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Do all people have a right to immigrate to the U.S.? There are three ways that we tend to conceive of rights, and which one you adopt will affect how you answer this question.
One way is to view rights as an essentially arbitrary agreement we construct and maintain through political traditions. On this view, rights tend to be seen as an unnecessary constraint on our policy toolkit. Immigration is regarded not as a question of rights but of whether or not, and to what extent, we have a moral obligation to help poor foreigners.
Another way is to view rights as inherent within each individual human being, fixed attributes endowed by God or Nature. This view leads naturally to the answer that all people have a fundamental right of movement across any political borders they please, with possible narrow limitations relating to such things as disease transmission and prior criminal activity.
This view, while an advance over the previous one, is still wrong enough to be dangerous. Fundamentally, it is founded on a category mistake. A lone man on a deserted island cannot possess any rights. There is no one else against whom to impose a moral claim constituting a right — the point of rights being to dissuade others from interfering with your person or property. Snakes and trees are not capable of being dissuaded in that manner. And so, on a deserted island, you would have no reason to conceive of rights in the first place.
Rights are a way of structuring a system for interacting with other people such that you can concentrate on creating value and trading it with them, rather than constantly looking over your shoulder and worrying about who might run off with what you have previously created. A right is not a simple attribute of the individual — it is about a chosen relationship you have with others for the sake of living a good life. What the concept of rights adds is the recognition that everyone following certain simple rules limiting how they interact with others is demonstrably and by far the most productive way for you to pursue your own interests in the midst of everyone else pursuing theirs.
And it is this recognition — not our perception of some attributes intrinsic to individual human beings — that prompts you to respect the rights of others. Rights are premised on a basic harmony of interests. One can imagine a society in which you are getting away with murder and theft, while no one dares assault or steel from you. But even if you were the one lucky enough to be dictator, it would be an extremely fragile and likely temporary state of affairs. You’d be constantly worrying about when it will all come crashing down, as the peasants revolt, or the generals stage a coup and string you up. Ultimately, for any rational actor with a long horizon, opting to live under a rights-based system is the smart choice.
But consider for a moment the following thought experiment. Suppose that a virus emerged and were transforming 50% of the population with a certain genetic susceptibility into sociopaths devoid of any compunction to respect others’ rights. Whenever they can avoid getting caught, they break into homes, they steal cars, they enslave children in their basements, etc., without a second thought. Rights would no longer exist in such a society — not merely that there would be rampant rights violations, but the very concept of rights would cease to be meaningful. Every other person you encounter, including the police, would be fine with murdering you for a slice of pizza if he could get away with it. Your entire sphere of concern would be reduced to the pursuit of physical safety and securing basic food and shelter resources.
Now suppose it weren’t 50% of the population, but 5% or 0.5%? — which is essentially what we have with the frequency of sociopaths in society today. At some point, you pass below a critical rate of violence, under which you can start to form robust expectations of safety and shift your focus to producing new values rather than erecting a fence around your house. This is a kind of phase transition in society, like when a liquid freezes into a solid. The two states of society — above and below the critical sociopath frequency — are structurally different just like H2O is different above and below 32 degrees. All the concepts you use to characterize society are therefore different depending on which state you are in. “Rights” is a powerful and explanatory concept in the sub-critical (low violence) state. In the super-critical (high violence) state, it is as meaningless as the concept of “elasticity” is in characterizing a liquid.
Islamism — the desire to impose Islam on society by force — is an ideology that effectively transforms its adherents into sociopaths in certain important areas of life. According to reliable surveys, a significant fraction (20% would be a conservative estimate) of Muslims globally exhibit core Islamist beliefs. It is not that these 300 million people have actually become sociopaths in a clinical sense, but that they embrace values that legitimize behavior indistinguishable from sociopathy as far as infidels or liberal Muslims are concerned: honor killings, murder of apostates, murder of adulterers, murder of cartoonists, subjugation of non-Muslims. Islamism is uniquely threatening in this respect among all ideologies in terms of the two important metrics: (i) inherent dangerousness of the ideas themselves, and (ii) current number of adherents.
Just as society exhibits a phase transition above a critical rate of sociopathy, so it does above a critical rate of Islamism. A nation of 0.5% Islamists can likely sustain freedoms robust enough for normal citizens to lead good lives. A nation of 50% Islamists cannot. The critical rate is certainly well below 50%, and it would be a bad idea for us to probe its exact value experimentally.
The fate of freedom-loving people in a society — including liberal Muslims, who are the first targets of Islamist violence — depends on a mechanism for clamping down the Islamism rate to very low levels. It is clearly in the interest of free people to enact immigration laws with this in mind.
Any effective mechanism to this end will register a number of false positives, causing many non-Islamists to be accidentally excluded as well. It is a tragic loss that worthy immigrants are accidentally denied access to freedom. But in the long run the open-borders alternative leaves us vulnerable to mass Islamist infiltration and an unacceptable risk of everyone ultimately being denied such freedom.
A view of rights in conflict with our clear interest in excluding Islamist immigrants is a flawed view. To go beyond this view we have to understand rights as a harmonious, decentralized means of leveraging human ambitions — not as inherent characteristics of individual humans. Such a perspective highlights certain social preconditions, apart from which the concept of rights itself becomes meaningless. It is a legitimate function of the state to maintain these preconditions precisely in order to make a society of rights possible in the first place. The Constitution is not a suicide pact, and the rights it describes are not the Kool-Aid cups.
Originally published on Medium. Republished in CapMag by permission of the author. | <urn:uuid:98220c7e-5d8f-47c1-929f-0984cb2c267e> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.capitalismmagazine.com/2017/03/immigration-islamism-and-the-nature-of-individual-rights/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313715.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818062817-20190818084817-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.954396 | 1,450 | 2.9375 | 3 |
IMAGINE this scenario: A man is driving on a two-lane road in a no-passing zone. The woman in the car in front of him is driving slightly under the maximum speed limit. To the impatient man, she seems to be driving far too slowly. After dangerously tailgating her vehicle for a few minutes, he loses all patience and passes her at a high rate of speed. In the process, he breaks the law and risks causing an accident.
What about the woman who does not have the patience to work with people who are not as fast or as smart as she is? Or the man who when waiting for an elevator keeps impatiently pushing the call button? Do you often become impatient with your elderly parents? Or are you a parent who quickly runs out of patience with your young children? Are you easily annoyed by the mistakes of others?
Everyone is likely to become impatient on occasion. But there may be serious consequences when bouts of impatience are an everyday occurrence.
For one thing, impatience is linked to frustration, irritation, and even anger. Such emotions can raise our stress level, which in turn can harm our health. A recent study published by the American Medical Association specifically pointed to impatience as a risk factor for hypertension, even among young adults.
There are other health problems associated with the lack of patience. A recent study revealed that impatience is linked to obesity. “The researchers found that impatient individuals are more likely to be obese than people who are good at waiting,” reports The Washington Post. In some areas, inexpensive fast food is easily available at all times of the day, and many impatient people cannot resist the temptation.
A study by the London-based Centre for Economic Policy Research found that impatient people are likely to be chronic procrastinators. Could it be that they feel compelled to postpone time-consuming tasks because they do not have the patience needed to bring the tasks to completion? At any rate, the tendency to postpone can have serious consequences for the procrastinator as well as for the economy. According to The Telegraph, a newspaper in Britain, researcher Ernesto Reuben stated that “procrastination seriously affects our productivity at work and can cost people considerable amounts of money as [impatient people] postpone paperwork indefinitely.”
Alcohol abuse and violence:
According to the British newspaper South Wales Echo, “people who are impatient are more likely to be involved in late-night drink-fueled violence.” Researchers at Cardiff University established this link after studying hundreds of men and women. The study revealed, says the Echo, that “impatient people were more likely to drink alcohol heavily and were prone to violence.”
A group of analysts working for the Pew Research Center in Washington, D.C., found that impatient people “often make quick, shallow choices.” Dr. Ilango Ponnuswami, professor and head of the Department of Social Work at the Bharathidasan University in India, reached a similar conclusion. He explains: “Impatience will cost you. It can cost you money, friendships, pain and suffering or any number of consequences simply because impatience is often followed by bad decisions.”
Impatience has been linked to “higher debt levels,” says Research Review, published by the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, U.S.A. For instance, impatient newlyweds may want to have all the comforts of a home soon after the wedding, despite limited finances. So they buy the house, the furniture, the car, and everything else
Some blame impatience for the recent economic crash in the United States. The financial magazine Forbes claims that “the state of the present market is the consequence of undue impatience combined with excessive greed. Impatience led many thousands of ordinary people to seek to acquire properties of much higher value than their savings justified. They thus sought to borrow collectively immense sums that they could not hope to repay for many years
Loss of friends:
Impatience can damage our ability to communicate. When a person does not have the patience to engage in meaningful conversation, he tends to speak without thinking. He may also get annoyed when others speak. Such a person does not have the patience to wait for others to get to the point of what they are saying. So the impatient listener may tend to rush others into finishing their sentences by putting words in their mouth or may try to find some other way to hurry the conversation.
Such impatience can result in the loss of friendships. Dr. Jennifer Hartstein, a mental-health professional quoted in the preceding article, explains: “Who wants to be with somebody who is tapping [his or her] toes all the time [or] looking at the watch all the time?” Yes, impatience is not a very attractive quality. It will drive your friends away.
These are just a few of the bad consequences that may result from impatience. The following article will discuss how you can cultivate and maintain patience. | <urn:uuid:77bc1af0-bee0-4ef9-953e-4496f409954a> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.jw.org/en/publications/magazines/g201212/impatience-can-be-harmful/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463608.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00104-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958946 | 1,034 | 2.53125 | 3 |
History of the Farm
Pacółtowo (German Groβ Pötzdorf) is a small village beautifully situated among vast meadows and forests, gently undulating hills, near Dylewo Hills Landscape Park. Established in 1325, within Ostróda commandry, the village from the beginning was a base for local feudal lords. The palace and the park along with the administrative¬-inventory section, situated at the South-East frontiers of the village, luckily survived all the historical turmoil and wars in the region. Before 1945 the village had around 500 inhabitants, now it is closer to 200 people. The former Evangelical church situated in the center of the village remains only a picturesque ruin today. John Dorsius, a known pastor, author and Polish-evangelical preacher, taught in this church in the seventeenth century.
The estate in Pacółtowo changed ownership a few times. There was von Eppingen kinship and von Petzdorf kinship, which probably gave the name to the village. The longest, during the years 1603-1791, was the family property owners von Wernsdorf. In the absence of an heir the assets at the end of the eighteenth century began to decline, and only when relatives of von Wernsdorf family sold the estate to Ahasverus von Brandt, a significant bloom of the Pacółtowo took place.
The area of land ownership increased and four farms worked for it, and most of all, in 1794, a brick palace was built. Von Brandt kinship, in spite of good governance, were property owners not for long – for less than 40 years. In 1830 the property had new owners – the Volprecht family, whose ancestors stayed in Pacółtowo until 1945.In the early twentieth century, the area of land ownership was almost 600 acres and it specialized in breeding of Dutch cattle. Also there was an operating distillery. After World War II Pacółtowo land assets were taken over by the State Land Estate, which was the nucleus for formation State Farms in 1949. On the partly desolate area population from current Mazowieckie Province (specifically from Mława, Ciechanów) and repatriates from Eastern Poland was sent. Newcomers formed crews at the new state farms. Intermingling of different cultures and traditions created various problems related to the integration of local communities. Some of them make themselves known even today. Property in Pacółtowo specialized in the production of pigs and dairy cattle. State Farm in Pacółtowo functioned in different organizational configurations until 1991, when all state ownership of farms in Poland was liquidated. The land was taken over by the Agricultural Property Agency of the State Treasury. Then there was a period of rapid decline of the farm value and its assets (after decades of mistakes and misjudged policies typical of state-governed agriculture) - or, one can say, the farm, for the first time since almost 50 years, was valuated in real money and this was a painful process. The equipment was largely sold, livestock liquidated, significant depreciation of buildings took place.
In April 2000 a company from Gdańsk purchased the farm. Slow rebuilding of the destroyed property started to take place. Livestock buildings and the palace were renovated. New owners started breeding Charolaise cattle based on material imported from France, and later expanded the stock-farming by the Limousine breed also imported from France. Much work was made to bring the agricultural land in Pacółtowo to as best shape as possible. In 2008 Pacółtowo farm was acquired by the current owner - us. From then on the real progress took place. The organization of agricultural production was completely changed. The entire manufacturing agricultural section was transferred to the former heifers ranch, where two barns for cattle were built and the old buildings were renovated. The palace and the former farm buildings will create recreational and leisure complex. At present, the pearl of Pacółtowo property definitely is the beautifully restored neo-baroque style palace. | <urn:uuid:75080dda-d405-4ad4-810e-7572003eef04> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.gospodarstwopacoltowo.pl/en/about-the-farm-pacoltowo/history-of-the-farm-s377 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584445118.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124014810-20190124040810-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.980453 | 866 | 2.9375 | 3 |
In truth, it might seem like the predators are being eaten by the prey. An exhausted predator might not be in a place. Predators have a tendency to be quicker than their prey. A predator relies on senses and expertise to earn a kill. Frequently a predator eats greater than 1 prey. This kind of predator might then eliminate another prey species.
Parasites can be especially problematic when they could invade a geographical website. It generally means that it suited Once an organism is believed to be adapted. Organisms that are not easy consumed, catch or to find are those that will survive and replicate. Two organisms which live in exactly the exact same area might have an assortment of interactions with one other. The many species located within a single ecosystem can relate to one another in quite a few ways. There are quite a lot of species of clownfish, and they are available in a range of color. Other fish will get stung so the clownfish is safe, or should they go in the sea anemone’s neighborhood.
The phenomenon is called pareidolia. “When you include evolution, the traditional prey-predator dynamics possess a lot of increased variety of feasible outcomes. The conventional dynamics have a lot of increased array of outcomes when you add evolution. The human can’t digest all the food it eats. They evolved to be able to recognize faces. The manner might have a huge effect on both animals psychological and physical wellbeing.
In temperament, three or more factors will promote stability and coexistence. It is very important to remember there are factors at work though. Differences between both systems appear just from the attribute equation. As an example, the change could be pushed via an environmental cue. So you can review at any moment Get Lifetime Access to Course Materials. Employ the knowledge you understand the moment you complete the program. Help you to grasp how all regions of the environment work and our Ecology course provides a thorough explanation of lots of aspects of the eco-balance to comprehend structure.
By imagining the 3 attributes of the chart the evaluation of this information is produced. The post class includes everything connected to the post-procedure. The previous outcome is in the period of evaluation, there’s a good deal of confusion. Its beneficial effect on species which were competitors is a good example of an indirect impact. The quality of predation thus is the predator effect on the victim population. The growth of the hare population ( because of the plant growing season, not merely the lack of lynx) contributes to the rise of the lynx population. The predator death rate is independent of the sum of food available, to put it differently.
With this kind of an abundance of life a wide selection of complicated relationships can be considered within the ecosystem between plants and creatures. Numerous advantages are conferred by mutualistic relationships to the organisms including nourishment and protection. You’ll also learn the knowledge necessary to take care of pets in a responsible, safe-conscious way.
Animal psychology and behavior is a matter, simply enjoy the psychology of humans. Students are going to learn about the interconnectedness of life, the value of biodiversity and the several kinds of relationships all living things share with one another. To begin with, the pupils want to examine important survival questions. Then the entire class should produce answers very similar to the next.
There are, obviously, ecological and structural limitations on how much escalation can happen. The script has to be read by you before you can even consider casting notices. Obviously, the answer is, we’ve got no clue what we’re doing.
There is a lot of charts excel templates from the net. The estimating worksheet was made to guide you to become through the estimation practice. There’s also a worksheet which you’re able to use along with the lesson. After you are trying to lose or maintain your weight templates could be useful. Even with a template, you might not have a deal on where to start. | <urn:uuid:f4b9e904-9a04-4a73-858d-f96c2c8a0728> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.semesprit.com/10665/predator-prey-relationship-worksheet-answers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039601956.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423041014-20210423071014-00583.warc.gz | en | 0.949493 | 813 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Those dusty specimens stored in museums are about to get a rocket boost into cyberspace. A new database will put an enormous data trove at researchers' fingertips, paving the way for studies on everything from bird migrations to saving rare species.
Museum collections contain centuries worth of facts and figures on specimens. But culling these data usually means weeks or months pestering curators and searching scattered records. To speed up the process, David Vieglais of the University of Kansas Natural History Museum in Lawrence developed a software program called The Species Analyst that was just released as a prototype on the Web. The program sends a query to six museums' online collections.* It then pools the data it gets back and, in seconds, produces a world map showing where the plant or animal has been found, along with a table that lists each specimen in the museums' collections and the date, collector, geographic coordinates, and so on. "It's a virtual world museum," says A. Townsend Peterson, an ornithologist at the Kansas Natural History Museum and a project leader.
The data can be merged with habitat and climate information, thanks to new software developed by David Stockwell of the San Diego Supercomputer Center. That could make The Species Analyst network a potent way to bring museum and survey data to bear on pressing policy needs, such as tracking the ecological effects of climate change, designing preserves for endangered species, or managing deleterious invading species like the hardwood-chomping Asian longhorn beetle, Peterson says.
The network linked by The Species Analyst is expected to expand to 40 institutions or more by year's end. "What many of us have been talking about for well over a decade is beginning to be doable: Pulling together collections of data seamlessly and being able to apply the data set to science or policy questions on the fly," says Len Hirsch, who works in environmental policy at the Smithsonian Institution.
* Smithsonian Institution; University of Kansas Natural History Museum; Museo de Zoologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California, Berkeley; University of Michigan Museum of Zoology; University of Nebraska Museum | <urn:uuid:4f1c33cb-0353-4045-a93e-a0308a4cb94f> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://news.sciencemag.org/print/1999/05/taking-mustiness-out-museum-holdings | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999677605/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060757-00070-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900533 | 447 | 3.53125 | 4 |
How your tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) keep you safe and informed on the road
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If you have a newer vehicle, chances are good it has a tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS). These systems continually check your tires and warn if the air in them falls below the correct pressure.
“Properly inflated tires make a vehicle handle better, and you need to be warned if you have rapid deflation,” says Hugh Charvat, president and CEO of Schrader International, which makes TPMS systems. “It gives you the warning even before you feel it through the steering wheel.”
Almost all TPMS systems used today are direct systems, meaning there’s a pressure sensor inside the tire. Most sensors are part of the valve stem, but a few use a sensor strapped to the wheel inside the tire. A small number of automakers use indirect systems, which use the anti-lock brake sensors to check the speed of each wheel and determine if one is turning more slowly, indicating a low tire.
The systems are set to the proper pressure for the car, and warn if a tire drops 25 per cent or more below it.
If your tire warning comes on when it’s really cold, but goes off after you’ve been driving for a while, it could be that one of your tires is very close to the warning threshold.
“Temperature has an impact on pressure, because gas expands and contracts,” Charvat says. “The TPMS (warning) will come on, but when the tires warm up, the light will go off because the pressure inside the tire will increase. It’s telling you to check the tires.”
This could be because you have a leak in one tire, or that you haven’t checked your tire pressure in a while. Tires are permeable, meaning that air molecules will gradually pass through them, and it could be that you’ve finally lost enough to set off the warning.
If you change to winter tires each season, but don’t have pressure sensors in your winter wheels, your TPMS system won’t work. “It’s a smart investment to buy four additional sensors to maintain the integrity of the system and keep it functioning,” Charvat says. “If you have a slow or rapid leak, you’re putting yourself at risk because you’ve intentionally disabled a safety system.”
The sensors contain batteries, and after about 10 years, they’ll probably need replacing. A blinking TPMS warning light could indicate either a dead sensor battery or a malfunctioning sensor, and should be checked as soon as possible.
And even though you have a warning system, you should still check your tire pressure each month. A tire could be low enough that it’s affecting your fuel economy, even though it’s not down to the warning stage.
- Mandatory. Tire pressure monitoring systems are mandatory on all new cars sold in the United States. They’re not required in Canada, but most new cars have them.
- Signs. Depending on the vehicle, you may have a warning light that indicates one of the tires is low, or a display that shows the specific tire pressure.
- Advice. The proper air pressure for your tires is on a sticker inside your driver’s door jamb, the glovebox door, or the fuel filler door. | <urn:uuid:12d34fee-7352-4927-8fb3-39c36457be23> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.metronews.ca/drive/2014/02/04/how-your-tire-pressure-monitoring-system-tpms-keep-you-safe-and-informed-on-the-road.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891377.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122133636-20180122153636-00354.warc.gz | en | 0.934161 | 725 | 2.734375 | 3 |
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The Idaho panhandle was first occupied by humans at least 14,000 or more years ago. The native tribes at the time of white settlement were the Coeur d'Alene and Spokane to the north, and the Palouse and Nez Perce to the south.
In 1805 the Lewis and Clark expedition "discovered" Idaho at Lemhi Pass, and descended the Lolo Trail, returning eastward the following year. The first white settlers made their homes in the Moscow area in 1869, when it was called "Paradise Valley". The name was changed to Moscow (pronounced MOSS-co) in 1875 with the opening of a Post Office. Some say it was named after the city in Russia. More likely it was named after Moscow, PA (founded in the 1830's), the home town of Samuel Neff, who opened the Post Office.
Idaho was the western part of the Louisiana Territory which was purchased by the United States from France in 1803 for $15,000,000. President Abraham Lincoln signed the act which established the Idaho Territory in 1863. Idaho became the 43rd state on July 3rd, 1890.
Originally a logging town, the predominant industry is now farm crops (wheat, barley, dry peas and lentils).
Interesting places to see nearby include:
The McConnell Mansion
This home was built in the late 1800's by Governor William J. McConnell. It is now used by the Latah County Historical Society with displays of period furniture and relics. It is located at 110 S. Adams St., Moscow, ID. Call (208) 882-1004 for information.
This is an interesting destination for a short day ride. It's the peak of a pink granite mountain sticking up through the lava and silt of the Palouse country north of Colfax, WA. Named after a US General who lost a battle with the local Indians, it once had a large hotel at the top, which burned to the ground many years ago. It offers a 200 mile view from the top (in clear weather). The narrow road to the top is very rough pavement, with lots of rocks and surface defects.
The butte was a sacred "power spot" for the local Indians, who called it Eomoshtoss. Young boys often did their spirit quests on its summit.
The Appaloosa Museum
The Appaloosa Museum is dedicated to the horse breed of the same name. How the Appaloosa got its name is locally interesting.
The Spanish introduced horses to Mexico in the 1500s, and horses rapidly spread throughout North America, reaching the Northwest around 1700. Idaho's Nez Perce tribe became excellent horsemen and breeders, and created large herds renowned for their strength, intelligence and beauty.
Meriwether Lewis (of the Lewis & Clark expedition) was impressed with the breeding accomplishments of the Nez Perce, and wrote in his diary entry of February 15, 1806:
"Their horses appear to be of an excellent race; they are lofty, eligantly [sic] formed, active and durable. Some of these horses are pided with large spots of white irregularly scattered and intermixed with black, brown, bey [sic] or some other dark color."
Some of the Nez Perce's horses were spotted, and settlers coming into the area began to refer to these spotted horses as 'A Palouse Horse', as a reference to the Palouse River, which runs through Northern Idaho. Over time, the name evolved into 'Palousey', 'Appalousey' and finally 'Appaloosa'.
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, interest in the breed slowly grew as Appaloosas began appearing in Western roundups and rodeos.
On March 25, 1975 Idaho Governor Cecil Andrus signed a bill naming the Appaloosa as the state horse.
Copyright © 2004, by H. Marc Lewis. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:beb0dd57-5302-43dd-83e7-62a2f2c051b5> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://fjr1300.info/events/area.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578530527.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421100217-20190421122217-00200.warc.gz | en | 0.972882 | 830 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Does co2 emissions link to climate change?4 answersCO2 emissions are linked to climate change. There is a positive impact of CO2 emissions on the increase of global temperature, as supported by statistical analysis. CO2 is one of the greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming potential (GWP) and radiative forcing (RF). Aviation emissions, including CO2, contribute to the anthropogenic radiative forcing of climate, and their impact remains uncertain. Transport-related CO2 emissions are a threat to the natural environment, although transport is not the major source of CO2 emissions globally. Medical imaging, which emits CO2, contributes to climate change, with different techniques having varying levels of emissions. Overall, the literature supports the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change, highlighting the need for emission reductions and the consideration of carbon cost in various sectors.
Is carbon responsible for global warming?4 answersCarbon emissions, particularly in the form of CO2, are responsible for global warming. Human activities, such as the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, have led to increased concentrations of CO2, which has caused a rise in Earth's temperature. The effects of global warming on the natural carbon cycle are a major concern in current studies. The Palaeocene-Eocene thermal maximum, a period of global warming, was caused by the injection of massive amounts of isotopically-light carbon into the ocean-atmosphere. The initial carbon emission during this event may have come from methane hydrates dissociation and/or permafrost thawing, possibly linked with astronomical paced warming. The finding that human carbon emissions cause global warming is supported by time series analysis of global temperature, atmospheric carbon concentrations, and human carbon emissions. Atmospheric CO2 is an important greenhouse gas and its increase is very likely the main cause of global warming.
Amount of carbon emissions5 answersCarbon emissions are a major global issue, with estimates for 2014 indicating about 10 Pg of carbon emitted through fossil fuel combustion and ~1 Pg from deforestation and land use conversion. Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from 1870 to 2014 are estimated at 545 ± 55 Pg C, with about 75% from fossil fuel combustion and 25% from land use change. In the United States, national scale estimates for 2010 indicate CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and cement production of 1,653 ± 30 TgC yr-1, significantly larger than US national emissions reported by global inventories and the US Environmental Protection Agency. Worldwide, anthropogenic CO2 emissions in 2005 were around 26 Gt CO2/year, with electrical power production contributing around 45% of the emissions. In emerging economies, energy-related CO2 emissions reached 7.5 Gt in 2019, primarily sourced from coal and oil and consumed by the power and transportation sectors.
What is the carbon emission in fossil fuel electricity generators?5 answersFossil fuel electricity generators contribute to carbon emissions. The method proposed by Peng Sigan involves injecting carbon dioxide-rich flue gas into a carbon dioxide sequestration layer, achieving zero-carbon emission power generation. Incorporating technologies to reduce CO2 emissions in power generation systems results in a penalty of £17 to £31 per tonne of recovered CO2, leading to an increase in the selling price of electricity by 30% to 70%. Fossil fuel power plants in the EU-28 accounted for 49% of total gross electricity generation and were responsible for over one-quarter of Europe's greenhouse gas emissions. Ozge Islegen and Stefan Reichelstein found that the break-even value for adopting carbon capture and storage (CCS) capabilities in new coal-fired power plants is around $25 to $30 per tonne of CO2, with higher values for natural gas plants. CCS capabilities effectively limit the increase in electricity prices to around 30% at the retail level.
Does Carbon emission form part form climate change?2 answersCarbon emissions are a significant part of climate change. They are recognized as a major cause of global warming and are among the main contributors to the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The increase in carbon dioxide concentration leads to irreversible climate change, including dry-season rainfall reductions and sea level rise. To address this issue, international efforts have been made to regulate and reduce carbon emissions, such as the establishment of the Emission Trading System in the EU. Governments are also promoting the reuse and storage of carbon dioxide to minimize its environmental impact. Overall, carbon emissions play a crucial role in climate change and efforts are being made to mitigate their effects and promote sustainable development.
What Is carbon Emission?3 answersCarbon emission refers to the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere as a result of human activities such as industrial processes, energy production, and transportation. It is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, which are responsible for climate change and its associated environmental impacts. The issue of carbon emissions has gained significant attention in the context of sustainable development, as it is crucial to find ways to reduce and manage these emissions. Various methods and technologies have been proposed to mitigate carbon emissions, including increasing energy efficiency, utilizing renewable energy sources, and implementing specific policies and goals. Understanding the factors that contribute to carbon emissions, such as population and GDP, can help in predicting and addressing these emissions effectively. | <urn:uuid:9e44ccfa-bf49-4fe6-a9a9-aa29d66f26e7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://typeset.io/questions/a-brief-answer-to-carbon-emissions-in-climate-change-su9b9xt7ns | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474544.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224180245-20240224210245-00897.warc.gz | en | 0.934602 | 1,084 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Fluoride in water – most people in the United States are aware what kind of water comes out of the tap. Local governments regulate the amount of fluoride in any water that is used for public consumption. What most people do not know is that consuming water with too much fluoride is linked to many health problems, including bone disease. The scary thing is, the effects of fluoride are not seen immediately. In most cases, it can be several years before individuals notice symptoms, such as mottled teeth.
The Facts About Fluoride
When soil or rock is combined with fluorine, it produces fluoride. Scientists call this process fluoridation. When consumed in moderation, fluoride is beneficial to human health. This is why a small amount of fluoride is added to drinking water. Fluoride is also good for dental health.
The Health Dangers of Consuming Too Much Fluoride
Fluoride may be good in small amounts but in large amounts in can cause dental problems in children under the age of 8 and it can increase the risk of bone fractures in adults. Research indicates that excessive fluoride can cause a painful bone condition in adults.
Toddlers who consume too much fluoride may develop pits in their teeth. These are just two of the negative effects of excessive fluoride. Individuals should consult with qualified dentists and physicians for more information about the dangers of fluoride poisoning.
Does the Water You Are Drinking Contain Too Much Fluoride?
This is a difficult question to answer. Despite laws and regulations meant to protect the public, most people do not know how to tell if their water contains too much fluoride. Water suppliers are required to monitor fluoride levels running through municipal water systems and into businesses and homes. If the amount of fluoride is too high, they must take action to drop it down to acceptable levels. They are also required to tell citizens if the levels are above where they should be. If they discover levels are too high, they have 30 days to tell the public. They are also obligated to provide customers with clean water from another source until fluoride levels are within a safe range.
What Can You Do?
Too much fluoride can discolor tooth enamel, which is more of a cosmetic issue than a health problem. Still, people who fall victim to too much fluoride in the water want to know if there is a solution. A dental professional can whiten teeth but the procedure can be expensive. It is worth contacting the local water company to verify your water is safe to drink. Avoiding the problem in the first place is easier and less expensive than correcting the problems caused by too much fluoride in water.
Why Do You Need to Know This Information?
You should be aware of any environmental factor that can be dangerous to your health. Fluoride can be beneficial for dental health but too much of it can weaken the teeth. This is a case where a little is good but more is not necessarily better. Women who are pregnant, lactating, or thinking about getting pregnant are at risk of suffering health problems with exposure to too much fluoride. Small children are at risk of discoloration of the teeth. It is worth your effort to make sure your drinking water is safe. The more you know about fluoride the safer your family will be.
What if I Have a Private Well?
There are good reasons to have a private well. Homeowners with a private well can save money. At the same time, it makes it more difficult for people to monitor the safety of the water. Homeowners can have samples tested for fluoride and bacteria at a laboratory. Experts recommend testing well water every six months, especially if there are children, a pregnant woman, or elderly people living in the household.
Fluoride in Water: Conclusion
Everyone should be proactive when it comes to health issues. Nothing is more important than your family’s health. This includes being aware of environmental dangers and possible health risks associated with contaminated drinking water. Protecting your health allows you to lead a happy and productive life. Making sure your water has the proper amount of fluoride is important for the health of your bones. It is also important for dental health. You should do everything you can to protect your health and the health of your loved ones.
More information about fluoride in water: anewsreporter.com | <urn:uuid:5326b25a-8892-424f-adeb-33e760354972> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://healthcenter.co/fluoride-in-water-important-information-about-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320003.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623045423-20170623065423-00648.warc.gz | en | 0.961118 | 875 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Charles Sherrod was born in Petersburg, Virginia in 1937 and raised by his grandmother, a devout Baptist. Sherrod grew up singing in the choir, attending Sunday school and even preaching to other children at Mount Olivet Baptist Church. He first became aware of racism at age two, when his mother yanked him out of a front seat and pulled him to the back of a bus. He took his first step toward activism in 1954, just after the Supreme Court decision to desegregate public schools. A friend asked him if he wanted to desegregate the white churches, and so the two "sat-in" at white services in Petersburg, long before the sit-in movement began.
In 1961, while studying at Virginia Union University, Sherrod again joined in a sit-in, this time at department stores in Richmond, Virginia. Later that year, he turned down a college teaching position and instead headed to Shaw University to join student leaders from around the country in the founding of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).
Sherrod was one of the first to practice the jail-no bail policy, which became a common tactic of the movement. When ten students were arrested for a sit-in in Rock Hill, South Carolina in February of 1961, Sherrod and three others went to Rock Hill, held a sit-in, were arrested, refused bail, and served thirty-day sentences in an attempt to dramatize the injustice of the law.
Early on, one of SNCC's areas of focus was southwest Georgia, where Sherrod went in the fall of 1961 at age 22. Two months after arriving in Albany, Georgia, Sherrod and SNCC field workers led a large series of demonstrations that would last for over three difficult years, during which hundreds were arrested. By printing up leaflets, registering voters, and holding seminars on non-violent resistance, they galvanized Albany's black students to rise up and challenge unjust laws of segregation. Throughout this time, Sherrod and SNCC field workers traveled throughout the surrounding counties to educate and register black voters in southwest Georgia's rural areas.
It is often pointed out that Sherrod went to southwest Georgia and never left. After a brief sojourn in New York, where he received his master's degree in sacred theology from Union Theological Seminary in 1967, Sherrod returned to the Southwest Georgia Project for Community Education, where he served as director from 1961 to 1987. He also directed New Communities, Inc., a cooperative farming project, from 1969 to 1985. He served on the Albany City Commission from 1976 to 1990, and in 1996 ran unsuccessfully for Georgia State Senate. Sherrod currently works as a chaplain at the Georgia State Prison in Homerville, Georgia. | <urn:uuid:ea10a1af-3b75-4011-b24f-d31b575e7aa3> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.pbs.org/thisfarbyfaith/witnesses/charles_sherrod.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246639325.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045719-00043-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982862 | 556 | 2.96875 | 3 |
5 Easy Facts About Anti-Radiation Described
Did you recognize that keeping a laptop computer on your lap could do you a lot more injury than excellent? Would certainly you agree to trade the ease of collaborating with a laptop computer while resting cross legged on a sofa or couch, for the damages it can do to your health and wellness? Laptop computers may not be as benign as they seem to be! According to studies and findings when it come to radiation, gizmos like laptop computers, tablet computers as well as cell phones, radiate harmful EMFs or electromagnetic fields.
Negative Impacts of EMFs on the Human Body
Electromagnetic radiation, can harm your health in different methods. From damaging your blood cells, mutilating your DNA, causing lumps, cancers and also inability to conceive, there is a great deal to be worried about, when it pertains to laptop computer radiation. Besides this, a laptop, tablet computer or cell phone radiation is also taken into consideration to be triggers that can harm vision; cause insomnia, migraine as well as tiredness; boost heart rate as well as blood pressure; and also bring about electromagnetic hypersensitivity.
10 Smart Ways to Neutralize Laptop, Tablet Computer and also Cellular Phone Radiation
1. One of one of the most vital factors, why laptop computers changed computers was because of the flexibility and also benefit they provided. They could be carried anywhere as well as could be put on the lap rather than a table, made them very easy to use. When on a table, you are safer due to the fact that the laptop radiation is farther away, maintaining you risk-free. When in your lap, utilize a laptop guard instead of placing directly on your lap to ensure you are safe.
2. Likewise, for mobile phones and tablet computers, lots of people have a practice of bring them in their pockets or on their individual. For those individuals, the risk of EMF radiation exposure is high. It is better to place a distance between the tool and also your body by positioning m them in your bag, bags or bags.
3. When making use of devices like laptops, it is constantly suggested to make use of laptop anti-radiation and cooling pads, desks and guards. Produced with thermal as well as radiation repellent technology, laptop computer guards can glide easily under gadgets and assume the contours of the lap. They effectively secure users from EMFs and the warmth produced by these gadgets.
4. If you want to avoid radiation, usage laptop computers that are not connected into an Air Conditioner socket. Laptop computers that operate on battery power give out less degrees of radiations compared to laptops plugged into a power source.
5. On a regular basis cleaning up that air consumption grills of your laptop. Good air circulation will certainly lower the laptop operating temperature as well as the warm radiation discharges.
6. Utilizing Ethernet wire as opposed to wireless internet link or WiFi, to minimize the launch of unsafe EMFs.
7. If you are not using your phone to make or get telephone calls, you can transform it on ‘ trip mode’. Doing so cuts off all outbound wireless transmissions, getting rid of cellular phone radiation.
8. You can reduce radiation risks from cellular phone, tablet and also laptop, by minimizing the period of your use.
9. SMS or texting instead of calling is likewise excellent way to decrease cell phone radiation.
10. Lastly, switching off the portable digital gadgets when not being used and shutting off the WiFi, makes certain that warm as well as EMF radiation is eliminated.
know more about smartdot here. | <urn:uuid:d21b5002-d594-4878-a784-fc3f6ca104b8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.travel-in-madrid.com/5-easy-facts-about-anti-radiation-described/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.948947 | 746 | 2.8125 | 3 |
How to Doodle Debt
If someone asked you to represent the idea of “debt” within a doodle, what would you draw? How about a credit card attached to a ball and chain. To begin your doodle, draw a rectangle in the middle of your page. This rectangle will represent your credit card.
Let’s now make the rectangle look more like a credit card by adding some details. Use straight and curved lines for this purpose. Also, draw some stars for the numbers. And for dramatic effect, you can also add your signature. 😉
To draw the end of the chain, use a couple of arc shapes. Notice how the arc shapes wrap around the credit card. Part of the arc shape is in front of the credit card, and part of it is behind. This gives the impression that it is attached or passing through the credit card.
Keep drawing your chain using arc shapes. Notice how some arc shapes are open and wide, and other arc shapes are narrow. This gives the impression that the chain has interconnected pieces. Also, don’t forget to draw the ball. Use an oval shape for this purpose.
Finish off your debt doodle by giving it some color. Feel free to experiment with the colors. Credit cards come in various colors. You can, therefore, follow the example or come up with colors of your own. It is a doodle. There are no fixed rules. 🙂 | <urn:uuid:0ee9c2fe-cac7-41a8-9525-6fb6cf7248c5> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://school.iqdoodle.com/how-to-doodle-debt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337803.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006092601-20221006122601-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.932542 | 314 | 3 | 3 |
Bitcoin mining is intentionally designed to be resource-intensive and difficult so that the number of blocks found each day by miners remains steady. Individual blocks must contain a proof of work to be considered valid. This proof of work is verified by other Bitcoin nodes each time they receive a block. Bitcoin uses the hashcash proof-of-work function.
Backtracking a bit, let's talk about "nodes." A node is a powerful computer that runs the bitcoin software and helps to keep bitcoin running by participating in the relay of information. Anyone can run a node, you just download the bitcoin software (free) and leave a certain port open (the drawback is that it consumes energy and storage space – the network at time of writing takes up about 145GB). Nodes spread bitcoin transactions around the network. One node will send information to a few nodes that it knows, who will relay the information to nodes that they know, etc. That way it ends up getting around the whole network pretty quickly.
Mining is a record-keeping service done through the use of computer processing power.[e] Miners keep the blockchain consistent, complete, and unalterable by repeatedly grouping newly broadcast transactions into a block, which is then broadcast to the network and verified by recipient nodes. Each block contains a SHA-256 cryptographic hash of the previous block, thus linking it to the previous block and giving the blockchain its name.:ch. 7
Behind the scenes, the Bitcoin network is sharing a massive public ledger called the "block chain". This ledger contains every transaction ever processed which enables a user's computer to verify the validity of each transaction. The authenticity of each transaction is protected by digital signatures corresponding to the sending addresses therefore allowing all users to have full control over sending bitcoins.
Ledger’s main competitor in the market space is the original Trezor hardware wallet. One of the key advantages of the Ledger over the Trezor is the freedom to create your own unique passphrases. Both the Ledger and the Trezor require 20 passphrases for recovery and reset purposes; however, the Trezor package sends the user a random list. The Ledger gives the user the freedom to create their own. Additionally, if aesthetics matter to you, the Ledger sports an arguably sleeker design than the Trezor.
Home Sweet Repair Shop: One building on the grounds houses a lunchroom, operational center, repair shop, and dormitory. A few dozen employees run the entire facility. Their jobs include scanning the racks for malfunctioning machines, cleaning the cooling fans, fixing broken rigs, and installing upgraded machines. Many of the employees are recent engineering graduates from the local university.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Joshua A. Kroll; Ian C. Davey; Edward W. Felten (11–12 June 2013). "The Economics of Bitcoin Mining, or Bitcoin in the Presence of Adversaries" (PDF). The Twelfth Workshop on the Economics of Information Security (WEIS 2013). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2016. A transaction fee is like a tip or gratuity left for the miner.
In the meantime, the basin’s miners are at full steam ahead. Salcido says he’ll have 42 megawatts running by the end of the year and 150 megawatts by 2020. Carlson says his next step after his current build-out of 60 megawatts will be “in the hundreds” of megawatts. Over the next five years, his company plans to raise $5 billion in capital to build 2,000 megawatts—two gigawatts—of additional mining capacity. But that won’t all be in the basin, he says. Carlson says he and others will soon be scaling up so rapidly that, for farsighted miners, the Mid-Columbia Basin effectively is already maxed out, in part because the counties simply can’t build out power lines and infrastructure fast enough. “So we have to go site hunting across the US & Canada,” Carlson told me in a text. “I’m on my way to Quebec on Monday.” As in oil or gold, prospectors never stop—they just move on.
The unit of account of the bitcoin system is a bitcoin. Ticker symbols used to represent bitcoin are BTC[b] and XBT.[c] Its Unicode character is ₿.:2 Small amounts of bitcoin used as alternative units are millibitcoin (mBTC), and satoshi (sat). Named in homage to bitcoin's creator, a satoshi is the smallest amount within bitcoin representing 0.00000001 bitcoins, one hundred millionth of a bitcoin. A millibitcoin equals 0.001 bitcoins, one thousandth of a bitcoin or 100,000 satoshis.
Bitcoin is a digital currency created in 2009. It follows the ideas set out in a white paper by the mysterious Satoshi Nakamoto, whose true identity has yet to be verified. Bitcoin offers the promise of lower transaction fees than traditional online payment mechanisms and is operated by a decentralized authority, unlike government-issued currencies.
Bitcoin prices were negatively affected by several hacks or thefts from cryptocurrency exchanges, including thefts from Coincheck in January 2018, Coinrail and Bithumb in June, and Bancor in July. For the first six months of 2018, $761 million worth of cryptocurrencies was reported stolen from exchanges. Bitcoin's price was affected even though other cryptocurrencies were stolen at Coinrail and Bancor, as investors worried about the security of cryptocurrency exchanges. | <urn:uuid:11e85cb6-6ddb-4aca-9e57-7dfb854b3174> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://healthybusinesstips.com/bitcoin-private-bitcoin-casino.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743353.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117102757-20181117124757-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.928164 | 1,152 | 2.6875 | 3 |
In 2001, a Time magazine story heralded a "Eurasian Invasion" in the United States, symbolized by multiethnic celebrities such as golfer Tiger Woods and model Li Jiaxin. People of mixed Asian and Western descent, the piece stated, had become "the poster children of globalization" at the turn of the millennium.
Perhaps, although as MIT historian Emma Teng chronicles in a new book, relationships and marriages between Westerners and Asians constitute a far older and richer phenomenon than is usually recognized. The issue of Eurasian identity was already a matter of discussion among public intellectuals in the 19th century, and became more common by the first decades of the 20th century.
Consider the case of Mae Watkins, an American who in the early 1900s met Tiam Hock Franking, a Chinese youth, at Ann Arbor High School in Michigan. As students at the University of Michigan they married, and in so doing, stepped into a legal minefield. While intermarriage between whites and Chinese was allowed in Michigan at the time, a 1907 U.S. law removed American citizenship from women who married foreign nationals. So the couple moved to China in 1914, although technically, China prohibited marriages between Chinese students abroad and foreign women.
The couple's oldest child, a son born in the United States, had American citizenship. But their two daughters, born in China, could not gain American citizenship until the 1940s. And Mae Watkins Franking, for her part, accepted her new national and ethnic identity, which she described in a ghostwritten memoir published in the 1920s.
"She did fully embrace her Chinese identity," says Teng, the T.T. and Wei Fong Chao Associate Professor of Asian Civilizations. "She considered herself to be Chinese."
For the Frankings and many other mixed families, identity is a complicated matter played out in evolving legal, cultural and political arenas. As Teng writes in her book—"Eurasian: Mixed Identities in the United States, China, and Hong Kong, 1842-1943," published this month by the University of California Press—that has been the case for more than 150 years.
'Of good to both sides'
Views on multiracial people differ from country to country. Americans have often tended to label people as non-Caucasian if either parent is from another ethnicity, but in China, children were traditionally assigned the same ethnic identity as their fathers. As Teng recounts in the book, these definitions shaped lives and led to unusual circumstances for many people. The prominent Hong Kong businessman and philanthropist Robert Ho Tung, for one, was born in 1862 to a Dutch father and Chinese mother, then became a dual Chinese and British subject; choosing to affiliate himself with the Chinese, he used a Chinese surname, and strictly upheld Chinese traditions within his family.
By then, the subject of multiethnic mixing was actually the subject of some public debate, as Teng details. Soon after the acceleration of China's interaction with the outside world in the 1840s, a series of Chinese intellectuals—including Kang Youwei, Wu Tingfang, Pan Guangdan and Wu Jingchao—started making the case in favor of mixed Euro-Asian lineages, which would be "productive of good to both sides," in Wu Tingfang's words.
Such views were rarer in the United States and Europe, although Teng did locate a handful of English-language scholars and missionaries who advocated Eurasian mixing at roughly the same time—as well as texts such as Franking's, which are based on firsthand experience.
Indeed, Teng's book synthesizes research from memoirs and a wide variety of archival materials to reconstruct the Eurasian experience in Shanghai, Hong Kong, California, New York and other places.
As Teng acknowledges, her work is not intended to be a comprehensive history; among other things, the archival record contains proportionately more evidence about the well-off and literate than it does about, say, uneducated and more transient workers.
"Most of the working-class people didn't leave written records," Teng acknowledges. That would include the thousands of Chinese workers who came to the United States in the 1860s to complete the first transcontinental railroad, for instance. Yet Teng had the good fortune to meet one source whose great-grandfather, one of the early "railroad Chinese," married an Irish-American woman during his time in San Francisco.
Students and teaching driving research
To a significant extent, Teng says, the genesis of the project came from her experiences with students at MIT, where she has taught since 1995. This is her second book; her first, on Chinese colonial travel writing, was published in 2004.
Scholars have responded positively to "Eurasian." Evelyn Hu-Dehart, a historian at Brown University, calls it a "truly transnational and multicultural intellectual project" that draws on English and Chinese sources "with facility and depth," while Kornel Chang, a historian at Rutgers University at Newark, calls it "beautifully written and thoughtfully crafted."
For her part, Teng says she hopes the book will help people think critically about the assumptions we still make today when discussing ethnicity and identity. As she puts it, "I don't think we've moved away as much as we should from biology" as a way of categorizing people. Even "the very discussion of mixed races" as a common feature of today's world, Teng says, still implies that ethnic populations were simply homogenous 50 or 100 years ago. As her book reminds us, history says otherwise.
Explore further: Prized mushroom collection returns to China | <urn:uuid:cc45eb2c-f79a-4989-924f-be2fdd389f8a> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://phys.org/news/2013-07-history-eurasian-identity.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645330174.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031530-00022-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976681 | 1,172 | 3.1875 | 3 |
*info from “Positive Discipline” book - read the book for more ideas!
Children under the age of 2 are egocentric – center of their own world and it's the “me” and “mine” stages. This is not selfishness – it’s natural human development. Everything in the world belongs to them and no amount of logic changes this perspective at the moment. 15 month olds are working on learning how to share but the process is far from complete. Children this age need guidance and teaching (rather than “discipline”). Provide solutions: finding another toy they can offer a friend, finding something else to do while they wait their turn, or showing ways they can both play with the toy together at the same time.
By age 2-2 ½ they can begin to do it on their own but don’t expect consistency! Possessiveness and ownership are normal steps before the ability to share gradually begins around the ages of 3 or 4. Meanwhile:
- - Begin teaching the process of sharing without expecting your child to understand. Kindly and firmly remove an item that belongs to someone else or that she can’t have, without lecturing or shaming.
- - Model sharing. Give your child bites of a special treat. Offer to let him hold something that is yours. Play trading games with him. “What do you want to share with me while I share this with you?” Pretending with stuffed animals is another way sharing can be modeled and practiced.
- - Also support your child’s need to possess. At times, help older children find another toy to play with. Or say “I know that’s your favorite toy. Which of your toys would you be willing to share for a while?” Acknowledge children’s feelings. Empathy eases the pain and paves the way to later acceptance of sharing by saying “It’s hard to share. You really wanted that. I have faith that you will share when you are ready.”
- - Sharing is a skill that must be taught and practiced (over and over again), so explore with children the possibilities of words to use when learning to share. | <urn:uuid:b4da9131-cb26-4a95-bf24-e0aac40e0041> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://busybliss.blogspot.com/2011/11/will-my-child-ever-learn-to-share.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699684236/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102124-00096-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956909 | 464 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Science is serious business. Governments, companies and charities invest hundreds of billions to fuel research efforts worldwide. The results, they hope, will increase knowledge, drive economic growth, improve lives and create new possibilities for people in the future.
But which science matters most and who’s doing it? Those are the questions underlying a new list of the world’s top researchers compiled by the data and media company Thomson Reuters.
Highest concentrations of highly cited researchers in Canada by affiliation
Roughly 3,200 names appear on the list, which represents the company’s best estimate of who is making the biggest impact in science worldwide.
The effort is driven by a growing interest among universities to assess their faculty and prospective hires and among funding agencies to compare and quantify the impact of the science they support.
Yet hidden within the global list lies a fascinating and unvarnished glimpse at Canada’s role in the scientific enterprise. It highlights where public investments are making the biggest impact and raises questions about how Canada’s modest resources can best be used to foster scientific excellence.
“Much of science occurs at the expense of taxpayers,” says Basil Moftah, president of Thomson Reuters’ intellectual property and science division. “We think it’s important that people know how well that money is being spent and how much result it’s creating for society.”
Experts are quick to point out that numbers aren’t everything, especially when it comes to assessing the quality of an individual scientist or of a country’s overall contribution. But numbers do have meaning, and they can play a role in shaping national science policy.
With this in mind, The Globe and Mail has taken a deep dive into the Thomson Reuters data to see what it says about Canada’s scientific footprint.
Making the grade
To get a handle on what’s happening in the research world, the creators of the list divided science into 21 discrete fields, from agricultural science to space. They then combed through data on millions of published research papers to see which were the mostly highly cited by other researchers. By their definition, a highly cited paper means the top 1 per cent in a given field.
This is a new approach to a familiar idea – that a scientist’s impact can be measured by counting how often his or her published work is referred to in the work of others. In 2001, the previous time Thomson Reuters went through this exercise, the company counted up total citations per researcher over a decade-long period. But experts in bibliometrics – the technical name for this type of analysis – point out that this kind of strategy tends to favour established researchers, including those who may have accumulated many citations with work of medium impact.
Thomson Reuters says the news list is better at capturing the current state of science and identifying the up-and-comers who define the leading edge of research.
A changing world
The United States outspends all other countries in science and it shows. More than half the researchers on the list are affiliated with U.S. institutions, including government labs. On a short list of the world’s very top scientists – those with the highest number of “hot” papers that received the top 0.1 per cent of total citations – 13 out of 17 are based in the U.S. Of those, seven alone are associated with the Broad Institute, a leading-edge genomics centre run jointly by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University.
But it’s also clear the world is changing. In the totals of highly cited researchers by country, Thomson Reuters notes the arrival of China as well as Saudi Arabia among the top 15 science countries.
Today, a significant portion of scientific discovery in the U.S., as in Canada, represents the work of highly talented researchers who have come from abroad. As emerging economies assume a larger share of the world’s highest quality research – and benefit from it – that dynamic seems likely to change: More top scientists may be persuaded to stay or return home. | <urn:uuid:ec994e32-3329-4f28-aa4f-de1059beff26> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/science/examining-canadas-scientific-footprint/article19476174/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861743914.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164223-00211-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939824 | 840 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Every day, it seems, the dollar hits new lows against other currencies. What does this mean for the world economy?
The immediate cause of the sliding dollar is not far to seek. It’s the US deficit with the rest of the world. Last year the USA imported nearly twice as much as it exported. Their current account deficit stands at 6% of national income. If a country is spending more than it’s earning, then it has to pay for the difference.
On the foreign exchanges, if goods go one way money goes the other way. Since a currency’s value under floating exchange rates is determined in the global marketplace, a deficit will cause an outflow of currency, leading to a depreciation of the national money. That will lead to exports getting cheaper and imports dearer. In theory this will correct the imbalance over time. It hasn’t been working for the USA.
Now there is one way the authorities can prop up the dollar. That is by jacking up interest rates so holders of dollar-denominated assets will get a better return. But Ben Bernanke, head of the US Central Bank (the Fed), has been busy cutting interest rates to try to avoid a recession in America.
The authorities are now letting the dollar slide. It is inevitable that, as the world economy slows, battles will break out not just between the classes but between capitalist nation states. Competitive devaluation is one way of trying to secure an advantage over other countries. These were called ‘beggar my neighbour’ policies in the 1930s, and they caused world trade to dry up in the Great Depression. It looks like there’s more to come.
The world economic order in 1945 was dominated by the USA. At Bretton Woods the Americans had laid down the basic ground rules of the post-War economic order. The main world reserve currency was to be the dollar, which was regarded ‘as good as gold’. Other capitalist nations had fixed exchange rates against the mighty dollar. Fixed exchange rates meant that a country had to pay for goods from abroad, including any deficit, at a set ratio. If the country ran out of hard cash, they would have to deflate the economy. By making everyone poorer it was believed that the excess demand for imported goods would subside. This is a bit like the ancient medical tradition of applying leeches to the human body to cure a fever. Since bleeding weakens the body, the fever subsides for a while. But of course the treatment deals with symptoms, not the cause of the problem, which in this case was lack of competiveness. The only alternative to deflation under fixed rates was devaluation.
If the country ran out of hard cash, they would have to devalue. If a national currency was obviously showing signs of weakness by running a deficit, it was surrounded by speculative vultures. These people had a one-way bet, as Britain showed in 1967. The speculators could buy other currencies with pounds and wait for the capital gain if devaluation occurred – 14% in one day in this case. If there was no devaluation, then they hadn’t lost anything. So a wall of speculative money could build up, making devaluation inevitable. Mighty America was quite happy to have this medicine dished out to other nations. There was just one country that didn’t have to follow the rules. That was the one that made them up in the first place – the USA.
The US developed a growing deficit over the post-War period. It suffered the fate of empires, falling into decline compared with its crushing preponderance in 1945, and wasting huge sums on an arms race with the USSR. America was able to abuse its privilege of holding the world’s reserve currency by simply printing off dollars to pay its foreign debts. Eventually the edifice created at Bretton Woods cracked as the international balance of forces changed in the course of the post-War economic boom. The USA, no longer able to keep the dollar pinned to its perch, floated the currency in 1971. The era of fixed exchange rates was over. In effect financial markets continually revalued and devalued national currencies
But, if the USA is now allowing the dollar to slide to gain competitive advantage, they’re playing a dangerous game. As Richard Wachman reports (Observer 30th March 2008),
“If the dollar continues to lose ground, and it has fallen by 52% against a trade-weighted basket of currencies since 1985, other countries may not find it worthwhile to invest in dollar denominated assets (which helps to offset the US current account shortfall).”
Now the only thing stopping the dollar from slumping into complete collapse is that other countries (particularly China) are holding on to these dollar assets. But the biggest deficit the USA has is with China. Think about it; China is in effect lending America the money to buy Chinese exports to the USA. How long can that go on for?
If the worth of the dollar is called into question, what would follow? Wachman quotes Jeffrey Frankel of HarvardUniversity. “The US would lose the ‘exorbitant privilege’ of being able to finance its international deficits easily.” It’s a bit like owning the mint. What’s to stop you printing off a few extra quid to have a party? In effect the USA has been continuing to abuse its position as economic top-dog to have a free lunch at the expense of the rest of the world by pumping out dollars to pay its bills.
Wachman consults with economists to discuss the options. Stephen King of HSBC opines
“It is hard to write off the dollar. Sure, the dollar will bump along the bottom for a while. When you have a banking crisis like this, it could take a lot to fix it. It may be two or three years of a long, hard slog. But why would central banks suddenly dump the dollar? That would cut the value of their own substantive dollar assets. Don’t forget, the Chinese have $1.5 trillion of foreign reserves.”
King is saying the Chinese have lost too much money to walk away from the card table.
“Developing nations have opted for the softer option of setting up sovereign wealth funds whose currency portfolios are less than transparent, although analysts believe they are ‘euro-heavy’. These sovereign wealth funds are the most visible manifestation of a shift of economic power from West to East.”
This change is silent, but it is seismic.
Some thinly populated wealthy countries such as oil-exporting Kuwait have had sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) for decades. More recently Norway has been putting its oil money aside for a rainy day – unlike Thatcher, who squandered Britain’s oil wealth from the North Sea on tax cuts for the rich.
But SWFs have suddenly become explosively important. The rising price of commodities has meant countries like Russia have been able to pile up money and re-emerge on the world market and throw their weight around by means of their SWF. Last year their wealth collectively stood at $3,300bn. By 2010 they are likely to be $5,000bn and $10,000 by 2015. These huge sums are like loose ballast in the hold of the world economy. In a storm they could easily punch a hole in the hull. The established imperialist powers always eye the emergence of potential rivals with mistrust. Will the funds be used to settle political scores?
On the other hand no major player in the world economy can afford to ignore these vast funds. Some of the banks trapped in the sub-prime mortgage fiasco have already approached the funds with outstretched begging hands. Whatever the reality, SWFs are part of the process whereby the balance of wealth and power in the world economy is being transformed.
As economist Charles Kindelberger pointed out long ago, world capitalism needs one economic power to take the lead and set the rules. He identified the crisis of the 1930s as so devastating because no one power was able or prepared to run the world trading system. (The world in depression. 1929-39) Though this is not the sole factor, it is an important part of the explanation for why the Great Depression was so severe. In the nineteenth century Britain was the economic hegemon. The twentieth century after 1945 was ‘the American century.’ In between there was international economic chaos. The torch is being passed on once again. Will the gaping hole in international economic regulation have the same consequences as it did in the 1930s?
- Capitalism beared by Michael Roberts (March 27, 2008)
- US slides into recession - who's next? by Mick Brooks (March 17, 2008)
- Financial meltdown: another day, another finance house bites the dust by Mick Brooks (March 17, 2008)
- 1929: Can it happen again? by Mick Brooks (March 17, 2008) | <urn:uuid:12374de7-e430-4774-9eb1-1b8d4bde4d3c> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.marxist.com/dollar-down-the-pan/print.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525973.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719012046-20190719034046-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.960855 | 1,851 | 2.796875 | 3 |
My mom was always telling me to eat my fruits and veggies to stay healthy. She was right. Read on for 10 suggestions to eat health-promoting vegetables and fruits:
How can you eat veggies and fruits daily?
- Have a fruit at breakfast
You can add your favourite fruit like melons, oranges, or strawberries to your plate beside your eggs, toast, and glass of milk.
- Take a container of cut-up veggies and fruits in your lunch box
Try one container full of cherry tomatoes and cucumber; and another one with pineapple and kiwi.
- Add fruits and veggies in your baking
Make an apple crisp or try this quick and simple pumpkin bake.
- Add two steamed vegetables to your dinner plate
An easy one to start with is broccoli and cauliflower, alongside your fish, couscous, and small container of yogurt.
- Add cut-up veggies to your soups, stews, and casseroles
You can try adding cut-up zucchini and eggplant to a meat casserole – yummy!
- Add fruits and veggies to a frozen homemade treat
- Pack whole fruits and chopped up veggies for snack
When you’re off to the park or heading out for the day, pack whole apples, carrots and celery sticks.
- Add fruits to your cereal
Try different combinations of fruits such as raspberries and blueberries to your bran flakes cereal with milk.
- Make a parfait with yogurt, cereal, and fruit
You can add cut-up peaches to granola and yogurt.
- Make a shake with fruits, veggies, milk, and other favourite ingredients
Banana, strawberries, carrots, milk, and yogurt, and anything else you want to add in.
Have more questions on ways to eat more vegetables and fruits? Speak directly with a health professional on e-chat or call 416-338-7600. | <urn:uuid:f035b120-2b0e-4c58-a4ab-2559129839e5> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://pregnancytoparenting.ca/2018/07/10/10-ways-to-eat-vegetables-and-fruits-daily/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400226381.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200925115553-20200925145553-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.912205 | 401 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Jan. 13, 2010
Haiti has been devastated by a massive 7.0-magnitude earthquake, the largest to strike the Caribbean nation in more than two centuries. Buildings have collapsed. Fires rage in the streets. The extent of the disaster is still unknown, but there are fears thousands of people may have died and tens of thousands homeless. We get the latest on Haiti, a country rocked by natural as well as political crises. We speak with journalist Kim Ives of Haiti Liberté and Haitian American novelist Edwidge Danticat, her family at the epicenter of the quake.
(starts at 9:54 minutes in)
The Caribbean nation of Haiti has been devastated by a massive 7.0-magnitude earthquake, causing what is being described as a catastrophe of major proportions.
The extent of the disaster is still unclear but there are fears thousands of people may have died and tens of thousands lost their homes. In the capital Port-au-Prince–a city of two million people–thousands of buildings were damaged or destroyed, including hospitals, schools and hotels. The United Nations headquarters was also reported to be severely damaged and many of its staff are reported missing.
The earthquake struck about 10 miles south-west of the capital at around 5:00pm on Tuesday. It was the strongest earthquake to hit Haiti in more than two centuries. It was followed by at least 27 aftershocks, the largest two of which were 5.9 and 5.5 in magnitude. The quake prompted a tsunami alert for parts of the Caribbean that was later cancelled.
For hours after the quake the air was filled with a choking dust from the debris of fallen buildings. People were heard screaming for help throughout the city. A Food for the Poor charity worker in Port-au-Prince told Reuters: “There are people running, crying, screaming. People are trying to dig victims out with flashlights. I think hundreds of casualties would be a serious understatement.”
The historic National Palace was also severely damaged. President Rene Preval and his wife are both reported to be alive. A number of nations, including the US, Britain, Venezuela and other Latin American countries are gearing up to send aid.
Haiti is the poorest country in the western hemisphere and has suffered a number of recent disasters, including four hurricanes and storms in 2008 that killed hundreds.
Kim Ives is a journalist with the newspaper Haiti Liberté. He joins us here in the Democracy Now studio.
Edwidge Danticat is a Haitian-American novelist. Her books include “Brother I”m Dying.” It tells the story of her uncle dying in DHS custody. She joins us from Miami.
Kim Ives, journalist with the newspaper Haiti Liberté.
Edwidge Danticat, Haitian American novelist.
The original content of this program is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. Please attribute legal copies of this work to
democracynow.org. Some of the work(s) that this program incorporates, however, may be separately licensed. For further information or additional permissions, contact us. | <urn:uuid:a5b0b5ec-57f1-4c99-a10b-26b1bbc0b1f3> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://dandelionsalad.wordpress.com/2010/01/13/democracy-now-haiti-devastated-by-largest-earthquake-in-200-years-1000s-feared-dead/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499541.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128090359-20230128120359-00867.warc.gz | en | 0.976582 | 665 | 2.578125 | 3 |
In order to estimate the value of a cut diamond we must evaluate 4 main characteristics, the 4C, coming from the initials C of the English words: carat, color, clarity, cut.
The carat indicates the weight of the diamond expressed in carats (1ct = 0.2 gr). The value increases exponentially with the weight ( ex. a 2 ct diamond has a price that is aproximately 4 times the price of a 1 ct diamond of the same quality )
Color is generally indicated by a letter of the alphabet, starting from D (maximum transparency, total absence of color) down. D, E, and F indicate an exceptional white, G, H, and I indicate a white color, and from J down you will begin to perceive shades of color, usually yellow or brown. Observing a color difference between two letters is a difficult exercise even for an expert.
There are also diamonds that have pleasant colors, highly sought after and expensive. In order of increasing value, these colors are brown, yellow, green, orange, pink, blue and red.
Diamond color classification
The Clarity feature indicates inclusions (which are always present). Inclusions should only be checked with a magnifying glass or microscope that magnify 10 times, not more not less.
The highest degree of clarity is generally indicated by F ( completely flawless without internal inclusions and external defects). It is followed by IF (Internally Flawless ,without internal inclusions), VVS1 (very very small grade 1 inclusions), VVS2 (very very small grade 2 inclusions), VS1 (very small grade 1 inclusions), VS 2 (very small grade 2 inclusions), SI1 (small grade 1 inclusions), SI2 (small grade 2 inclusions), I1 (grade 1 inclusions), I2 (grade 2 inclusions, which compromise transparency), I3 (grade 3 inclusions, which compromise transparency and stone integrity). Usually, with a 10x magnifying glass you will see the inclusions starting from SI1. Even for an expert it is extremely difficult to detect the differences between the first 3 degrees of purity.
Diamond clarity classification
The cut is an important factor, and the effects are obvious even to non-experts. Excellent is the best indicator, followed by Very Good, Good, Fair and Poor. You should always choose a diamond with an Excellent or Very Good grade; a lower quality visibly affects all the aspects of its appearance.
Most diamonds have the so-called modern brilliant cut. This is a 57-faceted round cut, developed in the 1920s by engineer Marcel Tolkowsky and requires about 3-4 days of work for a 1 carat diamond.
Types of cuts | <urn:uuid:6db4fccd-303f-484b-9cfb-75c1b21c038d> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.carbondynamics.eu/en/laboratory-diamonds/how-to-choose-a-diamond/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711221.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207221727-20221208011727-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.916748 | 577 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Mental health includes your emotional, psychological, and social wellbeing—basically everything about how you think, feel, and act—which means that mental health is an important part of your overall wellness.
Here are just a few of the services we offer:
It may surprise you to learn that mental health problems are quite common:
- One in five American adults experience a mental health issue in their lifetime.
- One in twenty-five Americans live with a major mental illness such as schizophrenia.
- One in ten young people suffer from major depression, which can lead to suicide.
In Idaho, suicide is the
Marimn Health’s trained therapists can help you identify issues and stressors in your life, work, or relationships, and can work with you to develop plans that support your healthy return to wellness.
In addition to individual counseling, Marimn Health also offers family counseling and couples counseling.
Feel like you may want some counseling or that someone you know may need help? Your local mental health and wellness center, Marimn Health, offers the help you, your friends, and your family need so our community can stay healthy together.
Many mental health issues begin with feelings of seclusion or distance from others, and as issues progress, the feeling of being alone can become overwhelming. You are not alone.
Getting involved in community activities can help with a range of mental illnesses, such as seasonal affective disorder (SAD), major depression, mood disorders, and substance abuse, which commonly accompanies mental illness.
If you’re suffering from a mental health worry, Marimn Health offers community activities and services, including volunteering opportunities that can help you get engaged and stay healthy.
Mental health complications can arise from biological factors such as genetics or brain chemistry, life experiences such as trauma or abuse, or a family history of mental illness. Many of these causes require more than counseling and community activity; they may require prescription medication.
Fortunately, your local mental health and wellness center, Marimn Health, has caring psychiatrists on staff who can help you determine the appropriate therapeutic prescription treatments, as well as a pharmacy and prescription advocates who will work with you to get you the medication you need for long-term success. We may even be able to drive you back and forth to your medical appointments.
All you have to do is contact us and let us know you need help.
Don’t Forget Your Physical Health!
At Marimn Health, our focus is on whole-body health, including your mental and your physical wellness.
The mental health and wellness center at Marimn Health also gives you access to an award-winning gym and pool, comprehensive medical care, and community events and activities that focus on keeping you healthy, supported, and safe. We’re here when you need us.
Contact Marimn Health to learn more. | <urn:uuid:8656d1be-ca22-44eb-b202-5f7496d70132> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.marimnhealth.org/wellness-center-cares-mental-physical-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578517558.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418101243-20190418123243-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.958046 | 592 | 2.5625 | 3 |
05 Mar Are LEDs affecting your sleep or making you blind?
With energy efficiency a top priority these days, many of us are turning to the newer generation of LED lighting which is expected to account for 75% of all lighting by 2020 (Goldman Sachs International, 2016; WikiPedia, 2018). LEDs are present in our cell phones, home lighting, smart TVs, fridge lighting and digital devices. Many of us take for granted the artificial light we use in our daily lives, and are unaware that using a digital device in the evening is effectively telling your body that it’s midday, which suppresses melatonin (sleep hormone) and confuses your circadian rhythm. The net effect of this is reduced sleep quality, tiredness and a downstream cascading flow of negative biological outcomes. In contrast, the full spectrum lighting that occurs when watching the sunrise or sunset has a distinct red/orange tinge of colour, which regulates our circadian rhythm.
|Type of Light Bulb||Photo||Description|
|Incandescent lamps||Next to sunlight, these lamps are the healthiest form of lighting that have been used for over 100 years. Unfortunately the Australian government has been phasing them out since 2009 (Energy Rating, 2018).|
|Halogen lamps||Whilst these bulbs are more efficient at generating the same amount of light with less power used, they emit AC electric fields, AC magnetic fields and UV radiation. They are generally used for highlighting, rather than general purpose illumination.|
|CFL (compact fluorescent light)||CFL bulbs are more energy efficient and produce less heat, however they are hazardous if broken, due to the mercury content of the bulb. They are the worst choice if you are electrically sensitive, because they emit high AC electric and magnetic fields, UV radiation and radiofrequencies. Give it a miss.|
|LED & Smart LED||Cool white LEDs should be avoided. Warm option LEDs are best used for task lighting where the area lit is within 1 metre from the LED.|
The problem with cool white LED lighting (4000K) is the large amount of blue light emitted and very little red light as opposed to the warm colour range LEDs (3000K). The way energy efficiency is achieved in cool white LED lighting is in the way it strips out the heat (infrared). Blue light has various side effects from suppressing the sleep hormone (melatonin) which further prevents the onset of sleep and circadian rhythm, and it impacts the regeneration of cells in your eyes which may lead to age-related macular degeneration.
Graph: LED emits blue light as opposed to other forms of lighting (Tosini, Ferguson and Tsubota, 2016)
To take a precautionary approach to such blue light hazards, there are a number of actionable steps that can be taken to minimize any health impact.
- Expose yourself to sunlight during the day (especially the morning). Obviously avoid this when the UV index is high (check the Bureau of Meterology website HERE).
- Avoid using your smartphone, watching TV or using a digital device at least an hour or more before bed. Enjoy the sunrise instead.
- Replace your CFL and cool white LED lights with incandescent light such as the OLED battery operated candle light from IKEA.
- Use blue-light blocking glasses at night if you need to use a digital device. They are amber/orange spectacles that eliminate all blue colours in your vision.
- Ideally the home would contain a variable lighting system that takes into consideration the different times of the day.
* morning – 4000K* lunch – 5700 – 6000K* night – 2000-3000K* bedtime – 1000-2000K
Energy Rating (2018) Step 1: Choose which type of bulb | Energy Rating. Available at: http://www.energyrating.gov.au/lighting/types-of-light-bulbs (Accessed: 27 November 2018).
Goldman Sachs International (2016) Technology in the Driver’s Seat THE LOW CARBON ECONOMY EXCERPTED FROM THE ORIGINAL: See inside cover for details. Available at: www.gs.com/research/hedge.html. (Accessed: 19 October 2018).
Tosini, G., Ferguson, I. and Tsubota, K. (2016) ‘Effects of blue light on the circadian system and eye physiology.’, Molecular vision. Emory University, 22, pp. 61–72. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26900325 (Accessed: 27 November 2018).
Wikimedia Commons (2014) File:Leds sodium spectrum fr.jpg. doi: 10.1890/14-0468.1.
WikiPedia (2018) Light-Emitting-Diode. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode (Accessed: 27 November 2018).NOTE: All graphical images are licensed under the Creative Commons 3.0 Licence. | <urn:uuid:a4220dee-7392-404c-9bca-4c99bce00cb5> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.buildingbiology.com.au/uncategorised/are-leds-affecting-your-sleep-or-making-you-blind.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038084765.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415095505-20210415125505-00244.warc.gz | en | 0.876456 | 1,047 | 3.203125 | 3 |
What is BRAIN BOX ?
It is an institute of creative & educational activities such as ABACUS, CHESS, ART & CRAFT, Handwriting Improvement & Calligraphy, Public Speaking, DANCE (Bollywood & Bharatnatyam), MUSIC (Guitar & keyboard).
All the programs offered at Brain Box institute are creative & fun loving in a friendly environment.
- With ABACUS Training, children become Smart, Brainy, Talented & Masterminded. They start thinking “OUT OF THE BOX”
- CHESS Training develops their decision making skill & IQ level.
- We let them capture their thoughts & imagination on paper with our ART & CRAFT classes.
- They can make their writing beautiful & legible with our HANDWRITING IMPROVEMENT course.
- CALLIGRAPHY teaches them not only to impress but to express the words.
- Through our PUBLIC SPEAKING Classes, we empower them with freedom of speech, which enables them to THINK ON THEIR FEET.
- Get grooving like never before with our DANCE classes.
- MUSIC allows them the freedom of expression.
What is abacus?
It is a complete brain development programme, which eliminates mental blocks, especially numerical phobia. Abacus education creates an ability to make mental arithmetic faster & easier. They can do calculations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and decimal sums in their mind without using any physical device.
Playing guitar is good for your mental ability and agility too. While playing the guitar, you have to assign a lot of things to your memory. When children learn playing guitar, they have to memorize chords and charts, aspects of songs and even music theory. This helps in multi-tasking as you have to use both your right brain as well as the left brain in order to ensure that you are able to do a good task.
Reading a piece of music takes a great deal of focus, causing a child to interpret a note and a rhythm, translate it into hand movements on the keyboard and then immediately go on to the next one. Reading and playing music allows them to think both critically and creatively, which increases eye-hand co-ordination.
Kids learn to keep trying until they finish any task. And if something goes wrong… they simply persist by trying new ways and means. All arts and crafts help kids develop a sense of satisfaction on task completion.
- Follow a recipe or plan to completion
- Systematically and logically do things
- Formulate new ideas and thoughts.
Pattern recognition is a fundamental quality momentous in chess. You need to recall previous moves and compare it with the current scenario (position) before placing a move since; it is very difficult to recall each and every move as there are thousands of moves and it’s almost impossible to recall them at one time therefore your mind search for pattern and similarity in each scenario (position), thus improving pattern recognition.
IMPROVES HANDWRITING SKILLS
While good handwriting skills can make a positive impression on teachers and potential employers, did you know that learning Method of handwriting creates powerful links to enhance learning of spelling, vocabulary and composition skills?
Writing is not just a way of presenting thoughts and ideas: your own handwriting can also become an important design tool. Just how, though, do you conjure up expressive, creative results simply by putting pen to paper? If you find yourself asking that very question, you’ve come to the right place!
Our Aim is serving Knowledge and Fun with lots of energy to start a new world. Quality and Personal Attention is our priority.- Varsha B. Mulchandani
Founder & Director | <urn:uuid:c058844c-809b-413b-8f3f-addb475dedec> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://brainboxuae.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891546.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122232843-20180123012843-00681.warc.gz | en | 0.925671 | 766 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Southern 7 to begin testing for West Nile
West Nile virus, WNV, is the leading cause of mosquito-borne disease in the continental United States.
There are no vaccines to prevent, or specific medications to treat, WNV in people, but there are steps that can be taken to prevent contracting the disease.
Beginning the week of May 22, Southern 7 Health Department plans to begin its annual trapping of mosquitoes throughout the lower seven counties in Illinois to test for West Nile virus. Trapping is scheduled to continue in the region through fall.
West Nile virus is transmitted through the bite of a Culex pipiens mosquito, commonly called a house mosquito, that has picked up the virus by feeding on an infected bird.
Monitoring for WNV in Illinois includes laboratory tests for mosquito batches, dead crows, blue jays, robins and other perching birds, as well as testing sick horses and humans with West Nile virus-like symptoms.
People who see a sick or dying crow, blue jay, robin or other perching bird are advised to contact their local health department, which will determine if the bird will be picked up for testing.
The virus is not spread through coughing, sneezing, or touching. It is not spread by touching live or dead animals; however, avoid bare-handed contact when touching any dead animal, the health department cautioned.
If you are disposing of a dead bird, use gloves or double plastic bags to place the carcass in a garbage can.
The virus also cannot be spread through eating infected birds or animals. Always follow instructions for fully cooking meat from either birds or mammals, the health department said.
Common symptoms of West Nile virus include fever, nausea, headache and muscle aches. Symptoms may last from a few days to a few weeks.
However, four out of five people infected with WNV will not show any symptoms.
In rare cases, severe illness including meningitis, encephalitis or even death, can occur.
People over the age of 60 and individuals with weakened immune systems are at higher risk for severe illness from the virus.
If you have symptoms of West Nile virus, contact your physician immediately, the health department stated.
The health department said that people can lessen the risk of contracting West Nile virus by following the three “R’s” – Reduce, Repel and Report.
Reduce: make sure doors and windows have tight-fitting screens. Repair or replace screens that have tears or other openings. Try to keep doors and windows shut.
Eliminate, or refresh each week, all sources of standing water where mosquitoes can breed, including water in bird baths, ponds, flowerpots, wading pools, old tires and any other containers.
Repel: when outdoors, wear shoes and socks, long pants and a light-colored, long-sleeved shirt, and apply insect repellent that contains DEET, picaridin, oil of lemon eucalyptus, or IR 3535 according to label instructions. Consult a physician before using repellents on infants.
Do not use products containing oil of lemon eucalyptus, OLE, or para-menthane-diol, PMD, on children under 3 years old.
Do not apply insect repellent to a child’s hands, eyes, mouth, cuts, or irritated skin. Spray insect repellent onto your hands and then apply to a child’s face.
Report: report locations where you see water sitting stagnant for more than a week such as roadside ditches, flooded yards, and similar locations that may produce mosquitoes. The local health department or city government may be able to add larvicide to the water, which will kill any mosquito eggs.
More information is available by contacting Southern 7 Health Department environmental health services director Miranda Adams at 618-634-2297, extension 9114, or by visiting www.southern7.org. | <urn:uuid:c4d1676e-6629-4b75-bb82-42dfbce4b129> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://annanews.com/news/southern-7-begin-testing-west-nile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474445.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223185223-20240223215223-00341.warc.gz | en | 0.93754 | 823 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Linear equations system will restore impaired hand motion
Researchers from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology have developed a model for predicting hand movement trajectories based on cortical activity: Signals are measured directly from a human brain. The predictions rely on linear models. This offloads the processor, since it requires less memory and fewer computations in comparison with neural networks. As a result, the processor can be combined with a sensor and implanted in the cranium. By simplifying the model without degrading the predictions, it becomes possible to respond to the changing brain signals. This technology could drive exoskeletons that would allow patients with impaired mobility to regain movement. The paper was published in Expert Systems with Applications, the leading journal in the field of artificial intelligence.
Damage to the spinal cord prevents motor signals generated by the brain from reaching the muscles. As a result, patients can no longer move freely. To restore motion, brain cortex signals are measured, decoded, and transmitted to an exoskeleton. Decoding means interpreting the signals as a prediction of the desired limb motion. To pick up high-quality signals, the sensor needs to be implanted directly in the braincase.
Surgical implantation of a sensor with electrodes onto the motor cortex, the area of the brain responsible for voluntary movements, has already been performed. Such a sensor is powered by a compact battery recharged wirelessly. The device comes with a processing unit that handles the incoming signals, and a radio transmitter relaying the data to an external receiver. The processor heats up during operation, which becomes problematic, since it is in contact with the brain. This puts a constraint on consumed power, which is crucial for decoding the signal.
Adequately measuring brain signals is only one part of the challenge. To use this data to control artificial limbs, movement trajectories need to be reconstructed from the electrocorticogram—a record of the electrical activity of the brain. This is the point of signal decoding. The research team led by Professor Vadim Strijov from MIPT works on models for predicting hand trajectories based on electrocorticograms. Such predictions are necessary to enable exoskeletons that patients with impaired motor function would control by imagining natural motions of their limbs.
"We turned to linear algebra for predicting limb motion trajectories. The advantage of the linear models over neural networks is that the optimization of model parameters requires much fewer operations. This means they are well-suited for a slow processor and a limited memory," explains Strijov, the senior author of the paper.
"We solved the problem of building a model that would be simple, robust, and precise," adds Strijov, who is a chief researcher at MIPT's Machine Intelligence Laboratory. "By simple, I mean there are relatively few parameters. Robustness refers to the ability to retain reasonable prediction quality under minor changes of parameters. Precision means that the predictions adequately approximate natural physical limb motions. To achieve this, we predict motion trajectories as a linear combination of the electrocorticogram feature descriptions."
Each electrode outputs its own signal represented by a frequency and an amplitude. The frequencies are subdivided into bands. The feature description is a history of corticogram signal values for each electrode and each frequency band. This signal history is a time series, a vector in linear space. Each feature is therefore a vector. The prediction of hand motion trajectory is calculated as a linear combination of feature vectors, their weighted sum. To find the optimal weights for the linear model—that is, those resulting in an adequate prediction—a system of linear equations has to be solved.
However, the solution to the system mentioned above is unstable. This is a consequence of the sensors being located close to each other so that neighboring sensors output similar signals. As a result, the slightest change in the signals that are picked up causes a considerable change in the trajectory prediction. Therefore, the problem of feature space dimensionality reduction needs to be solved.
The authors of the paper introduce a feature selection method based on two criteria. First, the pairs of features have to be distinct, and second, their combinations have to approximate the target vector reasonably well. This approach allows the optimal feature set to be obtained even without calculating the model parameters. Taking into account the mutual positions of the sensors, the researchers came up with a simple, robust, and rather precise model, which is comparable to its analogs in terms of prediction quality.
In their future work, the team plans to address the problem of limb trajectory description in the case of a variable brain structure.
Strijov explains: "By moving around and getting a response from the environment, humans learn. The structure of the brain changes. New connections form, rendering the model obsolete. We need to propose a model that would adapt to the changes in the brain by changing its own structure. This task is far from simple, but we are working on it." | <urn:uuid:0caad3c3-61f0-45b3-a3ef-48f97d45026a> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://phys.org/news/2018-09-linear-equations-impaired-motion.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038067870.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412144351-20210412174351-00448.warc.gz | en | 0.936692 | 1,008 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Being pregnant would require you to be extra careful with your health. Expectant mothers should not only be concerned of their own well-being but the baby’s as well. That is why a proper diet for pregnancy is highly essential to ensure that your baby is at its optimum health while still in its development stages in the womb.
The health of an unborn child is in the hands of the mother during pregnancy and there are a lot of healthy foods and essential vitamins that expectant mothers can choose from to incorporate in their daily meals. If you are unsure on the proper diet for pregnancy, you can talk to your doctor or dietician for a list of the do’s and don’ts when it comes to your food intake.
Starting on a diet for pregnancy might be a little more complicated than you think. There have been so many geometric changes in the American food guide from square to pyramid to even triangle. And who knows when they will change it and at what shape. However, regardless of whatever shape it is, what matters most is the basic food groups needed to nourish your body and the life you are carrying.
Before you start on a diet for pregnancy, you must know the ideal amount of food that you need to consume everyday. Just because you are pregnant doesn’t mean that you can eat whatever you want without worrying your weight. Many pregnant women think that since they are getting fat anyway, they might as well take full advantage of it by eating everything they wish. This should not be the case because you and your baby will be at risk of health diseases and obesity.
So how much should you eat as a pregnant woman?
There is a misconception by many pregnant women on eating twice the amount of calories everyday to feed her baby and herself. The ideal amount of calories recommended for pregnant women is only 300 per day. But then again, it’s a matter of metabolism and exercise patterns that affects the amount of calories that you need daily.
When you are ready to start on a diet for pregnancy follow these recommended dietary tips:
- Eating vegetables are always a must especially when you are on a diet for pregnancy. Whether you are pregnant or not, man or woman, vegetable consumption is essential to keep your body in healthy condition. Many people are unaware that vegetables are important. Well, they are. And your parents have always been right every time they forced you to eat your greens when you were still young. The trick to choosing the right vegetables is by their color. Green and yellow vegetables are always ideal. It is also believed that the deeper the color of a vegetable, the more is its nutrient content. Some of the recommended vegetables that are best for pregnant women are carrots, broccoli, cabbage and spinach.
- Protein is also very important in preparing a diet for pregnancy. Proteins are considered as the building blocks of your body and it is important for the normal development of your baby. Proteins can be taken in the form of meats and poultry.
- Take large amounts of water. Water is highly important during pregnancy and it should be included in your diet for pregnancy. When your body lacks water, you will get dehydrated and this will decrease your energy and most likely your baby’s as well. It can also cause pregnancy complications. One important fact suggests that 80 percent of preterm labor is associated with dehydration.
- Be sensitive to the needs and cravings of your body. If you crave salt, sugars or fatty foods, then have some but at a reasonable amount. Ensure that you have a healthy diet for pregnancy to help minimize these cravings. If you achieve the proper diet for pregnancy, there will be no need for you to crave so much for these types of foods because you will get them from fruits, vegetables and meats.
These are only some of the proper diet for pregnancy. A healthy diet when you are pregnant should be your top most priority to ensure that you will give birth to a healthy baby. | <urn:uuid:76ff7cb6-3b86-43f9-a6d5-933edf87f004> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://increasechancesofpregnancy.com/the-proper-diet-for-pregnancy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815812.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224132508-20180224152508-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.973745 | 808 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Robonaut Hand Subsystem
Many ground breaking dexterous robot hands have been developed over the past two decades. These devices make it possible for a robot manipulator to grasp and manipulate objects that are not designed to be robotically compatible. While several grippers have been designed for space use and some even tested in space, no dexterous robotic hand has been flown in EVA conditions. The Robonaut Hand is one of the first under development for space EVA use and the closest in size and capability to a suited astronauts hand.
Robonaut Hand will be able to fit into all the required places. Joint travel for the wrist pitch and yaw is designed to meet or exceed the human hand in a pressurized glove. The hand and wrist parts are sized to reproduce the necessary strength to meet maximum EVA crew requirements.
EVA space compatibility separates the Robonaut Hand from many others. All component materials meet outgassing restrictions to prevent contamination that could interfere with other space systems. Parts made of different materials are toleranced to perform acceptably under the extreme temperature variations experienced in EVA conditions. Brushless motors are used to ensure long life in a vacuum. All parts are designed to use proven space lubricants.
The Robonaut Hand has a total of fourteen degrees of freedom. It consists of a forearm which houses the motors and drive electronics, a two degree of freedom wrist, and a five finger, twelve degree of freedom hand. The forearm, which measures four inches in diameter at its base and is approximately eight inches long, houses all fourteen motors, 12 separate circuit boards, and all of the wiring for the hand.
The hand itself is broken down into two sections : a dexterous work set which is used for manipulation, and a grasping set which allows the hand to maintain a stable grasp while manipulating or actuating a given object. This is an essential feature for tool use. The dexterous set consists of two three degree of freedom fingers (pointer and index) and a three degree of freedom opposable thumb. The grasping set consists of two, one degree of freedom fingers (ring and pinkie) and a palm degree of freedom. All of the fingers are shock mounted into the palm. | <urn:uuid:34a37771-0794-4690-ae9f-3eee72531581> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://er.jsc.nasa.gov/seh/Robotics/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021900438/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121820-00080-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930127 | 448 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Youth Education Magazines area valuable mode of information exchange and innovative platform to communicate with targeted community. It covers broad spectrum of topics and are great source of gaining knowledge along with fun. There are variety of magazines available these days right from High School Magazine to University Youth Magazine, they efforts to crystallize student’s identity and develop their capacity to relate well to others; gain confidence, become a leader and generate skills to prepare for a career, economic independence and adult responsibilities; and most importantly, fashion their values, belief and attitude towards life in future. In short, youth magazines are a mirror of the high school.
Youth Magazine emphasizing on providing the in-depth knowledge and information about important subjects becomes one of the most integral aspect of student’s life. With the advancement of technology that is spreading its roots in all sectors, today it becomes easy for students to read their favorite magazine anytime and anywhere. Those days are no longer when you have to go to school library to read the out-book information. There are many e-magazines available which can be read free anytime.
Community links, student voice, straight talk, shout it out, morale booster, upcoming events or an innovative competitions for students, educational achievements, advertisement, and inspirational thoughts are some of the best content included in high school and university youth magazine. All of the latest information and good news momentum coming outside the school are mentioned in the magazine to enhance the knowledge of students and encourage them to nurture their vision. It proves useful in many ways by encouraging pupils to develop their thinking and creative writing skills. It is due to school magazine students are motivated to think more and write their ingenious thoughts in good form.
The young mind of high-school students is filled with many innovative thoughts that if gains the light can bring some great inspiring changes in the world. School magazine contains poems, articles, theatrical plays, stories, and quotes written by students and teachers are often praised by school and school principals, university and university deans. Apart from the educational and literary articles, High School Magazine also contains the information about various competitions organized by schools, colleges and university for high-school students and youth to foster their business, scientific, and unique talent. Great achievements of pupils also recorded in it to set an inspiring example for other students.
When student finds their name published in the popular youth magazine with their useful content, they feel real joy and pride. The student gets motivated to boost up the power of thinking and reinforce the strength of imagination. Many of these students become good writers through practicing writing technique for the magazine. If you want to write any article or other content and want it to read by other fellows then turn your dream into reality today. There are many free magazines that allow you to share their futuristic ideas.
In a nutshell, we can say that school magazine is the most useful resource for students that advance their knowledge and talent.
TYV – The Young Vision University Magazine has lots more information to read about the university and education. Students interested in getting the latest knowledge about various kinds of courses and their scope, fees, scholarship, entrance, and etc about different universities and colleges find this magazine the most useful and valuable resource.This author has published 1 articles so far. | <urn:uuid:ad711030-2666-4d94-8a18-cbcc570c57b9> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://browsearticle.com/nurturing-youths-visionempowering-young-mind/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917127681.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031207-00491-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960639 | 656 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Q: An old history professor of mine once said American Indians were erroneously offended by the term “Indian giver.” He said the term applied not to Indians, but to the white government that granted Indians territory only to break its word and take the land back. My professor is now dead and I have no idea where he learned this. Do you know?
A: None of the sources I’ve checked support your old professor’s definition of “Indian giver”; unfortunately, all I find is the offensive meaning that Native Americans have every right to resent.
The Oxford English Dictionary traces the related phrase “Indian gift” to Massachusetts in 1765, when it was defined as “signifying a present for which an equivalent return is expected.”
The OED‘s earliest citation for “Indian giver” is John Russell Bartlett’s Dictionary of Americanisms (1860): “Indian giver. When an Indian gives any thing, he expects to receive an equivalent, or to have his gift returned.”
But a posting on the Linguist List, a forum for linguists, offers this 1848 entry from a previous edition of Bartlett’s dictionary: “INDIAN GIVER. When an Indian gives anything, he expects an equivalent in return, or that the same thing may be given back to him. This term is applied by children in New York and the vicinity to a child who, after having given away a thing, wishes to have it back again.”
An article in the New-York Mirror in June 1838 also defined “Indian giver” as meaning “One who gives a present and demands it back again.”
Too bad. I like your professor’s definition better.
Buy Pat’s books at a local store or Amazon.com. | <urn:uuid:1d54515c-c205-402b-aaa1-1f4998c56e00> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.grammarphobia.com/blog/2007/05/whos-the-indian-giver.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769374.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00029-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950635 | 394 | 3.25 | 3 |
Book One, The Development of Rome's Constitution, Preface, The Best Form of Government, Religion, The Transition From Servitude to Freedom
• Machiavelli examines how Cities begin and particularly how Rome began.
• Machiavelli defines types of Republics and where Rome fit among the types.
• Events that led to the creation of the Tribune of Plebes and how it made Rome better are detailed by Machiavelli.
• Rivalries between Plebes and the Senate benefited the Republic according to Machiavelli.
• Machiavelli compares the ability of either the common citizen to that of the nobles for guarding liberty and investigates which of the two have the greater motivation to rebel based upon the desire to acquire or maintain.
• The potential to develop a government in Rome that could eliminate hostility between the Senate and the general public is examined by Machiavelli.
• Machiavelli credits court systems for sustaining liberty.
• Lies against individuals as being destructive...
This section contains 2,222 words
(approx. 8 pages at 300 words per page) | <urn:uuid:1893880b-382a-4054-ac7f-76b3f65d4508> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/the-discourses/abstracts.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462577.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00331-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923072 | 227 | 3.65625 | 4 |
ENGLISH STUDIES – READING AND WRITING
TOPIC: Letters asking special favour (requests)
By the end of the lesson, the pupils should have attained the following objectives (cognitive, affective and psychomotor) and should be able to:
1. Handle the appropriate language for with letters of requests.
2. Write such letters correctly supporting the information that will help the addressee to make up his mind.
The teacher will teach the lesson with the aid of:
1. Course book
2. Other sources of materials suitable for the exercise.
METHOD OF TEACHING – Choose a suitable and appropriate methods for the lessons.
Note – Irrespective of choosing methods of teaching, always introduce an activities that will arouse pupil’s interest or lead them to the lessons.
Scheme of Work
9 – Years Basic Education Curriculum
All Relevant Material
CONTENT OF THE LESSON
LETTERS ASKING FOR SPECIAL FAVORS (REQUESTS)
IN making requests one has –
1. to be polite,
2. to state purpose,
3. to give background leading to the necessity for the request,
4. bto use the right language,
5. to decide whether the letters should be be formal or semi – formal.
Ref – MacMillan Brilliant Primary English 5
To deliver the lesson, the teacher adopts the following steps:
1. To introduce the lesson, the teacher revises the previous lesson. Based on this, he/she asks the pupils some questions;
2. Discusses with the pupils the requests that are possible to be made and to whom;
Pupil’s Activities – Discuss the request they would like to make, to whom and for what purpose. Pair up and write request to each other pretending to be mother and daughter, father and son, etc.
3. Guides the pupils to decide the appropriate language, the content and the tone of the letters of request;
Pupil’s Activities – Write formal and informal requests under teacher’s supervision paying attention to language and tone.
- To conclude the lesson for the week, the teacher revises the entire lesson and links it to the following week’s lesson.
1. Write letters asking for special favors.
2. Use correct sentences that would help the addressee to make up his mind. | <urn:uuid:db8a0c84-51d7-4a8f-956a-f34617e83993> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://classbasic.com/letters-asking-special-favour-requests/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335504.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930181143-20220930211143-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.88462 | 571 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Some children are born with an anxious temperament and seem to be anxious of many situations. Most young children experience fears of the dark, monsters, separation from parents, animals, and strangers. Other sources of anxiety for children arise from normal life and family transitions. Children go through many changes and transitions as they and their families grow and mature. In addition, difficult or even traumatic events that are out of the ordinary can happen to a child with the likelihood that anxiety will increase for that child.
How to Identify Children Who May Be Struggling With Anxiety
Children struggling with excessive anxiety may show the following:
- Pessimism and negative thinking patterns such as imagining the worst, over-exaggerating the negatives, rigidity and inflexibility, self-criticism, guilty thoughts, etc.
- Anger, aggression, restlessness, irritability, tantrums, opposition and defiance
- Constant worry about things that might happen or have happened
- Excessive clinginess and separation anxiety
- Poor memory and concentration
- Withdrawal from activities and family interactions
- Eating disturbances
- Sleeping difficulties, such as difficulty falling or staying asleep, nightmares, or night terror
- Physical complaints such as stomachaches, headaches, fatigue, etc. | <urn:uuid:f64142fa-1bad-4933-8c57-0697ff5b8979> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://oakvillefamilytherapy.com/anxiety-disorder/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00446.warc.gz | en | 0.942299 | 254 | 3.25 | 3 |
The sun’s rays give life, but also take it away. Singlet oxygen, a byproduct of the photosynthetic process by which certain cells convert sunlight into energy, is a highly toxic and reactive substance that tears cells apart. Now, in a study that took more than five years to complete, Rockefeller University researchers, in collaboration with a team of bacteriologists at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, have become the first to solve the structure of a protein complex that protects these cells from singlet oxygen.
The findings, which appear in the September issue of Molecular Cell, not only advance knowledge of how cells sense the presence of singlet oxygen, but also how they turn on critical genes to defend themselves from its effects.
Using photosynthetic bacteria that generate this toxic form of oxygen, Elizabeth Campbell, a research associate in Seth Darst’s Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, and her colleagues determined the unique arrangement of atoms in this two-protein complex, called σE/ChrR - and in the process, clarified the key to the structure’s function: a single zinc ion. While the Wisconsin team, led by Timothy Donahue, showed that ChrR binds zinc, Campbell and her team used X-ray crystallography to reveal how the two proteins, σ and anti-σ, work together to ward off singlet oxygen.
The crystal structure revealed that the anti-σ protein, ChrR, has two domains, each of which could bind the zinc ion. Under thriving conditions, when cells lack singlet oxygen, Campbell and her collaborators found that anti-σ needs this ion to latch onto its σ counterpart. In its clutch, anti-σ prevents σ from activating the genes that instruct the cell to neutralize singlet oxygen’s harmful properties.
The researchers further showed that anti-σ’s first domain, which has been preserved evolutionarily, does this by blocking the groove where σ binds RNA polymerase, the protein that initiates gene transcription. When the bacteria sense the presence of singlet oxygen, though, the anti-σ’s second domain responds by causing its first domain to release sigma. Now free, σ can initiate the events that protect the cell from damage.
What had come as a surprise to Campbell and her collaborators was that the second domain, the so-called sensing domain, had a zinc ion of its own, a particular feature not found previously in any other anti-σ. When Campbell’s collaborators at the University of Wisconsin, Madison removed the zinc-containing portion of the second domain and exposed the bacteria to light, the bacteria died, possibly suggesting that this second zinc is needed to initiate a process that protects the cell from this singlet oxygen.
“When a nation suffers calamities, it needs people on reserve and ready to go,” says Campbell. “Cells need the same thing, and these σs are its Coast Guards.“
Citation: Molecular Cell 27(5): 793-805 (September 7, 2007)
Source: Rockefeller University
Explore further: Kids of Cold War crocs going to Cuba on conservation mission | <urn:uuid:8cd1454f-b280-4fb7-adc0-2a97ba0deea0> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://phys.org/news111679362.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246640124.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045720-00029-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933654 | 652 | 3.640625 | 4 |
By Graham Williams, CMC and Eva Cooper, Ed.D.
Throughout our lives we are shaped by influences that guide our leadership outlook, approach, values, capacities and behaviors – some of which remain unconscious. There are optimum times or stages where positive development may best be introduced, taught and applied. But a number of emerging approaches allow us to address these lifespan influences later in life. The Culturescan Leading to Flourish platform incorporates such approaches. (Culturescan) It is founded upon and goes beyond typical leadership training and development methods. We believe that this platform is essential in a time of severe environmental, social and economic stresses, continuous value disconnects, discontent with outdated leadership styles, a yearning for meaningful purpose and engagement, and a raising of consciousness.
Influences that shape us
As we go through life, as depicted in the diagram above, we are exposed to and conditioned by a number of complex, interrelated external influences that contribute towards shaping our physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and spiritual selves. These experineces in our homes, neigborhoods, schools, clubs, workplaces, churches, and wider communities, including those on social media, inform the development of our potential and disposition. They influence our outlooks, values, attitudes, fears, and how we build our identity, prejudices, stereotypes, and beliefs.
There is a paucity of research into the impact of these influences on leadership competence and effectiveness. For example, “Little exploratory research has been conducted regarding the childhood experiences, activities, personalities, and perceptions of successful leaders”. (Madsen, S. 2006) Hence there may be gaps in the completeness and methods adopted in leadership development efforts.
It is worth contemplating the importance of addressing these influencers during leadership development initiatives, and whether such attention is effective during such initiatives, or more effective and better applied at the appropriate time during the person’s growth and development and exposure to the influences at play. This importance is magnified given the perilous state of things in the world- environmentally, economically, and socially- coupled with a seeming lack of moral backbone, widespread pursuance of self-interest, undisciplined capitalism, rampant bad behavior at nearly all levels, and a drastic decline in respect for and trust of leaders in general.
“People lie, the president lies, corporations lie and cheat… The world is ugly and not many people are willing to stand up to it any more”. (Connelly, Michael. 2017)
Nature or Nurture?
Genes (nature) play a role in determining certain persoanlity traits and temperament, proneness to stress, phobia. Our very gestures- the way we move our hands, walk, or curl our lips- may indicate our lineage. Nurture influences both positively and negatively. Circumstances, experiences, activiites, diet, parenting, to mention a few, influence our values, prejudices, fears, attitudes, aspirations, how we handle stress, and live our lives.
Parental nurturing influences children’s nature. We are affected by the type and nature of our family, birth order, size, gender proportion, perceived and real favoritism, age gaps, marital status, circumstances, parental absenteeism or separation, and our perceptions of ‘the other’. Parental understanding impacts on the needs of different personalities, intellects, approval and identity formation, dispositions, and roles of offspring. The amount and quality of affection, protection, nurturing, authenticity and trust provided all determine how children’s relational attachment styles and values are internalized, as do parental communicating and relating styles (Authoritarian, permissive, neglectful …) (Baumrind, D. 1967)
Nature and nurture both matter and are no doubt linked. There is a dynamic interplay between our genetics and our experiences. For example, Francis and Kaufer offer an integrative view: Both nature and nurture are the parents and offspring of stress. While this probably seems obvious to the average thinking person, it’s taken scientists fifty years to prove it. (Frances, D & Kaufer, D. 2011)
We are not constrained by our nature, but are also children of nurture by nature. McCallum asserts in his book Ecological Intelligence that in our reptilian-brain activity there are “ongoing emotional responses to our inner and outer environments … our entire existence is dependent on this interaction with the environment”. (McCallum, I. 2010)
Murphy and Johnson are of the view that genetics, temperament, birth order, parenting styles, and attachment all influence leadership behavior and development. (Murphy, S & Johnson, S. 2011)
Leadership Development Across Lifespans
Given that nurture (and its dynamic interaction with nature) occurs throughout our lifetime, the question naturally arises: ‘Are there optimum periods when certan leadership traits, values, and skills are best introduced and developed?’ This may be age related, but is also development – stage related.
As an example, consider ethical maturity. As individuals grow, they generally develop and mature along a self managed path of:
Self interest (reinforced by punishment avoidance, then later, reward seeking)
Meeting the expectations of others (for their approval, and later in the interest of law and order)
Being principled (adopting principles that promote societal welfare- a ‘social contract’ followed by entrenching principles that are arrived at through independent reasoning- a personal virtues framework and a level of responsibiility to self) (Oberlechner, T. 2007)
During this journey, we are all exposed to many influencing factors, including our unique experiences, conditioning and priming, our unique personality types, whether we attirbute happenings (and blame) externally or internally (which is related to our locus of control) and to the development of our moral imagination (which includes factors such as empathy) and ethical decision-making.
When major change, adversity, extreme stress and high temptation takes place, strength of character is tested and an ‘ethics – stretch’ is required. Another maturity requirement is that there is no compartmentalization of (and thus no need to ‘balance’) work, family and social life. Instead, virtues and ethical behaviors should apply seamlessly. Merton refers to “infused moral virtues”. (Cunningham, L. S. 1996) Physical, intellectual, social, emotional and spiritual factors all play a part in this integration, and in the maturity- progression of the whole person. Where thinking, feeling and acting are completely and consistently congruent. Where we can detect and withstand overt and covert manipulations to depart from our ethical standards.
How the individual responds to any ethical challenge at any point in time is a function of their ethical maturity.
Closing the Gap in Later Life- Using New Approaches
Leadership development at precisely the right time (age and stage) is the exception. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Virginia State University have recognized the need to explore lifespan leadership development opportunities and adapt leadership programs accordingly. (Hanks, S.K. 2015) Thankfully, developments in psychology, sociology, and neuroscience provide ways in which we can build “catch-up” elements into our leadership growth, coaching and self-development initiatives. Leader development can include getting to know self, confronting our shadow side, and facing ourselves. This is no small task but neuroscience shows that what has been hardwired can be rewired. Values and behaviors best formed in childhood (like acceptance, care, and empathy) can ALSO be developed and enhanced later through emerging approaches such as mindfulness meditation, reflection, disclosure and feedback, priming and nudging, counter-attitudinal advocacy, uncovering and identifying unconscious biases, story reframing, psycho-synthesis, and the uncovering of one’s motivational fingerprint/ higher purpose in life.
These approaches are not outlined in this paper but to illustrate: professional observation of language patterns when people tell their stories could reveal that people with:
Avoidant, Ambivalent, Disoriented attachment style tend to talk too much or opt for silence, use too many words, show minimal facial expression, disconnect from communicating and relating interactions, lapse into push/pull conflict. They tend to be ‘left brain’ dominant, withdraw, dismiss, stress when approached ‘intimately’, and be protective of self
Secure attachment style often manifests in a melodic voice, kind eyes, use of touch, presence, other-orientation. Playfulness, curiosity, aliveness, empathy, listening and connecting happens. ‘Left’ and ‘right’ brains are integrated, they are welcoming, practice relationship repair, have well developed ‘social brains’.
This philosophy and related practices are built into the leadership approach, Flourish: Through Serving and Stewarding. Using Culturescan diagnostics the approach combines clarity of Purpose, raised consciousness, Leadership, and Mastery of deeper skills – (technical, relational, serving (kenosis) and higher – level thinking (metanoia). (Culturescan) It encompasses:
the principle that serving, stewarding relationships largely determine the quality of results that are obtained
an imperative of converting stated values to consistently displayed virtues
widening the notion of ‘customer’ (internal and external) to include serving of suppliers, citizens and other stakeholders (especially in the context of sustaining/ regenerating the economy, society and environment)
recognizing and accessing the huge character-reinforcing and character-building benefits of deeper mindfulness (in retreat and everyday settings)
identifying, unpacking, understanding and building the elements of spirituality (not religion), especially those of our interconnectedness, being plugged into a reality beyond self, and finding a higher purpose
utilizing advanced conversational and other means to guide individual and culture change skilfully and quickly (especially in a world of rapid, turbulent changes on many fronts)
The questions that direct the flow of our Flourish Approach align with Avolio’s model. (Avolio, B.J. 2005)
This cutting edge leadership development approach addresses essential existential questions that all successful leaders need to ask themselves and answer. For example, having open, outward, growth mind-sets (an aspect of What difference can I make?) requires the elimination of unconscious bias as far as is possible by learning to become present and aware, thinking differently, and establishing new habits. Unconscious bias can lead to unwittingly excluding certain people (from groups, opportunities, teams, promotion), something leaders should want to avoid at all costs, especially at a time when employee experience and engagement is a huge challenge. Servant leaders put primary focus on relationships. Hence, unconscious biases may be diametrically opposed to servant leadership principles.
The questions on the diagrams above cover both being and doing.(Williams, G. et al 2015) They also relate to work, home and social lives and focus on the positive without neglecting what needs mending.
We need also to discern and heed shifts in the grand narrative – this is the area where meaningful leadership operates. Humanity’s recent narrative (relatively speaking) has contained the elements of material abundance; simple and linear, direct cause and effect; the religious overiding the spiritual; the scientific overiding the religious; (patriarchal) order and control; the non-paradoxical, separation. Based on her biological observations, Elisabet Sahtouris paints a picture of beliefs along these lines of the elements mentioned above, shaped by the scientific worldview that became widespread a few centuries ago. This narrative includes dualistic logic such as the still prevalent struggle for survival of the fittest in every area of our existence. Societies and most businesses are “conceived, organized and run as hierarchical mechanics”. Self first. Even so-called ‘free’ markets are regulated to serve narrow interests.( Sahtouris, E. PhD 2005)
Humanity’s driving belief systems may be out of line with recent findings (ironically, mainly scientific) that indicate a slowly emerging new, and overarching grand narrative; containing elements of the holistic, of mutually dependent, interconnected and continuously evolving systems. Hence more voices are being raised to herald a ‘new consciousness’. Often these old belief systems manifest in workplaces with a prime focus on legislation, reporting and other compliance mechanisms, audit and risk management, ethics management, old style balanced scorecards, roles, duties, loaded appraisal systems, structure, responsibilities, “left-brain” strategies, reliance on intellect, cover-your-back and me-too mind-sets.
Our approach is founded on more value being added by adopting relationship – building, developing a larger “heart – mind”, ethical and spiritual maturity, virtues-driven behaviors, creativity, opportunity mind-sets, openness to new learning, new paradigm balanced – scorecards, detecting unconscious biases, narrative reframing, opting for a higher purpose, early detection and focused pre-warning and alerts, multi-level feedback, conversations, future orientation, intrinsic motivation, allowing vulnerability, showing love, appropriate decision-making and change – techniques, coping with ambiguity and paradox.
Clearly, arriving at answers to these questions requires wisdom, which is a search built into the intent,
content, and approach of the Flourish leadership development approach: “Wisdom is a practice that reflects the developmental process by which individuals increase in self-knowledge, self-integration, nonattachment, self-transcendence, and compassion, as well as a deeper understanding of life. This practice involves better self-regulation and ethical choices, resulting in greater good for oneself and others”. (Trowbridge, R.H. & Ferrari, Michel. 2009)
These questions were for Tolstoy a lifelong quest:
“In his turn, Tolstoy was of course aware that he was following in a long line of authors. In asking “Who, what am I?” he self-consciously echoed Socrates, Marcus Aurelius, Descartes, Pascal, Kant, Rousseau. But he believed that ordinary peasants asked it as well. Tolstoy particularly loved a story about his old nanny. She would lie alone listening to the clock ticking on the wall; the clock asked: “Who are you – what are you?” (Kto ty_chto? Kto ty_chto ty?). Tolstoy echoed: “This is the entire essence of life: Who are you? What are you?””. (Paperno, I. 2014)
Eva Cooper, Ed.D. is a consultant based out of Columbus GA ([email protected]), and Graham Williams is a Cape Town-based independent executive coach and certified management consultant ([email protected])
Avolio, B.J (2005) Leadership in Balance: MADE/ Born Taylor & Francis e-Library
Baumrind, Diana Parenting Typology (referring to (1967) Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs),
Connelly, Michael. (2017) Two kinds of truth Orion Books, Great Britain
Cunningham, Lawrence S. (Editor) (1996) A Search for Solitude: the journals of Thomas Merton, Vol three 1952 – 1960 HarperSanFrancisco
Frances, Darlene and Kaufer, Daniela (2011) Beyond Nature vs. Nurture
(Watch http://vimeo.com/104807649 This excerpt from the movie ‘Moving Forward’ utterly dispels the idea that we are at the mercy of our genes and contains interviews with: Stanford scientist Dr Robert Sapolsky (Prof of Neurological Science); Richard Wilkinson (Prof Emeritus of Social Epidemiology, Univ of Nottingham); Dr James Gilligan (Former Dir: Centre for the Study of Violence, Harvard Med School) and Dr Gabor Maté (Physician specialising in the treatment of Addiction and Attention Deficit Disorder)
Hanks, Sarah K; Kaufman, Eric K; Friedel, Curtis R; Cleghorn, Nicholas, A; Seibel, Megan M; Brunton, Kelsey C; Burbaugh, Bradley J A Model of Leader Development Across the Life Span Virginia Cooperative Extension Publication ALCE-104P Petersburg, Virginia State
Madsen, S. (2006) Developing leadership: exploring childhoods of women university presidents Journal of Educational Administration
McCallum, Ian (2010) Ecological Intelligence Africa Geographic
Murphy, S and Johnson, S (2011) The benefits of a long-lens approach to leader development; understanding the seeds of leadership the Leadership Quarterly, 22
Oberlechner, Thomas (2007) The Psychology of Ethics in the Finance and Investment Industry The Research Foundation of the CFA Institute citing Kohlberg, L., Levine, C and Hewer, A Moral Stages: a current formulation and a response to critics in Contributions to human development, Vol. 10. 1983 Edited by Meacham, J.A. Karger, New York
Paperno, Irina (2014) “Who, What am I?”: Tolstoy Struggles to Narrate the Self Cornell University Press 1st Edition
Sahtouris, Elisabet, PhD (2005) The Biology of Business; new laws of nature reveal a better way for business. An expanded version of an article that originally appeared in VIA Journal, Vol three, Number One, Summer 2005
Trowbridge, Richard Hawley and Ferrari Michel (2009, Research in Human Development) Cited by Massimo (the K.D. Irani Professor of Philosophy at the City College of New York) in Sophia vs Phronesis: two conceptions of wisdom September 20, 2016
Williams, Graham; Fox, Peter & Haarhoff, Dorian (2015) The Virtuosa Organisation: the importance of virtues for a successful business Knowres | <urn:uuid:aab27061-2519-42e9-b5eb-488c5d83ed4e> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://culturescan.biz/culturescan-biz-blog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746465.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120150950-20181120172950-00354.warc.gz | en | 0.912269 | 3,760 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Hamilton Grange National Memorial
Hamilton Grange National Memorial
|Location||Upper Manhattan, New York City, NY|
|Architect||John McComb Jr.|
|Architectural style||Federal style|
|Website||Hamilton Grange National Memorial|
|NRHP reference #||66000097|
|Added to NRHP||October 15, 1966|
|Designated NHL||December 19, 1960|
Hamilton Grange National Memorial, also known as The Grange or the Hamilton Grange Mansion, is a National Park Service site in St. Nicholas Park, Manhattan, New York City, that preserves the relocated home of U.S. Founding Father Alexander Hamilton. The mansion holds a restoration of the interior rooms and an interactive exhibit on the newly constructed ground floor for visitors. The Hamilton Heights subsection of Harlem derived its name from Hamilton's 32-acre estate there.
Alexander Hamilton was born and raised in the West Indies and came to New York in 1772 at age 17 to study at King's College (now Columbia University). During his career, Hamilton was a military officer, lawyer, member of the United States Constitutional Convention, American political philosopher, war hero, initiator and author of the majority of the pivotal and influential The Federalist Papers, and the first United States Secretary of the Treasury.
Hamilton commissioned architect John McComb Jr. to design a country home on Hamilton's 32 acres (13 ha) estate in upper Manhattan. The two-story frame Federal style house was completed in 1802, just two years before Hamilton's death resulting from his duel with Aaron Burr on July 11, 1804. The house was named "The Grange" after Hamilton's grandfather's estate in Scotland. The Grange was the only home Hamilton ever owned, and he traveled there by stagecoach from his law office several times a week, and fussed over the landscaping, including a circle of thirteen sweet gum trees symbolizing the thirteen original states. The house remained in his family for 30 years after his death. The Grange might have also been Hamilton's rivalrous answer to Jefferson's Monticello.[dubious ]
This article's factual accuracy is disputed. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
By 1889, much of the congregation of St. Luke's Episcopal Church in Greenwich Village had moved uptown. The Grange was in foreclosure and had been condemned for destruction in order to allow for the implementation of the Manhattan street grid, then just reaching that area of Harlem. The church acquired the house and moved it a half-block east and about two blocks south, conforming to the new street pattern, to what became 287 Convent Avenue. The original porches and other features were removed for the move. The interior staircase was reoriented and retrofitted to accommodate a makeshift entrance on the side of the house that faced the street, and the original grand Federal-style entrance was boarded up.
St. Luke's used the house for services and subsequently between 1892 and 1895 erected a Richardsonian Romanesque building on the site that wrapped around the house slightly; thus when a six-story apartment building was built in about 1910 flush on the opposite side, the house was tightly enclosed and many of its features hidden. The American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society bought the Grange in 1924 and turned it into a public museum in 1933. Furniture and decorative objects associated with the Hamilton family were displayed.
The Grange was designated a National Historic Landmark in December 1960. The private National Park Foundation purchased the house and property and transferred it to the National Park Service. Congress authorized the National Memorial on April 27, 1962, requiring that it be relocated and then the house restored to appear as Hamilton knew it in 1802–1804, which is considered its period of historic significance. It was at the time determined that the claustrophobic Convent Avenue setting was inappropriate and that the country house should be viewed as a freestanding building. However, the house was not relocated earlier because of overwhelming local opposition to options offered that required moving it out of the neighborhood. The Grange was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.
On May 9, 2006, the Hamilton Grange Memorial was closed to the public to allow for extensive architectural and structural investigations as part of a long term plan to move the house to nearby St. Nicholas Park. The park location was judged a more appropriate setting for display that would permit restoration of features lost in the 1889 move. The new location would also keep the house in the neighborhood and within the boundary of Hamilton's original 32-acre (130,000 m2) estate.
Work in St. Nicholas Park for tree removal and foundation construction began in February 2008. The actual move of the Grange began with elevation of the building in one piece over the loggia of St. Luke's Church and onto Convent Avenue; over several weeks it was gradually raised on hydraulic jacks and more than 7,000 pieces of wood cribbing were inserted under the foundation, and it was then moved on rollers along steel beams to matching wooden stilts erected in the middle of Convent Avenue, between West 141st and 142nd Streets, which held the entire house approximately ten feet off the ground while traffic was routed around it. These stilts were then slowly disassembled to leave the house resting on dollies, where it received interior bracing and was wrapped in two miles of chains. Finally on June 7, 2008, it completed its journey by being rolled one block south on Convent Avenue and then one block east on 141st Street (down a 6% grade) to the new St. Nicholas Park location. The New York Times's David W. Dunlap calculated its speed over the 500 feet at .04 mph. The six-hour event was a popular neighborhood attraction covered extensively in the press. The house was secured to its new foundation, original porches were rebuilt and the original main entrance doorway and main staircase within the entry foyer were restored using original materials. Landscaping around the Grange's new home includes among the tree plantings 13 sweet gum trees as in Hamilton's original garden, a stone wall, a circular garden planted in front to Hamilton's own specifications, and paths.
The Grange re-opened to the general public on September 17, 2011. A ceremony was held with Hamilton descendants in attendance and tours of the restored interiors took place through the day. In the renovated house, a visitor's center is located in the entirely newly constructed ground floor, where the kitchen, laundry and servants' rooms would have been. The Grange now has a security detail and possible video monitoring during the evening hours. At its new location, it is next to the City College of the City University of New York campus.
- National Park Service (2007-01-23). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
- "Hamilton Grange (Alexander Hamilton House)". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 14, 2007. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007.
- Howard, Hugh; Straus, Roger III (2007). Houses of the Founding Fathers.
- Leadon, Fran (2018). "The House on the Hill". Broadway: A History of New York City in Thirteen Miles. New York / London: Norton. pp. 317–18. ISBN 9780393240108.
- Rothstein, Edward (September 15, 2011). "Alexander Hamilton's Renovated Grange – Review". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
- Morrone,, Francis (March 27, 2008). "Hamilton Heights To Lose Its Namesake?". New York Sun. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
- Dunlap, David W. (June 8, 2008). "Witnessing a House, and History, on the Move". The New York Times. Retrieved June 8, 2008.
- Leadon, p. 321.
- "NPS Timeline" (PDF). Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- Torres-Reyes, Ricardo (April 1975). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Hamilton Grange National Memorial" (pdf). National Park Service. and Accompanying photo, exterior, from 1975. (32 KB)
- Leadon, p. 323.
- Dunlap, David W. (June 7, 2008). "Hamilton Home Heads to a Greener Address". The New York Times. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
the 500-foot move
- Hogarty, Dave (June 8, 2008). "Moving This Old House". Gothamist. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- "Hamilton's home moved to new spot in Harlem". USA Today. June 8, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
- Dunlap, David W. (February 18, 2008). "Moving the Grange, and Twisting It Around, Too". The New York Times.
- Repanshek, Kurt (May 30, 2008). "Alexander Hamilton's "Country Home" on the Move in New York City". National Geographic Traveler.
- Rothstein, Edward (September 15, 2011). "Museum Review Founder's at Home". The New York Times.
- "Alexander Hamilton Home Reopens After Complex Move". AOL Real Estate. September 19, 2011. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- Official NPS website: Hamilton Grange National Memorial
- The National Parks: Index 2001–2003. Washington: U.S. Department of the Interior.
- Hamilton Grange (Alexander Hamilton House) NHL information
- Friends of St. Nicholas Park
- Photo Gallery of Hamilton Grange National Memorial Second Relocation Project by Wolfe House & Building Movers | <urn:uuid:34e86a7a-05d9-4790-a319-5fbb2ad2a2c5> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Grange | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247494694.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220085318-20190220111318-00625.warc.gz | en | 0.944083 | 2,031 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The Clise planetarium, on the first floor of the Hall of Science, serves to introduce students to the constellations, coordinate systems, and seasonal changes in the night sky. In addition, the Astronomy Department provides planetarium presentations for local groups (e.g., school classes); these presentation are usually given by advanced astronomy students who are interested in improving their speaking and teaching skills. Equipment includes a Spitz 512 instrument and computers and projectors for multimedia presentations. If you are a group leader wanting to schedule a visit, contact Andrea Dobson by email ([email protected]).
- The observing lab on the roof of the Hall of Science has a dozen small telescopes available during (clear) evening lab periods for astronomy student use. These include 8-10-inch Newtonians, 8-inch Celestron Schmidt-Cassegrains, a 4-inch Takahashi refractor, a 9-inch refractor, a 14-inch dobsonian, and a particularly fine 4-inch Alvan Clark refractor. The Celestron telescopes are equipped to do white-light solar observing and a narrow-band H-alpha filter is available on the Takahashi.
- A dome on the roof houses a 14-inch Celestron used for student research projects. It is mounted on a Paramount Go-To mount and primarily utilizes a SBIG STL-1100M CCD camera with UBVRI, LRGB, and H-alpha filters.
- The Bracher observatory 9 miles north of town houses a 16-inch Newtonian (and also serves as a dark-sky site for introducing students to fainter constellations).
- The department is also part of the AASTA consortium which is installing a 30-inch telescope at a dark site between Walla Walla and the Tri-Cities. That telescope will be available for student research projects when it becomes available in the near future.
The Astronomy Department computer lab has eight computers with five Windows-based machines and three Macs along with a flatbed scanner and the departmental laser printer. Students doing research have access to several additional computers running Linux including a six-core Xeon workstation. A wide range of scientific and astronomical software (such as IRAF and IDL) is available for student use. Color and poster printing are available using equipment shared with other science departments.
On the roof of the Hall of Science is a weather station is connected to a console located on the first floor of the Science Building in the display case next to the seismograph and streamflow station. Readings from the weather station are displayed in real time at weather.whitman.edu. | <urn:uuid:b77f61b2-b93a-4256-97cb-2acc379d3b7e> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.whitman.edu/academics/courses-of-study/astronomy/facilities | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663007.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00406-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920039 | 550 | 2.703125 | 3 |
flannel is a virtual network that gives a subnet to each host for use with container runtimes.
Platforms like Kubernetes assume that each container (pod) has a unique, routable IP inside the cluster. The advantage of this model is that it reduces the complexity of doing port mapping.
Theory of Operation
flannel runs an agent, flanneld, on each host and is responsible for allocating a subnet lease out of a preconfigured address space.
flannel uses etcd to store the network configuration, allocated subnets, and auxiliary data (such as host's IP).
The forwarding of packets is achieved using one of several strategies that are known as backends.
The simplest backend is
udp and uses a TUN device to encapsulate every IP fragment in a UDP packet, forming an overlay network.
The following diagram demonstrates the path a packet takes as it traverses the overlay network: | <urn:uuid:5c079477-74ef-4d10-b0eb-4f8243f7e245> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://github.com/coreos/flannel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123048.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00599-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912182 | 194 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The great gatsby is typically considered f scott fitzgerald's greatest novel the great gatsby study guide contains a biography of f scott fitzgerald, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. Social class and status in fitzgerald's the great gatsby social class, status, f scott fitzgerald 3 of social class in the novel and the effect it has on. Class inequality and 'the gospel of wealth' - in tackling such issues f scott fitzgerald's masterpiece has never been more relevant sarah churchwell on why the 'american dream' has always been.
Class and 'the great gatsby' pointed out that scott fitzgerald was always a bit of a hypocrite about class in a review of a 1926 stage adaptation of the novel,. The great gatsby, by francis scott key fitzgerald is an incredibly renowned novel being that this novel is so well known, there have been many thoughts and opinions formed about it there is an. F scott fitzgerald manages to define, praise, and condemn what is known as the american dream in his most successful novel, the great gatsbythe novel is set in 1922, and it depicts the american. A short f scott fitzgerald biography describes f scott fitzgerald's life, times, and work also explains the historical and literary context that influenced the great gatsby.
The great gatsby is a 1925 novel written by american author f scott fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional towns of west egg and east egg on prosperous long island in the summer of 1922. In the book the great gatsby written by f scott fitzgerald these classes are very much defined and show the flaws and reality of how social and economic classes are viewed through marxists viewing the classes through vulgar marxists the characters attempting to climb social and economical ladders in the book are not accepted and rejected. Published in 1925, the great gatsby is a classic piece of american fiction it is a novel of triumph and tragedy, noted for the remarkable way fitzgerald captured a cross-section of american society the great gatsby: f scott fitzgerald biography | cliffsnotes. The secret society and fitzgerald's the great gatsby of social status in f scott fitzgerald's the great gatsby in fitzgerald's novel, class struggle in.
In the great gatsby by f scott fitzgerald, we can clearly see how gatsby's social status changes while in reading lolita in tehran by azar nafisi we can see how class differences effect the opinions of the people in the class. Struggling with themes such as society and class in f scott fitzgerald's the great gatsby we've got the quick and easy lowdown on it here. The great gatsby by f scott fitzgerald the great gatsby is the story of a young american, nick carraway nick moves west to work in new york, and soon finds himself obsessed by the personalities and parties he discovers there.
Social status in the great gatsby, by f scott fitzgerald 17/01/2013 17/01/2013 in the great gatsby' social status is an extremely significant element as it distinguishes geographical locations in the novel but more importantly, portrays the mentalities of people belonging to different social class' which affects the events that occur and. What makes f scott fitzgerald's the great gatsby a timeless classic here are five reasons supplemented by quotes from the great gatsby that best explain fitzgerald's magnum opus and why it is. Social class in the great gatsby in f scott fitzgerald's 1925 novel, the great gatsby, there are many conflicts between the upper class, middle class and lower.
Get free homework help on f scott fitzgerald's the great gatsby: book summary, chapter summary and analysis, quotes, essays, and character analysis courtesy of cliffsnotes. The conflict of social classes as represented in f scott fitzgerald's the great gatsby by santi ramdhani (1209503155) in all around the world, someone‟s social status lately is being important.
- in the novel the great gatsby by f scott fitzgerald, fitzgerald writes about the distinctions between the social classes and status during the twentieth century fitzgerald's novel takes place in the 1920's after world war 1, which was a time of excess and wealth. F scott fitzgerald's 1925 novel the great gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on american life although it was not a commercial success for fitzgerald during his lifetime, this lyrical novel has become an acclaimed masterpiece read and taught throughout the world. The great gatsby by f scott fitzgerald is set in the 1920's, a period of american history known as the roaring twenties the great gatsby is the story of the extravagant lifestyle of the rich and famous of new york in this time of peace and prosperity. | <urn:uuid:7d0cd773-9fb2-460b-89db-2187e4596ee5> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://mvessayeywy.skywall.me/the-importance-of-concerns-about-social-class-in-the-great-gatsby-a-novel-by-f-scott-fitzgerald.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743351.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117082141-20181117104141-00489.warc.gz | en | 0.947056 | 1,092 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Recent Extinct Land Snails (Euconulidae) from the Gambier Islands with Remarkable Apertural Barriers
Philippe Bouchet and Ahmed Abdou
Abstract: Based on study of material collected in the Gambier Islands (eastern Polynesia) by the 1934 Mangarevan Expedition and in 1997, two endemic species of Euconulidae are shown to exhibit apertural barriers unlike those of any other Pacific island limacoids, both in their ontogeny and development. The barriers are fully developed only in juveniles and subadults and are resorbed in full-grown individuals. Aukena, hitherto considered a subgenus of the Hawaiian-Polynesian genus Hiona, is elevated to genus rank. Aukena endodonta, n. sp., with six apertural barriers (one columellar, three parietal, two palatal), is described, and A. tridentata (Baker, 1940) is redescribed. The natural environment of the Gambier Islands had already been severely altered by 1934, and the two endemic species of Aukena are considered extinct. One other endemic euconulid without apertural barriers, Philonesia mangarevae Baker, 1940, survives in a small patch of native forest at the base of Mount Mokoto.
Inflorescence Damage by Insects and Fungi in Native Pili Grass (Heteropogon contortus) versus Alien Fountain Grass (Pennisetum setaceum) in Hawai`i
Erin Goergen and Curtis C. Daehler
Abstract: The success of introduced invaders has often been attributed to their release from natural enemies. We compared rates of seed and ovule destruction by insects and fungal pathogens in an alien invader, fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum), and a declining native competitor, pili grass (Heteropogon contortus), to determine whether the invader experienced less damage from natural enemies. Inflorescences were sampled on O`ahu from three sites on three dates, and seeds and ovules were inspected for insect damage or pathogen infection. Total seed and ovule destruction was significantly lower in alien fountain grass at all times and sites, with the exception of one sample date on Ka`iwa Ridge when very little damage (<1%) was observed in either species. Total seed and ovule destruction ranged from 0.8 to 5% in fountain grass versus 0 to 61% in pili grass. Most seed and ovule loss in pili grass was caused by infection with the smut fungus Sporisorium caledonicum. Between 5 and 35% of pili grass inflorescences showed signs of smut infection. No fungal pathogens were noted on fountain grass. The low impact of natural enemies on seed production in alien fountain grass, relative to native pili grass, could confer a long-term reproductive advantage to the alien.
Antennatus linearis, a New Indo-Pacific Species of Frogfish (Lophiiformes: Antennariidae)
John E. Randall and Ronald R. Holcom
Abstract: Antennatus linearis is described as a new species of frogfish (family Antennariidae) from three specimens from the Hawaiian Islands, one from the Molucca Islands, one from Aldabra, and four from Mozambique and Natal, South Africa, the largest 60 mm standard length. It is distinct from the wide- ranging Indo-Pacific A. tuberosus in having a caudal peduncle, 9-10 instead of 11-12 (rarely 10) pectoral rays, usually all or all but one of the pectoral rays branched (usually all simple in A. tuberosus), longer and more widely spaced dermal spicules, and a longer second dorsal spine (10.5-13.4% SL, compared with 6.5-9.8% for A. tuberosus). It differs from the eastern Pacific A. strigatus and the Japanese A. flagellatus in having the illicium 1.55-1.95 times longer than the second dorsal spine (about equal to the second spine in A. strigatus, and about 3.6 times longer in A. flagellatus). It differs from all three species in its striking pattern of curving dark lines on the head and body.
Utility of RAPD Markers in Evaluating the Status of the Hawaiian Tree Fern Cibotium xheleniae
Timothy J. Motley and Clifford W. Morden
Abstract: Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers provide data consistent with the conclusion based on morphological characters that the recently named taxon Cibotium xheleniae is indeed of hybrid origin. This assertion is supported by (1) placement of C. xheleniae intermediate to the parent taxa, as determined by genetic similarity data; (2) location of C. xheleniae individuals on a clade intermediate to the parent species in the cladistic analysis; and (3) clustering of the C. xheleniae individuals between clusters of parental individuals in principal components analysis. Additivity of parental genetic markers in the putative hybrid ranged from 54 to 64%, providing additional though modest support for the hypothesized origin of C. xheleniae. Our results indicate that RAPD data can be of considerable value in assessing potential hybridity of individuals in naturally occurring populations.
Reproductive Biology of Three Land Hermit Crabs (Decapoda: Anomura: Coenobitidae) in Okinawa, Japan
Abstract: Reproductive ecological research on three land hermit crabs, Coenobita rugosus, C. purpureus, and C. cavipes, was conducted in the southern part of Okinawa-jima island in 1985, 1986, 1987, and for a short period in 1999. Size (carapace length) of the smallest ovigerous female was 3.93 mm for C. rugosus, 3.83 mm for C. purpureus, and 9.49 mm for C. cavipes. Breeding season is late May to November for C. rugosus, late May to mid-September for C. purpureus, and mid-May to late August for C. cavipes. Some females of all three species probably produced at least two broods during the breeding season. The smallest males in which spermatophores were present in dissected vas deferens were 4.24 mm for C. rugosus and 4.94 mm for C. purpureus. Coenobita cavipes females produced more, smaller eggs in comparison with C. purpureus. My observations suggest that coenobitid crabs living in areas with a low supply of shells or with poor shells reproduce at smaller sizes, as is the case in marine hermit crabs. Time of onset of larval release by C. rugosus, with its protracted breeding season, varied according to the seasonal shift in time of sunset. The period during which females of C. rugosus released larvae was about 2 hr in spring tides but was much longer (3 to 5 hr) during neap tides. Larger females of C. purpureus occupied shells derived from the land snail Achatina fulica; smaller ones used shells from the marine snail Lunella granulata. Use of mutually exclusive larval release site by the larger and smaller females of C. purpureus remained unchanged over 13 yr, from 1986 to 1999. This behavioral difference may be related to the differences in their habitats (i.e., inland versus shore) and to the route traveled by the larger crabs in reaching the sea from inland sites.
Age and Growth of the Leopard Grouper, Mycteroperca rosacea, in the Southern Gulf of California, Mexico
J. Gabriel Diaz-Uribe, Juan F. Elorduy-Garay, and Ma. Teresa Gonzalez-Valdovinos
Abstract: Growth of the leopard grouper, Mycteroperca rosacea (Streets, 1877), was analyzed in its natural habitat. Age determination was based on the reading of otoliths, and the method was validated under three main criteria: (1) proportionality, (2) seasonality, and (3) concordance with another method. Otolith growth is proportional to organism growth, with a slight degree of allometry, and the otolith registers the growth of the individual, even at advanced ages. The opaque growth zone in the otolith is deposited once a year, between July and October. Thus, taken together, one opaque and one hyaline mark represent an annual cycle. Back-calculated lengths-at-age agreed reasonably well with observed lengths-at-age at the time of capture, considering that back-calculated lengths represent an exact age (birthday), and observed lengths are taken at an intermediate age between birthdays. Fish length and otolith age data were fitted to the von Bertalanffy growth function by two methods: (1) linear regression (Ford-Walford and Beverton), using transformed data, and (2) nonlinear regression, by iteration. Although the nonlinear regression gave a fit with unbiased error, parameters resulting from linear regressions had a better biological meaning for the species. The resulting parameters were compared with those reported for other species of the family Serranidae.
Cymbasoma tumorifrons (Copepoda: Monstrilloida): An Expanded Description Based on a New Collection from the Eastern Tropical Pacific
E. Suarez-Morales and C. Alvarez-Silva
Abstract: A female of the monstrilloid copepod species Cymbasoma tumorifrons (Isaac, 1975), previously known only from the Aegean Sea, was recorded in a bay of the Mexican tropical Pacific. The female of this rare species has not been recorded since its description more than 25 yr ago. To complement the brief original description, an expanded description and illustrations of this species are presented here based mainly on the Mexican specimen but considering also type material. Standards recently set for description of monstrilloid copepods were followed. Several characters such as chaetotaxy of legs 1-4, details of the antennular armature, cuticular ornamentation, and the fifth legs were overlooked in the original diagnosis and are described and analyzed here. This record supports an important range extension of the known distribution of this species from the Mediterranean Sea to the Mexican Pacific. It represents only the fourth record of a Cymbasoma species in the eastern Pacific.
Zooplankton Biomass Variability in the Mexican Eastern Tropical Pacific
Carmen Franco-Gordo, Enrique Godinez-Dominguez, and Eduardo Suarez-Morales
Abstract: The time and space distribution of zooplankton biomass recorded during a year cycle (December 1995-1996) off the Pacific coast of central Mexico is analyzed. Samples were obtained by surface (42-86 m) oblique hauls at 12 sampling sites using a Bongo net. The overall average displacement volume biomass of zooplankton during the surveyed period was 1138 cm3/ 1000 m3. Principal component analysis indicated that highest biomass concentrations occurred at coastal stations. The months with highest biomass values were those in which the lowest sea surface temperature values occurred ( January-May). This was the same period in which the California Current was strongest and clearly influenced the hydrological conditions of the surveyed area. In these months, advective processes are active along the outer shelf, favoring upwelling of colder, relatively nutrient-richer waters that promote an overall local increase of zooplankton activity and populations. The high variability of biomass values is indicative of episodic, localized processes that enhance productivity in the area.
Pacific Science Assocation | <urn:uuid:d393a6ad-40c0-412e-9a33-27c6dbe750dd> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://uhpjournals.wordpress.com/2001/04/20/pacific-science-vol-55-no-2-2001/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267868876.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625185510-20180625205510-00577.warc.gz | en | 0.924921 | 2,476 | 2.65625 | 3 |
When it comes to What is the Role of Mentor? Mentor has to trust specific formats and goals for knowledge. Also, trust in advice and resources in any type of section.
A mentor can play a key role in providing you with a variety of information. Also, emotional support, and role modelling to guide you to share it.
What will I learn?
- 1 What is the Role of Mentor – A Complete Guide:
- 2 3 Most Common Types Of Mentoring:
- 3 Conclusion:
Besides, the mentor can be important in setting goals for your career.
It will be important in building relationships and identifying resources.
What is the Role of Mentor – A Complete Guide:
Here we are going to provide a complete guide on the role of mentor.
In this article, we will discuss why you need a mentor and what the responsibilities of a mentor.
1. Why Do We Look For A Mentor?
We need to know What is the Role of Mentor in our lives.
For example, if you are going to hire this talented individual salesperson. So you can get a senior sales executive as a mentor.
This will be great for you as it will play a key role in your growth in your professional business activities.
The mentor will guide you through this. It will contribute to your coaching and training and will increase your sales.
Within coaching and training, this mentor will challenge you. Also will be bound to look at your point of view to find answers by asking difficult questions.
It usually happens that you start your career best by representing all these patrons. But it still affects after the company is over.
Many become mentors where patients need them. These patients need them to deal with their challenges. As doctors have advised them in various ways.
Also, they’re thoughts so that they can complete all these factors with the help of a mentor. These patients have a lasting effect because of these Mentors.
We can understand someone’s Mentors about their life. Many organizations use their sponsors to move forward.
Within an organization, they place these Mentors based on the Manager. That they play an important role in helping them identify experienced people.
2. What Does A Mentor Do For You?
Mentors help your company to see the long-distance of growth for your brand.
Mentors serve to give you a rule and destination that allows you to see your destination. But does not provide a detailed map of how to get there.
Mentors contribute to your motivation and cheerfulness. But there is no advice on how it works.
Mentor will help you as a coach.
Different types of organizations will work with you as an advocate.
Mentor will play an important role in advising you on how to do the things.
Mentor will help you with different types of problems like the translational and short term.
Appreciate you as individuals.
Will do your best not to lag in promoting mutual trust and respect.
Never disclose privacy and always try to ensure that your privacy maintained.
Will keep an eye on what is being said and how, where and why it is being said.
A mentor should instruct his mentees to think and work hard to solve their problem.
Notice that Mentee is developing resistance to the desire to clone.
3. Features Of Outstanding Mentors:
Any mentoring relationship can be better on both sides if it works. Also, moves forward with determination and following.
If you are looking for a mentor who is best for you to provide services in various fields. Then you must check these features before choosing a mentor:
– The role of the Mentor should be a good listener and a good speaker.
– Must be flexible
– There must be someone who values all perspectives and decides according to diversity
– The most important feature is that it must be knowledgeable
– Must have unpredictable features
– The guardian should be able to give constructive opinions
– The Mentors should be able to give constructive opinions
– Must be honest and candid
– Be able to find networks and resources
– He must succeed in his career before he can tell others to succeed in his career.
4. 12 Keys For Successful Mentor:
– As a successful mentor, you need to be able to discuss challenging.
– Make sure everything you are doing done
– Do your best and try to be honest with the opinions you have
– You have to make sure that. whatever relationship you are building is a win-win professional relationship.
– You need to focus on listening to each other
– Create specific questions
– Try to draw a clear boundary
– Always try to work as a small board for each other
– Try your best to give someone your patronage if you can do your best.
– Try to show what you have done as a mentor in the past.
– Learn and show respect for each other.
– Try your best to understand the difference between a sponsor and a Mentor.
3 Most Common Types Of Mentoring:
Now you are aware of What is the Role of Mentor?
After that here we are going to discuss the 3 most common types of mentoring.
In order to know about types of mentoring do check below:
1. Outdated One-on-one Mentoring:
An Outdated One-on-one mentoring is a helpful way of learning between a mentor.
In which mentee shares knowledge and experience with a mentor to further strengthen. Also, enhance the professional journey.
Doing so reverses the traditional model of reverse advice. A mentor plays a key role in providing skills. Also, insights into early professionals at the beginning of any career.
2. Expanse Mentoring:
Within this question that What is the Role of Mentor? Expanse Mentoring plays an important role in offering a useful solution.
Compared to all other Mentoring methods, the Expanse Mentoring method is easy. Also, fast and effective for you to set up.
In all other ways, you travel to the meeting to get guidance. But within this method, you can get guidance from various sponsors. That is Through video call while sitting at home.
Within this category, the Mentors and Mentee may have different opportunities to meet.
3. Group Mentoring:
In grouping, Mentors coming together to present a variety of analyzes.
It can be very useful for any mentee. Within this category, many mentors can work together to teach many learners better.
You can enjoy learning from different mentors in group mentoring. Because it allows you to succeed in working on unique needs. Also development goals as an individual.
Hope you are well aware of the status of a mentor in our lives and What is the Role of Mentor?
If you, as an organization, thinking of choosing a mentor for your help. It would be a marvellous decision.
You’ve told everything you need to do if you want to be a mentor yourself.
We hope that you have not disappointed with anything.
Please let us know what are your views after reading this article.
Last Updated on 1 year by Shahzaib Arshad | <urn:uuid:a55195ec-f888-42a0-bee5-76170b609763> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://thebalancework.com/what-is-the-role-of-mentor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358847.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129225145-20211130015145-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.948226 | 1,504 | 2.625 | 3 |
Karma means action, work or deed; it also refers to the spiritual principle of cause
and effect where intent and actions of ...
Karma definition, Hinduism, Buddhism. action, seen as bringing upon oneself
inevitable ... Good luck and pray that karma doesn't attach a Freddy Krueger like
Top Definition. karma. The Buddhist belief that whatever you do comes back to
you, e.g. if you do something good, something good will happen to you, and vice
Definition of “karma” | The official Collins English Dictionary online.
Comprehensive and authoritative, rely on Collins for up-to-date English with
insights into ...
a. The totality of a person's actions and conduct during successive incarnations,
regarded as causally influencing his or her destiny. b. The law or principle ...
The Hindu and Buddhist concept karma is what will happen to you in your next
life based on what you do in this life. Performing kind acts in this life gives you ...
karma meaning, definition, what is karma: (in the Buddhist and Hindu religions)
the force produced by a person's actions in one…. Learn more.
What we all share - desire, ill-will and ignorance - are common to all living beings
, ... Immediately we have an indication that the real meaning of karma is not fate ...
Definition: Karma is the Hindu idea of fate. ... something good, especially
something for other people, you got good karma and this would help you in the
Generally you're either following the path of karma (like most people), or you've
broken free and you're following the path of dharma instead. Karma means ... | <urn:uuid:24191aa7-21c6-4765-9302-c8f220758d77> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.ask.com/web?qsrc=3053&o=102140&oo=102140&l=dir&gc=1&qo=popularsearches&ad=dirN&q=What+Is+The+Definition+Of+Karma+Ang | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049282275.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002122-00099-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892135 | 354 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Psychiatrists are likely to encounter patients with depression, anxiety, and paranoia related to communicable diseases and pandemics. Following is a summary of memorable epidemics/pandemics.
In an age of enhanced, sensationalized media coverage, and severe, life-threatening epidemics that plague humanity, psychiatrists are likely to encounter patients with depression, anxiety, and paranoia related to communicable diseases and pandemics. Following is a summary of memorable epidemics/pandemics.
Adding to the anxiety of parents is whether to vaccinate children against the historical risks of certain diseases.
Estimated number of deaths: 25 million people, which at the time was one-third of Europe’s population
1633; 1790s; 1949 (most recent case in the US)
Estimated number of deaths: approximately 1.5 million
Affects many tropical regions of the world including Africa, Asia, parts of the Americas
Estimated number of deaths: > 200 million people infected; approximately 660,000 deaths every year
This virus has been responsible for 3 pandemics including the H1 Spanish flu, the H1N1 swine flu, and the H5N1 avian (bird) flu
For more on this topic, see: Fears, outbreaks, and pandemics: lessons learned on which this slideshow is based.
Dr Moukaddam is Associate Professor, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Ben Taub Adult Outpatient Services Director, Medical Director, STAR (Stabilization, Treatment, and Rehabilitation) Program for Psychosis, Houston, TX. She reports no conflicts of interest concerning the subject matter of this article.
Cloud image: ©JohnDWilliams/AdobeStock | <urn:uuid:907083d9-0e09-4f1b-a564-79557b149aa2> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/psychiatric-sequelae-pandemics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401624636.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200929025239-20200929055239-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.913678 | 363 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Discover the woodland
Originally the Edge was part of an extensive Oak Forest that once covered Cheshire and much of the British Isles.
Over hundreds of years timber has been felled for use in buildings, mining and smelters, gradually turning the area into open heathland.
After the deliberate planting of Scots Pine and Beech by the Stanley family (local landowners from the 15th Century until 1938) in the 18th Century, the Edge has again become predominantly woodland.
The original planting has been augmented by natural regeneration of other tree species including oak, birch, rowan and holly.
Woodland comprises around two thirds of the total area of the Edge, with beech making up 25 – 30% of the woodland cover. Scots Pine dominates the skyline of the edge resulting in the distinctive tree lined escarpment.
The woodland is managed for landscape and amenity and includes selective felling of some trees to encourage existing species to develop their crowns, encourage natural regeneration of the woodland floor (by increasing light levels) and to broaden the age range of the trees.
If required, appropriate tree species are planted and invasive species like rhododendron are removed to ensure the character of Alderley Edge’s woodland is sustained.
When trees are allowed to rot naturally they become a new habitat for the plant and animal community and are thus an important woodland component here at Alderley Edge. Dead wood is retained in situ wherever it is safe to do so. | <urn:uuid:df476e12-fbb5-4dac-80c6-dec70b536d33> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/wra-1356312411905/353510/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246634257.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045714-00212-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940842 | 304 | 3.015625 | 3 |
More important, the absence of bees disrupted the pollination cycles of everything from fruit trees to wheat fields.
Bats are crucial to the ecosystem, performing extremely valuable jobs like pollination and insect control.
Many blame our increased use of chemical pesticides and herbicides, which honeybees ingest during the pollination process.
He describes in the Notulae his observations on the ovules and pollination of various Coniferae and Gnetaceae.
Every fruit and nut grower should know the simple theory of pollination.
None of these varieties should be depended upon for pollination purposes.
pollination: the act of carrying pollen from stamens to pistils.
If style is too short, pollination may fail; also, if too long.
By pollination we mean the transfer of pollen from an anther to the stigma of a flower.
It may be a question of soil and location, of lack of pollination, of trees so weak or so misshapen that effort on them is wasted.
The process by which plant pollen is transferred from the male reproductive organs to the female reproductive organs to form seeds. In flowering plants, pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma, often by the wind or by insects. In cone-bearing plants, male cones release pollen that is usually borne by the wind to the ovules of female cones.
Our Living Language : When a pollen grain lands on or is carried to the receptive tissue of a pistil known as the stigma, the flower has been pollinated. But this is only the first step in a complicated process that, if successful, leads to fertilization. The pollen grain contains two cells—a generative cell and a tube cell. The generative nucleus divides to form two sperm nuclei. The tube cell grows down into the pistil until it reaches one of the ovules contained in the ovary. The two sperm travel down the tube and enter the ovule. There, one sperm nucleus unites with the egg. The other sperm nucleus combines with the polar nuclei that exist in the ovule, completing the process known as double fertilization. These fertilized nuclei then develop into the endocarp, the tissue that feeds the embryo. The ovule itself develops into a seed that is contained in the flower's ovary (which ripens into a fruit). In gymnosperms, the ovule is exposed (that is, not contained in an ovary), and the pollen produced by the male reproductive structures lands directly on the ovule in the female reproductive structures. Fertilization in conifers can be slow in comparison to flowering plants—the pollen nuclei of pines, for example, take as long as 15 months to reach the ovule after landing on the female cone. And there are variations: In the ginkgo, the ovules fall off the tree and pollination occurs on the ground.
The carrying of pollen grains (the male sex cells in plants) to the female sex cells for fertilization. Pollination can occur between plants when pollen is carried by the wind or by insects such as the honeybee (see cross-fertilization), or within the same plant, in which case it is called self-fertilization. | <urn:uuid:56b5cf3e-ffbd-4b5d-bff0-d540f9d34650> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.dictionary.com/browse/pollination?s=t | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540975.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00245-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937145 | 669 | 3.703125 | 4 |
The Robinson-Patman Act (15 U.S.C. § 13), an amendment to the Clayton Antitrust Act, is a federal law that prohibits unlawful price discrimination. The Act provides specific circumstances where price discrimination violates federal antitrust law, and allows private parties who were injured by illegal price discrimination to pursue litigation.
Illegal Price Discrimination under the Robinson-Patman Act
The Robinson-Patman Act prohibits illegal price discrimination, which occurs when a seller charges buyers different prices for the same product. The Act requires a specific set of circumstances under which price discrimination is illegal. The price discrimination must:
- Be from the same seller
- Be to at least two buyers, who are similarly situated
- Be of commodities of like grade and quality
- Be sold for use, consumption, or resale in the United States
- Be on sales that cross state lines
- Have the effect of substantially lessening competition
Enforcement under the Robinson-Patman Act
The Robinson-Patman Act allows private parties who were harmed by companies violating the Act to pursue litigation. Under the Act, those companies who pursue litigation must prove that the discriminatory actions attempted to lessen competition. | <urn:uuid:d9edbda8-8256-49de-9584-dd3dba66cee0> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.classlawgroup.com/antitrust/federal-laws/robinson-patman-act/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154432.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803061431-20210803091431-00533.warc.gz | en | 0.935569 | 240 | 2.578125 | 3 |
- Altai Snowcock
- Tetraogallus altaicus (Gebler, 1836)
- Galliformes - Phasianidae
- Алтайн хойлог
Status: Rare species. Endemic. According to the IUCN Red List categories
and criteria, the species evaluated as – Near Threatened.
Distribution and Range: Russian Altai, Sayan Range, Siilkhem and eastern Tagnyn range. In
Mongolia: Mongol Altai, Govi-Altai Mountains i.e., Tsambagarav, Kharkhiraa,
Turgen, Asgat, Khukh Serkh, Munkh Saridag, Sutai, Khuren Khairkhan, Jinst
Khairkhan, Khongor Khairkhan, Alag Khairkhan, Jargalant Khairkhan, and Sagil
Mountains in Mongol and Gobi-Altai. Khangai, Khan Khukhii and Khovsgol
Habitat: Forest-steppe in high mountains, cliffs and rock outcrops with
scree (2700-3000m), open ground and high valleys.
Population and threats: The population decreased in the early 1950’s. In recent years
the distribution has expanded into former ranges. It is estimated that there
are 15-30 per 100 ha in the Mongolia Altai Range. 3-30 in Khangai. Poaching for
medicinal use is common. Cold spells in the summer reduce hatching success by
40%; survival to adultood is 5-10%. Predators include eagles, Northern goshawks,
Snow leopards, lynxes, wolves, and foxes; nests are raided and juveniles preyed
upon by badgers and Stone martens in winter.
Conservation measures: Hunting prohibited since 1953. Listed as rare animal in the
Annex to the Mongolian Government Resolution #7 (2012), the Mongolia Red Book.
(1987, 1997). Majority of the distribution area is included within then NSPAN.
Further actions: Assess population abundance, distribution, migration pattern,
reflect the species in the SSPA’s conservation management plan, improve
conservation measures, put a stop to illegal hunting, poaching and trade,
include in the CITES, Annex, implement captive. breeding programs, constantly
promote public awareness programs. | <urn:uuid:3e038dd7-9bda-42b6-995e-7e97f49c02b1> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://birdingmongolia.mn/Bird_Details.aspx?ItemID=112 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526931.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190721061720-20190721083720-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.810072 | 523 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Community Based Instruction (CBI) is an instructional strategy designed to target the development of functional skills in natural, non-school based environments. Instruction is intensive, explicit, and based on assessment of students' need. It is the next level of instruction after classroom instruction has taken place. Skills learned in the classroom are generalized and taught in the community. CBI promotes greater independence at school and in the community.
The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) requires each state to establish challenging academic standards for students including students with moderate to severe disabilities. Rigorous standards based instruction is essential for the progress of all students.
Standard-based instruction is crucial when planning instruction for students with moderate to severe disabilities because it:
- Ties individual student needs to state standards
- Supports IEP teams in understanding a student’s current level of performance and what skills need to be taught
- Shows student access and progress in the general education curriculum
In order to understand the core principles of instruction for secondary students with moderate to severe disabilities, it is essential to have an awareness of the focus stages. Throughout a student’s elementary, middle, and high school experience the instructional focus will change.
The stages of instruction are much like a pebble dropping into water. When the pebble hits the water, many concentric rings begin forming and moving outward from the center. This is much like our students that enter high school from middle school. Students will build their foundation at the high school and gradually move outward toward the community and ultimately towards independence. Some students in our programs will not advance past this focus stage due to their cognitive ability. Nonetheless, the expectation is that instruction will continue to focus on promoting maximum independence for each student. The three stages provide specific skills to our students so that when they leave us they have a better chance at living independently and being competitively employed.
Video describing Community Based Instruction in LAUSD - http://www.lausd.net/cdg/SpecEd/cbi/
Alternate Curriculum Program Links | <urn:uuid:96854302-58ae-4eaa-84ab-00ce750b5d65> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://achieve.lausd.net/Page/4594 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178376467.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307105633-20210307135633-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.954324 | 417 | 4.15625 | 4 |
When your mom’s cellphone battery runs down, she charges it. And that’s what sleep does for us, too! A good night’s sleep gives your body rest and stores up energy for the next day.
But many of us are not getting enough sleep to fully recharge. Kids ages 5 to 12 years old need about 10–11 hours of sleep each night. So if you need to wake up by 7 a.m. in time for school, you’ll want to hit the sack by 8 or 9 p.m.
It may be fun to stay up late watching TV or playing games, but if you don’t rest, you may get sick more and miss play time with friends! Not getting enough sleep can lead to more colds, flu and stomachaches. That means missing school and being stuck inside the house.
Sleep also helps you get better after an illness, injury or surgery. That’s why rest is so important if you’ve had a bleed. Sleep lets your body focus on fixing itself.
You know you’re not getting enough sleep if you:
- Feel sleepy after you wake up.
- Sleep late on weekends and days when you don’t have school.
- Get tired during the day and wish you could take a nap.
Here are seven tips to get a good night’s sleep:
- Get moving! All that time on the playground and playing with friends can help you sleep longer at night.
- Go to bed and get up at the same time every day, even on weekends.
- Don’t play with video games or a cellphone after you get in bed. It’s tough for your body to wind down afterward.
- Ask Mom or Dad to read a book with you every night. Having a routine like this helps your body know it’s time for bed.
- Don’t eat big meals right before bedtime. Try having a warm glass of milk or a healthy snack instead.
- Don’t drink sugary sodas, especially in the afternoon or night. Many sodas contain caffeine, which can keep you up and make you jittery.
- Ask your parents to help make your bedroom feel cozy. A cool, dark and quiet bedroom helps you fall asleep.
With this advice in mind, you’re on your way to getting a great night’s sleep—every night! | <urn:uuid:383d3b2d-f97d-4ffc-a0da-ede54814c385> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://hemaware.org/life/hey-sleepyhead | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039604430.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422191215-20210422221215-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.932988 | 512 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Civil Rights Act
To provide remedies for violations of rights, privileges, and immunities of persons by government actors.
IN THE UNITED STATES SENATE
January 25, 2013
Mr. ROLAND of Texas introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Judiciary Committee.
To provide remedies for violations of rights, privileges, and immunities of persons by government actors.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the 'Civil Rights Act of 2013'.
SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND AUTHORITY.
1. The Congress finds that it has comminatory and punitive powers over government actors, including:
a. Military personnel under U.S. Const. Article I Section 8 Clause 14.
b. Militia personnel under U.S. Const. Article I Section 8 Clause 16.
c. Civil officers, their subordinates and agents, of all branches and departments of the government of the United States under U.S. Const. Article II Section 4.
d. Civil officers, their subordinates and agents, of all branches, departments, and subdivisions of the governments of the States of United States under the amendment to the U.S. Const. proposed in 1866 and presumed ratified in 1868.
2. The Congress finds that it has comminatory and punitive powers over such government actors, expressed in the U.S. Constitution as "treason, bribery, and other high crimes and misdemeanors", includes:
a. Common law crimes established in the territory of what would become the United States as of 1787.
b. Offenses inconsistent with the duties of government actors, including offenses of the kind subject to court-martial under the Uniform Code of Military Justice as of the date of enactment hereof, such as:
1. Dereliction of duty, bribery, yielding to intimidation, or bias.
2. Insubordination, failure to obey a lawful order of a superior, or to comply with a lawful statute or regulation.
3. Perjury, fraud, or conduct unbecoming.
4. Abuse of power, tending to the infringement of the rights of any person.
3. The Congress finds that it has power, under U.S. Const. Article III Section 2 Clause 2, to establish jurisdictions for civil causes of action among private parties of diverse residency or citizenship in the courts of the United States.
SEC. 3. ENACTMENT AND REPEALS.
Statutes codified in 18 USC Chapter 13 and in 42 USC Chapter 21 are hereby amended as follows:
1. All offenses and remedies under these titles shall be equally applicable to government actors of both the United States and the States of the United States, except that impeachment and removal by Congress shall apply only to United States actors whose appointments are subject to congressional consent.
2. Prosecution of a criminal case in the courts of the United States shall be conducted by a private person appointed by a duly met grand jury who has not served as a government actor of the United States in the preceding year, unless no such person can be found, in which case a government actor may prosecute.
3. Prosecution of a civil case in the courts of the United States shall be conducted only by a private person who has not served as a government actor of the United States in the preceding six months.
4. Prevailing private prosecutions, criminal or civil, shall be entitled to reasonable damages, fees, and costs in an amount not less than the value equivalent to one terajoule of electric energy, for the trial and each level of appeal, payable from the assets of the losing level, branch, and department of government, United States or State.
5. The rights of persons the infringement of which shall provide a basis for a criminal or civil prosecution shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
a. All rights already established in the above titles.
b. Due process and efficient remediation
1. Due notice of time, place, manner, parties, and subject of any proceeding with sufficient time to respond.
2. Fair hearing and decision on the legal merits, with redress for just grievances, including damages, property, or injunctive or declaratory relief.
3. Not to have just remedies made inaccessible or excessively difficult or costly.
4. Mandated testimony of witnesses.
5. Unimpeded access to courts, court filing, and grand juries, subject only to routine scheduling.
6. Direct presentation of complaints to a grand jury without the presence of any other government actor without the consent of the grand jury.
7. Standing to privately prosecute a public right without having been or expecting personal injury.
8. Not to be subject to retaliation.
9. Not to have admitted any plea or testimony induced by a plea bargain.
10. Not to have any property or asset taken or forfeited without civil or criminal judgment in a trial, with possession presumed to establish title unless proved otherwise.
11. Not to have any right, privilege, or immunity disabled by statute unless one is a minor, which by default shall be any individual under the age of 18 unless the disabilities of minority are extended or reduced by court order.
2. Criminal trials:
1. Indictment by twelve members of a randomly selected grand jury of 23 who elect their foreperson, upon a finding that the court has jurisdiction and that there is sufficient evidence for a trial, except for persons subject to military or militia discipline.
2. Service as prosecutor upon receipt of an indictment by a grand jury, subject only to consolidation by the grand jury if more than one person seeks to prosecute the same offense.
3. Trial by a randomly selected jury of twelve sworn to uphold applicable constitutions in criminal cases for which the penalty is more than 90 days.
4. No excessive bail when there is little flight risk.
5. No excessive fines imposed.
6. No cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
7. Speedy and public trial before an impartial jury of the state and district previously defined by law, wherein the offense shall have been committed, and to have the location of commitment be deemed where there was concurrence of mens rea and actus reus.
8. Not to be twice prosecuted for the same offense or same facts under different jurisdictions.
9. To be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence, but not to have counsel or an attorney imposed on him without his consent.
10. Not to be compelled to be a witness against himself.
11. Not be disabled in the exercise, or deprived, of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, by unanimous verdict of a jury of twelve.
12. Unimpeded presentation of all evidence by the defendant, without being subject to a motion in limine.
13. Unimpeded presentation of all legal argument to the jury, up to the final instructions to the jury, except for argument on a motion in limine that cannot be made without disclosing evidence properly excluded.
14. Unimpeded presentation of all pleadings, alternative instructions, and certified copies of applicable laws and constitutions, to the jury.
15. Not to have a sentence that does not separately disable the exercise of the immunity, and order deprivation of it, within the scope of that disablement
3. Civil trials:
Trial by a randomly selected jury of twelve sworn to uphold applicable constitutions in which the amount at issue, including costs, exceeds the equivalent of at least 15.46875 troy ounces of pure silver.
Appeal from a jury verdict on a writ of error or habeas corpus, according to the rules of the common law in the United States as of 1787, unless the Constitution is amended to provide otherwise.
1. Presumption of nonauthority for any claim to authority, to be strictly proved by an unbroken logical chain of derivation from a constitution.
2. Not to have any government actor exercise a power not delegated, regardless of whether one may be personally injured by such exercise.
3. Not to have government actors exercise powers on the pretext of being "necessary and proper" when they are not just to perform his official duties but to get a desired result beyond such duties.
4. To have delegated powers construed as narrowly, and rights, privileges, or immunities construed as broadly, as the language of the Constitution as meant and understood when ratified permits.
5. Priority docketing of all prerogative writs filed by a any person as demandant in the name of the people with a court of competent jurisdiction and served on the respondant, within three sederunt days, unless the respondant requires more, but not more than 20 calendar days, including but not limited to, demurral, quo warranto, habeas corpus, procedendo, mandamus, prohibito, certiorari, and scire facias, and to have default judgment even if no proof is presented or a hearing is not held.
6. Unimpeded and unpunished communications, including speech, press, and education, except such as instigate or direct a felony, misdemeanor, or tort.
7. Unimpeded assembly and exercise of rights in concert with others.
8. Unimpeded assembly as militia for organizing, training, and response to threats to public safety, subject only to direction by state militia officers during a call-up.
9. Unrestricted keeping and bearing of weapons, equipment, and supplies commonly used by military forces, or suitable for militia, subject only to court order of disablement for being a threat to oneself or others, or to the lawful orders of militia officers during a call-up.
10. Unimpeded and unpunished petition for redress of grievances.
11. Unimpeded devotion or practice of religion, not preferentially supported by public funds, that does not instigate or direct a felony, misdemeanor, or tort.
12. Exclusion of government actors from intrusion into one's real property, body, or use of one's personal property, for search, seizure, or for any other reason, without consent, a declared state of war or emergency threat to public, safety, a warrant supported by an affidavit of probable cause, and just compensation for any losses incurred, for each incident.
d. Supervision of government actors
1. Access to observation and recordation of any government proceeding except trial and grand jury deliberations or their equivalent, or deliberations on matters of security requiring secrecy.
2. Receipt of records of all proceedings, and accounting for all receipts, loans, debts, and expenditures, and reporting thereof, for eventual examination prior to an election in which the issues may be reviewed.
3. Accurate recording, counting, and reporting of all votes cast by eligible voters in any public election with protection from disclosure of how each voted.
4. Access to all information about oneself, and either copies at cost of all documentation or to make one's own copies using one's own equipment.
5. Effective low-cost remedies for getting information about oneself corrected, and use of such information restricted to that for which there is consent by oneself.
f. Not to be subject to meddling without a clear, present, and compelling public need
1. Association and contract to do things not unlawful, including practice of a profession or occupation, marriage, procreation, and acceptance or denial of medical prevention or treatment, except prevention of contagious diseases.
2. Formation, conduct, and revision or dissolution of corporations, partnerships, and other trusts, in which settlor, trustee, and beneficiary are distinct persons who may not be impeded or penalized from directly appearing in any court in such capacities.
3. Not to have some accorded special privileges or protections that favor them over the rest of the people, in ways not essential to the performance of public duties.
4. Travel within, to, and from the United States and any State, territory or locality.
5. Not to be removed from the location of one's birth or lawful residence, or impeded from returning thereto.
6. Not to be enslaved or submitted to peonage except as punishment for a crime, but subject to militia, jury, witness, and other public duty.
7. Not to be impeded or punished for voting if one is a citizen and resident on grounds of race, color, creed, previous servitude, gender, age 18 or above, or failure to pay a tax.
8. Custody and care of close relatives who are non sui juris.
9. Not to be neglected or abused while in custody.
10. Not to be denied any right, privilege, or immunity for failure to have or present a name or other form of identification.
11. Not to be deported without proof that one has not been born or naturalized as a citizen, unless one is born to a person not subject to the allegiance of the United States, such as a foreign diplomat or an invader.
12. Not to be subject to penalty for not doing something, such as paying a tax, if government agents refuse to allow it to be done, such as accepting payment of a tax.
13. Not to deny relief from some government action for lack of an appropriation to process the application for relief, or having an official to receive the application, and to fail to recognize the demand for such relief as being granted by default.
14. Not to be required to procreate or if an adult, to refrain from procreating.
15. Not to have imposed upon one any unwanted belief or expression of devotion or to be pressured into conformity with such.
g. The foregoing list is not exhaustive, and further rights, privileges, and immunities are to be found in the historical record. The rule of expressio unius est exclusio alterius shall not be applied.
SEC. 4. REMEDIATION.
Persons whose rights have been violated within the preceding 20 years from enactment hereof shall have standing to seek relief under its provisions.
SEC. 5. TRANSITIONAL.
Older victims of past abuse shall have their cases dockets ahead of younger persons to allow for them to receive redress while they remain alive. | <urn:uuid:ef45a444-11c1-4e94-95aa-bb4a7d7b20e8> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://jonroland.net/civil_rights | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098924.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00251-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937944 | 2,996 | 3.34375 | 3 |
So far, we've been showing you kombucha and various vegetable ferments. Now it's time to play with dairy! Like vegetables, dairy has been consumed and fermented in most cultures for centuries. This week's video shows you how to start basic milk kefir. Milk kefir is sort of like a thin, drinkable yogurt, but has way more healthy belly bugs in it than yogurt. Yogurt traditionally only has bacteria contributing to the fermentation, whereas milk kefir, like kombucha, has bacteria AND yeast. This creates a slightly different flavor and nutrient profile.
As you'll see in the video, the milk kefir cultures are called "kefir grains" because of the way they look. They do not contain any actual grains. Milk kefir can made with most mammal milks, coconut milk, and sometimes other milk alternatives. The process breaks down most of the lactose, so fermented dairy products are often more easily digested and tolerated, even by those with dairy intolerance. As always, get the best quality ingredients you are able to get and go from there. Grass-fed, raw milk is going to be the most nutrient dense (seriously, it's a super food, check out why in our "Why Raw Milk?" blog), but you can make kefir with regular, pastuerized organic milk. (We always recommend organic animal products if at all possible. Commercial animal farms are the worst!)
Milk kefir grains are different than water kefir grains. You should not try to mix back and forth, although there are some situations in which a transition will work. More on that in our upcoming 201 video series, so stay tuned for that! As always, comments and questions are welcome on here, YouTube or our social media! (likes and shares, too!) Enjoy the video, then get in the kitchen and play! | <urn:uuid:c2b735d1-9da3-485b-8986-9b8fdf327c20> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.culturalrevivalists.com/blank-7/2017/10/31/And-now-for-something-completely-different | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195069.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128040731-20201128070731-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.950327 | 388 | 2.609375 | 3 |
CROATIA used to market itself as holiday destination under the slogan: “The Mediterranean as it once was.” This was meant to conjure up images of pristine beaches and beautiful and historic towns and sights. It was not meant to give an image of country crustily conservative, socially illiberal and pining for a simpler time when being gay was at best kept in the closet and at worst a crime.
On December 1st a referendum showed that a large minority of Croats do in fact long for the old days. Fully 66% approved the proposition: “Are you in favour of the constitution of the Republic of Croatia being amended with a provision stating that marriage is matrimony between a woman and a man?” The turnout was 38% so the question was approved by a quarter of the electorate.
The referendum was a defeat for the government of Zoran Milanovic, the Social Democratic prime minister who had campaigned hard for a “no” vote. The strange thing about it, however, was that that it came from nowhere. There was no significant debate about gay marriage in Croatia before the campaign. Florian Bieber, a Balkan expert at Graz University, points out here Croatia is rather mainstream, in terms of legislation and outlook about homosexuality, among both central and southern European countries as well as former communist ones.
Before the demise of Yugoslavia, Croatia was one of only two of its six republics, along with Slovenia, to have decriminalised homosexuality. Croats will now make their constitution like that of neighboring Serbia, which defines marriage as between a man and woman. There the church and nationalist groups have used threats of violence against gay pride parades and other gay issues to attack liberal agendas.
The referendum was held after a group called “In the Name of the Family” gathered almost 750,000 signatures asking for one. Their leading light is a Zeljka Markic, a successful businesswoman with close links to the Catholic Church and a far-right party called Hrast. The constitution will be amended, but the referendum’s impact will be more symbolic. Laws on civil partnerships are in the pipeline, which will cover inheritance and other contentious topics, although not adoption.
One result of the referendum is that it has emboldened those fighting against the introduction of Serbian Cyrillic script on road and other signs in the Vukovar area. They say they have now gathered enough signatures to hold a referendum seeking to ban it. Vukovar was virtually leveled during the war in Croatia. But following its peaceful reintegration back into the Croatian state from Serb control after 1995 many Serbs remain there. In the wake of the marriage referendum Mr Milanovic has sworn that there will be no referendum on Cyrillic: “This was the last referendum in which a majority limits the rights of a minority,” he fumed.
Since Cyrillic was not contentious in the Vukovar region until the government decided to introduce it, some have wondered whether the government has caused problems has given right wing populists an opportunity to go on the offensive. Raising the dormant issue of Cyrillic appeared to bolster Mr Milanovic’s liberal credentials after he had appeased right wingers last year by introducing legislation that prevented the extradition of Josip Perkovic, a former secret policeman, to Germany wanted for a murder in 1983 of a Croatian defector who had become involved with nationalist circles.
According to Mr Bieber the referendum “suggests that a conservative social agenda might gather popular support. Such campaigning is likely to be polarising and cannot capture a majority, but can energise the conservative spectrum of the electorate.” Referring to the anti-Cyrillic campaign, he notes the marriage referendum provides an incentive for the opposition to bypass representative democracy and impose a conservative agenda through referenda (or the threat of them).
A joke now making the rounds says: “Marriage is a union between a man and a woman who use Latin letters.” For now the referendum has had no international ramifications. Ines Sabalic, who represents the city of Zagreb in Brussels, says her city remains tolerant and open . But, for many, especially in the north of Europe, it is another worryingly illiberal sign from the European Union’s newest state. Last month Josip Simunic a footballer was fined after rallying supporters in a world cup qualifying match with a cry associated with the country’s Nazi-quisling wartime state. Since then more than 160,000 have come out in support for him on Facebook. | <urn:uuid:6b6a4069-9ecb-4f62-af02-34370888a7ed> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.economist.com/eastern-approaches/2013/12/05/croatians-vote-against-gay-marriage | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735958.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805124104-20200805154104-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.97275 | 944 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Cyborgs and space
Homeostasis--->the ability to do things and make decisions without constant input
Heliotropism of sunflowers
This article was written in the 60s
The root of human machine interaction is
Implants and mergers
-Cochlear implants stimulate a nerve inside your ear
-Kevin Warwick implant 30 pin chip into his medial nerve, allowed him to communicate with the chip via radio transmission.
-Symbiosis(Mutualism)-Both we and the machines benefit from constant interaction.
-The key to space travel is adapting your body to an environment, not adapting the environment to the human body. | <urn:uuid:722848b5-3d5f-459f-aeb9-c00f13fec2c3> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://blueeagledangerface.blogspot.com/2018/11/cyborgs-and-space-cybernetics.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583745010.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121005305-20190121031305-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.895168 | 134 | 2.59375 | 3 |
A lot of associated in fabrication more than the past ten years have transitioned from actual physical to optical or laser slicing approaches. Laser cutting has given producers a higher amount or precision and good quality. Even so, as a lot of who are involved inside laser cutting know that it needs a level of patience and can be an artwork as considerably as it is a science.
Numerous fabricators have also read of air cutting using compressed air. This textual content will be relating to the utilization of combining both laser and compressed air cutting.
The Technological Aspect of Laser Reducing With Compressed Air
The oxygen reactions operates through generating an exothermic response which will burn through the substrate (similar to flame slicing). The nitrogen reaction operates by means of the sublimation pathway generating a large strain gradient which helps to create drive by means of the lower.
Air cutting can make plasma which the laser will have its focal level positioned on release cutting on a plasma ball. The system can in fact cause an increase in vitality which can cause extreme melting. This will probably lead to the operator of the laser cutter to trigger the laser to move at a more rapidly speed.
Price Personal savings
When the technology of making use of lasers very first came out, it significantly enhanced the price of fabrication of elements. However, with the increase in speed experienced when utilizing the compressed air, a lot of operators will discover a considerable reduction to prior costs.
Good quality Concerns
Based on decision of gasoline the edges of the substrate that is minimize can become discolored. boss lasers is a problem with introducing the air compression to the traditional laser chopping. Nonetheless this new strategy is an additional technique for fabricators to employ. | <urn:uuid:306c5f5e-73ae-4692-9594-956bd8a5dc17> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.meetuphappyhour.com/pressurized-air-blended-with-laser-beam-chopping-for-a-better-end-result/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621519.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615180356-20210615210356-00597.warc.gz | en | 0.944065 | 343 | 2.953125 | 3 |
About a month ago, I worked with a regional education network focused on racial equity in education to do ripple effect mapping (REM) based on the past three years of its work to diversify the teacher workforce, including efforts to help paraprofessionals advance into formal teaching roles. REM is a technique to evaluate the results of an initiative or intervention by pulling together a diverse and representative group of stakeholders to make sense of the impacts they see as rippling through the system. The methodology is very participatory and has extra added benefits of helping to strengthen relationships and understanding between what otherwise might be siloed stakeholders. REM can also help to guide the refinement of a theory of change (rooted in actual experience!) and lift up areas for further investigation, including barriers to and accelerators for greater impact and systemic shifts.
Ripple effect mapping combines four different methods: peer interviews, group sense-making, mind mapping, and qualitative data analysis. In general it happens through the following steps:
- Conduct a stakeholder analysis to identify the right set of participants that has participated in the initiative, including beneficiaries, implementers, sponsors, key decision-makers, resource providers, those with relevant expertise and lived experience, and critical connectors/boundary spanners.
- Convene the identified group. Our convening was a bit larger than the recommended size of 15-20 people – we had about 35 people representing different roles, institutions, geographies, perspectives and backgrounds.
- During the convening, conduct interviews using Appreciative Inquiry questions. Appreciative Inquiry invites people to reflect on the positive aspects of a project. We had people share something positive that they had experienced or witnessed associated with the project, including outcomes, relationships, learning, new collaborations, etc.
- Do a group mapping session, during which people build on what they shared and heard in the interviews, brainstorm and record the effects (the “ripples”) of the initiative or intervention. We used a large bank of chart paper and large stickies with two facilitators (one to steward the conversation, the other to place and move stickies) and several scribes. The resulting “mind map” illustrates the effects of the intervention and explores connections, causality, and virtuous cycles. Before ending the mapping session, we invited people to “take a step back,” take in the map and ask what stood out to them, what seemed most important, and what they wanted to know more about.
- Clarify, connect, code, and analyze data. After the session, a smaller group organizes the mind map and collects and connects additional details by following up with participants.
This week a small team of us met for a second time (virtually, of course) to make sense of the data, including notes that were taken by a recorder and photographs of the mind map. It was helpful to do this in two meetings as there was a considerable amount of data, people are reeling from COVID, and it was important to have some time in-between the two sessions to do some more individual reflection, looking for patterns in the data.
In this second meeting, we started threading together our individual reads, and also reminded ourselves that we are dealing with complex systems and as such, linear causality is not necessarily what we should be looking for. What began to emerge as we talked (over the course of two hours) was a circular, or spiral, progression and lattice-work of nested impacts. We started to think in terms of “causal loops,” DNA helixes, and networked flows. An overarching question started to form –
What intersecting “virtuous loops” are we learning need to be supported to advance change and overcome “vicious loops” oriented towards keeping the system(s) as it/they are?
What we are working with as a core loop/spiral (for now) is the following:
- People who care and are committed come together across boundaries (districts, schools, roles, disciplines, perspective, culture)
- People practice deep listening to and learning from paraprofessionals, students, one another …
- People start making different choices and behaving differently (changing job descriptions, altering programs to accommodate spoken and respected needs, engaging in mutual support, moving from competition to collaboration between programs, sharing information more transparently)
- People start to taste “transformation” (a sense of their and others’ potential, the power of lived experience in the classroom, the essential nature of community, the benefits of working together)
- The resulting enthusiasm feeds back into care and consideration, and the cycle repeats, and ideally takes in more people … (we have seen some evidence in this as paras become seen as leaders and mentors to other paras)
This core loop operates at and across different levels:
- The individual “beneficiary” level (students and para-professionals)
- The individual support level (mentors, teacher prep educators, those who hire/fire/retain)
- The individual school level
- The district/teacher prep program level
- Larger system levels (community, state policy and support)
And the loop will play out in different ways in different contexts. And so we are asking about differences and similarities across systems (trans-contextual, in the words of Nora Bateson).
This is all very emergent and still exploratory, as it should be, and we will continue to make meaning and test take-aways. And I think that we would all agree that the foundation of all of this is care, or a word we like to use at IISC – love. One definition of love is “seeing and treating the other as a legitimate other.” If we don’t begin with this at the level of students who we see as deserving to have the benefit of having teachers who look like and can experientially relate to them, if we do not see and believe in the potential, humanity and “expertise” of para-professionals of color, well, we go no where.
And so we continue to mull over and be guided by the dynamic “ripples and collisions” (in the words of a network participant) of this work to what we hope will be a better place …2 Comments | <urn:uuid:b61aaf6c-9329-4dc8-9aba-0b6a666cb4ce> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://interactioninstitute.org/tag/sense-making/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679099942.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128183116-20231128213116-00490.warc.gz | en | 0.957819 | 1,316 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Understanding The 5 Mental Health Issues Most Common To Nurses
This May, Mental Health America will celebrate the 68th annual Mental Health Month. First established in 1949, Mental Health Month has been founded in order to spread awareness about mental health issues, and educate the public about the most common mental health problems in America.
There are many ways that MHA accomplishes this goal – advanced pre-screening tests, statistical information about the preponderance of mental health issues, and much more.
And though mental health issues aren’t as stigmatized among the general public as they used to be, there are still some areas where it’s somewhat taboo to openly discuss mental health problems – and this includes most medical facilities.
Most nurses don’t want to admit that they’re struggling with their mental health. Nurses are supposed to be caring, reliable, and strong – and it’s hard to admit when we’re suffering, especially if our problems are “just in our heads”.
But nurses struggle with mental health issues, too. In this article, we’ll take a look at the 5 most common mental health issues in nursing, as discovered by a 2013 study of ICU nurses.
- High Levels Of Workplace Stress – 83.9%
Being a nurse isn’t easy – especially if you work in an intensive care unit, emergency room, or another place where your decisions can make the difference between life and death. When that code button gets hit and you’re rushing toward a patient’s room – potentially holding their life in your hands – that’s a significant source of stress.
Nearly 83.9% of surveyed ICU nurses said that they regularly experienced high levels of workplace stress – and 10.7% said they experience moderate levels of stress during their work.
This is a big deal. Long-term, unrelieved stress can lead to physical ailments, and a much higher risk of developing another mental health condition, such as anxiety or depression.
Because of this, nurses should take steps to reduce their levels of workplace stress. Mindfulness exercises, meditation, and even consulting with a licensed psychologist are great ways to help you maintain a healthier mental state, and reduce your levels of stress in the workplace.
- Depersonalization – 60%
Depersonalization is very common among nurses, due to its association with prolonged levels of stress and anxiety. If you’ve ever pulled back-to-back double shifts, you’re probably well aware of what depersonalization feels like. You feel like you’re floating, like the actions you’re performing are being done by somebody else – like you’re in a dream.
If depersonalization is not addressed, it can lead to further mental deterioration. Depersonalization can lead to increased feelings of anxiety, especially when combined with sleep deprivation.
Steps that can be taken to address depersonalization include reducing workplace stress, addressing past trauma that could contribute to its effects, and maintaining healthy sleeping habits.
- Anxiety – 42.4%
Anxiety has a very high correlation with workplace stress. High levels of stress almost always lead to a greater preponderance of anxiety disorders – and the high-stress environment of a hospital can have an extremely damaging effect on the mental health of nurses.
It’s estimated that, in the general population, around 12% of people will suffer from an episode of an anxiety disorder during their lifetime – while in our study, nearly 42.4% of nurses had suffered from severe levels of anxiety during their work.
Anxiety can lead to a huge variety of negative symptoms, including depression, panic attacks, and an increased risk of substance abuse. The primary treatment for anxiety disorders – when diagnosed – is therapy, though antidepressants or beta blockers may be prescribed in severe cases.
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder – 24%
Despite recent campaigns to raise awareness about PTSD, many people still think of it as a “soldier’s disease”. And indeed, post-traumatic stress disorder is very common in soldiers – but PTSD can be triggered by almost any event that places a tremendous amount of physical or emotional strain on a person.
Our aforementioned study shows that nearly 24% of all ICU nurses show some signs or symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. These levels are much higher than the general population – it’s estimated that around 9.5% of Americans will have an episode of PTSD during their lives.
PTSD can take many forms, and side effects of include increased anxiety, poor mood, and a more highly-developed “fight-or-flight” response. The main treatment for PTSD is cognitive-behavioral therapy, alongside SSRIs or other pharmaceuticals, in extreme cases.
- Depression – 11%
Nurses are around 3 times as likely to suffer from major bouts of depression, compared to the worldwide population. Depression is one of the most difficult mental health issues to deal with – especially for nurses – because so many people still don’t understand how dangerous and difficult depression can be to treat.
Depression is often a result of other mental health issues such as anxiety and stress. Prolonged levels of anxiety and stress can often lead to feelings of helplessness and despair – and if left untreated, these feelings can lead to major depressive disorder.
This is a big issue among nurses because so many of us feel reticent to express their feelings of sadness and depression, for fear of being seen as weak – or worse, unfit for duty.
Prevention is the best way to deal with depression. Because depression is often preceded by high levels of stress and anxiety, addressing these issues is a great way to stop major episodes of depression – before they start.
This Mental Health Month, Keep The Discussion Going In Your Workplace!
The study we’ve been looking at focuses primarily on nurses in high-stress jobs – the ICU and ER, for instance. But these issues can affect every nurse. Whether you work at a small physician practice, or you’re a night shift ICU nurse, you could be at risk of developing one of these mental disorders.
So you should be open about your mental health – and encourage others to do the same. The best way to destigmatize mental health issues in nurses is to talk about them openly and honestly. So keep the conversation going in your workplace, and work with your colleagues to promote better mental health among all hospital workers. | <urn:uuid:1134591e-f4be-40a4-b471-c906945ed3dc> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://scrubsmag.com/understanding-5-mental-health-issues-most-common-nurses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947795.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425100306-20180425120306-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.956683 | 1,353 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Turkmenistan, previously known as Turkmenia, is a Central Asian nation bordered to the northwest by Kazakhstan, to the north and east by Uzbekistan, to the southeast by Afghanistan, to the south and southwest by Iran, and to the west by the Caspian Sea.
Turkmenistan has always been a crossroads of cultures. Merv was one of the major towns of the Islamic world in medieval times, as well as an important station on the Silk Road, a caravan route utilized for commerce with China until the mid-15th century. Turkmenistan was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1881 and subsequently played a major role in Central Asia’s anti-Bolshevik struggle. Turkmenistan became a component republic of the Soviet Union in 1924, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR), and gained independence when the Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991.
Turkmenistan has the world’s fourth biggest reserves of natural gas. The Karakum (Black Sand) Desert covers the majority of the nation. Citizens have been receiving free power, water, and natural gas from the government since 1993.
Until his death in 2006, Turkmenistan was governed by President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov. In 2007, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow was elected President. Human Rights Watch claims that “Turkmenistan continues to be one of the world’s most oppressive nations. The nation is practically closed to independent inspection, media and religious freedoms are severely restricted, and human rights advocates and other campaigners suffer continuous retaliation from the government.” President Berdimuhamedow supports a personality cult in which he, his family, and allies have absolute authority and influence over all areas of public life.
Turkmenistan | Introduction
North Korea may receive all the attention, but even Kim Il-sung’s cult personality in comparison to Turkmenistan’s bizarre totalitarian state established by Turkmenistan’s previous all-powerful President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov. He took the title Turkmenbashi (“Father of All Turkmen”), named the city of Turkmenbashi (previously Krasnovodsk) after himself, and erected a 15-meter-tall golden monument in the capital Ashgabat that turns to face the sun. The month of January was renamed Turkmenbashi after himself, while the term “bread” was renamed Gurbansoltan Eje after Niyazov’s mother. Lip synching, long hair, video games, and gilded teeth caps have all been prohibited by decrees issued by Niyazov’s palace. Throughout it all, Serdar Saparmurat Turkmenbashi the Great (his official title) appeared to be humble, saying once, “I’m personally opposed to seeing my portraits and monuments in the streets – but that’s what the people desire.” Niyazov’s administration also spent billions of dollars rebuilding the nation, closing libraries and clinics, and even writing the Ruhnama, a spiritual book aimed at improving Turkmen people’s lives.
Since Niyazov’s untimely death in December 2006, his successor Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov has gradually pulled back the Turkmenbashi’s greatest excesses. The Ruhnama has fallen out of favor, and Berdimuhamedov has maintained the process of restoring pensions and old names while establishing his own somewhat more restrained cult of personality.
One thing to remember for those guests who smoke cigarettes or cigars: it is illegal to smoke ‘in a public area.’ In general, this implies ‘outside.’ Smoking is not permitted in any of the bazaars, since there were two big bazaar fires in 2006-2007. While it annoys nonsmokers, individuals who like tobacco products may do so at most restaurants, cafés, and nightclubs. A decent rule of thumb is that if no one else is smoking, you shouldn’t either. However, the government has prohibited the sale of all tobacco products in the nation.
Turkmens, sometimes spelt Turkomans, make up the majority of Turkmens in both ethnicity and language. Turkmenistan used to have sizable Russian and German communities, but they mostly fled to their home countries when the Soviet Union disintegrated. According to the 1995 census, 77% of the population is Turkmen, 9% Uzbek, and 7% Russian.
The Turkmens, according to the Ruhmana, descended from Oguz Han, and all Oguz people descended from Oguz Han’s 24 grandsons. The Ural-Altay area of Central Asia was the Oguz tribes’ ancestral homeland. The “six Oghuz tribal unity” is mentioned in the Orhun inscriptions (6th century), alluding to the merger of the six Turkic tribes. This was the earliest written mention of Oghuz, dating from the time of the Göktürk Empire. The Book of Dede Korkut, the Oghuz Turks’ historical epic, was composed in the ninth and tenth centuries. In the 10th century, they moved westward via the Aral Sea and the Syr Darya Basin. The Seljuks, an Oghuz tribe, conquered Islam and established the Great Seljuk Empire in Persia in the 11th century. The name Oghuz is derived from the word ‘ok,’ which means ‘arrow’ or ‘tribe,’ and an archer firing an arrow was shown on the Seljuk Empire’s banner. The name Oghuz was eventually replaced by Türkmen or Turcoman by the Turks themselves. This procedure was finished in the 13th century.
The Turkmen are divided into four tribes: the Tekke (near the oasis of Ahal, Tejen, and Merv), the Ersari (along the Amu Darya), the Yomud (in the Balkan Region and Khorzem Oasis), and the Goklen (in the Soudan).
In recent years, the tourist sector, particularly medical tourism, has grown significantly. This is attributed mainly to the establishment of the Avaza tourism zone on the Caspian Sea. Before entering Turkmenistan, all visitors must acquire a visa. Most residents of most nations need the assistance of a visa support local travel agency in order to acquire a tourist visa. Excursions to ancient sites Daşoguz, Konye-Urgench, Nisa, Merv, Mary, beach tours to Avaza, and medical tours and vacations in Mollakara, Yylly suw, Archman are available for visitors visiting Turkmenistan.
Turkmenistan is the world’s 52nd-largest nation, with 488,100 km2 (188,500 sq mi). It is somewhat smaller than Spain and slightly bigger than the state of California in the United States. It is located between the latitudes of 35° and 43° N, and the longitudes of 52° and 67° E. The Karakum Desert covers more than 80% of the nation. The Turan Depression and the Karakum Desert dominate the country’s center. The Kopet Dag Range, which runs along the country’s southwest border, reaches a height of 2,912 meters (9,554 feet) in Kuh-e Rizeh (Mount Rizeh).
The only other major heights are the Great Balkhan Range in the country’s west (Balkan Province) and the Kötendag Range on the country’s southern border with Uzbekistan (Lebap Province). Mount Arlan in the Great Balkhan Range rises to 1,880 meters (6,170 feet), whereas Ayrybaba in the Kugitangtau Range is the highest point in Turkmenistan at 3,137 meters (10,292 ft). The Kopet Dag mountain range comprises the majority of Turkmenistan’s border with Iran. The Amu Darya, Murghab, and Tejen rivers are among them.
The climate is mostly dry subtropical desert, with minimal precipitation. Winters are warm and dry, with the majority of rain occurring between January and May. The Kopet Dag Range receives the most precipitation in the nation.
The Turkmen coast along the Caspian Sea stretches for 1,748 kilometers (1,086 miles). The Caspian Sea is completely landlocked, with no natural connection to the ocean, but maritime access to and from the Black Sea is provided via the Volga–Don Canal.
Aşgabat, Türkmenbaşy (previously Krasnovodsk), and Daşoguz are among the main cities.
The Karakum Desert is one of the world’s driest deserts, with some areas receiving just 12 millimetres of yearly precipitation (0.47 in). The maximum recorded temperature in Ashgabat is 48.0 °C (118.4 °F), while Kerki, an extreme inland city situated on the banks of the Amu Darya river, reached 51.7 °C (125.1 °F) in July 1983, but this figure is unofficial. The hottest temperature ever recorded in Repetek Reserve is 50.1 °C (122 °F), which is also regarded as the highest temperature ever recorded in the whole former Soviet Union.
The nation has the world’s fourth-largest natural gas reserves and significant oil potential. Turkmenistan has adopted a cautious approach to economic change, aiming to maintain its economy via gas and cotton sales. The unemployment rate was projected to reach 60% in 2004.
Turkmenistan suffered from a continuing lack of suitable natural gas export routes, as well as obligations on significant short-term foreign debt, between 1998 and 2002. At the same time, the value of overall exports has increased dramatically due to rises in international oil and gas prices. Economic prospects for the foreseeable future are bleak due to widespread domestic poverty and the weight of international debt.
President Niyazov spent a large portion of the country’s income substantially rebuilding cities, particularly Ashgabat. According to a report released in April 2006 by the London-based non-governmental organization Global Witness, corruption watchdogs expressed particular concern about the management of Turkmenistan’s currency reserves, the majority of which are held in off-budget funds such as the Foreign Exchange Reserve Fund in the Deutsche Bank in Frankfurt.
Electricity, natural gas, water, and salt would be subsidized for residents until 2030, according to a Peoples’ Council order issued on August 14, 2003. In addition, before July 1, 2014, vehicle owners were entitled to 120 gallons of free gasoline each month. Bus, lorry, and tractor drivers may get 200 litres of free gasoline, while motorcyclists and scooter riders could receive 40 litres. After Turkmenistan threatened to shut off supply, Russia agreed to boost the price it pays for Turkmen natural gas from $65 to $100 per 1,000 cubic meters on September 5, 2006. The Russian state-owned Gazprom receives two-thirds of Turkmen gas.
Natural gas and export routes
The Galkynysh gas field contains the world’s second-largest amount of gas, behind the South Pars field in the Persian Gulf, as of May 2011. The Galkynysh gas field’s reserves are estimated to be about 21.2 trillion cubic metres. The Turkmenistan Natural Gas Company (Türkmengaz), which is overseen by the Ministry of Oil and Gas, is in charge of gas production throughout the nation. The national economy’s most active and promising industry is gas production. Ashgabat began a strategy of diversifying raw material export channels in 2010. As a pipeline connecting the two nations via Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan achieves full capacity, China is expected to become Turkmenistan’s biggest consumer of gas in the coming years. In addition to supplying Russia, China, and Iran, Ashgabat made tangible steps to expedite work on the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India pipeline (TAPI). Turkmenistan originally estimated the project’s cost at $3.3 billion. On May 21, 2010, President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow unexpectedly issued a proclamation declaring that Turkmen firms would construct an internal East-West gas pipeline enabling the transport of gas from Turkmenistan’s largest reserves (Dowlatabad and Yoloten) to the Caspian shore. The East-West pipeline is expected to be approximately 1,000 km long, with a carrying capacity of 30 billion m3 per year, and will cost between one and one and a half billion US dollars.
The Turkmen State Company (Concern) Türkmennebit extracts the majority of Turkmen oil from fields near the Caspian Sea at Koturdepe, Balkanabat, and Cheleken, which have a total estimated reserve of 700 million tons. The oil extraction business began in 1909 (by Branobel) with the exploitation of the fields in Cheleken, and in the 1930s with the exploitation of the fields in Balkanabat. The discovery of the Kumdag field in 1948 and the Koturdepe field in 1959 accelerated production. Turkmenbashy and Seidi refineries process a large portion of Turkmen oil production. In addition, ships transport oil from the Caspian Sea to Europe through canals. | <urn:uuid:48d4b828-424b-4de2-b730-f3f98a29d888> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://travelshelper.com/destinations/asia/turkmenistan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320306335.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20220128182552-20220128212552-00564.warc.gz | en | 0.941299 | 2,892 | 2.75 | 3 |
Massive EXPLOSION visible to naked eye SEEN ON MOON
'Equivalent to 5 TONNES of TNT going off', says NASA
Vid Sensational news today from the Moon, as skywatchers say a huge explosion - as bright as a star, and visible from Earth with the naked eye - has been seen on the lunar surface.
"It exploded in a flash nearly 10 times as bright as anything we've ever seen before," splutters Bill Cooke, a top NASA boffin. According to NASA, the mighty blast briefly "glowed like a 4th magnitude star ... the explosion packed as much punch as 5 tons of TNT". For comparison that's twice as much explosive as one would find in a US Air Force nuclear-bunker-busting MOP superbomb.
Rather than a crashing alien spaceship, or perhaps the launch flare of one taking off, Cooke and his colleagues believe that the massive moon bomb blast has a relatively prosaic explanation: an unusually violent meteor strike. NASA calculations indicate that a meteoroid probably around 0.4 metres across and massing 40kg-odd barrelled into the lunar regolith going at around 56 thousand mph.
Despite the violence and brightness of the resulting cataclysm, nobody noticed it at the time, or if they did they didn't tell NASA. Though the space boulder struck the moon on March 17, the agency's boffins have only just realised it happened, while going through digital imagery recorded by automatic monitoring cameras attached to telescopes trained on the Moon.
Ron Suggs, analyst at the Marshall Space Flight Center, was the first to notice the impact.
"It jumped right out at me, it was so bright," he says.
NASA now plans to fly its Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter probe craft, in orbit above the moon, over the impact site to see just what size of crater the meteoroid left. Assuming that Cooke and Suggs are right and no aliens, Tibetans, escaped WWII Nazis etc were involved, anyway.
There's more on the lunar space boulder bomb blast cataclysm coolness from NASA here. ® | <urn:uuid:ac303668-8ffa-4d63-9d05-4e7ed3181ec0> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/05/20/explosion_on_the_moon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948545526.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214163759-20171214183759-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.957367 | 435 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Common table sugar or sucrose is a compound composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. It is disaccharide that has the chemical formula C12H22O11. Disaccharides are molecules that consist of two monosaccharides connected by a glycosidic bond.Continue Reading
The two monosaccharides found in sucrose are one molecule each of glucose and fructose, which are simple sugars. Sucrose's molecular weight is 342.296 grams per mole. The manufacture of sucrose involves processing sugar canes or sugar beets.
Some other disaccharides are maltose and lactose. Lactose is called milk sugar, while maltose is called beer sugar. Although maltose and lactose have the same chemical formula as sucrose, their bonding involves different monosaccharides. Maltose consists of two molecules of glucose, and lactose is made up of one molecule each of galactose and glucose.Learn more about Solutions & Mixtures | <urn:uuid:3d14e23a-bbba-48fc-910f-42b2641e07f2> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.reference.com/science/sugar-compound-aa41895d713ff765 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320226.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624050312-20170624070312-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.935982 | 205 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Electronic communication is an umbrella term for the new communication systems and technology that have opened up where people can communicate at a distance through electronic devices. The way in which this changes peoples relationships and the factors that govern the use of these devices are of keen interest to psychologists.
The new communications media include:
- Bulletin boards and forums
- Chat rooms
- Mobile phone | <urn:uuid:9b6d28be-f862-4cf7-a700-a8a716f616a0> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Electronic_communication | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928965.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00033-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.885838 | 96 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Definition of shell game
1 : thimblerig played especially with three walnut shells
2 : fraud; especially : a swindle involving the substitution of something of little or no value for a valuable item
Examples of shell game in a sentence
<it's amazing how intelligent people fall for that investment-fund shell game>
Did You Know?
The shell game, a swindling trick in which a small ball or pea is quickly shifted from under one to another of three walnut shells or cups to fool the spectator guessing its location, is a version of one of the oldest and most widespread forms of sleight of hand. Conjurers have performed this trick, which is also called the cups and balls trick and thimblerig, throughout the world for centuries. The version that became popular in the United States in the late 19th century used walnut shells and peas. Shell game thus became the popular term for the trick, and the trick itself became so well known that the term is now used figuratively to describe dishonest actions that are done to deceive people.
First Known Use of shell game
SHELL GAME Defined for English Language Learners
Definition of shell game for English Language Learners
: a dishonest betting game in which someone hides a ball under one of three cups or shells, moves the cups or shells around quickly, and asks an observer to guess which one the ball is under
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up shell game? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:4845a066-5bc2-4f5b-9cae-e221f7003295> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shell+game | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170741.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00033-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958716 | 320 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Although the Biblical book of Daniel describes
the visions of a prophet who is presented as having lived in sixth-century Babylonia,
text is very young, as can be deduced from the fact
that in the Jewish Bible, it is not included among the prophets (nevi'im), but,
almost as an afterthought, to the last part of the writings (ketuvim),
together with other late texts (Ezra-Nehemiah
clue is language: it is written in Aramaic with Persian and Greeks loan
words, which again suggests that it was not written in the sixth
The most convincing argument for a young date, however,
is chapter eleven, in which Daniel has a vision of the Syrian Wars,
waged between the Ptolemaic
Empires, successors of the empire of Alexander
the Great. The prophecy is very accurate: all major conflicts
are mentioned, and the Sixth
Syrian War is even mentioned in great detail. However, after
the author of Daniel
has given his description of the desacration of the temple, the
persecution of the Jews, and the beginning of the Maccabaean revolt in
166 BCE, his prophecy goes astray: he predicts a new war between the
Ptolemies and Seleucids. This never took place; instead, the Seleucids
had to fight in the east. It proves that the text was finished after
Below, you can find the text of Daniel (New
International Version) and some comments that indicate what events are
Alexander, bust from
Now then, I tell you the truth: Three
kings will appear in Persia, and then a fourth, who will be far richer
than all the others. When he has gained power by his wealth, he will
stir up everyone against the kingdom of Greece
Then a mighty king will appear, who will
rule with great power and do as he pleases. After
he has appeared, his empire will be broken up and parceled out toward
the four winds of heaven. It will not go to his descendants, nor will
it have the power he exercised, because his empire will be uprooted and
given to others.
king of the South will become strong, but one of his commanders will
become even stronger than he and will rule his own kingdom with great
The fourth king is Artaxerxes
III Ochus, who reconquered Egypt and was richer than
his predecessors. He indeed pursued an aggressive policy towards Greece.
The mighty king is Alexander
the Great, who was not succeeded by his descendants. His
empire was divided by his descendants.
"King of the South" is the name of
dynasty. In 316, Ptolemy
I Soter offered asylum to Seleucus
I Nicator, who later
accepted command of a small Ptolemaic army, launched the Babylonian
War, and created a kingdom in Iraq: the Seleucid
Empire, or -to use the phrase from Daniel- the "King of the
Bust of Ptolemy III Euergetes (Louvre, Paris)
After some years, they will become
daughter of the king of the South will go to the king of the North to
make an alliance, but she will not retain her power, and he and his
power will not last. In those days she will be handed over, together
with her royal escort and her father and the one who supported her.
from her family line will arise to take her place. He will attack the
forces of the king of the North and enter his fortress; he will fight
against them and be victorious. He
will also seize their gods, their metal images and their valuable
articles of silver and gold and carry them off to Egypt. For some years
he will leave the king of the North alone. Then
the king of the North will invade the realm of the king of the South
but will retreat to his own country.
From 260 to 253, the Ptolemaic and
Empires fought the Second
Syrian War. When peace was signed, the Seleucid king Antiochus
II Theos married to princess Berenice,
daughter of Ptolemy
II Philadelphus. When Ptolemy II died in 246, Antiochus
Berenice's brother Ptolemy
III Euergetes avenged his sister's honor in the Third
Syrian War (246-241). In the first year, he captured the
Seleucid capitals Seleucia,
and returned home.
In 242, the Seleucid king Seleucus
II Callinicus proceeded to the south, but he was repelled.
Peace was concluded in 241; the Seleucids accepted the loss of Seleucia.
Ptolemy IV Philopator
sons will prepare for war and assemble a great army, which will
sweep on like an irresistible flood and carry the battle as far as his
the king of the South will march out in a rage and fight against the
king of the North, who will raise a large army, but it will be
is carried off, the king of the South will be filled with pride and
will slaughter many thousands, yet he will not remain
the king of the North will muster another army, larger than the
first; and after several years, he will advance with a huge army fully
those times many will rise against the king of the South. The violent
men among your own people will rebel in fulfillment of the vision, but
War was renewed by the son of
Seleucus II, Antiochus
III the Great: the Fourth
broke out in 219. The Seleucid army reconquered Seleucia, proceeded to
Tyre, and met the Ptolemaic army at Raphia in 217. The battle was won
by the Ptolemies, who had employed native troops, who now demanded
equal rights (the "fulfillment of the vision"). Ptolemy
IV Philopator found it hard to control the situation.
Antiochus III the Great (Louvre, Paris)
the king of the North will come and build up siege ramps and will
capture a fortified city. The forces of the South will be powerless to
resist; even their best troops will not have the strength to stand. The invader
will do as he pleases; no one will be able to stand against
him. He will establish himself in the Beautiful Land and will have the
power to destroy it. He
will determine to come with the might of his entire kingdom and will
make an alliance with the king of the South. And he will give him a
daughter in marriage in order to overthrow the kingdom, but his plans
will not succeed or help him. Then he will
turn his attention to the coastlands and will take many of
them, but a commander will put an end to his insolence and will turn
his insolence back upon him. After this,
he will turn back toward the fortresses of his own country but will
stumble and fall, to be seen no more.
Syrian War broke out in 202. Antiochus III defeated the
armies of Ptolemy
V Epiphanes and occupied Judaea. When peace was signed in
195, the Ptolemaic king married to a Seleucid princess, Cleopatra
In 192, Antiochus turned his
attention to the far
where he hoped to improve his position in the Aegean Sea (Syrian War).
The Roman commanders Lucius and Publius Cornelius Scipio defeated the
Seleucid army decisively at Magnesia (190). After admitting defeat in
the Peace of Apamea (188), Antiochus III went to Babylon and Susa,
but was killed when he attacked the city.
successor will send out a tax collector to maintain the royal
splendor. In a few years, however, he will be destroyed, yet not in
anger or in battle.
succeeded his father, and sent Heliodorus to Jerusalem to collect
money, which was needed to pay the Romans. On his return. Heliodorus
killed the king.
Antiochus IV Ephiphanes
will be succeeded by a contemptible person who has not been given
the honor of royalty. He will invade the kingdom when its people feel
secure, and he will seize it through intrigue. Then an
overwhelming army will be swept away before him; both it and a prince
of the covenant will be destroyed. After coming
to an agreement with him, he will act deceitfully, and with only a few
people he will rise to power. When the
richest provinces feel secure, he will invade them and will
achieve what neither his fathers nor his forefathers did. He will
distribute plunder, loot and wealth among his followers. He will plot
the overthrow of fortresses - but only for a time.
brother of Seleucus IV, ascended the Seleucid throne in 175, after
several intrigues, which included the assassination of Heliodorus and
an infant son of Seleucus. The prince of the covenant who is destroyed,
is probably Onias III, who was in 174 killed and succeeded by his
brother Jason. He was replaced as high priest in 171 by Menelaus, a
Bust of Ptolemy VI Philometor (National Archaeological Museum, Athens)
a large army he will stir up his strength and courage against the king
of the South. The king of the South will wage war with a large and very
powerful army, but he will not be able to stand because of the plots
devised against him. Those
who eat from the king's provisions will try to destroy him; his army
will be swept away, and many will fall in battle. The
two kings, with their hearts bent on evil, will sit at the same table
and lie to each other, but to no avail, because an end will still come
at the appointed time.
king of the North will return to his own country with great wealth,
but his heart will be set against the holy covenant. He will take
action against it and then return to his own country.
the appointed time he will invade the South again, but this time the
outcome will be different from what it was before. Ships
western coastlands will oppose him, and he will lose heart.
Almost immediately, the Sixth
Syrian War broke out (169): Antiochus IV Epiphanes invaded
Egypt, where Ptolemy
VI Philometor not only had to cope with the invader, but also
with advisers who wanted to give power to his sister-wife Cleopatra
II and his brother Ptolemy
Antiochus and Ptolemy VI concluded a treaty that allowed the
Egyptian king to fight against his relatives, but made him a vassal of
In the winter of 169/168, Antiochus
IV was in
In the meantime, the quarreling Ptolemies were reconciled, forcing
Antiochus to invade Egypt for a second time, in 168. He was about to
capture Alexandria, when the Romans intervened and forced him to give
up his conquests.
Then he will turn back and vent his fury against
holy covenant. He will return and show favor to those who forsake the
armed forces will rise up to desecrate the temple fortress and will
abolish the daily sacrifice. Then they will set up the abomination that
causes desolation. With
flattery he will corrupt those who have violated the covenant, but the
people who know their God will firmly resist him.
who are wise will instruct many, though for a time they will fall by
the sword or be burned or captured or plundered. When they
fall, they will receive a little help, and many who are not sincere
will join them. Some
of the wise will stumble, so that they may be refined, purified and
made spotless until the time of the end, for it will still come at the
king will do as he pleases. He will exalt and magnify himself above
every god and will say unheard-of things against the God of gods. He
will be successful until the time of wrath is completed, for what has
been determined must take place. He will show
no regard for the gods
of his fathers or for the one desired by women, nor will he regard any
god, but will exalt himself above them all. Instead of
them, he will
honor a god of fortresses; a god unknown to his fathers he will honor
with gold and silver, with precious stones and costly gifts. He will
attack the mightiest fortresses with the help of a foreign god and will
greatly honor those who acknowledge him. He will make them rulers over
many people and will distribute the land at a price.
On his return to Asia, Antiochus
and showed his sympathy for the hellenizing policies of
Menelaus. According to 2 Maccabees 5,
Jason had briefly returned, and Antiochus intervened violently.
Not much later, the
temple cult was reformed and
dedicated to Zeus Olympius. Many Jews resisted these measures, and in
Maccabees decided to revolt; the author of Daniel is not
convinced of the sincerity of all adherents.
At more or less the same time, 167 BCE, Antiochus'
Eucratidas got himself into trouble in the east, where he had tried to
which had been seized by the Parni.
King Antiochus had to direct his attention elsewhere.
the time of the end the king of the South will engage him in battle,
and the king of the North will storm out against him with chariots and
cavalry and a great fleet of ships. He will invade many countries and
sweep through them like a flood. He
will also invade the Beautiful Land. Many countries will fall, but
Edom, Moab and the leaders of Ammon will be delivered from his hand. He will
extend his power over many countries; Egypt will not escape. He
will gain control of the treasures of gold and silver and all the
riches of Egypt, with the Libyans and Nubians in submission. But reports
from the east and the north will alarm him, and he will set out in a
great rage to destroy and annihilate many. He
will pitch his royal tents between the seas at the beautiful holy
mountain. Yet he will come to his end, and no one will help him.
This is the moment where the
Ptolemaic king never came to Judaea, nor did Antiochus intervene and
fight against the Maccabees, or conquer Egypt, Libya, and Nubia.
Instead, Antiochus went to Armenia, | <urn:uuid:9b7fd234-d5b3-4ca1-a201-6cb6f2c22d68> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.livius.org/da-dd/daniel/11_comm.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770860.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00028-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960268 | 3,197 | 2.625 | 3 |
Salsa is a partner-dance with origins in Cuban Son and Afro-Cuban dance. Due to Salsa's popularity as a social dance it has spread throughout America, Europe, the Middle East, Asia and Australia.
There are many different styles of Salsa dance, which are usually named after the geographic region of their origin:
Los Angeles style, also known as Cross Body Style or On1, places strong emphasis on sensuousness, theatricality and musicality with a basic step characterised by its back and forth motion. Its basic rhythm can be described as quick-quick-slow, quick-quick-slow, and is counted 1 2 3, 5 6 7, where beats 4 and 8 are pauses and the others are transfers of weight. This is the style taught by Salsa Sensation, although sometimes guest instructors teach other styles.
New York Style
Like L.A. style salsa, N.Y. style is danced in a line but is danced on the second beat of the music and is often referred to as On2.
Also known as Colombian Salsa, this rapid style has a diagonal backwards break instead of travelling along a line. Involving less spins and histrionics than L.A. or N.Y. styles, it uses intricate and precise steps and skipping motions.
Although the basic step is similar to L.A. style, it is characterised by a foot tap on beats 4 and 8 and a circular motion instead of dancing along a line.
Rueda de Casino
Taking its name from the Spanish word for 'wheel' and using the same basic step as Cuban style, the pairs of dancers form a circle and swap partners continuously. Each move is called out by a leader.
Salsa Sensation SiteMap | <urn:uuid:0f42e6f7-62cf-4f52-b1a1-fcb324fd6ec2> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://salsa-sensation.com/about-salsa.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886639.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116184540-20180116204540-00588.warc.gz | en | 0.947304 | 364 | 2.625 | 3 |
Join Xavier Cortada at the Pinecrest Gardens Earth Day Festival and participate in his environmental participatory art projects:
- DIATOMS: Unveil the Diatom sculpture at 1 pm
Diatoms are single-celled organisms that live in the water and harness the power of the sun to convert CO2 into oxygen. Its glass shell, all that remains from the diatom, is used by scientists today to see what was as they research environmental issues crucial to the city in the century to come. Scientists—and artists—can determine the past salinity of water by examining the shells of diatoms preserved in sedimentary core samples. Each diatom species has a different salinity preference, so changes in the mixture of fresh and sea water (driven by sea level and changes in water management) can be inferred from past diatom remains.
- LONGITUDINAL INSTALLATION: Perform the ritualistic installation at noon
Xavier Cortada painted and placed 24 in a circle around the North and South Poles, each representing a person living in a different part of the world affected by climate change. The shoes were placed next to each other in their respective longitudes as a proxy for people in the world below. After positioning the shoes, Cortada went to each shoe and recited a statement from a person living in that longitude about how climate change affected or will affect them.
- NATIVE FLAGS: Participate in eco-art reforestation project; drop in and make your flag anytime from noon to 4pm
Miami artist Xavier Cortada created this urban reforestation eco-art project to help restore native habitats for plants and animals in urban areas. Participating residents are asked to plant a native tree alongside the green project flag in their front yard and state: “I hereby reclaim this land for nature.”
Celebrate Mother Earth at Pinecrest Gardens’ Earth Day Festival
“We have art presentations and tours given by the Pérez Art Museum Miami throughout the day, special presentations from Xavier Cortada including The Longitudinal Installation Ceremony, the Native Flags Ceremony, the dedication of his new installation titled #Diatoms and so much more…”
Please read more at http://communitynewspapers.com/pinecrest/celebrate-mother-earth-at-pinecrest-gardens-earth-day-festival/ | <urn:uuid:7b5b1e15-7605-4964-ae2a-543feb8dbea6> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://cortada.com/tag/earth-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987817685.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022104415-20191022131915-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.929466 | 493 | 3.09375 | 3 |
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2.1.What is nomination?
2.2.The main stages in the process of nomination: the formation of the concept, of the meaning, of the word-form.
2.3.Ways and means of nomination.
2.1. Nomination is the process of giving names to things. The branch of linguistics which studies the nominative function of lexical units is termed onomasiology.
There are two main participants in the process of nomination; (1) the nominator, i.e. one who names an object, (2) the referent, i.e. the named object, which is the starting point in the process of nomination.
2.2. The process of nomination begins with forming a concept of a referent.
The concept is a category of human cognition. It's a generalized idea of a class of objects, summing up the most essential characteristics of the given class that help to distinguish it from any other class of objects.
Concepts are basically similar for all people - speakers of different languages because (1) the formation of concepts is determined by cognitive abilities of Man, (2) all people live in the same real world, whose features concepts abstract, generalize and reflect. There is a real world we share irrespective of the language we use.
Some factors that influence the formation of concepts and may account for some differences in concepts in different language communities are as follows:
1) the objective reality itself,
e.g. Eng. "to drink soup" because in England soup is liquid; in Rus. "есть суп" as in Russia the dish is half-liquid and half-solid, that is why one chews it. They are real-world distinctions.
2) the level of knowledge about the nature of a referent,
e.g. the knowledge about the universe, and thus the concepts of a star, space, etc. in the 11th century and today.
3) the general system of notions of a given language community,
e.g. the system of religious beliefs: in Ancient Egypt a cat was a sacred animal, in India a cow is sacred, but neither has ever been sacred in England or Russia.
Speakers of different languages clearly have different pictures of the world.
e.g. the Eskimos have three different words for snow depending on whether it is falling, lying on the ground or used for igloos: the words of a language often reflect not so much the reality of the world as the interests of the people who speak it.
Still, if we do not have the same picture of the world as the speakers of other languages, we nevertheless have a picture that can be related to and in some degree "mapped upon" the picture that others have. That this is so is proved by the fact that we can investigate other languages and that we can translate.
e.g. in Russian there are two words синий, голубой and in English only one word blue corresponds to them. And yet, English people are not colour-blind, of course they distinguish different shades of blue and the language reflects it: light-blue, dark-blue.
The second stage of nomination is the formation of meaning.
The meaning of the word is closely connected with the concept but is not identical with it. Bloomfield argued that salt could be clearly defined as sodium chloride (or NaCl). He was wrong to do so, the meaning of the word salt cannot be regarded as identical with its chemical formula as salt means the same (substance that appears on our tables) to all English speakers including those that have no idea of its chemical composition.
Neither referents nor concepts belong to the language while meaning does. A.I.Smirnitskiy defined meaning as "a certain reflection in our mind of objects, phenomena or relations that makes part of the linguistic sign - its so-called inner facet, whereas the sound-form functions as its outer facet." Meaning is always connected to a certain sound-form.
The difference between meaning and concept can be proved by comparing synonymous words and phrases expressing essentially the same concept but possessing meaning that is felt as different,
e.g. broad and wide "measuring much from side to side": broad is preferred when full horizontal extent is considered (broad shoulders), wide is used in the presence of limiting features (a wide doorway). Cf. also: baby, babe, child, infant.
Unlike the concept, meaning reflects some features of an object which are not necessarily the most essential ones. The formation of meaning consists in singling out several features or just one feature of an object,
e.g. fur in tabby "mottled or streaked cat esp. of gray or brownish colour with dark stripes". The features underlying the meanings of corresponding words in different languages may be different, e.g. lady-killer and сердцеед.
In the process of nomination, the meaning should be correlated with a certain sound-form (and a graphical form). There are three possibilities of forming the sound-form of a word:
(1) to invent a new sound-form;
(2) to borrow one from another language;
(3) to use already existing units of the given language.
The latter is secondary nomination, while in (1) and (2) we deal with primary nomination. Secondary nomination is much more important than primary nomination, as most units are secondary nominations.
2. 3. Ways of nomination in modern English can be classified as follows:
The external way of nomination is borrowing, i.e. taking over units from other languages. Borrowing has always been important in the English language. The English vocabulary contains an immense number of words of foreign origin (70 - 75%); still, borrowing has never been the chief way of replenishing the vocabulary. Now, borrowings make up 7.5% of all new words in English. The French language remains the main source of borrowing in English; a new tendency is an increasing number of borrowings from Asian and African languages, e.g. karate (Jap), kung fu (Chinese), intifada (Arabic), yeti.
An existing word may develop a new meaning,
e.g. box - "a TV set";
charisma - "a personal charm (of a politician or an artist)" (the old meaning was "spiritual grace").
Existing words may combine and give rise to new word-groups,
e.g. an electronic virus, human dimension.
Word-formation is the formation of new words out of morphemes existing in the language. The main ways of forming new words in English are derivation,compounding,conversion,shortening.
Derivation (suffixation and prefixation) consists in adding prefixes and suffixes to stems. Currently thriving prefixes and suffixes include de-, ex-, anti-, un-, -er, -ion, - age, etc.
e.g. -ie , weepie "a sentimental film", groupie "a pop fan who follows his/her idol everywhere";
Word-composition(compounding) is producing new words by combining two or more stems,
e.g. high-rise "many-storied building", page-turner "a very interesting book":
-aholic "addicted to": bookaholic, chocoholic;
-friendly: consumer-friendly, environment-friendly;
tele- "by telephone": telemarketing, etc.
Conversion is the reallocation of a word to a different part of speech without changing its morphemic structure or sound form, e.g. to stiff "(slang) to be a commercial failure; flop" from stiff, n. "(slang) a corpse; a record, theatrical production, etc. that is a flop".
Shortening(abbreviation) may be of different types. Clipping is making a new word from a syllable (or two) of the original word,
e.g. teen "a teenager", showbiz < showbusiness.
Letter-based abbreviation (initialisms and acronyms) means that a new word is made up of the initial letters of the derivational base that may be a word or a word-group, e.g. AIDS, PC "personal computer", radar. Blending is making a new word from two or more other words, by fusion, e.g. (brunch) or by putting together syllables of other words (Oxbridge, alcoholiday).
Coinage is inventing a new word or phrase. The creation of words without the use of existing words is rare in general usage but common in fiction, esp. fantasy. These words seldom enter the vocabulary but some do,
e.g. Lilliput (created by Swift) or J.R. R.Tolkien's hobbit (1937), Kodak (the trade name invented in the USA in 1988 by George Eastman), the number Googol (invented on request by a 9-year-old boy).
Split of polysemy is the splitting of one polysemantic word into two or more words,
e.g. OE wācian gave birth to the verbs to wake, and to watch.
Lexicalzation means that a grammatical form of a word becomes a separate word,
e.g. looks "appearance".
We should distinguish ways and means of nomination. By the latter we understand concrete affixes, patterns and lexical units. | <urn:uuid:e7a1f8c4-5ebc-47e4-a050-c8f45d1acf0b> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://studopedia.info/1-93769.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526508.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720111631-20190720133631-00112.warc.gz | en | 0.903442 | 2,447 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorders
Other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) is a DSM-5 category that, along with unspecified feeding or eating disorder (UFED), replaces the category formerly called eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) in the DSM-IV-TR. It captures feeding disorders and eating disorders of clinical severity that do not meet diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), pica, or rumination disorder. OSFED includes five examples:
atypical anorexia nervosa,
atypical bulimia nervosa of low frequency and/or limited duration,
binge eating disorder of low frequency and/or limited duration,
purging disorder, and
night eating syndrome (NES).
Wiki Number: PW148
Diagnosis: Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorders
Symptoms: This is a “catch-all” category which is for eating disorders that don’t have enough intensity or longevity criteria.
Causes: By joining previously less-studied difficulties, it was hoped more would seek medical help and more insurers would pay.
4 CURRENT ARTICLES
The world-wide medical research
reports chosen for each diagnosis
Clicking each title opens the
PubMed article’s summary-abstract.
- Externalizing your eating disorder: a qualitative interview studyby Marthe M Voswinkel on October 16, 2021
CONCLUSIONS: First, there is considerable variation in the perceived relation between AN and identity. Second, an externalizing approach within treatment may lead to so called epistemic injustice. Awareness of these two facts is of importance for clinicians and the therapeutic relationship because that will help them to refrain from actions that can be perceived as epistemic injustice.
- Efficacy of post-inpatient aftercare treatments for anorexia nervosa: a systematic review of randomized controlled trialsby Katrin E Giel on October 16, 2021
CONCLUSION: Only a limited number of RCTs investigating aftercare interventions for patients with AN is available. There is no clear evidence favoring any one specific approach for post-inpatient aftercare in adult patients with AN. The field faces many challenges which generally affect intervention research in AN. A specific issue is how to increase uptake of and reduce dropout from aftercare interventions. This calls for better tailoring of interventions to patient needs and the integration of...
- BDNF levels in adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa increase continuously to supranormal levels 2.5 years after first hospitalizationby Britta Borsdorf on October 16, 2021
CONCLUSION: In this largest longitudinal study to date, we found only nonsignificant reductions in BDNF in the acute stage of anorexia nervosa, possibly because of a shorter illness duration in adolescent patients. Supranormal levels of BDNF at 2.5-year follow-up could represent a pre-existing trait or a consequence of the illness. Because of the anorexigenic effect of BDNF, it might play an important predisposing role for relapse and should be explored further in studies that test causality.
- Self-disgust and disgust sensitivity are increased in anorexia nervosa inpatients, but only self-disgust mediates between comorbid and core psychopathologyby Emilia Kot on October 16, 2021
OBJECTIVE: The possible role of abnormal disgust processing in the development and course of anorexia nervosa (AN) has been emphasized in theoretical models and research. However, disgust toward external stimuli and self-disgust have not yet been investigated together in a clinical sample of AN patients. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to measure these constructs and examine their role in shaping eating pathology in AN patients and healthy controls (HCs), considering comorbid depressive... | <urn:uuid:950d0b77-e189-4810-978c-f35a37224181> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://jlohrbrainhealth.com/Other%20Specified%20Feeding%20or%20Eating%20Disorders/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585177.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017113503-20211017143503-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.915633 | 823 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Sketch lets you write scripts to automate tasks and add new functionality. The programming language for these scripts is Python, an interpreted, object oriented language.
This chapter explains how to write such scripts and how they end up in the Scripts menu, so that you can invoke them. I'll assume that you already know how to program in Python. If you don't know that yet, have a look at Python's web-page for online documentation.
Some parts of this feature are still experimental and may change substantially in newer releases, so watch the NEWS file and the sample scripts in case this documentation is outdated.
Sketch itself is implemented almost completely in Python, so your scripts have access to all areas of the application, including internal data structures. This makes user scripts very powerful, but it also means that they can mess around with Sketch's internals with the result that Sketch might not be able to undo the changes or even save the document. But don't worry, evading the traps is not that difficult (I think) and this chapter tries to explain to avoid them. | <urn:uuid:84f4c562-4c02-40f6-ac2f-ba9ba76c90ed> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.nongnu.org/skencil/Doc/usersguide-5.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097546.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00136-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935941 | 221 | 3.1875 | 3 |
For about the past year, my team and I have been surveying and interviewing US public middle and high-school teachers nationwide about their experiences teaching 9/11. How have they approached teaching today’s students about one of the most painful, important and arguably divisive events in US history? Here’s what they had to say.
1. Most teachers (including history teachers) don’t see teaching about 9/11 as part of their curriculum. According to my survey 84% of teachers who don’t address it give this as their reasoning.
2. When 9/11 is addressed in the classroom, this appears to be only on the anniversary of the attacks. 65% of teachers report addressing 9/11 once a year (on 9/11 itself). Only 10% report addressing 9/11 once a quarter, and 7% once a month.
3. Teachers who have developed units on 9/11 place a priority on critical thinking! According to the interviews my team and I conducted, teachers are involving students in hearing and gathering oral histories, conducting online research, presenting in front of the class, and debating issues that have emerged since 9/11 (like the use of torture, the invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan and the prison Guantanamo Bay). Teachers, especially our government and history teachers, design lessons to help students understand 9/11 in historical context, providing information about the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and the Cold War, for example. They also use teaching about 9/11 as a way into teaching about war powers, the Constitution and the branches of government.
4. Teachers find themselves often working to correct misconceptions and stereotypes about Muslims, as well as rampant internet rumors about who was “really” behind the events of 9/11.
5. Even over a decade later, over 20% of teachers report that addressing 9/11 in the classroom remains too painful. They need and deserve school-based support.
6. We have an abundance of curriculum on teaching 9/11, but most teachers are not using it. Only 45% of teachers report using curriculum such as from PBS, the New York Times or similar curriculum sources.
7. The teachers I interviewed expressed that they believe passing on the knowledge and memory of the events of 9/11 is a patriotic duty.
8. While teachers overwhelmingly do “feel academically safe” teaching about 9/11, most express real caution when it comes to addressing the controversial political issues that have faced us since 9/11. They fear being perceived as biased or even unprofessional.
9. Only 6% of teachers view their students’ knowledge of what occurred and why on 9/11 as “excellent” or “very good”.
10. About a quarter of teachers responding to my survey express that a “lack of time in the curriculum” is a real barrier to teaching 9/11 the way they’d like. About ¾ of the teachers I interviewed more at length specified that a bureaucratic culture of standardized testing and centralized curriculum was a major barrier. In such a culture, how can teachers foster democratic, empowered and engaged citizens? How can we reclaim the classroom for teachers as public intellectuals? | <urn:uuid:676788b9-80c6-4e47-b445-3994b8e7d2d3> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://teachforpeace.blogspot.com/2013/09/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592420.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721071046-20180721091046-00042.warc.gz | en | 0.963086 | 661 | 2.921875 | 3 |
+44 1803 865913
Series: Records of the Zoological Survey of India Occasional Papers Volume: 334
By: Padma Bohra(Author), Razia Sultana(Author)
103 pages, 8 plates with colour photos, colour illustrations, colour maps & b/w line drawings
The present book provides the distribution of terrestrial nematodes from the Thar Desert of Rajasthan. The first chapter gives a detail account of methodology used to extract soil nematodes for taxonomical study. All other chapters provide the diagnostic characters of different orders, suborders, families and subfamilies with their keys, according to the systematics of nematode species reported from the Thar Desert of Rajasthan. From the taxonomical point of view, line diagrams of the anterior end and different types of female and male nematode reproductive organs of each suborder are provided. A few habitat photographs have also been enclosed in the end of Nematodes of Thar Desert Rajasthan.
4. List of hosts surveyed during the study
5. Topography of Thar Desert area of Rajasthan
6. Collection and preservation
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Wildlife, science and conservation since 1985 | <urn:uuid:1e074787-87da-469b-97d0-f2562c4f90a6> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.nhbs.com/nematodes-of-thar-desert-rajasthan-book | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867094.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525141236-20180525161236-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.812657 | 301 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Name: Mara N.
I have a spider in my house that is in a cocoon. Can you
please tell what it is doing? Is it laying eggs that in turn will create
more spiders? Please help. Thank you.
Spiders do not pupate in cocoons like insects, as far as I know the only stage of a spider life cycle
that includes a cocoon-like structure is the egg case, which the adult forms around the eggs. Yes,
they will hatch into more spiders!
The spider in question may be the sac spider.
"These spiders hide in silken tubes or sacs that resemble
cocoons during the day and hunt at night. They will bite humans
even when unprovoked. These bites are rather painful, but generally
not life-threatening." Thaks Pamela!
Click here to return to the Zoology Archives
Update: June 2012 | <urn:uuid:76b1f03f-36f3-45ca-b9ea-55a1798b7381> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/zoo00/zoo00485.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163966854/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133246-00066-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921236 | 188 | 3.109375 | 3 |
On February of 1903, activist Jane Addams delivered her George Washington speech, through the use of rhetorical devices, to the Union League Club, commemorating our first president’s birthday and juxtaposing his fighting spirit during moral issues with society and what they have lost over time. Addams explains that society has lost the “same spirit of the soldier” which George Washington so proudly displayed while advocating change. Addams conveys her views on the significance of George Washington’s legacy through the use of rhetorical questions, pathos and strategic parallelism.
While gratifying Washington for his courageous virtues, Addams evokes pathos to illuminate the patriotism of this founding father and that he would risk “his own life for the life of a larger cause.” Addams also yields an appreciative tone to show her respect for Washington, and the example he set for the future. By beginning her paragraphs with rhetorical questions, Addams clearly recognizes the characteristics which led Washington’s legacy. Asking questions such as “What is a great man who has made his mark upon history?” the following sentences explain what a true American does in a time of trouble.
The rhetorical question structures the address and it lets Addams come across the point as to why George Washington is considered a significant historical person. Addams signifies that times have changed, causing patriotic spirits to be exchanged for an “emphasis put upon material possessions.” Through this transition, Addams provides a call to action as she rekindles the righteous virtues which became the foundation for the United States.
Addams makes the reader ponder on the idea of a “great man who has made his mark upon history” and compares that concept to George Washington.
Thus, implying Washington has affected all of America and made the nation greater. The implementation of a question after a list of negative actions establishes George Washington as a great man of character. Addams incorporates key symbols into her speech to revive the lost feeling of patriotism in the U.S. By alluding to the American flag, she signifies that it stood “for righteousness as well as for increased commercial prosperity”, evoking a proud sense of nationalism. Along with the use of formal diction throughout the entirety of the speech.
Phrases such as “great menace”, “possessors of wealth” and “bearing our burdens” makes the speech formal and gives the impression the speech is intended for a sophisticated setting. Although George Washington exists only in history books, Addams argues his legacy has a lasting effect on society through national symbols which recognize the once surging pride to be American. Addams repeats the phrase “we will have to” to spread her activist spirit through the audience and cause them to follow the same virtues on which the United States was built. | <urn:uuid:fc1420b3-6c54-42c7-897c-f4617f2756f6> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://studymoose.com/significance-of-george-washington-s-legacy-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991759.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20210510174005-20210510204005-00100.warc.gz | en | 0.95289 | 579 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Late October 2012, the hurricane Sandy, a tropical cyclone, visited portions of the Caribbean, Mid-Atlantic, and Northeastern U.S., with some impacts in the Southeastern, Midwestern states and Eastern Canada. Classified as the 18th named storm and tenth hurricane of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season, Sandy at its peak intensity was Category 2 storm. While it was a Category 1 storm of the coast of the Northeastern U.S., it became the largest Atlantic hurricane on record (diameter with winds spanned 1,100 miles). The second-costliest Atlantic hurricane behind only Hurricane Katrina, preliminary estimates of losses due to damage and business interruption $65.6 billion. In seven countries, at least 253 people were killed.
There are a range of eschatological beliefs according to which cataclysmic or transformative events will occur on 21 December 2012. This date is regarded as the end-date of a 5,125-year-long cycle in the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar. Numerological formulae and various astronomical alignments have been proposed as pertaining to this date. However, none have been accepted by mainstream scholarship.
A New Age interpretation of this transition is that 2012 may mark the beginning of a new era and that this date marks the start of time in which Earth and its inhabitants may undergo a positive spiritual or physical transformation.
A book "New York City: After Sandy & Before the End of the World" offers a stunning collection of 110 Nadia Russ' color photographs of the New York City/ Manhattan made a few days after hurricane Sandy and ... before the end of the world. It also includes text describing images. There is also available the black & white edition.
- Publisher: NeoPopRealism PRESS (November 25-26, 2012)
- 112 pages
- Language: English
- ISBN: 978-0615734637 (black/white edition)
- ISBN: 978-0615733937 (color edition)
- This book serves as a reference source or an amazing gift and is available at Amazon, click the following links: Black & White edition & Color edittion
- (reposted from www.neopoprealism.net) | <urn:uuid:1f6015ad-32ea-46fa-a514-881b61959c3a> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.artslant.com/ny/resources/show/5111-new-photography-book-new-york-city-after-sandy-before-the-end-of-the-world-by-nadia-russ?tab=RESOURCE | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121534.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00134-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931051 | 453 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Radiology, or X-Ray, helps our veterinarians evaluate muscular-skeletal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, reproductive and urinary systems.
Orthopedic Foundation for Animals
Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) is a non-profit organization set up to identify and reduce orthopedic and genetic diseases in companion animals. OFA maintains a database on all breeds of dogs and cats in order to help breeders identify and avoid inherited diseases, and to improve the genetic health of their breed through responsible breeding practices. OFA is also involved in DNA testing, genetic eye diseases, congenital deafness, and many other inherited diseases.
Orthopedic diseases of particular interest to OFA include elbow dysplasia, hip dysplasia, leg-calve-perthes disease, patellar luxation, and shoulder OCD. We are able to produce the highest quality x-rays for submission to OFA for evaluation. | <urn:uuid:60a01e62-dc59-4107-88c9-d6e40c539302> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.plateauveterinary.net/radiology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335444.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930051717-20220930081717-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.903763 | 200 | 2.640625 | 3 |
If you have been injured at work, you are not alone. Learn some eye-opening statistics about the most common workplace injuries from the National Safety Council.
Workplace injuries happen every day. From broken bones to back pain, workers in all occupations and industries are exposed to a broad range of injury risks. Each year, these risks leave millions of workers unable to do their jobs on a short-term or long-term basis. The National Safety Council’s (NSC) statistics on the most common workplace injuries demonstrates just how common it is for all types of employees to miss time from work due to accidents and other incidents on the job.
How Common are Work-Related Injuries?
Workplace injuries are alarmingly common. According to the National Safety Council, in the United States, a worker is injured on the job every seven seconds. This equates to:
- 540 work injuries per hour
- 12,900 work injuries per day
- 90,400 work injuries per week
- 7 million work injuries per year
Also according to the NSC, these injuries result in 99 million days of lost productivity on an annual basis. This means that, on average, each work injury results in 21 days of disability. As an average, this means that some workers are able to return to work fairly quickly (if they even miss any time at all); but, it also means that many workers experience long-term disabling effects from their job-related injuries.
It is also important to note that these workplace injury statistics only reflect known work injuries. Far too many workers never report their accidents, and they never receive the medical treatment or financial benefits they need to recover.
3 Most Common Workplace Injuries Resulting in Time Missed from Work
Workplace accidents can result in a wide variety of types of injuries. According to the National Safety Council’s workplace injury statistics, the three most common workplace injuries resulting in time missed from the job are:
- Sprains, strains, and tears – These are injuries to the muscles, ligaments, and tendons that can result from twisting, stretching, overuse, or overexertion.
- Soreness or pain – Chronic back pain is one of the most-common complaints among workers whose jobs require them to sit in an office chair for hours a day.
- Cuts, lacerations, and punctures – From band aids to sutures, these injuries can range in severity, and they can cause a variety of different types of physical limitations.
In addition to the most common workplace injuries, several other types of work-related injuries are also relatively common. For example, many workers suffer concussions and broken bones in traumatic accidents, and repetitive stress injuries (i.e. carpal tunnel syndrome) are common as well.
3 Most Common Workplace Accidents Resulting in Time Missed from Work
Not surprisingly, the most common workplace injuries correlate to some of the most-common workplace accidents. According to the NSC, the three most-common accident types resulting in time missed from work are:
- Overexertion – In this category, the NSC includes lifting, lowering, bending, and repetitive stress.
- Contact with objects and equipment – This includes being struct by, caught or compressed between, or crushed by machinery, falling objects, and collapsing structures and equipment.
- Slips, trips, and falls – Falls can cause a variety of types of traumatic injuries, whether they involve slipping on a wet floor or falling from height due to a ladder failure or faulty handrail.
Top 5 Occupations with the Largest Number of Disabling Injuries
What types of employees are most likely to miss time from work due to a job-related injury? The NSC’s workplace injury statistics indicate that workers in the following five occupations suffer the largest number of disabling injuries:
- Service (including firefighters and police officers)
- Transportation and shipping
- Manufacturing and production
- Installation, maintenance, and repair
Comparing the NSC’s Workplace Injury Statistics to OSHA’s “Fatal Four”
While construction workers are the fifth most likely to suffer disabling work injuries according to the statistics from the NSC, data from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) indicate that construction workers face the greatest risk for fatal workplace injuries. According to OSHA, “Out of 4,693 worker fatalities in private industry in calendar year 2016, 991 or 21.1% were in construction — that is, one in five worker deaths last year were in construction.”
The most-common cause of death among construction workers is highway collisions. However, in its list of the “Fatal Four,” OSHA focuses on the four jobsite risks that are most likely to result in fatal injuries. These risks are:
- Being struck by objects
- Being caught in or between objects
Not only do these risks correlate with the NSC’s top three causes of disabling workplace injuries, but they are also closely linked to many of the most-common workplace safety violations.
Understanding the True Cost of Workplace Injuries
To put all of this into perspective, each year, the NSC estimates that more than 150,000 employees suffer workplace injuries. These injuries lead to more than $170 billion in direct financial costs. These are extraordinarily high numbers; and, again, due to the lack of reporting, it is likely that the true numbers are significantly higher.
As an individual, the costs of your injury may not reach into the billions, but they can still be substantial. Medical expenses and lost wages can consume many workers’ savings, and it is not unusual for injured workers to go into debt if they fail to assert their legal rights effectively. The physical pain and emotional toll of your injury can have financial and non-financial costs as well; and, over your lifetime, these costs could become insurmountable.
Injured on the Job? Know Your Legal Rights
As a result, if you have suffered any type of job-related injury, it is important to know your legal rights. You may be entitled to compensation for your medical bills, missed time from work, and other losses, and an experienced work injury lawyer can help you collect the compensation you deserve. Depending upon (i) how you were injured, (ii) the extent of your injury, and (iii) your employment status (i.e. whether you are an employee or independent contractor), you may be entitled to recover:
- Workers’ compensation benefits
- Personal injury damages
- Long-term disability and/or Social Security Disability (SSD) benefits
- Other forms of financial compensation
Why seek compensation from more than one source? In many cases, the compensation available from a single source will not be enough to cover all of your injury-related losses. For example, workers’ compensation typically only covers injured workers’ medical expenses and a portion of their lost wages; and, if you were injured in an auto accident, the at-fault driver’s insurance coverage may not be enough to cover your future medical needs, lost earning capacity, and ongoing pain and suffering. With your health and finances on the line, it is important that you speak with a lawyer to learn about your rights and make sure you maximize your financial recovery. | <urn:uuid:1b120d47-f959-4f51-b62b-ac39df1b1a7c> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://workinjurysource.com/workplace-injury-statistics-injury-rates-common-work-injuries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704799741.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126104721-20210126134721-00452.warc.gz | en | 0.958861 | 1,513 | 2.765625 | 3 |
noun. any tumor derived from cells of the nervous system.
Example sentences of the word neuroma
1. Noun, singular or mass
Balancing poses can be extremely painful when you try to stand on the foot with the neuroma.
Typical causes of Morton's neuroma include ill-fitting footwear, injury and repetitive stresses to the foot 1.
3. Coordinating conjunction
Extended pressure on the foot can cause nerve irritation, or "neuroma," that should be addressed before exercising again. | <urn:uuid:bd0b1943-38fb-4464-b0c7-0fb10435935d> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.synonym.com/synonyms/neuroma | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585353.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020214358-20211021004358-00112.warc.gz | en | 0.890434 | 107 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Simultaneously used in sentences. English majors, readers, and people looking to increase their knowledge of English may enjoy the contents of this post. The lines of text below use simultaneously in a sentence, and provide visitors a sentence for simultaneously.
- But of the matter then simultaneously occupying my mind, to recover which was the second supreme task I proposed to myself-of what. (10)
- But there is a great deal of it, and you get it consecutively and not simultaneously. (9)
- Had Westover, he wondered, with a purpose to pay him up for it forming itself simultaneously with his question, been setting his mother against him? (9)
- He drew a long breath, so did I: we cleared our throats with a sort of whinny simultaneously. (10)
- Simultaneously, the state of depression threw critic shades on a prized sentence or two among his recent confections. (10)
- The bets against him had simultaneously a see-saw rise. (10)
- They spring to their feet simultaneously. (9)
- Yet he was a gentleman capable of apprehending simultaneously that he sinned against his pride in the means he adopted to comfort his nature. (10)
Glad you visited this page with a sentence for simultaneously. Perhaps also see a sentence for spilt and ways to use sixty in a sentence. Now that you’ve seen how to use simultaneously in a sentence hope you might explore the rest of this educational reference site Sentencefor.com to see many other example sentences which provide word usage information. | <urn:uuid:3829af40-cca6-4692-822a-8f27607ba404> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://sentencefor.com/simultaneously/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463928.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00113-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981443 | 328 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Fossil sirenians give scientists new look at ancient climate
(PhysOrg.com) -- What tales they tell of their former lives, these old bones of sirenians, relatives of today's dugongs and manatees.
And now, geologists have found, they tell of the waters in which they swam.
While researching the evolutionary ecology of ancient sirenians--commonly known as sea cows--scientist Mark Clementz and colleagues unexpectedly stumbled across data that could change the view of climate during the Eocene Epoch, some 50 million years ago.
Clementz, from the University of Wyoming, published the results in a paper in this week's issue of the journal Science.
He and co-author Jacob Sewall of Kutztown University in Pennsylvania used their findings to dispute a popular scientific assumption about the temperature and composition of seawater during the time marked by the emergence of the first modern mammals.
The Sirenia, named for the sirens or mermaids of Greek myth, is an order of aquatic, plant-eating mammals that live in swamps, rivers, estuaries, marine wetlands and coastal waters.
Four species of "sea cows" are alive today, in two families and genera: the dugong, with one species, and manatees with three species.
Sirenia also includes the Steller's sea cow, extinct since the 18th century, and others known only from fossil remains. The order evolved during the Eocene more than 50 million years ago.
In their paper--"Latitudinal Gradients in Greenhouse Seawater δ18O: Evidence from Eocene Sirenian Tooth Enamel"--the scientists used the isotopic composition of sirenian fossils from a broad time period and geographic area, along with climate simulation data, to add to the long-running debate over Eocene climate.
"This study demonstrates the value of the fossil record, and of examining the deep time record of paleoclimatological events, so we can better understand climate change today," says Lisa Boush, program director in the National Science Foundation (NSF)'s Division of Earth Sciences, which funded the research.
"This novel approach will potentially transform our way of thinking about the hydrologic response to global climate change."
"I wasn't looking at it from this direction when we started the project," says Clementz, whose research is part of an NSF CAREER award.
"But once we started accumulating enough samples, we could step back and get a better understanding of the habitat and dietary preferences of these fossil species, and also of the big picture. We saw that it could be reflecting climate and environmental change."
A new look at climate during the Eocene, when Earth underwent a dramatic change, could help scientists better understand global climate change today.
Most scientists assumed that the oxygen isotopic composition of seawater in the past was very similar to that of today, with high values at low latitudes and low values at high latitudes.
Isotopes are variants of atoms of a particular chemical element, in this case oxygen, with differing numbers of neutrons.
"But when we looked at the oxygen isotopic values of the fossils from low-latitude sites for the Eocene, they were much lower than we would predict," says Clementz.
The finding suggests that low-latitude sites during the Eocene were much wetter than today.
"This created a very different distribution in the oxygen isotopic composition of seawater for this time interval, which would, in turn, significantly impact estimates of paleoclimate and paleotemperature in the distant past," says Clementz.
"Scientists have used this assumption of the oxygen isotopic values of seawater to constrain temperature estimates for the past."
In their paper, Clementz and Sewall show that the assumption may be flawed, which could mean that previous estimates of water temperature are incorrect.
The Eocene greenhouse climate state has been linked to a more vigorous hydrologic cycle at mid- and high latitudes; similar information on precipitation levels at low latitudes is, however, limited. Oxygen isotopic fluxes track moisture fluxes and, thus, the δ18O values of ocean surface waters can provide insight into hydrologic cycle changes. The offset between tropical δ18O values from sampled Eocene sirenian tooth enamel and modern surface waters is greater than the expected 1.0 per mil increase due to increased continental ice volume. This increased offset could result from suppression of surface-water δ18O values by a tropical, annual moisture balance substantially wetter than that of today. Results from an atmospheric general circulation model support this interpretation and suggest that Eocene low latitudes were extremely wet. | <urn:uuid:a7a90659-315a-40b4-97fe-f1523e06ba70> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://phys.org/news/2011-04-fossil-sirenians-scientists-ancient-climate.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986677412.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018005539-20191018033039-00494.warc.gz | en | 0.937936 | 983 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Although the original idea of the creation of the second university of the Kingdom, belonged to D. João III, it was up to Cardinal D. Henrique, future king of Portugal, its realization.
With the consent of Pope Paul IV, expressed in the Bull Cum a nobis April 1559, the new University was created, with the right to teach Philosophy, Moral, Scripture, Speculative Theology, Rhetoric and Humanities, which fully inserts this University within the framework. traditional counter-reformist of the European Catholic institutions of higher education, most of which are controlled by the Jesuits. It could not, however, be teached Medicine, Civil Law and the contentious part of Canon Law. In the reign of D. Pedro II, the teaching of Mathematics would be introduced, covering such varied subjects as Geography, Physics, or Military Architecture.
The University of Évora was inaugurated on November 1st, 1559, as the University of Espírito Santo. It was handed over to the Society of Jesus, which ran it for two centuries.
The prestige of the University of Évora during the two centuries of its first phase of existence was confused with the prestige and scientific value of its professors. Relevant names of Portuguese and Spanish culture were attached to it.
In 1759 it was closed by order of the Marquis of Pombal, when the Jesuits were expelled. It was eventually closed.
From the second half of the nineteenth century, the noble Henriquino building was installed the Lyceum of Évora, to which Queen Dona Maria II granted the prerogative of the use of "cape and cassock", ", in attention to the universityt radition of the city and the building.
In 1973, by decree of the then Minister of Education, José Veiga Simão, the University Institute of Évora was created, which was to become extinct in 1979, to make way for the new University of Évora. | <urn:uuid:dd3eac43-5fc9-4722-8f11-ea4e07bfb6a1> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.grupogala.com.pt/en/henriquina-university/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945315.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325033306-20230325063306-00745.warc.gz | en | 0.973845 | 418 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The stratum granulosum functions as the waterproofing layer of the skin that prevents fluid loss, according to the Loyola University Medical Education Network. Keratin accumulates in this layer by a process that forms a thicker layer of skin cells to protect less dense cells underneath. Lipids and keratin organize as flat skin cells without their nuclei, according to Dr. Heather Brannon for About.com.Continue Reading
University of Leeds notes that the stratum granulosum consists of three to five layers of cells stacked on top of each other. These granules contain lipids, or fats, that serve as the skin's water sealant. When keratinized cells lose their nuclei and other cellular organelles, granules move toward the outermost layers of skin. The stratum granulosum is the third layer of the epidermis that lies below the stratum corneum and stratum lucidum.
The stratum granulosum marks a transition from living skin cells to completely dead skin cells of the outermost layer of the epidermis. Just below the granule layer lies the prickle cell layer of skin cells. University of Leeds explains these cells turn into granules as they get pushed upwards and flatten. Right above the granules lies a thin, transparent layer called the stratum lucidum in thick skin. The stratum lucidum may not be present in thin skin. The stratum corneum serves as the outermost layer of skin comprised of dead cells. The entire process of skin cells moving through four major layers takes between two to four weeks.Learn more about Organs | <urn:uuid:5679024f-806a-4386-943b-fc06d1f618ad> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.reference.com/science/function-stratum-granulosum-ef7866c43a0b9f4c | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187821017.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017091309-20171017111309-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.875524 | 332 | 3.90625 | 4 |
A logic model tells the story of your project or programme in a diagram and a few simple words. Logic Model Example
It shows a causal connection between the need you have identified, what you do and how this makes a difference for individuals and communities.
You can use logic modelling to plan a project or programme (as an “architectural” approach), or to examine and record ways in which a project or programme has produced outcomes after it has ended (as an “archaeological” approach).
The logic model reflects organisations’ particular contexts, purposes, circumstances and focuses of interest. Therefore different organisations’ logic models will vary in focus and might look dissimilar.
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All the logic models and associated case studies of Explaining the Difference are available here including:
(1) Rosemount Lifelong Learning: Making a Difference Programme
(2) CraigOwl Communities: Employability Programme “Skills for Success”
(3) Lead Scotland North Lanarkshire Project: pilot Creative Computer Class
You can access a Logic Model template to help you with this process.
The membership form is available as a Word document. The form is very brief and won't take much time at all.
“LLS have a very professional approach to training & Learning, which I have shared with others internally and externally.”
Scottish Language Dictionaries
“It feels good to be belong to Learning link and I look forward to other events and to making use of your materials.” | <urn:uuid:be9a2570-d81c-4419-8869-401b189bcd10> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://www.learninglinkscotland.org.uk/members-services-resources/projects/evidencing-the-impact/logic-model/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221218101.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821092915-20180821112915-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.91596 | 333 | 3.234375 | 3 |
History A large testing hall construction was done in two phases. After concreting of a fi rst part a builder‘s staging was moved on railway lines to a second building part. A large testing hall construction was done in two phases. After concreting of a fi rst part a builder‘s staging was moved on railway lines to a second building part. Large testing hall – Originally a three-phase 400 kV line was connected two three wall bushings allowing the testing of three-phases systems. Small testing hall – An unique 250 kV test transformer with an air insulation system manufactured by company Fischer - Koln is situated in the small testing hall. The 250 kV test trasnformer was manufactured in 1932 and for the fi rst time used even before the Second World War at the fi rst high voltage testing laboratory in Prague and it is still in operation. Cascade transformers are used for the high voltage power frequency testing. A former cascade trasnformer set comprised three 750 kV transformer units, i.e. producing an output voltage of 3× 750 kV. Control and measuring devices met the highest at that day technical standards. A railway line build up within a large testing hall allowed testing of railway vehicles as well as large power transformers for nuclear power stations. A railway line build up within a large testing hall allowed testing of railway vehicles as well as large power transformers for nuclear power stations. Outdoor testing site - That testing area allowed to test large test objects at full test voltages without restrictions of laboratory indoor clearances. A power frequency voltage was supplied by means of a high voltage wall bushing Micafil. An impulse generator 7 MV manufactured by TuR Dresden. A building crane helped to simulate real test confi guration by lifting and hanging them up. Fast atmospheric impulses wave shapes were recorded by means of Polaroid cameras taking photos of oscilloscope screens. A military vehicle resistance test to nuclear electromagnetic pulses (EMP) generated through a nuclear explosion. A large spark produced by a 7 MV outdoor impulse generator manufactured by TuR Dresden. The dielectric testing of a 400 kV GIS disconnector. The atmospheric impulse testing simulating a lightning strike to an aircraft wing. A special Partial Discharge (PD) detector VYZER invented by Mr. Kocis. On-site testing using an impulse generator 750 kV during a building stage of a pumped storage hydro power plant Dlouhe Strane in Jeseniky. An Impulse current generator 200 kA. A cascade transformer set was moved to an outdoor test site in the 80s to provide the testing of insulation of planned 750 kV transmission grid. Fortunately that project was never realized. A large sphere gap was used in the past for impulse voltages measurements. Sphere gap diameter - 1500 mm. | <urn:uuid:d289522c-de0f-4a37-b464-1ed4447457ad> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.eguhv.com/en/gallery/history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102819.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817013033-20170817033033-00580.warc.gz | en | 0.951614 | 574 | 2.609375 | 3 |
SYRETS MILITARY CAMPS
The catchment area basin of the river SYRETS (at present classified as a stream) in the North-Western part of Kyiv, a capital city of modern Ukraine, geographically aligns with the Southern border of the mixed coniferous forest zone. In large part being entrenched into drainage sewer canals, the still open-air segments trail their headway through downward shaggy ravines as the river did centuries ago. The etymology of the word ‘syrets’ goes as far back in history as the tradition of the Kyivan Rus of intitling the locality in virtue of the trivial every-day characteristics. A derivative of a Ukrainian word ‘сирий’ (the modern linguistics prefer ‘вогкий’), thus ‘damp’ or moist’, the title ‘syrets’ has historically defined the surrounding area as deep grassed ravines with tactile humidity. In years to come, the word ‘syrets’ would be also conventionally used to characterize a particular sort of clay and a brick manufacturing process, known for non-use of baking, thus preserving moisture. In the latter half of the XX century, it would be a snowballing growth of the brickworks to reshape the landscape of the Babi yar ravine and the surrounding area once and all.
Being known for its shallow depth and width, the Syrets river for all that provided inspiration for the locals to entitle the region around its middle part of the basin in the same manner. The word ‘Syrets’ scratches back to the written document of the year 1240 as an area beyond the city of Kyiv to be granted to Kyivo-Pecherska Lavra, a sanctuary of the Slavic world. In the next five centuries to come, the ‘Syrets’ area as a village on the edge of Kyiv, would change hands a number of times with its rural housing formed of homestead along the syrets river basin. This farming suburb of Kyiv took one’s place on a city map as early as 1799. In a century ahead, the locality, originating from a basin of a shallow river, making its way through the shaggy ravines, would experience commercial and production revolution. The archaic wooden water-driven mills gradually made space for alcohol-distillation productions, breweries, and brickworks: the latter succeeded in working out the local clay of a distinctive green color, now also designated as ‘syrets’.
As early as the 1840-s the vast open grounds to the East of the Syrets river basin were fated to be appreciated by the military men as summer camps for military exercises. It would take another quarter of a century until the year 1869 when the Kyiv authorities officially enacted an immense territory for infrastructure development. Then and there, the all next editions of a city map of Kyiv would include ‘Армейский лагерь’ (a military camp), conventionally called as ‘Сырецкие военные лагеря’ (Syrets military camps) once again in virtue of and area and a river to the West. Summing up, the succession of the naming would be inherited from a city area, once called after a river, therefore named after moisty ravines. The establishment and operating of the military camps would dominate the area next to a Babi yar ravine in the course of the next century. As early as at the beginning of the XX century the neighboring streets would be called ‘Lagerna’ (also known at that time as ‘tabirna’, a derivative from the Ukrainian word ‘табiр’ or a ‘camp’) and Tiraspolska: the latter named after the Tiraspol regiment, the former detachment of the Tsar army within Kyiv military district.
The lands, designated for the building up of a ‘Military camp’ occupied territory of Apr. 3 quarter kilometers. Relatedly, this new topographic formation in Kyiv slightly changed the nature of the Syrets area, a rarely populated edge of the city, dominated by single-family residential neighborhoods and challenging terrain of the Syrets river basin and Babi yar ravine. The time ticked by and the Syrets military camps steadily mounted the designated territory of the former green fields, now transformed into wooden barracks, training grounds, and firing ranges.
The year 1895 witnessed a building-up of a wooden orthodox church in the Eastern part of the camp next to the upper spurs of the extensive Babi yar ravine. The sanctuary had no official naming, apart from ‘дивизионная’ (divisional) in common terms and welcomed the soldiers of different military detachments, accommodated at the camp at varying times. With the advent of the autocratic communist regime in the 1920s, the parish would be relocated to another city district and the current wooden church destroyed. As late as the XX century, the ‘Syrets camps’ would be accompanied by large shooting areas and even an airfield. In the course of the years from 1895 and 1916, a small tram depot to the South used to serve as a terminus station of a tram line between the camps and Lukyanivka square to the North East (the September 29, 1941 assembly point). In regard to the Great War and the ‘coup d’etat’ (shift of power), the Syrets military camps were destined to preserve their nature as an armament training camp, notably for mechanized combat units. A serving crew of mechanical material maintenance had its own works at the cross-section of Melnikova and Lagerna streets until the very September 1941. The Germans would force thousands of Jews to follow the death route to Babi yar next to the mechanic garages of this works and thousands were fated to spend their last night before the execution.
SETTING UP A CONCENTRATION CAMP
As early as March 1941, three months prior to the German invasion and six months to the mass killing in Babi yar, one of the complementary directives of the ‘Unternehmen Barbarossa (Operation Barbarossa) included procedures on establishing concentration camps on the conquered Soviet territories. As Kyiv fell into German hands and the Soviet army grouping ceased to exist, hundreds of thousands of POWs (the established 665 000 figure is to be debated) found themselves inside hastily created camps in the open. As winter 1941-1942 set in, the deficiency of warm clothing and of appropriate incarceration conditions, notably malnutrition and the outbreaks of diseases all factored into the highest mortality rate in the history of the wars. It was not until the upcoming January 1942 in the aftermath of a military setback at Moscow, that Hitler estimated the possible use of the Soviet POWs as a workforce for the sake of the Third Reich. Along with that, the ever-increasing broad sample of a civil population would be subjected to incarceration, including the families of captives, Jews, the members of the communist party, undergrounders, and men and women of active working age.
It would take Germans another half a year after the ‘Gewisse volkspolitische aufgaben’ (Certain ethnic tasks, a euphemism for mass murder) in Babi yar to set up a concentration camp for Soviet citizens next to the Western border of the ravine. The building up of the camp was put into actual practice in April 1942 upon the site of the former armament training camps of the Kyiv garrison in the Syrets area, neighbored by the upper spurs of Babi yar. The order on construction was issued by SS-Obersturmbannführer Erich Ehrlinger, the former SD top-ranking officer in Warsaw, the former commander of the Einsatzkommando 1b death detachment in Baltic states and now (since December 1941): ‘Kommandeur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD und Zum SS- und Polizeiführer (SSPF) in Kiew’ (Commander of the Security Police and the SD and SS and Police Leader (SSPF) in Kyiv). The man responsible for the operation of death squads on the occupied territories now directed the setting up of a concentration camp in Kyiv.
The larger half of these first April 1942 prisoners were brought to the site of the former military camps from the Gestapo prison at Korolenko 33 (modern Volodymyrska). In the course of the previous months (since winter) the Germans from that prison used to deliver (on lorries) inmates to be shot within an anti-tank ditch nearby (in parallel to Lagerna street next to military camps) twice a week. The designated workforce was now fated to demolish a number of the pre-war erections, to stub out a field, to double-fence the assigned territory with a barbed-wire perimeter, and to build up new buildings, including the so-called ‘Wachstube’ (guarding post), the watchtowers and barracks for prisoners to come. The forced workers were in narrow means lucky to be brought to the site during the warm season as the guards provided them with no shelter until June 1942, when the inmates themselves set up a small living zone with dig outs inside the perimeter. As far as the German documentation assigned the ‘Syrets camp’ as a subcamp of the Sachsenhausen (on paper from July 1942 until spring 1943), as few as half a dozen of German inmates would be brought to Kyiv. These handful of felons were ‘transferred’ here to assist in lock picking the Soviet vaults in Kyiv.
The man assigned to command the ‘Syrets concentration camp’ was no other than SS-Sturmbannführer Paul Otto Radomski. Known as a protege of the notorious Reinhard Heydrich, Radomski had been regarded as ‘Alter Kämpfer’ (Old Fighter) among the Nazis. This could be traced to his №96,942 party card (Radomski joined the NSDAP in as far back as 1928) and the №2, 235 in the ranks of the SS (joined back in January 1930). Radomski, who would be released from one’s position in February 1943 in view of his intimidation toward personnel and for his excessive drinking, was known as a butcherly and imperious commandant, at first hand responsible for numerous executions in Syrets camp. As the war had ended, the Ukrainian authorities were left in the shadow of Radomski’s fate for sixty years until the year 2005. The office of the public prosecutor in Hamburg handed over the documents on circumstances around the death of Paul Radomski as far back as March 1945 in Hungary.
The contingent of the guarding personnel of a newly-established Syrets camp was mainly formed of the German SS and members of Ukrainian Auxiliary Police, mainly former Soviet POWs. For the most part, up to 150 men with dogs figured the day-to-day guarding brigade inside and outside the perimeter. Over the period of its operation until October 1943, the Syrets concentration camp at different times served as incarceration for the figure of up to 3000 inmates at one time. The administrative geography of the camp contemplated the division of all prisoners into the so-called ‘сотня’ or ‘sotnia’ (one hundred) and further into brigades, everyone ruled by its own jailer among the inmates, an equivalent to ‘capos’ with full authority over his or her section.
The prisoners of the Syrets camp were conventionally exposed to back-breaking work with extensive working hours between 5.am. and the last roll-call at 9 p.m. Men and women incarcerated in the camp were forced to cut down trees for stocking up firewood for the winter, to repair the existing and to build up new barracks and warehouses, to make a stock of coal and to spend days within workshops. Another portion of work involved inmates demolishing the erections within the former Soviet military camp, including wooden barracks and even a brick water tower. The food ration was mainly limited to a muddy similarity to coffee on breakfast, a meatless pottage, and 200 grams of bread and grains throughout a day, with no supper. The pathological malnutrition forced prisoners to entrap rats, stray dogs and cats, and to eat roots and grass. The fatigue offered prospects of being relocated to the so-called infirmary, in fact, a separate dugout barrack with no medical assistance, whose patients had mainly become victims of physical executions, from time to time by hands of commandant Paul Otto Radomski himself. A slight part of the inmates was lucky to receive delivery from the outside world, their relatives among the locals, who used to deliver parcels to the wood line nearby, mainly depleted by the guards as a bribe.
THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE CAMP
Similar to the former quarters of the Polish army in Oswiecim, the Germans in Kyiv took advantage of the existing pre-war infrastructure of the former military camps in Syrets. In one respect, the great proportion of the existing erections, largely wooden barracks of the XIX century and separate brick constructions such as an elevated water tower, were to be steadily demolished. On the other part, the former Northern part of the Syrets military camps, roughly between modern Shchuseva and Ryzhska streets, was reorganized into a workshop and warehouse zone. Relatedly to these two coverts, as late as spring-summer 1942 witnessed the outline periphery of the Syrets concentration camp seizing to the North and assimilating the former green fields of Syrets. For the space of almost a century of its operating, the former Tsarist and later Soviet military camps had neighbored the giant-like ravine of Babi yar. Upon the year 1942, Lagerna street (modern Dorohozhytska) besided the old military cemetery (which has not been preserved) and the Lukyanivka Ordhofox cemetery, further merging into an unsurfaced road to the North, matching the modern Olena Teliha street. Consequently, the German Syrets concentration camp, similar to its Tsarist and Soviet predecessors, was topographically separated from the Babi yar ravine by a road.
The survivors among the prisoners of the Syrets camp would later estimate the territory from two to three square kilometers, apparently by including the vast working zone to the North, beyond the fenced perimeter, yet a frequent place of work. The German aerial photographs of September 1943, indeed a priceless factual document dealing with Babi yar and Syrets camp, provides certain credence in defining the limits of the whole site, in particular, 3.5-4 kilometers as perimeter length and 0.55 square kilometers of actual fenced territory. Hog-backed rectangle, the fenced area used to the run-up to the modern Syrets metro station to the West, modern Olena Teliha street to the East, Volodymyr Salskoho street to the North, and Ryzhska street to the South. Using the labor of the first inmates in Spring 1942, the Germans fenced the camp with two rows of barbed wire with an electric line between. Construction materials were swiped from the remnants of the defensive installations of Kyiv, among those 30 kilometers of razor wire, which had been vainly erected in 1941 to protect the city from the invasion. In the nighttime, the whole territory of the Syrets camp was illuminated with spotlights, mounted upon the watchtowers, therefore guarded with machine-guns.
The MAIN ENTRANCE to the camp was set up roughly at the site of the crossroad of modern Olena Teliha and Dorohozhytska streets. To the West, it used to neighbor the upper spurs of the Babi yar ravine and to the South with a huge anti-tank ditch, another notorious site of the mass executions. The open field further to the South of the camp and to the West of the Lukyanivka orthodox cemetery had a terrain, covered with shell craters, ditches, and trenches that had been previously made by the soldiers of the summer military camp. The gates had a form of simple wooden construction, additionally lined with a barbed wire similar to the notorious gates of the Plaszow concentration camp in Krakow, Poland. To the immediate rear of the entrance to the left, the Germans forced inmates to build up the so-called ‘WACHSTUBE’ (a guarding post), next to which the new-come prisoners were generally exposed to first humiliation. Over a distance of 50-70 meters from the main gate deep into the camp, there was another entrance to the immediate territory of the Syrets camp, fenced with barbed wire as well. The first-timers were beaten and forced to cover the distance between these two gates on one’s hunkers or on the bellies. Once found inside the main perimeter, the doomed people saw a road further forward. To the right they faced the women’s living area and further to the left the men’s section of the camp: both once again fenced.
Either of the two ‘residential zones’ within the notorious ‘living area’ (men’s and women’s) were additionally completed with a double fence barbed wire perimeter with a separate guarding post next to each. Summing up the density of the guardianship, the prisoners were separated from the Kyiv locality with three separate perimeters in total. The so-called ‘men’s camp’ consisted of two rows of dugout barracks for inmates to live in. These improvised underground living facilities were dug by hands, wrapped over with logs of wood, and covered with a layer of earth, and the protected door used to lead inside the barrack. Such moist dark temporary structure could accommodate up to 80 men at once. In the early months of the Syrets camp operation, the prisoners dug sixteen of such barracks and another two parallel rows were implemented later, which brought the total number to 32.
The open site in the middle of the men’s section used to witness stringent day-to-day roll-calls, operated by the ‘capos’ and supervised by a German officer. Taken as a whole, the German guards favored visiting the ‘residential zone’ as rare as possible (they feared the outbreaks of infections), notably in a night time when all but every prisoner was here. The living area was strictly exposed to its own hierarchy with privileged prisoners in charge of the barracks and brigades. The ‘men’s camp’ used to include the so-called ‘Judenblock’ (Jewish barrack), yet the unspoken status of the ‘deadliest’ place in the Syrets camp was entitled to the ‘infirmary’. A separate dig-out barrack with in fact no medical assistance or proper nutrition was fated to become a place of executions, particularly by the hand of Paul Radomski, the commandant of the Syrets concentration camp.
The ‘women’s’ living zone was built up in close proximity to the main entrance to the camp and next to the Western perimeter of the site and to the upper spurs of the Babi yar ravine in particular. As opposed to the initial formation of the male contingent as early as the construction phase (starting from April 1942), the female section of the Syrets camp was assembled as early as September 1942. The living conditions for women were basically minimum for temporary survival and the area was made up of a few wooden barracks. Not unlike the ‘men’s camp,’ this residential barrack area was exposed to a tight hierarchy. Elizaveta Loginova, who would be trialed as a war criminal after the war, used to take advantage of her privileged role as a jailer of the women’s area by giving her gruel toward the female inmates. Her daily routine included day-to-day reports personally to commandant Radomski or to his deputies on the total number of female prisoners, medical cases, or fatigue. Forasmuch as the women’s area was located nearest to the exterior perimeter of the camp and less than 100 meters to Babi yar, the female inmates used to become witnesses of the mass actions in the ravine.
THE LAST MONTHS
With the onset of summer 1943, the loss of the war proactivity by the Third Reich and the large-scale retreat from the occupied territories in the East resulted in German’s decision to eliminate the traces of the mass crimes, in Kyiv in particular. The ‘operation’ was initially endued with ‘Geheime Verschlußsache’ (top secret) seal and the code term ‘AKTION 1005’ (Action 1005) with PAUL BLOBEL as the high executive officer. The man in charge was no other than a former commanding officer of Sonderkommando 4a, a death squad directly responsible for mass executions in Babi yar back in September-October 1941. The retention of some of the former executioners provided a clear factual understanding of the site and notably of the mass graves to be exhumed and burned to ashes.
At the time when the German soldiers among the SS and the Order Police accommodated the former cemetery administrative office (Melnikova 44), the immediate dirt job was fated to fall on the shoulders of the inmates of the Syrets concentration camp nearby. As early as August 18, 1943, the Germans picked up approximately one hundred prisoners, including female Jews, and escorted them to the upper spurs of the Babi yar ravine. The inmates, who had already been exposed to back-breaking work and unbearable living conditions, were now cuffed with rugged anklets and faced the task of scraping a dugout within a bank of the ravine. Over the span of the next six weeks, all the way to a mass escapade on September 29, more than three hundred inmates were forced to exhume mass graves, dragging out the remains with shovels and crooks and burning the corpses in mass on huge open fire furnaces. The larger share of the escapees was later captured and shot on the site of their later ‘work’ and less than two dozens of inmates succeeded to escape.
In parallel to the annihilation of the traces of the crimes in Babi yar and the neighbor anti-tank ditch to the South (the primary killing site after October 1941), the Syrets camp itself was now subjected to the termination. All while the Soviet army would enter Kyiv as early as November 1943, the German administration made preparations beforehand onwards of September. On September 22, 1943, in about a week prior to the end of ‘AKTION 1005’, the camp entered the stage of controlled desolation. Whereas hundreds of inmates were for the moment left in Kyiv for loading the expropriated goods to the rail transport, the larger share of the Syrets contingent was expelled from the camp at the end of September. Apart from men as a working force, at least 600 females, the former residents of the ‘women area’, were loaded on the trains to Germany with a number of them succeeding in escape and later in testifying. The given edification prior to the ‘evacuation’ was in fact limited to the voiced chance of ‘manifesting oneself for the sake of the Reich’ and to threatening being killed on spot in a case of escape. In actual terms, the Syrets concentration camp existed until the end of October 1943. The last prisoners as their predecessors were loaded into rail transport, the guardian personnel dispatched and transferred to the Ukrainian city Rivne apr, 300 kilometers to the West.
AFTER THE NAZIS
In less than a week since the complete desolation of the Syrets concentration camp, the city of Kyiv was to be liberated by the Red army. During the final weeks of ‘retreating’ to the West, the German army units used to move in parallel with the forced evacuation of the working population, the expropriation of the resources, and the annihilation of the traces of the crimes. In contrast to some of the death camps in Poland and a number of working camps, the Germans did not assign an objective of the total demolition of the former camp in Syrets. The first days after the liberation witnessed the operation of the investigating body, whose reports would later give a grounding to the tribunals of the war criminals.
‘The extraordinary state commission for the establishment and investigation of the atrocities of the German fascist invaders and their accomplices and the damage they caused to citizens, collective farms, public organizations, state enterprises and institutions of the USSR’ or simply the ‘Extraordinary state commission’. This country-wide governing body was supervised on the local level by regional administration and as applied to Kyiv was composed of a civil chairman, a female teacher, a pastor as well as forensic pathologists. The latter was called to investigate the sites of the mass executions within the territory of the camp, as well as in Babi yar and the notorious anti-tank ditch. Apart from the members of the ‘Extraordinary state commission’, the Soviet war correspondents, the authorities decided on an unprecedented decision. In November 1943 the Kyiv Syrets was visited by a delegation of the Western combat correspondents, who also factualized the physical evidence of the crimes and interviewed witnesses and survivors.
Apart from the compelling investigation within the Babi yar ravine, with bone-chilling revelations of human remains, clothes, personal belongings, the remnants of the open-air crematoriums and dig-outs for the ‘sonderkommando’, the Commission intimately examined the territory of the former Syrets concentration camp. The medical examiners disclosed the sites of the mass graves within and beyond the barbed-wire perimeter, including six unmarked common graves with bodies, which had not been exhumed and burned in the course of ‘Aktion 1005’. The official report of November 27, 1943, included an extensive examination of the human remains: pathological malnutrition and attenuation, the cases of absence of cloth, and for the most part: violent causes of death. It is worth noting, that the total death toll for the period between Spring 1942 and October 1943 at the Syrets camp was calculated as 25 000 victims. Relatedly, the greatest proportion of the executions and mass graves is factualized to be attributed to the sites beyond the perimeter of the camp: the large anti-tank ditch in parallel to the Southern side and the upper spurs of the Babi yar ravine to the West. When it comes to the ‘death toll of Babi yar’, the research-backed figures between 65 000 and 70 000 conventionally includes the 25 000 figure regarding the Syrets camp.
Before the threshold of the year 1944, the former German Syrets concentration camp, a site of the mass detention of the soviet citizens, was fated to be turned into a Soviet camp for the incarceration of the German prisoners of war. As opposed to a common historical misconception, by no means all the German POWs happened to be kept within the Syberian camps. Including but not limited to, the devastated Ukrainian cities challenged the necessity of reconstruction and the captured Germans would serve their big-picture and concurrently dramatic role in light of the high death toll among the POWs and a slight fraction of those, who would see Germany once again. On August 17, 1944, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, the future opponent of president Kennedy, sent an internal memorandum personally to Josef Stalin.
At that time the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine (Ukrainian Soviet Socialistic Republic, should not be confused with the Soviet Union as a whole), Khrushchev reported on the fact that 36 918 German prisoners of war were orchestratedly convoyed through the streets of Kyiv. In the space of five hours, the exhausted POWs were driven to cover at least 20 kilometers across the city with at any rate 150 000 citizens to witness the march, accompanied by tirades of verbal abuses. At the close of this procession, the greatest majority of these prisoners, As Khrushchev reported, were sent to the NKVD camps, yet roughly 7500 were to be left in Kyiv for the sake of the reconstruction works. Thousands of these and the upcoming German POWs would be incarcerated within the Syrets camp, which would last to exist until 1949. In years after the war, at least 70 cemeteries for the German prisoners of war would be set up and later mostly demolished for those who failed to live through the imprisonment. One of the few such cemeteries may be still found next to the modern Syrets metro station, just about the former Western perimeter of the Syrets concentration camp.
As early as 1944 the resurrected (after two years of the German occupation) Soviet administration of Kyiv set up a Gargantua plan on the recuperation of the city, whose infrastructure notedly lay in ruins. Kyiv anticipated the comeback of hundreds of thousands of the evacuated citizens and the lasting urbanization of the Ukrainian peasantry. The first five after-war years witnessed progressive industrial-production growth. As early as 1945 a giant-like motorcycle production of 45 hectares was put into construction next to Kagatna (modern Hohlov family) street, a site, which had witnessed the dramatic events back in 1941: the Jews were forced to give their valuables and documents here and thousands spent the night of September 30 in the garages of the former repair works. In 1948 the local functionaries submitted to Khrushchev a plan of road construction of Kyiv, which included among other passages, the oncoming reconstruction of Lagerna (modern Dorohozhytska) and road laying in Syrets. By 1950, when these road-building plans had already been mostly accomplished, the surrounding area of Babi yar and the former syrets concentration camp made use of 36 enterprises of the local and countrywide character.
In the course of the 1950s, when Babi yar ravine had been already subjected to be washed off with the clay pulp from the neighboring brickworks (the process was put into practice since 1954), the Syrets and Kurenevka localities witnessed the building up of a number of new streets. As early as 1953 the city map of Kyiv was complimented with Ryzhska street, which almost completely aligned with the southern perimeter of the former syrets camp. Still in 1953, Shchuseva street crossed the center of the former camp territory from East to West. In 1957 a new Olena Teliha (at that time titled Novookruzhna) street filled the space between the former outlines of Babi yar ravine and Syrets camp at the site of the old unsurfaced road to the North. Still, in the same year, the former concentration camp site was cut by Grekova street, a place wherein 1964 the construction workers would reveal the remains of Dynamo football players.
As early as 1959 the chief administrators of Kyiv acted out a building up of a new Syrets residential area of 75 hectares, which would later grow to the modern Syrets park, all beside the historical outline of Babi yar and Olena Teliha street way far to the North. By the time of 1950-1960-s, the larger half of the urban development in Kyiv may have accounted for new large residential areas, built on the recently undeveloped locations and in the room of the vast single-family residential neighborhood. Then and there the historical one-story houses steadily gave way to new five-story brick and prefabricated block buildings. In the literal sense, there is no sign left of the former Syrets concentration camp, now completely spaced by the residential buildings. Back in the 1960s, the area was predominantly accommodated by the workers of the neighboring enterprises and the 1970-s complimented the contingent with a ‘layering’ of the intelligentsia: due in no small part to the construction of the TV center on the site of the demolished Jewish cemetery. As early as 1963 a school №24 was put into work roughly at the site of the former road to the ‘men’s’ area inside the camp. In 1991 a ‘Memorial sign to Syrets concentration camp prisoners’ was commemorated to the South of the actual perimeter of the Syrets camp (in fact, just beyond it: it should not be regarded as the error) and the year 1999 witnessed the inauguration of the memorial to Dynamo players at Grekova street. | <urn:uuid:829b9148-de20-4ebb-97d0-f19d7190b381> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://war-documentary.info/syrets-concentration-camp/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178381989.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308052217-20210308082217-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.965122 | 6,909 | 2.796875 | 3 |
- Lasswell model of communication
Lasswell seeks to describe communication asking – Who
In which channel
With what effect?
According to Lasswell, communication has three jobs to do:
- Observe the surroundings
- Make meaning out of it
- Transmit culture from one generation to
- David Berlo’s SMCR or SMCRF model
This popular model primarily takes four elements, namely (i) Sources (ii) Messages (iii) Channels and (iv) Receivers. A fifth element was later added – feedback.
- As for the source, we need to be aware how much the source knows, his attitude, his communicative skill and his cultural context.
- The message is made up of words, pictures, etc. The source uses the individual elements and joins them to form his
- The channel can be any of the senses- seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, tasting. Multiple channels can be used in
- The receiver, too, is characterized his/her knowledge, attitude, receiving skills and culture. In the event of a major variance between source and receiver, communication may
Berlo says that communication is ongoing and dynamic. A piece of communication is a bucket with many bits from many sources –
and this bucket is dumped on the receiver. This is also called his bucket theory.
- Shannon and Weaver model
Their theory, presented as a model, has five key components in ideal communication:
- An information source, creating a message
- A transmitter, converting the message into a signal which can be sent
- A channel, which can carry the signal to the receiver
- The receiver, who reads the signal and takes it to the end-user
- The destination, the final user of the message
This theory adds the sixth, unintended component of noise, present in actual situations, causing interference in the reception of the message.
In this theory, noise is stated as the main problem in communication. Noise is of three types
- Technical problems (e.g. weak antenna of TV)
- Semantic barriers (“wish him” taken as “poison him” under the influence of Hindi)
- Problem of effectiveness (an ad jingle in a dull tune) | <urn:uuid:e05ffb2e-d212-4cf5-b189-97a65be38f62> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://ebookskenya.co.ke/models-of-communication/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710953.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204004054-20221204034054-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.945439 | 476 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Matthew Chapter 2 - King James Version of The Holy Bible
In this chapter, we have the history of our Saviour's infancy, where we find how early he began to suffer, and that in him the word of righteousness was fulfilled, before he himself began to fulfil all righteousness. Here is, I. The wise men's solicitous enquiry after Christ (v. 1-8). II. Their devout attendance on him, when they found out where he was (v. 9–12). III. Christ's flight into Egypt, to avoid the cruelty of Herod (v. 13–15). IV. The barbarous murder of the infants of Bethlehem (v. 16–18). V. Christ's return out of Egypt into the land of Israel again (v. 19–23).
It was a mark of humiliation put upon the Lord Jesus that, though he was the Desire of all nations, yet his coming into the world was little observed and taken notice of, his birth was obscure and unregarded: herein he emptied himself, and made himself of no reputation. If the Son of God must be brought into the world, one might justly expect that he should be received with all the ceremony possible, that crowns and sceptres should immediately have been laid at his feet, and that the high and mighty princes of the world should have been his humble servants; such a Messiah as this the Jews expected, but we see none of all this; he came into the world, and the world knew him not; nay, he came to his own, and his own received him not; for having undertaken to make satisfaction to his Father for the wrong done him in his honour by the sin of man, he did it by denying himself in, and despoiling himself of, the honours undoubtedly due to an incarnate Deity; yet, as afterward, so in his birth, some rays of glory darted forth in the midst of the greatest instances of his abasement. Though there was the hiding of his power, yet he had horns coming out of his hand (Hab. 3:4) enough to condemn the world, and the Jews especially, for their stupidity.
The first who took notice of Christ after his birth were the shepherds (Lu. 2:15, etc.), who saw and heard glorious things concerning him, and made them known abroad, to the amazement of all that heard them, v. 17, 18. After that, Simeon and Anna spoke of him, by the Spirit, to all that were disposed to heed what they said, Lu. 2:38. Now, one would think, these hints should have been taken by the men of Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and they should with both arms have embraced the long-looked-for Messiah; but, for aught that appears, he continued nearly two years after at Bethlehem, and no further notice was taken of him till these wise men came. Note, Nothing will awaken those that are resolved to be regardless. Oh the amazing stupidity of these Jews! And no less that of many who are called Christians! Observe,
I. When this enquiry was made concerning Christ. It was in the days of Herod the king. This Herod was an Edomite, made king of Judea by Augustus and Antonius, the then chief rulers of the Roman state, a man made up of falsehood and cruelty; yet he was complimented with the title of Herod the Great. Christ was born in the 35th year of his reign, and notice is taken of this, to show that the sceptre had now departed from Judah, and the lawgiver from between his feet; and therefore now was the time for Shiloh to come, and to him shall the gathering of the people be: witness these wise men, Gen. 49:10.
II. Who and what these wise men were; they are here called Magoi—Magicians. Some that it in a good sense; the Magi among the Persians were their philosophers and their priests; nor would they admit any one for their king who had not first been enrolled among the Magi; others think they dealt in unlawful arts; the word is used of Simon, the sorcerer (Acts 8:9, 11), and of Elymas, the sorcerer (Acts 13:6), nor does the scripture use it in any other sense; and then it was an early instance and presage of Christ's victory over the devil, when those who had been so much his devotees became the early adorers even of the infant Jesus; so soon were trophies of his victory over the powers of darkness erected. Well, whatever sort of wise men they were before, now they began to be wise men indeed when they set themselves to enquire after Christ.
This we are sure of, 1. That they were Gentiles, and not belonging to the commonwealth of Israel. The Jews regarded not Christ, but these Gentiles enquired him out. Note, Many times those who are nearest to the means, are furthest from the end. See ch. 8:11, 12. The respect paid to Christ by these Gentiles was a happy presage and specimen of what would follow when those who were afar off should be made nigh by Christ. 2. That they were scholars. They dealt in arts, curious arts; good scholars should be good Christians, and then they complete their learning when they learn Christ. 3. That they were men of the east, who were noted for their soothsaying, Isa. 2:6. Arabia is called the land of the east (Gen. 25:6), and the Arabians are called men of the east, Jdg. 6:3. The presents they brought were the products of that country; the Arabians had done homage to David and Solomon as types of Christ. Jethro and Job were of that country. More than this we have not to say of them. The traditions of the Romish church are frivolous, that they were in number three (though one of the ancients says that they were fourteen), that they were kings, and that they lie buried in Colen, thence called the three kings of Colen; we covet not to be wise above what is written.
III. What induced them to make this enquiry. They, in their country, which was in the east, had seen an extraordinary star, such as they had not seen before; which they took to be an indication of an extraordinary person born in the land of Judea, over which land this star was seen to hover, in the nature of a comet, or a meteor rather, in the lowers regions of the air; this differed so much from any thing that was common that they concluded it to signify something uncommon. Note, Extraordinary appearances of God in the creatures should put us upon enquiring after his mind and will therein; Christ foretold signs in the heavens. The birth of Christ was notified to the Jewish shepherds by an angel, to the Gentile philosophers by a star: to both God spoke in their own language, and in the way they were best acquainted with. Some think that the light which the shepherds saw shining round about them, the night after Christ was born, was the very same which to the wise men, who lived at such a distance, appeared as a star; but this we cannot easily admit, because the same star which they had seen in the east they saw a great while after, leading them to the house where Christ lay; it was a candle set up on purpose to guide them to Christ. The idolaters worshipped the stars as the host of heaven, especially the eastern nations, whence the planets have the names of their idol-gods; we read of a particular star they had in veneration, Amos 5:26. Thus the stars that had been misused came to be put to the right use, to lead men to Christ; the gods of the heathen became his servants. Some think this star put them in mind of Balaam's prophecy, that a star should come out of Jacob, pointing at a sceptre, that shall rise out of Israel; see Num. 24:17. Balaam came from the mountains of the east, and was one of their wise men. Others impute their enquiry to the general expectation entertained at that time, in those eastern parts, of some great prince to appear. Tacitus, in his history (lib. 5), takes notice of it; Pluribus persuasio inerat, antiquis sacerdotum literis contineri, eo ipso tempore fore, ut valesceret oriens, profectique Judaea rerum potirentur—A persuasion existed in the minds of many that some ancient writings of the priests contained a prediction that about that time an eastern power would prevail, and that persons proceeding from Judea would obtain dominion. Suetonius also, in the life of Vespasian, speaks of it; so that this extraordinary phenomenon was construed as pointing to that king; and we may suppose a divine impression made upon their minds, enabling them to interpret this star as a signal given by Heaven of the birth of Christ.
IV. How they prosecuted this enquiry. They came from the east to Jerusalem, in further quest of this prince. Wither shall they come to enquire for the king of the Jews, but to Jerusalem, the mother-city, whither the tribes go up, the tribes of the Lord? They might have said, "If such a prince be born, we shall hear of him shortly in our own country, and it will be time enough then to pay our homage to him.'' But so impatient were they to be better acquainted with him, that they took a long journey on purpose to enquire after him. Note, Those who truly desire to know Christ, and find him, will not regard pains or perils in seeking after him. Then shall we know, if we follow on to know the Lord.
Their question is, Where is he that is born king of the Jews? They do not ask, whether there were such a one born? (they are sure of that, and speak of it with assurance, so strongly was it set home upon their hearts); but, Where is he born? Note, Those who know something of Christ cannot but covet to know more of him. They call Christ the King of the Jews, for so the Messiah was expected to be: and he is Protector and Ruler of all the spiritual Israel, he is born a King.
To this question they doubted not but to have a ready answer, and to find all Jerusalem worshipping at the feet of this new king; but they come from door to door with this question, and no man can give them any information. Note, There is more gross ignorance in the world, and in the church too, than we are aware of. Many that we think should direct us to Christ are themselves strangers to him. They ask, as the spouse of the daughters of Jerusalem, Saw ye him whom my soul loveth? But they are never the wiser. However, like the spouse, they pursue the enquiry, Where is he that is born king of the Jews? Are they asked, "Why do ye make this enquiry?'' It is because they have seen his star in the east. Are they asked, "What business have ye with him? What have the men of the east to do with the King of the Jews?'' They have their answer ready, We are come to worship him. They conclude he will, in process of time, be their king, and therefore they will betimes ingratiate themselves with him and with those about him. Note, Those in whose hearts the day-star is risen, to give them any thing of the knowledge of Christ, must make it their business to worship him. Have we seen Christ's star? Let us study to give him honour.
V. How this enquiry was treated at Jerusalem. News of it at last came to court; and when Herod heard it he was troubled, v. 3. He could not be a stranger to the prophecies of the Old Testament, concerning the Messiah and his kingdom, and the times fixed for his appearing by Daniel's weeks; but, having himself reigned so long and so successfully, he began to hope that those promises would for ever fail, and that his kingdom would be established and perpetuated in spite of them. What a damp therefore must it needs be upon him, to hear talk of this King being born, now, when the time fixed for his appearing had come! Note, Carnal wicked hearts dread nothing so much as the fulfilling of the scriptures.
But though Herod, an Edomite, was troubled, one would have thought Jerusalem should rejoice greatly to hear that her King comes; yet, it seems, all Jerusalem, except the few there that waited for the consolation of Israel, were troubled with Herod, and were apprehensive of I know not what ill consequences of the birth of this new king, that it would involve them in war, or restrain their lusts; they, for their parts, desired no king but Herod; no, not the Messiah himself. Note, The slavery of sin is foolishly preferred by many to the glorious liberty of the children of God, only because they apprehend some present difficulties attending that necessary revolution of the government in the soul. Herod and Jerusalem were thus troubled, from a mistaken notion that the kingdom of the Messiah would clash and interfere with the secular powers; whereas the star that proclaimed him king plainly intimated that his kingdom was heavenly, and not of this lower world. Note, The reason why the kings of the earth, and the people, oppose the kingdom of Christ, is because they do not know it, but err concerning it.
VI. What assistance they met with in this enquiry from the scribes and the priests, v. 4-6. Nobody can pretend to tell where the King of the Jews is, but Herod enquires where it was expected he should be born. The persons he consults are, the chief priests, who were teachers by office; and the scribes, who made it their business to study the law; their lips must keep knowledge, but then the people must enquire the law at their mouth, Mal. 2:7. It was generally known that Christ should be born at Bethlehem (Jn. 7:42); but Herod would have counsel's opinion upon it, and therefore applies himself to the proper persons; and, that he might be the better satisfied, he has them altogether, all the chief priests, and all the scribes; and demands of them what was the place, according to the scriptures of the Old Testament, where Christ should be born? Many a good question is put with an ill design, so was this by Herod.
The priests and scribes need not take any long time to give an answer to this query; nor do they differ in their opinion, but all agree that the Messiah must be born in Bethlehem, the city of David, here called Bethlehem of Judea, to distinguish it from another city of the same name in the land of Zebulun, Jos. 19:15. Bethlehem signifies the house of bread; the fittest place for him to be born in who is the true manna, the bread which came down from heaven, which was given for the life of the world. The proof they produce is taken from Mic. 5:2, where it is foretold that though Bethlehem be little among the thousands of Judah (so it is in Micah), no very populous place, yet it shall be found not the least among the princes of Judah (so it is here); for Bethlehem's honour lay not, as that of other cities, in the multitude of the people, but in the magnificence of the princes it produced. Though, upon some accounts, Bethlehem was little, yet herein it had the pre-eminence above all the cities of Israel, that the Lord shall count, when he writes up the people, that this man, even the man Christ Jesus, was born there, Ps. 87:6. Out of thee shall come a Governor, the King of the Jews. Note, Christ will be a Saviour to those only who are willing to take him for their Governor. Bethlehem was the city of David, and David the glory of Bethlehem; there, therefore, must David's son and successor be born. There was a famous well at Bethlehem, by the gate, which David longed to drink of (2 Sa. 23:15); in Christ we have not only bread enough and to spare, but may come and take also of the water of life freely. Observe here how Jews and Gentiles compare notes about Jesus Christ. The Gentiles know the time of his birth by a star; the Jews know the place of it by the scriptures; and so they are capable of informing one another. Note, It would contribute much to the increase of knowledge, if we did thus mutually communicate what we know. Men grow rich by bartering and exchanging; so, if we have knowledge to communicate to others, they will be ready to communicate to us; thus many shall discourse, shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased.
VII. The bloody project and design of Herod, occasioned by this enquiry, v. 7, 8. Herod was now an old man, and had reigned thirty-five years; this king was but newly born, and not likely to enterprise any thing considerable for many years; yet Herod is jealous of him. Crowned heads cannot endure to think of successors, much less of rivals; and therefore nothing less than the blood of this infant king will satisfy him; and he will not give himself liberty to think that, if this new-born child should be indeed the Messiah, in opposing him, or making any attempts upon him, he would be found fighting against God, than which nothing is more vain, nothing more dangerous. Passion has got the mastery of reason and conscience.
Now, 1. See how cunningly he laid the project (v. 7, 8). He privily called the wise men, to talk with them about this matter. He would not openly own his fears and jealousies; it would be his disgrace to let the wise men know them, and dangerous to let the people know them. Sinners are often tormented with secret fears, which they keep to themselves. Herod learns of the wise men the time when the star appeared, that he might take his measures accordingly; and then employs them to enquire further, and bids them bring him an account. All this might look suspicious, if he had not covered it with a show of religion: that I may come and worship him also. Note, The greatest wickedness often conceals itself under a mask of piety. Absalom cloaks his rebellious project with a vow.
2. See how strangely he was befooled and infatuated in this, that he trusted it with the wise men, and did not choose some other managers, that would have been true to his interests. It was but seven miles from Jerusalem; how easily might he have sent spies to watch the wise men, who might have been as soon there to destroy the child as they to worship him! Note, God can hide from the eyes of the church's enemies those methods by which they might easily destroy the church; when he intends to lead princes away spoiled, his way is to make the judges fools.
We have here the wise men's humble attendance upon this new-born King of the Jews, and the honours they paid him. From Jerusalem they went to Bethlehem, resolving to seek till they should find; but it is very strange that they went alone; that not one person of the court, church, or city, should accompany them, if not in conscience, yet in civility to them, or touched with a curiosity to see this young prince. As the queen of the south, so the wise men of the east, will rise up in judgment against the men of that generation, and of this too, and will condemn them; for they came from a far country, to worship Christ; while the Jews, his kinsmen, would not stir a step, would not go to the next town to bid him welcome. It might have been a discouragement to these wise men to find him whom they sought thus neglected at home. Are we come so far to honour the King of the Jews, and do the Jews themselves put such a slight upon him and us? Yet they persist in their resolution. Note, We must continue our attendance upon Christ, though we be alone in it; whatever others do, we must serve the Lord; if they will not go to heaven with us, yet we must not go to hell with them. Now,
I. See how they found out Christ by the same star that they had seen in their own country, v. 9, 10. Observe, 1. How graciously God directed them. By the first appearance of the star they were given to understand where they might enquire for this King, and then it disappeared, and they were left to take the usual methods for such an enquiry. Note, Extraordinary helps are not to be expected where ordinary means are to be had. Well, they had traced the matter as far as they could; they were upon their journey to Bethlehem, but that is a populous town, where shall they find him when they come thither? Here they were at a loss, at their wit's end, but not at their faith's end; they believed that God, who had brought them thither by his word, would not leave them there; nor did he; for, behold, the star which they saw in the east went before them. Note, If we go on as far as we can in the way of duty, God will direct and enable us to do that which of ourselves we cannot do; Up, and be doing, and the Lord will be with thee. Vigilantibus, non dormientibus, succurit lex—The law affords its aid, not to the idle, but to the active. The star had left them a great while, yet now returns. They who follow God in the dark shall find that light is sown, is reserved, for them. Israel was led by a pillar of fire to the promised land, the wise men by a star to the promised Seed, who is himself the bright and morning Star, Rev. 22:16. God would rather create a new thing than leave those at a loss who diligently and faithfully sought him. This star was the token of God's presence with them; for he is light, and goes before his people as their Guide. Note, If we by faith eye God in all our ways, we may see ourselves under his conduct; he guides with his eye (Ps. 32:8), and said to them, This is the way, walk in it: and there is a day-star that arises in the hearts of those that enquire after Christ, 2 Pt. 1:19. 2. Observe how joyfully they followed God's direction (v. 10). When they saw the star, they rejoiced with exceeding great joy. Now they saw they were not deceived, and had not taken this long journey in vain. When the desire cometh, it is a tree of life. Now they were sure that God was with them, and the tokens of his presence and favour cannot but fill with joy unspeakable the souls of those that know how to value them. Now they could laugh at the Jews in Jerusalem, who, probably, had laughed at them as coming on a fool's errand. The watchmen can give the spouse no tidings of her beloved; yet it is but a little that she passes from them, and she finds him, Cant. 3:3, 4. We cannot expect too little from man, nor too much from God. What a transport of joy these wise men were in upon this sight of the star; none know so well as those who, after a long and melancholy night of temptation and desertion, under the power of a Spirit of bondage, at length receive the spirit of adoption, witnessing with their spirits that they are the children of God; this is light out of darkness; it is life from the dead. Now they had reason to hope for a sight of the Lord's Christ speedily, of the Sun of righteousness, for they see the Morning Star. Note, We should be glad of every thing that will show us the way to Christ. This star was sent to meet the wise men, and to conduct them into the presence chamber of the King; by this master of ceremonies they were introduced, to have their audience. Now God fulfills his promise of meeting those that are disposed to rejoice and work righteousness (Isa. 64:5), and they fulfill his precept. Let the hearts of those rejoice that seek the Lord, Ps. 105:3. Note, God is pleased sometimes to favour young converts with such tokens of his love as are very encouraging to them, in reference to the difficulties they meet with at their setting out of the ways of God.
II. See how they made their address to him when they had found him, v. 11. We may well imagine their expectations were raised to find this royal babe, though slighted by the nation, yet honourably attended at home; and what a disappointment it was to them when they found a cottage was his palace, and his own poor mother all the retinue he had! Is this the Saviour of the world? Is this the King of the Jews, nay, and the Prince of the kings of the earth? Yes, this is he, who, though he was rich, yet, for our sakes, became thus poor. However, these wise men were so wise as to see through this veil, and in this despised babe to discern the glory as of the Only-begotten of the Father; they did not think themselves balked or baffled in their enquiry; but, as having found the King they sought, they presented themselves first, and then their gifts, to him.
1. They presented themselves to him: they fell down, and worshipped him. We do not read that they gave such honour to Herod, though he was in the height of his royal grandeur; but to this babe they gave this honour, not only as to a king (then they would have done the same to Herod), but as to a God. Note, All that have found Christ fall down before him; they adore him, and submit themselves to him. He is thy Lord, and worship thou him. It will be the wisdom of the wisest of men, and by this it will appear they know Christ, and understand themselves and their true interests, if they be humble, faithful worshippers of the Lord Jesus.
2. They presented their gifts to him. In the eastern nations, when they did homage to their kings, they made them presents; thus the subjection of the kings of Sheba to Christ is spoken of (Ps. 72:10), They shall bring presents, and offer gifts. See Isa. 60:6. Note, With ourselves, we must give up all that we have to Jesus Christ; and if we be sincere in the surrender of ourselves to him, we shall not be unwilling to part with what is dearest to us, and most valuable, to him and for him; nor are our gifts accepted, unless we first present ourselves to him living sacrifices. God had respect to Abel, and then to his offering. The gifts they presented were, gold, frankincense, and myrrh, money, and money's-worth. Providence sent this for a seasonable relief to Joseph and Mary in their present poor condition. These were the products of their own country; what God favours us with, we must honour him with. Some think there was a significancy in their gifts; they offered him gold, as a king, paying him tribute, to Caesar, the things that are Caesar's; frankincense, as God, for they honoured God with the smoke of incense; and myrrh, as a Man that should die, for myrrh was used in embalming dead bodies.
III. See how they left him when they had made their address to him, v. 12. Herod appointed them to bring him word what discoveries they had made, and, it is probable, they would have done so, if they had not been countermanded, not suspecting their being thus made his tools in a wicked design. Those that mean honestly and well themselves are easily made to believe that others do so too, and cannot think the world is as bad as it really is; but the Lord knows how to deliver the godly out of temptation. We do not find that the wise men promised to come back to Herod, and, if they had, it must have been with the usual proviso, If God permit; God did not permit them, and prevented the mischief Herod designed to the Child Jesus, and the trouble it would have been to the wise men to have been made involuntarily accessory to it. They were warned of God, chreµmatisthentes—oraculo vel responso accepto—by an oracular intimation. Some think it intimates that they asked counsel of God, and that this was the answer. Note, Those that act cautiously, and are afraid of sin and snares, if they apply themselves to God for direction, may expect to be led in the right way. They were warned not to return to Herod, nor to Jerusalem; those were unworthy to have reports brought them concerning Christ, that might have seen with their own eyes, and would not. They departed into their own country another way, to bring the tidings to their countrymen; but it is strange that we never hear any more of them, and that they or theirs did not afterwards attend him in the temple, whom they had worshipped in the cradle. However, the direction they had from God in their return would be a further confirmation of their faith in this Child, as the Lord from heaven.
We have here Christ's flight into Egypt to avoid the cruelty of Herod, and this was the effect of the wise men's enquiry after him; for, before that, the obscurity he lay in was his protection. It was but little respect (compared with what should have been) that was paid to Christ in his infancy: yet even that, instead of honouring him among his people, did but expose him.
Now here observe, 1. The command given to Joseph concerning it, v. 13. Joseph knew neither the danger the child was in, nor how to escape it; but God by an angel, tells him both in a dream, as before he directed him in like manner what to do, ch. 1:20. Joseph, before his alliance to Christ, had not been wont to converse with angels as now. Note, those that are spiritually related to Christ by faith have that communion and correspondence with Heaven which before they were strangers to.
1. Joseph is here told what their danger was: Herod will seek the young child to destroy him. Note, God is acquainted with all the cruel projects and purposes of the enemies of his church. I know thy rage against me, saith God to Sennacherib, Isa. 37:28. How early was the blessed Jesus involved in trouble! Usually, even those whose riper years are attended with toils and perils have a peaceable and quiet infancy; but it was not so with the blessed Jesus: his life and sufferings began together; he was born a man striven with, as Jeremiah was (Jer. 15:10), who was sanctified from the womb, Jer. 1:5. Both Christ the head, and the church his body, agree in saying, Many a time have they afflicted me, from my youth up. Pharaoh's cruelty fastens upon the Hebrews' children, and a great red dragon stands ready to devour the man-child as soon as it should be born, Rev. 12:4.
2. He is directed what to do, to escape the danger; Take the young child, and flee into Egypt. Thus early must Christ give an example to his own rule (ch. 10:23): When they persecute you in one city, flee to another. He that came to die for us, when his hour was not yet come, fled for his own safety. Self-preservation, being a branch of the law of nature, is eminently a part of the law of God. Flee; but why into Egypt? Egypt was infamous for idolatry, tyranny, and enmity to the people of God; it had been a house of bondage to Israel, and particularly cruel to the infants of Israel; in Egypt, as much as in Ramah, Rachel had been weeping for her children; yet that is appointed to be a place of refuge to the hold child Jesus. Note, God, when he pleases, can make the worst of places serve the best of purposes; for the earth is the Lord's, he makes what use he pleases of it: sometimes the earth helps the woman Rev. 12:16. God, who made Moab a shelter to his outcasts, makes Egypt a refuge for his Son. This may be considered,
(1.) As a trial of faith of Joseph and Mary. They might be tempted to think, "If this child be the Son of God, as we are told he is, has he no other way to secure himself from a man that is a worm, than by such a mean and inglorious retreat as this? Cannot he summon legions of angels to be his life-guard, or cherubim with flaming swords to keep this tree of life? Cannot he strike Herod dead, or wither the hand that is stretched out against him, and so save us the trouble of this remove?'' They had been lately told that he should be the glory of his people Israel; and is the land of Israel so soon become too hot for him? But we find not that they made any such objections; their faith, being tried, was found firm, they believe this is the Son of God, though they see no miracle wrought for his preservation; but they are put to the use of ordinary means. Joseph had great honour put upon him in being the husband of the blessed virgin; but that honour has trouble attending it, as all honours have in this world; Joseph must take the young child, and carry him into Egypt; and now it appeared how well God had provided for the young child and his mother, in appointing Joseph to stand in so near a relation to them; now the gold which the wise men brought would stand them in stead to bear their charges. God foresees his people's distresses, and provides against them beforehand. God intimates the continuance of his care and guidance, when he saith, Be thou there until I bring thee word, so that he must expect to hear from God again, and not stir without fresh orders. Thus God will keep his people still in a dependence upon him.
(2.) As an instance of the humiliation of our Lord Jesus. As there was no room for him in the inn in Bethlehem, so there was no quiet room for him in the land of Judea. Thus was he banished from the earthly Canaan, that we, who for sin were banished from the heavenly Canaan, might not be for ever expelled. If we and our infants be at any time in straits, let us remember the straits Christ in his infancy was brought into, and be reconciled to them.
(3.) As a token of God's displeasure against the Jews, who took so little notice of him; justly does he leave those who have slighted him. We have also here an earnest of his favour to the Gentiles, to whom the apostles were to bring the gospel when the Jews rejected it. If Egypt entertain Christ when he is forced out of Judea, it will not be long ere it be said, Blessed be Egypt my people, Isa. 19:25.
II. Joseph's obedience to this command, v. 14. The journey would be inconvenient and perilous both to the young child and to his mother; they were but poorly provided for it, and were likely to meet with cold entertainment in Egypt: yet Joseph was not disobedient to the heavenly vision, made no objection, nor was dilatory in his disobedience. As soon as he had received his orders, he immediately arose, and went away by night, the same night, as it should seem, that he received the orders. Note, Those that would make sure work of their obedience must make quick work of it. Now Joseph went out, as his father Abraham did, with an implicit dependence upon God, not knowing whither he went, Heb. 11:8. Joseph and his wife, having little, had little to care of in this remove. An abundance encumbers a necessary flight. If rich people have the advantage of the poor while they possess what they have, the poor have the advantage of the rich when they are called to part with it.
Joseph took the young child and his mother. Some observe, that the young child is put first, as the principal person, and Mary is called, not the wife of Joseph, but, which was her great dignity, the mother of the young child. This was not the first Joseph that was driven from Canaan to Egypt for a shelter from the anger of his brethren; this Joseph ought to be welcome there for the sake of that.
If we may credit tradition, at their entrance into Egypt, happening to go into a temple, all the images of their gods were overthrown by an invisible power, and fell, like Dagon before the ark, according to that prophecy, The Lord shall come into Egypt, and the idols of Egypt shall be moved at his presence, Isa. 19:1. They continued in Egypt till the death of Herod, which, some think, was seven years, others think, not so many months. There they were at a distance from the temple and the service of it, and in the midst of idolaters; but God sent them thither, and will have mercy, and not sacrifice. Though they were far from the temple of the Lord, they had with them the Lord of the temple. A forced absence from God's ordinances, and a forced presence with wicked people, may be the lot, are not the sin, yet cannot but be the grief, of good people.
III. The fulfilling of the scripture in a this—that scripture (Hos. 11:1), Out of Egypt have I called my son. Of all the evangelists, Matthew takes most notice of the fulfilling of the scripture in what concerned Christ, because his gospel was first published among the Jews, with whom that would add much strength and lustre to it. Now this word of the prophet undoubtedly referred to the deliverance of Israel out of Egypt, in which God owned them for his son, his first-born (Ex. 4:22); but it is here applied, by way of analogy, to Christ, the Head of the church. Note, The scripture has many accomplishments, so full and copious is it, and so well ordered in all things. God is every day fulfilling the scripture. Scripture is not of private interpretation: we must give it its full latitude. "When Israel was a child, then I loved him; and, though I loved him, I suffered him to be a great while in Egypt; but, because I loved him, in due time I called him out of Egypt.'' They that read this must, in their thoughts, not only look back, but look forward; that which has been shall be again (Eccl. 1:9); and the manner of expression intimates this; for it is not said, I called him, but I called my son, out of Egypt. Note, It is no new thing for God's sons to be in Egypt, in a strange land, in a house of bondage; but they shall be fetched out. They may be hid in Egypt, but they shall not be left there. All the elect of God, being by nature children of wrath, are born in a spiritual Egypt, and in conversion are effectually called out. It might be objected against Christ that he had been in Egypt. Must the Sun of righteousness arise out of that land of darkness! But this shows that to be no strange thing; Israel was brought out of Egypt, to be advanced to the highest honours; and this is but doing the same thing.
Here is, I. Herod's resentment of the departure of the wise men. He waited long for their return; he hopes, though they be slow, they will be sure, and he shall crush this rival at his first appearing; but he hears, upon enquiry, that they are gone off another way, which increases his jealousy, and makes him suspect they are in the interest of this new King, which made him exceedingly wroth; and he is the more desperate and outrageous for his being disappointed. Note, Inveterate corruption swells the higher for the obstructions it meets with in a sinful pursuit.
II. His political contrivance, notwithstanding this, to take off him that is born King of the Jews. If he could not reach him by a particular execution, he doubted not but to involve him in a general stroke, which, like the sword of war, should devour one as well as another. This would be sure work; and thus those that would destroy their own iniquity must be sure to destroy all their iniquities. Herod was an Edomite, enmity to Israel was bred in the bone with him. Doeg was an Edomite, who, for David's sake, slew all the priests of the Lord. It was strange that Herod could find any so inhuman as to be employed in such a bloody and barbarous piece of work; but wicked hands never want wicked tools to work with. Little children have always been taken under the special protection, not only of human laws, but of human nature; yet these are sacrificed to the rage of this tyrant, under whom, as under Nero, innocence is the least security. Herod was, throughout his reign, a bloody man; it was not long before, that he destroyed the whole Sanhedrim, or bench of judges; but blood to the blood-thirsty is like drink to those in a dropsy; Quo plus sunt potae, plus sitiuntur aquae—The more they drink, the more thirsty they become. Herod was now about seventy years old, so that an infant, at this time under two years old, was not likely ever to give him any disturbance. Nor was he a man over fond of his own children, or of their preferment, having formerly slain two of his own sons, Alexander and Aristobulus, and his son Antipater after this, but five days before he himself died; so that it was purely to gratify his own brutish lusts of pride and cruelty that he did this. All is fish that comes to his net.
Observe, What large measures he took, 1. As to time; He slew all from two years old and under. It is probable that the blessed Jesus was at this time not a year old; yet Herod took in all the infants under two years old, that he might be sure not to miss of his prey. He cares not how many heads fall, which he allows to be innocent, provided that escape not which he supposes to be guilty. 2. As to place; He kills all the male children, not only in Bethlehem, but in all the coasts thereof, in all the villages of that city. This was being overmuch wicked, Eccl. 7:17. Hate, an unbridled wrath, armed with an unlawful power, often transports men to the most absurd and unreasonable instances of cruelty. It was no unrighteous thing for God to permit this; every life is forfeited to his justice as soon as it commences; that sin which entered by one man's disobedience, introduced death with it; and we are not to suppose any thing more than that common guilt, we are not to suppose that these children were sinners above all that were in Israel, because they suffered such things. God's judgments are a great deep. The diseases and deaths of little children are proofs of original sin. But we must look upon this murder of the infants under another character: it was their martyrdom. How early did persecution commence against Christ and his kingdom! Think ye that he came to send peace on the earth? No, but a sword, such a sword as this, ch. 10:34, 35. A passive testimony was hereby given to the Lord Jesus. As when he was in the womb, he was witnessed to by a child's leaping in the womb for joy at his approach, so now, at two years old, he had contemporary witnesses to him of the same age. They shed their blood for him, who afterwards shed his for them. These were the infantry of the noble army of martyrs. If these infants were thus baptized with blood, though it were their own, into the church triumphant, it could not be said but that, with what they got in heaven, they were abundantly recompensed for what they lost on earth. Out of the mouths of these babes and sucklings God did perfect his praise; otherwise, it is not good to the Almighty that he should thus afflict.
The tradition of the Greek church (and we have it in the Aethiopic missal) is, that the number of the children slain was 14,000; but that is very absurd. I believe, if the births of the male children in the weekly bills were computed, there would not be found so many under two years old, in one of the most populous cities in the world, that was not near a fortieth part of it. But it is an instance of the vanity of tradition. It is strange that Josephus does not relate this story; but he wrote long after St. Matthew, and it is probable that he therefore would not relate it, because he would not so far countenance the Christian history; for he was a zealous Jew; but, to be sure, if it had not been true and well attested, he would have contested it. Macrobius, a heathen writer, tells us, that when Augustus Caesar heard that Herod, among the children he order to be slain under two years old, slew his own son, he passed this jest upon him, That it was better to be Herod's swine than his son. The usage of the country forbade him to kill a swine, but nothing could restrain him from killing his son. Some think that he had a young child at nurse in Bethlehem; others think that, through mistake, two events are confounded—the murder of the infants, and the murder of his son Antipater. But for the church of Rome to put the Holy Innocents, as they call them, into their calendar, and observe a day in memory of them, while they have so often, by their barbarous massacres, justified, and even out—one Herod, is but to do as their predecessors did, who built the tombs of the prophets, while they themselves filled up the same measure.
Some observe another design of Providence in the murder of the infants. By all the prophecies of the Old Testament it appears that Bethlehem was the place, and this the time, of the Messiah's nativity; now all the children of Bethlehem, born at this time, being murdered, and Jesus only escaping, none but Jesus could pretend to be the Messiah. Herod now thought he had baffled all the Old Testament prophecies, had defeated the indications of the star, and the devotions of the wise men, by ridding the country of this new King; having burnt the hive, he concludes he had killed the master bee; but God in heaven laughs at him, and has him in derision. Whatever crafty cruel devices are in men's hearts, the counsel of the Lord shall stand.
III. The fulfilling of scripture in this (v. 17, 18); Then was fulfilled that prophecy (Jer. 31:15), A voice was heard in Ramah. See and adore the fulness of the scripture! That prediction was accomplished in Jeremiah's time, when Nebuzaradan, after he had destroyed Jerusalem, brought all his prisoners to Ramah (Jer. 40:1), and there disposed of them as he pleased, for the sword, or for captivity. Then was the cry in Ramah heard to Bethlehem (for those two cities, the one in Judah's lot, and the other in Benjamin's, were not far asunder); but now the prophecy is again fulfilled in the great sorrow that was for the death of these infants. The scripture was fulfilled,
1. In the place of this mourning. The noise of it was heard from Bethlehem to Ramah; for Herod's cruelty extended itself to all the coasts of Bethlehem, even into the lot of Benjamin, among the children of Rachel. Some think the country about Bethlehem was called Rachel, because there she died, and was buried. Rachel's sepulchre was hard by Bethlehem, Gen. 35:16, 19. Compare 1 Sa. 10:2. Rachel had her heart much set upon children: the son she died in travail of she called Benoni—the son of her sorrow. These mothers were like Rachel, lived near Rachel's grave, and many of them descended from Rachel; and therefore their lamentations are elegantly represented by Rachel's weeping.
2. In the degree of this mourning. It was lamentation and mourning, and great mourning; all little enough to express the sense they had of this aggravated calamity. There was a great cry in Egypt when the first-born were slain, and so there was here when the youngest was slain; for whom we naturally have a particular tenderness. Here was a representation of this world we live in. We hear in it lamentation, and weeping, and mourning, and see the tears of the oppressed, some upon one account, and some upon another. Our ways lie through a vale of tears. This sorrow was so great, that they would not be comforted. They hardened themselves in it, and took a pleasure in their grief. Blessed be God, there is no occasion of grief in this world, no, not that which is supplied by sin itself, that will justify us in refusing to be comforted! They would not be comforted, because they are not, that is, they are not in the land of the living, are not as they were, in their mothers' embraces. If, indeed, they were not, there might be some excuse for sorrowing as though we had no hope; but we know they are not lost, but gone before; if we forget that they are, we lose the best ground of our comfort, 1 Th. 4:13. Some make this grief of the Bethlehemites to be a judgment upon them for their contempt of Christ. They that would not rejoice for the birth of the Son of God, are justly made to weep for the death of their own sons; for they only wondered at the tidings the shepherds brought them, but did not welcome them.
The quoting of this prophecy might serve to obviate an objection which some would make against Christ, upon this sad providence. "Can the Messiah, who is to be the Consolation of Israel, be introduced with all this lamentation?'' Yes, for so it was foretold, and the scripture must be accomplished. And besides, if we look further into this prophecy, we shall find that the bitter weeping in Ramah was but a prologue to the greatest joy, for it follows, Thy work shall be rewarded, and there is hope in thy end. The worse things are, the sooner they will mend. Unto them a child was born, sufficient to repair their losses.
We have here Christ's return out of Egypt into the land of Israel again. Egypt may serve to sojourn in, or take shelter in, for a while, but not to abide in. Christ was sent to the lost sheep of the house of Israel, and therefore to them he must return. Observe,
I. What it was that made way for his return— the death of Herod, which happened not long after the murder of the infants; some think not above three months. Such quick work did divine vengeance make! Note, Herods must die; proud tyrants, that were the terror of the mighty, and the oppressors of the godly, in the land of the living, their day must come to fall, and down to the pit they must go. Who art thou then, that thou shouldest be afraid of a man that shall die? (Isa. 51:12, 13) especially considering that at death, not only their envy and hatred are perished (Eccl. 9:6), and they cease from troubling (Job 3:17), but they are punished. Of all sins, the guilt of innocent blood fills the measure soonest. It is a dreadful account which Josephus gives of the death of this same Herod (Antiq. 17.146-199), that he was seized with a disease which burned him inwardly with an inexpressible torture; that he was insatiably greedy of meat; had the colic, and gout, and dropsy; such an intolerable stench attended his disease, that none could come near him: and so passionate and impatient was he, that he was a torment to himself, and a terror to all that attended him: his innate cruelty, being thus exasperated, made him more barbarous than ever; having ordered his own son to be put to death, he imprisoned many of the nobility and gentry, and ordered that as soon as he was dead they should be killed; but that execution was prevented. See what kind of men have been the enemies and persecutors of Christ and his followers! Few have opposed Christianity but such as have first divested themselves of humanity, as Nero and Domitian.
II. The orders given from heaven concerning their return, and Joseph's obedience to those orders, v. 19–21. God had sent Joseph into Egypt, and there he staid till the same that brought him thither ordered him thence. Note, In all our removes, it is good to see our way plain, and God going before us; we should not move either one way or the other without order. These orders were sent him by an angel. Note, Our intercourse with God, if it be kept up on our part, shall be kept up on his, wherever we are. No place can exclude God's gracious visits. Angels come to Joseph in Egypt, to Ezekiel in Babylon, and to John in Patmos. Now, 1. The angel informs him of the death of Herod and his accomplices: They are dead, which sought the young Child's life. They are dead, but the young Child lives. Persecuted saints sometimes live to tread upon the graves of their persecutors. Thus did the church's King weather the storm, and many a one has the church in like manner weathered. They are dead, to wit, Herod and his son Antipater, who, though there were mutual jealousies between them, yet, probably, concurred in seeking the destruction of this new King. If Herod first kill Antipater, and then die himself, the coasts are cleared, and the Lord is known by the judgments which he executes, when one wicked instrument is in the ruin of another. 2. He directs him what to do. He must go and return to the land of Israel; and he did so without delay; not pleading the tolerably good settlement he had in Egypt, or the inconveniences of the journey, especially if, as is supposed, it was in the beginning of winter that Herod died. God's people follow his direction whithersoever he leads them, wherever he lodges them. Did we but look upon the world as our Egypt, the place of our bondage and banishment, and heaven only as our Canaan, our home, our rest, we should as readily arise, and depart thither, when we are called for, as Joseph did out of Egypt.
III. The further direction he had from God, which way to steer, and where to fix in the land of Israel, v. 22, 23. God could have given him these instructions with the former, but God reveals his mind to his people by degrees, to keep them still waiting on him, and expecting to hear further from him. These orders Joseph received in a dream, probably, as those before, by the ministration of an angel. God could have signified his will to Joseph by the Child Jesus, but we do not find that in those removes he either takes notice, or gives notice, of any thing that occurred; surely it was because in all things it behoved him to be made like his brethren; being a Child, he spake as a child, and did as a child, and drew a veil over his infinite knowledge and power; as a child he increased in wisdom.
Now the direction given this holy, royal family, is, 1. That it might not settle in Judea, v. 22. Joseph might think that Jesus, being born in Bethlehem, must be brought up there; yet he is prudently afraid for the young Child, because he hears that Archelaus reigns in Herod's stead, not over all the kingdom as his father did, but only over Judea, the other provinces being put into other hands. See what a succession of enemies there is to fight against Christ and his church! If one drop off, another presently appears, to keep up the old enmity. But for this reason Joseph must not take the young Child into Judea. Note, God will not thrust his children into the mouth of danger, but when it is for his own glory and their trial; for precious in the sight of the Lord are the life and the death of his saints; precious is their blood to him.
2. That it must settle in Galilee, v. 22. There Philip now ruled, who was a mild, quiet, man. Note, The providence of God commonly so orders it, that his people shall not want a quiet retreat from the storm and from the tempest; when one climate becomes hot and scorching, another shall be kept more cool and temperate. Galilee lay far north; Samaria lay between it and Judea; thither they were sent, to Nazareth, a city upon a hill, in the centre of the lot of Zebulun; there the mother of our Lord lived, when she conceived that holy thing; and, probably, Joseph lived there too, Lu. 1:26, 27. Thither they were sent, and there they were well known, and were among their relations; the most proper place for them to be in. There they continued, and from thence our Saviour was called Jesus of Nazareth, which was to the Jews a stumbling-block, for, Can any good thing come out of Nazareth?
In this is said to be fulfilled what was spoken by the prophets, He shall be called a Nazarene. Which may be looked upon, (1.) As a man of honour and dignity, though primarily it signifies no more than a man of Nazareth; there is an allusion or mystery in speaking it, speaking Christ to be, [1.] The Man, the Branch, spoken of, Isa. 11:1. The word there is Netzar, which signifies either a branch, or the city of Nazareth; in being denominated from that city, he is declared to be that Branch. [2.] It speaks him to be the great Nazarite; of whom the legal Nazarites were a type and figure (especially Samson, Jdg. 13:5), and Joseph, who is called a Nazarite among his brethren (Gen. 49:26), and to whom that which was prescribed concerning the Nazarites, has reference, Num. 6:2, etc. Not that Christ was, strictly, a Nazarite, for he drank wine, and touched dead bodies; but he was eminently so, both as he was singularly holy, and as he was by a solemn designation and dedication set apart to the honour of God in the work of our redemption, as Samson was to save Israel. And it is a name we have all reason to rejoice in, and to know him by. Or, (2.) As a name of reproach and contempt. To be called a Nazarene, was to be called a despicable man, a man from whom no good was to be expected, and to whom no respect was to be paid. The devil first fastened this name upon Christ, to render him mean, and prejudice people against him, and it stuck as a nickname to him and his followers. Now this was not particularly foretold by any one prophet, but, in general, it was spoken by the prophets, that he should be despised and rejected of men (Isa. 53:2, 3), a Worm, and no man (Ps. 22:6, 7), that he should be an Alien to his brethren Ps. 69:7, 8. Let no name of reproach for religion's sake seem hard to us, when our Master was himself called a Nazarene.
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In most cases different languages inherit the same basic set of consonants. They can add to these or modify them as needed.
The phoneme mnemonics are based on the scheme by Kirshenbaum which represents International Phonetic Alphabet symbols using ascii characters. See: www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf.
Phoneme mnemonics can be used directly in the text input to espeak. They are enclosed within double square brackets. Spaces are used to separate words, and all stressed syllables must be marked explicitly. eg:
[[D,Is Iz sVm f@n'EtIk t'Ekst 'InpUt]]
|red (Omitted if not immediately followed by a vowel).|
|Some Additional Consonants|
|German ich||German buch|
|Italian gli||Spanish ñ|
In rhotic accents, such as General American, the phonemes
[3:], [A@], [e@], [i@], [O@], [U@] include the "r" sound.
|better||rhotic schwa. In British English this is the same as |
|the||Used only for "the".|
|to||Used only for "to".|
|bath||This is |
|about||This may be |
|happy||An unstressed "i" sound at the end of a word.|
|German eh, French é|
|German oo, French o|
|German ü, French u|
|German ö, French oe|
[:] can be used to lengthen a vowel, eg | <urn:uuid:8defed6f-a978-4bdc-9999-5c7ce0856c4c> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://espeak.sourceforge.net/phonemes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645338295.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031538-00136-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.760939 | 367 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Avalanches are a way of life in the mountains. There are many risk factors but, if you take note of some sensible pointers, you will have minimised any risk as much as you possibly can.
Avalanches occur because snow is deposited in successive layers during the winter and then, subsequently, one layer slides on another when the downward pull is greater than the overall snow cover.
It's worth noting that studies have confirmed that virtually all avalanches are set off by off piste or cross country skiers, and to a lesser extent, snowboarders and hikers. It is therefore important to follow all safety notices and signs and stick to the clearly designated areas and away from closed pistes. Though nothing is ever certain, you should be safe in these areas.
80% of avalanches also occur during or shortly after heavy snowfall or winds. Snow that is wet from thaw or rain can also be at risk.
Avalanche risk ratings are displayed daily in ski resorts and are rated 1-5 in Europe and are correspondingly colour coded in North America.
Be well prepared and ski off-piste in a group
When going off piste it is optimal to go in a group of 3 to 5 people. It will be less frustrating for you if your group comprises of skiers who have the same attitude to safety as you.
Make sure you have a transceiver, collapsible shovel and probe when going off piste. It is imperative that you know how to use this equipment and have practiced using it before you set out. If you are in a group, make sure all members are carrying a transceiver and that mobile phones are switched off, as they can interfere with them.
Signs of high avalanche risk
Every skier/snowboarder, especially backcountry/off-piste skiers, should always be on a look out for the following signs in an effort to reduce the risk of getting stuck in avalanches:
Heavy snowfall in the past 24 hrs: Recent heavy snowfall can cause the sudden collapse of a snowpack on steep slopes as it hasn't had any time to bond. Significant snowfall accompanied by wind or considerable rain increases the chances of snow slides.
Recent avalanche activity: Recent avalanche occurrences are a sign of instability. Look out for depressions in the snow and accumulation of snow at the base. If there is evidence of recent slides, try and estimate the age of the slide by examining the freshness of the debris.
Strong Winds: Strong wind leaves heavy snow deposits on the sheltered sides of slopes and creates unstable wind slabs. Even-though wind slabs can form any time, they are particularly relevant during or after heavy snowfall.
Temperature Changes: Rising temperature causes melting within the snow structure and snow becomes more mobile.
Cracking or 'whoomping' of the snow pack: If you see a crack rapidly forming under your skies or along your route then you should get of the slopes immediately as this indicates instability. A loud 'whoomph' sound is a sign of a weak layer collapsing and is usually triggered by the weight of the skier. Avalanches are most likely to occur on slopes between 30 and 45 degrees.
General advice in case you experience an avalanche:
Try to escape to the side and grab hold of something e.g. a rock or a tree.
Avalanche survivors have spoken of ‘swimming’ to stay near the surface. Try this when the avalanche slows down – it may create an air pocket around your mouth and nose at the very least.
Keep your mouth shut at all times during an avalanche.
Get rid of your equipment and any other unnecessary items as soon as the avalanche strikes.
Evidence has shown that 92% of avalanche victims are still alive after 15 minutes under the snow. It is therefore imperative that any victim is reached quickly. After 45 minutes only 25% are still alive.
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On March 2, 1915, an explosion at Layland in Fayette County killed 112 coal miners.
"Roaring Blast From Layland Mine"
"As from the Tomb Forty Seven Survivors of Layland Walk From The Mine"
A Survivors Story (Layland Mine Disaster)
106 Dead and 53 Alive Recovered From Mine (Layland Mine Disaster)
Department of Mines Report on the Layland Mine Disaster (includes casualty list)
Map of the Layland Mine Disaster
On March 2, 1927, fire destroyed the temporary "pasteboard" capitol in Charleston.
"Fire Destroys Temporary Capitol"
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An airless tire is a rubber tire that has extra-thick side walls and tread area. This allows the tire to remain operable even with no air pressure. While the ride is somewhat harsher than when aired to specification, the airless tire prevents the operator from having to stop and change a flat tire. The run-flat or airless tire is used on high-performance vehicles where there is no room for a spare tire to be carried.
Several manufacturers have developed an airless tire to be sold under their brand; however, the demand for the product was never very high. Television commercials showing an airless tire being driven at highway speed with a hole sawed into the side wall only reinforced the notion that this was a very stiff tire that would offer a stiff ride. The appeal for the sports-car market was that these vehicles rode rough anyway. In this marketplace, the airless tire would not feel strange or out of place.
The run-flat tire design was first fostered by the NASCAR racing series. These race cars run what is called an inner liner. This is essentially a tire in a tire that allows the driver to maintain control of a car when a tire blows at racing speed. By converting the technology to street-driven tires, the airless tire was conceived and manufactured. This did not come without protest from some groups.
Law enforcement agencies all around the world questioned the use of an airless tire on a street-driven car. The most effective method law enforcement agencies have to immobilize a speeding vehicle that will not stop for patrol vehicles is the spike strip. The spike strip is placed in the path of the fleeing vehicle—when making contact with the strip, the vehicle's tires are flattened, causing it to come to a stop. A vehicle equipped with an airless-tire system would suffer no ill effect from making contact with a spike strip, hence the dilemma.
While still available in some areas, the sale of the airless rubber tires are limited to only high-performance vehicles, and the sales are monitored by agencies that track the use of such tires. In the event of a high-speed chase with a vehicle equipped with run-flat tires, running the vehicle's license will alert pursuing officers of the presence and use of the tires. This will allow information to assist the officers in choosing alternate methods of stopping the vehicle.
Helpful advice for tires. I needed it with my sports car.
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The goal of this project is to develop bolometer arrays using a metal thin film formed by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Nanometer-thick freestanding layers deposited by ALD process have the potential to improve the performance of bolometers with achieving low thermal conductance and optimal optical properties.
A bolometer is a device to measure the energy of incident infrared radiation with resistance change. This device is widely used for the thermal imaging applications such as night vision. A standard bolometer consists of a thermally isolated freestanding membrane, supporting beams, and a thermistor (Fig. 1). The absorption of incoming infrared radiation in the membrane increases the temperature of the device. This temperature change is measured by the resistance change of the thermistor. The improvement of the bolometersf performance can be achieved by minimizing the thermal conductance of the suspended structure, maximizing the absorption coefficient, and maximizing the ratio of the TCR to the normalized 1/f noise. Conventional bolometers consist of multiple functional layers to optimize their performance. These functional layers can be replaced by one metal layer to further reduce the thermal conductance and simplify the fabrication process. However, this requires a film thickness in the order of nanometers since the impedance of the film must approach that of free space in order to absorb the wavelengths of the interest (8-14 um). We propose an uncooled infrared bolometer using a few-nanometer-thick metal film that is formed by ALD. ALD is used to reliably deposit metal films with less than 10-nm thickness. The ALD metal film is used both as the absorber and as supporting beams. The thermal capacitance is greatly reduced since the membrane is much thinner than the conventional dielectric absorbers. Therefore, the thermal insulation can be further improved while keeping the thermal time constant at an acceptable value. The fist implementation of the proposed bolometer is fabricated and characterized. Fig. 2 shows SEM image of the fabricated device. The device is made by about 14-nm Al2O3/Pt stack that are formed by ALD. The dimensions of the freestanding membrane is 50x50 um. Currently, we are working on the chracterization of the devices and the fabrication of bolometer arrays using surface micromachining. For further information, please check related publications or contact us.
Address: Bldg. 530, Room 224, 440 Escondido Mall, Stanford, CA 94305
Last modified: Wed Jan 5 17:02:08 PST 2011 | <urn:uuid:5e4997a6-9938-4f37-a494-86f9686bd3dd> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://micromachine.stanford.edu/~yoneoka/research/bolometer.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661763.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00103-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896218 | 512 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The study of Anthropology originated in 400 B.C. from the Greek historian called Heroditus. Anthropology has a small definition which is “the study of human kind”. The definition of Anthropology in bigger terms really means how culture and the life of people are revolutionized throughout the centuries to where they stand today. How, though, does this translate to the classroom?
First of all, I want to state that anthropology is not only important in the classroom, but in everyday life as well. Anthropology is hard to define, but is definitely important. Anthropology is helping link normal human beings to who we actually are and what we are actually here for. Humans have always been curious on the question of what are humans meant to be. Are women and men the same? How is it that we advance our understanding of the human nature? These questions are what I would hope to answer while teaching anthropology to a class.
Not only is anthropology important to a class of young students, but also to any human who is looking for the ultimate answer. To learn the importance of Anthropology, a passion is needed. As Donald Trump once said “Without passion you don’t have energy, without energy you have nothing”. Energy is needed, as well as a passion to really learn about anthropology. If I was to teach this to a group of young students, I would need to get my students passionate about the subject and get them to put energy into the work. This would be done by stating the history of Anthropology, but also stating why this is important to understanding the most important questions in life.
Perhaps the most interesting subset of Anthropology is cultural development. Technological advancements have changed the face of culture and thus the study of anthropology. Students today are constantly synced into social media, only a few seconds away from almost any information that they can think of. Cultures are not only merging because of social media, but study of anthropology is becoming a more universal. As stated earlier, to get the students to be more interested in the study of anthropology, and have that “energy,” I would focus on how cultural advancements into the technological age have affected cultures thus far, and leave the class to predict what the subject of anthropology will look like in the future. Let’s face it, most students care more about what is happening today rather than hundreds of years ago, so studying the past to predict the future would be a useful tactic to increase interest. | <urn:uuid:363284d8-604f-4d0f-87cf-8a1b2bd60181> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://ericyagereaglescsc.wordpress.com/2016/10/10/study-of-anthropology-ilp/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948529738.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213162804-20171213182804-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.969817 | 499 | 3.21875 | 3 |
For reaction to take place, 3 things must happen –
- A collision must occur.
- Both particles must have enough energy.
- The particles must have the correct orientation.
The rate of reaction can be increased by –
- increasing the concentration/pressure, temperature and surface area as the number of collision increases.
- increasing the temperature as more particles have enough activation energy.
- adding a catalyst as more particles have the correct orientation/the activation energy reduces.
The Boltzmann distribution is the distribution of energies of molecules at a particular temperature which can be often shown as graph.
By increasing the temperature, the number of molecules that have activation energy increases –
And by adding the catalyst, the activation energy reduces, therefore the number of particles that can react increases more greatly. | <urn:uuid:57668d2b-6794-40c1-aa6e-e023e30e3582> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://hyungi0226.wordpress.com/2013/03/12/the-boltzmann-distribution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657129517.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712015556-20200712045556-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.92233 | 162 | 4.75 | 5 |
Overview#Triple DES (or TDES or DES3) is a variation of the Data Encryption Standard (DES) Symmetric Key Cipher that is three times slower than DES but provides stronger reliability.
The Cipher uses three 64-bit keys for a combined key length of 192 bits.
The Message is encrypted with the first key, decrypted with the second key, and then re-encrypted with the third key.
You MUST ensure that all three keys, are unique.
Triple DES cipher suffers from a fundamental weakness linked to its small (64-bit) blocksize, i.e. the size of plaintext that it can encrypt. In the common mode of operation CBC, each plaintext block is XORed with the previous ciphertext before encryption. This means if you encrypt a lot of data and by chance you and get the same ciphertext block twice, an attacker can learn the XOR of the two corresponding blocks of plaintext (he obtains this by XORing the two preceding ciphertexts together). | <urn:uuid:ca3d8fb4-3e3e-4934-aae3-a041b54d9600> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://ldapwiki.com/wiki/Triple%20DES | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863626.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180520151124-20180520171124-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.907202 | 213 | 3.5 | 4 |
We wrapped up the major topics related to Andrew Jackson's presidency today by first finishing up our discussion over Indian Removal from yesterday, then analyzing the points of view on Jackson's role in expanding democracy expressed by four different historians. For those of you absent today, you can find those historians under Period 4, Item #12 on this website.
Tonight, Mr. Hutchison's classes need to submit your rough draft introductory paragraphs to THIS FORM. I will give general feedback tomorrow and your will then have a chance to revise if necessary. I will give individual feedback to those students that are still struggling at that time before you have to write your next LEQ this Friday.
Also, you need to begin preparing for the first sacred discussion which will be next Tuesday. You can find the materials and directions at the top of Period 5 on this website. | <urn:uuid:0241dece-899d-4db1-b717-6a8f61d0d460> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://www.ghhsapush.com/blog/march-3-2020 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195967.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129004335-20201129034335-00056.warc.gz | en | 0.925764 | 169 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Getting little ones to really absorb Bible stories can be a bit tricky. In my experience, the best way to engage toddlers in biblical tales is through Bible crafts for kids. The best ones are quick and easy and allow them to really think about the meaning behind each story. Here are three toddler-friendly Bible crafts to try with your children.
Paper Bag Whale
In Old Testament, God asked Jonah to go to Nineveh to ask the people to behave. Jonah didn't like the people there and didn't want to help them. Instead he fled by ship. That night there was a bad storm. The sailors blamed Jonah because he had disobeyed God and threw him into the sea were he was swallowed by a whale. Jonah repented and after three days, God told the whale to spit Jonah out so he could go to Nineveh and warn the people. This story reminds us that God loves everyone.
Begin with a paper lunch bag and let the kids go crazy with a blue crayon. Then, crumple a few sheets of newspaper and stuff them inside. Attach a rubber band a few inches down from the top to keep the bag closed and create a tail for your whale. I let the children draw on a nice happy smile with a red crayon before gluing on two googly eyes. To finish, stick a folded blue pipe cleaner spout in the whale's back.
Joseph's Coat of Many Colors
In Genesis 37 Joseph's father made him a coat with lots of colors and his brothers became jealous. They threw him in a well and then sold him to a merchant. Later, when the brothers found Joseph in Egypt, they realized they need his help. Joseph's coat of many colors reminds us that we should not envy the talents of others because everyone has their own.
First, help your child draw a nice big coat shape on a sheet of paper. Next, tear up bits of scrap paper in as many colors as you can find. Smear some glue over the coat picture and let the children fill the space with the pieces of tissue paper.
Paper Plate Rainbow
In Genesis 6, God asked Noah to build a big boat and collect two of every animal. Then it rained for 40 days and 40 nights; after 370 days, Noah, his family, and the animals were finally allowed to leave the ark. Soon after they looked into the sky and saw a rainbow. The rainbow represents God's promise to never send such a powerful flood again.
Before involving the kids, I cut some paper plates in half. Each child gets one half of a plate to color with a rainbow of crayon stripes. Messy stripes are fine. Then we squeeze glue along the bottom edge to attach a row of fluffy cotton ball clouds.
What Bible crafts for kids have you tried with your toddler?
Photo credit: Flickr | <urn:uuid:c199ee32-d278-4e6f-aefb-3b6347272097> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.whattoexpect.com/wom/toddler/3-easy-bible-crafts-for-kids.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500830323.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021350-00366-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977315 | 581 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Friday 17 March, 2006 — Saint Patrick’s Day
Commencing at 11.00 a.m.
The Great Famine in Ireland (1845‑1850) caused the loss of almost two and a half million
people who were forced to emigrate "to Heaven or overseas...".
Our thoughts will also be with the victims of the Indian Ocean tsunami of December 2004, Hurricane Katrina in September 2005, the earthquake in Pakistan of October 2005, the mudslide in the Philippines of February 2006 and all victims of war, poverty and injustice.
1. Welcoming music by Fred Smow and his 78’s jazz band.
2. CD Recording of the American soprano, Renée Fleming singing Hard Times Come Again No More by Stephen Foster (1826 ‑ 1864).
3. Greetings, Wales Famine Forum Chairman John Sweeney.
4. Message by The Right Honourable The Lord Mayor of Cardiff, Councillor Freda Salway.
5. Message in Irish and English by Colm McGrady, Consul General for Ireland in Wales.
6. Message in Welsh and English by Lord Dafydd Elis‑Thomas Presiding Officer, National Assembly for Wales.
7. Côr Cochion Caerdydd (Cardiff Reds‘ Choir):Sliabh Geal gCua.
This song was originally composed in Irish as Sliabh Geal gCua by Pádraig Ó Miléadha (1877 – 1947),
an exile from the Decies area in West Waterford who lived in the Swansea Valley for about 20 years before and after WW1.
It gives exquisite and painful expression to the feelings of those forced by economic necessity to live far from their home, from their friends and from their language.
The choir will begin by singing two verses in Irish before singing all of the song in Welsh.
8. Reflections led by Rachel Corcoran, Cardiff University Catholic Society.
As a tribute to the victims of the tsunami, Hurricane Katrina and disasters in Pakista and in the Philippines, Fred Smow’s jazz band will play suitable music.
9. Address by Rev Aled Edwards, Chaplain to the National Assembly for Wales.
10. Liberty, sung by Côr Cochion.
11. Reading by Reverend Joseph Breidenbach I.C., Parish Priest, St Joseph’s, Cathays.
12. Laying of wreaths during which the Côr Cochion will sing Dona Nobis Pacem.
13. Pledge spoken in English and in Welsh by local school children.
14. Dave Burns, a son of Newtown, Cardiff’s Little Ireland, will sing: The Country I’m Leaving Behind
This beautiful and poignant song of exile comes from the former Irish community of Newtown in
Cardiff. Dave Burns was astonished to find that it was quite unknown in Ireland when he first visited
his ancestral homeland in the late 1960s.
Although its melody, style and words clearly indicate that it was written – possibly in Wales – by someone from Ireland, this is a song that echoes the deep feelings of hurt, displacement and loss felt by all emigrants no matter where they may have set out from.
15. Thank you by Wales Famine Forum Chairman John Sweeney.
16. The Côr Cochion will lead the singing of Amhrán na bhFiann, the National Anthem of Ireland, and Hen Wlad fy Nhadau, the National Anthem of Wales.
Dyred pan fynnych, cymer a welych,
A gwedi delych, tra fynnych trig!
Come whenever you wish, take what you see,
And once come, stay as long as you like!
(By Sypyn Cyfeiliog, 1340 ‑ 1390; translation: Professor Joseph P. Clancy).
We congratulate the Newtown Association who have established a Memorial Garden to Newtown – Cardiff’s Little Ireland – in Tyndall Street, Cardiff. Newtown was one of 71 Irish quarters listed in Cardiff in the 1881 Census. The area was demolished in the mid‑1960s.
We are grateful to the Cardiff Bereavement Services, who give full support to this annual service and who include the Memorial on their heritage trail, which also includes the grave of champion boxer Peerless Jim Driscoll, a son of Newtown, who is buried near the Famine Memorial.
A selection of related articles which may bring tears, smiles and some legitimate pride.
The Wales National Great Famine Memorial
Abhaile / Home / Adref. | <urn:uuid:c53234ec-c0be-434d-832b-82445b80765a> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://ballinagree.freeservers.com/memorial06.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121778.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00225-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923672 | 971 | 2.53125 | 3 |
January 29, 2013
Marion Dobbins shows Mildred Hardman the tool slaves used to work the field.
Stories this photo appears in:
Professional historian Marion Dobbins discusses the role of slavery in Northern Virginia.
Marion Dobbins is a seventh-generation Virginian, born and raised in Fairfax County. As an African-American child, she sat at her grandmother’s knee listening to the rich heritage of her ancestors. Her grandmother’s stories of the past inspired her to become a professional historian. | <urn:uuid:88fc985d-4e68-4687-82d5-67037b72708e> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.connectionnewspapers.com/photos/2013/jan/29/29793/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394026215078/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305133015-00040-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942548 | 111 | 2.859375 | 3 |
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Italki is a language learning social network that connects students and language teachers. Learn the Korean language with Life in Korea' s practice sections. | <urn:uuid:a7546d3d-37cd-45b7-aabb-d9bbef73bc1a> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://nichopr.info/?page_id=1978 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513009.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020163619-20181020185119-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.897668 | 2,021 | 2.671875 | 3 |
From Poop to Power
Through the Poop to Power Project, Portland is on its way to maximizing the reuse of the methane produced at the treatment plant and turning this waste into a valuable resource. The resulting renewable natural gas (RNG) will be used to replace dirty diesel in commercial vehicles.
Environmental Services aims to create a triple win for the public. Creating renewable fuel from Portland’s poop is projected to eliminate 21,000 tons a year of climate-altering emissions, generate upwards of $3 million a year in revenue for ratepayers, and replace over one million gallons of vehicle fuel with clean renewable natural gas.
Before 2017 – Environmental Services captures 77 percent of biogas from its anaerobic digesters. We turn the waste methane into electricity and heat for use at the City’s wastewater treatment plant in North Portland and sell a portion to a nearby roofing company for its manufacturing process. The rest is flared, meaning released to the environment as carbon dioxide.
2017 – City Council authorized Environmental Services to build the infrastructure to capture and clean almost 100 percent of the plant’s biogas, and to enter into a partnership with NW Natural to distribute the resulting renewable natural gas (RNG). Funneling the RNG into NW Natural’s pipeline allows a wider distribution. To maximize the environmental, community, and revenue benefits, the RNG will be marketed as truck fuel to displace dirty diesel. Some of the RNG also will power City trucks.
2018 – Environmental Services opened a natural gas fueling station at the plant to fuel City trucks. It supplies conventional natural gas now but will switch to renewable natural gas once RNG production begins. The fueling station is delivering immediate clean air benefits by displacing dirty diesel. Climate benefits will be realized when the switch is made to RNG.
2022 – Production is expected to begin in 2022.
What is Biogas?
Biogas is produced in the digesters at the wastewater treatment plant. In the digesters, biogas is released when anaerobic microorganisms breakdown the solids from the wastewater treatment process. Biogas is mostly methane (60 percent) and carbon dioxide with smaller amounts of other gases.
Biogas is collected in the digesters and then sent to a biogas upgrading facility at the treatment plant where it is “refined,” or cleaned. This process removes other gases like hydrogen sulfide, siloxane, and water vapor. The final product can be used as fuel for cars and trucks.
Why Convert Poop to Power?
Harnessing biogas that is produced as a by-product of the wastewater treatment process helps fight climate change and is an important step in creating a low-carbon future. The alternative is to burn the gas through a flare, which means releasing the methane and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. By turning these gases into renewable energy, we keep these harmful greenhouse gases out of the atmosphere and put them to a beneficial use.
Resource recovery is not just about transforming the waste materials received each day at the plant, but it is also about efficiently using our current resources. Environmental Services has teams dedicated to finding ways to use energy efficiently throughout the treatment process. Their work reduces energy use and saves ratepayers money.
Our Work Continues
The future holds great opportunities to address global challenges. We can find solutions that are equitable, resilient, financially feasible, and improve public and environmental health. Resource recovery does all those things. By finding and recovering all that is valuable in our wastewater, we can shift to a more sustainable future – one where our current needs are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. | <urn:uuid:f9b9327f-4562-4341-b74d-099731af6ac0> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.portland.gov/bes/resource-recovery/poop-power | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103947269.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701220150-20220702010150-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.923262 | 762 | 3.1875 | 3 |
ANN ARBOR—For decades, astronomers have puzzled over an odd source of X-ray light in an arm of the Pinwheel Galaxy, just off the handle of the Big Dipper.
The object, like other so-called ultraluminous X-ray sources, is a system made of a star and a black hole that orbit each other. But its brightness and estimated mass haven't seemed to add up.
Either the system is twice as bright as it should be or it's much more massive than scientists have surmised. The answer matters, in part, because it could inform theories about how the supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies came to be.
"This has been a very frustrating field to work in," said Joel Bregman, professor of astronomy at the University of Michigan. "We've been looking for indirect measurements that we thought would tell us something, but you'd get 10 pieces of information and five would be on one side and five on the other. You'd think, 'This could all be solved if I could just measure the mass directly.'"
Now Bregman is part of an international team that has done that. In findings published in the Nov. 28 issue of Nature, they show that the black hole in the system is a fairly typical one, at least in terms of its mass. It's a so-called stellar black hole—the kind that forms when a star up to about 200 times the size of the sun collapses at the end of its life. This one, they discovered, is between 20 and 30 times the mass of its companion star.
"As if black holes weren't extreme enough, this is a really extreme one that is shining as brightly as it possibly can. It's figured out a way to be more luminous than we thought possible," Bregman said.
"These findings show that our understanding of black hole accretion is incomplete and needs revision," said Jifeng Liu, first author of the paper.
Liu began working on ultraluminous X-ray sources while he was a doctoral student at U-M and the principal investigator of the observations at the Gemini Observatory in Hawaii. He is now a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing.
Accretion is the process of black holes consuming material, growing and indirectly radiating. While nothing—not even light—can escape black holes, the swirling stuff falling into them emits X-rays. Astronomers study these X-rays in an effort to understand how black holes grow.
"Now that we know the mass, we can move on to figuring out why it's so bright," Bregman said.
Maybe it's feeding off its companion's stellar wind—a stream of charged particles emanating from its upper atmosphere. That mechanism was previously thought to be too inefficient, but it's a possibility the researchers suggest in their paper. Or maybe bubbles are forming in the disk of material that's falling in, creating additional radiation, the astronomers said.
To measure the mass of this system, known as ULX-1, Liu and colleagues first looked at the system through the Gemini telescope. Then they conducted a spectroscopic analysis of the images, which involved analyzing the color of the light to figure out which elements the star in the system contained. They found that there wasn't much hydrogen in the star. That helped them determine it's a type known as a Wolf-Rayet. Such stars are rare, large and hot. And they're shrinking fast due to their strong stellar winds.
Once the researchers knew the kind of star, they could infer its mass from its brightness. That told them it was roughly 19 times the mass of the sun.
By comparing images over three months, they were able to determine how often the star and black hole orbit each other—roughly once every 8 days. Once they had all this information, they took into account the likelihood of various viewing angles and used Newton's Laws of Motion to estimate the black hole mass at 20 to 30 times the mass of the sun.
The findings have broader astronomical implications. They mean that the search is still on for what astronomers refer to as "intermediate mass black holes," Liu said.
Intermediate mass black holes could be the seeds of the supermassive black holes at the core of most, if not all, galaxies. How the supermassive ones form is still an open question in astrophysics. The theory that involves coalescing an intermediate species sounds promising, but scientists have yet to find any intermediate black holes to start with. Nor do they have a strong theory to explain how the middle-weights would form.
"Our findings may turn the trend of taking ultraluminous X-ray sources as promising intermediate black hole candidates," Liu said.
The paper is titled "Puzzling accretion onto a black hole in the ultraluminous X-ray source M101 ULX-1." The work was supported by NASA and the National Science Foundation of China. Bregman is the Heber D. Curtis Collegiate Professor of Astronomy and also the department chair.
- Joel Bregman: http://dept.astro.lsa.umich.edu/~jbregman | <urn:uuid:b215fb6f-4a69-4b4b-9f6b-5e4002abd3db> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/21842-extreme-black-hole-is-more-luminous-than-astronomers-thought-possible | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104631.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818082911-20170818102911-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.971273 | 1,069 | 3.5 | 4 |
What Is Vitamin D? ///
Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin found naturally in few foods and synthesized in the body upon exposure to sunlight. If that doesn't rock your world, maybe this will: vitamin D acts like a hormone in the body and there are Vitamin D receptors throughout the body. If you are alive and alert, you've probably read or heard about the very high rates of deficiency and insufficiency in the U.S - people of all ages in various areas of the country from sunny California to the New England area are falling short on Vitamin D.
Those who are deficient in Vitamin D have an increased risk of softening of their bones and a plethora of other potential issues from weak, fatty muscles to pain and alterations in immune system functioning. Though recent studies are finding a wide range of people are deficient in Vitamin D, those at greatest risk for Vitamin D deficiency include:
- The elderly.
- People with dark pigmented skin.
- People who live in cold climates with little sun exposure.
- Individuals who avoid the sun or cover themselves from sunlight exposure either through clothing, sunscreen or veils or a combination of these.
- Breastfeeding moms.
- People with malabsorption syndromes.
- Those taking anticonvulsants.
Vitamin D is fortified in milk and some yogurts (Yoplait is one brand that has Vitamin D added) and some brands of orange juice. In addition, you can find it naturally in salmon, mackerel and tuna. Plus, some mushrooms that have been exposed to UV light are an excellent source of Vitamin D (check the package to see if the variety you are choosing contains vitamin D).
Why Vitamin D Is Essential For Muscle Health ///
Vitamin D Plays A Role In Neuromuscular Functioning: Vitamin D regulates neuromuscular functioning (pertaining to the nervous and muscular systems) and impacts protein synthesis. Studies suggest that people with serum Vitamin D levels below 30 nmol/l have decreased strength, weakness and muscle wasting. And those with Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms (a genetic variation) have alterations in muscle functioning.
Vitamin D Is Vital For Immune Health: Vitamin D affects some aspects of immunity including the development of certain autoimmune diseases. How does this relate to muscle tissue? The symptoms of each autoimmune disease vary tremendously. From cold hands to alterations in insulin regulation to feeling fatigued, many of the symptoms can make you feel downright crummy at times. And when you feel bad, training may be the last thing on your mind. Or, even if you make it to the gym, your workouts may suffer.
Low Vitamin D May Lead To Fatty Muscles: When you think of muscle tissue, you probably aren't thinking of fat infiltration. But, people with insufficient or deficient levels of Vitamin D are likely to have fatty muscles. In a recently published cross-sectional study, 59% of girls aged 16-22 in California (one of the sunniest states in the U.S.) had insufficient (< 29 ng/ml) levels of Vitamin D and 24% were deficient (< 20 ng/ml).
And, the researchers concluded a strong inverse relationship between Vitamin D status and percent muscle fat. Better Vitamin D status, less fat infiltration in muscle. Deficient or insufficient Vitamin D status = greater likelihood of fat infiltration in muscle. Fat infiltration in muscle tissue affects strength and power and can impair physical functioning.
Vitamin D Is Important For Bone Health: Vitamin D's impact on bone health is perhaps the most well known function of Vitamin D. In fact, it is this relationship that led to vitamin D fortification in milk. Prior to fortification, rickets, a disease in children due to vitamin D deficiency and characterized by soft, weak deformed bones, was a major public health issue.
In adults, Vitamin D deficiency leads to osteomalacia, soft bones. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption and helps maintain calcium concentrations in the blood as well as mineralization of bone. What does this have to do with muscle? Bone pulls on muscle making it stronger. If you want strong bones, you better have strong muscles and vice versa!
Vitamin D Promotes Calcium Absorption And Helps Maintain Calcium Concentrations In The Blood As Well As Mineralization Of Bone.
Additional Tips ///
- Incorporate rest into your training routine. If your muscles don't have time to recover, you will not be able to put maximal effort into your training.
- See an orthopedist or physical therapist when you are experiencing tendonitis, bursitis or any other type of pain.
- Take the right supplements to fuel your muscle tissue including quick acting carbohydrates post-workout for glycogen resynthesis and of course BCAAs and protein powder pre and post-workout.
- Vary your training routine every few months.
Bodybuilding.com readers are among the most educated on training and diet. But, there's one little vitamin that many Americans, from athletes to active teenagers, are missing out on: Vitamin D. If your diet does not contain at least 4 servings of vitamin D rich foods every single day, consider getting your Vitamin D levels checked.
Even people who take a multivitamin with 100% of the daily value for Vitamin D are coming up short. It's a simple fix to many health issues including decreased strength and power. | <urn:uuid:0ee977ad-d9e3-453e-8a48-fbd69147879e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/vitamin-d-why-its-essential-for-muscle-health.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679103464.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211013452-20231211043452-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.92732 | 1,106 | 3.296875 | 3 |
August 24, 2018
How Are Ticks Getting In?
Ticks live and thrive in hot, humid climates like the climate typical to South Carolina during the summertime. The hot summers provide a humid subtropical climate and the winters are mild enough for ticks to remain active all year long. This creates a never-ending cycle of reproduction that can explode during the summer!
The most common ticks in the area are the blacklegged or “deer” tick, the lone star or “seed” tick, American dog or “wood” tick, and the brown dog tick. Regardless of the variety of tick, they all require blood meals during all of the stages of their development and thus seek out hosts to feed on.
Typically, ticks will lay in wait outdoors on tall grasses or in bushes and trees for an opportunity to crawl or drop onto wildlife animals, humans, or domestic pets. They will then latch onto your pet or your shoes, clothing, bags, boxes, or plants and be carried right into your home. You don’t even need a pet to be exposed to a tick infestation because you or another member of your household could unknowingly carry a tick right through your front door! Even though it is common for ticks to travel on pets or people into a home, they can also get inside on other pests like rodents. In fact, just one small mouse can carry up to 100 ticks on its body, which is an infestation all in itself! Once they have been transported indoors, they will then seek a host to feed on for their own survival. Once they find a host, they can remain there and continue feeding and reproducing them for the rest of their life.
Although ticks are tiny and may look quite harmless, they can carry dangerous, disease-spreading pathogens that can cause a multitude of health issues for both humans and pets. Ticks can transmit several illnesses including Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other serious illnesses. The most common symptoms of these tick-borne diseases include fever, chills, headache, muscle or joint pain, nausea, and vomiting.
Ticks are dangerous, disease-spreading pests that should be avoided at all costs. Tick prevention is the most effective method to reduce the population of ticks on your property. Aiken Pest Control can help in the Central Savannah River Area and the Midlands of South Carolina! Our experienced professionals can help solve all of the tick and pest problems that pose a threat to you, your family, and your pets. Contact Aiken Pest Control today! | <urn:uuid:9beda33c-136e-47e7-a877-e4e2f86b812e> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.aikenpest.com/blog/post/how-are-ticks-getting-in | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202672.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322155929-20190322181929-00446.warc.gz | en | 0.950365 | 529 | 3.203125 | 3 |
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