphrey, Historical Summary, p.26.
7 Big Stone Gap Post, March 21, 1907, Humphrey gives the total dead as eleven. See Historical Summary, table 4, page 22.
8 Big Stone Gap Post, December 21, 1910; Roanoke Times, December 15, 1910. J.J. Rutledge, "The Greeno Mine Explosion." A report dated August 11, 1911.
9 Code of Virginia of 1916, "Chapter 178 of Acts of 1912."
10Humphrey, Historical Summary, p. 32, 159, 163, 227, 257.
11Roanoke Times, January 19, 1932. J.F. Davies, Bureau of Mines Report summarized in Humphrey, Historical Summary, p. 133.
12Roanoke Times, February 28-29, 1932. J.F. Davies, Bureau of Mines Report summarized in Humphrey, Historical Summary, p. 133.
14Roanoke Times, August 7, 1934; Humphrey, Historical Summary, p.137.
15Roanoke Times, April 24025, 1938.
16G.W.Groves, Bureau of Mines Report summarized in Humphrey, Historical Summary, p. 144.
17Roanoke Times, April 26, 1938.
1877th Congress, Public Law in Humphrey, Historical Summary, p.230.
19Coalfield Progress, December 14, 1944; Roanoke Times, December 13, 1944.
20Roanoke Times, April 19, 1946; Humphrey, Historical Summary, p. 209.
21Humphrey, Historical Summary, p. 230.
22George L. Mears, W.R. Stewart, and Frank L. Gaddy, "Preliminary Report of Mine Explosion, Moss No. 2 Mine, Clinchfield, April 8, 1958," (Bureau of Mines, 19__) and "Supplementary Report" by the same investigators.
23United States Code, Title 30, Section 863 ff.
24M.L. West and Elmer Simmons, "Official Report of Coal-Mine Explosion, No. 4 Mine, Oakwood Red Ash Corporation, September 25, 1973." (Mine Enforcement and Safety Administration, 197_.)
25James D. Michael, Elmer Simmons, and Wayland Jessee, "Report of Investigation, Underground Coal Explosion, P & P Coal Company, Incorporated, July 7, 1977." (Department of Labor), Mine Safety and Health Administration, 1977.)
26Roanoke Times, June 24-25, 1983.
27Report of Governor's Commission on Mine Safety, 1983. | <urn:uuid:93b3e51c-99c6-461b-971e-64029f656539> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~duncanrw/coal_camps/articles/hundredyears.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115900160.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161140-00001-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976901 | 3,886 | 3.375 | 3 |
- Explanations of sacrifice, as of other rites, are naturally not wanting among the peoples who have practised or still practise it; but they are often of the nature of aetiological myths and give no clue to the original meaning.
At the present time we are quite uncertain what is the ultimate cause of new growths; in all probability there may be one or more aetiological factors at play disturbing that perfect condition of equilibrium of normal tissues.
According to Roscher (in his Lexikon der Mythologie), who identifies the ciris with the heron, the story of Nisus and Scylla (like these of Acdon, Procne, Philomela and Tereus) was invented to give an aetiological explanation of the characteristics of certain birds.
The anecdotes told of Gaia Caecilia are aetiological myths intended to explain certain usages at Roman marriages.
While Theseus was in Crete, Minos, 1 The story of Theseus is a strange mixture of (mostly fictitious) political tradition, of aetiological myths invented to explain misunderstood acts of ritual and of a cycle of tales of adventure analogous to the story of the labours of Heracles. | <urn:uuid:3982ddc1-178a-478b-adde-7e3961795f91> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.yourdictionary.com/aetiological | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251684146.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126013015-20200126043015-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.933044 | 247 | 2.890625 | 3 |
What's the Latest Development?
The Supreme Court has ruled against a Utah-based genetic testing company in a decision which defines the legal limits of ownership over the building blocks of life. The company, Myriad Genetics, has used broad gene patents to operate a monopoly over testing for the two BRCA genes, which when mutated can cause inherited forms of breast cancer. "In a unanimous ruling, the Supreme Court decided that simply isolating a natural DNA sequence is not a patentable invention. However, it upheld Myriad Genetics's claims on complementary DNA, or cDNA, made from the BRCA genes."
What's the Big Idea?
Without patents protecting the testing of certain genes, medical experts expect that genetics companies will be more eager to compete for customers, eventually driving down the cost of genetic testing. "We expect to launch a test [for BRCA1 and BRCA2] rather soon," says Sherri Bale, managing director of GeneDX, a genetic-testing company in Gaithersburg, Maryland. "It should also become easier for companies like GeneDX to offer diagnostic panels including dozens of genes, to analyse genes that can trigger epilepsy, for example, or to look for specific mutations involved in tumours, helping to design individualised cancer therapy."
Photo credit: Shutterstock.com | <urn:uuid:15db1f49-55ed-4ed5-a7bb-16ba187a2ea9> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://bigthink.com/ideafeed/repercussions-of-supreme-courts-decision-to-ban-patents-on-dna | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999639602/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060719-00024-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949538 | 267 | 2.578125 | 3 |
A water heater can also be called a boiler, cumulus, or hot water tank.
It is a device that can produce and store hot water for domestic use: shower, bath, dishes … The tank is filled with cold water first, then according to the chosen system, the water is heated and available all day, as needed.
Generally, the water heater is programmed so that the cold water is warmed during off-peak hours (at night) and available in total capacity of the tank in the morning (so that the whole family can take a shower for example).
Most water heaters today heat the water directly as it is used. Those are instant water heaters.
A cumulus or a hot water tank (or ” boiler ” in English) are storage water heaters. They have the advantage of consuming less energy than instantaneous water heaters. Each quantity of hot water taken during the day is replaced by cold water, which will then be reheated. The capacity of the cumulus is an important aspect: when all the available hot water is consumed, only cold water will remain, and it will be necessary to wait for the night so that the system starts to heat it again. However, there is the possibility to put the cumulus or hot water balloon forced to heat the water, including during peak hours.
The boiler is used to heat the heating appliances such as radiators, but also the clean water. The boiler can be coupled with a hot water tank or water heater. The heating power is important.
A / Directly Heated Water Heaters Directly
Heated water heaters operate independently of central heating and have their own burner. The water passes through a spiral pipe placed in the hot gases. This system is the most advantageous: the heating time is short, and the water flow is high.
B / Indirect Heating Water Heaters
Indirectly heated water heaters operate using the central heating boiler. The heating water is sent to a plate exchanger with a very large exchange surface. The heat is instantly transferred to the clean cold water. During the period of domestic hot water draw, the heating circuit is shortened by a bypass that turns the heating water under the flame before it goes to the radiators. Advantage: almost instantaneous warming.
Other models operate on the same principle as the water bath: one tank in another. Hot water from the boiler that fills the outer container (water from the heating circuit) warms the water in the inner container (domestic hot water). Advantage: the reheating is softer; there is less danger of calcareous deposits. The inner tank contains hot water immediately available, but the heat transfer is slower; if the draw is huge, the temperature may drop.
The water heater (electric) can be installed in a house, an apartment, a caravan, a camper, a cabin or workshop, a camping bungalow… All points are having a water supply and a power supply.
For other types of water heater, it’s a bit more complicated | <urn:uuid:45f761a5-2071-40ea-85f6-1b1ed34a3d41> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://ourmiscarriage.com/what-is-a-water-heater/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998813.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618183446-20190618205446-00442.warc.gz | en | 0.947179 | 623 | 3.640625 | 4 |
7 Cities with Great Green Projects Others Should Imitate
Cities can be hot-spots of pollution, with thousands or millions of people, cars, pets, industries, and more contributing to global warming. But they can also be centers of innovation, as bright ideas, available funding, and green sensibilities combine.
These seven cities are doing their part to cut down on greenhouse gases -- from running town centers on geothermal heat to running a solar-powered farmers market -- and they just might be the inspiration for your city's next big green change.
1. Eco-City in Hamburg, Germany
The three-phase Eco-City in Hamburg, Germany, is scheduled for completion next year -- and when it's finished, the state-of-the-art mixed use area will incorporate everything from business offices and hotels to wind turbines and pedestrian walkways.
The complex is on track to receive the highest possible rating from three sustainability rating organizations -- LEED, BREEAM, and the Germany-based GSBC -- and nearly half of the area will be building-free, open-air plazas.
High-rise towers outfitted with wind turbines could potentially bring in as much as 10 percent of the city's power needs, and the builders have also used solar water heating systems, reused materials, roofs that minimize storm water runoff, and passive design techniques that cut energy use by as much as 30 percent.
2. Geothermal Energy in Newcastle, EnglandPhoto: mollyig/Creative Commons
The quaintly-named Newcastle-Upon-Tyne took highest honors in a 2009 sustainability audit, which named it the greenest city in Britain -- and the town just announced plans to cement its spot at the top by implementing a geothermal heating project that will provide heat to its main shopping center.
The plan is to drill 2000 meters underground, where the city can tap into a collection of groundwater kept at 176 degrees Fahrenheit by the Earth's heat -- and by circulating this hot water, they can keep the new 24-acre Science Centre and the 140-shop strong Eldon Square mall at a comfortable temperature without using fossil fuels. Estimated cost: 900,000 pounds.
3. Stormwater Capture in New York, New YorkPhoto: Eva Abreu/Creative Commons
In 2010, the New York City Department of Environmental Protection awarded more than $2.6 million to organizations with plans for capturing stormwater runoff as part of the Flushing and Gowanus Green Infrastructure Grant Initiative.
The idea behind the grant is to fund plans that would "reduce combined sewer overflows, which occur when stormwater and wastewater is diverted into New York City's surrounding waterways during heavy storms" -- and to improve the overall quality of the city's harbor.
A few of the winning ideas: a Greenstreets capture system in Rego Park that would catch water from a "three acre-watershed"; bioretention basins that would store more than 200,000 gallons of water under the Long Island Expressway; and 5,000-square-foot treatment wetlands that could address 72,000 gallons of runoff in Flushing Meadows Corona Park after every storm.
4. Solar-Powered Farmers Market in Albuquerque, New MexicoPhoto: NatalieMaynor/Creative Commons
Becoming a regular fixture at your local farmers market can do a lot for your green eating habits -- by teaching you to rely on and enjoy seasonal produce, encouraging you to pack your diet with more vegetables and fruit instead of processed food, and putting you in touch with the farmers in your area -- but for residents of Albuquerque, New Mexico, the market goes beyond fresh produce.
Cash machines, the sound equipment, and other electricity-based devices were powered by a four-panel solar array that brought in about 1,000 watts; the city hopes to make the solar-powered market a regular occurrence and spread the how-to to cities all over the country.
5. World's Largest Wind Farm in Shepherds Flat, OregonPhoto: Simon Peckham/Creative Commons
Eastern Oregon will soon be home to a wind farm said to be the world's largest -- the result of a $1.3 billion loan that the U.S. Department of Energy approved in December.
The farm will comprise 338 GE wind turbines -- scheduled to be installed in 2011 and 2012 -- and will provide 845 megawatts of power on a piece of land 30 miles square.
The planned output would be enough "clean energy to power approximately 235,000 average California households...and will avoid more than 1.5 million tons a year in greenhouse gas emissions," according to the EPA.
6. Public Housing in Sydney, AustraliaPhoto: WATPAC
Government housing developments around the world can provide an affordable home for citizens -- but sustainability is rarely a priority. Not so in Sydney, where the Lilyfield Housing Redevelopment project received a 5 -- the highest rating -- from Australian LEED-like company Green Star.
A few of the eco-friendly design touches: Passive solar and natural ventilation mean the building doesn't need air conditioning; the development offers no parking for cars but does have space for residents' bicycles; water tanks capture more than 100,000 liters of rain to water gardens and fill toilets; and the building -- which now comprises 88 apartments instead of 40 -- has been outfitted with solar photovoltaic and solar thermal panels. Keep watching to see if these innovations inspire other cities to do the same.
7. Solar-Collecting Bicycle Paths in the NetherlandsPhoto: feathers chapman/Creative Commons
In the Netherlands, where bicycling is common, several companies are joining forces for a pilot installation of bike paths that could collect solar energy to go back into the grid.
The idea is simple: A "modular cycle path system," set to be up and running in 2012, would consist of concrete panels topped with glass; between the glass and the concrete, silicon solar cells would capture energy -- as much as 50 kWh every year per square meter. (That may not sound like much, but the paths could eventually cover 137,000 kilometers of pathway.)
And while the cells are powering public utilities, like street lamps and traffic lights, the paths will also encourage commuters to trade four wheels for two. | <urn:uuid:632281c2-8cbe-48b1-bf55-9c40a6b5a35e> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.treehugger.com/clean-technology/7-cities-with-great-green-projects-others-should-imitate.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701154221.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193914-00245-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941202 | 1,285 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Corrosion Mechanisms - Active Oxidation of Iron by Chlorine Attack
The primary biomass fuels, bark, wood chips, sawdust, and other waste products originating from these contain low concentrations of chlorine and sulphur that can result in severe corrosion if the moisture, temperature, and pressure of the gas are withing specific activation range. The active chemicals attack the boiler tubes and downstream heat exchanger tubes.
The enrichment of biomass combustion chlorine has two primary reasons:
Significant concentrations of alkali chlorides are formed from the biomass fuel and are mixed in the flue gas during the combustion process since Potassium (K), Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) are relatively volatile elements.
A large portion of these alkali chlorides may result from pollution, especially from "salting" the biofuel in winter, to keep it from freezing during transport or from low levels of salt in the soil. Another source is from the mist drifting off the oceans to the forest and soil.
Salinity in dry lands can occur when the water table is between six to twelve feet from the surface. The salts from the groundwater are raised by capillary action and absorbed by tree roots and other plants.
These alkali chlorides will condense on the tube surfaces and will react with the flue gas under formation of sulphates and the release of chlorine according to these two reactions.
The free chlorine generated from these products in the fuel can now attach to the iron in the tubes. Even stainless steel is not exempt. Any scratches from ash impingements remove the micro thin layer of chromic oxide (Cr2O3) allowing the chlorine to attack the iron below the oxide layer forming (FeCl2). Here are the surprising corrosion mechanisms that are extremely harmful.
This is the reason Chlorine in the fuel, even small amounts are very corrosive. The corrosion begins prior to the formation of hydrochloric acid (HCL). Once the FeCL2 is formed in the presence of iron oxides Fe3O4, the Chlorine combines with iron oxide to form 2Fe3O3 and CL2. At this point, the CL2 again attacks the iron and the “Oxidation Fire” is burning as long as the fuel supplies chlorine and the combustion processes supply the temperature and moisture conditions.
THIS DOCUMENT IS PROPRIETARY WITHIN CMS | <urn:uuid:c092f267-fa0d-4440-8c63-a486e2b11593> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://cmsinc.us/blog-detail-corrosion-mechanisms.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474544.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224180245-20240224210245-00612.warc.gz | en | 0.920269 | 489 | 3.1875 | 3 |
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Eckmühl
ECKMÜHL, or Eggmühl, a village in Germany, in the kingdom of Bavaria, on the Grosse Laaber, 13 m. S.E. of Regensburg by the railway to Munich. It is famous as the scene of a batttle fought here on the 22nd of April 1809, between the French, Bavarians and Württembergers under Napoleon, and the Austrians under the Archduke Charles, which resulted in the defeat of the latter. Napoleon, in recognition of Marshal Davout's great share in the victory, conferred on him the title of prince of Eckmühl. For an account of this action and those of Abensberg and Landshut, see Napoleonic Campaigns. | <urn:uuid:7823bf0a-c1a6-4678-adb0-699ddfd1fe0b> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Eckm%C3%BChl | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462232.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00316-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944225 | 171 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Cactus is a unique plant that comes in a variety of sizes. While some are huge and may grow to heights of up to 40 feet, others are small enough to fit into small pots at home. Small cactus have recently become a huge sensation and used as indoor plants. These come in a variety of colors and shapes and provide additional ambience to the home when blended with other notable house plants. While most of these small cactus varieties are adapted for the deserts, they can also thrive as indoor plants with the right propagation and care.
So what are the best small cactus for your indoors? Small cactus varieties come in various shapes and colors, but the most ideal species for indoors are those that do not need much sunlight can fit into small pots and are slow-growing. Some of these include the following:
- Moon Cactus
- Bunny Ear cactus
- Rat Tail
- Old Lady Cactus
- Christmas Cactus
- Star Cactus
This article will be looking at some of the smallest cactus can be grown as indoor plants. It will look at their features in terms of propagation, adaptations and suitability as indoor plants.
1. Moon Cactus
Moon cactus is one of the most recognizable indoor cacti, thanks to its unique shape and a variety of colors that range from yellow to pink, red and orange. These bright neon colors are usually noted in its ball-shaped appearance. They would usually be sitting on top of another green colored typed of cacti.
The moon cactus is a product of human design as the cactus on its own cannot thrive. As such, it needs to be grafted on another green cactus to help offer chlorophyll to make its food. This makes it two plants in one. The beautifully, brightly colored part of the moon cactus cannot produce chlorophyll independently, thus the need to graft it onto another plant.
Moon cactus is an ideal indoor cacti, especially to the first-timers in horticulture because it’s low on maintenance. They can be used to add some pomp and color to your window seal, living room or porch area. For best results, moon cactus should be positioned in a bright area but away from direct sunlight. In terms of water requirements, moon cactus, just like any other cactus adapted for the deserts do not need much water. Be careful not to overwater as this may lead to root rot and eventually death of the cactus.
When grown indoors, moon cactus can drastically improve the overall look of your home and complement the indoor décor thanks to its variety of colors. You may choose to go for one specific color or use a mix of what is available. What’s more, moon cacti are slow-growing and can grow to a maximum of about six inches. Remember, the health of your moon cactus will highly depend on that of the stock. As such, it is important to choose an ideal stock cactus that will blend well with your moon cactus.
2. Bunny Ear cactus
The bunny ear cactus is a small desert plant that perfectly fits the indoor environment. It is native to Mexico but can be found in most arid and semi-arid areas. It is one of the most popular indoor plants thanks to its unique appearance with pads that mimic rabbit ears. Growing the bunny ears as an indoor plant is simple; all you have to do is ensure the growing conditions are as close to its natural habitat as possible. So with some dry, sunny and low humidity conditions, you can easily grow the bunny ears as an indoor plant.
While in its natural habitat, bunny ears can grow to a height of 3 feet. When grown indoors, however, the cactus grows to a maximum height of 2 feet, making it a perfect indoor plant. What’s more, it is slow-growing, thus giving you enough time to enjoy its trappings and beauty. The bunny ears does not grow spines but instead develop glochids in the form of whitish brown prickles.
For better development, bunny ears should be repotted after every one or two years. This should give you more time to enjoy its interesting features.
3. Rat Tail Cactus
The rat tail cactus is an exciting plant native to Central America and southwestern Mexico. It stands out with its long, trailing steps that mimic a rat’s tail, thus its nickname. These stems grow to a maximum of 4 feet. When grown indoors, the rat rail cactus will thrive best when grown in hanging baskets or pots. This enables its trailing stems to get enough space to manifest in its natural growth sequence.
Rat rain cactus comes in many varieties and will bloom in spring and early summer with violet-red blooms. Depending on the variety, however, it can sometimes produce orange and pink-colored flowers. The flowers are fairly large and tubular but will only last a couple of days. Rat rail cactus can be propagated using its stems that grow rapidly under the right conditions. However, you will need to be careful when handling its stems as it grows spines that can prick your skin easily.
4. Old Lady Cactus
The Old Lady cactus, otherwise known as Mammallaria Hahniana is a popular, sun-loving powder puff cactus that can be grown indoors. It stands out with its lone spherical stems that can grow to about 4 inches tall and 8 inches wide. When grown indoors, the cactus should be positioned in a sunny area for better development. If this is not possible, provide some outdoor time during the summer months.
The best spots to position your Old lady cactus indoors would be by the window as these spots tend to receive enough sun or light for most of the day. However, in cases where you cannot find the best spot with enough light, you may consider using grow lights to help supplement the lighting needs for your cactus.
The Old lady cactus gets its nickname from its white, thin and flexible hairs that may grow as long as 5 centimeters. As the plant reaches maturity, these hairs grow richer and thicker and tend to curl, thus cloaking the plant.
5. Christmas Cactus
The Christmas cactus (Schlumbergera bridgessii) otherwise known as the Easter or Thanksgiving cactus is an interesting plant that blooms just in time for the holidays, thus its name. Its propagation and care are pretty simple, making it a favorite for holiday gift-giving.
The cactus can be propagated from cuttings and will thrive better under moderate indoor conditions. However, Christmas cactus should be kept away from too much sunlight to avoid its leaves getting burnt. Notably, the Christmas cactus blooms with bright colors, but dramatic temperature swings and lack of enough water may cause flower buds to drop prematurely.
To help maximize its blooming period, ensure that you maintain optimal temperatures of about 65 degrees and always keep the soil moist during the blooming period. It is also a good idea to apply for high potassium fertilizer once every two weeks and report yearly after every flowering period.
6. Star Cactus
The Star Cactus (Astrophytum asteria) is one of the few spineless cacti and stands out with its chubby round body that mimics a sand dollar. The fact that it is also easy to grow makes it a perfect candidate for an indoor plant. Its round body may grow to about 6 inches wide. It features some gently ridged sides and covered with some tiny white dots.
The Astrophytum cactus blooms between March and May. Its flowers are bright yellow with orange centers. These would later fade out to give way for some berries or drupes in late spring. When grown indoors, this cactus will not need much attention apart from the occasional watering and access to full sunlight. The star cactus is known to store a lot of water, thanks to its shape. These come in handy in times of drought. However, be careful and avoid over-watering as this may lead to root rot.
The cactus is not poisonous to animals and humans, thus making it just the perfect indoor plant. However, it would be best if you practiced caution when handling it as it can be pretty prickly.
When it comes to keeping your indoors as serene as possible, you do not want to take chances. If you are a cactus enthusiast, you would see the need to go for one of the various small cactus species suitable for indoor environments. While the list is endless, there are common ones that can survive in most environments and are readily available. The best thing about these small cactus species is that they are easy to maintain and will not need much attention apart from the occasional watering and fertilization. | <urn:uuid:993251ba-ed2d-47aa-acf7-168d7101533c> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://cactusway.com/best-small-cactus-species-for-your-indoors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301063.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118213028-20220119003028-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.950835 | 1,809 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The word Ardās is a reference to the Sikh prayer that is a done before performing or after undertaking any significant task; after reciting the daily Banis (prayers); or completion of a service like the Paath, kirtan (hymn-singing) program or any other religious program. In Sikhism, these prayers are also said before and after eating. The prayer is a plea to God to support and help the devotee with whatever he or she is about to undertake or has done.
The Ardas is often adorned with various passages from the Guru Granth Sahib. Here we shall give the basic structure. The ardas is divided into three distinct section each one of which deals with a distinct aspect of the ardas.
The recitation of ardas commences with the opening stanza of Var Sri Bhagauti Ji written by Guru Gobind Singh Ji (The Var Sri Bhagauti Ji is contained with the Dasam Granth). This smoothly written ode begins by going through the order of meditation by placing Waheguru foremost above all else, and then systematically referring to each of the other Gurus in turn entreating them for aid and protection.
The first section: This section recalls the 11 Gurus of the Sikhs and asks for their wisdom and protection.
The second portion of ardas discusses the sacrifices made by various Sikhs throughout history. The sacrifices made by these noble individuals range from sacrificing children to being placed onto rotating wheels of torture.
Let us remember all those Sikh men and women who, for the sake of the Dharma, and the religious and spiritual freedom of all people, gave their heads, and allowed themselves to be cut apart, limb by limb, joint by joint; who had their scalps torn from their heads; who were stretched and broken upon the wheels of torture; who were beaten and sawn apart, but never gave up their faith, and their determination to live according to Sikh rehat, with all their hair to their last breath'. Let us always remember those Gursikhs who, in the service of our holy Gurdwaras, in the spirit of non-violence allowed themselves to be brutally beaten, burnt and boiled alive, and yet still uttered no words of protest, but instead, placed their trust, and their lives, in the Hands of God, in sweet surrender to His Will. Remembering their sacrifice and their glorious victory…
Through the course of ardas, there are many references made to historical events that helped to shape and strengthen the Sikhs as a people.
The first historical reference made by ardas is to the panj pyare or Five Beloved Ones. These five men constituted the beginning of what was to become the Khalsa. At the baisakhi festival on April 13, 1699, Guru Gobind Singh Ji sat before a huge assembly of Sikhs dressed completely in saffron and blue, and delivered one of the most rousing and spiritual speeches in Sikh history. In this speech, the Guru instituted one of the most predominant slogans in the Sikh religion, Bole So Nihal: Sat Sri Akal, and began to discuss the need for action in order to strengthen the Sikh community and rise against the Moghuls.
At the conclusion of his speech, the Guru stared out onto the crowd, and asked for the ultimate sacrifice--any member of the Sangat who was willing to lay down their life for their beliefs. Through the absolute silence of the crowd, one man, Bhai Daya Ram, arose and declared his devotion to both Guru Gobind Singh Ji and Sikhism. The Guru then took him into a separate tent, next blood was seen flowing at the tent's bottom, the Guru returned, sword dripping with blood and asked for more sacrifices. Four more men Bhai Dharam Das, Bhai Sahib Chand, Bhai Himmat Chand, and Bhai Mokham Chand professed their piety, and met the same fate as Bhai Daya Ram. Shocked, the Sikhs in the crowd sat in silence, then Guru Gobind Singh Ji lead the five brave men from the tent and presented them to the sangat, (completely unharmed and now dressed entirely in the saffron and blue of the Guru), as the 'Panj Pyare' the 'Five Beloved'. Amazed, the Sikhs shouted a chorus of the new slogan, Bole so Nihal and were met with a resounding Sat Sri Akal.
The following day, the Guru proceeded to give the five beloved ones amrit, and induct them into the new following of Sikhs or the Khalsa.
the Four Sahibzada
The four sons or "chaar sahibjade" referred to in the same line of ardas as the panj pyare are the four sons of Guru Gobind Singh Ji who were martyred at such early ages by the mughals. After the protracted siege of Anandpur, during the flight from the city, the Guru's two youngest sons and their grandmother, were separated, while crossing the River Sarsa, from Guru Gobind Singh Ji. They sought refuge nearby with their former Bhramin cook Gangu in his home village. The old Hindu saying -'Guests are to be treated like a God', apparently slipped Gangu's memory, as the three weary travelers were turned in to the local Mughal athorities and were soon carted off to Sirhind where Wazir Khan, angered by the escape of Guru Gobind Singh at Chamkaur, offered great Earthly rewards to the two young boys if only they would become Muslims. When the young children refused they were given the option to convert or face death.
The boys, barely six and eight years of age, bravely retorted that they would not abandon their faith even under the threat of death; they would rather follow in the footsteps of Guru Arjan and Guru Tegh Bahadur. Furious, the emperor ordered the two young boys be bricked into a wall alive. From the first brick to the last, the boys neither cringed nor smiled, but remained completely devoid of all emotion, secure in the fact that they had made the correct choice. But history tells us that even being walled in could not conquer the Kardi Kala or spirit of the two youngest Princes, for the wall collasped and the Shahizadas were Martyred as were their grandfather at the hands of a Mughal Executioner. Hearing of their deaths their Grandmother died as well.
The Guru’s two older sons died in the Battle at Chamkaur fighting for their beliefs in Sikhism. Each had asked their father's permission to leave the temporary safety of the Garhi and lead a few Sikhs out to face certain death against overwhelming odds. So secure was Guru Gobind Singh Ji in his beliefs and position, that he willingly gave them his permission, to make the ultimate sacrifice for the Khalsa, even though they were his own children.
With his own eyes he witnessed their bravery, later upon being told of the heinous acts at Sirhind, the Guru responded, "I have sacrificed four sons for the survival of the thousands of my sons who are still alive" (Singh, Harban). This quote is the essence of the Guru’s feelings toward his Khalsa. He placed nothing above it, including the lives of his own children for he considered all his Sikhs to be his children.
Did not abandon their faith
An undeniable pattern of martyrdom can be traced as one tracks the path of Sikhs throughout history. The Sikhs "did not abandon their Sikh faith; [they] kept their Sikh Religion and saved their long hair until their last breath" (Ardas) in an attempt to keep their heads unshorn as well as maintain their allegiance to the Gurus and Sikhism. This exemplifies the ways in which Sikhs have repeatedly chosen to die for those beliefs that they have chosen to base their lives on. Ardas mentions forty of these martyrs within its context, the first of which is Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Guru Arjan Dev Ji was tortured for five long days at Lahore when he refused to convert to Islam. He was brought to Lahore based on the false accusations that he had compiled hurtful information about both Hinduism and Islam. The Guru allowed himself to be jailed, but when faced with the option of death or Islam; he chose death. After refusing to convert, the Mughals placed him on a red, hot iron sheet, poured burning sand on him, and dipped him into boiling water. The crowd witnessing these horrific sites reported afterward that not once did the Guru appear to regret his decision, but rather appeared to be at peace with himself and Waheguru through the entire ordeal. Many of the onlookers reported feeling almost perturbed at the strange calm that overcame Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Guru Arjan Dev Ji, unfortunately, was not the only Guru who chose to lay down his life for his beliefs. Guru Tegh Bahadur and his three followers Bhai Dyal Das, Bhai Mati Das, and Bhai Sati Das were also made to perform the ultimate sacrifice at the hands of the Mugals. Guru Tegh Bahadur decided of his own free will to make himself a martyr for the entire population fo India that was being forciblly converted to Islam by the Mughals. In order to show other religions and groups of people that the Sikhs were serious and sincere about their religion, Guru Tegh Bahadur offered himself as the sacrificial lamb that would show the extent of the Sikh’s feelings. Upon making this decision, Guru Tegh Bahadur and his three closest followers set off on their quest. Once they reached Delhi, the Emperor Aurungzeb gave them the option of switching to the Muslim religion, but the Guru and his three followers defied the emperor and responded by saying that their "religion was as good as Islam" (Gupta, Hari Ram).
In order to teach the Guru as well as other non-converts a lesson, Aurungzeb chose to lock the Guru up in an iron cage and torture his three followers before his eyes. Each of these three tortures is specifically mentioned within the text of ardas -- "remember all those Sikh men and women who…allowed themselves to be cut up limb for limb…sawn apart…burnt and boiled alive, and yet still uttered no words of protest" (Singh, Inder Mohan). First, Aurungzeb sawed Bhai Mati Das from head to loins; he then proceeded to tie Bhai Dyal Das up with an iron chain and put him into a cauldron of boiling oil where he was roasted alive into a block of charcoal. Finally, Bhai Sati Das was hacked to pieces limb by limb. After witnessing the above horrors, Guru Tegh Bahadur had yet to bat an eye. Enraged, the emperor ordered his execution by beheading. Throughout it all, the Guru, Bhai Sati Das, Bhia Mati Das, and Bhai Dyal Das’ resolve remained as strong as ever, and they died as they lived--Sikhs.
Bhai Taru Singh
Bhai Taru Singh was yet another Sikh who had the grit to stick by his beliefs, and ended his life as another Sikh martyr. Bhai Taru Singh was a very influential Sikh, and Governor Zakr Kahn felt that it would be very good for his campaign if he could obtain Bhai Taru Singh’s conversion to Islam. When asked to cut his hair, Bhai Taru Singh simply replied that he would keep his faith with his hair, and there was no need asking again. In response to this statement, Bhai Taru Singh was placed on a rotating wheel of torture. Periodically, he would be pulled off and asked to reconsider and each time Bhai Taru Singh met the Mughals’ request with silence. Finally, the executioner pulled Bhai Taru Singh off of the wheel of torture, and proceeded to scalp him. He was then thrown into a ditch where he was left for dead, but Bhai Taru Singh managed to hold on to life until the Governor mysteriously died two days later. The strength with which Bhai Taru Singh managed to hold onto his beliefs is characteristic of the martyred Sikhs mentioned in ardas.
Ardas also refers to two men who were tortured by being "tied and rotated on the wheels [of torture] and broken into pieces (Ardas). Bhai Subej Singh was one of the Sikhs that accompanied Bhai Taru Singh to Lahore. After Bhai Taru Singh was tortured and killed by the Muslims, Bhai Subej Singh remained in custody, and was constantly asked to change his beliefs to those of Islam. Upon his captivity, a Muslim man asked his son, Bhai Shahbhaz Singh to abandon his Sikh religion, become a Muslim, and marry his daughter. Bhai Shahbhaz Singh refused and was taken to Lahore to be placed in jail alongside his father. There the two men were placed on two rotating wheels facing one another and were tortured. The entire time they were tortured, they were given the opportunity to end all the torture by accepting Islam, but neither man succumbed to this option. They stood steadfastly beside their beliefs, secure in their position with Waheguru, while the Mughals attempted to end their devotion by beheading them.
Ultimate Sacrifice by Sikh Women
Sikh men were not the only members of the Sikh community who were tormented by the Mughals. Sikh women who refused to change their beliefs were also tortured at the hands of Meer Mannu, a mughal leader in 1748 AD in the city of Lahore. They were rounded up like cattle during the purges and placed into jails where they were forced to live under atrocious conditions. While living among the dirt and debris, each woman was expected to grind 60kg of flour daily regardless of their age and physical ability. While performing this hard labor, the women were faced with the option of choosing between Sikhism and Islam fully aware of the fact that if they refused to choose Islam, their children would be murdered before their very eyes. As harsh as this punishment was, none of the women would succumb to this temptation, and they were forced to watch their children being mutilated and barbarically murdered and the bodies returned to them. The children were cut into pieces and made into garlands to place around the mothers’ necks. In no way could the devotion of a mother be tested to any other extreme, and yet the entire group of women remained steadfast in their beliefs and unwaveringly remained with the Gurus and Sikhism.
Bhai Mani Singh
The Mughals often staged different situations in order to provide themselves with the opportunity to persecute the Sikhs. One of these instances occurred with Bhai Mani Singh during the time of Baisakhi. Bhai Mani Singh yearned to organize a Baisakhi festival, and was given permission by the mughal leader of that time provided he pay 5,000 rupees in taxes for the celebration. Bhai Mani Singh discovered that the mughal army planned to ambush the Baisakhi celebration and attempt to forcefully convert all the Sikhs that were present to Islam. In an effort to save the Sikhs from this fate, Bhai Mani Singh sent warnings out to prevent them from attending the celebration; due to this fact, Bhai Mani Singh did not raise enough money to pay the Mughal taxes. The Mughal leader changed his plan and decided to use Bhai Mani Singh as an example for the remainder of the Sikh community. This courageous Sikh martyr was arrested by the Mughals, and after refusing to convert to Islam, cut joint by joint and allowed to bleed to death. This reprehensible act was referred to specifically within ardas; "brave Sikh men…who sacrificed their heads but did not surrender their Sikh Religion; Who got themselves cut to pieces from each of the joints of the body" (Ardas).
Bhai Deep Singh
Baba Deep Singh attained martyrdom during his attacks on Abdali, the leader of a band of looters from Afghanistan, during the mid 1700s. The Afghanistan bandits looted Punjab, and the Sikhs in turn freed all of the women and children that the Afghanistan thieves took to place in their harems and use as slaves. Angry, Abdali ordered his son, the Governor of Lahore, to kill all the Sikhs. Baba Deep Singh Ji organized an army of 500 and marched on Amritsar. As the Sikhs marched, their army continued to grow until it reached 5,000. While marching in November 1757, the Sikhs were assaulted by a mughal army 20,000 strong during which Baba Deep Singh Ji was injured in the neck. Due to his determination to lead his Sikhs to the Harimander Sahib, Baba Deep Singh Ji continued onwards holding his head up with one hand and fighting with the other. This courageousness is what has lead Baba Deep Singh to be revered as a martyr in the Sikh community.
Banda Singh Bahadur
After Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s death, Banda Singh Bahadur, appointed Jathedar of the Sikhs to drive the foreign invaders out of India. Banda Singh assembled an army of Sikhs, which then trekked through India, taking over villages that had in any way wronged either Hindus or Sikhs. Any loot that the army confiscated from the villages, they then proceeded to allot to anyone who needed it. Banda Singh managed to kill Wazir Khan, and even destroryed the Zimidar tax system of the Mughals. Later he was then forced to go into hiding living the next few years of his life in hiding amid the mountains of India until the fateful day when starved to weakness by a protracted seige he and his band of Sikhs were caught by the mughals. He and his Sikh army were tortured and beheaded; the mughal army carried the Sikh heads around on spikes, long hair flowing behind them, as a lesson to all other Sikhs.
Banda Singh was taken to the city where he was forced to witness his son’s murder and dismemberment. They even attempted to feed parts of his son's body to the Jathedar. After this heinous act, the mughals furthered their torture by poking both of Banda Singh’s eyes out, chopping off his hands and feet, tearing off his flesh with red hot pincers, and beheading him. Such extreme forms of torture represent the types of acts that ardas’ words prevent the Sikh people from forgetting.
The five seats of the Sikh religion referred to in ardas are known in gurmukhi as the Akal Takhat, and are located in Amritsar, Patna, Anandpur, Nanded, and Talwandi Sabo. Guru Hargobind established the Akal Takhat or centers of all Sikh activity as he attempted to transform the Sikh people from saints to saint-soldiers to serve as a place to conduct all secular affairs of the community. The word Akal implies timelessness, whereas takhat refers to a royal throne or chair of state. The principal and oldest Akal Takhat is found in Amritsar, which is similar to the state capital. The Akal Takhat offers both guidance and clarification to the Sikh community in the form of hukamnamas, edicts, and writs; punishment for those who violate the rehit mariyada; and praise for those Sikhs who have done much for the community. The first of these hukamnamas from the Akal Takhat was issued by Guru Hargobind entreating the Sikh people to give gifts of weapons and horses in order to strengthen the army. From this point onward in Sikh history, the Akal Takhat serves the Sikh people as a source of direction in their campaigns as well as their everyday lives.
- Ardas in detail
- History in the Ardas
- Ardas in Gurmukhi
- Healing and Uplifting Power of Ardas
- Guru Granth Sahib
- Ardas (Sikh prayer)
- Sant Singh Maskeen - Ardas
- Pinderpal Singh (Ludhiane Wale) - Ardaas
- 50 Glorious Years of Recorded Shabads Volume V - Ardas - Tarlochan Singh
- Singh, Baba Surain & Singh, Baba Naranjan (2004). The Miracle of Ardaas. Mighty Minds Publishing Pte Ltd. ISBN 9812500804. - To obtain a free copy of this book click: Sikhnation
|These are the Popular Banis of Sikhism| | <urn:uuid:0d6e4ebe-f3e7-48e2-bf14-d60106732e52> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://religion.wikia.com/wiki/History_in_the_Ardas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463610342.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528162023-20170528182023-00080.warc.gz | en | 0.981418 | 4,343 | 3.3125 | 3 |
About Identity Theft
Identity theft and identity fraud refer to all types of crime in which someone wrongfully obtains and uses another person's personal data in some way that involves fraud and or deception, typically for economic gain.
In the United States and Canada, people have reported that unauthorized persons have taken funds out of their bank or financial accounts, taken over their identities and causing huge debts and/or committing crimes using the victims' names. Victims' losses may include out-of-pocket financial costs associated with trying to restore his/her reputation in the community and attempting to restore their good credit.
Information Identity Thieves Use
The identity thief can use the following information to impersonate the victim:
- Date of birth
- Mother's maiden name
- Social Security number
How Identity Thieves Use Information
This information enables the thief to commit frauds such as:
- Taking over the victim's financial accounts
- Applying for loans, credit cards, and Social Security benefits
- Renting apartments
- Establishing service with utility and phone companies
How Identity Thieves Obtain Information
Identity thieves can obtain personal information from:
- Burglary of your home
- Careless retailers who discard credit card information
- Dishonest bank employees
- The internet
- Theft from your mailbox
- Theft from your vehicle
- Thefts of your purse or wallet
- Your trash
Identity theft is one of the quickest growing crimes in history. The government statistics are staggering. The largest credit bureaus report millions in losses every year according to the FBI's website.
Since fiscal year 2008 through the middle of fiscal year 2013, the number of identity theft-related crimes investigated by the Bureau across all programs have resulted in more than 1,600 convictions, $78.6 billion in restitution, $4.6 billion in recoveries, and $6.8 billion in fines. (Federal Bureau of Investigation)
In 1998, Penal Code section 530.5 was enacted, making it illegal for a person to obtain your personal information and attempt to use it to obtain goods, services, credit or medical information. | <urn:uuid:6bed9ec3-738f-474b-bf99-75946f6c3979> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | http://www.lodielectric.com/300/About-Identity-Theft | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103941562.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701125452-20220701155452-00731.warc.gz | en | 0.921454 | 445 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Sending a Library of Knowledge to the Moon, Encoded in DNA
Space inspires some of our most creative aspirations. The Arch Mission Foundation is pursuing such a vision with the development of information archives called “Arch Libraries,” designed to survive for long periods of time in space as well as on the surfaces of planets, moons, and asteroids.
To facilitate its dream, the Arch Mission Foundation intends to launch a Lunar Library, which will place Wikipedia and other archival information sources on the Moon in 2020. And to contain and protect this material for what they believe will be thousands of years on the Moon, the Arch Mission Foundation says it will encode this knowledge into synthetic DNA from Twist Bioscience, Microsoft, and the University of Washington. The DNA Archive will feature, among other items, 10,000 crowdsourced images and the full text of 20 books, all of which is encoded as data into billions of synthetic DNA molecules and encapsulated for long-term preservation.
“The materials in the DNA Library -- our first Special Collection – will be the largest collection of data ever written to synthetic DNA. We’re proud that this addition to the Lunar Library builds on our mission of preserving data by safeguarding both classic works and precious memories,” said Nova Spivack, Co-founder of the Arch Mission Foundation.
Twist Bioscience, Microsoft, and the University of Washington are natural partners for the project. They are already developing a photo collection to be encoded in DNA as part of their “Memories in DNA” project, which encourages people to share images they wish to remember forever in a type of time capsule which could be sent to the Moon. For the current project, members of the public can contribute their own images to the Lunar Library by submitting them for consideration at http://memoriesindna.com or by emailing an attachment to [email protected].
Twist Bioscience is synthesizing the DNA. “At Twist, we believe in using the unparalleled potential of DNA to enable those with unique and important visions to think beyond the bounds of the world we know today,” said Twist Bioscience’s CTO Bill Peck. “That’s why we were so excited to support Arch Mission with our disruptive silicon-based DNA synthesis platform that writes highly accurate and precise synthetic DNA at an unprecedented scale. This project pushes the boundaries of DNA storage, bringing secure and efficient data storage into a new age.”
Here is a full account of the project.
If you are interested in learning more about how digital data is stored in DNA, please take a look at this quick, informative video. | <urn:uuid:79338b94-d949-40f7-a673-6d5a6aee3aae> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.twistbioscience.com/company/blog/SendingaLibrarytotheMoonEncodedinDNA | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823712.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212022517-20181212044017-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.930861 | 551 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Breaking down wet organic matter like animal dung, leftover food or human waste can be used to produce biogas, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide, as well as a semi-solid residue. For families in the developing world, using biogas helps ease the drudgery of gathering and using wood for cooking, rids homes of health-damaging smoke, and cuts deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions.
- About 50 million household-size plants are in use, in China, India, Nepal, Vietnam and elsewhere. Over 10,000 larger plants are used for electricity generation.
- Household plants are typically 1 to 12 cubic metres in volume, with the largest plants reaching up to several thousand cubic metres.
- The cost of household plant varies greatly from country to country, but is typically US$550 or more.
How biogas works
A simple biogas plant needs a large container to hold the mixture of decomposing organic matter and water (which is called slurry), and another container to collect the biogas. There must also be ways to add the organic matter (the feedstock), to take the gas to where it will be used, and to remove the residue.
In fixed dome biogas plants (the most common type), the slurry container and gas container are combined, so that the gas collects under a rigid dome over the slurry. As the slurry breaks down, the biogas which is produced pushes some of the slurry into a separate reservoir. When the biogas is taken off, the slurry flows back.
In floating dome plants, the gas container floats in the slurry. The gas container gradually rises up as biogas is produced, and sinks back down as the biogas is used.
A biogas plant needs some methane-producing bacteria to get it started, but once it is producing biogas the bacteria reproduce and keep the process going. Cattle dung contains suitable bacteria, and a small amount of cattle dung is often used as the ‘starter’ for a biogas plant, even when it is not the main feedstock.
How biogas plants are used
Rural families often use animal manure as the feedstock for biogas: the plant needs to be topped up with a mixture of manure and water each day. The manure from two to four cows (or five to ten pigs) can produce enough gas for all household cooking needs, and sometimes for lighting too. Ashden Award-winner BSP-Nepalis a good example of plants that use cattle manure, and Biotech in Kerala, South India, supplies food-waste plants for this urban market. A family or community using just its own food waste can replace between about a quarter and a half of their cooking fuel.
Larger-scale biogas schemes can produce enough gas to run an engine that generates electricity. This is often done in sewage treatment plants in the UK, and there are a growing number of large farm-based plants in Germany and elsewhere. Biotech also supplies plants to manage the waste from vegetable markets, and produce gas for electricity generation. There are also programmes in Europe to clean biogas and feed it into the mains gas supply.
Biogas plants can work for many years, provided that they are constructed well and checked regularly. If the plant is made from masonry, care must be taken to make sure that the structure is water-tight and gas-tight. The slurry needs to be kept at a temperature of about 35°C for the bacteria to work effectively, so away from the tropics some of the gas produced may be needed to heat the plant. In all plants, feedstock must be added regularly so that the bacteria continue to multiply.
What are the benefits of using biogas?
Most household biogas plants replace wood for cooking, and this brings many benefits. Cooking fires and wood stoves produce high levels of indoor air pollution, which kills more than four million people across the globe each year. Biogas burns with a clean flame and cuts pollution to safe levels.
Using biogas also saves valuable time, because collecting manure and feeding it to a biogas plant is much less time consuming than collecting wood and preparing a cooking fire. Studies by BSP-Nepal found that households with biogas plants save three hours per day on average, and women benefit most. Biogas is available whenever it is needed and cooks food quickly, so it is easier to prepare hot food before children go to school.
Biogas plants that use human sewage improve hygiene and sanitation as well as providing cooking fuel. About two thirds of the cattle-manure plants supplied through BSP-Nepal have a household toilet attached as well, as do many of the pig-manure plants supplied through MARD/SNV. In Rwanda, the Kigali Institute of Science of Technology built large biogas plants to manage sewage in prisons, which has improved hygiene and also reduced pollution of nearby land where raw sewage used to be discharged.
The residue from dung-based biogas plants makes a good fertiliser with minimal smell. The fertiliser value can be improved by composting the residue with crop waste, and feeding the compost to earthworms for additional processing (vermicomposting). SKG Sangha in South India provides vermicomposting units with biogas plants.
The cost of biogas plants varies greatly from country to country, because the costs of both materials (brick, concrete and plastic) and labour can be very different. For example, a 10 cubic metre plant sold through the MARD/SNV programme in Vietnam cost about US$550 in 2010, but a similar plant cost more than US$1,500 in Kenya.
Using plastic or steel to pre-fabricate biogas plants usually increases the material cost but can substantially reduce the labour needed for installation.
The economic viability of biogas depends on the cost of the fuel being replaced, and whether there are other financial benefits (for instance, avoided waste disposal costs, or income from selling compost). For example, MARD/SNV plant users can pay back the cost of a plant in about four years through savings in LPG, but even more quickly if the reduced need to buy fertiliser is taken into account.
The potential of biogas plants to reduce greenhouse gases (including methane from uncontrolled dung and sewage management as well as carbon dioxide) means that carbon-offset finance has been a source of funding for some biogas programmes.
According to the Dutch development agency SNV, the ‘biogas giants’ are China and India with , about 43 million and 4.5 million household plants respectively installed at the end of 2011. Biogas use is growing in other parts of Asia, such as Nepal (over 260,000 plants), Vietnam (over 140,000 plants) and Bangladesh (over 50,000). Despite significant work by SNV and others, the use of household biogas is much lower in Africa and Latin America. Around 10,000 larger plants are in use for electricity generation, many in Germany and other parts of Europe.
Biogas plants have huge potential to produce clean fuel from unhygienic, wet organic waste. There are many more rural and peri-urban areas where traditional dung-based plants could be used. There may be even more potential in towns and cities, where waste disposal and sanitation is becoming an increasing challenge as more people move to urban areas. Interest is also growing in the use of larger plants for electricity generation and to supply gas grids | <urn:uuid:1fbc826d-792c-4f39-992e-07a89904f6ae> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.ashden.org/biogas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098990.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00053-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941271 | 1,582 | 3.953125 | 4 |
Sections / Articles
Web Resources: March/April 2014
Perspectives on Poverty—Ericka Guynes, Marc Jackson, Sam Mercer, and Tory Cox
- For a picture of what childhood poverty looks like on the national level, the Kids Count data center provides a tool to visualize differences between states and cities.
- Visit the Principal magazine archives to read articles about the achievement gap, including pieces on nutrition and the digital divide.
Spreading the Word on Early Education—Helen Blank and Karen Schulman
- Join the movement for accessible early childhood education by visiting NAESP’s advocacy page, where you can find P-3 resources and take action by contacting your legislative representative.
- Find tools for providing a seamless learning experience for pre-K-3 learners in the Principal archives. The Sept/Oct 2013 Early Learning issue features articles on play, alignment, and literacy.
- The National Center for Children in Poverty offers a guide on how to promote social and emotional health and school readiness in young children.
Open Doors for Students in Poverty—Regina Stewman
- Find strategies to implement a Breakfast in the Classroom program in Principal magazine’s “Food For Thought.” In this article, author Meredith Barnett discusses creative approaches to combat hunger after school and during the summer months.
Flipping Reading—Joe Corcoran
- The Flipped Learning Network provides a multitude of resources on flipped classrooms, such as archived webinars and examples of flipped videos.
- The TEDed website hosts specially designed flipped lessons, and offers teachers a tool to easily create their own by flipping TED Talks or YouTube videos.
- In “Flipped Classrooms 101” from the Principal magazine archives, author Jerry Overmyer provides tips for educators to “ease into flipping” classrooms.
- Empower parents to monitor their children’s increased technology use with “Safeguarding Kids’ Online Activities.” This Report to Parents news bulletin is available in English and Spanish, and is ready to distribute to parents in print or online.
Understanding Academic Growth Models—Raymond Yeagley
- Read Linda Darling-Hammond’s perspective on measuring school success in her Principal magazine article, “Testing To, and Beyond, the Common Core,” which led the special issue on Data and Evaluations.
- Also from the Principal archives, revisit the May/June 2012 special issue on Evaluation and Measurement, which features a principal’s view of value added assessments, as well as discussions of multiple measures and teacher and principal evaluations.
- Visit the Northwest Evaluation Association (NWEA) website to learn more about teacher evaluation and effectiveness. You can also access their Achievement Status & Growth Calculator, which is an interactive spreadsheet that allows educators to measure achievement as well as to predict and evaluate growth. | <urn:uuid:0ed3d334-159b-46ba-846f-f70c92798999> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.naesp.org/principal-marchapril-2014-poverty/web-resources-marchapril-2014 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543782.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00177-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916847 | 592 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The New Yorker, August 15, 1931 P. 27
Traces baseball which has changed from a sport to a performance for the public where the rules of the game are controlled and changed by profit-makers for the Big Show today. Tells of baseball as it was before the war, when the most vital factors of the game were the fans, a no-hit game, and the fielding. Mentions some of the famous players of the day: Christy Mathewson, Walter Johnson, Ty Cobb. Then came Babe Ruth, who is the greatest all-round player the game ever produced. Nowadays, most of the shrewdness is gone from baseball, and it is a poorer game, but a better show for the crowds. | <urn:uuid:8d483b16-9c6c-4d47-bf45-3e025bb7a44b> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1931/08/15/sport-and-the-showoff | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160923.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925024239-20180925044639-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.982535 | 149 | 2.515625 | 3 |
In the southernmost part of Istria (county of the Republic of Croatia), on a sliver land surrounded by the sea and perched on the top of a hill, there lies a small and ancient village. It had been called Promontorium Polaticum first, then Promontore (Promontore d’ Istria) and finally Premantura.
Throughout history Premantura & Kamenjak have been exposed to constant changes of government due to the importance and uniqueness of its position. In the 20th century, the inhabitants of Premantura had lived through six different political regimes or states. The inhabitants of Premantura became famous for their ample to catch of a very delicious type of crab. Today Premantura has 850 inhabitants and the main economic activity is tourism, which is in constant development. Premantura is naturally connected with the Cape Kamenjak – a small peninsula which was, due to its exceptional beauty and variety of plants and animal species, declared a protected area back in 1996. Kamenjak peninsula is 3400 m long, wide between 500-1200 m and includes 30 km of coastline, beautiful bays and beaches, many protected and endemic plant and animal species such as: endemic orchids, butterflies, Mediterranean monk seal, crabs and more.The best evidence about the ancient history of Premantura Kamenjak are the 146 dinosaur footsprints found on Kamenjak that are more than 90 million years old.
PREMANTURA PHOTO GALLERY
The village sits on the hill, the center of which is located at 47 meters above the sea level, at 44°48′12″ Northern latitude and 13°54′12″ Eastern longitude. The geographical position and the vicinity of the sea have a great impact on the climate which is mild Mediterranean climate with a high number of sunny days. The average temperature in the coldest month i.e. January, recorded over several years is 6.2°C and in the hottest month i.e. July, 23.4°C. In those two months, the average temperatures of the sea are 10°C and 25°C, respectively. Sun is not in short supply; there is plenty of it, flooding this region with 2311 hours of insolation each year.
Today, Premantura count about 850 inhabitants. In the past, Premantura inhabitants used to make their livelihood by working the land and fishing. Those households that were better off sustained themselves by agriculture or fishing only. Medium sized and small households were forced to do both. The industrial development of the city of Pula, attracted people from neighbouring town and villages. They come to Pula in droves, looking for permanent employment. Such migration flows were additionally enchanced by the post war political neglect of the agriculture and fisheries. The 1960s saw the start, albeit the modest one of the development of tourism which allowed people to have an additional source of income.
The inhabitants of Premantura became famous for their ample to catch of a very delicious type of crab, or we should rather say, the female spider crab (Maia Squinado).
The sea has always been rich in many different types of good fish. In addition, however, to the fact that in those days unfortunatly was impossible to preserve the catch, supply by far exceeded demand. The inhabitants of Premantura became famous for their ample to catch of a very delicious type of crab, or we should rather say, the female spider crab (Maia Squinado).
Read more about gastornomy in Premantura in Premantura gastronomy section below. Venetians called it “granso” (granco) and the female “gransievola” (grancievola). Our neighbours from across the Adriatic had developed a special appreciation for this delicacy, remaining for a long time the biggest market for the Premantura crab.
The fertile red soil treated with animal manure has been very generous. Any limitations imposed upon gardening for instance, were solely the result of the scarcity of water – there has been never enough of it. Winds have been bringing from the sea a fine blanket of salt and other sea essences, giving special aromas to the crops and various wild aromatic and medicinal herbs. Both flora and fauna profited from it but, more importantly, so did the quality of life of the people living in Premantura and in the immediate vicinity. For instance, the quality of ewe′s cheese (read more about Premantura ewe′s cheese), which had long been appreciated by the Venetian gourmet market, also gained from it.
In the twentieth century, the village of Premantura and its inhabitants had lived through six different political regimes or states.
Local people speak a certain type of Croatian vernacular, which they called “Po našu” (roughly “the way we talk” or “our way”), as well as the Istrian – Venetian or a combination of the two. Older man, as the result of the year of service in the Austrian army (mainly in the navy – Krigsmarine), also spoke German. In the twentieth century, the village of Premantura and its inhabitants had lived through six different political regimes or states, namely: The Austro-Hungarian empire, the Kingdom of Italy, Third Reich (Kunstenland), the Allied Forces military administration (Zone B), Yugoslavia and now Croatia. Those changes which had not always been benevolent and gentle, had left a deep mark on the society, language, customs, culture, work and other. In the aftermath of the World War Two, Premantura saw a succession of quick changes, particulary in terms of livelihoods work. The people abandoned the aforementioned agriculture and fishing, and the very culture of work and the attitude to work changed significantly. The place was exposed to heavy migrations and all their implications.
Today the indigenous population is very small and, by virtue of this very fact, more vulnerable to any changes in its fibre. And yet, the changes are great and tumultuous, almost violent, with the result that the majority of special local features are getting lost forever.
If we skip a period of 100-120 million years since the dinosaurs left their footprints on the island Fenoliga (Fenoliga – Island of dinosaurs and dinosaure footprints on Kamenjak), history or prehistory of Premantura and Kamenjak begin with bronze age when these areas have already been settled. Scientific research on this time are not known to the general public, but traces of habitation even in pre-Illyrian times preserved to the material evidence, and in toponimic names used by today’s inhabitants. At a distance of 1 km from the village of Premantura, there is a hill Gradina which as its name says, testifies to the appropriate prehistoric building. A few kilometers south of Premantura there is a localition called Kastelir, as therefore the synonym of a hillfort. Gradina or kastelir were infact buildings of stone blocks designed for habitation, but also to protect the inhabitants against attacks. Also, on the northern direction, towards a village called Volme, there is a Gradina which indicates the existence of a prehistoric cemetery. There are also traces of human settlements in this area from the Roman era: the remains or ruins of Roman villas and buildings in Runke.
It is known that a unique and a very valuable prehistoric iron cross axe, originating from Greece – which were made from the end of the 10th century BC to the 7th century BC – is the first and only finding of this type of tool or weapon in Istria.
Even in Roman times, this area was called Prumunturium Polaticum, which means The Cape of Pula. Later the name changed to Promontorium Polaticum. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Premantura shared the fate of the city of Pula and Istria, where the authorities alternate Byzantium, the Patriarchs of Aquileia and Venice. During this time Premantura was in possession of the bishops of Pula and later family Catropola or Sregija. In the course of its history the whole Istria is often been hit by plague, of which he the worst was in the 1631st year when it killed the whole area of Pula and in Premantura the entire population was swept away. In such circumstances, the Venetian authorities undertook a series of measures for the resettlement of these areas and begin to bring the inhabitants from the Apennine and Balkan Peninsula.
As the real beginning of the Premanturian history we can take 1585th year when the Venetian governor Renier brought and gave the investiture of eight families from Zadar.
At the beginning of the 16th century in the area of the Pula and Premantura were brought a group of people from Bologna (Italy), but the attempt failed, and soon they returned to their lands. As the real beginning of the Premanturian history we can take 1585th year when the Venetian governor Renier brought and gave the investiture of eight families from Zadar. These 8 families lived in the vicinity of Zadar, in the places in which they came fleeing from the Turks from their original place of residence in Bosnia, Herzegovina and Montenegro. It is characteristic that the surnames of this people brought in the 1585th year,are not actual today, but not because they have disappeared, but probably as a facrt that the surnames were changed over time, and possibly oweritited. After the 1585th year, other, smaller groups have immigrated exactly in the 1597th and 1598th year.In this period the village grew rapidly. From the beginning of settlement, Premantura as important military point of the the northern Adriatic was exposed to attacks from the sea by Senj uskoci, Ulcinj pirates and others who fought against Venice. In the period from 1615th to 1618th was led the Uskok War, which was actually a conflict between Venice and Austria and Istria during this period was significantly devastated. Uskoci ravaged coastal towns in Istria, but they had their allies, particularly in Premanturi. 1632nd was founded the Premanturian parish and as is carved on its church portal was built the church of Sv. Lovro itself. Premantura rapidly developed and soon became one of the largest places in the southern part of Istria, not only in population, but also by the physical and economic indicators. Thus, in one report from 1638. states that eight families from Zadar (1585th year) increased from 40 to 270 souls. 1799th year Pula according to the census that was conducted immediately after the fall of Venice had a population of 661, and Premantura had 578 citizens and was, behind Pula,the largest settlement in the Pula area. When the Premanturians ran out of pasture for livestock and firewood and vineyards, the Venetian Senate has allowed grazing on the Pula Municipal land and logging in the surrounding forests. The area the property of Premanturians were increasingly spreaded to Pula. As the number of inhabitants and farmlands in Premantura area was overhelming, it began the migration to Pula, and the citizens of Premantura started to build a new settlement and villages outside Premantura such as: Banjole, Vinkuran, Vintijan Valdebek. The inhabitants of these villages were called Vanjari (outlands people – because they went out). All these villages belonged to the parish and church Premantura so there led births, marriages and deaths. Today the deceased from these villages are buried in the cemetery Premantura. Centuries affiliation of most of Istria to Venice ends with the Napoleon’s occupation of Venice and the formation of the Illyrian provinces, and after the fall of Napoleon, the whole area was given to Austria. The Austrian government created a new moment with the sudden economic development especially Pula and so Premantura.
Pula became the main naval port of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, they built a shipyard – Arsenal. On the location of the Gomila hill, the austrian army began building a naval base with installing long range cannons. Completion of the entire project is stopped because of The First World War. Even before that, for the purposes of maritime signaling infrastructure, the austrian army build Porer lighthouse near the Cape Kamenjak,and also the church tower in the center of Premantura had installed a ship’s mast from which signals are administered within ships flags and other forms of visual signaling for the ships on a route around Punta Premantura (Rt Kamenjak).
Because of the development of Pula, Premanturian people, except working in the fields and sea, began to work for wages in industry and construction. In the second half of the 19th century under the influence of Naša sloga, lots of Croatian reading rooms were opened, so in 1906th year the first Croatian reading room in Premantura was established.The First World War was brought great changes again. As the men were on battlefields or in an industry that has worked for the military, women, children and elderly were evacuated in Austria and Hungary (Gmund) where due to starvation, unhygienic conditions many died of disease, especially children. At the end of the war there was a new change of government. This time it was the Kingdom of Italy, which is in addition to economic pressures, soon began to nationalist pressure and Italianization of the population. As a reaction to repression, many Premanturians, like other folk of Istria fled to Yugoslavia. After two decades, reaches a new war, a new mobilization and new victims. At the beginning of the war, the changes was not so drastically felt, except in families people who have been mobilized in the Italian army and sent to the battlefields. Although separated from the immediate war, many people from Premantura choosed the anti-fascist side, especially after the 1943rd year when comes the capitulation of Italy.
The limited space and detachment of German soldiers who stayed in Premantura since October 1943rd year, to the spring of the 1945th year, prevented the development of concrete military actions, but all the time the National Front worked in the conspiracy, and finnaly leadning on the 28th april 1945th year when in the harbor Runke a sailing squad of partisan combat boats arrived; 360 years after the arrival of the first Premanturians it comes to fundamental changes that affect the entire life of the whole area. In the next period lots of Premanturians left the village.
Some went to a nearby Pula, some in Italy or even further into the world. Premantura in that time has been discharged, and then again, begins the settelment of new people even so the demographic structure greatly changed. In the 1945th year actually begins a process that is so significant for the village.
Premantura is known for a type of crab that belongs to the family Maia squinado, or how Premantura´s people says “Raki”. “Raki” says for male crab and “račica” for female crab(Istroveneteian says “gränso” or “gransievola”). The crabs are catched in fish networks that have large openings, and the they are relatively low. Fishermen call them “škvanjere” – the name comes from the time when the fishermans were hunted “squain”, the Croatian “sklat”, a type of crab which is now almost extinct. Physically the structure of the crabs is very different by gender: males are larger with a very large pair of pliers. There are considerable differences in the housing of reproduction organs: male crab has a flat logos tab, while female guards its seeds into the large bulb.
This type of crab is catched, except in the southern and western coast of Istria, only on two sites in Europe: in the area of Sicily and one zone in Bretagna (France). In Istria, looking toward the south, the crab are catched only near the Rt Kamenjak, to the right side. The best are along the coast west of Premantura to Brioni or Rovinj. To the north of Istria quality of taste declines.
The crabs are actually well known for they excellent taste of meat. Some restaurants serve only white meat, but it does not provide full, true pleasure. It is the taste between males and female that make a big difference . In the male can be felt more than ten different flavors. The Premantura′s crab can be served: boiled (mostly males), salad, stew – “Brudet” (female) and grilled. The crabs should be cooked in the boiling water for exactly twenty minutes, then take the crabs out and cool them. The next thing is to take out their sexual tongue and left to wring liquid. Cleaning crab is a time consuming job that requires patience. When making salads should stir all edible ingredients, add the olive oil and a drop of vinegar, and possibly a little pepper. Local experts are mixing with white meat the brown content from inside the shells of crabs. Lemon, which is often served with the crabs, its only a fashionable and uncritical acceptance of non-autochthonous cuisine.
“Brudet” – a stew of this type of crab is has a really and extraordinary taste. The only, better taste of a “brudet” – stew, can be made of a different type of crab called “Grmalji” (grancipori, lat. Dromia vulgaris). When making a “brudet” its possible to add different types of fish or molluscs. Grilling the Premantura′s crab is done in a thicker layer of hot embers and ash. The grilling completely burned legs and claws, the shells are burned beyond recognition. The meat is characterized by excellent whiteness and it is very tasty. The unique scent of a grilled crab, its considered a unique and tasteful experience.
Premantura‘s crabs were prized in Venice. In the past, local fishermen paddled continuously for days to Venice to sell crabs. In Venice, the quality of Premantura‘s crab was realized and praised by famous writer Ernest Hemingway. The catching season starts in the beginning of December until the end of May. Maia squinado comes in shallower zones and it can be revealed using “Laštra” (Glass). They appear in a pile atop one another and form a cone shape. A group of crabs must be besieged by the fishing net, forcing the crabs to escape. In the past it was possible to catch up to 200 crabs using one fishnet with the method explained above. When the cabs begin to roam freely or are situated in the sea depths, its possible to catch them only using fishnet with the experience gained generations. With the arrival of warmer days crabs come into the shore shallows and can be catched with “Grampa”. “Grampa” is a special tool made of elastic, steel wire and attached to a wooden handle. The handle has extensions that reach up to a length of 12m.
In late April, crabs usually go to the coast, most females.. It is estimated that in the formation of crabs, its is usually 15% males. On the way females released their eggs and semen is placed at the sea bottom. The eggs are starting to develop on the western coast of the Adriatic. In the process of maturing, the cancer begins to move toward deeper water.
Premantura´s crab fest
Premantura′s crab fest has a long tradition. In the past there was many many crabs and fishermen didnt have anyone to sell them. The new settlers in Premantura didn′t like crabs, as they was called them – “spider”. At that time, the squid was considered a lower category of edible things from the Adriatic Sea. Feast of Premantura′s crab was maintained in the bay of San Martin (Polje) which lies a few kilometers from Premantura. The time of this event was the first May because the people was off duty, and the season of crabs was closed. Hanging out in the bay of San Martin was far more important than a crabs, no matter how delicious and good they are or were.
When clustered branches had burned, a thick layer of ash and embers would remain. Fishermen drew the crabs from the very trap in the sea. Then crabs would be arms squeezed and so collected, but alive, would be pushed into the embers. Then it would be completely immediately covered with surrounding fervor. After a few tens of minutes the baked crabs were removed and leaved to cool. After that the crabs were smashed and eaten. Eating baked crabs was not easy thing to do – the hands would be turned completely in black. If someone would not mind, crabs would be washed in the sea. This traditional method of cooking Premantura′s crabs is called “Na Fraški”.
Except Premantura′s crabs, the inhabitants of Premantura often went hunting for a specific type of crabs called “Grmalji”. The scientific name for this type of crab is Dromia vulgaris and also the very common name is “gransipori” (in Veneto).Hunting this type of crab is difficult and dangerous job, but people are hunting them because “grmalji” are the essential ingredient of the best crab stew ever. The best time to catch “Grmalji” is by night, without wind and waves. The rule is to always go in pairs, never three people and never alone. Mandatory equipment are rubber boots to prevent slipping by walking on sharp stones. What was higher ebb it was better. Usually the best time to go hunting Grmalji is in summer months, because in the winter months the water is colder and crabs go into the deeper sea.
Grmalji brudet (stew)
If you go hunting in pairs, the first person must always have a light – in one hand, and in the the other “mačina” – a special device for hunting grmalji. The second person must have a litter bag in which the first person will place an undamaged and alive crab. Great care must be taken while hunting grmalji, because they must not be damaged to preserve that all the nutrients from the crab do not leak if its damaged. When the crab is pressed by mačina, then you should catch his pincers to prevent his attack. Grmalji crabs are known for having a strong and big pincers and if they catch the finger it can be painful and dangerous. Often on the coast there is a lot of fish so on the way catching crabs is possible to catch occasional fish that can been added to the crab stew. Each pair of hunters have their own places to hunt and the location must remain secret. Today in the fish markets there are not grmalji on sale. All who love them keep them for themselves or give as a gift to family or friends.
More info about Grmalji: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_pagurus
Kamenjak asparagus is a eatable plant very common in whole Istria, especially on Kamenjak. There are lots of asparagus sorts and on Kamenjak grow just one sort with the scientific name “Asparagus officinalis-tenuifolius”. The asparagus season on Kamenjak begin in spring till June. Asparagus is associated with a kind of chameleon plant because it adapts to the immediate environment. If the asparagus is growing in the grass – then its thick, soft and smooth. If the asparagus grow in the bushes, than is hard and curved; where no light the asparagus become high and light green colored.
To collect the asparagus You must first recognize the plant, called “Šparožina”. Šparožina is a green colored prickly bush. When You find a šparožina just follow its roots because the yield – aspargus grow from the šparožina roots. The coomon rule its not collect little asparagus because its better to let it grow and become big and eatable.
There are lots of meals You can cook using asparagus. The most popular is “Asparagus fritaja” – in free translation “asparagus with crumbled eggs”. Also the popular using of asparagus is in salads, stews, risotto and it can be conservated also. Asparagus are very healthy plant because eating then You purify the kidneys (that that specific odor when You go to toilet).
Asparagus is known as an excellent source of folic acid, B vitamins, essential for proper cell division and DNA synthesis and essential for cardiovascular health. Asparagus is also a source of beneficial phytonutrients for health, such as beta-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin, which can act as powerful antioxidants and protect cells from oxidative damage caused by the free radicals. Because they are rich in nutrients and low in calories – one cup of cooked asparagus provides only 43 calories, asparagus is desirable to include in the “healthiest way of eating.”
When collecting asparagus watch out for the snakes because the growing season of the asparagus concur the snakes season. The best is to take a long wooden stick.
Asparagus recipe: “Fritaja od šparoga” (asparagus with crumbled eggs)
- 20 ounces asparagus
- 1 tablespoon olive oil
- 4 eggs
- 5 ounces feta cheese
Break the asparagus into little pieces and put them in olive oil and saute until softened with the addition of a little water. Crumble the eggs and season with salt. When the asparagus are tender, add beaten egg and add feta cheese. Gently stir until the eggs solidify. Serve immediately.
More information of asparagus: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagus
Premantura ewe′s cheese
Nature conditions and winds have been bringing from the sea a fine blanket of salt and other sea essences, giving special aromas to the crops and various wild aromatic and medicinal herbs. Both flora and fauna profited from it but, more importantly, so did the quality of life of the people living in Premantura & Kamenjak and in the immediate vicinity. For instance, the quality of Premantura ewe′s cheese , which had long been appreciated by the Venetian gourmet market, also gained from it.
In the past, the Premantura households were milking sheeps, average 70 days in a year. Larger families have produced about 200 kg of cheese per year, while smaller families produced 20 – 50 kg goat cheese annually. Today, in the area of Premantura & Kamenjak there is only one household producing ewe´s cheese – Istrian farm in the Polje bay (Kamenjak).
Read more about Premantura: | <urn:uuid:b0af7ea4-56d6-4f02-ac5d-f38cb4a2679d> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.premantura.net/premantura/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825399.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022165927-20171022185927-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.963298 | 5,839 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Tanning beds and other sources of ultraviolet radiation definitely cause cancer, say international experts who regard them as being as dangerous as arsenic and mustard gas.
Scientists have previously described ultraviolet radiation produced by tanning beds as a "probable carcinogen".
But yesterday, the International Agency for Research on Cancer reclassified it as carcinogenic to humans, the highest risk category for causing cancer. That rank also includes tobacco and asbestos.
Some countries regulate the multi-billion dollar indoor-tanning industry, sometimes banning teens from using sunbeds or requiring consent from their parents or doctor.
In New Zealand, 8 per cent of the population report using sunbeds. This country has one of the world's highest incidence rates of malignant melanoma, the most serious skin cancer. Each year around 2000 new cases and 250 deaths are reported.
Experts assembled by the France-based agency, part of the World Health Organisation, concluded in an analysis of around 20 studies that the risk of skin cancer increased by 75 per cent when people started using tanning beds before age 30.
In a report in the Lancet Oncology journal, they said all types of ultraviolet radiation - the sun is the main source - caused worrying mutations in mice, proof it is carcinogenic.
"People need to be reminded of the risks of sunbeds," said Vincent Cogliano, one of the researchers. "We hope the prevailing culture will change so teens don't think they need to use sunbeds to get a tan."
New Zealand's Cancer Society hailed the reclassification.
"The society is pleased to see this, especially if it does bring the seriousness of the issue to the Government's attention," said the society's skin cancer adviser, Dr Judith Galtry.
The industry operates under a voluntary code, which includes a minimum age of 18, but the society considers this "toothless" and wants the Government to regulate solariums and ban their use by those under 18.
Dr Galtry said the code also excluded people whose skin always burned, required operators be properly trained in using the equipment and assessing skin types, and required use of protective eye-wear.
Health Minister Tony Ryall's office said his ministry was planning a survey of industry compliance with the code. Officials would then brief the minister on any action required.
Tiffany Brown, of the Indoor Tanning Association, said people knew ultraviolet radiation was potentially carcinogenic, which made it important to manage and moderate exposure.
"That's where good indoor tanning clinics play a vital role, such as our successful sunburn prevention programmes."
- ADDITIONAL REPORTING: AGENCIES | <urn:uuid:73bac75a-54d8-4095-9906-f99a84e57900> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10587489 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678696015/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024456-00021-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943147 | 544 | 2.984375 | 3 |
When what has been described as “the second most destructive draft riot in the nation” broke out in Troy on July 15, 1863, worried city residents, especially African-Americans, wondered if the Dean of the Roman Catholic churches in Troy, Father Peter Havermans, would, or could, do anything to calm the rioters and curb anticipated violence.
The bulk of the two to three thousand angry protestors in the streets were Catholics who worked in the city’s mills, factories and iron works.
Havermans had been born in the Netherlands in 1816 and ordained in Ghent, Belgium in 1830. After arriving in the U.S. with the hope of doing missionary work with American Indians, he was assigned by Bishop John Hughes to work in Troy with the city’s 1,200 Catholics. On June 3, 1842, Havermans became pastor of St. Peter’s Church. By the time the draft riot flared up 21 years later, he had helped establish five additional parishes in the city and built a hospital, a school, and an orphanage.
As soon as the Civil War broke out in 1861, Father Havermans demonstrated his support for President Lincoln’s war policies by flying the American flag from the steeple of his new church, St. Mary’s. He also held services every Sunday for the Union soldiers at the recruiting camp between Troy and Lansingburgh and celebrated high Mass after every major battle.
The mob marching in Troy on the day of the riot was anti-war, anti-Lincoln, anti-Republican, and anti-black. For many of them, the flash point had occurred six months previously, on January 1, 1863, when President Lincoln emancipated the slaves. The rioters believed that he had changed the purpose of the Civil War from a war to preserve the Union, to a war to free blacks who would then pour North and take their jobs by working for lower pay. The draft law of March 3, 1863 was the final straw. In the minds of many of the demonstrators, the draft which had just begun to be enforced in their congressional district on July 14, would force them to commit economic suicide—that’s why they were protesting in the streets, that’s why there were so many calls for violence, especially against Republicans and most especially against blacks.
Father Havermans and a group of other prominent Trojans which included Congressman John A. Griswold and former mayor Isaac McConihe Jr., shadowed the mob as its mood turned ugly and it sought targets to destroy.
Chills undoubtedly ran up and down Havermans’s spine when he saw the scaffold the rioters had erected on Congress Street on which, according to a newspaper report, they intended to hang every person engaged in carrying out the draft. When they began shouting the names of draft officials and heading for the Arsenal and Provost Marshal’s office, the 47-year-old priest courageously stepped forward and tried to reason with them and calm them down. He said that many of them might be killed or wounded if they continued and he urged them to work to halt the draft in lawful ways.
Havermans convinced some of the rioters to turn back but others broke off from the main group and headed for the offices of the Troy Daily Times, a Republican and pro-war newspaper. Havermans tried to intervene again but was unsuccessful. The mob sacked the building. They also broke into and looted the house of Martin I. Townsend, a Lincoln supporter and outspoken opponent of slavery.
As the rioters swarmed through the city streets, they also hunted any black people they could find. Age or sex made no difference to them. At the time of the riot, there were about 900 African-Americans living in Troy. When the disturbances broke out, most of them fled the city and stayed for days in outlying villages. Those who were found in Troy were stoned. According to one newspaper, the mob caught one black man and “beat him to jelly.”
Not satisfied with the results of their hunt people, the rioters decided to burn down the Liberty Street Presbyterian Church, the first black church in Troy and a meeting place for Underground Railroad committees. The church’s first black pastor, Henry Highland Garnet, had won national recognition as a radical abolitionist in 1843 when he gave a speech urging slaves to free themselves by rising up against their owners.
Father Havermans and his assistant, Father McDonough, met the rioters at the door to the church and bravely ordered them to turn around and go home. According to one news story, one rioter ignored the plea and rushed the church door only to be knocked to the ground by McDonough. After additional dialogue between Havermans and the leaders of the mob, the rioters withdrew and the church was saved.
As the day and evening wore on, additional buildings and warehouses were burned but the rioters eventually tired. In time, with the support of four companies of National Guard troops and their six pound howitzer, the arguments made by Havermans and the other city leaders to obey the law and keep the peace began to bear fruit. Slowly the mob calmed down and returned home. The riot was over.
When the draft resumed several months later on September 4, the proceedings were so orderly, the New York Times reported that “the best feeling prevails.”
Father Havermans lived and worked in Troy as a priest for another 34 years. Two more Catholic parishes were organized and by 1896, there were 40,000 Catholic communicants and 30 priests in Troy. Havermans died in 1897 at the age of 91 and was buried in St. Mary’s Cemetery.
Illustrations: Peter Havermans (above), and the New York City draft riot as it appeared in Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper. | <urn:uuid:64a20fa0-029e-4188-ab36-fccbf71d0df3> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://newyorkhistoryblog.org/2013/07/03/father-peter-havermans-and-the-troy-draft-riot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609524259.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005204-00438-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984432 | 1,224 | 3 | 3 |
Understanding infrared (IR) luminosity is fundamental to understanding the cosmic star formation history and AGN evolution, since their most intense stages are often obscured by dust. Japanese infrared satellite, AKARI, provided unique data sets to probe this both at low and high redshift; the AKARI all sky survey in 6 bands (9-160um), and the AKARI NEP Deep survey in 9 bands (2-24um).
The AKARI performed all sky survey in 6 IR bands (9, 18, 65, 90, 140, and 160um) with 3-10 times better sensitivity than IRAS, covering the crucial far-IR wavelengths across the peak of the dust emission.
Combined with a better spatial resolution, AKARI can much more precisely measure the total infrared luminosity (L_TIR) of individual galaxies, and thus, the total infrared luminosity density of the local Universe.
In the AKARI NEP deep field, AKARI has obtained deep images in the mid-infrared (IR), covering 0.6 sq.deg of the NEP deep field. However, our previous work was limited to the central area of 0.25 sq.deg due to the lack of optical coverage.
To rectify the situation, we recently obtained CFHT optical and near-IR images over the entire AKARI NEP deep field. Using this, we constructed restframe 8um, 12um, and total infrared (TIR) luminosity functions (LFs) at 0.15 | <urn:uuid:570ddf59-a6eb-4cc8-b745-2ec968eb5f8f> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.astro.ncu.edu.tw/activity/abstract.php?id=357 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400188841.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200918190514-20200918220514-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.899046 | 308 | 2.640625 | 3 |
South Africa’s mining industry is of critical importance to the country, comprising 6.8% of its economy – yet it remains one of its most dangerous sectors. JP Casey tracks the developments at the core of the industry
Reforms and restarts: an overview of South African mining
Scroll down to read the article
Credit: Sunshine Seeds / Shutterstock.com
South Africa’s mining industry contributed more than R300bn to the country’s GDP in 2017; but the death count in South African mines has reached 29 in the first five months of this year alone, while 2017 saw the number of fatalities increase for the first time in nine years.
The recent history of the country’s safety policy has been one of top-down reform, although the limited effectiveness of the programme has led to a complete rebranding and rebooting of the industry this year.
Here, we track the developments at the centre of South Africa’s mining industry.
Health and safety council established
The South African Chamber of Mines was formed from the Transvaal and Orange Free State Chamber of Mines in 1968. This resulted in the creation of the Mine Health and Safety Council (MHSC) to direct safety policy in the industry, which passed the related Mine Health and Safety Act (MHSA) in 1996. The MHSC board was tripartite in structure, including members from the state, employers and organised labour under the leadership of the Chief Inspector of Mines.
Credit: Nataly Reinch / Shutterstock.com
Harmony Gold mine tragedy and zero harm
In 2009, 82 miners, mostly from Lesotho, Mozambique and Zimbabwe, were killed in a Harmony Gold mine in the Free State province when a fire created poisonous gases in the mineshaft. Many of the victims were so-called ‘illegal’ miners, independent miners who operate within the mineshafts of larger companies, and to whom mine officials often turn a blind eye.
Following the accident, Harmony suspended 77 employees and a further 45 contractors who were alleged to have helped the illegal mining operations. However, along with the government, the company refused to compensate families of the deceased illegal miners.
Two years later, a health and safety summit approved the Culture Transformation Framework (CTF), an agreement to encourage groups across the mining sector to improve their safety measures. Bonuses were to be offered to companies who prioritised safety ahead of production and individual safety officers were to be encouraged to take greater responsibility for their mines.
In 2012, the Zero Harm Forum was established to commit to the MHSC’s goal of ‘every mine worker returning from work unharmed every day’. The CEOs of companies including Anglo American Platinum, De Beers, Glencore Alloys and Sibanye-Stillwater agreed to meet four times a year to discuss issues each had faced and how others could learn from them, and establish working protocols with industry stakeholders.
Orkney earthquake and MHSC Summit
The increasingly top-down approach of mining safety reform seemed to be effective when a magnitude 5.5 earthquake hit the mining town of Orkney in the north-west of the country in August 2014. There was only a single fatality, a person who was not a miner, and all 3,300 AngloGold Ashanti miners at the Great Noligwa and Moab Khotsong mines were rescued, with only 34 injured.
In September of the same year, the MHSC held a summit which established the ‘2024 Milestones’, targets to improve miners’ safety within the decade. These targets included the effective elimination of silicosis and pneumoconiosis among miners by reducing the extent to which miners are exposed to crystalline silica and platinum dust particulate, and the removal of any equipment that emits noise louder than 107dB.
However, the preceding safety measures proved ineffective in the short-term. Last year saw fatalities increase for the first time in nine years, with 88 miner deaths compared to 73 in 2016, reflecting a 17% increase. Fatalities in coal mines spiked dramatically from four to ten, an increase of 160%. Coal operations recorded an increase in the number of non-fatal injuries, with 193 miners injured in coal mines, up 5% from 184 in 2016. The total number of non-fatal injuries fell by 9% compared with 2016, and the discouraging rise in deaths sparked another Zero Harm Forum meeting.
However, as the leadership of the ruling ANC party began to disintegrate, with President Jacob Zuma being forced to resign in February 2018, the mining sector experienced a comprehensive reorganisation.
A new start
Former miner and member of the South African Communist Party Gwede Mantashe was named Minister of Mineral Resources in the new government under Cyril Ramaphosa, and the Chamber of Mines was restructured and rebranded as the Minerals Council to ‘reboot’ the industry.
The council has pledged to uphold values of trust, respect, honesty and accountability, and perhaps introduce a more grassroots approach to changing mining culture and practices. With no time to rest on the red tape, this approach was promptly tested, following the collapse of Sibanye-Stillwater’s Masakhane mine in May, which killed seven and injured six.
Now led by an experienced ex-miner, there is hope the mining industry will be able to effectively safeguard its critical asset: the miners themselves. | <urn:uuid:d9e1d5ec-8f31-4e9e-a14d-26b7d9ccd4cb> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://mine.nridigital.com/mine_sep18/reforms_and_restarts_an_overview_of_south_african_mining | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00793.warc.gz | en | 0.959705 | 1,116 | 2.609375 | 3 |
If you want to have some fun have a look at this site. Don’t miss the video on the bottom. It contains great insights on the difference between correlation and causality.
The page does not explain details about the results and why they happen as they do. Let us generate 100 rows of 10 random data. Then how many will correlate better than 0.99? The answer is: Almost never any. We need to make a small trick. We manipulate the data such that they have a trend. We do that by taking the cumulative sum of random numbers which are evenly distributed in [-0.2,0.8]
n=100; X=cumsum(random(n,10)-0.2); >X=X-mean(X); X=X/sqrt(sum(X^2)); >C=X.X'; C=setdiag(C,0,0); >(totalsum(C>0.99))/(n^2-n) 0.00767676767677
So there are almost 1% of good correlations to be found. That’s not a miracle and can be explained by the trend. Let us plot one of the good correlations.
>i=min(nonzeros(sum(C>0.99)'>1)), j=nonzeros(C[i]>0.99), 2 [13, 14, 81] >x=scalematrix(X[i])_scalematrix(X[j]); ... >aspect(2); plot2d(x); plot2d(x,>points,>add):
If we remove the trend between these two variables the correlation number is far less impressive, but still existent and prominent in the plot. It is a mere random fact which happens in any 100 rows of 10 data with a growing trend.
>n=1:10; >pa=polyfit(n,a,1); a=a-polyval(pa,n); >pb=polyfit(n,b,1); b=b-polyval(pb,n); >correl(a,b) 0.890282247324 >plot2d(scalematrix(a)_scalematrix(b)):
However, correlation is indeed difficult. Often correlated variables depend on some other variable. An example is the connection between good child care and later success in life. Clearly both are most likely to occur in privileged families. The same applies to good education and wealth. The latter correlation has often led to the advice to enforce education for a a better society. While education is certainly a good thing to have it does not help with injustice. You will simply get underpaid or unemployed but well educated workers. | <urn:uuid:eb64b4cb-3bdc-4d66-ba5d-5bcfbe478fbe> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | http://observations.rene-grothmann.de/spurious-correlation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500368.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207004322-20230207034322-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.906105 | 593 | 2.640625 | 3 |
We're talking about multiverses, so you know the drill: Imagine you're you but instead of eating an apple as a snack today, you ate a piece of pizza. Or imagine you're not you because protons don't work the same way where "you" are, and atoms don't form and all the universe is lifeless and weird. Or imagine anything at all, because when we talk about the multiverse, we often find ourselves going over these infinite possibilities for existence. Which is fine and good; the multiverse is about these "alternative" worlds. But it's also a channel of physics that might answer some serious questions, while still prompting some tough criticism from skeptics.
First, let's talk about the multiverse's rise to popularity -- and why it's so very unpopular with some scientists who argue it's more philosophy than science. We'll start with the Standard Model of particle physics, which is basically the accepted model of the fundamental matter and forces that exist in the universe. At this point, we've seen 'em all: the matter particles (including things like electrons and protons), and the four forces that they interact with.
The one discrepancy we had with the Standard Model is that -- while we know that particles have mass -- we couldn't figure out how that mass was gained. When scientists observed the Higgs boson in 2012 during experiments at the Large Hadron Collider, the last piece of the Standard Model puzzle slid into place: the Higgs field, comprising a soup of Higgs bosons, allows particles to gain mass. We all celebrated because science was figured out, and everyone could go home to ponder more important issues, like if Lady Mary could just run Downton Abbey on her own and leave the pesky suitors out of it.
I'm guessing you've already determined that science isn't solved, and vanilla Lotharios are still bombarding Mary every week. Because while the Standard Model works great for what we've observed, it still possesses some huge, gaping holes. And it's how scientists explain those holes that we come upon the idea of the multiverse. So let's examine some of those gaps, to see why a multiverse might start to sound appealing.
There are a few big things the Standard Model doesn't answer. Like how gravity works within the Standard Model, and how the other three fundamental forces might be united into a single one. Another outstanding question is that the universe is largely made up of dark matter and energy; we've never been able to observe what that mysterious "other" matter is. The third is that while we saw the Higgs boson in LHC experiments, we observed it at a mass that made little sense. It should've been extremely large; it was actually quite light [source: Fermilab]. Now you or I -- assuming you're not a world-renowned physicist, and if you are please identify yourself -- are probably thinking, "Too bad. Sounds like the Standard Model isn't so standard, or much of a model. Back to the drawing board to create the Alternative Standard Model that actually explains stuff."
Recall, however, that the Standard Model is actually confirmed; in other words, everything the Standard Model has predicted has been observed. The Standard Model, it seems, doesn't need to be scrapped; we "just" need to figure out the physics that it doesn't explain.
We're in a fascinating time to examine what the lies beyond the Standard Model, thanks to the Large Hadron Collider. The LHC works by smashing protons together at enormous speeds -- nearly the speed of light. (That's why they call them particle accelerators.) When the protons collide, a small-scale Big Bang occurs that reproduces the conditions right after our universe began. We can study the debris that flies from these proton-smashes to see if we can find any particles that might go beyond the Standard Model, giving us a better idea of how to answer the questions the model doesn't.
Remember how we said we should thank the Large Hadron Collider for providing such a fertile time for particle physics? Some scientists are more likely to grumble a "thanks for nothing" to the old LHC. Because beyond the Higgs, it's found nothing. Which is a pretty big deal, because one widely accepted idea to fill in the Standard Model holes was the idea of supersymmetry. In short, supersymmetry said that for every known particle of mass or force, there was a yet-unseen superpartner that was much heavier.
Supersymmetry would present an elegant, natural solution to a whole host of Standard Model questions. It presents a viable candidate for dark matter (in the form of a superpartner), it explains mass discrepancies and it even could unify the three forces at a single high energy [source: Schwartz]. Unfortunately, the LHC hasn't found a single superpartner yet, although we really should be finding some at about the same mass as the Higgs. In fact, we haven't found any evidence for supersymmetry, period.
That's where the multiverse comes in. It's yet another extension of the Standard Model that tries to explain some of the lingering questions that the Standard Model isn't really designed to answer. And boy, is it controversial.
Essentially, the multiverse concept (and there's more than one) says that this isn't the only universe in the cosmos. While things might work one way in our little corner, that by no means guarantees that there's a constant, natural order that encompasses Physics with a capital P.
These multiverse ideas take on a host of different forms. Perhaps we live in a universe on top of a universe on top of a universe, and so on into infinity. Perhaps we live in a "pocket" universe in an infinite field of universes. Maybe we even live in a universe of universes where any possible outcome of anything can occur, because all probabilities exist in their own universe. In any context, the multiverse includes one crucial point: We're an accident. Our universe hasn't been specially tuned to have the just-right constants that make our existence -- and the existence of everything -- possible. Instead, it's just a statistical probability that in an infinite number of universes, one of them would come out like ours, with particles that can clump to form atoms, molecules, grass, air, stars, Lucky Charms and people.
A lot of physicists find this prospect bleak. Why study the universe if there's nothing to discover? If it's nothing but a statistical coincidence that our world works the way it does, what's so exciting about trying to figure out at what energy the forces unify? It's just a number. But beyond the ho-hum reasons to be wary of the multiverse, some physicists argue that it's downright irresponsible science, since it hasn't been seen and no one can prove it.
Of course, science is often based on big questions that aren't always easily tested; that's completely fair. We can't just come up with ideas based on fact, or else there would never be a spark of creativity to move us beyond what we already know. But scientists do rely on moving toward finding testable hypotheses, or else we're in another realm -- dare I say, universe -- called philosophy.
Which is exactly what some physicists find so upsetting about the multiverse and other seemingly untestable doozies like string theory, with its multiple dimensions we have no hope of seeing. (Or feeling. Or hearing. You get the idea.) If we can't test them, they're nothing but theoretical ideas, relegated to dinner party "what if" discussions.
Of course, a lot of important scientific theories don't appear to be easily testable at the outset. The problem with multiverses is that it requires us to stop looking at the things we can see, and try to explore what we can't see [source: Frank]. Attempting to unlock the mystery of what we can observe, some would argue, is far more important than chasing the hypothetical things we have no hope of discovering. | <urn:uuid:7e245c71-8de7-4683-81b3-7c59612f01d9> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://science.howstuffworks.com/what-is-the-multiverse.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738878.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812053726-20200812083726-00581.warc.gz | en | 0.958061 | 1,664 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title 13 U.S.C. § 11) is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census. It also gathers other national demographic and economic data. As part of the United States Department of Commerce, the Census Bureau serves as the leading source of quality data about America's people and economy. It is the official "decennial" count of people living in the USA. The main reason for taking the census is to determine the number of seats each state is allowed in the House of Representatives. The agency director is a political appointee selected by the current President.
The Constitution of the United States (Article I, section II) directs that the population be enumerated at least once every ten years and the resulting counts used to set the number of members from each state in the House of Representatives and, by extension, in the Electoral College. The Census Bureau now conducts a full population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0 (zero) and uses the term "decennial" to describe the operation. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections. In addition, Census data directly affect how more than $300 billion per year in federal and state funding is allocated to communities for neighborhood improvements, public health, education, transportation and much more. The Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations: the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureau's legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code. In addition, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various Federal Government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as "demographic surveys" and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial (10-year) population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts economic surveys of manufacturing, retail, service, and other establishments and of domestic governments.
From 1790 to 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts. The Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed revising and authorizing new censuses, typically around the 10 year intervals. In 1902 the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and the Interior. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their subordinate role in the department. An act around 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years and agriculture censuses every 10 years. In 1929, a bill was passed mandating that the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code. | <urn:uuid:12154a6a-e4bd-4b61-9302-f4eff3721ee6> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.upi.com/topic/Census_Bureau/photos/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109682.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821232346-20170822012346-00189.warc.gz | en | 0.964789 | 578 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV is a critical piece to ending AIDS.
Worldwide, 85 percent of pregnant women with HIV received antiretroviral treatment to prevent this type of transmission in 2019, a huge scale up from only 44 percent in 2010.
Access to medication and adhering to a treatment regimen can reduce the risk of mothers with HIV transmitting the virus to their babies during pregnancy, birth, and breastfeeding.
Connie Mudenda is HIV-positive, an AIDS activist, and living proof of the tremendous power of antiretroviral treatment.
In the 1990s, before testing, treatment, and knowledge of HIV was commonplace, Connie unknowingly contracted HIV and passed the virus on to her three children. All three of her children passed away. In 2005, she received her diagnosis and began accessing medication.
“What kept me going back then was the fact that I was lucky to be alive, considering the fact that so many people needlessly died simply because there were AIDS-fighting programs that did not exist,” Connie says.
For the past 15 years, she’s remained on treatment. Thanks to the power of this lifesaving medicine, in 2012 she gave birth to a baby girl, Lubona — born HIV-free.
Inspired by her daughter and her personal fight, Connie continues her AIDS activism, working with at-risk communities and educating people living with HIV about how to live healthy lives.
“Any HIV-positive mother on medication can have a happy, healthy HIV [positive] life,” she says. “If she adheres to her medication, a woman living with HIV can give birth to an HIV-free baby.” | <urn:uuid:b6cff7e4-ca37-4996-9813-10cc5ec6ccff> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.healthline.com/health/hiv-aids/pregnancy-and-hiv-connies-story | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141727782.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203124807-20201203154807-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.976404 | 354 | 2.625 | 3 |
Allergy in children is spreading at full speed like the epidemic of the century. In schools, it is observed that one out of every five children is allergic and one in every ten children has asthma. It has become commonplace to see spray-shaped asthma medications in classrooms. Allergy is a genetic disease and is known to be more common in infants with a family history of allergic diseases. However, genetic structure is not the only factor in the emergence of allergic disease. It is observed that the environment in which the baby grows and the feeding pattern shape the genetic structure. Today's children now consume more sugary and prepared food; less fresh fruit at vegetable dinner. This situation is thought to be partly responsible for the rapid increase in allergic diseases observed in the century. Child Allergy Specialist Prof.Dr.Yonca Nuhoğlu explains the 10 nutrients that children should stay away from.
In our children, the sense of taste develops at a very early age. Especially chocolate foods, endorphin secretion, which we call the happiness hormone, as a kind of addiction attracts children. However, cocoa has the same structure as coffee and contains high levels of caffeine. Caffeine is a stimulant. Causes reflux in children by increasing acid secretion in the stomach. Symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, loss of appetite and belching in children are the symptoms of reflux. Reflux of gastric acid secretion from the swallow tube up into the respiratory system enters the asthma symptoms. Silent reflux is reported in 60% of children with asthma.
The two fatty acids omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which have opposite effects, must be balanced in the nutrition of children. Omega 3, which is abundant in olive oil and hazelnut oil, has allergy-preventing effects. Margarine and so on. omega 6, which is found in high percentage of vegetable fats, increases allergy. Vegetable fat-containing foods such as opening, pastry, pastry, etc., consuming a lot of food in the body to break down this balance and cause allergies.
3-FRYERS AND CHIPS
A child who consumes high amounts of fat and calories in frying foods is more likely to gain weight. Being fat increases the occurrence of asthma in children by 2 times. In addition, fatty fries delay gastric emptying and provide the basis for reflux and reflux triggered asthma exacerbations.
Tomato is a food that is known to increase gastric acid secretion when consumed too much. Tomato ketchup, etc. are used extensively. sauces can cause stomach upset in children. Even if they are unadulterated, feeding with large amounts of tomato and tomato paste can cause gastric acid-related damage to the respiratory tract and lead to a so-called reactive airway, which is considered a precursor to asthma.
Mayonnaise delays gastric emptying due to its high fat content. In children with allergic asthma with silent reflux, this food calls for episodes of bronchitis. Recently consumed with sık fast food ”foods, this food has become an indispensable member of the“ hamburger, french fries, cola ”trio for children.
Many mothers give honey to their children in various ways with the thought that it will be good for allergy and asthma. It is a fact that honey contains many substances considered to be healing; however, honey is also a very heavy food for the stomach. Feeding spoonful of honey for children with allergic asthma with the intention of healing is inconvenient as it can cause reflux.
Pain and spice is the hidden danger for asthmatic children with quiet reflux. Red pepper and pepper dishes, sausages, sausages, etc. processed meat products cause exacerbation of allergies and asthma in children. Spices often include pizza, lahmacun etc. in children's diet. enters during the consumption of foods.
8-ARM AND GAS BEVERAGES
Cola is another drink that contains plenty of caffeine and is known to be stimulating. Cola and fruity carbonated beverages, which have recently been abundant in children's nutrition, cause allergic bronchitis / asthma attacks on reflux and reflux.
9-ICE TEA, COFFEE
These drinks, which have not been recommended to children in the past because of their caffeine content, have recently started to take place in the nutrition of children due to their cold serving. These drinks consumed in forms such as iced tea and iced coffee are the main causes of stomach problems and anorexia in children. These foods are known to increase stomach acid secretion after a period of reflux attacks can cause exacerbations of allergic bronchitis.
10-DESSERT WITH SYRABIA
The fats and margarine in its content give flavor to sherbet desserts, while on the other hand it can cause stomach problems in our children. Heavy desserts such as baklava, syrup and pumpkin dessert, when consumed frequently and in large quantities, cause silent reflux in children and trigger allergic bronchitis / asthma. | <urn:uuid:c80f2807-aa54-4681-bc64-33868179cfe4> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://gb.hillarykids.com/105-10-food-allergic-triggers-in-children.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588526.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028193601-20211028223601-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.954436 | 1,037 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Food Producing Forest Gardens
As the climate continues to warm it will be increasly important to explore regernative forms of agricutlure. A food forest is a food-producing model that seeks to mimic the patterns of a natural forest ecosystem. Ecosystems are incredibly diverse and primarily made up of perennial plants.
The following project is an attempt to crowdsource a list of plants (according to layer) ideal for food forests in cold hardy, zone 4 or colder, climates.
A Quick Acknowledgment
Before we move on, I want to acknowledge that this is a crowdsourced project and that its development and success is made possible by the individuals who are continuously editing it – not the least, The Urban Farmer, Ron Berezan, whose “Edible Plants For The Prairies” list has been the jumping off point of this project.
Layers of a Forest
One way to think about the structure of a forest is by describing it in layers. Each layer of a forest occupies a different space in the system – each plant carving out a niche and contributing to the whole.
1. Overstory/Canopy Layer
The tallest plants in the forest make up the canopy layer. Canopy plants reach for the light and thus shade much of the forest below.
2. Understory and Shrub Layer
While the understory and shrubs are thought of as separate layers, I have brought them together as a single group. This layer is typically made up of small trees, and multi-stemmed woody-shrubs. Shrubs and understory plants that have evolved the ability to live beneath the canopy or at the margins of forests.
3. Herbaceous Plant Layer
Herbaceous plants have non-woody stems and usually die back to the ground each fall. As a result, they tend to be shorter than most woody shrubs.
4. Ground Cover Layer
Ground covers are short, crawling, or clumping plants that may be woody or none-woody. They protect the forest floor from the elements.
5. Root Zone Layer
As is the case above ground, the roots of each plant occupy various depts of the soil. However, when talking about food forests, the root zone is usually taken to mean plants whose roots are edible.
6. Vine Layer
Vines are long, spindly, climbing plants that are capable of occupying the vertical spaces within a forest. They can be herbaceous and die back to the ground each year (hops) or woody (clematis and grapes).
Using the Hardy Food Forest Plant List
The following plant list is an open Google document. As a result, anyone can access and edit its contents. The list is edited by myself and backed up periodically to ensure quality.
Editing The Plant List
Follow this link if you wish to view the plant list in a separate page or edit its contents. Here are a few guidelines when editing the document.
- Do not delete or move existing plants
- Incomplete information is fine. Don’t know the Latin name? Not a problem.
- Perennials. This list is meant to have an emphasis on perennials plants.
- Cold Hardy. Please add plants that will survive in Zone 4 or colder.
- Link when possible. If you know the botanical name of the plant, feel free to link it to a reputable source such as Plants For A Future Database.
Using The Hardy Food Forest Plant List
At the bottom of the window, you will see tabs corresponding to the various food forest layers mentioned above. Within each layer, you will see a curated list of plants, their common name(s), botanical family, botanical name (Genus species), as well as plant notes.
If you’re looking for a food-producing ground cover, select the ground cover tab at the bottom and browse through the list of suitable plants. If the botanical name is blue than it has been linked to an external page with more information. See the list by clicking here or on the image below. | <urn:uuid:e4a81969-8bc8-4e47-b63b-92c12050cb48> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://dustinbajer.com/hardy-food-forest-plant-list/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575674.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922201055-20190922223055-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.922922 | 843 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Plan essay writing
The essay plan Many students, after having analysed an essay topic, are inclined to go straight to the library and read extensively on the subject. Essay plan in just 5 minutes This document contains everything you While you’re writing you won’t need to waste time trying to think of what. Essay writing lesson plan Mayda 24/11/2015 17:06:52 Check them out that change writers Essay human rights uc app essay Building an essay in this lesson plans. This page details general good practice in essay planning Having a strong essay plan makes the actual task of writing an essay much more efficient.
How to Write an Essay Plan An essay is a short piece of writing on a subject, which is designed for the writer to show their knowledge surrounding the subject. Before you start writing your essay, it is important that you plan it Below is an example of what an essay plan should look like (including explanations and tips.
Plan essay writing
Plan, plan, plan! A handy step-by-step guide to producing an effective plan under exam conditions. Write a plan for the response Order ideas in a logical sequence Essay writing: discussion essay planner; Essay writing: exposition essay planner. Essay Map - ReadWriteThink. A step-by-step guide to writing a basic essay, along with links to other essay-writing resources Kathy Livingston.
WRITING AN ESSAY FOR FCE Introduction Paragraph What is an introduction paragraph? The introduction paragraph is the first paragraph of your essay. Example of an essay plan Author: Victoria University Subject: essay writing Keywords: essay writing Created Date: 20150702014048Z. Before you start writing your essay, it is important that you plan it Below is an example of what an essay plan should look like (including explanations and tips. Getting Personal - each essay, writing the number of the essay at the top of the rubric Have the groups wrap up by discussing each essay, tallying.
A good essay plan helps you arrange your ideas logically and stay on track during the writing process Your plan should state how you're going to prove your argument. Essay writing See also our Video Tutorials on Essay Writing; Report writing See also our Video Tutorials on Report Writing; Dissertations and major. 1 Your entire writing plan, from grades 3 through 12, is summarized On 6 pages, you will see your entire program laid out before you in fifteen steps. Planning your Writing Writing a plan before starting an essay is a good idea It can help you to formulate ideas and to ensure that the structure of your final essay. Essay Writer provides several guidelines on how to write an essay plan to map out a specific approach for the essay writing task, including essay question analy.
- Step 3: Construct an initial essay plan After you have generated some ideas, it’s important to write an initial plan before you head for the library.
- Teaching Essay Writing - Where do I start? Are you overwhelmed with the idea of teaching formal essay writing? Even when using some highly rated homeschool writing.
Essay Writing PRINT; EMAIL; Inspire your students to develop a passion for writing, practice reading comprehension, and build vocabulary and grammar skills with. Essay Structure Writing an academic essay means fashioning a coherent set of ideas into an argument Because essays are. How to Write an Essay Six Parts: Writing Your Essay Revising Your Essay Writing a Persuasive Essay Writing an Expository Essay Write a Plan your essay. | <urn:uuid:263f8ad7-7dcf-4f25-803d-7c14d2939141> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://gecourseworkevdr.studentveteransadvocacygroup.org/plan-essay-writing.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174124.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00336-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898184 | 728 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Smartphones are now the trend and almost every one has it. Now a days, mobile has been used as a replacement of laptop, as you can perform almost each task with it. Smartphones come with lots of features and apps that allows you to do whatever you want. But one major problem with the smartphones is the battery.
Battery life has always been a concern for the smartphones. So even if you kill almost all the tasks, there must be some unnecessary tasks running in backgrounds, which causes the battery to drain. The main problem arises, when your phone is in sleep, because you don’t know which apps are running in the background.
Researchers have found a way to help you solve the battery drainage problem. The Purdue researchers have developed a tool named Hush for Android phones, which is going to kill the background apps intelligently while your mobile is in sleep mode. This tool stops the apps by prioritizing based on your use, meaning it kills the app that has been rarely used. According to researchers, this tool is going to save up to 16% of battery of your phone. If you want to test this Hush took, you can test it through its Github page.
A professor of electrical and computer engineering at Purdue University, Charlie Hu said, “During screen-off, the phone hardware should enter the sleep state, draining close to zero power, apps wake the phone up periodically during screen-off to do useful things, but then afterward, they should let the phone go back to sleep. They are not letting the phone go back to sleep because of software bugs and, specifically, due to the incorrect use of Android power control application programming interfaces called wakelocks.”
This Hush tool is very simple and you can use it, but only time will tell that how successful it becomes in real life situation. This tools saves up to 16% of battery life, which is not huge, but certainly worth using. | <urn:uuid:55b27690-9f7c-434e-bbd1-d2f922144757> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.thetechbulletin.com/new-tool-hush-saves-phone-battery-around-16-29911/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00138-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96585 | 395 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Economic Definition of economy. Defined.
Offline Version: PDF
Term economy Definition: The system of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services that a society uses to address the problem of scarcity. The essential task of an economy is to transform resources into useful goods and services (the act of production), then distribute or allocate these products to useful ends (the act of consumption). Virtually all economies accomplish this task through a combination of decisions made through voluntary market exchanges and involuntary government rules and regulations. | <urn:uuid:bf5bb33a-d2e1-4bfe-aa2c-51d0803185cb> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://glossary.econguru.com/economic-term/economy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170404.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00400-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942064 | 102 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Australian Bureau of Statistics
1300.1.55.001 - Statistics News NSW, Mar 2008
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 07/03/2008
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Latest snapshot of NSW
The NSW population at 30 June 2007 was 6,889,100 people, an increase of 71,900 people (1.1%) over the previous 12 months. In 2006-07, there were 90,200 births in NSW and 45,900 deaths, resulting in a natural increase of 44,300. NSW also recorded a net overseas migration gain of 54,900 people and a net interstate migration loss of 27,300 people in 2006-07.
For quarterly information on these and other key demographic indicators see Australian Demographic Statistics, June 2007 (cat. no. 3101.0)
Population by Age and Sex, Australian States and Territories, June 2007
The NSW population continues to age, with the median age for NSW increasing by 5.1 years over the last 2 decades to 37.0 years at 30 June 2007. Over the same period, the proportion of the population aged 65 years and over has increased from 11.2% to 13.6%, and the proportion under 15 years of age has decreased from 22.3% to 19.3%. The working age population (aged 15-64 years) has remained fairly stable, increasing from 66.5% to 67.0%.
At 30 June 2007, the sex ratio of the NSW population was 98.2 males per 100 females. For NSW in 2007, there were more males than females up to the age of 29 years. This trend reverses in the older years where, due to greater longevity, there were more females than males.
For the latest information on these figures see Population by Age and Sex, Australian States and Territories, June 2007 (cat. no. 3201.0)
POPULATION STRUCTURE, age and sex - NSW - 1987 and 2007p
p – preliminary Estimated Resident Population
For further information on ABS demographic data contact the National Information and Referral Service on 1300 135 070 or email [email protected].
These documents will be presented in a new window.
This page last updated 5 June 2008 | <urn:uuid:9742be05-09ae-4075-b28e-0171eeb89362> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Previousproducts/1300.1.55.001Main%20Features3Mar%202008?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1300.1.55.001&issue=Mar%202008&num=&view= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999655040/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060735-00089-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935308 | 477 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The American Gas Association’s toxic behavior is driving away its members
Communities across the country wanting to transition to clean electricity consistently run into the same barrier: the “natural” gas industry’s powerful lobbying and political influence machine, led by the American Gas Association (AGA).
But recent news suggests the AGA’s controversial tactics, which millions of Americans are being forced to pay for through their monthly gas bills, may have gone too far. New England’s largest utility, Eversource, announced last month that it’s cutting ties with the AGA, citing a desire to redirect its spending to “more targeted associations and memberships with a focus on decarbonization.”
The news raises questions about other gas utilities across the country that publicly claim to support the transition to clean energy, while continuing to fund the AGA’s fossil fuel advocacy behind the scenes.
American Gas Association undermines local climate leaders
Starting with Berkely, California in 2019, a growing number of cities began to realize that they couldn’t meaningfully reduce their contribution to the climate crisis without addressing gas appliances in buildings. Gas furnaces, water heaters and stoves are responsible for as much as 70% of greenhouse gas emissions in some cities and are linked to asthma and other respiratory problems for residents.
So cities across the country began advocating that new buildings be constructed with cleaner, safer, more affordable all-electric appliances like heat pumps and induction stoves. But this movement was met with a full frontal assault from the fossil fuel industry, coordinated by the AGA.
Despite the AGA publicly claiming that they don’t lobby state or local governments, reporting from NPR found that the AGA was “actively involved in passing state-level bills” that stripped cities of the legal right to pass all-electric building codes. To date, 24 states have passed these kinds of bills and gas-friendly politicians in Colorado, Michigan, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania have (thus far unsuccessfully) pushed similar measures.
Paying social media influencers to gush about gas
Methane gas industry paying off celebrities isn’t new — as far back as the 1930s, industry executives enlisted Bob Hope, Jack Benny and Daffy Duck to popularize the phrase “now we’re cooking with gas” to promote the use of gas stoves. But the industry, led by the American Gas Association, has doubled down in recent years in response to the threat of people switching to clean electricity.
According to research by the Energy and Policy Institute, the American Gas Association paid social media influencers to promote gas stoves, though most of the content was pulled off the internet after Mother Jones reported on the campaign.
AGA-funded front groups promote methane across the country
In recent years communities around the country have seen the launch of dozens of localized groups that bill themselves as grassroots groups of concerned citizens, but are actually organized and funded by millions of dollars from the oil and gas industry.
The American Gas Association has directly funded at least two of these groups, including “Partnership for Energy Progress,” which fought building electrification in the Pacific Northwest and “Your Energy America”, which promoted massive methane gas pipeline projects on the East Coast.
Sowing doubt about gas stove pollution
Scientists and medical professionals have been documenting the health threats associated with gas stoves for decades. More than 50 studies have found that gas stoves in the home are connected to asthma and cancer — enough evidence for the American Medical Association, American Lung Association and American Public Health Association to all speak out about the health threats of cooking with gas.
This isn’t news to the American Gas Association. They commissioned a report in the 1970s that acknowledged the harmful pollution from gas stoves and discussed different gas stove designs that could potentially address the issue. (They didn’t end up using the lower-pollution designs, because it would have cost them more money to manufacture them.)
Despite this well-documented history, the American Gas Association continues to publicly downplay the health threat of stoves and undermine the scientific consensus about their harms. But behind the scenes, their executives admit that the pollution concern is real:
The AGA has literally resorted to Big Tobacco’s playbook — hiring “experts” to confuse the public about the health threat of their product. The AGA has hired Dr. Julie Goodman, who had previously helped Phillip Morris portray their cigarettes as safe, to do the same for gas stoves.
Guess who pays for this? You!
Just about every gas utility in the United States is a member of the American Gas Association, which claims to be a non-political “utility trade association” despite spending millions every year on political lobbying and advertising in favor of methane gas.
The AGA charges utilities hundreds of thousands of dollars per year in membership fees, and utilities recover those costs through their customers’ monthly bills. That means that tens of millions of Americans are being unwittingly forced to pay for the American Gas Association’s fossil fuel advocacy every time they pay an energy bill!
Luckily there has been progress towards protecting the public from these unfair charges. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission announced in 2021 that it was reexamining rules around how utilities charge their customers for membership to trade organizations. The agency has yet to finalize any rule updates, but many states aren’t waiting. Colorado, Connecticut and Maine all passed laws this year prohibiting the practice.
It’s time for utilities to cut ties with the American Gas Association
If Eversource can walk away from the American Gas Association and their methane gas advocacy, there’s no reason other utilities can’t. As Emily Atkin at HEATED reports, Xcel Energy Con Edison, National Grid and Pacific Gas & Electric have all publicly emphasized their commitments to climate action, but continue to fund the American Gas Association’s climate obstruction. It’s time for these and other supposed climate leaders to put their money where their mouth is. | <urn:uuid:f812409a-8cea-425a-8160-67c481caf3ee> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.gasleaks.org/the-american-gas-associations-toxic-behavior-is-driving-away-its-members/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474784.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229035411-20240229065411-00289.warc.gz | en | 0.950012 | 1,247 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Let’s think about our place in ecology. The vast majority of people in today’s world do not till the ground or kill the animals they eat. We remove ourselves far away from the dirt and the death that sustain us—as if we could remove ourselves from nature entirely.
In a skyscraper, a tower of glass surrounded in every direction by concrete and rebar, a place where there is not a pasture for hundreds of miles, or a banana tree for thousands of miles, there are people toting bananas and roast beef sandwiches to eat during their lunch break. You can walk into a fast food restaurant in the middle of a concrete jungle and find meat and vegetables. It’s a remarkable feat of ingenuity that this is even possible, but we hardly ever stop to think if living this way is moral. It is, if nothing else, bizarre that the animals that inhabit this planet known as humans esteem themselves as hierarchically superior to the plants and animals they rely upon for survival.
Let’s look at what scripture says about our place in nature. We’ll find that the general idea of being able to do whatever we want to the planet because we’ve been given dominion over it does not have a scriptural foundation.
(Much of the following information on Genesis 1-2 comes from Theodore Hiebert, a professor of Old Testament at McCormick Theological Seminary in Chicago.)
Genesis 1 and Genesis 2 in the Bible offer surprisingly different perspectives on the Creation. It is widely believed among the theological community that these first two chapters of the Bible were written by different people at different times.
Genesis 1 is likely to have been written by an Israelite priest, or priest community. This account uses the ancient Hebrew words rada, “have dominion” (Genesis 1:26, 28), and kabas, “subdue” (Genesis 1:28) to describe humanity’s relationship to the earth. Rada is used in other places of the Bible to refer to the rule of kings, heads of households, and even the priests themselves. This verb was likely used to describe humanity’s relationship to nature because of the priest’s position of authority over declaring which animals were clean or unclean. It could also refer to Israel’s practice of domesticating and herding animals.
Kabas, or subdue, is much more forceful. It is also used to describe subjugation, enslavement, and forcing another into subordination. Using such a harsh word as this to describe man’s relationship to nature might make more sense when you realize how living conditions in the Mediterranean highlands were sometimes very harsh, and getting things to grow in that environment was not always easy. It could also be understood from the perspective of the priests whose responsibility it was to kill animals as sacrificial offerings.
These couple of verses in Genesis 1 have been used a lot to justify all sorts of mistreatment of the earth, but to do so is not accurate, especially when compared to other scriptures about God’s creation.
This account is usually referred to as the Yahwist’s account because the author used the word Yahweh as the name of God. Yahweh is translated as LORD into English. Another way in which it differs from Genesis 1 is that it also gives us the names of the first man and woman.
Humanity’s relationship to nature is talked about in a very different way in this chapter. The words rada and kabas are not used. Instead, we get an insight into man’s relationship with nature via the first man’s name: Adam. The Hebrew word Adam’s name is derived from, adama, means arable land, or the soil used for growing crops. So, when God says to Adam, “for dust thou art, and unto dust thou shalt return” (Genesis 3:19), it is a reference to Adam’s name. He’s telling Adam that he’s made from the same stuff that plants and animals are made of. He’s telling Adam that he is one with the earth.
Furthermore, in ancient Israel, it was a man’s responsibility to name their children. The implication was that a man takes responsibility for the well-being of another life when he gives it a name. In Genesis 2:19, God brought every living creature before Adam so could name every living thing. Adam’s took upon himself the responsibility of the well-being of every creature. We can also see from Genesis 2:23 that Adam also named Eve, taking on the responsibility to care for her physical and emotional well-being as well. Man’s role, therefore, is just as much a nurturer and caretaker as it is a leader.
What about other Scriptures?
Once you start to understand the language behind Genesis 1 and Genesis 2, they start to sound really different from each other. The priestly account describes humans dominating and supervising nature, while the Yahwist account describes humans as tending, serving, and nurturing nature. So, what do other scriptures say? Is there more insight to be gained from modern revelation?
“For it is expedient that I, the Lord, shall make every man accountable, as a steward over earthly blessings, which I have made and prepared for my creatures. I, the Lord, stretched out the heavens, and built the earth, my very handiwork; and all things therein are mine. And it is my purpose to provide for my saints, for all things are mine” (D&C 104:13-15). This is saying that we’ll be held accountable for the way we treat the earth and all its creatures, because, in the end, they don’t belong to us. They belong to God. Adam’s responsibility to care for the earth and its creatures has extended to the entire human family.
For more information on the Church’s stance on environmentalism, please visit this page:
What is our Stewardship?
When God gathered together the waters and called them seas, he saw that it was good. When God brought forth grass, herbs, and trees of every kind, he saw that they were good. When God made all the animal kingdom, fish, birds, etc., He saw that they were good. I believe that when humankind destroys or pollutes those things which already were intrinsically “good” before Adam was even created beyond a reasonable ecological footprint, it is morally wrong.
Every living thing leaves both a literal and a figurative footprint on the world. This is a good thing, and I think it was part of God’s design. Squirrels store nuts. Beavers make dams. Wolves control the population of deer. Hawks control the population of field mice. Dung beetles roll poop around for some hilarious reason. When left to its own design, nature lives harmoniously with all the footprints of different animals… except when it comes to humans.
Wendell Berry describes this problem this way: “Whereas animals are usually restrained by the limits of physical appetites, humans have mental appetites that can be far more gross and capacious than physical ones. Only humans squander and hoard, murder and pillage because of notions.” In other words, when humans aren’t in control of their appetites (or “natural man”) it is nature that suffers; and when nature suffers, all living things suffer, which is something we will be held accountable for.
Obviously, the ways we hurt the earth are massively systemic and out of control, but there are still things we can do on an individual level to magnify our callings as stewards of the earth. Here are some questions to consider:
Can I reduce the amount of trash we produce?
Can I do more to recycle?
How can I encourage green energy and cleaner air?
Do I know where my food comes from?
Do I support humane treatment of animals?
Can I do more to support local farms?
How do these things tie into my personal stewardship, and what will I be held accountable for? | <urn:uuid:2ce626b5-c9bd-4a93-a1b6-77fd300ae207> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://postmodernmormon.com/2017/11/11/why-mormons-should-be-environmentalists/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221216051.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820082010-20180820102010-00253.warc.gz | en | 0.957274 | 1,705 | 3.09375 | 3 |
When the sun sets, the light decreases in accordance with the sun moving lower and lower than the horizon (of course not the sun is moving but rather the earth is moving). The decreasing of the light is what gradually enables us to see more and more stars, until we reach complete darkness (no light from the sun) and we can see all the visible stars. Therefore, when we want to calculate tzet hakochavim, we are really calculating a certain level of darkness, which is measured today in the degrees the sun is below the horizon. This tells us the level of darkness and how many stars we can see.
However, the time it takes to reach that level of darkness flactuates based on two major factors:
1. Your location
2. The time of year
Generally speaking, the closer you are to the equator, the shorter the time will be, while the farther you are from the equator, the longer the time will be.
Secondly, around the equinox (when the days and nights are equal) in the spring and autumm the time is shorter, while both in the winter and in the summer the time becomes longer (in the summer even more than the winter).
For an in depth explanation of why this is so I recommend reading the book Zemanim Bahalacha of Rav Chaim Banish. For a short explanation please see the following teshuva of Eretz Hemdah:
In light of this, how could Chazal have given a time in minutes at all, if this time fluctuates from place to place and from season to season?
The Gra answers that the times Chazal gave apply to Eretz Yisrael and Bavel (which approximately are the same distance from the equator) and for the equinox days ("yemei nissan vetishrei") when the days and nights are equal. These times become longer even in Eretz Yisrael and Bavel during the summer and winter (and not shorter in the winter as some mistakenly have stated, for although the days become shorter, the time until tzet hakochavim becomes longer - see in the above sources for the reason why). And they also become longer in countries which are northern to Eretz Yisrael and Bavel.
The way to calculate this properly is to check the degrees the sun is below the horizon in Eretz Yisrael 3/4 of a mil after sunset on the equinox, and to use that to calculate tzet hakochavim for any place in the world. For example, if one follows mil being 24 minutes and thus tzet hakochavim 18 minutes, that comes out to approximately 4.9 degrees below the horizon, and this can be calculated (using astronomical calculations) for any place in the world for any date. By zman Motzaei Shabbat in Israel the custom is to be more stringent and to wait until 8.5 degrees, and so on.
I hope this explanation was clear and I'll be happy to answer any further questions. | <urn:uuid:7c63bac9-29ad-4337-84c9-12423d7b4789> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/31809/tzeit-hakokhavim-according-to-the-gra-geonim | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999651905/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060731-00071-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941262 | 645 | 3.390625 | 3 |
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