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Planning. 10 Popular Blended Learning Resources Teachers Actually Use. By Janis Beem Whether you’re new to blended learning or a seasoned veteran of blended learning, there’s always more to learn.
Take a look at 10 of the top resources for blended education, also known as hybrid learning, from some of the most notable names in the field. So, in addition to great resources like YouTube, iTunesU, and a variety of blogs and social media channels, here are 10 of the most popular blended learning resources teachers use. Inspiration. Pinterest. How New Pedagogies Find Deep Learning. Higher Education Academy Engineering Subject Centre. Deeper Learning 4 All. Deeper Learning Video Series (Deeper Learning) Snapshot of a Deeper Learning Classroom: Aligning TED Talks to the Four Cs.
Edutopia is pleased to premiere the first blog in a new series designed to showcase compelling examples of how students are developing 21st century skills through a deeper-level of learning. Through this blog series, we hope to increase awareness and encourage replication of successful models. Chris Anderson, TED curator. (Photo credit: Pierre Omidyar via Wikimedia Commons) As many of my readers know, this year I have been dedicated to using the 21st Century four Cs.
Storytelling. Online Communities of Practice. Formative assessment. L Houle's Wiki - NO Registration Necessary. Updated April 2016 When working with K-8 students we must be concerned for students' privacy and anonymity.
Most Web 2.0 sites require registration or allow teachers to set up class accounts. These extra steps to set up educational accounts takes time that's hard to locate in your busy day. Surely too a majority of us are tired of remembering are own usernames and passwords let alone keeping track of those of our students. Below are sites that do not require username, email or password. Creativity Tools Art Fun | Avatar Creators | Posters | Sign/Text Generators | Word CloudsABCya! Shifts in PD-Examples. Communities of practice. Social Learning - What is it? Are you past oriented or future oriented. Global Village Construction Set - TED Talk. Communities of Practice Explained. Curriculum. Documenting children's learning.
Free Pics. 22 Easy Formative Assessment Techniques for Measuring Student Learning. I came across Terry Heick’s blog – 10 Assessments You Can Perform In 90 Seconds – at TeachThought from earlier this year and really enjoyed the formative assessment strategies that he outlined.
Using formative assessment techniques in class – or “simple assessments” as Terry calls them – are easy to administer and provide the instant feedback teachers need to identify which students need more help, and then adjust their instruction and lesson plans to help them. Visit Terry’s blog above to get more detail on the following ten formative assessment techniques: 1. New Clothes 2. Do’s and Don’ts 3. Combining Terry’s ten with the ten we’ve blogged about can give teachers 20 great formative assessment strategies for measuring student learning. 11.
What is 'pop culture'? Formative Assessment Strategies. How Children Learn: A World Tour of Class Portraits - Maria Popova. A lens on the environments in which we educate the generations around the globe.
Since 2004, Julian Germain has been capturing the inner lives of schools around the world, from England to Nigeria to Qatar, in his large-scale photographs of schoolchildren in class. Classroom Portraits (public library) is part Where Children Sleep, part Bureaucratics, part What I Eat: Around the World in 80 Diets part something else entirely -- a poignant lens on a system-phenomenon that is both global in reach and strikingly local in degree of peculiarity, revealed through more than 450 portraits of schoolchildren from 20 countries. Jessore, Bangladesh. Year 10, English Brazil, Belo Horizonte, Series 6, Mathematics USA, St Louis, Grade 4 & 5, Geography Nigeria, Kano, Ooron Dutse, Senior Islamic Secondary Level 2, Social Studies Taiwan, Ruei Fang Township, Kindergarten, Art St.
Born to Learn ~ You are Born to Learn. Critical Evaluation. ePortfolios - Overview - ePortfolios with GoogleApps. What is an ePortfolio?
An ePortfolio (electronic portfolio) is an electronic collection of evidence that shows your learning journey over time. Portfolios can relate to specific academic fields or your lifelong learning. Evidence may include writing samples, photos, videos, research projects, observations by mentors and peers, and/or reflective thinking. The key aspect of an eportfolio is your reflection on the evidence, such as why it was chosen and what you learned from the process of developing your eportfolio. Digital Portfolios / Tools. Blended Learning in Plain English. Find Great Blog Topics with these 50 Can't-Fail Techniques. Assessment for Learning. Technology for Communities of Practice. Differentiated Instruction. Formative vs Summative Assessment - Enhancing Education. 10 Assessments You Can Perform In 90 Seconds.
Good assessment is frequent assessment.
Any assessment is designed to provide a snapshot of student understand—the more snapshots, the more complete the full picture of knowledge. On its best day, an assessment will be 100% effective, telling you exactly what a student understands. More commonly, the return will be significantly lower as the wording of questions, the student’s sense of self-efficacy, or other factors diminish their assessment performance. It sounds obvious, but a student is a human being with an entire universe of personal problems, distraction, and related challenges in recalling the information in the form the assessment demands.
This makes a strong argument for frequent assessment, as it can be too easy to over-react and “remediate” students who may be banging against the limits of the assessment’s design rather than their own understanding. Simple Assessments The word “simple” here is misleading. Questioning Toolkit. Essential Questions These are questions which touch our hearts and souls.
They are central to our lives. They help to define what it means to be human. Most important thought during our lives will center on such essential questions. What does it mean to be a good friend? Collaboration. Global and Social Activism. The Importance of Block Play - Journey Into Early Childhood. Reggio. Learning Environments. Teacher Blogs. Bloomin' Apps. Documenting children's learning. www.digitallearningnow.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/DLNSmartSeries-BL-paper_2012-02-05a. Deeper Learning. A teacher works with a small group of students at Capital City School in Washington, D.C. The school uses the deeper learning skillls of critical thinking, problem solving, effective communication, collaboration, and learning how to learn to help students develop a strong foundation in traditional academic subjects, starting from an early age. Not Just for Honor Students - Getting Smart by Tom Vander Ark - deeper learning, edchat, edreform, education, high schools.
Students in the same big American secondary schools often have very different experiences: students that start a few grade levels behind get a thin drill-based pedagogy while high performing students receive enriched coursework from talented teachers; struggling students often get a double dose of test prep while advanced students take thought provoking electives and challenging college level courses.
Powerful learning experiences. The alternative to thin test-prep is an engaging sequence of learning experiences–for all students. Anson New Tech is a good example. “The school has helped an extremely poor rural community of 25,000 to graduate students that have the skills they need to be successful in life,” according to principal Chris Stinson. 5 Habits of Mind: Debroah Meier. Deborah Meier (an educational reformer, writer, and activist) believes that schools should teach students a specific set of skills in order to be highly effective.
The skills, also known as ‘habits of mind,’ include: Significance (why it is important)Perspective (what is the point of view)Evidence (how do you know)Connection (how does it apply)Supposition (what if it were different) Here is a video of Deborah Meier further explaining the five habits of mind: As a teacher, I believe that these questions should be used when creating lesson plans. As a teacher it is really important that our lessons include each of these elements. Here is a great example of how a ninth and tenth grade teacher uses the five habits of mind in her lesson.
Wagner, T. (2010). Early Years Development. Leading for Deeper Learning: 10 Proven Strategies - Vander Ark on Innovation. Over the summer we interviewed two dozen school and network leaders producing strong academic results and developing powerful young people.
Considering their leadership stories, we found ten things in common: Good goals. Good schools have good goals; they use a variety of strategies to personalize learning supported by aligned supports, staffing, and schedule. Danville Kentucky is great example with goals focused on powerful learning experience, growth, global preparedness, communication, and community. Deeper learning will be a random occurrence without goals that make it a priority. Do2Learn: Educational Resources for Special Needs. 6 Teaching Strategies Shifts To Promote Deeper Learning. “6 Instructional Shifts to Promote Deep Learning” by Susan Oxnevad was originally publish on gettingsmart.com Technology is a powerful tool for learning that can be used effectively to help students develop the skills necessary to succeed in school and beyond.
Students can develop transferable knowledge and skills as they engage in learning experiences that require them to construct knowledge. In order to facilitate these types of deep learning experiences, an adjustment in traditional instructional practices is necessary. These ideas are supported by the Common Core State Standards. The Common Core identifies a spiraling set of skills necessary to prepare students for success. | <urn:uuid:12af5d9f-3a7c-4b93-a8b3-0a114cc3b5a6> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.pearltrees.com/momaria | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806676.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122213945-20171122233945-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.92445 | 2,076 | 2.625 | 3 |
No one knows you like your sibling. Throughout life, there are good times and hard times, even if a disability is not in the picture. Yet growing up with a sibling with disabilities has some unique concerns that researchers, parents, and siblings themselves often describe. For example, siblings:
Thicker Than Water Essays by adult siblings of people with disabilities. Edited by Don Meyer, creator of Sibshops® and expert on sibling issues
Bound by blood, but not always by love, a sibling can be your friend or rival, defender or detractor – sometimes simultaneously! But what’s the impact on that bond when one sibling has a disability? In this thought-provoking essay collection, thirty-nine adult siblings reflect on how their lives have been indelibly shaped by their relationship with a brother or sister with special needs.
Thicker than Water reveals both positive and negative aspects of growing up with someone who might have received the lion’s share of his parents’ attention or who now requires extra support as an adult. These compelling essays express a diverse range of sibling experiences and attitudes. Contributors range in age from 20 to 70 and have siblings whose disabilities include Down syndrome, autism, cerebral palsy, seizures, visual impairment, fragile-X syndrome, intellectual disability, or mental illness. | <urn:uuid:c4b84171-c7ab-41e6-8f5d-f0c119849e7f> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://wisconsibs.org/who-we-serve/the-sibling-journey/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945552.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422080558-20180422100558-00165.warc.gz | en | 0.954621 | 267 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The project: ‘A Diverse Monoculture’ questions the future relation between mankind and nature. Is it possible to deploy robots to find a new balance within our eco-system? ‘A Diverse Monoculture’ is a deployment of several robots which together form a hive of new predators. These predators are used to attempt to restore the balance within our eco-system.
Humanity always had a contradictory and ambiguous relationship with nature. On the one hand, nature is ought to be protected and preserved in national parks and reserves. On the other hand, pollution and destruction threatens the environment and no responsibilities is taken once however. Profits and gains seem to be more important than moral obligations.
Within this project, I try to provide a different point of view on nature. I try to dissolve the border between culture and nature and question the current definition of nature.
We all feel the urge to control everything all the time. This urge introduces new problems and challenges to our current society.
Furthermore, the robot will operate and actively participate in the nutrient cycle by using Micro Fuel Cells. The reaction within these cells will chemically transform the insects into electricity. The electricity will be used to power the robot and keep the predator alive.
The eco-system around the caterpillars of the oak processionary is out of balance. The cultured man-made lanes of oak trees do not provide small vegetation to attract the natural predators of the caterpillars. Therefore, increasing its population tremendously and turning the population of oak processionary into a plague.
The ‘Dionaea Mechanica Muscipula’ is developed to reduce the population of oak processionary. The moths of the oak processionary are active at night and attracted to light. The robot will lure in nearby moths by light up its mouth. The mouth acts a trap which contains the curious moths. Some moths purposely remain in the mouth since they spread pheromones that attract other moths. This will increase the speed of the process. The other moths are processed toward the stomach of the robot where the chemical reaction of the Micro Fuel Cells will power the robot.
The cultivation of crops and increasing demand of food facilitated us to justify the continuing manipulation of our environment. The whole system is profit oriented and optimized to generate these profits disregarding the balance in the eco-system. Examples can be found in the use of pesticides or genetic modification to maintain a monoculture of crops.
Nature is a common good, however we seem to be claiming it for ourselves as a way of expanding our capital. The question arises to what extend humanity can satisfy its urge to control everything.
Introducing a new predator into the eco-system has been tried several times in history, most of the time with catastrophic consequences. For example, in Australia, where the giant neotropical toad was introduced to eradicate the cane beetle. Afterwards, this solution became the problem since the population of toads increased rapidly and became a plague themselves.
The introduction of the robot predator within the eco-system has the all the advantages of the predator without losing control. Using the robot predator, a new balance for the eco-system can be found.
Camera’s and other technologies create a safer living environment than ever before. Mega databanks and high resolution cameras stock hundreds of exabytes a year. But who has access to this data?
Not only the security department but also the advertisement industry is interested in this technology. They pay to use real time data to their advantage. They create advertisements that call your name, keep records of your personal interests and they follow you everywhere you go.
By wearing this mask formed like a lens it possible to become unrecognizable for facial recognition software and because of it’s transparence you will not lose your identity and facial expressions. So it’s still possible to interact with the people around you.
2015-2017 Product Design HKU Utrecht Graduated with honours
2012-2015 Product Design Artez Arnhem
2010-2011 Natuur en Sterrenkunde Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen
2009-2010 Werktuigbouwkunde TU Delft
2002-2009 VWO (N+T) Arentheem Arnhem
2016 Studio Tjeerd Veenhoven
2018 ´Robotanica´ Transnatural Art & Design - Amsterdam Tolhuistuin, Nederland
2018 ‘Machine Wilderness’ Zone2Source - Amsterdam Amstelpark, Nederland
2018 ‘Emerging Designer Exhibition’ Primer 18 - Berkeley California, United States of America
2018 ´TEC ART´ Art Rotterdam Week – Rotterdam, Nederland
2017 'Van nul- tot duizendpoot' Museum TwentseWelle in Enschede – Enschede, Nederland
2017 Manifestations nominee youngblood talent Dutch Design Week – Eindhoven, Nederland
2017 GOGBOT nominee blink youngblood award – Enschede, Nederland
2017: HKU Exposure –, Utrecht, Nederland
2017: To Own – ll – Anonymus, Academie Galerie, Utrecht, Nederland
2017: To Own – Anonymous , Salone Del Mobile, Ventura Lambrate, Milaan, Italië
2014 Coming Soon, Food Design, Enjoy Nature ArtEZ Arnhem Nederland
2018 Neural.it (Link)
2018 Stad+Groen jaargang 6 3-2018 (Link)
2017 Nemokennislink (Link)
2017 Eindhovensdagblad (Link)
2017 NRC examenexpostitie HKU (Link)
2017 Bright.nl anonymous Milaan (Link) | <urn:uuid:4ffa79f3-d042-46ad-b6f1-b8a524624a3c> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://jipvanleeuwenstein.nl/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202188.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320004046-20190320030046-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.854937 | 1,209 | 2.609375 | 3 |
To design structural network protocols the designers organize protocol and use the network hard ware and software to implement the protocol in layers. Each protocol belong to one of the layers just as each functions in the metro train architecture in figure2.13 belonged to a layer. The services that a layer offers to the above layer is called service model of a layer.
Protocol layering has conceptual and structural advantages. Layering provides a structured way to discuss system components. Modularity makes it easier to update systems components. The first potential drawback of layering is that one layer may duplicate lower layer functionality. For example many protocol stacks provide error recovery on both network basis and point to point procedures. A second potential drawback is that functionality at one layer may need information that is present only in another layer this violates the goal of separation of layers.
The protocols of the various layers are called the protocol stack. The internet protocol stack consists of five layers the physical link network transport and application layers respectively as figure | <urn:uuid:cce9c668-9542-49d9-98d7-fca3d3ec0eac> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.expertsmind.com/questions/protocol-layering-computer-network-30138720.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118552.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00488-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899119 | 197 | 3.78125 | 4 |
We continue to live with the consequences of Europe's imperial expansion. This unit explores the role that culture played in this key moment in history, with an emphasis on the nineteenth century and its aftermath. We also cover the heritage of empire through themes such as commemoration and protest, popular culture and film.
2x1hr lecture/week, 1x1hr tutorial/week.
participation (10%), 1x1hr Exam (40%), 1x2500wd Essay (40%), 1x1000wd Proposal and Bibliography (10%)
12 credit points at 2000 level in the History majorProhibitions | <urn:uuid:e2cb4e44-64c5-471b-9979-e520b7ef27e5> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://sydney.edu.au/courses/units-of-study/2020/hsty/hsty3713.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598217.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120081337-20200120105337-00553.warc.gz | en | 0.905778 | 126 | 3.46875 | 3 |
When you think of the term “oral care”, I’m sure the first thing that pops into most people's mind is “toothbrush, toothpaste, and teeth”. Simple, right? Not quite that simple. Oral care is much more than a few items to pick up at the store, and it should begin much earlier than when actual teeth are involved. Not only should successful oral care start early, like “Newborn Baby Early”, but there's more to it than just brush, spit, repeat. It begins when life begins!
The thought process a family goes through when planning the home care routine for a newborn baby usually doesn't involve oral care, but it definitely should. We make schedules for feedings, diaper changing, bedtimes, naps, bathing, and we should also include early oral care intervention, and here's why!
Babies have delicate and actively developing immune systems, in fact, their immune system doesn't fully start working on its own until around 3 months of age and then continues to get more effective with time. Infants are more susceptible to the effects of new bacteria and viruses in the earliest stages of being introduced to this amazing new world, whether that be from breathing in, direct contact or oral absorption. This factual reality should show us the importance and need for protecting and implementing a newborn's contact points during this vital period. This can be done by keeping the baby at home as much as possible during those first 3 months, which helps with exposure to bacteria and viruses by inhalation and direct contact. You can help prevent oral infections by wiping and cleaning your baby’s mouth at least once a day, to begin with, and more often, as needed, as they grow and develop.
Maternal breastmilk and formula supplementation both have the potential to contribute to oral infections like bacterial overgrowth, and even gastrointestinal events plagued by excessive reflux or regurgitation episodes. This can allow acids to coat the oral cavity, which changes the protective pH balance of the mouth and irritates the tissues, possibly leading to oral conditions that may need intervention later on, like yeast infections or what's commonly referred to as thrush. Thrush happens when the small amount of normal candida fungus that lives in the mouth, grows and proliferates, abnormally, leading to the development of white patches on the tongue, gums, and cheeks, signaling, a candida fungal infection is present. Usually, candida in the mouth is kept in check by the body's immune system and the delicate balance of oral bacterial flora, but because babies have immature immune systems, they are more vulnerable to the oral environments they are exposed to and any variability in their own immune system or the immune systems of their mothers.
Up until about 3 months of age, there's not much saliva to help wash away any of the milk residues that can build up in your baby’s mouth, so starting an oral care routine early is the key to early prevention. After 3 months, the salivary glands start producing fountains of liquid where drool elicits the need for bibs that are not just needed but become quite a necessity! During the first 3 months, babies are either nursing or being bottle-fed, and this is a great time to introduce cleaning your baby's mouth after feedings, to help reduce the build-up of pathogenic bacteria and fungus that can lead to “thrush”, and even oral diseases and cavities later on in life.
You can initiate this early oral care activity by using a sterile cloth to gently wipe baby’s gums, tongue, and inside cheeks with after feedings. The best way to start is by scheduling this within the other activities in your routine so as to not take away any more time in your already busy schedule. What this activity accomplishes is twofold: it removes any milk residue that has been leftover from feedings throughout the day, helping to prevent a build-up from occurring in the mouth, which in turn, if leftover time, can potentially cause negative issues.
Remember, you're not just cleaning the mouth, you are training yourself and your baby to adapt to, and accept this new routine. Studies in early oral care prevention have shown that children who were introduced to early brushing and gum wiping routines had a significant reduction in the incidence of oral care diseases and cavities later on in life. Babies are programmed to be oral explorers in the first few years of life. From suckling to teething, their most dominant sense during this time frame is oral stimulation, so if you introduce this routine early, not only are you laying the foundation for a lifetime of healthy habits but you are preparing the oral environment for the arrival of new budding teeth to grow into, during a time frame when your child is the MOST accepting to this type of routine. Babies love to have their mouths wiped and cleaned, it is a sensory activity to them that forms a trusting bond with you. You are the catalyst for instilling this vitally important routine into their mental programming as a necessity, and they will continue to build upon this as they grow and mature. An excellent tool and product that can help you in this process are Brilliant’s Tooth Tissues Mouth Wipes.
For the first 5 years of a child's life, YOU are the one who will be doing ALL of the oral care for your child. Children usually do not acquire the proper dexterity to effectively brush their own teeth until around age 5, and in some cases, later than age 5. So, with that being said, you’ve trained yourself as the parent/caretaker to feed them regularly, bath them regularly, put them to sleep with regularity, and you will also need to do their oral care regularly for them. Now, this does not mean they won't eventually be brushing their own teeth, there's just a “best” time for that and we will explore that later.
Babies can begin to teethe as early as 3 months of age. This is the time frame that begins with increased saliva as the mouth prepares for the arrival of the infamous “First Tooth”. Many children get their first tooth between 4-8 months of age, yet some pass their first birthday still sporting a toothless smile. No matter what time frame your child falls into, “teething” is a foundational milestone that you and your child will go through together that creates a great opportunity for you to continue an early oral care routine.
The next step is to add in a silicone toothbrush to oral care time. There are several different styles of silicone toothbrushes for babies. A great choice to start with is a finger brush, where the brush fits snugly over an adult's finger, it has small, nubby bristles on one side that you will use to brush within the mouth. Execute this by wiping and brushing over the baby's gums and tongue. Brilliant’s Finger Toothbrush is a great example of the type of brush you want to use at this stage. You don't want to use fluoride pastes or gels yet because fluoride is not safe for a baby to accidentally swallow. However, xylitol enhanced mouth gels are fantastic alternatives to using. Xylitol actually helps to corral the pathogenic bacteria in the mouth by inhibiting their ability to proliferate and grow, essentially starving the bacteria of a food source, making them less adherent to oral tissues. Spry Tooth Gel contains xylitol and has a great strawberry-banana flavor that kids love! You only need a small smudge of gel, about the size of a grain of rice, for brushing. Xylitol is safe if swallowed within the recommended safe dose for babies and children. In fact, xylitol works so well at inhibiting bacterial growth, that you will find it in many ear drops, nose sprays, or throat lozenges as the active ingredient that helps to prevent and even treat infections.
At some point, your baby will be in full “active teething”, with all the chewing, biting, gnawing and probable fussing, your heart (and ears) can handle. This is a stage where they will put just about anything in their mouths, so caution and supervision is monumentally important. You may suddenly notice how strong their little bite has become when you try to put your finger in their mouth for brushing or wiping. This is a good time to transition to a silicone toothbrush design that has handles or grippers on it that will allow you to brush without putting your fingers in their mouth and it can allow your baby to self soothe by teething on the toothbrush independently.
There are some really fun styles of brushes to choose from. One is Baby’s 1st Teether-Brush (toothbrush) by Brilliant. You will notice that the silicone brush is a bit firmer type of brush and this is a good thing. Now your baby is not only getting a good gum brushing, they are also helping to soothe and ease sore and tender gums as the teeth begin to bud and erupt through the gums. You may notice little swollen bumps in the mouth. Not to worry, those are little teeth trying very hard to peek through the tissue. Allow your baby to teethe on safe items as much as possible to help ease discomfort. When you use silicone teethers, you can also chill and freeze many of them, which helps to provide pain relief. Be sure to wash teethers, brushes, and any toys that your baby chews on regularly.
Finally, at some point, you will notice that the first tooth has emerged through the gums. Hallelujah, the first tooth is here! Get the camera, and snap a pic because nothing is sweeter than that cute little pearly white tooth busting through your sweet angel’s gummy smile. Mission accomplished! Once a tooth fully erupts into the mouth, it's time to add a bristled toothbrush to the routine. This is a time frame where the baby will still be teething and need teething relief but will have new teeth that will need a good bristle brushing as well. Keep using the silicone toothbrush and add in the bristle toothbrush for the new teeth. You will find the Brilliant Baby Toothbrush will clean their brand new teeth successfully! Bristle toothbrushes are not to be used for teething purposes by babies or chewed on by children. The bristles are not meant to be chewed or bitten, nor is the plastic handle designed for that type of bite pressure. Biting down on bristles can cause painful mouth ulcers by piercing the gum tissue. Choose a baby toothbrush with soft, and short bristles. Remember, you are performing all the oral care from now until around age 5.
Eruption patterns differ from child to child. However, most children will get the two “bottom” front teeth first, then the two “top” front teeth. This is also the season where first foods get introduced. This adds additional starches and sugars to the diet, making oral care vitally important, especially before bedtime. If oral care has been absent up to this point, don't worry, but NOW is the time to get a regular routine. Early childhood caries (cavities) are considered the most chronic infectious disease that plagues our children today. It can begin early, progress rapidly, and often goes untreated until there are painfully obvious visual or sensory symptoms. Children should visit the dentist for their first “Smile Visit” somewhere between the first tooth appearing and the first birthday, even if no teeth have erupted yet. This is when they will be examined for normal anatomy and function, oral care routines will be reviewed, and future visits will be determined. Most children will receive their first professional dental cleaning around age 3. If you are concerned that your child is having feeding or latching issues early on, a lip or tongue tie may be the culprit and if not corrected, can negatively affect growth milestones and anatomical development. Never hesitate to reach out to your pediatrician or dental professional for an evaluation. Treatment is usually very simple and mostly painless for your baby.
Hold on, and brace yourselves because now in the timeline you most likely have, “ A Toddler “. A glorious little bundle of everything you ever thought was beautiful about this world! They love to explore, babble, and talk, they crawl, walk, and scoot their way across your heart, while assessing that YOU are the best thing that ever existed. They are enamored by the purest things in life, like color, animals, water, happy sounds, sensory stimulation, and blissful snuggle sessions. Toddlers roam about between the ages of 12 months to 36 months (age 1-3 years). This is such an amazing cognitive, emotional, and social season for them and for YOU.
They will become fiercely more independent during this time, as you watch a little piece of your soul toggle off into the world of “I do, I do ” and “No... Mama/Dada”. Their molar teeth are piercing through the gums, and the teething pain and fussiness have almost ended. They are eating more sticky, gummy, and chewy foods now, a time frame when they have more pits, grooves, and fissures that need additional oral care attention. Now is the time to consider upgrading to a toddler toothbrush that has soft, yet more firm bristles. Silicone toothbrushes can be removed from the oral care routine once all the front teeth have come in. Most toddlers will get their first molar tooth between the 13-19 month stage.
By now your toddler should have had their first dental visit under their belt, and be steadily working their way to eating mostly solid foods. Oral care is now a daily thing that must be done...by you. Use a toddler toothbrush with a smudge of fluoride free paste or gel every day, especially at night before bedtime. Be sure to reach the tops of the back molar teeth when brushing. As your child matures and grasps the routine you have implemented, you can begin to “Brush train’ them. This means you are starting an oral care routine by doing the brushing and cleaning for them, but as your child is able, you teach them to spit, and then allow them to hold the toothbrush and mimic the motions you perform while providing their own oral care. As they mirror you and you guide them through these sessions, they will eventually build up enough dexterity to effectively brush their own teeth. As a rule to follow: If your child can tie their own shoes, then they have the grip strength and control that's needed to brush their own teeth. I find that this is not usually accomplished until age 5 or later, while spitting capability is achieved earlier, usually age 3 or 4. The Brilliant Child Toothbrush will help you as you teach them the basics of learning how to independently brush their teeth
Let there be no question, raising a child and training them in “The Way”, is a noble and constant endeavor. It encompasses so many different avenues in this life, and oral care is just one of those foundational branches. Never fear that you are too late or too far past a milestone to start a prevention routine. So many challenges can affect even the slightest block of this “typical” tower. Your healthcare professionals care and want to guide you through any extenuating circumstances that may challenge the timeline suggested here. Never underestimate the value of a team approach and remember, it really does take a village! Sometimes that village is all family and homecare bodies, and sometimes that village comes in the collective form of supportive educational care that's found in doctors, nurses, dental professionals, and childcare supporters, to establish routines and therapies that work for you and your family.
Baby teeth matter, (I honestly cannot stress that enough) and it's important to keep them healthy, in their correct spacing place, disease and trauma-free, until the permanent adult teeth are ready to come in. Just because baby teeth eventually fall out, it does NOT make their oral care any less important. Baby teeth are spaced just right to allow for the growth and development of the jaw, skull, and incoming adult teeth. Any disruption in that pattern can affect many factors that will ultimately have an impact on future eruption patterns and bone development. Start oral care early, with interventions that help to build routines while supporting the normalicies of eating, and oral exploration. Continue established routines while introducing professionals into your repertoire, while expanding food choices to curious toddlers and young adolescents. Begin training them to spit and eventually to brush independently of your direction, always directly supervising their routines. Before you know it they will be existing without much of your direct control and you will wonder where your curious dependent toddler went and how this precocious teenager became so independently compliant. It's a journey, so don't forget to enjoy the ride!
Brilliant Oral Care exists to make sure you and your family have the best at-home oral care available. We want your children's baby teeth and permanent teeth to be the healthiest teeth possible and we want to help you as you begin caring for baby's first teeth. Cavities and tooth decay are the enemies, we have the only weapons you will want to use in this fight! Choose only the best for you and your family, choose Brilliant!
Comments will be approved before showing up. | <urn:uuid:850d888b-0c82-4e15-97f7-1b9c5915196d> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.brilliantoralcare.com/blogs/brilliant-choices/oral-care-for-babies-and-toddlers-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896932.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708093606-20200708123606-00049.warc.gz | en | 0.963624 | 3,623 | 3.125 | 3 |
Many e-learning designers believe the short spans of micro-learning modules are the panacea for all learner engagement issues. While it is true that learners are more engaged with short courses, online course designers need to focus on certain other aspects such as an interesting beginning, visuals, audio effects, narrative, and the use of technology. This post lists 5 Hollywood blockbusters that e-learning designers can draw inspiration from.
Movie #1: GoldenEye
Lesson: Begin the micro-learning module with an icebreaker.
GoldenEye, one of the most successful Hollywood movies, has an action-filled beginning. This serves two purposes – pulling the audiences into the movie instantly and setting the stage for things to come.
Designers of micro-learning modules can adopt a similar approach. They can begin the bite-sized learning module with a video to “get learners into the groove”. One of our clients in the petrochemical space began a micro-learning module on fire safety with a 60 second video that depicted the destruction caused by an industrial fire, and this resulted in high levels of learner engagement.
Movie #2: Ice Age
Lesson: Use animated characters in micro-learning modules.
Ice Age, one of the highest grossing animated movies in the history of Hollywood, showed computer-generated animations can be as engaging as “living” characters. The resounding success of this movie busted the myth that animations are not well-received by adult audiences.
Micro-learning designers too need to make the best use of animated characters (avatars) to make their courses interesting. In one of our bite-sized courses on supply chain management, we used the avatar of an ant to take learners through the course which was a big hit.
Movie #3: Jaws
Lesson: Make the best use of sound effects to provide cues to learners.
This Hollywood thriller is known for its highly effective use of sound effects. The music in this movie kept audiences stimulated telling them, “Watch out, something’s going to happen.”
There is no reason why designers of micro-learning modules should not use similar sound effects to keep learners excited throughout the course. One of our clients in the healthcare sector used the sound of an ambulance very effectively in their bite-sized course to indicate the arrival of a patient.
Movie #4: Catch Me If You Can
Lesson: Ensure your micro-learning course has a solid narrative.
This highly successful Hollywood biographical movie proved the importance of a strong narrative. The narrative succinctly exposed the context of the movie, which played a key role in making it an all time hit.
Similarly, designers of e-learning nuggets need to ensure their course “flows” smoothly to ensure high levels of learner engagement. It is a good idea to prepare a detailed outline of the learning content, as it helps you find out gaps in the content, if any, and fill them effectively.
Movie #5: Avatar
Lesson: Harness the full potential of technology to make highly engaging courses.
Avatar set new standards for the use of technology in Hollywood. The movie used state-of-the-art technologies such as motion capturing, which left audiences captivated.
Likewise, micro-learning designers need to make the best use of technology to make courses that hook learners to screens. For instance, designers can build an engaging gamified course using Articulate Storyline 2. Also, designers can go in for tools such as GoAnimate which enable the development of good video-based micro-learning modules. Check out this interesting bite-sized course developed using GoAnimate.
It takes much more than the short duration of microlearning courses to engage online learners effectively. Micro-learning designers need to begin their courses with an icebreaker. They need to make good use of animated characters to make the courses interesting. It is important to use
sound effects effectively to provide cues to learners. Designers of bite-sized online courses need to focus on ensuring a strong narrative and making the best use of technology. Hope you liked this post. Would you like to add to this list of inspiring Hollywood movies? Please do so. | <urn:uuid:cfce047f-8899-4527-ad77-edae2afcb923> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://blog.commlabindia.com/elearning-development/designing-micro-learning-modules | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780061350.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210929004757-20210929034757-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.919996 | 864 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Tendons connect bones to muscles in the body. Flexor tendons of the thumb and fingers pull the fingers into a fist. The tendons are enclosed in a synovial sheath. When this sheath becomes inflamed it can cause trigger finger.
Usually, tendons slide easily through the sheath as the finger moves. In the case of trigger finger, the synovial sheath is swollen. The tendon cannot move easily. This causes the finger to remain in a flexed (bent) position. In mild cases, the finger may be straightened with a pop. In severe cases, the finger becomes stuck in the bent position. Usually, this condition can easily be treated.
Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
Many cases of trigger finger are caused by:
Trigger finger is more common in women, and in people aged 40-60 years old. Other factors that may increase your chance of trigger finger include:
Trigger finger may cause:
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. The physical exam may include:
Your doctor can diagnose trigger finger based on the exam. For severe cases, your doctor may refer you to a hand specialist.
Talk with your doctor about the best plan for you. The goal of treatment is to reduce swelling and pain. This will allow the tendon to move freely in the sheath. Treatment options include the following:
Stopping movement in the finger or thumb is often the best treatment for mild cases of trigger finger. A brace or splint may be used. Rest may be combined with stretching the tendon.
Severe cases of trigger finger may not respond to medications. In this case, surgery may be used to release the tendon from a locked position. This surgery is usually performed on an outpatient basis. It only requires a small incision in the palm of the hand.
Hand Care—American Society for Surgery of the Hand
Ortho Info—American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
The Arthritis Society
Salim N, Abdullah S, et al. Outcome of corticosteroid injection versus physiotherapy in the treatment of mild trigger fingers. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2011 Aug 4.
Trigger finger. EBSCO DynaMed Plus website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T114490/Trigger-finger. Updated July 9, 2013. Accessed September 30, 2014.
Vance MC, Tucker JJ, et al. The association of hemoglobin a1c with the prevalence of stenosing flexor tenosynovitis. J Hand Surg Am. 2012 Sep;37(9):1765-1769.
Last reviewed September 2016 by Teresa Briedwell, PT, DPT, OCS
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © 2012 EBSCO Publishing All rights reserved.
What can we help you find?close × | <urn:uuid:f8b183cb-0a71-4d99-9e84-889b7b51ac3c> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://mbhs.org/health-library?ArticleId=100265 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886108268.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821114342-20170821134342-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.879336 | 695 | 2.625 | 3 |
Two types of rare hard coral have been spotted in the Persian Gulf waters to the south of Iran.
Researchers at Iran’s National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science found the coral in the Sambaroon region after conducting field studies there.
These types of coral called Pavona explanulata and Plesiastrea versipora were seen for the first time in that region. They were spotted at a depth of 6 to 8 metres on the surface of underwater rocks.
As Sambaroon is far from the two islands, the coral there not only remains roughly unaffected by human activity, but enjoys rather vast variety and relative health. Sambaroon can be regarded as a witness region to compare the effects of the bleaching phenomenon or natural and human contamination on the coral there with that at nearby islands. | <urn:uuid:9cd4e872-1dd9-4a26-ba4b-4755f905d9c7> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://ifpnews.com/two-types-of-rare-coral-spotted-in-persian-gulf-south-of-iran | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141185851.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126001926-20201126031926-00596.warc.gz | en | 0.963934 | 164 | 3.03125 | 3 |
for National Geographic News
NASA's Deep Impact spacecraft will be launching a projectile into the surface of comet Tempel 1 on Monday, possibly causing the most spectacular fireworks on U.S. Independence Day.
"The time of comet encounter is near, and the major mission milestones are getting closer and closer together," said Rick Grammier, Deep Impact project manager at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, California. "After all the years of design, training and simulations, we are where we want to be. The flight and science teams are working the mission plan, and we are good to go for encounter," he added.
The flyby spacecraft will use medium- and high-resolution imagers and an infrared spectrometer to collect and send to Earth pictures and spectra of the event. Also watching Deep Impact will be NASA's Hubble and Spitzer space telescopes, the Chandra X-ray Observatory, the Swift and Submillimeter Wave Astronomy satellites, and the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton X-ray observatory and Rosetta spacecraft.
Observatories on Earth will view the impact and its aftermath.
"Those in the U.S. living west of the Mississippi [and in] Hawaii, and [those living in] New Zealand will have ringside seating for the impact event in a dark sky," said Don Yeomans, a Deep Impact mission scientist at JPL.
Scientists, who know very little about the interior of comets, hope the trash can-size projectile will smash a hole deep enough in the comet's icy exterior to reveal what lies inside it.
Learning more about what comets are made of will help explain the role they played in forming our solar system. Many scientists consider comets to be the source of most of the water and organic material that was once delivered to all terrestrial planets.
"The mission will help us understand the earliest phases of the solar system by learning what's really inside a comet in its pristine form," said Jay Melosh, a professor of planetary science at the University of Arizona in Tucson. Melosh is also a member of the Deep Impact science team.
The experiment could also help scientists devise ways to deflect rogue comets if they threaten to collide with Earth in the future.
During the early morning hours of July 3, a flyby spacecraft will deploy a 39-inch-wide (1-meter-wide), copper-fortified probe into the path of Tempel 1. The comet is about half the size of Manhattan and is hurtling through space at 23,000 miles an hour (37,000 kilometers an hour). | <urn:uuid:0c8b82bf-03d7-49e5-ba9a-8ede8f8cd136> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/07/0701_050701_deep_impact.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400377225.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123257-00062-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926498 | 535 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Tech Talk: Racing to Start-Stop
Guest post by Gale Kimbrough, Interstate Batteries® Engineering and Technical Services Manager
Just suppose you own a vehicle that would get 30 mpg at 65 mph, and you hit three traffic lights on the 15 miles to work. Every stoplight cuts your average gas mileage by holding the vehicle at zero mpg for about three minutes. At the end of the day, your gas mileage could be just 15 mpg.
Mandates on U.S. auto manufacturers require an average fuel economy of 35.5 mpg by 2016. To hit this target, vehicle manufacturers have three basic options. The most obvious two are hybrid or electric vehicles. But another, new vehicle option bridges the gap between a hybrid and a standard gas engine: start-stop technology.
Start-stop technology (sometimes called “stop-start”) turns a regular gas engine into a semi-hybrid vehicle. Basically, the engine shuts off anytime the vehicle idles, at stoplights or in traffic. While the engine’s off, the battery in the start-stop system sustains the entire electrical system. When the driver presses the gas, the engine starts right back up. Start-stop designs use a battery and a beefed-up starter motor that also acts as a generator. This technology, as simple as it is, cuts fuel consumption and emissions by 8% to 15%.
The battery is a critical component for start-stop technology. This fuel-saving system needs batteries ready for double duty: lots of starts and lots of reserve capacity. The battery needs a strong enough reserve capacity to sustain the AC blower, headlamps and multiple computers when the engine’s off. That means the battery would need to withstand 20% to 30% depth-of-discharge. A normal starting vehicle battery today only discharges to 3% to 5%.
Some start-stop designs use two batteries for the start-stop motor, but one large, reconfigured lead-acid battery could deliver the same performance. It may even use absorbed glass-mat (AGM) batteries.
French carmaker PSA Peugeot Citroën uses lead-acid batteries, but European BMW models use AGM batteries. The coming 2012 Chevrolet Malibu sports a lithium-ion battery. In the race to start-stop, no universal battery type has emerged. But know this: Start-stop designs are coming.
Some European drivers have already seen this technology in new vehicles. Regulations on carbon emissions reduction made start-stop popular in 2008. Already, new models like the 2012 Chevrolet Malibu, Buick LaCrosse, Buick Regal, Kia Rio and BMW 5 Series use start-stop technology. The transition to systems like these could happen faster in America than the transition to hybrids.
Battery manufacturer Johnson Controls estimates about 52% of the new cars available in 2016 around the world would use start-stop. That’s 8 percentage points more than in 2010.
As start-stop technology spreads, some shops could begin retrofitting older models with start-stop starters and batteries. Since the system only kicks in when the car stops, it would hurt quarter-mile times or engine performance. But it’s an endurance test on the alternator, starter and battery.
Obviously, city drivers would tax the batteries more due to the amount of starts and stops per day. As more American cars use start-stop, drivers will find out how long these batteries last. Many 2012 models may not need a replacement until 2014 or 2015. On average, AGM batteries cost twice as much as their flooded lead-acid counterparts, but they also offer additional cycle life.
It’s hard to say which battery type will come out on top for U.S. start-stop technology. But you can bet the team at Interstate Batteries is dedicated to powering that future with engineering expertise.
- N. American car battery shipments surge in March – Reuters (reuters.com)
- How idle-stop systems work (howstuffworks.com)
- My Demo Drive (johnsoncontrols.com) | <urn:uuid:6d861b70-71b2-4fde-9c4c-633c9aa404e9> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://blogbattery.com/2012/05/racing-to-start-stop | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644068098.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025428-00286-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925903 | 853 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Find out everything you need to know about lacrosse fields, from regulation size and others in this article.
As opposed to the traditional game’s open field, the enclosed playing area is called a box.
Grass and turf fields are the only places where lacrosse can be played. It is now common for Native Americans to play on grass or turf fields instead of giant 10-mile fields in the middle of woodlands. The dimensions of a lacrosse field require special lines to be painted since lacrosse games are often played on football fields.
110 yards by 60 yards is the length and width of a lacrosse field. There are three sections on each field. A section on offense, a section on defense, and a section in neutral.
The neutral zone is 40 yards, the offensive zone 35 yards, and the defensive zone 35 yards. Only the goalie and his defenseman are allowed to step into the circular creases in both offensive and defensive sections.
Aside from a few exceptions, most high school, college, and pro fields are the same size. The jamboree-style play would be an exception to this rule. A jamboree is a weekend or day-long tournament full of many games played by teams. To fit more fields in one area, these tournaments allow shorter and thinner fields of play. | <urn:uuid:58e5131b-2e63-4126-9d3b-671dcb989728> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://sportsmilo.com/lacrosse-field/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646076.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530163210-20230530193210-00634.warc.gz | en | 0.964095 | 279 | 2.75 | 3 |
The insect was discovered in 2015, during a joint Bhutanese-Dutch expedition in eastern Bhutan.
Its name is Gyalsey emerald spreadwing dragonfly. Gyalsey means ‘prince’ in Bhutanese. The new species was named after the young crown prince of Bhutan; on his first birthday, the dragonfly’s name became known.
113 dragonfly species are known from Bhutan.
Dutch Naturalis biologists’ research in Bhutan: here. | <urn:uuid:9e2ed0d0-88f2-49b2-a87d-855b12cdea8d> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://dearkitty1.wordpress.com/2017/02/22/new-dragonfly-species-named-after-baby-bhutanese-prince/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195687.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128155305-20201128185305-00395.warc.gz | en | 0.979332 | 104 | 2.625 | 3 |
The Tawny Eagle, scientifically known as Aquila rapax, is one of the most powerful birds of prey. Like all eagles, it belongs to the family Accipitridae. This is a large eagle although it is one of the smaller species in the Aquila genus.
These birds are found in good numbers around Arathusa – they are permanent residents and can be seen throughout the year. They are mainly distributed throughout the central and northern parts of South Africa, with some in the far north into Zimbabwe and Zambia.
These powerful birds are efficient hunters but are also well-known for their scavenging habits – free food is free food! On several occasions, Rifos and I have been guided to fresh leopard and lion kills, due to the presence of these birds.
The Tawney Eagle has many colour variations, from a very light tan colour to a beautiful dark brown. The female eagle lays 1 – 3 eggs in a nest, and these hatch after being incubated for 39 – 45 days. As siblings can be aggressive towards each other, siblicide (killing of a sibling) is common in these species. Only the strongest of the chicks survive to adulthood.
Many guests will agree that Tawney Eagles make for interesting sighting.
Till next time,
Sean Gilbert and Rifos Mnisi
- Arathusa receives some rain, by ranger Rein Kock
- The Styx pride maintain their reputation | <urn:uuid:59a777af-e3a9-4e86-9d51-94cb2fde7adf> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://arathusa.co.za/birds-of-prey-tawny-eagle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609613.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528101305-20170528121305-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.964365 | 300 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Specifies that the browser should insert a pause after speaking the element's content.
With the pause-before and pause-after properties you can specify pauses before and after speaking the element's content.
The pause, pause-before and pause-after properties are similar to the rest, rest-before and rest-after properties.
The only difference when a sound file needs to play before or after the element (cue, cue-before and cue-after properties).
In that case, the pause-before property specifies the pause immediately before and the rest-before property specifies the pause immediately after playing the sound file that belongs to the cue-before property.
Similarly, the rest-after property specifies the pause immediately before and the pause-after property specifies the pause immediately after playing the sound file that belongs to the cue-after property.
One of the following values:
Takes the value of this property from the computed style of the parent element.
pause in percentage
The pause is calculated from the speech-rate property. The speech-rate defines how much time a word takes, the pause is the percentage of this value.
Integer, followed by a time unit (s,ms). The pause in absolute time.
Example HTML code 1:
This example illustrates the use of the pause-after property:
Select all text on the page (CTRL+A), click with the right mouse button on the selected text and select the speak menu item in the popup context menu.
Five seconds pause before speaking the header element.
There was three seconds pause after speaking the header element. | <urn:uuid:f09e1ac9-86da-4609-8b91-a1e0b5612f95> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://help.dottoro.com/lcllbwpu.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100287.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201120231-20231201150231-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.790388 | 327 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In 1824-26 the first black man came into Utah Territory. He was a trapper for the Rocky Mountain Fur Company. His name was James Beckworth. In succeeding years many black people would follow to contribute to the development of Utah, socially and economically.
In July of 1847, three black men, slaves, were selected to journey with Orson Pratt, Mormon apostle, into the Salt Lake Valley. They were: Green Flake, Oscar Crosby, and Hark Lay, each in turn provided by their owners James Flake, William Crosby, and William Lay, members of the pioneer groups of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Utah was a slave state and remained so until the Emancipation Proclaimation was effected.
Many black pioneers followed in pioneer groups. They assisted their owners as directed. When they were freed, the owners assisted them in acquiring lands of their own in the Cottonwood, and Fort Union areas. They cultivated the land, built homes and raised families and in every way contributed to the socio-economic growth of the Salt Lake area.
In this, the Millcreek area, land was secured by Sylvester James, Samuel Chambers and Sylvester Perkins. Each proved to be successful farmers who would market their produce to leaders of the community.
In 1888 Paul C. Howard and his family established their home in the 12th-14th Ward in Salt Lake City. He became the first black policeman in Salt Lake City.
Dan Bankhead Freeman was the first black child born in Utah.
The black pioneers of Utah have left a great and lasting contribution that is remembered and appreciated. Their descendants have excelled in the arts, athletics and education.
Descendants of these pioneers reside in the East Millcreek area at this time. They are respected and appreciated neighbors. | <urn:uuid:97cb7b8e-ba91-44b0-8322-5f7d1f34be7f> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://historicalmarkerproject.com/markers/HM8C_legacy-of-the-black-pioneer_Salt-Lake-City-UT.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585522.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022212051-20211023002051-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.978247 | 372 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Biofuel development is going to add a lot more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere than previously estimated, according to a new assessment published today in Science Express.
In theory, fuel produced from sugar beets, corn or other crops should push less carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere than do coal and oil -- because the carbon that escapes while burning biofuel is balanced by the carbon the plants absorb while growing. However, according to Jerry Mellilo of the Marine Biological Laboratory's Ecosystems Center and his colleagues, that theory only counts the direct contribution of a fuel crop to atmospheric carbon dioxide.
People don't stop farming for food when land is diverted to growing plants for fuel. Instead, they're more likely to cut down a forest, drain a wetland or saturate a plain with fertilizer in order to create more farmland for food. Mellilo and his colleagues developed a model to predict the carbon dioxide emissions from those new farm and pasture lands. And that model predicts that those lands will add twice as much carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as will the fields devoted to biofuels themselves.
Expanded agriculture will also increase emissions of nitrous oxide, another greenhouse chemical, which is, of course, better known as fertilizer. All in all, the study says, biofuels development as presently conceived is likely to worsen global warming, not help prevent it.
Which, by the way, is another illustration of our need to put aside scientific infantilism: The childish demand that science be more sure and certain than it can be. As the report's authors write, the indirect effects of biofuel programs are a controversial and unsettled topic. What's the bottom line about them? We don't know yet, and we ought to admit it. | <urn:uuid:edf65572-e98a-436e-91d8-a98d58f3d4c4> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://bigthink.com/Mind-Matters/biofuels-a-cure-worse-than-the-disease | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430456031455.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501045351-00048-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960925 | 354 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Diamond Blackfan Anaemia is a blood disorder that is very rare and is most commonly found in children within the first year after birth. It usually happens when there are not enough red cells being produced to carry oxygen to the other cells of the body. Most of these cells die before developing in these children.
HOW IS DIAMOND-BLACKFAN ANEMIA DIAGNOSED?
A condition of hematology, the diagnosis can be made with a complete blood count. Genetic screenings as well as bone marrow biopsy can be conducted to diagnose the condition.
HOW IS DIAMOND-BLACKFAN ANEMIA TREATED?
DBA patients can live long and healthy lives with appropriate medical treatment. The two most common forms of treatment are blood transfusion therapy and corticosteroid medication. Some DBA patients are in remission and need no medical treatment. Other DBA patients may choose to undergo the risky procedure of a stem cell transplant.
DID YOU KNOW?
The symptoms of this condition include pale skin, drowsiness, heart murmur and others. | <urn:uuid:a5a43339-1b70-4915-973e-9d396faf2900> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.lybrate.com/mumbai/treatment-for-diamond-blackfan-anemia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813712.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221182824-20180221202824-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.9352 | 223 | 3.078125 | 3 |
EVENTS | VIEW CALENDAR
Scripps Research Scientists Develop Powerful New Methodology for Stabilizing Proteins
(FROM Scripps Research Institute) A team of scientists at The Scripps Research Institute has discovered a new way to stabilize proteins—the workhorse biological macromolecules found in all organisms. Proteins serve as the functional basis of many types of biologic drugs used to treat everything from arthritis, anemia, and diabetes to cancer.
As described in the February 4, 2011 edition of the journal Science, when the team attached a specific oligomeric array of sugars called a "glycan" to proteins having a defined structure, the proteins were up to 200 times more stable in the test tube. In the body, this stability may translate into longer half-lives for therapies, possibly lowering the overall cost of treatment for certain protein-based drugs and requiring patients to have fewer injections during a course of treatment.
The work may have major implications for the drug industry because there are a large number of protein-based drugs on the market, more in clinical trials, and many more under development worldwide. Nearly all of these protein-based drugs have glycans attached to them and are therefore called "glycoproteins." Glycoprotein-based drugs can be quite expensive to produce and usually need to be administered intravenously.
One of the challenges in producing these drugs has been increasing their stability, which generally extends their half-life in the bloodstream—issues that the new discovery appears to address directly.
"We've now provided engineering guidelines for glycoprotein stability," said Scripps Research Professor Jeffery W. Kelly, who is chair of the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Lita Annenberg Hazen Professor of Chemistry, and member of The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology at Scripps Research. Kelly led the study with Scripps Research Associate Professor Evan Powers and Staff Scientist Sarah R. Hanson, in collaboration with Research Associates Elizabeth K. Culyba, Joshua Price, and colleagues.
In Search of Stability
Making therapeutic proteins more stable by attaching glycans to them is nothing new. Scientists have known for many years that the human body widely modifies proteins in this way after they are made inside cells. By some estimates, as many as a third of all types of proteins in the human body are "glycosylated," the scientific name for the process whereby glycans are attached to proteins. Scientists also know that these modifications can be directly linked to protein stability.
Attaching a glycan to one part of a protein can have a dramatic stabilizing effect, accounting for the difference between it lasting in the bloodstream for a few minutes or a few days. But attaching the same glycan to another part of the same protein can have a distinctly different destabilizing effect, turning it into the microscopic equivalent of a cooked egg—unfolded and worthless as a medicine.
Scientists who work on these sorts of drugs often try to stabilize their therapeutic proteins with glycans, but until now nobody understood the rules that govern the process—nobody even knew for sure if there were general rules governing it. Researchers have always made such modifications through trial-and-error — more of a time- consuming art than an exact science.
But now, predicts Powers, "Having a rational design approach will streamline protein drug optimization quite a bit."
Simple Engineering Rules
The new research shows simple engineering rules do exist for achieving stability of glycoproteins in the test tube. In the new paper, the Scripps Research team showed that scientists could dramatically stabilize proteins by integrating the standard N-glycan into a particular part of the protein—a structure known as a "reverse turn" containing a certain combination of amino acids. Reverse turns are found in the vast majority of proteins, making this methodology broadly applicable.
The scientists tested their ability to increase the stability of proteins by creating glycoproteins from proteins that are not normally glycosylated—leading to increased stabilization in the test tube. These scientists have not yet looked at how long the proteins survive in the bloodstream—that work is currently under way. But the team is confident that the principles they discovered will now give scientists a new way to predictably stabilize proteins by design.
Kelly added that this portable stabilizing structural module called the "enhanced aromatic sequon" also leads to more efficient production of glycoproteins by cells, a result that is potentially very important, since glycoproteins remain difficult to produce and purify.
In addition to Kelly, Powers, Hanson, Culyba, and Price, the article, "Protein Native-State Stabilization by Placing Aromatic Side Chains in N- Glycosylated Reverse Turns" is authored by Apratim Dhar, Chi-Huey Wong, and Martin Gruebele.
This work was supported in part by the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Lita Annenberg Hazen Foundation, and funded through grants from the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation. | <urn:uuid:ce723e65-f949-4a51-af02-17f32405a01b> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.drugdiscoverynews.com/index.php?pg=134&articleid=4573 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400211096.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923144247-20200923174247-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.947041 | 1,037 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Success for all!
A positive, growth mind-set is crucial for Mathematics. All pupils can achieve in Mathematics through practice, support, hard-work and endurance! At John Keble, we are growing in confidence and resilience with our Maths learning. Children have opportunities to stay together as a class and work through new content.
Aims of the National Curriculum - Fluency, reasoning and problem solving
- Problem solving - Pupils use mathematical concepts they have learnt to solve complex problems and apply knowledge to real-life situations.
- Reasoning - It is very important pupils speak and write about Mathematics. Pupils are learning to explain their Mathematics learning in full sentences. They are learning to explain how they know an answer is right.
- Fluency - It is important that pupils recall facts promptly and apply mathematical knowledge accurately. Pupils are learning to make connections in Mathematics.
Maths Mastery – The C-P-A approach
Maths is everywhere!
It is vital that pupils fully understand key number concepts (rather than memorise a process). At John Keble, we are exploring Maths through a C-P-A approach. Together, these elements help pupils fully understand what they’ve learnt, so they can explain and show their understanding with objects, pictures and real-life examples. Objects and pictures are used to demonstrate and visualise ideas, alongside numbers and symbols.
Concrete – children use objects to help them understand and explain their Maths learning
Pictorial – children use pictures to represent their understanding
Abstract – when children can explain and show their understanding, they can move on to represent their understanding using numbers and symbols.
Maths success criteria:
CAN YOU SHOW YOUR UNDERSTANDING?
Describe in your own words
Represent in different ways - using concrete materials, pictures and symbols…
Explain it to someone else
Make up your own examples
Explain connections between it and other facts / ideas
Recognise it in new situations and contexts
All pupils benefit from deepening their understanding of Mathematics.
Pupils are given time to explore and apply ideas (rather than accelerate through new topics). The challenge comes from investigating it in new, alternative and more complex ways. | <urn:uuid:c982246b-58ab-47ce-8fdf-581082d682cb> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.johnkeble.com/page/?title=Maths&pid=90 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540586560.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214094407-20191214122407-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.923395 | 460 | 4.21875 | 4 |
What is a Child Care Desert?
The U.S. Department of Agriculture defines food deserts as “parts of the country vapid of fresh fruit, vegetables, and other healthful whole foods”. Child Care Aware of America, our national partner, borrows from this essential work and refers to areas or communities with limited or no access to quality child care as child care deserts. For more information on child care deserts, visit our national partner Child Care Aware of America’s site to view their final paper on Child Care Deserts: Developing Solutions to Child Care Supply and Demand, please click here. For the Executive Summary report, please click here.
2019 New Hampshire Child Care Desert Map
View the interactive map below for information, including supply and demand, on early childhood programs in New Hampshire.
Previous NH Child Care Desert Map
The information contained in the above Child Care Desert Map was collaboratively collected and compiled by Child Care Aware of New Hampshire, Child Care Aware of America and the New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services/Division of Economics and Housing Stability/Bureau of Child Development and Head Start Collaboration. Child Care Aware of New Hampshire maintains a database through NDS/The National Data System for Child Care through Child Care Aware of America to assist families with their child care search and to work with early childhood programs and professionals on their professional development needs. | <urn:uuid:b1867184-8644-4a15-99be-a59acd1da6b9> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://nh.childcareaware.org/data-report/data-reports/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986649841.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014074313-20191014101313-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.903944 | 281 | 3.078125 | 3 |
[FOM] Teach Yourself Logic: A Guide
ps218 at cam.ac.uk
Tue Nov 6 11:07:04 EST 2012
It is depressing. Serious logic is seemingly taught less and less, at least
in UK philosophy departments. Yet logic itself is, of course, no less
exciting and rewarding than it ever was, and the amount of important
formally-informed work in philosophy is if anything ever greater. It seems
then that many beginning graduate students in philosophy will need to teach
themselves from books, either solo or by organising study groups.
But what to read? I have just counted almost three hundred formal logic
books of one kind or another on my own shelves -- and of course these form
only a selection of what is out there. Philosophy students need an
annotated Guide: so I've made a start at writing one.
You can find the first half (12pp.) at www.logicmatters.net/students/tyl/
I hope that some FOMers who are equally concerned about keeping logic
education alive and well will take a look, and post any comments or
suggestions on the site (or email me). And, of course, spread the word to
For into, the sections so far drafted: (1) Back to the beginning.
(2) Getting to grips with basic first-order logic. (3) Modal logic.
(4) From first-order logic to model theory. (8) Arithmetic, computation
and Gödelian incompleteness. (9) Beginning set theory.
Sections to come: (5) Classical variations: second-order, plural, free
logic, etc. (6) Non-classical variations. (7) A little proof theory.
(10) Continuing with set theory. (11) A little category theory. (12)
Dr Peter Smith, University of Cambridge
More information about the FOM | <urn:uuid:bbb86b41-f0b1-4522-8648-fb0fd1469fd5> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.cs.nyu.edu/pipermail/fom/2012-November/016766.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988725451.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183845-00166-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9078 | 411 | 2.8125 | 3 |
How to Maximise the Life Of Your Battery
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India’s Food Crises: A Close-Up
Can India be a global power when it can’t guarantee its own food security?
- It is high time India put the national agricultural ox before the cart of being a major global power.
- Slogans like "Shining India" and "Incredible India" must be balanced with "Malnourished India."
- Even as India was doing well on its GDP growth rate, it was doing poorly on human development.
- India's history is one of alternating periods of feast and famine.
- India produces enough food to feed its population and export more, yet millions go hungry daily.
- India, Nepal and Bangladesh are the only countries in Asia where hunger levels are deemed "alarming."
- India is the only BRIC nation in the company of Least Developed Countries in terms of hunger.
- "Shining India" shines globally among countries with the highest rates of food wastage.
The turn of this century witnessed profound transformations in the global economy. Twenty years ago, the share of emerging economies in global GDP was 35%. In 2012, that share passed the 50% mark of a now even greater global GDP of $70 trillion.
Since 2008, the leading dynamic emerging economies have provided the main impetus to global growth. For international firms this is where the action is and profits to be made. That has become pretty axiomatic.
However, just as a new consensus is emerging, once again deep shifts may be occurring. What was described as the “Great Disruption” caused by the dynamism and high growth of leading emerging economies may be followed by what The Globalist’s Chief Economist, Uwe Bott, calls “the coming global economic ice age” as emerging markets cool off.
In fact, they could have added “Malnourished India.” The food situation for a significant proportion of the population remains deplorable.
As elections loom, likely in spring 2014, the ruling Congress Party is planning to push through Parliament a populist “right-to-food” bill. That measure will not have any great impact. India’s food problems are too deeply entrenched.
To cite but one recent example that made world headlines: In July 2013, 22 children died from eating a school meal in Bihar. The poisoned food had been kept in containers previously used for insecticides by a company whose president is the husband of the school’s headmistress.
This is by no means an isolated incident, but is in fact quite routine. Health and safety facilities are dramatically lacking in much of India.
This facilities problem is incredibly dangerous, given estimates that 50% of Indian children under the age of five are malnourished and often must rely on these unsafe provisions.
Even when India was doing well in its GDP growth rate, it was doing very poorly in its HDI (human development indicators). The water, energy, environmental and food challenges are worsened by three deep problems that plague India: a very high level of corruption; a very low level of infrastructure, and fractious infighting among political parties.
The Long View
India’s history is one of alternating periods of feast and famine. A resource rich country, referred to as “the land of plenty”, it also counts numerous famines throughout its history. These include famines during the period under British rule (1757-1947) — the 1943 Bengal famine having been one of the worst.
Since independence in 1947 there has fortunately been no major famine in India.
Significantly, there has been nothing comparable to the 30 million or more who perished from starvation during China’s tragic “Great Leap Forward” (1958-1961). However, while India may not be a starving country, large swathes of the population, especially children, are still malnourished.
India has the world’s highest percentage of arable land area and second largest in total (after the United States); it also ranks first in gross irrigated croplands. So how did it get to this point?
Food security is a multidimensional problem that goes beyond the physical shortage of food. According to the FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization), “Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.”
India produces enough food and has at its disposal enough arable land not only to feed its population, but also to export. It produces some of the largest volumes of food products. Yet millions live without two square meals per day.
In 2012, India was ranked 66th in the Global Hunger Index compiled by IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute). It is one of only three countries in Asia where the level of hunger is deemed “alarming”; the other two are Nepal (ranked 60th) and Bangladesh (ranked 68th).
India may be included in the “BRIC” category of high growth dynamic economies. However, insofar as feeding its population is concerned, India is in the exclusive company of LDCs (least developed countries, mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa).
Where is The Root of The Problem?
There are obviously many factors perpetuating food insecurity. A very major source of food insecurity in India is the lack of functioning public utilities.
For example, the Food Corporation of India holds more than 60 million metric tons of grain. This is not only sufficient to feed India’s population this year, but it is adequate for meeting next year’s requirements.
However, the daunting task for Indian policy makers is that storage facilities are inadequate. Granaries are filled beyond capacity and many are in deplorable condition.
Compounded by other infrastructural barriers such as insufficient road networks and transportation, food security becomes a real challenge. Such barriers cause massive wastage of food that could be used to feed the hungry. “Shining India” shines globally — and bizarrely — among countries with the highest rates of food wastage.
The Indian government claims that there is not enough space to store all the food that has been produced. In 2012, 70 million metric meters of grain had been produced for storage capacity of only 66 million metric meters; those 4 million extra metric meters are wasted.
This results in India exporting a lot of its agricultural production. Taken on their own, grain exports are not negative per se. But this is a problem within the context of the hunger and deprivation at home.
Let’s consider the example of Punjab — one of the most prosperous states in India. Blessed with extremely fertile soil, Punjab, the “land of the five rivers,” is the bread-basket of India.
However, the central government in New Delhi has not provided adequate incentives and investments for the procurement and storage of food grains. Of the 14 million tons of wheat to be purchased by the state government’s food and civil supplies department, Punjab currently has space to store only 6 million tons.
This has resulted in the government looking for storage space in empty mills, abandoned factories and elsewhere. Meanwhile, its open silos are bursting with stored and slowly spoiling grain from the previous years.
Furthermore, only some states in the north experienced the Green Revolution — the introduction of high-yielding seeds, fertilizers, farming and irrigation mechanisms around 1968, which dramatically boosted crop yields. Elsewhere, agricultural production in India is still mostly done at a subsistence level. It is a way of life rather than a commercial activity.
This results from the fact that investments in boosting agricultural productivity across India have been minimal. The government focuses mostly on short-term benefits accrued from mismatched subsidy policies.
Subsidies given to the agricultural sector are another damaging feature. They distort market prices and further disorient a sector already full of inefficiencies and idiosyncrasies.
In fact, the stubborn inflationary trend of the broader Indian economy mostly stems from ineffective subsidies given to the agricultural sector. Instead of stabilizing prices, they have the opposite result of increasing the prices of food commodities, thereby making it unaffordable for many Indian citizens.
Indian agriculture also depends on its yearly monsoons. Poor rainfall not only causes fiscal burdens, but leads to other grave and tragic consequences.
Since monsoons are no longer regular due to climate change and water reservoirs are depleting or have become completely exhausted, farmers are forced to take loans — usually from informal sources — to hedge their losses in production.
If the subsequent harvesting year is also bad and the government is not efficient, the farmers will not earn any income and hence are not able to pay the loan back. In many cases, farmers are forced to sell their land.
The grimmest reflection of these individual catastrophes is the statistic that an estimated 17,500 farmers across India commit suicide every year.
Unready for the World Stage?
By 2030, India will be home to 1.6 billion people, which means overall demand for food will be much higher.
Furthermore, while there are many poor in India (roughly 60% of the population), there are also some very rich people, along with a rapidly rising middle class. Incomes have been rising by 7-8%. Hence there is greater demand not just for more food, but also for better quality food.
Due to urbanization and industrialization, arable land is becoming more limited and there is also pressure on water and energy.
India has a massive food problem, arising mainly from poor policies, infrastructure and corruption. Thus the question: can India aspire to be a global power while not providing sufficient food security to its own citizens?
Perhaps it is high time India put the national agricultural ox before the cart of being a major global power! | <urn:uuid:6202c6df-4347-4b7b-8ec7-5c8ce4f7a74a> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.theglobalist.com/indias-food-crises-close-up/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982956861.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200916-00095-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956714 | 2,041 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Is microbial community composition in boreal forest soils determined by pH, C-to-N ratio, the trees, or all three?
- 3k Downloads
In Fennoscandian boreal forests, soil pH and N supply generally increase downhill as a result of water transport of base cations and N, respectively. Simultaneously, forest productivity increases, the understory changes from ericaceous dwarf shrubs to tall herbs; in the soil, fungi decrease whereas bacteria increase. The composition of the soil microbial community is mainly thought to be controlled by the pH and C-to-N ratio of the substrate. However, the latter also determines the N supply to plants, the plant community composition, and should also affect plant allocation of C below ground to roots and a major functional group of microbes, mycorrhizal fungi. We used phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) to analyze the potential importance of mycorrhizal fungi by comparing the microbial community composition in a tree-girdling experiment, where tree belowground C allocation was terminated, and in a long-term (34 years) N loading experiment, with the shifts across a natural pH and N supply gradient. Both tree girdling and N loading caused a decline of ca. 45% of the fungal biomarker PLFA 18:2ω6,9, suggesting a common mechanism, i.e., that N loading caused a decrease in the C supply to ectomycorrhizal fungi just as tree girdling did. The total abundance of bacterial PLFAs did not respond to tree girdling or to N loading, in which cases the pH (of the mor layer) did not change appreciably, but bacterial PLFAs increased considerably when pH increased across the natural gradient. Fungal biomass was high only in acid soil (pH < 4.1) with a high C-to-N ratio (>38). According to a principal component analysis, the soil C-to-N ratio was as good as predictor of microbial community structure as pH. Our study thus indicated the soil C-to-N ratio, and the response of trees to this ratio, as important factors that together with soil pH influence soil microbial community composition.
KeywordsFungi-to-bacteria ratio Mycorrhizal fungi Nitrogen fertilization Tree belowground carbon allocation Tree girdling
We thank Professor Åsa Frostegård and Dr Rockie Yarwood for valuable advice. Funding was provided by Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences, and Spatial Planning (FORMAS), and Swedish Science Council (VR).
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Are you trying to lose weight?
More people today are struggling to lose weight due to increased sugar intake levels and lack of exercise. Experts warn that the health problems associated with obesity will only get worse as the years go by.
You’d be happy to know that the solution is simple; all you need to do is understand how fat is stored in the body and how your body can lose fats easily.
Keep on reading this guide to learn more about how fat is stored in the body and how scientists understood the phenomenon.
Where Does Fat Come From?
Fat comes from the food we eat and the percentage of calories we consume. When we consume more calories than we burn, our bodies store the excess as fat. Our liver and adipose tissue also produce fat.
Adipose tissue is the body’s way of storing energy in various places throughout the body, including the abdomen, thighs, and buttocks. To lose weight, you may need a guide to fat burning and dietary supplements to help you.
The Process of Storing Fat in the Body
You need to understand that storing fat in the body provides energy, cushions, and protection to organs. The body stores fat in different ways, depending on the individual. Some people store fat more easily than others.
The body burns fat for energy when it is necessary. When there is a high level of activity, such as during exercise. It also burns more when it is at rest, such as during sleep end even when it is cold.
There are three main types of cells that store and work out the fats in the body:
White Fat Cells
They are responsible for storing energy in the form of triglycerides, and insulating the body against heat loss. In humans, white fat cells are typically larger than brown fat cells and are found in greater numbers in areas of the body.
Such as the abdomen, thighs, and hips. They also play a significant role in weight loss, as they are responsible for storing excess energy in the form of triglycerides.
When triglycerides break down, they release free fatty acids into the bloodstream, which the body will convert into energy to use for different activities.
Brown Fat Cells
When we think of fat, we usually think of it as something that makes us look bad and is harmful to our health. However, there is such a thing as good fat, and it’s called brown fat.
Brown fat cells are responsible for storing fats, and they actually help to keep us healthy. Whenever we expose our body to freezing temperatures, the brown fat cells work to keep us warm by burning the fats that they store.
In addition to helping us stay warm, brown fat cells also play a role in helping us to lose weight. When we lose weight, it’s because the brown fat cells have burned off the excess fat in our bodies.
Beige Fat Cells
Unlike white fat cells, which store fat in the form of triglycerides, beige fat cells store fat in the form of lipids. Lipids are a type of molecule that is consisting of both fatty acids and glycerol.
They are able to store more fat than white fat cells because they have more lipid molecules. When the body needs to lose weight, it will break down the triglycerides stored in fat cells.
However, beige fat cells are not as easy to break down. The body uses a process called Lipolysis to break down triglycerides. The body will convert lipids into fatty acids and release them which are now turned into energy.
Different Types of Fat Stored in the Body
There are different types of fat in the body, and each type is associated with different health risks. It is important to do your research about them in order to realize what your body needs or has to do.
Here are the four types of fat that you need to know:
This is the layer of fat that is stored under the skin. It’s the type of fat that you can see and pinch. Subcutaneous fat provides insulation and cushioning for the body and stores energy.
A type of fat that surrounds the organs in the abdominal cavity. It’s also known as abdominal or omental fat. This type of fat is more dangerous because it’s linked to heart disease, diabetes, and other chronic health conditions.
This is the fat that’s found in muscle tissue. It’s stored in small droplets between the muscle fibers. This type of fat is important for energy production and helps to maintain muscle mass.
The fat that’s found in places other than the typical fat deposits, such as in the liver or muscles. This type of fat is linked to insulin resistance and other metabolic disorders.
Ways to Lose Fat
There are many ways to lose fat, but some are more effective than others. One way to lose fat is to eat fewer calories than you burn. This can be done by eating smaller meals more often, cutting out high-calorie foods, and increasing your physical activity.
Another way to lose fat is to burn more calories than you eat. This is possible by exercising regularly and increasing your activity level throughout the day. The best way to lose fat is to combine both of these methods.
By eating fewer calories and burning more calories, you will be able to lose fat more effectively.
Learning How Fat Is Stored in the Body
Now that you know that if you’re looking to lose weight, it’s important to understand how fat is stored in the body. Learning about them can help you what your body needs to do to lose weight.
When you lose weight, your body breaks down the fat stored in these cells and uses it for energy. So, if you’re looking to lose weight, you need to focus on breaking down the fat cells in your body. You can do this through diet and exercise.
Check out our website for more awesome content like this. | <urn:uuid:d71b9c2d-b0d3-4cdc-aa69-ba2f1353ebfe> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://freesiteslike.com/blog/understanding-weight-loss-how-fat-is-stored-in-the-body/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948932.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329023546-20230329053546-00759.warc.gz | en | 0.957297 | 1,248 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Check out this interesting infographic, titled “The Largest Naval Sea Battles in Military History,” which presents some facts related to some of the most important battles in naval history. It is a big image, but you can share it on the various social media as well. Norwich University is a pretty good school and offers an online Master of Arts in Military History geared for working professionals looking to advance their historical knowledge.
Archive for the ‘Early Modern European (1494-1648)’ Category
Posted by Daniel Sauerwein on June 12, 2013
Posted in 20th Century Military History, Ancient Military History, Early Modern European (1494-1648), Greek military history, Other military history, World War I, World War II | Tagged: naval history, naval warfare, navy, Norwich University | 4 Comments »
Posted by William Young on March 21, 2013
Interesting study about Frederick William, the Great Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia, and his involvement in seventeenth-century wars.
Derek McKay. The Great Elector. Profiles in Power series. Harlow, England: Longman, 2001. ISBN 978-0-582-49482-4. Notes. Maps. Tables. Chronology. Bibliography. Index. Pp. xiii, 286. £16.99 (paperback).
Dr Derek McKay, retired Senior Lecturer in International History at the London School of Economics and Political Science, provides an outstanding biography of Frederick William of Hohenzollern. McKay is known for his published doctoral thesis Allies of Convenience: Diplomatic Relations between Great Britain and Austria, 1714-1719 (1986), important studies Prince Eugene of Savoy (1977) and The Rise of the Great Powers, 1648-1815 (co-authored with Hamish M. Scott) (1983), along with journal articles on diplomatic history in the early eighteenth century.
Frederick William ruled over Brandenburg-Prussia for forty-eight years. At his accession in 1640, Frederick William became the Margrave and Elector over the scattered Hohenzollern lands that were devastated in the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) and occupied by Swedish forces. He immediately negotiated an armistice with Sweden, and…
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Posted by William Young on January 30, 2013
So what do you do if you teach a variety of early modern European courses over and over (in this case, Reformation Europe, European Warfare 1337-1815, Religion War and Peace in Early Modern Europe), need to quickly get up to speed on the narrative every time you teach it, and fancy yourself a visualizer of historical information? Something like this:
A bit of overkill, perhaps, but I’ve always liked my data dense. I’ve shared otherexamples of my timecharts before, and this is a more recent version of my overview of the Italian Wars (Wars of Italy if you prefer) in all their nauseating complexity. A topic, it so happens, that I’m covering in class today.
To slightly repeat myself from my earlier posts: this cheatsheet combines information on the names of the wars, their chronology, the combatants involved in any given year, the alliances, the rulers, and the main…
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Posted by William Young on January 18, 2013
Mark L. Stein. Guarding the Frontier: Ottoman Border Forts and Garrisons in Europe. London: Tauris Academic Studies, 2007. ISBN 978-1-84511-301-8. Tables. Map. Gazetteer. Notes. Bibliography. Glossary. Index. Pp. vii, 222. $90.00 (hardcover).
In 1526, the Ottoman Sultan Süleyman I (the Magnificent) (ruled 1520-1566) destroyed the Kingdom of Hungary at the battle of Mohács. Three years later, in 1529, the Ottomans besieged but failed to take Emperor Charles V’s capital city of Vienna. The Austrian Habsburgs and the Holy Roman Empire took up the responsibility to defend Christian Europe from the Ottoman threat. The Habsburg-Ottoman frontier would be contested over for many centuries. In this study Dr Mark L. Stein, Associate Professor of History at Muhlenberg College in Allentown, Pennsylvania, examines Ottoman fortresses and garrisons from the end of the Habsburg-Ottoman Long War (1593-1606) through the Austro-Turkish War of 1663-1664 to the outbreak of the Great Turkish War or War of the Holy League (1683-1699). The study is…
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Posted by William Young on December 17, 2012
Frederick C. Schneid, editor. The Projection and Limitations of Imperial Powers, 1618-1850. History of Warfare series. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2012. ISBN 978-90-04-22671-5. Notes. Index. Pp. xiv, 224. $144.00 (hardcover).
Dr Frederick C. Schneid, Professor of History and Chair of the Department of History at High Point University, presents a collection of essays from the Gunther E. Rothenberg Seminars in Military History held at High Point University in North Carolina. Schneid is a historian of the Napoleonic Wars and Wars of Italian Independence. His studies include Soldiers of Napoleon’s Kingdom of Italy: Army, State and Society, 1800-1815 (1995), Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns, 1805-1815 (2002), and Napoleon’s Conquest of Europe: The War of the Third Coalition (2005), Napoleonic Wars (2012), and The Second War of Italian Unification, 1859-1861 (2012).
This collection of essays explores the common issue of projection and limitations of imperial powers by European states and the United States from the Thirty…
View original post 582 more words | <urn:uuid:ebdd34f4-2613-403e-b76a-1c7725790242> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://militaryhistoryblog.wordpress.com/category/early-modern-european-1494-1648/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189686.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00445-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869035 | 1,265 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Dr. Weeks’ Comment: Great article linking excess sugar intake (insulin resistance) and inflammation. Eat clean!
Source: thanks ARCH!
Study finds molecular link between insulin resistance and inflammation August 26th, 2009 An exploration of the molecular links between insulin resistance and inflammation may have revealed a novel target for diabetes treatment, say scientists at the John G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC. Their findings were published earlier this month in the online version of Diabetes, one of the journals of the American Diabetes Association.
Signs of low-grade systemic inflammation are not uncommon among people who have the pre-diabetic condition known as metabolic syndrome, as well as in animal models of obesity and type 2, or insulin-resistant, diabetes, said senior author H. Henry Dong, Ph.D., assistant professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
“But it’s not yet clear if there is a cause-and-effect relationship between chronic exposure to low-grade inflammation and the onset of insulin resistance,” he explained. “Other studies have shown that in patients who have inflammation and diabetes, insulin-sensitizing drugs seem to reduce inflammation while anti-inflammatory therapies improve sensitivity to insulin.”
Dr. Dong’s team examined the role played by a protein called Forkhead Box 01 (Fox01), which his previous research showed contributes to elevations in triglycerides in an animal model of obesity and diabetes.
In the current paper, the researchers found in cultured cells and mouse experiments that Fox01 stimulates inflammatory white blood cells called macrophages, which migrate to the liver and adipose, or fat, tissue in insulin-resistant states, to increase production of a cytokine called interleukin-1 beta (IL-1B). The cytokine in turn interferes with insulin signaling. Insulin typically inhibits Fox01, setting up a feedback loop in healthy tissues that helps regulate insulin levels.
“The findings suggest that when there is a lack of insulin or when cells such as macrophages are resistant to its presence, there are no brakes on Fox01’s stimulation of IL-1B and its further interference with insulin signaling,” Dr. Dong said. “That might explain why chronic inflammation often is coupled with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Also, a drug that acts on Fox01 might be able to better control blood sugar.”
According to the ADA, an estimated 24 million Americans have type 2 diabetes, formerly known as adult-onset diabetes. As obesity becomes more common, however, the prevalence is rising in children. In type 2 diabetes, the body becomes resistant to the effect of insulin, leading to elevated blood sugar levels.
Source: University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences | <urn:uuid:da09769c-65bc-4628-b247-e349201d3b35> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://weeksmd.com/2009/08/sugar-and-inflammation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110792.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822143101-20170822163101-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.937311 | 585 | 2.515625 | 3 |
10 Things You Might Not Know about Madagascar
- Madagascar is the world’s fourth largest island country, situated off the east coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean.
- The people of Madagascar, called Malagasy, are descendants of Africans and Indonesians who came and settled here 2000 years ago. Madagascar is home to 22 million people and 18 different tribal groups.
- Madagascar was ruled by the French for a very long time and became independent only in 1960. It became the Republic of Madagascar in 1993.
- The Malagasies have high respect for their ancestors and their dead. They bury them in coffins and place them on high caves, believing it would bring the dead closer to heaven. During ceremonies, they even dance with the bodies and photos of their dead relatives.
- Scientists say that Madagascar broke off from Africa almost 160 million years ago. That is why new species developed here. Hundreds of species of animals and plants, found nowhere in the world, are found in Madagascar.
- Over 100 species of lemurs are found only in Madagascar, of which the ring tailed lemur is quite famous. Half of the world’s chameleons are found here.
- Tenrecs were the first mammals to arrive in Madagascar. The Fossa, with a cat like body and dog-like nose, is neither a cat nor a dog. It is the largest predator in Madagascar.
- Madagascar has only 11% of the total land as concrete roads. Rest all the roads are muddy and it is extremely difficult to drive a car on them.
- Even though Madagascar provides half of the world’s supplies of precious and semi-precious stones like sapphire, it is one of the poorest countries in the world.
- Fanorona is a famous and fun board game which was invented in Madagascar.
For more such interesting General Knowledge articles and videos, visit: General Knowledge for Kids. | <urn:uuid:631487e8-1c11-4996-9fc5-ac18b2042ebf> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://mocomi.com/madagascar-facts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172902.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00372-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952412 | 397 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Dr. Jeff Masters: A spring heat wave like no other in U.S. and Canadian history peaked in intensity yesterday, during its tenth day. Since record keeping began in the late 1800s, there have never been so many temperature records broken for spring warmth in a one-week period–and the margins by which some of the records were broken yesterday were truly astonishing. Wunderground’s weather historian, Christopher C. Burt, commented to me yesterday, “it’s almost like science fiction at this point.“
Yesterday, meteorologist Masters published a detailed statistical analysis that concluded, “It is highly unlikely the warmth of the current ‘Summer in March’ heat wave could have occurred unless the climate was warming.”
Among the stunning records set yesterday are:
- Pellston, MI: record high broken by 32°F
- Low temperatures beat the previous record high for the date at two stations
- Multiple Canadian cites break all-time April records for warmth in March
This off-the-charts event is just what scientists have been warning to expect if we kept spewing billions of tons of heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the air (see Hansen et al: “Extreme Heat Waves … in Texas and Oklahoma in 2011 and Moscow in 2010 Were ‘Caused’ by Global Warming”).
Meteorologists and science writers have been struggling to come up with words to describe this super-charged heat wave: “This is not the atmosphere I grew up with” and it’s “not just breaking but obliterating records” and “OFF THE SCALE WEIRD; even for Minnesota.” Climate Central wrote:
In fact, the broad geographic scope of this heat event, along with the margins by which records are being broken, the time of year this is occurring, and the duration of the event are all indications that this may be an unprecedented event since modern U.S. weather records began in the late 19th century.
Like a baseball player on steroids, our climate system is breaking records at an unnatural pace. Weather Channel meteorologist Stu Ostro calls the current heat wave “surreal” and explained that “While natural factors are contributing to this warm spell, given the nature of it and its context with other extreme weather events and patterns in recent years there is a high probability that global warming is having an influence upon its extremity.”
There is a must-see interview of Ostro on the Weather Channel’s website, in which he explains how “data and science” — see this big PDF – switched him from being a skeptic on climate change to someone who understands that humans are changing the climate now:
We have entered the age of the exclamation point.
But the notion that this won’t be matched in our lifetime is to miss the impact global warming is having on heat records, according to the scientific literature.
Full Story: March Madness: ‘This May Be An Unprecedented Event Since Modern U.S. Weather Records Began In The Late 19th Century’
Source: Climate Progress, March 22, 2012 | <urn:uuid:cd42688a-670d-4e81-8e39-5b2fa9c43933> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.houstontomorrow.org/commentary/story/joe-romm7/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533689.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00252-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947261 | 659 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Chemical Science - Discovery of Nucleus - Lecture 2
Chemistry > Principles of Chemical Science/n * Email this page/nVideo Lectures - Lecture 2/nTopics covered: /nDiscovery of Nucleus/nInstructor: /nProf. Sylvia Ceyer/nTranscript - Lecture 2/nSo let's get going today. And what we were talking about last time is the discovery that the atom was not the most basic constituent of matter, that there was a particle that was even less massive than an atom./nAnd that is the electron. But today we're going to discover the nucleus. And so this is 1911. And this is Ernest Rutherford in England. And what he was interested in doing was studying the emission from these newly radioactive elements that were being discovered./nSo the emission from radium, for example. What he did was he got a sample of radium bromide from his friend Marie Curie. And what was known was that this radium bromide emitted something called alpha particles./nAnd the exact nature of these alpha particles was not known. However, what was known was that they were heavy particles, that they were charged and that they were energetic. And, of course, today we know what these alpha particles are./nThey are helium double plus, a helium with two electrons removed. All right. So he got this radium bromide. And alpha particles are being emitted from the radium bromide. And he had some kind of detector way out here which detected these alpha particles./nAnd what he found was that at the detector there were about 132,000 alpha particles per minute. That was the count rate that he was able to measure. And then, because he was just trying to figure out what is the nature of these particles, he did this experiment./nHe took a gold foil, a really thin gold foil here, really thin meaning 2 times 10 to the negative 5 inches. That's two orders of magnitude thinner than the diameter of your hair. I've always wondered how he handled that./nThat is pretty thin. But he put that in there. And, low and behold, the count rate that he measured, once this gold foil was in place, the count rate was still 132,000 alpha particles per minute. It appears that all of the alpha particles that were being emitted just went through the foil right to the detector./nIt didn't even seem like those alpha particles knew the foil was there. The same count rate. It doesn't sound like a very interesting experiment, but at that time he was working with a person named Geiger, a post-doc named Geiger./nThe same Geiger as the Geiger counter. And Geiger wasn't too happy about the results of these experiments. And, in addition, Geiger had this undergraduate student hanging around the lab. This undergraduate named Marsden./nAnd Marsden was really excited about doing science. He just hung around there. He really wanted to do something. And Geiger was, jeez, what am I going to do with this guy? Geiger goes to Rutherford and says I've got Marsden here, he really wants to do something, what should I do with him? And Rutherford said well, OK, let's have him build a detector that can swing around that gold sample./nLet's have him build a detector that will rotate around such that the detector can be positioned this way so that we can look for any alpha particles that might be backscattered, backscattered meaning scattered back in the direction from which they came./nAnd Geiger said ah-ha, this will keep this guy busy and not in my hair. No problem. So he goes down to Marsden, Marsden is all excited to build this detector. He builds the detector and gets Geiger, OK, we're ready to go./nLet's try this. And so they put the radium bromide there in this arrangement. They're sitting there at the detector and they hear tick, tick, tick, etc. Hey, particles at the detector. And they go oh, well, that must just be a general background./nSo what they do then is they take this gold foil away so that presumably all the particles are going in that direction and they listen and they hear nothing. And they put the gold foil back. And they listen and they hear tick, tick, tick, etc., 20 alpha particles per minute./nAnd they then pick another foil, platinum foil, basically the same result. They go up to Rutherford, they get him down in the laboratory, and Rutherford is looking over their shoulder, tick, tick, tick, etc./nHey, there are some alpha particles coming off. Not many. Look at what the probability here is of the backscatter. Hey, that probability, we can calculate that. The probability is simply the number of backscattered particles, 20, the count rate of the backscattered particles, 20, over the count rate of the incident number of particles, 132,000./nThat probability is 2 times 10 to the negative 4. Not large but not zero. There is something coming off. And Rutherford was amazed. And what he wrote later on was that this experiment was quite the most incredible event that has ever happened to me in my life./nIt was almost as incredible as if you fired a 15 inch shell at a piece of tissue paper and it came back and bit you. So how does he interpret that experiment? Well, what he said is that since most of these alpha particles went right through this foil to the detector that must mean that those gold atoms that make up that gold foil must be mostly empty./nSo the picture is that you've got this gold atom here. And he knew, roughly speaking, how large that gold atom was. He knew it to be about 10 to the negative 10 meters. But what he was proposing is that these helium ions going through, these alpha particles are just going right through that volume because most of the atom -- And he knew that there were electrons in this atom because he knew about the electrons already, most of that atom is empty./nHowever, occasionally, once in a while, not very often but occasionally these helium ions, these alpha particles, what happened? Well, occasionally they hit something very massive in that atom. And when it hit that massive part of the atom it reflected, it scattered back into the direction from which it came./nAnd from knowing what these scattering probabilities are and from knowing roughly the size of this atom and the thickness of the gold foil, he could calculate what the diameter of this nucleus was. And that number came out to be about 10 to the negative 14 meters, the diameter of this heavy massive part of the atom./nNow, he called that massive part, he called it the nucleus. He called it a nucleus in analogy to the massive center of a living cell. That's where that name comes from. And this number of 10 to the negative 14 diameter, that's a good number to know, the relative size of the nucleus./nAll MIT students should know that. He also knew that that nucleus really had to be positively charged. Why did it have to be positively charged? Well, because he knew that these atoms were neutral, he knew already that an electron was part of an atom./nAnd so this nucleus had to be positively charged. And, in addition, he made some very sophisticated measurements of the angular distribution of the backscattered alpha particles. And from those measurements of the angular distribution, he was able to back out the fact that this nucleus had a charge of +Z, where Z is the atomic number, times unit charge e./nSo his model is the Z electrons filled this volume, this sphere effectively of 10 to the negative 10 meters in diameter. The electrons filled that up, but somewhere in the center there is something that is very small and very massive that has a diameter of 10 to the negative 14 meters./nBecause occasionally that alpha particle hit that massive part so most of the mass of the atom is in this nucleus. Now, isn't this a great UROP project for Mr. Marsden? What did he do? He discovered the nucleus./nFantastic. I also want to tell you that this kind of Rutherford backscattering experiment here is also the basis of the experiment that was done to discover the quark, the quark that is the elementary particles that make up the proton, the neutron./nSame idea. There is a high energetic particle that comes into the proton and backscatters from the quark essentially. That is an experiment carried out by one of my colleagues in the Physics Department, Jerry Friedman and Henry Kendall./nHenry Kendall has since passed away. But the same idea. It's really the Rutherford backscattering experiment that was done. All right. Well, now it is time for us to do our own Rutherford backscattering experiment./nAnd the way we are going to do that is we're going to be scattering off of this lattice here, this lattice of these Styrofoam balls. These Styrofoam balls are gold atoms, gold nuclei, and then the space around them is where the electrons are./nSo this is one monolayer of gold atoms. Now, this scale is a little wrong. The real scale would be if we had a pinhead in the center of this room and then the rest of the room was the atom and then there would be another room 1051 with a pinhead in the center of that./nThat's the real scale, but the fact that the scale isn't right that's OK. We are going to be able to understand the principle here. And what we want to do is we want to be able to measure the diameter of these Styrofoam balls or the diameter of those gold nuclei./nAnd we're going to measure it by measuring the probability of backscattering. And the way we're going to measure the probability of backscattering is we're going to take these ping-pong balls, and they are going to be our alpha particles./nAnd we are going to aim them at the lattice. And we are going to have a total of 287 pin pong balls, or 287 alpha particles. And so the probability of backscattering will be simply the number backscattered over the total number incident, which will be 287./nSo this is what we are going to measure. Now, the next thing we have to do is that we've got to relate this probability of backscattering. We are going to have to relate it to the diameter of those nuclei./nHow do we do that? Well, the probability of a particle backscattering is simply going to be the total area of this crystal, there's our crystal, the total areas of this. Now, you've got to ignore these aluminum blocks here because this piece of equipment comes from my laboratory./nAnd I pressed it into service for this demonstration. This has nothing to do with the demo that we're going to put here. It's just structural because this is my manipulator puller-outer from our machine./nSo you've got to ignore those, but that whole area there is equal to 2,148 square inches. And now the probability of that backscattering is this total area of the nuclei to the total area of the crystal./nAnd the total area of the nuclei then is just the sum over all nuclei, and there are 119 of them here. So i=1 to 119 of the area of each one of the nuclei. And so that is just 119 times the crossectional area of these nuclei actually, which is p d2/4 and this is all over 2,148./nThat's the probability. This is the diameter of the nuclei. And now I am going to rearrange that and solve for the diameter. And when I do that I get 4.79 times PΩ. If I measure the probability of backscattering by this, measuring the number of backscattered balls over the total number we throw at it then I can calculate the diameter of the nuclei, the diameter of those Styrofoam balls./nThat is the idea. Now, you're going to do this experiment. And so now the TAs are going to give you all a pin pong ball or two. Come on. We need to distribute the pin pong balls. Here's the deal./nWhat you have to do is you have to aim to hit this lattice. That's all you've got to do. Then you have to watch your ball, and you have to see if it scatters back to you. Now, what doesn't count is if you hit these steel bars and it scatters back./nThat doesn't count, OK? It also doesn't count if the ball hits the Styrofoam but it continues going in that direction. Your pin pong ball has to actually scatter back at you to count. And then, when we get all done, I am going to ask whose ball backscattered./nThat's what we've got to do. Now, some of you aren't in the optimal position to hit the lattice. I invite you to come down and get a little closer. That is OK. Now, are you roughly ready? Yeah. All right./nBut there is one other piece of information that is very important that I have got to tell you. And that is that only fools aim for their chemistry professor. [LAUGHTER] OK, go to it. Watch your ball./nOK. Have all the alpha particles been launched? Yes. Fantastic. All right. Now comes the moment of truth. How many of you had an alpha particle that backscattered? OK, so now I've got to count./nKeep your hands up because there are some lights that make it a little hard for me to see. Anybody in this section here? Yes. One, two, three, four, five. Six. Anymore? Did I get everybody? That's it? Six alpha particles that backscattered./nOK, so now we have to calculate some probabilities here. The probability of backscattering is the number that backscattered. Six divided by 287 and that gives me 0.021, carrying one extra significant figure./nAnd if I now take that probability and I plug this into here, I've already done a calculation. I got a table here. I find that that diameter to the correct number of significant figures is 0.7. And the actual diameter of these balls is 0.8./nSo you guys did a very great job. [APPLAUSE] All right. This works. That's how they calculated the diameter of the nucleus. That's it. Nothing else involved in this. That is the principle behind how it was done./nVery simple. That is the principle behind how the quark was discovered and the size of the quark was revealed. That is terrific. Now, we've got the problem that the scientific community had in 1911, 1912, right after the discovery of the nucleus./nAnd the problem is now we know the atom has got a nucleus, we know it has got an electron, what is the structure of the atom? How does the electron and the nucleus hang together? In particular, what we have to do is we have to ask what is the force of attraction that keeps the nucleus and the electron together? We are going to talk here about this classical description of the atom./nAnd we've got to talk about the force of the interaction first. Well, there are four known fundamental forces. What is the force that is the weakest force? Gravity. Absolutely. What is the force that is the next stronger force? Electromagnetic./nAbsolutely. What is the next stronger force? Weak force. And the next force? Strong force. All right. The weak and the strong forces here, these are intranuclear forces within the nucleus. That's what keeps the protons and neutrons and the quarks together./nFor the most part, the weak and the strong force don't have an effect in chemistry, with the exception for beta decay, for some radioactive elements. That's where you need to think about, in particular, the weak force./nGravity also -- Well, gravity actually has no known consequence for chemistry. It doesn't mean that there isn't one, but it has no known consequence for chemistry. All of chemistry is tied up in this force, the electromagnetic force./nNow, what I am going to do is I am going to simplify it just a little bit and just call this the Coulomb force. And why I am going to do that is going to be a little more obvious when you get to 8.02./nBut I am going to call it the Coulomb interaction. And we know what the Coulomb force law looks like. The Coulomb force law is the following. Say I have a positive charge, which is my nucleus. I am going to call that force plus e./nAnd at some distance R, R is the distance now, between that nucleus and the negatively charged particle which is my electron. I can describe the force of attraction between this electron in the nucleus by the following expression./nThat force, which is a function of the distance between the two charges, is just the magnitude of the charge on the negatively charged particle times the magnitude on the positively charged particle over 4p epsilon knot r2./nNow, I am going to treat this force, just for simplicity purposes right now, as a scaler. I am not going to talk about the direction, but because this is a force between a positive and negative charge this is an attractive force./nThis epsilon down here is the permittivity of the vacuum. It is in there for doing our unit conversion correctly. That is all I will say about it. Maybe you will talk a little bit more about it in 8.02./nAnd then, finally, here is the r2 that is the important part. That is the distance between the electron and the nucleus. And what I want you to notice here, I don't need the screen down yet. Hello./nShe just switched it? Oh, all right. Sorry. It looks like I'm not going to get to it, actually. Thank you. What I want you to notice here is that when R goes to infinity, what is the force going to do? Zero./nWhen those two particles are infinitely far apart, you've got an infinity in the denominator, this force is zero, there is no attraction between them. But when R goes to zero, what does that force do? Infinity./nWhen R is zero there is an infinity large force. And in between what is happening is that the closer the particles get to each other the larger the force. The more attraction there is. The more they want to be even closer to each other./nAll right. Now, what this equation is telling me is simply what is the force of attraction between the nucleus in an electron for a fixed distance r? In other words, if I were holding the electron and the nucleus in my hands at some distance R that equation would tell me what the force was./nAnd you can bet that in order to keep them apart, I would really have to be pulling like this. You'd feel it. But you also know that if you let them go what would happen is that they would move toward each other./nWhat this equation does not tell us is how they move toward each other. It does not tell us how R changes with time. It doesn't tell us anything about R as a function of time. Although we know the force law, we don't know anything from that force law about how those two particles move under influence of that force./nAnd so what we need is we need an equation of motion. And the equation of motion that was known at that time is, of course, Newton's equations of motion, Newtonian mechanics, classical mechanics, the mechanics that governs the motion of all bodies around us that we see easily and astronomical bodies./nIn particular, Newton's second law, F = ma, this force equal the mass of the particles times the acceleration. And, of course, in this acceleration term, well, I think you know what's in there. In that acceleration term, let me just write it out, the acceleration then is the change in velocity with respect to time and the velocity is the change in the position R with respect to time./nSo we have a second derivative here. What is in this force law is a way to get R as a function of time under influence of this force. So we take this force and we substitute it in here and we would be able to solve a differential equation for how those two bodies move under influence of that force./nAnd when we solve this equation we would know exactly where the two bodies would be at all times. As long as we know where the bodies were when they started out, using that force law and this equation of motion we could tell you what R would be for all future times./nThat's called deterministic. That's classical mechanics. Well, we're not going to do it but we could actually set up a differential equation and solve for what R of T is using that force law. We could do that./nAnd if I did that and if I started out the electron and the nucleus at one angstrom from each other like they are, roughly speaking, in an atom, what would happen is that that electron would plummet into the nucleus in 10-10 seconds./nIf I solved these equations, I would find that R would be equal to zero and T equal to 10-10 seconds. We've got a problem here. The problem is that this classical physics, Newton's second law and the force law, it is predicting that after 10-10 seconds the electron and the nucleus are on top of each other, they've neutralized each other./nWe no longer have an atom that has a diameter of 10-10 meters. That's contrary to our observations. This is saying the atom collapses in 10-10 seconds. But what we see is that the atom seemingly lives forever./nSo we've got a big problem here. Yes they did in 1911, 1912. And the problem is that this kind of classical way of thinking does not predict our observations. It does not predict the fact that the atom lives together, it lives forever./nIt says the atom falls apart. So it could be that the Coulomb force law is wrong or it could be that this equation of motion is incorrect. And of course what's going to turn out is that this equation of motion does not work for electrons in atoms./nYou cannot use classical mechanics to describe the electron within the atom. We need a new kind of mechanics, and that new kind of mechanics is going to be quantum mechanics. That is where we will pick up on Monday./nHave a nice weekend.
Tags // Chemical Science Nucleus
Added: April 16, 2009, 10:17 pm
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[ Nov 30, 2018 ]
The artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is widely applied in many fields, but it suffers from slow convergence, so its solutions perform well in exploration but poorly in exploitation. Researchers from Kanazawa University and the University of Toyama proposed a scale-free mechanism to guide the search of the ABC algorithm. They verified that scale-free networks improve the algorithm's optimization performance and enhance the search ability of other metaheuristic algorithms.
Kanazawa – Honey bees are not only vitally important pollinators of food crops, their hunt for rich food sources has also proved to be an excellent model for optimizing numerical problems. Now, researchers from Kanazawa University and the University of Toyama have used the intelligent behavior of bees to improve optimization performance in real-world problems.
Inspired by the foraging behavior of a honey bee colony, the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is a relatively new population-based algorithm for solving complex optimization problems. In the algorithm, employed bees look for food sources and share the information with onlooker bees, who then choose a food source to exploit. Scout bees conduct random searches to discover new food. The positions of food sources represent possible solutions to an optimization problem. The ABC algorithm has fewer control parameters, a simpler structure, and more convincing performance than other methods, so it has been widely applied in fields such as data mining and vehicle routing. "However, it takes many iterations to obtain a solution," explains Yuki Todo from the Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Kanazawa University, "thus, it performs well in exploration but poorly in exploitation."
Therefore, the researchers developed a novel scale-free mechanism to guide the search of the ABC algorithm and verified its performance using real-world problems. They analyzed how the network properties of a scale-free network, namely, the power law distribution and low degree-degree correlation coefficient, influence the optimization process. In each iteration, employed bees (or onlooker bees) were placed onto the nodes of the scale-free network according to the quality of their food sources. Employed bees with high-quality food sources were relocated to high-degree nodes and employed bees with relatively low-quality food sources were relocated to low-degree nodes. Using these rules, the power law distribution property made low-quality employed bees more likely to connect with high-quality employed bees.
The scale-free mechanism enables each employed bee to learn more effective information from its neighbors, which improves the exploitation ability of the ABC algorithm. Because the low degree-degree correlation coefficient property can control the information exchange among high-quality employed bees, it stops the information of these bees from taking over the whole population quickly. This helps to maintain population diversity and avoids the problem of the population converging too early. "During the optimization process, the scale-free ABC algorithm obtains a better balance between exploration and exploitation," says Junkai Ji from the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Toyama, "and also enhances the search ability of other iterative approaches, such as the flower pollination algorithm."
Schematic diagram of SFABC. The scale-free artificial bee colony algorithm (SFABC) in which the search is guided by a scale-free network is proposed. The mechanism enables the SFABC search to follow two rules. First, the bad food sources can learn more information from the good sources of their neighbors. Second, the information exchange among good food sources is relatively rare. The employed bees are ranked based on the qualities of their food sources and labeled by the ranking values.
An artificial bee colony algorithm search guided by scale-free networks
Journal: Information Sciences
Authors: Junkai Ji, Shuangbao Song, Cheng Tang, Shangce Gao, Zheng Tang, Yuki Todo | <urn:uuid:c11c2b6f-ef16-4a38-895d-846567a04310> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/latest-research/62715 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204077.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325153323-20190325175323-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.939297 | 779 | 3.5 | 4 |
The Jewish settlement in Tuszyn was set up in the 17th century. Already in the 18th century the Jewish community had the right to produce and sell alcohol. Jews were paying a taxt per head in the amount of PLN 200. The Jewish community in 19th c. (1897) numbered 589 people, what constituted 36% of the whole population of inhabitants. [1.1].
During the partition period the denizens of Tuszyn successfully applied several times by the administrative authorities to deprive the Jewish population of the propination privilege. Among Jews who were engaged in the production and sale of alcoholic beverages were: Aron Fiszer, Jakób Hecht, Jeszajahu Szulc and Izrael Zysman. During the times of the Duchy of Warsaw there was a shop of Ick Eisner with alcoholic beverages, and other three Jews were engaged in leasing of Starościńskie inns in the town. There were distilleries in Tuszyn which belonged to: Szulc, Fiszer, Fryd, Hecht and Eisner[1.2].
Among the Jewish community there were a couple of paramedics who served as local doctors: a barber-surgeon - Abraham Neyman, a Lejba - Jakób Neyman (recommanded by a district doctor), and another barber-surgeon Lewko Cyc. In the mid- 19th c. the surgery was run by a medical assistant, Josek Neyman, a scholar of Tuszyn and a graduate of the Governorate School of Military Paramedics in Piotrków Trybunalski. At the end of the 19th c. a new paramedic settled down in the town – Jeszajahu Koprowski[1.3].
At the end of the 19th century the Jewish community had six cheders. Jews had also the possibility to send their children to a state school, but they weren’t interested in that. During the school year 1883/1884 there were only two boys and six girls attending school on 1323 Jewish inhabitants. [1.4]. During the interwar period there was only one state school in Tuszyn. Also Jewish children attended the school. Among them there were: Moszek Brym, Lejbji Jachimowicz, Abram Fuks, Berek Hanyzl, Moszek Rozenbaum, Abracham Gutman, Abracham Fiszer, Icek Hecht, Mojżesz Feld and others. The Jewish community in Tuszyn, especially orthodox Jews, wanted to establish a Jewish school Bejt Jaakow. They managed to do that in 1923. The school was located in a private building at 16 Źródlana Street 16. The teaching quality wasn’t high though. That is why in the mid-1930s the school had been closed down. It was quickly reactivated, all teachers were replaced and the board was changed. It was under the authority of Aguda. It strived for increasing the number of lesson units of Jewish subjects.
Aguda put emphasis on learning the Hebrew language, reading Talmud, praying and on Bible knowledge. Until the outbreak of WWII the school had problems with the place as well as financial and pedagogical problems. Despite all that it managed to function. [1.5].
During the interwar period the Jewish community lived on income from amateurs of water baths, who came to town. In nearby Tuszynek an anti-tuberculosis sanatorium was set up. It was very modern for its time. Patients from all over the Poland came to visit Tuszyn. In Tuszyn-Las a holiday estate for patients and amateurs of mineral water was established.
Among Jewish political and social organizations there was a popular party amidst Jewish community - Aguda. Josek Szabaszewicz, who lived at 38 Kościelna Street, was its president. The Jews of Tuszyn took an active part in elections to local administrative authorities. In 1936 Szaja Przedborski was chosen as Aron Moszke Goldsztajn went with his family to Palestine. The council and the town board reflected a proportional ethnic community of Tuszyn: 11 Poles, 5 Jews, 1 German.
The Jews of Tuszyn had their own scouting organization called “Betori” [maybe Betar? – editorial note] and a sport organization “Makabi”. The “Betori” team cooperated with revisionist and Zionist organizations. Meetings and talks about the history of Jews, especially about the history of Palestine were organized. The Jewish community of Tuszyn had its own union of craftsmanship with 46 members. There was also a Jewish People’s Bank. [1.6].
After the Germans invaded Tuszyn in 1939, the German terror against Jews raged. There wasn’t a ghetto in Tuszyn. All local Jews were forced to go on foot to a ghetto in Piotrków Trybunalski. There they shared the fate of other victims, and were driven away to the concentration camp in Treblinka [1.7].
- Tuszyn, [w:] The Encyclopedia of Jewish life before and during the Holocaust, red. S. Spector, G. Wigoder, t. III, New York 2001, s. 1351.
- Tuszyn, [w:] Pinkas hakehillot Polin: entsiklopedyah shel ha-yishuvim ha-Yehudiyim le-min hivasdam ve-`ad le-ahar Sho'at Milhemet ha-`olam ha-sheniyah, red. D. Dąbrowska, A. Wein, Jerusalem 1976, ss. 122–123.
- [1.1] Tuszyn, [w:] The Encyclopedia of Jewish life before and during the Holocaust, red. S. Spector, G. Wigoder, t. III, New York 2001, s. 1351.
- [1.2] Kowalski W., Tuszyńska „wojna trzydziestoletnia”, Tuszyn. On-line [online] http://www.canna.pl/tuszyn/index.php?page=historia_wojnatrzydziestoletnia [dostęp: 03.11.2014].
- [1.3] Kowalski W., Lecznictwo w dawnym Tuszynie, Tuszyn. On-line [online] http://www.canna.pl/tuszyn/index.php?page=historia_lecznictwo [dostęp: 03.11.2014].
- [1.4] Szymanek-Szeflińska E. M., Dzieje oświaty 1586–1929, Tuszyn. On-line [online] http://www.canna.pl/tuszyn/index.php?page=historia_oswiata_1586–1929 [dostęp: 03.11.2014].
- [1.5] Szymanek-Szeflińska E.M., Szkoły diaspory żydowskiej 1924–1939, Tuszyn. On-line [online] http://www.canna.pl/tuszyn/index.php?page=historia_szkola_diaspory [dostęp: 03.11.2014].
- [1.6] Szymanek-Szeflińska E. M., Przełamanie stagnacji kulturalnej, Tuszyn. On-line [online] http://www.canna.pl/tuszyn/index.php?page=historia_przelamanie_stagnacji [dostęp: 03.11.2014].
- [1.7] Tuszyn, [w:] The Encyclopedia of Jewish life before and during the Holocaust, red. S. Spector, G. Wigoder, t. III, New York 2001, s. 1351. | <urn:uuid:003c3bf5-567d-45a5-a373-ee4cef60a5c0> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://sztetl.org.pl/en/towns/t/1254-tuszyn/99-history/138189-history-of-community | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358118.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127043716-20211127073716-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.910662 | 1,797 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Nutrition and addiction recovery are strongly correlated, and addressing any gaps in nutrition is vital to the recovery process. Alcohol and drug addiction can be extremely harmful to an individual’s health. For example, those suffering from substance use disorders are more likely to consume alcohol or drugs regularly and less likely to maintain other health practices, including eating balanced meals.
The consequences of repeated drug or alcohol use can be severe, including:
Fluctuations in heart rate
Inability to regulate body temperature
Weight loss or gain
As a result of long-term substance use, additional health problems like liver failure, heart disease, and cancer are common. Recovery from a substance use disorder, however, requires ongoing management. Therefore, maintaining recovery can be easier by following a healthy meal plan.
Inactive addiction to mental and physical health is rarely prioritized, including nutrition. Instead of focusing on eating enough and eating healthy foods, people with addiction often concentrate on their substance of choice and when they can use it again.
Nutrient Absorption is Reduced by Substance Use
Nutrition plays a key role in addiction recovery because the body changes when subjected to substance use. Alcohol and opiates, and other misuse substances can damage the body’s ability to absorb vitamins and nutrients. The problem is largely caused by damage to the large intestine, which occurs because of the frequent use of drugs or alcohol.
Nutritional deficiencies and digestive issues can also be caused by drug and alcohol use. For example, those suffering from a substance use disorder often lack vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fats necessary for optimal health, resulting in mental and physical problems.
Due to inadequate nutrition and damage from drug use, cells that produce proteins needed for nutrient absorption cannot do their job. If the body does not receive enough vitamin B12, vital functions such as the production of DNA, red blood cells, and RNA are adversely affected.
Other essential nutrients that the body cannot absorb due to addiction include:
Vitamins A, C, D, E, and K
Vitamin B2 and B6
Addiction symptoms and co-occurring disorders can both be exacerbated by a poor diet. Malnutrition is further exacerbated if someone is addicted to more than one substance. As a result, anxiety, depression, and insomnia may develop or worsen. Sober living houses help people in recovery, who are seeking help to maintain their sobriety by offering Nutritional Diet and Counselling.
Nutrition and Mental Health
Mental health is also affected by nutrition and addiction recovery. Nutrition plays a critical role in addiction recovery because of how it affects the human brain. Both the body and the brain can suffer from malnutrition. The compounds tryptophan and tyrosine are needed for mental clarity, and a malnourished body can’t process emotional stability. An individual’s mood and behaviour can be affected if these levels drop too much.
An essential aspect of recovery is regaining a sense of true mental health. People suffering from psychological distress may quickly turn back to drugs and alcohol to cope with their negative emotions. On the other hand, a healthy diet can help prevent relapse by nourishing the brain and the body.
Benefits of Good Nutrition for Addiction Recovery
Taking care of one’s nutritional needs in addition to traditional therapies can help one overcome addiction. In addition, eating healthy can help:
Increase energy levels
Improve overall mood
Strengthen the immune system
Help repair damaged organs and tissues
Reduce the risk of relapse
Here are a few nutritional tips you can use to stay on track with your recovery and minimize your risk of relapse.
Increase your consumption of complex carbohydrates: Complex carbohydrates will provide you with steady, long-lasting energy without the spikes and crashes of simple carbohydrates.
Regular exercise can improve your mood, improve your body image, boost your energy levels, ease cravings, and decrease the risk of relapse.
Your physician may suggest vitamins A and C and zinc, as well as B complex vitamins, to address any deficiencies.
Decrease caffeine consumption: Caffeine can lead to dehydration and suppress appetite.
Drink plenty of water, both with meals and between meals.
Be sure to monitor your sugar intake: Many people in recovery are drawn to sweets because they release dopamine, a neurotransmitter activated by some kinds of drugs.
Avoid processed foods: They are often high in fat and lack nutritional value.
Increase your intake of fibre and protein: Fiber helps you feel full, while protein can help build muscles that have been weakened by malnutrition.
Maintain healthy blood sugar levels by eating regular, small meals. This will keep your blood sugar levels high and decrease the desire to snack between meals.
Serenity Falls is a Sobre living house for women. We understand how nutrition can affect recovery, so it's important that our residents are getting enough nutrition for recovery. | <urn:uuid:33556f41-473a-4e3c-ad2e-a8619535e9fe> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.serenityfallsliving.com/post/how-nutrition-affects-addiction-recovery | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644506.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528182446-20230528212446-00796.warc.gz | en | 0.932737 | 1,020 | 3.3125 | 3 |
(1841–1912). The Norwegian physician Armauer Hansen discovered the bacterium that causes leprosy. Due in part to his efforts, the neurological disease has virtually disappeared from Norway and other Western, industrialized countries.
Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen was born in Bergen, Norway, on July 29, 1841. He began medical studies at the University of Christiania (now the University of Oslo) in 1859. Working his way through school, Hansen received his medical degree in 1866. In 1868 he began working at the leprosy hospital in Bergen, Norway, which was then the European center for leprosy research. Although contemporary medical thinking classified leprosy as a hereditary, familial disease, Hansen concluded that it must have a specific cause. After studying abroad in the early 1870s, Hansen returned to Norway and the Bergen hospital. There, in 1873, he discovered the rod-shaped bacillus that he believed to be the cause of leprosy. Within a few years, with improved cell-staining techniques, he was able to demonstrate the presence of large numbers of these germs in specimens from infected people.
To prove beyond any doubt that the bacillus he discovered was indeed the cause of leprosy, Hansen needed to infect a subject artificially. When experiments with animal subjects failed, he turned to a human subject, attempting to infect a woman with material from the skin of a leprosy patient. Because he did so without obtaining the woman’s permission, Hansen was dismissed in 1880 from the Bergen hospital.
Despite the controversy over his methods, Hansen continued to exercise influence over his country’s policies as leprosy medical officer for all of Norway, a position he held until his death. Spurred by his recommendations, the Norwegian parliament passed public-health legislation mandating specific treatments for the disease. These initiatives, along with a rising standard of living, led to the decline of leprosy cases in Norway from nearly 3,000 in 1850 to just more than 100 in 1923.
In addition to his medical activities, Hansen introduced and promoted the doctrines of British biologist Charles Darwin in Norway, publishing articles and lecturing widely. Hansen died in Florø, Norway, on Feb. 12, 1912. | <urn:uuid:4a3b4478-eb5a-4905-9921-ccaf8745c94c> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Armauer-Hansen/325702 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202671.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322135230-20190322161230-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.975912 | 465 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Consumption light foods and you’re convinced that eating healthy and staying fit. But is it really so? What’s behind this magic word, present in hundreds of labels on supermarket shelves?
We asked a nutritionist to explain to us what the term light means and how much they affect during a weight loss diet.
Light foods: What they are?
By the term “light” in the food sector, we mean those foods that have been designed and manufactured to reduce caloric intake or to “lighten” them of those nutritional components considered more harmful in terms of health such as fats or simple sugars.
According to study, it should refer to light foods when a food has lost at least 30% of its calorie intake if it takes into account its classic starting counterpart .
For the lower quantity of sugars or fats the specific terms of “low fat” or “no fat content” are used, also defined by law.
0% fat and calories? Sometimes it’s just marketing!
You may have read the label “0% fat”, but this wording should not be used unless there is absolute certainty of the absence of fat. The European provision defines a “fat-free” product if its content is less than 0.5%.
Things change with regards to calories. There are, in fact, some products that carry the word “zero” because they do not provide calories.
Light foods: Is it right to eat them on a diet?
Light foods can be included in the diet as long as you don’t fall into the mistake of believing that just taking them causes you to lose weight.
Furthermore, it must be considered that fats are useful for health, for example to promote the absorption of certain vitamins such as A, D, E and K.
Light foods can help in some particular cases where it is necessary to drastically abolish some nutrients because they are particularly dangerous. For example:
- Simple sugar in diabetics
- Cholesterol in heart or heart disease and hypercholesterolaemia
- The sodium in hypertensives
- Excess alcohol in liver sufferers.
Light foods: Learn to read labels
Light foods lack some nutrients accused of harming health, especially fats and sugars. And this would logically run if it were not that it is not true that fats and sugars in the broad sense are bad for health. It is true only if you go too far!
Assuming that a person needs to eliminate fat and sugar because he tends to consume excess, it is essential to make sure that the nutrient that to replace with the offending one is no more harmful than the first!
Many times, in the labels of the cookies or other food industry products labeled “light”, we find instead of sugar on cyclamate and saccharin. Two not very healthy sweeteners!
If instead of the notorious cholesterol, you find vegetable fatty acids (coconut oil, palm oil, trans or hydrogenated fatty acids), you are statistically more at risk of having cardiovascular or tumor problems than you would have with cholesterol.
Light food: Do they lose weight?
According to nutritionist, light foods in a generic sense are the classic example of bad food education. In fact, the consumer is typically looking for a fast way to lose weight and to do this he is willing to believe many things that are told to him, even at the cost of not thinking and spending more.
It is fundamentally wrong to resort to “rigged” food (in the positive sense, that is, with less fat or less sugar than the original) if you are led to eat more of that food. Or if during the rest of the day, you eat without measure, calm because you have eaten a light food that does not make you fat.
Light foods: The pros and cons
Light foods can only be a support to the weight loss diet, as they can “cut” some calories on some specific food.
But they have no function detached from a correct dietary education regime.
Becoming too orthodox in food choices and limitations can lead to a harmful reduction in nutrient supply.
You may also like https://rosenet.co.uk/ | <urn:uuid:bb041437-38b5-48a5-a965-1ead619aa3cb> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://healtharticlesmagazine.com/light-foods-lose-weight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039476006.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420152755-20210420182755-00620.warc.gz | en | 0.95874 | 876 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Thursday, February 27, 2014
The Story of Ruby Bridges, by written by Robert Cole and illustrated by George Ford, is an inspiring book to read, especially during Black History Month. Ruby's courage, as a six year old who goes to a segregated school, is told in a way that children can understand. This historical event is told so movingly with beautiful illustrations. We think this book can add much to a child's understanding of how our world has changed, and how one brave person can make a difference!
*How do you think Ruby felt the first day she went to this school?
*How do you think Ruby made a difference?
*Can you think of ways you can make a difference?
Wednesday, February 5, 2014
Ellen’s Broom, written by Kelly Starling Lyons and illustrated by Daniel Minter, is a beautiful book about a girl discovering the meaning of the broom that’s above the hearth in her home. Ellen’s family explains how a “broom wedding” was the only kind of wedding that slaves were allowed to have, but the family rejoices when Reconstruction laws allow former slaves living as husband and wife to be registered as married.
The parents’ explanation and celebration is wonderfully told by the author and vividly illustrated by Minter. This book is a great conversation starter as it explores history as told through a family’s eyes. We hope you learn as much as we did!
*What different emotions did Ellen feel through the story?
*What family traditions does your family have?
*Where could you learn more about this time in our history?
Saturday, February 1, 2014
Groundhog Gets a Say, as told to Pamela Curtis Swallow and illustrated by Denise Brunkus, is a hilarious story told from the point of view of a Groundhog (who also tells us other names for his kind). If you and your children like facts told in humorous ways, this will be a great book for you! There’s so much to learn about groundhogs, which is the whole point of the book. Children who like to read about animals and their characteristics will enjoy this book. It’s a fun book to read---especially around Groundhog Day!
*What new facts did you learn about groundhogs?
*Do you think the book was more interesting told from the groundhog’s point of view? Why or why not?
*What was the funniest part of the book to you? | <urn:uuid:be38234a-c2d1-4a18-b4c0-cd10c795066a> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://ourlearningcollection.blogspot.com/2014_02_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122621.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00425-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980204 | 519 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Do you, like us, have a bag of formerly loved clothing sitting in your closet, waiting to be donated? If so, you might want to consider something before you stop procrastinating and actually do it.
The cycle of buying fast fashion and inevitably feeling the need to get rid of it directly contributes to the jaw-dropping amount of textile waste that ends up in landfills. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, about 85 percent of America’s 15.1 million tons of textile waste was sent to landfills in 2013. So donating your clothes instead of tossing them in the trash is a good idea, right?
Yes, but there’s a catch. Amy DuFault, director of communications at Pratt Institute’s Brooklyn Fashion and Design Accelerator, has some thoughts about clothing donation that may surprise you.
DuFault says she doesn’t necessarily see clothing donation as being “bad,” explaining “it’s better than just throwing it away,” but says something that might seem like a small, helpful action of clothing donation might contribute to a broader issue with consumer culture. “Not being able to commit to giving your clothing another chance just means you are continuing to support a fast-paced cycle of consuming,” she said.
Stores like H&M offer clothing garment collecting services. They promise to take clothing donated in their stores ― H&M accepts all brands and conditions of clothing ― and use it for either resale, reuse into other products or recycle it.
But when we then take those clothes and donate them, we’re not considering the fact that some of them simply cannot be recycled. “The truth is, with most of H&M and other fast fashion brands’ clothing consisting of mixed materials, the technologies being created to recycle more than just cotton and polyester are still so new,” she said, meaning by giving them to the store, you’re basically adding one more step before the clothing ultimately gets sent to landfills anyway.
And it’s true, much of the clothing we wear is made up of a blend of materials. According to The Guardian, the challenge now is “finding a way to separate blended fibre materials so they can be recycled according to their own system. It’s this difficulty that means a T-shirt that’s 99 percent cotton and 1 percent spandex can’t be saved from landfill today.”
We’re doing our part by donating, but our part should start way before then. “You are buying into a fantasy that you have done something good. The good thing would have been at the very beginning, at the store, to have not bought the thing you didn’t really want in the first place,” DuFault said.
Of course, that notion doesn’t really get us anywhere when it comes to the clothing we have already purchased, and clothing donation is still a better option that simply discarding your clothing.
Katherine Oates is the marketing and communication manager for Housing Works in New York City, which according to Fashionista sells “double the national average” of clothing donated in its stores. The site reports that only 20 percent of donated clothing typically ends up on shelves of your average donation center ― with the rest going abroad, to recycling facilities and landfills ― but 40 percent of items donated to Housing Works goes into its stores. Clothing not sold goes in part to a “Buy The Bag” location, where customers can pay $25 to fill up a bag.
“Throwing away a T-shirt or two might not seem like a lot, but when many people have that mindset it quickly adds up,” Oates said. “In fact, it adds up to millions of pounds of textiles being thrown away each year. But when donated, those T-shirts add up for us too, they add up to someone receiving their HIV medication, a roof over their head or primary care they might otherwise not have received.”
Alternatively, DuFault suggests also reconsidering the things you’re getting rid of.
“Ask yourself why you’re not wearing something that at one time spurred you to buy it. Often times, it’s a simple edit in the neck, length or sleeve that can easily be fixed at your local tailor.”
Plus, chances are that item is going to end up coming back in style eventually, anyway.
There are other ways to donate besides dropping a bag off at Goodwill or The Salvation Army, too. Fabscrap, a New York-based textile company, will actually come pick up old clothing from businesses and repurpose it in its textiles. Wearable Collections will come pick up your used clothing, sort it out and either shred to make “low grade fiber products” or get “shipped to emerging markets throughout the world, where it provides access to affordable and stylish fashion.” | <urn:uuid:11d0753e-4af2-41e0-a1f9-ebc5878ff7c5> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://the-entity.com/e_magazine/magazine/2016/09/19/something-to-think-about-before-you-donate-your-clothes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221217354.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820215248-20180820235248-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.95921 | 1,043 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Many descriptions of the scientific method are oversimplified, leaving students with the false impression that library research and writing are not integral parts of the science research process. The outline below includes these critical components.
Interestingly, the stages of the scientific research process are very similar to the stages of the library research process. So that students can see the parallels between them, I have based this outline of the scientific method on the Information Search Process (ISP) framework from Carol Kuhlthau of Rutgers University.
Stage 1: Task Initiation
The scientist recognizes the need for information in some area. This need could arise from his or her own curiosity, from an outside request, or from any number of other sources. For example, a chemist working for an energy company might recognize the need for a non-petroleum automobile fuel to replace gasoline.
Stage 2: Topic Selection
The scientist chooses a general area to investigate. For example, the chemist interested in gasoline alternatives might decide to explore fuels made from plant materials.
Stage 3: Topic Exploration
The scientist explores what is already known about his or her chosen topic. This stage is also called a “review of the literature.” For example, our chemist might use the books and online databases of her company’s library or a university library to find scientific publications about alternative fuels. She might investigate the chemical reactions of combustion (oxidation), the required chemical & physical properties of automobile fuels, the process of turning plant materials into liquid fuel (refinement), and the problems others have encountered with plant-based fuels.
Stage 4: Focus Formulation
The scientist chooses a specific area to investigate further. He or she will narrow the topic to a specific situation to be examined, and will state this as a hypothesis to be tested. For example, our chemist might find in her review of the literature that a plant-based fuel developed in the 1970s was abandoned because it did not burn properly in the cars of that era. She might decide to “replicate,” or repeat, an experiment that was performed back then, but this time using a computer-controlled engine like those found in modern cars. Her hypothesis might be, “If the test fuel is used to power an automobile engine with computerized fuel and ignition controls, the engine’s combustion efficiency will be higher than when powered with gasoline.”
Stage 5: Information Collection
The scientist conducts an experiment to test the hypothesis. For example, our chemist might design a test with two identical engines, one burning gasoline and the other burning the test fuel. She might measure the combustion efficiency of the two engines by tracking how much fuel they consume compared to their power output and sampling the exhaust gases they produce for signs of incomplete combustion.
Stage 6: Presentation of Findings
The scientist interprets the data collected in the experiment and documents the results. For example, our chemist might find that the fuel she is testing performs the same as (but not better than) gasoline. (Notice that although her hypothesis is wrong, her results are still important.) She might document her findings in an internal company report or publish them in a scientific journal article. | <urn:uuid:a57f269d-5474-469a-a9ea-5059d1b6eb11> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://andyspinks.com/scientificmethod/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190183.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00323-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940026 | 645 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Over the past few weeks, I have been studying the dialogues of one of the most famous philosophers of the classical West – Plato. Often seen as the fountainhead of all western philosophical traditions, Plato is an accessible and engaging author – although he has garnered a negative reputation in some circles as a proto-authoritarian, communist and censor. In this final reflection on his work, I will examine Plato’s influences and the role of his teacher and friend Socrates before providing some remarks on his system of thought and his hard-to-overstate influence on Western society and philosophy. I will then conclude with some remarks as to Plato’s beliefs and his ongoing importance as a great thinker in the Western tradition.
To understand Plato, we need to understand the intellectual tradition from which he springs. Greek culture, from the period following the bronze age collapse up until the time of Pericles, was dominated by the works of the great poets. Homer and Hesiod were the most authoritative voice in the intellectual, cultural and moral discourse of Greek life. The great tragedians – Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides – and the great comedian – Aristophanes – followed in the wheel ruts of these giants, shaping the Greek understandings of good, evil and morality. However, the monopoly of these artists had come under assault in the centuries before Plato’s birth.
In rejection of the poetic understanding of the world, the Naturalists – from Thales to Heraclitus – attempted to use naturalistic, mechanistic explanations of the world. They sought primal substances which explained the construction and order of the universe – including water, air, fire or the primitive theory of atoms. In contrast to the naturalistic explanation of the world existed the Monists, including luminaries such as the Pythagoreans and Parmenides. Their philosophy of oneness in the world, the immortality of the soul and cycle of rebirth shows suspicious similarities to Indic thought. Although Plato both drew from and criticised these different strains of thinking, he reserved some of his harshest criticism for the next group: The Sophists
Sophism, linked to thinkers such as Gorgias, Protagoras, Thrasymachus and Hippias (all antagonists in Plato’s dialogues), is an ill-defined movement of itinerant teachers who primarily sought to exchange money for education – an action abhorred by Plato and many traditionalist Athenians alike. The broad strokes of this movement appear to have been relativistic – more focused on teaching individuals to be able to argue a point from any side rather than a search for absolute truth. The critique of sophism was a significant aspect throughout Plato’s work, but it pales in influence when compared to Plato’s greatest teacher.
It is impossible to talk about Plato without referring to his most important influence, and the protagonist of the majority of his dialogues: Socrates. Reams of paper and rivers of ink continue to be expended in the attempt to separate the individual Socrates from the creature of Plato’s writings – an effort which ultimately doomed to failure. Despite the futility of the task, the attempt to divide Plato and his Mouthpiece is useful as a means of understanding his early thought – and the reasons he moved beyond his great teacher. Thus, in our quest to divide the indivisible, we should look to the extant material concerning Socrates outside the Platonic canon.
Besides Plato, we have two other sources which point to the character and nature of Socrates: The Memorabilia of Xenophon and the Clouds of Aristophanes. Xenophon, like Plato, writes to exonerate his friend following the trial and death of Socrates in Athens. The Socrates of Xenophon is a font of pragmatic wisdom, giving aphoristic advice to all-comers – and demonstrating a sensible, no-nonsense intelligence squarely situated within the bounds of Athenian law, morality and tradition. On the other hand, the Socrates of Aristophanes is a combination of all the tropes most despised by the traditionalists of Athenian society: The Naturalist and the Sophist. It is better to suggest that these two images are two sides of the same coin – Socrates as perceived by those who engaged with his thought at a superficial level only. To the unengaged listener, he was either a wise man who sought to give advice or a dangerous thinker who sought to corrode the bonds of traditional society. These two images, however, are significantly less interesting than the Socrates of Plato.
The Socrates of the early dialogues is considered by many to be the most faithful depiction of the thinker who refused to write down any of his own beliefs, doctrines or teachings – if he even had such a systemized form of thinking. The most noticeable aspect of this dialectician is his harsh irony when facing those who professed to know the great truths of this world – knowledge regarding virtue and the good – while at the same time a continual profession of knowing nothing about these things himself. It is, in fact, his professed belief that his knowledge of his own ignorance is the only thing that makes him wiser than those who profess wisdom. Due to the enigmatic nature of Socrates, thinkers have struggled with how to interpret him.
Those who are attracted to the idea of Socrates as the martyr of inquiry see him as a moralist, a brilliant social critic who, like the gadfly, bites and prods society in an attempt to bring about positive change and reveal hypocrisy. This image of Socrates sees a fearless seeker of truth, who used irony to engage otherwise unassailable minds and refused to bend the knee to either the mob or the tyrant during the period of democratic and oligarchic rule in Athens. Beyond this, they see a proponent of virtue who demonstrated the inherent goodness of his soul through a life of sobriety and moderation, neither rejecting the pleasures inherent to social intercourse nor falling prey to the baser desires of the soul.
To those who reject Socrates as the deceiver, they see a man who uses harsh irony to disguise his disdain for his fellow citizens. They also see not a fearless proponent of truth, but a man who engaged only with the elite upper crust, resplendent with anti-democratic tendencies, and whose associates went on to become ringleaders during the reign of the thirty tyrants. In the posturing of the trial, they see a man who, despite feigned fearlessness, had collaborated during this period of despotism. His harshest critics even find fault in his supposed virtuous apathy towards bodily pleasure – instead they see a depraved addict who could only function by quelling his unbounded desires with the harsh whip of rationality.
I would posit that this multi-faceted view of Socrates is due not only to the dearth of written records, but also the fundamentally mysterious nature of Socrates. He is a figure who appeared to hold no dogmatic understanding of the world, but who in the absence of a solid basis lead a moral life. He is a man desperately in search of truth, and at the same time critical of anyone who dares to hold any certain opinion on anything. To me, he is one of the first individualists, not a teacher but a wrecking ball who leaves behind a society smarting as he casts aside everything in the pursuit of understanding. He is a deeply ironic figure, whose words appear to be like an onion, layers upon layers which when finally stripped back appear to reveal – nothing. In this sense, Socrates is a mirror, and when held up to ourselves we see the ugliness in our souls.
Regardless of who Socrates was, we know that his behaviour enabled his enemies to try and convict him for corrupting the youth and introducing new gods to the city. This conviction led to his death, forced to swallow hemlock while surrounded by his friends and associates. Whether it was his anti-democratic attitudes, his opinions which undermined the traditional values of Athenian society or the anger of so-called wise men who felt foolish in the wake of his acidic irony which motivated this conviction will remain forever unknown. However, why Athens killed Socrates is less important than his refusal to flee the conviction to save his life, instead choosing to face death cheerfully. Socrates destruction would become the greatest influence on the most beautiful mind of classical Greek philosophy.
Plato, like Xenophon and the other associates of Socrates, were devastated by the trial and death of his friend and mentor. To him, it appeared that the mob had tried the most just of men and the ignorance and jealousy of those found wanting in virtue had destroyed him. With this in mind, the early writings of Plato can be seen as an attempt to exonerate his teacher and at the same time an attempt to understand the man who had embodied virtue while claiming no knowledge on the subject. As Plato’s thought began to progress, the Socrates of the dialogues began to diverge from the historical Socrates, the ideas of Plato articulated by his fictional tongue.
Plato’s turned his considerable talents to developing a metaphysical system which could answer the questions of his mentor, while at the same time explaining the life of virtue which he followed. This metaphysical system divided the world into the sensible, objects understood through the bodily senses, and the intelligible, objects understood through thought. In this dualistic universe, Plato subordinated the sensible to the intelligible, in the same fashion that objects are superior to the shadows they cast. He did this by suggesting that the intelligible objects, being the ‘forms,’ were the true objects from which our souls derived their sensible counterparts in the physical world: beauty, courage, virtue and goodness.
With the concept of the forms, Plato rejected the knowledge that could be attained by sensible pursuits as fundamentally subordinate to the truth found in the life of contemplation. As such, he believed that the life of the lover of wisdom – the Philosopher – was infinitely superior to the life of the sensible, exemplified in the one who pursues sensible pleasures to its logical extreme – the tyrant. A large part of the middle writings of Plato deals with attempting to demonstrate how the life of the tyrant is inferior to the life of the philosopher, against the grain of sophistic wisdom.
Throughout his discourse, Plato attempts to show that power and influence without justice are harmful to the tyrant, attempting to portray that such a figure would be miserable. They would be unable to satisfy their unquenchable desires, while at the same time constantly fearful that the same violence with which they maintained power would be used against them. However, I think that Plato was either not completely convinced of this argument himself, or felt that his readers may be incredulous, and fell back upon the concept of the immortal soul – drawn from the Pythagoreans – and divine retribution after death to persuade those who rejected this discourse on justice. With both a system of metaphysics and virtue in place, Plato now turned his attention to its implementation in broader society.
The first and most shocking aspect of Platonic thought is its harsh criticism of poetry (in the broad sense of literature) and advocacy of censorship. This stance is all the more puzzling as Plato himself appears to be a consummate poet, able to quote the great bards and compose works of exquisite beauty. However, this should be seen not as a criticism of poetry as a medium of communication, but rather a realisation that poetry is the means by which the majority of Greeks received their education in morality and justice. Plato fundamentally understood that our education set the discourse of virtue and that the language we used and the heroes and heroines we emulated shaped our minds – for better or worse.
This understanding throws the politics of Plato’s ideal state into sharp relief – a harsh, authoritarian system of differing castes defined by intellectual potential. The system of education funnelled the most talented minds to the top, exposing them to virtuous poetry to shape their minds correctly and protecting them from potential malevolent influences which would undermine the virtue of the young and old alike. The end product of this system is the ‘Philosopher King,’ an individual able to unite political power and wisdom in the same body. With this in mind, Plato authorisation of the use of deceit – a ‘noble lie’ – to protect the virtuous mind makes sense: sensible truth is nothing when compared to the intelligible truth of contemplation. Even if we take Plato’s depiction of a just society in the Republic in a purely allegorical description of the human soul, it would appear a cautionary tale against the influence of bad poetry. These opinions have resulted in many moderns accusing Plato of being a fascistic authoritarian – but the truth is more complex.
Plato, though Socrates, shows some admiration for democracy – largely in that a free society allows its citizens to engage in debate and philosophy, permitting all forms of people and politics to exist – although he was suspicious of the system which had killed his beloved teacher. Despite his supposed fondness of censorship, he also was a fierce proponent of dialectic – a form of education which is fundamentally based upon individuals being able to hold opinions, but also to defend them rather than lazily lapsing into sophistic relativism. We need to be cautious before casting Plato and Socrates in the dualistic light of despot and martyr.
As Plato’s thought progressed his writings become more difficult for the layperson to understand, focusing on more complex understandings of the metaphysical, exhaustive attempts at categorisation and a long dialogue, the Laws, on establishing a society based upon a complex interlocking legal code to ensure the virtue of its citizens. In these works, Socrates takes an increasingly smaller role, before disappearing entirely in the Laws, replaced by ‘the Stranger’ a shadow acting as Plato’s avatar in the dialogue. The direction of these middle dialogues and more complex later works are seen by many as Plato moving beyond Socrates – but opinions on the success of this transition are divided.
For some, the increasing metaphysical complexity, the removal of Socrates and the in-depth legal code in the Laws are symptoms of a mind in damage control, as Plato sees cracks appearing in his philosophy. Although cognizant of the failings of his thought Plato is unable to ‘jump ship’ to another system of, and through his final works, he attempts a desperate rearguard action – dying a dissatisfied and unhappy old man.
For others, the Plato of the early dialogues, the Republic and the Laws are the same, an individual going through the incremental development of thought. In this model, Plato starts with the dialectic questioning of Socrates, moves through an allegorical understanding of the Soul, Reality and Justice in the Republic, and finishes with a handbook for creating the best possible society in the Laws. In this theory, the final work creates a garden where the seeds of the Philosopher King will germinate and the perfect society could take root. Regardless of how Plato’s career unfurled, what is clear is the significant impact that Plato had on western thought.
The Platonic Legacy
Alfred North Whitehead once said that “the safest general characterisation of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato.” I very much agree with this comment, but I feel that it is important to explain why. Plato forms the fountainhead of Western philosophy not because he is the only one with anything to say, but merely because he started the conversation. His writings cover the breadth and depth of philosophical inquiry, whether it be metaphysics, ethics, aesthetics, epistemology and political philosophy. I think it is important to dwell on a few key points of his philosophy and then summarise with a final look at this intellectual titan.
The first point I want to touch on is Plato’s treatment of slaves and women. When it comes to slavery, Plato may have called for slave owners to be kind to their slaves but he never called for the abolition of such an institution. This is partly to do with the fact that imagining a world without slavery was perhaps beyond the paradigm of a classical author – imbued with the cultural prejudices of his time – but also was likely due to his perception of individuals as being fundamentally unequal in their faculties. With such ‘lesser’ individuals it would have been Plato’s preference that they were under the control and servitude of their ‘superiors,’ rather than free to cause damage to themselves or others.
When considering Plato’s opinions on women, it is interesting to reflect on one of the first thinkers who called for a radical redistribution of power between the sexes, pushing the opinion that women should participate in government, military service and public education. However, I would be hesitant to call Plato a feminist – he still considered women as unequal to men in fundamental attributes. In his perfect society, he would have delayed their participation in politics and would have made their participation in military service voluntary as opposed to the mandatory conscription of their male peers. Despite this, these suggestions of female engagement in power and education were radical when compared to the harshly patriarchal Greek society of the day which saw women veiled, excluded from public life and largely confined to the home.
The second point I want to examine is the characterisation of Plato as an advocate of authoritarianism. The majority of Plato’s modern critics focus on his anti-democratic attitudes and use of censorship. They cast him as a puritan despot who would burn the books of his enemies and put the masses under the yolk in the pursuit of the first and most ambitious of utopias. However, as I have mentioned above, Plato’s suspicion of democracy is qualified – he respects the freedom it grants and sees it as a prerequisite state to the pursuit of virtue through dialectic. We should hesitate before condemning Plato as a handmaiden to tyranny – something he vehemently denounced throughout his discourses.
The third and final point is Plato’s metaphysics. Since classical times the metaphysical world of Plato has been under assault, primarily under the guise of the third man argument. The synopsis of this quibble is that if an object derives its ‘object-ness’ from a form, then there must exist another, greater form to define the first – and so on ad infinitum. Although the argument is more complex than this, and a more detailed understanding of the debate can be gleaned from the recommended readings, I would argue that the nature of this debate neglects the forest for the trees. The argument that something beyond the physical defines our values, virtues and reality still holds water in the larger debate on determinism vs. free will, relativistic vs. absolute morality and the nature of cognition. Although at this stage of my understanding I do not know enough to either discard Plato’s metaphysics as wrong or accept it as reasonable, I am happy enough to set it aside sceptically, willing to examine it as part of the larger whole as my self-education progresses.
So in the end, what do we make of this figure of whom we possess so much of his writings, but thanks to the irony and esotericism of his protagonists and thought we ascribe so little with absolute certainty? Plato is first and foremost a critic, of the status quo traditions, of relativistic sophistry, of monistic mysticism and absolute certainty. Although he may not have held the same sceptical irony of his teacher, Plato often leaves me feeling that when he mocks his antagonists, he is mocking me and my certainties. I sense that when he posits answers that he is not giving me solutions, but instead challenging me to question, dispute and overcome his theories. I would say that we should read Plato, not to become him or to find some mystical wisdom hidden between the lines of his text, but instead as a catalyst to our thought. He is a flint which the steel of our mind will strike casting a thousand sparks, igniting a passion for learning and understanding. There is no-one who can read Plato for you, to summarise his arguments is to do little justice to the real deal. Instead, I implore you to pick up one of his works and commence the journey of philosophy with one of the most eloquent and challenging authors that I have read to date.
- (Editor) Donald R. Morrison, Cambridge companion to Socrates
- (Editor) Richard Kraut, Cambridge companion to Plato
- (Editor) G. R. F. Ferrari, Cambridge companion to Plato’s Republic
- Gregory Vlastos, Socrates: Ironist and Moral Philosopher
- Alexander Nehamas, The Art of Living: Socratic Reflections from Plato to Foucault
- Eric Havelock, Preface to Plato
- Danielle S. Allen, Why Plato Wrote
- Joseph Norio Uemura, Reflections on the mind of Plato
- Michael Sugrue, Plato, Socrates, and the Dialogues
Plato statue at the Academy of Athens building in Athens | <urn:uuid:59abc9fa-8aed-40b8-a346-520d60befa23> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://foolishmusings.com/2018/02/11/on-plato/comment-page-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146187.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226054316-20200226084316-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.966548 | 4,306 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Instead of voters choosing politicians, it's the other way around – politicians are choosing their voters. They do it by gerrymandering voting districts to guarantee their own re-election. That's corruption at the core of our political process.
Gerrymandering is when election district lines are drawn in a way that artificially advantages one person, party, or group over another – and it's a big reason why our elections aren't fair and competitive.
One of the most common types is partisan gerrymandering, where district lines are drawn strategically around groups of people that reliably vote for one party. As a result, the party drawing the lines gets more representatives elected than they would with fairly drawn districts.
Both parties use gerrymandering to give themselves a leg up in the next election. Republican legislatures conducted a wave of gerrymandering in 2011, and Democrats have engaged in gerrymandering where they have control, such as in Maryland.
Take redistricting out of the hands of the political parties and put voters in control. Create independent, fully transparent redistricting commissions that follow strict guidelines to ensure accurate representation for all voters.
- We need to take the power to draw districts away from self-interested legislators and put in the hands of capable commissioners – people who are openly vetted, act with complete transparency, come from across the political spectrum, and abide by strict criteria to ensure fair and accurate representation for all voters.
- Independent redistricting commissions work. Six states already use them, including California, which started using an independent commission in 2011 after voters passed a law taking control away from the legislature. Our plan learns from California's success and makes key improvements to ensure that districts are fair and don't artificially advantage any party or group.
- States are the ones in charge of drawing district lines, not the federal government. That means we can fix this problem without passing a federal law. We can go around Congress and pass ballot initiatives ourselves – no politicians required!
- When incumbents run for office in a gerrymandered district, there's very little opportunity for voters to hold that politician accountable. They're nearly guaranteed reelection.
- Ending gerrymandering makes elections more competitive, making it easier for people to hold politicians accountable by voting incumbents out of office.
- Studies show that independently drawn districts are less polarized, and the legislators they elect are less extreme.
- Voters get to choose their politicians, and not the other way around – as it should be! | <urn:uuid:23913c02-cd18-4e78-ab94-7a187fa42366> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://act.represent.us/sign/gerrymandering/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584331733.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123105843-20190123131843-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.956123 | 507 | 3.546875 | 4 |
US Imports of Fresh Fruit and Vegetable
February 24, 2021
The US imports almost two-thirds of its fresh fruit and one-third of its fresh vegetables. The share of imports is rising for many fruits and vegetables due to higher US incomes that support a year-round demand for fresh produce and freer trade with countries that export fresh fruits and vegetables.
US imports of fresh fruit were $14 billion in FY19, and imports of fresh vegetables were $9 billion (data are in 2019 $)
The top five fresh fruit imports accounted for three-fourths of the $14 billion of all US fresh fruit imports in FY19, led by $3.3 billion worth of berries, $2.7 billion worth of avocados, $2.2 billion worth of bananas, $1.6 billion worth of grapes, and $800 million worth of pineapples. The value of berry imports rose fastest over the past decade, while the value of banana imports fell.
US imports of berries and avocados were 40% of the $14 billion of fresh fruit imports in FY19
Mexico provided over half of US fresh fruit imports by value in FY19, exporting fresh fruit worth over $7 billion, followed by Chile, $1.8 billion, and Guatemala and Peru, $1.2 billion each. Peru had the fastest growth in fresh fruit exports to the US, led by fresh blueberries.
Mexico accounted for over half of the $14 billion in US fresh fruit imports in FY19; Peru had the fastest growth in fresh fruit exports to the US over the past decade
Mexico is the source of three-fourths of US fresh vegetable imports. The most valuable fresh vegetable import is tomatoes, followed by bell peppers, squash, cucumbers, and onions.
Mexico is the source of 3/4 of US fresh vegetable imports
The US is a net exporter of agricultural commodities, but the gap between the value of US farm exports and the value of US farm imports is shrinking. One reason is that the value of some major farm commodities that the US exports, such as meat and grains, are rising slower than the value of US fruit and vegetable imports. The US exported about $35 billion worth of horticultural products in 2019, $30 billion each of animal commodities and grains and feedstuffs, and $25 billion worth of oil seeds.
The US exported $135 billion worth of farm commodities in FY19, including $35 billion worth of horticultural products
The US imported $132 billion worth of farm commodities in FY19, led by $66 billion worth of horticultural products, $23 billion worth of sugar and tropical products, and $18 billion worth of animal commodities.
Half of the $132 billion of US agricultural imports were horticultural commodities in FY19
There are five major reasons for rising US fruit and vegetable imports that are summarized in the table below: limited US production, seasonal gaps, foreign produce that is better or cheaper, imports providing insurance for US producers, and transportation and marketing factors.
First, some fruits and vegetables are not grown commercially in the US, such as bananas and other tropical fruits, and must be imported to make them available to US consumers.
Second, some commodities are not grown year-round in the US, as with fruits and vegetables that can be imported from Mexico and Central and South America during the winter months when most US producers are not producing. The exceptions to limited US production during the winter months is Florida, which produces some winter fruits and vegetables in competition with winter-month imports, as well as production in greenhouses and under other protected culture structures.
5 reasons for rising US fruit and vegetable imports
|Limited US production||The US climate precludes commercial production of tropical fruit||Almost all bananas, mangos, pineapples are imported||Rising US incomes support rising fresh fruit consumption||Most tropical fruits are imported from Mexico and Central America|
|Off-season supplies||Most US fruits and vegetables are produced between May and October, and some cannot be stored for long periods||Berries, grapes, many tree fruits, and tomatoes and other vegetables are imported during winter months||Winter imports are mostly from Chile, Peru, and Mexico and Central America||Production abroad for export to the US is rising due to local and US investment|
|Competitive production abroad||Foreign producers have lower labor and other costs or obtain higher yields or quality||Wages are a high share of the cost of producing asparagus & green onions, explaining declining US production and rising imports||New blueberry varieties are well suited to climates abroad) that, added to lower labor costs and good transport links, encourage exports to the US||There has been rapid growth in fresh fruit and vegetable exports from Mexico and Peru|
|Insuring supplies||US producers may be contractually committed to provide bagged salads to supermarkets and restaurant chains||Leafy green vegetables (lettuce) are grown in AZ and CA during the winter months. Plantings in Mexico offers insurance||Grower-shippers sign contracts to provide bagged salads year-round, and need to ensure a supply of leafy greens||Mexican-grown vegetables may not be imported if US supplies are adequate|
|Transportation or other non-production reasons||Transportation costs may be lower from Mexico to NYC, or from Central America to NYC, than from the western US||Improved Mexican highways facilitate shipments of fruits and vegetables from Mexico||Transportation costs can be a high share of production costs imports|
Third, some commodities may be produced more efficiently abroad than in the US, including asparagus, avocados, and green onions. Reasons for the competitive advantage of foreign producers range from lower labor costs, as with asparagus and green onions, to climate and other factors, as with avocados. Some producers are able to plant on land that was not previously used to grow crops and thus have fewer pest and disease pressures that accumulate over time, as with nematodes in land used for strawberries.
Fourth, some US producers may produce abroad because they are contractually obliged to provide a certain quantity of bagged salads or other commodities, and they rely on imports to avoid financial penalties if weather, disease, or pests reduce their US production. For example, some California grower-shippers of leafy green vegetables plant lettuce in Mexico to fulfill their bagged salad contracts if there are problems in Arizona and southern California, where US winter production of leafy green vegetables is concentrated, so that imports reduce the risk involved in guaranteeing supplies from a biological production process.
Fifth, imports may be cheaper for transportation and marketing reasons. For example, it can be cheaper to truck produce from northern Mexico to New York City than from California, and cheaper to send melons from Central America to Miami and then onward by truck to east coast consumers rather than to truck them from California. | <urn:uuid:c1c3b7e2-9c54-437f-8c63-408fdc8d359e> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://migration.ucdavis.edu/rmn/blog/post/?id=2569 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362287.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202175510-20211202205510-00457.warc.gz | en | 0.946373 | 1,425 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Symmetry on PhotoPeach
Lots of fun today as we get a handle on flipping and sliding shapes and patterns. The challenge was to make a pattern with dinosaurs and then get our maths buddy to flip (reflect) the pattern on the other side of the page. Many students find it easiest to work with materials and be able to manipulate equipment - makes the learning concrete for them. My students loved this activity and tried very hard to make their pattern too complex for their buddy! However, there was no fooling them! They then took photos with their buddy to demonstrate their learning. Check it out! | <urn:uuid:417e6285-5a5a-42a0-a349-806277986f69> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://elearningr14.blogspot.com/2012/09/symmetry-on-photopeach-lots-of-fun.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982296931.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195816-00187-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976494 | 122 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt
Tuesday, 10 June 2008
The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, Egyptian largest opposition movement, was the target of a detention campaign by Egyptian police and said the aim is to disrupt Islamist preparations for local elections in last April 8th
Here are some facts about the Muslim Brotherhood, often cited as a model for Islamist movements in Arab countries.
-- The Brotherhood once had a secret paramilitary section but it now says it is committed to promoting its policies through non-violent and democratic means.
The Egyptian government, which sees the Brotherhood as the greatest threat to its survival, has failed to prove any serious act of violence by the Brotherhood leadership for more than 50 years.
-- Brotherhood leaders argue that after social and economic reforms and given the freedom to choose most Egyptians would willingly embrace a form of Islamic law.
-- Egypt’s government has repeatedly denied the Brotherhood the right to form a political party, arguing that the constitution, which the Egyptian government wrote, bans religious parties.
The Brotherhood in turn has said it will not seek recognition as a party under procedures which it rejects as authoritarian.
-- The Egyptian government banned the Brotherhood in 1954 after accusing the group of trying to assassinate President Gamal Abdel Nasser, a charge the Brotherhood has always denied. A long period of repression began to ease under President Anwar Sadat in the 1970s.
The ban formally remains in place but the Brotherhood operates openly within limits that vary at the whim of the authorities. It has an office in Cairo and its members can stand in elections without disguising their affiliation.
-- In the parliamentary elections of 2005, which took place under U.S. pressure for political liberalization, members won one fifth of the seats in parliament, more than any opposition group has held since the overthrow of the monarchy in 1952.
-- In the absence of systematic polling in Egypt, no one has a clear idea how much popularity the Brotherhood enjoys. But the group does have an extensive and well-organized network of committed organizers and has won public support through the charitable work of its professional members. They are also influential in professional organizations such as the doctors' and lawyers' syndicates.
-- Government and ruling party officials have been looking for legal ways to reduce the political role of the Brotherhood, official sources say. But in the absence of a workable plan, the government has relied on the police to disrupt the movement's activities. Members can expect to be detained for long periods without trial or charge, especially when elections are imminent.
-- About 450 members of the Brotherhood are now in custody, most of them held over the last few months.
Hassan Banna, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood
Hassan al-Banna (October 14, 1906 – February 12, 1949,) was an Egyptian social and political reformer, best known for founding the Muslim Brotherhood, one of the largest and most influential 20th century Muslim revivalist organizations.
Al-Banna's leadership was critical to the growth of the brotherhood during the 1930s and 1940s.
He was born in Mahmudiyya, in southern Egypt. His father, Shaykh Ahmad al-Banna, was a respected local imam (prayer leader) and mosque teacher of the Hanbali rite, educated at Al-Azhar University, who wrote and collaborated on books on Muslim traditions, and also had a shop where he repaired watches and sold gramophones.
Though Shaykh Ahmad al Banna and his wife they were not wealthy and struggled to make ends meet, particularly after they moved to Cairo in 1924.
They found that Islamic learning and piety were no longer as highly valued in the capital, and that craftsmanship could not compete with large-scale industry.
When Hassan al-Banna was twelve years old, he became involved in a Sufi order, and became a fully initiated member in 1922.
At the age of thirteen, he participated in demonstrations during the revolution of 1919 against British rule.
The Dar al-Ulum Years
In 1923, at the age of 16, Al-Banna moved to Cairo to enter the Dar al-Ulum college. Life in the capital offered him a greater range of activities than the village and the opportunity to meet prominent Islamic scholars (in large measure thanks to his father's acquaintances), but he was deeply disturbed by effects of Westernization he saw there, particularly the rise of secularism and the breakdown of traditional morals.
The four years that Al-Banna spent in Cairo exposed him to the political ferment of the Egyptian capital in the early 1920s, and enhanced his awareness of the extent to which secular and Western ways had penetrated the very fabric of society. It was then that Al-Banna became particularly preoccupied with what he saw as the young generation's drift away from Islam.
He believed that the battle for the hearts and minds of the youth would prove critical to the survival of a religion besieged by a Western onslaught. While studying in Cairo, he immersed himself in the writings of the founders of Islamic reformism, including the Egyptian Muhammad 'Abduh, under whom his father had studied while at Al-Azhar. But it was 'Abduh's disciple, the Syrian Rashid Rida, who most influenced Al-Banna. Al-Banna was a dedicated reader of Al-Manar, the magazine that Rida published in Cairo from 1898 until his death in 1935.
He shared Rida's central concern with the decline of Islamic civilization relative to the West. He too believed that this trend could be reversed only by returning to an unadulterated form of Islam, free from all the accretions that had diluted the strength of its original message. Like Rida at the end of his life — but unlike 'Abduh and other Islamic modernists — Al-Banna felt that the main danger to Islam's survival in the modern age stemmed less from the conservatism of Al-Azhar and the Ulema (which he nevertheless criticized) than from the ascendancy of Western secular ideas.
He was equally disappointed with what he saw as the failure of the Islamic scholars of al-Azhar University to voice their opposition to the rise of atheism and to the influence of Christian missionaries.
In his last year at Dar al-Ulum, he wrote that he had decided to dedicate himself to becoming "a counselor and a teacher" of adults and children, in order to teach them "the objectives of religion and the sources of their well-being and happiness in life". He graduated in 1927 and was given a position as an Arabic language teacher in a state primary school in Ismailia, a provincial town located in the Suez Canal Zone.
Banna and establishment of the Muslim Brotherhood
It was to spread this message that Al-Banna launched the Society of the Muslim Brothers in March 1928. At first, the society was only one of the numerous small Islamic associations that existed at the time. Similar to those that Al-Banna himself had joined since he was 12, these associations aimed to promote personal piety and engaged in charitable activities. By the late 1930s, it had established branches in every Egyptian province. A decade later, it had 500,000 active members and as many sympathizers in Egypt alone, while its appeal was now felt in several other countries as well. The society's growth was particularly pronounced after Al-Banna relocated its headquarters to Cairo in 1932.
The single most important factor that made this dramatic expansion possible was the organizational and ideological leadership provided by Al-Banna.
In Ismailia, in addition to his day classes, he carried out his intention of giving night classes to his pupils' parents. He also preached in the mosque, and even in coffee-houses, which were then a novelty and were generally viewed as morally suspect. At first, some of his views on relatively minor points of Islamic practice led to strong disagreements with the local religious élite, and he adopted the policy of avoiding religious controversies.
He was appalled by the many conspicuous signs of foreign military and economic domination in Ismailia: the British military camps, the public utilities owned by foreign interests, and the luxurious residences of the foreign employees of the Suez Canal Company, next to the squalid dwellings of the Egyptian workers.
He endeavored to bring about the changes he hoped for through institution-building, relentless activism at the grassroots level, and a reliance on mass communication. He proceeded to build a complex mass movement that featured sophisticated governance structures; sections in charge of furthering the society's values among peasants, workers, and professionals; units entrusted with key functions, including propagation of the message, liaison with the Islamic world, and press and translation; and specialized committees for finances and legal affairs.
In anchoring this organization into Egyptian society, Al-Banna relied on pre-existing social networks, in particular those built around mosques, Islamic welfare associations, and neighborhood groups. This weaving of traditional ties into a distinctively modern structure was at the root of his success. Directly attached to the brotherhood, and feeding its expansion, were numerous businesses, clinics, and schools. In addition, members were affiliated to the movement through a series of cells, revealingly called usar (families. singular: Usrah).
The material, social and psychological support thus provided were instrumental to the movement's ability to generate enormous loyalty among its members and to attract new recruits. The services and organizational structure around which the society was built were intended to enable individuals to reintegrate into a distinctly Islamic setting, shaped by the society's own principles.
Rooted in Islam, Al-Banna's message tackled issues including colonialism, public health, educational policy, natural resources management, Marxism, social inequalities, Arab nationalism, the weakness of the Islamic world on the international scene, and the growing conflict in Palestine.
By emphasizing concerns that appealed to a variety of constituencies, Al-Banna was able to recruit from among a cross-section of Egyptian society — though modern-educated civil servants, office employees, and professionals remained dominant among the organization's activists and decision makers.
Last Days and Assassination
Between 1948 and 1949, shortly after the society sent volunteers to fight in the war in Palestine, the conflict between the monarchy and the society reached its climax. Concerned with the increasing assertiveness and popularity of the brotherhood, as well as with rumors that it was plotting a coup, Prime Minister Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha disbanded it in December 1948. The organization's assets were impounded and scores of its members sent to jail. Less than three weeks later, the prime minister was assassinated by a member of the brotherhood. This in turn prompted the assassination of Al-Banna, presumably by a government agent, in February 1949, when Al-Banna was still only 43 and at the height of his career.
Hassan al-Banna is known to have great impact in the modern Islamic thought.
He is the grandfather of Tariq Ramadan and older brother of Gamal al-Banna.
The Muslim Brotherhood's Propaganda in Action
The Muslim Brotherhood (MB), the best funded Islamist organization is heightening its offensive in advance of the 2008 presidential elections, taking advantage of the political uncertainty and opposition to the current Administration’s defense policies against radical Muslim terrorist organizations and states.
Incredibly, “Hear Out the Muslim Brotherhood,” an op-ed in the Boston Globe on Sunday March 25, portrayed the outlawed Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood as a reforming tool to promote democracy and stability there and throughout the Middle East, and praises the MB for “surviving” decades of oppression by previous Egyptian regimes.
However, a referendum on March 26, 2007 in Egypt banned ”the creation of political parties based on religion.” The MB, the biggest opposition group boycotted the vote and later criticized the results because of low voter turnout.
The MB, illegal in Egypt, Libya and Syria, operates in at least 70 countries-- is busy preparing the grounds to establish Islamic global dominance, successfully using Western democracy to legally inject themselves into the political process, while using the free media to portray themselves as reformers, and protest any attempt to limit their subversive activities. Indeed, even the Wall Street Journal agrees that the MB “has become something of a default opposition. ” Criticizing Egypt’s president Hosni Mubarak, for the latest crackdown on the MB, the journal declared, “Not even a modern-day Pharaoh can forbid people from gathering in mosques.”
The Journal recognized that “free elections are no guarantee that liberals will win.” HAMAS takeover of the Palestinian Authority is a recent reminder. But since “[P]ast attempts to suppress the Brotherhood have only increased its popularity,” the Journal disapproves of Mubark’s crackdown, and laments the U.S. “weak criticism,” since “tolerating authoritarian regimes in the interest of "stability" ensures that liberals will always lose.” Similar arguments were made by Human Rights Watch, which also demanded the immediate release of hundreds of Muslim Brothers from Egyptian prisons.
In addition to the Globe, Foreign Affairs and the New York Times have lately also run apologias for the Muslim Brotherhood. In “Strategic Thinking about the Muslim Brotherhood,” published in the March/April edition of Foreign Affairs, Robert Leiken and Steven Brooke argued that “the differences between the Brotherhood and the jihadists abound, and it is imperative to differentiate them…[thus] we should begin to explore whether the moderate current of the Muslim Brotherhood is a worthy interlocutor.”
Meanwhile, The New York Times is busy whitewashing one of the MB’s most corrosive European leaders, Tariq Ramadan who was barred last September from the U.S. because he funded Hamas - the Palestinian brunch of the MB, and U.S. designated terrorist organization. Ramadan’s protest was published last October in The Washington Post. In it, Ramadan declared that unlike the enlightened Europeans who allow criticism, especially regarding the war on terrorism, "the U.S. government's paranoia has evolved far beyond a fear of particular individuals and taken on a much more insidious form: the fear of ideas.”
But Ramadan’s "ideas" and influence among Muslims are nothing to sneeze at. Indeed, his association to and direct involvement with al-Qaeda operatives in Europe, Africa and the Middle East is well documented by Spanish and French courts.
That information, however, seem to have escaped the attention of U.S. media outlets that keep singing Ramadan praises. Lately, The New York Times seems to be serving as Ramadan’s mouthpiece.
A lengthy favorable profile of Ramadan’s appeared in the February 4, 2007, NYT Sunday magazine. At the end of the 5,181 word article, “Tariq Ramadan Has an Identity Issue,” Ian Burama concluded: “Ramadan offers a different way… values that are as universal as those of the European Enlightenment… these values are neither secular, nor always liberal, but they are not part of a holy war against Western democracy either. His politics offer an alternative to violence, which, in the end, is reason enough to engage with him, critically, but without fear.”
Further arguments on Ramadan’s behalf were made in the April 1, 2007 New York Times Book Review, by Stephanie Giry. Praising Ramadan’s latest book -- tellingly titled “In the Footsteps of the Prophet” -- Giry recommends, “Taking him [Ramadan] literally could be one way to get beyond his critics' accusations, as well as the paranoid legalism of the State Department.” Moreover, she finds “Ramadan's universalist, apolitical view of Islam” as the “the pragmatic resolution of social frictions.”
This willful blindness to Ramadan’s agenda to globalize the Shari’a and establish the Caliphate is so prevailing, that the media apparently chose to ignore his arrest on March 13, 2007, at Charles de Gaulle International Airport, for “insulting a public agent.” The incident was reported only by this Blog, while the international media kept mum. A week later, a local Swiss newspaper Tribune de Genève, reported the story with Ramadan’s complain, “he had to spend the whole night in a dirty cell because of the police “overzealousness”.” Ramadan, who faces up to 6 months of imprisonment and a fine of 7,500, is expected to be sentenced by a criminal court on April 6.
And Ramadan does not work alone. Feeding his arguments, the MB’s Ikhwan English website, developed in late 2006, runs articles promoting the “benevolence” of the movement and the MB’s “ reform and moderation,” and praises multiculturalism as the way to proliferate Islam.
On the MB Arabic website, however, their leader Mahdi Akef, in his February 22 weekly address, reassured his followers that “the jihad will lead to smashing Western civilization and replacing it with Islam which will dominate the world.”
Moreover, Akef decreed that in the event that Muslims cannot achieve this goal in the near future, “Muslims are obliged to continue the jihad that will cause the collapse of Western civilization and the ascendance of the Muslim civilization on its ruins.”
Akef further declared that “the Western offensive against Islam,” is failing. His evidence: “the failure the American war machine to break the rock of the Iraqi opposition, the difficulties facing the coalition forces in Afghanistan, and the military defeat of the Israeli armed forces in Lebanon and against the Palestinians.” Hence, Akef called on the Arabs and Muslims to continue their terrorist attacks against the U.S. and Israel “until they withdraw completely from the Middle East.”
Akef’s decrees and ideas of global Islamic domination are not new. They were established by Muslim Brotherhood founder Hassan al-Banna in 1928, and can be found on ummah.net/ikhwan.
The MB states its goals under the heading “Establishing the Islamic government,” outlining the specific guidelines to achieve them. The MB instructions include: “Preparing the society is achieved through plans for: spreading the Islamic culture, the possible media means, mosques, and Da’awa [inviting others to Islam, an obligatory duty for Muslims], work in public organizations such as syndicates, parliaments, student unions.”
In January 2006, the Palestinian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood – Hamas, took over the Palestinian Authority and gave the MB its first field test of grabbing power via democracy, to then enforce Shari’a law.
Hamas’ “accommodation” of the unity government ratified on March 17, without recognizing Israel and reiterating the Palestinian’s “right” to “violently resist the occupation,” is akin to the Iraqi’s right to violently resist the U.S. and U.K. forces there. A ringing endorsement was published by the U.S. based pro-Hamas, virulently anti-American, al-Jazeerah Info, on March 26. Indeed, defeating Israel, the U.S. and the U.K. serve the overriding MB purpose of overthrowing all secular governments and imposing global Islamic law (Shari’a).
Evidence of Muslim Brotherhood violence, repression and authoritarianism upon taking power is abundant in the Hamas-controlled Palestinian Authority. A recent report by The Australian, documents the “Strict observance of Sunni Islam, through the rigid enforcement of radical Islamic law, espoused by the global jihad network that follows the bin Laden worldview,” which has taken hold there.
In February, six Rafah pharmacists were attacked for selling Viagra to youths. And in March, at least eight women accused of immoral behavior and fraternizing with men outside their immediate families were hunted down and assassinated because “death gave them honor that their conduct in life had not.”
A ninth victim who survived multiple gunshots stated from her hospital bed that she recognized her tormentors as members of the Hamas executive force. “So long as Hamas is in Gaza, the situation will keep developing,” she stated.
Since Hamas, apart from Al Qaeda, is the most active branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, stating, “The Brotherhood has consistently demonstrated a long-term commitment to working peacefully…” is evidently false and misleading. However, unless the funds for the MB cut off, their propaganda machine will keep getting better and bigger.
Alyssa A. Lappen, a Senior Fellow at the American Center for Democracy contributed to this article. | <urn:uuid:c4a5a631-0946-44b0-8ce4-17b28bdf54f2> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://canaryinthecoalmine.typepad.com/my-blog/the-muslim-brotherhood.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703035278/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111715-00093-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96988 | 4,311 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Time-saving work approaches do not always mean that you must rush. Speeding up does not need to mean a reduction in quality of results or reproducibility. If an intelligent decision is made on which tool to use to improve work, speeding up happens automatically. Ideally, reproducibility and result quality are also increased. Furthermore, it is desirable to simplify the steps needed to accomplish the results. This starts with the individual skills of the employee. Since pipetting is the most used technique in labs, a good pipetting technique saves time because experiments do not need repetition caused by inaccurate pipetting.
It makes sense to invest in a pipetting seminar for all employees. This ensures a consistent method of working amongst all employees and ensures that assays are done in the same way no matter who is pipetting. Additionally, thinking about the solutions used and the optimal tool for pipetting these can reduce waiting time e.g. when glycerol is used. Glycerol as a viscous liquid that has a bad flow behavior and is difficult to pipette because one must wait a long time until it is aspirated or dispensed. Even after waiting, it won’t be an accurate pipetting result. So choosing a direct displacement tool facilitates, speeds up, and increases accuracy when working with this liquid. | <urn:uuid:4b7313dd-894a-4fb4-acfc-d27ad1bea75c> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.eppendorf.com/DE-de/news/rss-feed/title/how-the-choice-of-tools-speeds-up-your-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986688826.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019040458-20191019063958-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.942876 | 265 | 2.6875 | 3 |
ScriptCraft: Hacking Minecraft for kids
How do you encourage kids to code?
Some might point to the example of Black Eyed Peas popstar
Will.i.am promoting the joys of
STEM on mainstream TV, or Google
offering cash prizes at summer camps.
Coded entirely in Java, Minecraft has also spawned a large and vibrant modding community, whose efforts have introduced the ability to travel back in time to the Jurassic age, pilotable biplanes and of course cats – as well as more boring tasks like administering external application servers.
The result, ScriptCraft, taps into the unofficial Bukkit API wrapper for Minecraft, allowing programmatic construction of Minecraft structures from the chat box (though Higgins has also demonstrated ScriptCraft’s ability to tap into events using explosive and teleportation arrows).
A simple demo: printing the current date and time.
But why not just use Java, rather than attempt to reinvent the
compile and build cycle. Accessing and setting properties is more
succinct. Its duck-typing means programmers don’t have to
explicitly cast to different types. Kids at CoderDojo sessions are
Spurred on by “a lot of interest” in ScriptCraft at CoderDojo, Higgins has begun writing a Young Person’s Guide to Programming in Minecraft and plans to run workshops covering ScriptCraft’s Drone API. The source code for ScriptCraft is also available on Github, for those wanting to get their hands dirty.
Ultimately, says Higgins, the trick to getting kids interested in coding is to make it easier. “Java doesn’t have a REPL (Read Eval Print Loop) so it’s not conducive to exploratory programming. Combine exploratory programming with something kids are already keen on and that lowers a lot of the barriers to coding.” | <urn:uuid:1f0dde86-4b1b-4d79-97c8-4d9c2a4e4c49> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://jaxenter.com/scriptcraft-hacking-minecraft-for-kids-105467.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982296931.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195816-00295-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931208 | 386 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Development of Risk Assessment Techniques for Soil Bioavailability and Bioaccumulation of An Organophosphorus Pesticide
There is increased concern about the effects of organophosphorus (OP) pesticides on human and animal health. This class of chemicals has been shown to affect the immune function of macrophages and lymphocytes. Malathion, an OP compound, is one of the most widely used pesticides, applied to the environment at an annual rate of 4,486,000 in the US alone. While the most studied toxic effect of malathion is on cholinesterase in the nervous system, only a few studies have been conduced on its toxic effect on the immune system. A 1984 study observed that human occupationally exposed to OP compounds have marked impairment of neutrophil chemotaxis. These workers also had increased frequency of upper respiratory infections proportionate to the number of years of exposure to organophosphorus compounds. A 1983 study demonstrated a dose-response relationship to malathion induced chromosomal aberrations in mouse bone-marrow cells. A model was recently published in 1999 that demonstrated increased infectious disease susceptibility and mortality in amphibians externally exposed to field doses of an organophosphorus pesticide. Amphibians were selected as the model species for investigation because they are considered highly sensitive, environmental health indicator species that inhabit the aquatic and terrestrial interfaces. This research showed an increased susceptibility to bacterial infection in amphibians following pesticide exposure, strongly suggesting an effect on immune suppression that could correlate with reported effects in humans. This work demonstrates the need to integrate human and wildlife health research and models to better assess potential ecological risks, as some wildlife species may show effects that could be more subtle or later occurring in humans. It also shows the need for bioaccumulation and bioavailability studies to develop risk assessment techniques in this area. The objective of this project is to develop ecological risk assessment techniques for wildlife species to evaluate the soil bioavailability, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of organophosphorus pesticides. | <urn:uuid:4d694610-0e95-40ff-a4db-b27d06da9681> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=51933 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770415.113/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00139-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939981 | 409 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Being a student in college or school, one gets lots of assignments and tasks to complete. Along with these, they need to focus on their studies at the same time. Balancing all these things may not be easy. Furthermore, every student needs to have a certain set of tools like tools to edit PDF online and make notes while studying. Some of these tools make these things easier for students are as follows –
This app is the best for making notes and organizing your activities. It is compatible with almost every device, i.e, iOS, Windows, and Android. Students can easily input notes and can manage all of them in one place. Moreover, it allows you to create memos, checklists, and to-do lists. Students will find it easier to keep their documents and files all in one place.
In this fast-developing world, learning is the most evolving element. For students, learning never stops. In the world of the internet, various platforms have developed to deliver knowledge, experience, and training to students. And one of them is Coursera. On Coursera, numerous courses are offered with guaranteed internships and certificates. This app is available for free on Windows, Android, and iOS, but may charge some amount on subscribing to some of the courses.
This is the must-have tool that every student must have. If you want to have some help working on your assignment, you must download the Grammarly app as it enables you to correct all the grammatical errors, and suggests various synonyms and new words that a student can use in their daily life too.
Students must never stop learning new words and new things. One must always aim to use the correct word at the correct time. But we often face a shortage of words when we speak. To solve this problem, one can use the dictionary application which offers various exciting words of the day along with their synonyms. Impressive words in sentences or assignments can create a unique impression in front of everyone.
So, if one wants to be highly productive and learn new things on the stage of being a student, one must download these applications and ease their workload with these new arrangements. After completing your work, if you have saved it in a PDF format you can use a PDF editor like PDFSimpli to edit PDF files. | <urn:uuid:8316fa00-1839-4b1e-9d92-9515856a4fed> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://stoptazmo.com/applications-that-every-student-should-have/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500664.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207233330-20230208023330-00332.warc.gz | en | 0.946543 | 491 | 2.890625 | 3 |
You may not know this, but over 10% of Americans have asthma. It is a serious disease that can sometimes be life threatening. If you suffer from asthma, you may be worried about your lungs, but the health of your mouth may have never crossed your mind. However, inhalers can damage your oral health. Keep reading for more information on inhalers and your teeth.
Why Are Asthma Patients at a Higher Risk for Tooth Damage?
Asthma is a chronic lung disease. It can affect children and adults. If you have asthma, you know that the bronchial tubes inside your lungs can become narrower and fill with mucus during an attack. Your muscles around your lungs might also constrict. Not too long ago, asthma patients had no medication to help them. However, now people with asthma can take a variety of medications, both to make sure they don't have ongoing symptoms, and to help them recover quickly in an emergency.
How Do Asthma Medications Affect Your Teeth?
First, those inhalers you use to treat asthma can irritate the upper portion (or roof) of your mouth. Over time, the area could get infected and spread. It is really important that if you use inhalers regularly, you check the back of your throat. If it starts to get red or irritated, let your doctor know.
You might also get thrush or mouth ulcers from inhaler use. If your inhaler causes irritation and thrush--which looks like a white patch on your tongue or throat, your doctor may need to change out your inhaler.
Dry mouth is also a problem for people with asthma. That's because often the medication that people take for asthma or allergies dries your mouth out. This is a problem, because the saliva in your mouth helps to get rid of the bacteria in your mouth. Without your saliva, the bacteria in your mouth could multiply. You are then at a greater risk for tooth decay, gum disease, and even bad breath.
What Can I Do?
There are several steps that you can take to make sure that your mouth stays healthy. First, drink a lot of water. This will help keep your mouth moist. You might also want to use a throat spray with Xylitol, which helps to keep your mouth nice and wet, and aids in the production of saliva. You also need to stay away from products that dry your mouth out as much as possible. If you need to take allergy medication, take it while you are awake, so that your body can replenish your saliva before you go to sleep. If you need more tips, contact our office today!
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Nicholas Dose, DMD 601 1st Street Suite A Lake Oswego, OR 97034-2370 | <urn:uuid:ca50ef11-69e1-4a78-9b81-6e82cb157bc6> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.lakeoswegodentalcare.com/p/BLOG-70472-2020.4.10-How-Asthma-Inhalers-Could-Damage-Your-Teeth-p.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402123173.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930075754-20200930105754-00664.warc.gz | en | 0.959802 | 587 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Tomorrow morning’s advance GDP report is likely more accurate than similar reports released a couple years ago. Why is that?
This morning the Census Bureau released the advance economic indicators report, which showed that the goods trade deficit had decreased and wholesale inventories had increased in December. We can expect BEA to incorporate these statistics in their source data for the calculation of the GDP estimate that will be released tomorrow.
Two years ago, at the time of the advance (or first) GDP report for a quarter, these source data for the third month of the quarter would not have been available. So, BEA used assumptions in place of the missing data. Beginning in July 2015, the Census Bureau started producing an advance report for trade in goods in time for BEA to have data for all three months for the advance GDP report. A year later, data for wholesale and retail inventories were added to the report.
What has been the impact of these earlier data on the accuracy of the GDP estimates? A presentation at the most recent BEA Advisory Committee meeting showed a large improvement in the accuracy of the estimates for imports of goods. The improvement was measured by comparing the revisions that would have occurred if BEA had used its traditional assumptions compared to the generally smaller revisions after using the advance Census data. Exports, retail inventories, and wholesale inventories also showed improvements in accuracy, albeit less pronounced than in the case of imports. Overall, the numbers suggest that future GDP revisions may be reduced by 0.1 to 0.2 percentage point due to the availability of the advance Census data. (For comparison, the average revision without regard to sign from advance GDP estimate to third estimate is 0.6 percentage point – see the table under “Updates to GDP”)
How did these improvements take place? Several elements were involved. First, they reflect improvements that the Census Bureau has made in areas like electronic data collection and improved data processing systems, which have resulted in general improvements to both the timeliness and accuracy of the estimates. Second, they reflect collaboration between BEA and Census. The leaders of the two bureaus, together with the Economic and Statistics Administration that oversees both agencies, identified collaborative projects that would improve the functioning and quality of the overall statistical system, with a focus on improvements to GDP.
These collaborative efforts are continuing to move forward. For example, on February 17 Census plans to release for the first time ever an advance quarterly services report, which will provide estimates for select industries covered by its quarterly services survey about 25 days earlier than the full report. That means the data from the advance report can be incorporated in the second GDP estimate scheduled for February 28. Previously, BEA had incorporated these services data a month later as part of its third GDP estimate. Again, because Census was able to accelerate the release of some of its data, BEA will be able to improve the accuracy of GDP, in this case, for the second estimate.
With all of the concerns about government data, this project is a good example of government working to improve the accuracy of data at relatively little cost, simply by working more collaboratively and taking advantage of some of the improvements that have been made in data collection and processing. | <urn:uuid:5a356820-4703-4cd2-8bc0-7a806834c45d> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://politicalarithmetick.com/2017/01/26/how-early-gdp-estimates-have-become-more-accurate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146187.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226054316-20200226084316-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.963705 | 653 | 2.578125 | 3 |
It’s a crisis. Black men are underrepresented in medical schools and the medical profession.
A 2018 publication summarizes presentations from a two-day workshop held November 2017 by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the Cobb Institute.
The 170-page book summarizes discussions from the workshop, which focused on the low participation of Black men in the medical profession, strategies used to increase their participation in medical education, and strategies along the pipeline that may increase participation in medicine.
According to data from the Association of American Medical Colleges, in 2016-17, U.S.-born Black men represented only 1 percent of enrollees.
During 2016-17, more than 53,000 people applied to medical school. Of that number 14,049 were white men. More than 5,690 actually enrolled during the same year.
In contrast, 1,318 black women applied to medical school in 2016-17 and 441actuallyy enrolled. The numbers were even bleaker for black men.
During 2016-17, 730 black men applied to medical school and 273 actually enrolled.
At the meeting, Dr. Louis Sullivan, former Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and founder of the Morehouse School of Medicine said “there has been a failure since 1978 to increase the number of Black males applying to and entering medical school. A decrease of African American male students occurred from 1978 to 2014,” he added.
Dr. Camara Jones of the Morehouse School of Medicine said: “racism is a prime challenge and barrier for men along the trajectory.”
Research suggests that a lack of diversity in the health workforce contributes to health disparities.
The growing absence of Black men in medicine is troubling because it has adverse consequences for health care access, quality, and outcomes among Black Americans and Americans overall.
Speakers at the workshop discussed:
• challenges encountered in the transition points to becoming successful physicians and scientists, including the potential roles of racism and mental health and resiliency;
• innovative and exploratory strategies to support entry and passage through educational and career transition points;
• ways these strategies can possibly be scaled up and spread;
• financial barriers to medical education; and
• the potential roles of government, educational systems, philanthropy, industry, and
other sectors in effecting change.
To download a copy of the workshop proceedings, visit nationalacademies.org/BlackMeninMedicine
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. An American Crisis: The Growing Absence of Black Men in Medicine and Science: Proceedings of a Joint Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25130. | <urn:uuid:9536d75a-02f4-49e6-acbb-ed1bc76dcfa7> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.blackengineer.com/news/black-men-in-medicine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107902745.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029040021-20201029070021-00537.warc.gz | en | 0.934225 | 568 | 2.65625 | 3 |
This book offers articles on Italian society, life, culture, and habits, allowing students to get closer to the reality of Italian culture, and at the same time to further develop their knowledge of the language.
Each text presents a specific argument (e.g. an Italian Sunday, the dreams and nightmares of the Italians, Italians, and coffee…) The articles are taken from the daily press and are organized into units of progressive difficulty, suitable for students with Level A1 to C1.
Communicative and interactive activities are included, but also vocabulary exercises, morphology, and syntax, which can also be done without a teacher thanks to the solutions given.
“Una parola tira l’altra”
‘One word leads to another’ is a text addressed to absolute beginners and students with limited knowledge of the language.
The book provides the necessary vocabulary for everyday occurrences and the basic phraseology that one needs in order to communicate.
It is formed of 22 teaching units with varied thematic areas:
Encounters; in school; time passing; at the restaurant, the character; the emotions and sensations; the physical description; health; family; home; our everyday activities; idioms like “fare”; che tempo fa? (What’s the weather like?); expressing one’s taste; free time; communication; food and shopping; meals and cooking; clothes; sport; a little bit of geography; the city; holidays.
The book is filled with ironic and playful images that depict the vocabulary in a clear, easy to remember, way.
All of the following is contextualized in authentic situations of Italian life and its culture. This combined with the solutions at the end makes the textbook suitable or autodidacts.
“Una parola tira l’altra 2”
This is a book that allows foreign students to increase and deepen their vocabulary.
The text is divided into 18 teaching units:
What’s the weather like?; the environment; character and personality; emotions and feelings; our everyday activities; home; domestic appliances; work and professions; the office and the computer; the doctor’s; conversations on the phone; in the post office and at the bank; food and cooking; animals; sport; he city: holidays; clothing and fashion.
The textbook also offers newspaper articles, passages of literature, and as in the previous edition, the vocabulary is linked to images in order to help with memorization.
Each unit includes exercises and activities that involve different communication skills: oral and written assignments, role-plays, enigmatic games and crosswords.
In this edition the answers are also given at the end of the book, allowing autodidacts to learn.
“Nuova grammatica pratica della lingua italiana”
Susanna Nocchi’s grammar is one of the most appreciated tools to exercise Italian grammar for foreign students with levels A1 to B2.
The grammar rules are presented in a clear and concise way, but they are also thorough and effective. The cards are immediately understood.
There are also useful panels where one can find the most frequent and used forms of practical and authentic language.
For each grammatical unit, there are exercises and tests that allow the student to assess their knowledge and progress. The solutions are found at the end of the book.
“Grammatica avanzata della lingua italiana”
This book is addressed to students that already possess a good knowledge of the Italian language, and want to further develop their competence. It is, therefore, suitable for students with a medium to advanced level, from B1 to C1.
The text presents grammatical insights that, despite being widespread, rarely appear in Italian textbooks for foreigners.
The grammar points are clear and the exercises and activities are highly informative concerning Italian society and its culture. Moreover, in the previous volume, there are small text boxes with useful tips. The solutions are included, thus making this textbook equally relevant to students who want to deepen their linguistic knowledge as autodidacts.
“I verbi italiani”
This book is entirely dedicated to the Italian verbal tenses and modes; which many foreign students consider difficult. This text provides the students with useful strategies to address these difficulties.
The text is addressed to students from level A1 up to level C1. The units are organized in progressive difficulty, with tests so that the student may practice, and the solutions attached. The grammatical sheets present various verbal tenses, highlighting both their morphological aspect and analyzing the way they are used.
Starting from the regular and irregular forms of the present indicative, to the use of the past tenses; from the advice concerning the correct use of the axillaries to the complicated issues regarding the correct use of the subjunctive; from the concordance of the modes and tenses to the particularities of the phrasal verbs.
“L’italiano per la cucina”
This is a must-have for all Italian language and food enthusiasts! Why? Because with “L’italiano per la cucina” you learn new vocabulary, boost your understanding while reading and learn to prepare delicious Italian dishes. What’s better than that?
Read 12 stories. Each of them describes a recipe and gives an insight into the Italian way of cooking. This book is great for students from level A2 to B1.
“L’italiano con i fumetti”
Here we have a new way to enjoy reading in Italian and it’s great for Comic enthusiasts too: “L’italiano con i fumetti” is a new type of Italian book which includes 5 volumes. Each volume is a different comic story: “Roma 2050 d.C.”, “Una storia italiana”, “Il mistero di Casanova”, “Rigoletto” and “Habemus Papam”. They include a lot of activities and exercises related to the stories.
The first 3 books are great for students from A1 to A2 level and the other two are perfect for intermediate learners.
“Le parole italiane”
This book presents a selection of exercises and games that help with memorization and the development of one’s vocabulary. It is divided into two sections: a lexical and grammatical one.
The fist one studies the words from a lexical point of view, proposing idioms and typically Italian expressions, whilst the second focuses on the grammar part. It deals with the study of less common themes, such as word formation, word order, derivation, alteration, irregular words, synonyms, antonyms, prefixes, suffixes, adverbs and compound words. This text can be used either with or without a teacher; it is addressed to students from level A1 to C1.
The “Nuovo Espresso” is a collection of volumes of the Italian language for foreigners. It is divided into 5 levels foreseen by the Common European Framework for Languages from A1 to C1.
The texts include readings on texts concerning Italian culture, listening, grammar, exercises, keys for self-evaluation, games, and review tests.
For the first 3 volumes, there is also a video course (also available with subtitles and in streaming on ALMA.it), which, like a series of episodes, tells the story of four friends, filmed during their everyday life, and a video on grammar that further develops the linguistic themes. | <urn:uuid:dbad9b51-a11c-45c3-8b1a-d26ee2bcd795> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.europassitalian.com/learn/books/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038879374.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419111510-20210419141510-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.937883 | 1,598 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Alginate is a linear polysaccharide that can be used for different applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. These polysaccharides have a chemical structure composed of subunits of (1–4)-β-d-mannuronic acid (M) and its C-5 epimer α-l-guluronic acid (G). The monomer composition and molecular weight of alginates are known to have effects on their properties. Currently, these polysaccharides are commercially extracted from seaweed but can also be produced by Azotobacter vinelandii and Pseudomonas spp. as an extracellular polymer. One strategy to produce alginates with different molecular weights and with reproducible physicochemical characteristics is through the manipulation of the culture conditions during fermentation. This mini-review provides a comparative analysis of the metabolic pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in alginate polymerization from A. vinelandii and Pseudomonas spp. Different fermentation strategies used to produce alginates at a bioreactor laboratory scale are described.
- Azotobacter vinelandii
- Pseudomonas spp | <urn:uuid:005a9cac-07e6-41c1-bba6-75f79512a4b3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://pure.pucv.cl/en/publications/bacterial-alginate-production-an-overview-of-its-biosynthesis-and | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00055.warc.gz | en | 0.90424 | 238 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Pyrrhus was the King of Epirus, in Greece. He was a brave and clever soldier who dreamt of glory and conquest. In 281 BC the city of Tarentum in Italy declared war on Rome. Tarentum was a Greek colony and so it turned to Greece for help. Pyrrhus was only too happy to oblige and he led his army to Italy. Pyrrhus met the Romans at Heraclea and defeated them. But in the battle, Pyrrhus lost so many men that he declared: "One more such victory and we shall be utterly ruined." Since then, the term "a Pyrrhic victory" has meant a victory won at such a cost that it is useless. | <urn:uuid:f71a81e4-9cfc-4faf-86f5-2133a81c5918> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://everything2.com/title/Pyrrhic+Victory?showwidget=showCs928268 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931006064.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155646-00182-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986617 | 148 | 3.171875 | 3 |
1 November, 2007
The integrated energy-climate programme which the Merkel government is likely to approve in December could bring Germany 5 billion euros in energy savings. The 29-points package (“Eckpunkte für einintegriertes Energie- und Klimaprogramm“) was evaluated by the German Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt) in a special study presented on 31 October 2007.
With its climate plan the German goverment wants to achieve a 40% reduction of CO2-emissions by 2020 compared to base year 1990. According to the evaluation by the Environment Agency, the actual reduction would be around 36%. The ambitious target of Germany would contribute to the EU’s target of 20% reduction (30% if other economic powers join the effort) set by the European leaders in their March summit.
German industry circles are sceptical about the package and have stated – based on a McKinsey study – that without the use of more nuclear power only a reduction of about 30% is realistic.
- Financial Times Germany: Klimaschutz rechnet sich
- Neue Zürcher Zeitung: Wo sich der Klimaschutz rechnet
- German ministry for the environment: Press dossier (in German)
- McKinsey Germany: Kosten und Potenziale der Vermeidung von Treibhausgasemissionen in Deutschland + German summary | <urn:uuid:cccaf537-00fd-45e0-a5f5-2740dba3aa82> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://3eintelligence.blogactiv.eu/2007/11/01/germanys-energy-climate-plan-gets-excellent-marks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888878.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120023744-20180120043744-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.857392 | 304 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Goldings Manor, after which this street is named, once stood to the north of Clay Lane on land occupied today by four residential streets: Broadstood, Campions, Garden Way and Stanmore Way. Its name preserves that of its medieval tenant, John Goldyng, recorded in tax rolls dating to 1320. The house is shown on a 1777 map of Essex in the possession of Richard Lomax Clay. It was the centre of a small estate built up by Clay and his father, also Richard Clay, a London draper. The house was rebuilt on a large scale in the 19thCentury but destroyed by a German land mine in 1940, though a stable block known as Stanmores survived. A small modern house of red brick was built on its site. There was also a Goldings Hill Farm, opposite Goldings Hill Pond where Rudyard Kipling stayed as a boy. This street was laid out in 1945 as part of the Debden housing development by London County Council.
57 total views, 2 views today | <urn:uuid:02ba3ade-7663-4aad-a8e6-32e7a06a1302> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://londonstreetguide.com/goldings-road-ig10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401604940.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928171446-20200928201446-00758.warc.gz | en | 0.982831 | 210 | 2.75 | 3 |
The South East Asian country of Malaysia is not only rich in general wildlife, but more specifically also has a large number of native birds. Of these, the Black-headed pitta, the Little Grebe, and the Eurasian tree sparrow are quite widespread.
Bright in color, the Black-headed pitta is a ground-dwelling bird. With a black head and a crimson belly, the bird is very attractive. It also has a narrow blue stripe that extends from the back of the eye. Blue color is also at the bend of both the wings.
The Little Grebe is another popular native Malaysian bird. Its scientific name is Tachybaptus ruficolli. It is a water bird. It has a patch of light brown color on its neck. However, from a distance, the little bird appears black. It also has a light-colored rear that makes a good contrast with the rest of the complexion.
One of the most commonly sighted native birds in Malaysia is the Ciak Rumah, also known as the Eurasian Tree Sparrow. Its head and feathers are brown in color while the cheeks, and the belly are in pristine white. It also has a black patch on its throat.
Lowland tropical forests are the natural habitats for Black-headed pittas, while open ponds with floating reeds provide the habitats for Little Grebes. One can also find these native birds in large pools and marshy waterways. In a stark contrast to these two birds, the Eurasian Tree Sparrow is an urban bird with its nest in natural cavities or in a hole within a building.
The black-headed pitta can make a very distinct whistle that usually lasts for a few seconds. Little Grebe also has a distinct characteristic behavior, and it is never allowing its eggs to be seen easily by others. Either, it will conceal the eggs by some weeds or wait for her partner to seat over the eggs. The Eurasian Sparrow, on the other hand, has a distinct shrill voice and its chirps make a musical sound. Sometimes, they also lay their eggs in the nests of other birds.
The back-headed pitta mainly feeds on a range of invertebrates, such as spiders, ants, snails, beetles, and cockroaches. Little grebe also has more or less same dietary comprising of insects, larvae, small fish, beetles, snails, and crustaceans. On the other hand, the Eurasian Tree Sparrow being urban bird feeds on grains, grass seeds, insects, and fruits.
In Malaysia, there have been multiple efforts for the conservation of these and other native birds. One such effort was the establishment of the Danum Valley Field Center (DVFC) in the 20th Century. The DVCF provides a natural habitat for many birds, including the black-headed pitta. There are also a large number of bird sanctuaries in Malaysia such as the Kuala Gula Bird Sanctuary, the Kuala Lumpur Bird Park, and several more.
Rapid deforestation has posed a large threat to the existence of these native birds in Malaysia because it results in the loss of their natural habitats. Nonetheless, the Eurasian Sparrow has adapted itself well to urban settings. It is currently not facing any significant threat of extinction. | <urn:uuid:7f399717-00b5-4006-bab4-2c9206a82d73> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-native-birds-of-malaysia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662560022.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523163515-20220523193515-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.965464 | 701 | 3.625 | 4 |
Today’s post comes to us from a very dear friend, Jennifer Brunk. Jennifer writes about language learning and resources for teaching children Spanish on Spanish Playground.
What do children learn as they acquire a second language? Vocabulary, grammar, culture, history, geography… All of these, no doubt, but there are other lessons that come with learning language, too.
I believe that learning a second language shapes children and their view of the world. These benefits may be harder to define than higher test scores or job opportunities, but they are just as important and lasting.
As children acquire more than one language, they learn:
The point of language is to understand and be understood. To be successful, children must learn to listen and be respectful of others.
Languages, cultures and interactions are complex. Children understand that their perception is not the only one possible, because it is interpreted and expressed slightly differently in each language. As they learn two languages, children see that there is a lot they don’t see. They learn to be open to exploring a situation, rather than making assumptions.
Variation is a given. Native speakers of the same language say things differently. Living this reality in more than one language helps children internalize that different is not a question of right and wrong.
Content is more important than form or presentation. Children learning two languages learn to listen for ideas. They focus on the message rather than being distracted by accent or appearance.
Language is powerful and it is a privilege to speak more than one. They can understand that they have a responsibility to use their skills to help others. They learn to appreciate the power of words and to use them carefully.
The globe is theirs to wander and absorb. They learn that each language brings new territory to explore and that when they can’t travel, language will transport them through stories, movies, and music.
Learning never ends. They are aware of what they know in one language and not the other and understand that they will keep learning their entire life.
Jennifer raised her three children speaking English and Spanish, and she has been teaching Spanish to other young world citizens for over twenty years. On her blog Spanish Playground, she shares resources for parents and teachers of Spanish language learners. | <urn:uuid:81f922db-93c2-401f-a6a5-402e966c7cf6> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://alldonemonkey.com/2014/04/02/lessons-learned-from-language-learning-spanish-playground/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141169606.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124000351-20201124030351-00308.warc.gz | en | 0.970005 | 463 | 3.8125 | 4 |
What is it?
What are the SDGs?
In 1992, the first United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro was the start of many multilateral actions, including but not limited to the annual UN climate conferences. In 2012, the Rio+20 Summit came up with a new comprehensive action plan to make the world a better place through clear and practical measures for sustainable development. In 2015 world leaders agreed on the Agenda 2030 and on 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with 169 targets to get there. This global agenda succeeds the strictly development-focused scope of the Millennium Development Goals, which steered all development-related actions from 2000 to 2015. Between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2030, all countries have the duty to realise all 17 SDGs. But enforcement will depend on many factors, including the engagement of civil society.
Why do they exist?
Inequality is rising while critical ecosystems are in decline. The main social and environmental trends of the past few decades are unsustainable. If left unchecked, they will lead to the collapse of global society. The SDGs are the global crisis plan; the agreed, fair and green way out of the social and environmental mess that humanity has created over the past half century. The SDGs aim for a world where all humans can live well within planetary boundaries and they represent the largest global action plan by governments, who claim to strive for this end.
How can NGOs use the SDGs?
There is huge untapped potential on how NGOs could better follow the implementation of SDGs. For example, your proposal for a more environmentally and social-friendly alternative to policy decision X is likely to be aligned with your government’s obligation to meet target Y of Sustainable Development Goal Z. No matter which environmental and social issue you are dealing with, there is likely a target and/or an indicator that you can refer to when formulating demands to policymakers. Therefore, the SDGs are a useful global agenda to address a multitude of local and topical issues.
Who is responsible of the SDGs implementation at the EU level?
On top of all UN member states, the EU as political unit also signed up to the SDGs. Therefore, the EU makes its own action plans and has its own monitoring and review process. If you’re interested to work at the European level, the best way forward is to get in touch with SDGWatch Europe, the coalition of NGOs in Europe who follow this.
Why are 2018 and 2019 key SDG years for civil society organisations?
The review of progress on each of the 17 SDGs (and the potential to influence the agenda) is spread out over three years. Most of the SDGs linked to the environment will be reviewed at the HLPF in 2018, where the topic is ‘Transformation towards sustainable and resilient societies’. This includes a review of goals 6, 7, 11, 12, 15 and 17. In 2019 the topic will be ‘Empowering people and ensuring inclusiveness and equality’. Goals 4, 8, 10, 13, 16 and 17 will be reviewed.
What are the overarching benefits of SDG implementation?
Policy coherence – or the lack of it - is too often the elephant in the room. SDGs are a master plan that link up the different issues and silos most people work in to ensure that the sum of all policies is actually taking us to a better place. The SDGs offer an opportunity to confront national and European policymakers with the need for policy coherence. That can shift us to a sustainable society that works for all. However, question marks can and should be raised over the coherence of the SDGs themselves. Is the aim to have an annual growth rate of real GDP per capita (8.1.1) compatible with reducing domestic material consumption (indicator 12.2.2)? Despite such questions, the chances are good that policy coherence of the SDGs is still ahead of policy coherence at national levels.
Who within the civil society mouvement will benefit from this online toolkit?
To encourage more engagement from civil society organisations with the SDGs, the EEB has created an online SDG toolkit which will be useful for different aspects of NGOs’ work.
- Policy: you want to learn who works on the SDGs in your country, which policy proposals exist already, or when the next big policy event takes place.
- Communications & Press: you write press releases or campaign messages and would like to link it to the relevant SDG, add some graphic content, or find some key social media accounts.
The SDG toolkit contains hundreds of policy papers, monitoring and review documents, SDG coalition websites, presentations, speaker bios, social media accounts, images, and many other resources. The site is easy to navigate as users can filter by region/country, by type of resource, or by SDG. | <urn:uuid:38fa35f5-49f7-40b8-b942-76d64017004a> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://sdgtoolkit.org/what-is-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371886991.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410043735-20200410074235-00218.warc.gz | en | 0.930485 | 1,008 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Periodontics (Gum Disease Treatment)
Periodontal or gum disease is an infection of the tissues that surround and support your teeth. In the early stage of gum disease, also called gingivitis, gums may become red and swollen and bleed easily; in the more advanced stage, called periodontal disease, teeth can loosen and fall out. We help our patients from the very beginning, educating them to maintain healthy oral tissues. Ask us about Arestin, which can be gently placed into gum pockets to decrease periodontal disease by shrinking tissue and killing bacteria. This new technology and many others that we use here in the office may keep you from having to see a periodontal surgeon.
Our periodontal program allows us to customize each patient’s recall time interval and type of treatment that best suits that patient’s needs. Our hygienists are trained in the most modern and effective ways to fight gum disease while educating our patients on how to take control of their own oral health. We will frequently take recordings and measurements of your teeth and gums to monitor any changes that might affect your oral health. Any changes will be discussed with you so that the proper periodontal treatment can be made.
Endodontics (Root Canal)
Root canal is the removal of the nerve due to bacterial infection or tooth decay. Despite its reputation as a painful ordeal, a root canal is actually not very uncomfortable. During the procedure, the damaged nerve is removed, the canal is cleaned and sealed off, and a crown is often placed on the tooth afterward to maintain the strength and integrity of the tooth. If not, the tooth may become brittle and crack.
Biomimetic dentistry is a practice that allows the dentist to mimic all of the natural properties of a tooth, returning an infected tooth to its original strength, function and esthetics. It is a conservative practice and it relies on the principles of advanced adhesive dentistry, sealing teeth off from bacterial invasion. Only the part of the tooth affected by caries is removed and all healthy tooth structure is maintained. The removal of excess healthy tooth structure can cause pulpal irritation, increased sensitivity and may require root canal treatment. The implementation of biomimetics can significantly reduce the need for root canals, providing a longer life span to the teeth.
The tooth is reconstructed layer by layer, cusp by cusp, which increases the bond strength and decreases the stress to the tooth and the occurrence of micro gaps at the margins of fillings. Dental materials and techniques have improved significantly, allowing biomimetic dentistry to be a long lasting, predictable solution; often times preventing the need for full coverage crowns.
Impacted wisdom teeth have the potential to damage nearby teeth, bone and roots, and invite bacterial infection, which in turn leads to pain, swelling, jaw stiffness and other problem. We routinely take the proper x-rays to determine the position and the extent of growth of these teeth usually beginning in the teenage years.
For many reasons including fracture, decay and periodontal disease, other teeth may unfortunately have to be extracted for the overall long-term health of a patient. Dr. Berman has received specialized training in the removal of all teeth in a way that will preserve the bone which prevents sinking in of the face or cheeks. Additionally we graft those areas where necessary to build up the missing or lost bone so that we may place dental implants, bridges or dentures. Extractions no longer need to result in big holes of lost bone and tissue leaving behind defects that collect food or look unsightly.
Common orthodontic problems, that require treatment include crooked teeth, crowding, spacing, protruding upper teeth, overbite, under bite, open bite and cross bite. Treatment is designed to help the patient both aesthetically (by improving the smile) and functionally (by improving the bite). In many case the orthodontic treatment can be performed with Invisalign, a relatively new technology. Invisalign allows us to use aligners (like stiff whitening trays) instead of metal brackets and wires to straighten teeth. We are a certified provider of Invisalign. Teeth can be made straight once again to create a beautiful smile.
Often we can use these and other orthodontic techniques to straighten out teeth as part of a larger treatment plan. This can decrease the amount of drilling and tooth reduction that must be done, as well as increase the periodontal health and long term maintenance of your teeth and gums.
Dental Crowns are used to strengthen and improve the shape, size or color of teeth. They can restore broken or weak teeth or fix those with large fillings. Many of today’s crowns are made from porcelain and can be as strong as the older metal crowns that have been used in the past.
Dental Bridges are natural-looking tooth replacements that fill in the gaps caused by missing teeth. Bridges help maintain facial structure and reduce stress on the jaw. Removable bridges can be taken out and cleaned at home, while fixed bridges are permanently cemented. One good example of a fixed dental bridge is three crowns strung together where the middle one replaces a missing tooth. In cases where implants are not possible or simply not chosen, bridges are an excellent choice to replace a missing tooth.
Dental Inlays and Onlays
Inlays and onlays are solid fillings used to restore damaged or decayed teeth. They are often needed when there is not enough healthy tissue left in the tooth to support a regular filling. We provide esthetic porcelain restorations as well as gold where indicated. | <urn:uuid:692a0b41-2f4b-4232-a421-0968a2c0f5f8> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://smiles4alifetime.com/services/general-dentistry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598217.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120081337-20200120105337-00144.warc.gz | en | 0.936409 | 1,167 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Sargent’s “Triumph of Religion,” a 16 panel series of oil paintings covering a total of 2,100 square feet of wall and ceiling space at the Boston Public Library, presents a unique challenge to Harvard’s conservators because of its size and diverse materials.
With funding from the federal Institute of Museum Library Services, Harvard’s Straus Center for Conservation is working to restore both the paintings and sculptures of the library’s “Sargent Hall.” The work, which presents a history of Western religion, is expected to take 18 months to restore.
“We’re not just dealing with paintings. We are dealing with sculptures as well,” said Assistant Paintings Conservator Catherine S. Maurer.
Sargent Hall has sculptures extending up to 12 inches off of the canvas, and Sargent used glass, wood, metal and a variety of paints in creating the murals. Still, the workers say it’s worth the effort. “The Straus Center would bring this passion and enthusiasm to any project, but with this project, you are there where [Sargent] stood,” said Maurer. “That is exciting.”
According to Maurer, the library murals were one of Sargent’s favorite projects. He painted them on canvas in England, and upon completion they were rolled up and transported to the U.S. for hanging. Sargent began the project in 1890. The first panel was installed in 1895, and the project was more or less completed by 1919.
While Sargent preferred to work on the murals, his fame and demand as a portrait painter often got in the way of the project’s completion.
Plans for restoration began in 1999. The federal grant money kicked off the restoration efforts last summer. The first phase—now in progress—is the construction of an educational website that will report on the progression of the project. Then, Senior Conservation Scientist Narayan Khandekar and his staff plan to begin analysis of the thick layer of residue obscuring the paintings to determine exactly what was deposited in each portion of the painting. Paint chips smaller than a printed period were extracted from portions of the mural with the tip of a scalpel. The specks of paint are then mounted in resin, magnified 250 times and viewed using digital computer imaging.
A typical cross section might include a layer of primer that Sargent often used on his canvases, the layers of paint he used to create and recreate the painting and several layers of grime. Once a chemical analysis determines what substances are obscuring the paint, a solvent and cleaning method are chosen for each specific portion of the murals.
Discerning the difference between grime and what the artist meant as part of the painting—for example, a thin brown glaze—is crucial, said Khandekar.
The rest is grunt work. According to Maurer, it will take between 15 and 18 months to painstakingly rub away years of dust, air pollutants and smoke from the nearby Back Bay railroad, inch by inch, which cotton swabs and cleaning solutions.
Sargent, a prominent Boston artist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, designed the entirety of Sargent Hall.
The bookcases, wall coverings and natural and artificial lighting—right down to the brass fixtures—were all designed by Sargent to enhance the experience of viewing “Triumph of Religion.” The restoration staff will also work to restore the lighting so that the murals may be viewed just as Sargent planned. | <urn:uuid:12f4ff3e-4b1a-48f4-80f0-05755c7e925f> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2002/12/12/murals-challenge-harvard-conservators-battling-years/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125654.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00447-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960958 | 755 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The 1950’s through the 1970’s saw the rise of one of the most important movements in modern British theater: the Kitchen Sink drama. These types of plays had several characteristics that distinguished them as a break from the forms of theater before them. They can be compared against theatrical movements such as avant garde theater, or the theater of the absurd, characterized by the plays of authors such as Samuel Beckett.
Perhaps the first, and most notable, characteristic of these Kitchen Sink dramas was the way in which they advanced a particular social message or ideology. This ideology was most often leftist. The settings were almost always working class. The previous trend in Victorian theater had been to depict the lives of the wealthy members of the ruling classes. These classes of people were often conservative in their politics and their ideologies. This was not the case for Kitchen Sink theater. The Kitchen Sink drama sought, instead, to bring the real lives and social inequality of ordinary working class people to the stage. The lives of these people were caught between struggles of power, industry, politics, and social homogenization.
Another chief characteristic of the Kitchen Sink drama was the way in which its characters expressed their unvarnished emotion and dissatisfaction with the ruling class status quo. This can be seen clearly in the play considered to be the standard bearer of this Kitchen Sink genre: John Osborne’s Look Back in Anger. In Osborne’s play, Jimmy Porter plays the role of the Angry Young Man. He is angry and dissatisfied at a world that offers him no social opportunities and a dearth of emotion. He longs to live a “real life.” He feels, however, that the trappings of working class domesticity keep him from reaching this better existence. His anger and rage are thus channeled towards those around him. Osborne’s play is a study in how this pent up frustration and social anger can wreak havoc on the ordinary lives of the British people.
Some critics have noted the irony in the term “Kitchen Sink drama.” The domestic world during this time was believed to be the domain of the feminine. Almost all of the major Kitchen Sink works which take place in the mid-twentieth century, however, are centered around a masculine point of view. These plays rarely centered around the emotions and tribulations of its women characters. The power dynamic between male and female often assumed to be masculine and is an unexamined critical component in many of these plays. Women are often assumed to serve the men of their household and, when conflicts do arise, it is often the man who is portrayed as the suffering protagonist. Women’s suffering is always a result of the suffering of the male.
Though Kitchen Sink dramas gained notoriety in twentieth century British culture for their unflinching anger and criticism directed towards the social, political, and economic establishment, the plays were also significant for the way they depicted the most intimate aspects of domestic life. This was in stark contrast to popular classical or Victorian dramas and comedies which largely centered around the public lives of socially established characters. Before the Kitchen Sink dramas, commentators have noted that in the mid-twentieth century, British theater still produced plays as if it were the nineteenth century. The Kitchen Sink drama, in contrast, moved the action and emotion of the theater from depictions of the public space of people’s lives into the most intimate of settings. The kitchen was considered to be the realm of the domestic, of females and servants, and Victorian drama often excluded any mention of it. Kitchen Sink dramas, however, turned this notion around and made the kitchen the center of familial and social life. In the case of the Porter’s attic apartment, the kitchen and living spaces were all one room on the stage. The boundaries of intimate domestic life and public life were blurred and created a realism not seen before in British theater.
Whether social or domestic, the Kitchen Sink drama changed the trajectory of British theater. Though many of the authors considered to have written in this genre such as Osborne, Arnold Wesker, Shelagh Delaney, and John Arden never claimed the title of Kitchen Sink dramatist, these author’s plays contained themes of common life that deeply resonated with British culture of the period. These types of plays signaled a resolute shift of British theater into the 20th century. | <urn:uuid:c1835596-cd6e-4002-8520-659d99092ed5> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.gradesaver.com/look-back-in-anger/study-guide/the-kitchen-sink-drama-perspectives-and-criticism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722459.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00117-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974821 | 904 | 3.25 | 3 |
Can Entrepreneurship Be Taught?
Entrepreneurs are the lifeblood of any economy. They create new businesses and jobs, and they often prove more innovative at problem-solving than large corporates can be. According to StatsSA, 60% of South African employees work for small businesses, and the National Development Plan aims to grow this number further.
That’s why, when speaking at the 2017 Global Entrepreneurship Congress in Sandton earlier this year, deputy-president Cyril Ramaphosa indicated that entrepreneurship should be part of the school curriculum.
Many high-school students are introduced to the world of business through the subject of Business Economics. Some schools even go as far as to host entrepreneurship days, where learners in a particular grade will create small businesses in order to sell items to their peers. But would enhancing its place on the academic programme inspire a generation to enter the startup world?
Lianne du Toit manages the Venture Incubation Program at the University of Cape Town’s Graduate School of Business. She believes entrepreneurship should begin to be taught in primary school.
“The skill sets of negotiation and critical thinking might only be applied later in the real world,” Du Toit says, “but creating safe spaces to test, fail and be creative is what we should be promoting.
“Concepts and logic become second nature because you do it often enough; encouraging entrepreneurship at an earlier age helps build on solid principles, so that it is then not so daunting when the stakes are higher,” she adds.
Entrepreneurship as a skill may not be used by everyone later in life, but without introducing it in formal education, learners may not even be aware that it’s an option. “We have found chess players in the unlikeliest of places; had they not had the opportunity at least once, we might not have found them. I think if there is a possibility of creating a framework to see if a student has an aptitude, it should be encouraged.”
How can entrepreneurship be taught?
There is a difference between entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial skills. Many entrepreneurs agree that, while the latter can be taught to just about anyone, from budgeting to inventory management, the former is something that differs from person to person.
“The skills can be taught, but the entrepreneurial spirit needs to be given opportunities to flourish. I believe it’s about teaching hard skills, while giving challenges and projects to encourage the mindset for the person to grow. Skills are best taught alongside practical application, where relevance can be understood,” says Roger Norton, the CEO of startup Playlogix.
Business Economics, he says, goes some way towards teaching the skills. “But I’d argue it is missing massive opportunities, as it focuses more on business admin, and not business strategy and market analysis.”
Make the class interactive and keep students engaged, suggests Du Toit. It might be worthwhile to have different ages participating, so that there is diversity. Getting guest speakers in is always a hit to keep students inspired and engaged, especially around brands they admire.
Mentorship has been a key component in developing her own programme at UCT, Du Toit says, and could be replicated in schools.
“As students learn from their parents and teachers, there could be room to have a university student who has become an entrepreneur to become a mentor for high-
The benefits of enterprise development and B-BBEE
One argument against encouraging entrepreneurship on a mass scale among school-leavers is that, globally, successful business founders don’t tend to be the young, tech-savvy upstarts familiar from Silicon Valley mythos. Bill Gates and Mark Zuckerberg were only 20 when they started their own companies, but the founder of Netflix was 37.
Various global studies suggest that late-starting entrepreneurs – even in the tech industry – are more likely to be successful, possibly due to experience or having saved some capital to launch their venture. A CV full of failed businesses by your mid-20s may not impress future employers or investors.
The counter-argument is that, with youth unemployment running at around 50%, South Africans don’t have the luxury of time. For many young graduates or school-leavers, the option may be entrepreneur or nothing.
For those young South Africans who do strike out by themselves, the good news is that there are unique economic support systems in the shape of B-BBEE rules and enterprise development points, which give them a competitive edge against established firms when pitching to corporates.
Aimee Feinberg sees a lot of entrepreneurs in her role at startup incubator Seed Academy. She says the potential for securing lucrative contracts for small, young firms is definitely emerging. “Corporates are transforming their supply chains and looking to support startups and SMEs that are black-owned,” she says.
Is entrepreneurship for everyone?
Can anyone be an entrepreneur? Probably not. There’s a romanticised notion that entrepreneurs can take time off whenever they want, take long vacations, and buy lavish cars and houses. The reality is that it takes a lot more than just an idea and a dream to create a business that not only turns a profit, but employs staff and is sustainable in the long run.
Playlogix’s Norton says that, while people should be encouraged to try entrepreneurship, “some people get energised by taking risks and operating with uncertainty, some people don’t, and it can be debilitating”.
Perhaps rather than teaching that hard-to-pin-down entrepreneurial X-factor, the conversation should be about nurturing it in those who already have it. As long as the limits are recognised, putting startup skills on the syllabus could be the right answer. | <urn:uuid:5f76fbd4-9613-4c3d-b721-ef4c0d6a7856> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://businessmediamags.co.za/skills-technology/sunday-times-skills/can-entrepreneurship-be-taught-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583826240.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122034213-20190122060213-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.961838 | 1,201 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Ovarian cysts cause symptoms different from fibroid tumors, including pain during bowel movements, nausea, vomiting, breast tenderness, and pelvic pain before menstruation begins, at the end of a period, or during sex, Mayo Clinic states. Signs indicative of tumors are heavy flow, long periods, constipation and back or leg pain.Continue Reading
Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that form on or in the ovary, reports MedlinePlus. Fibroid tumors are uterine growths that range from pea- to melon-size, Johns Hopkins Medicine explains.
Ovarian cysts and fibroid tumors, or uterine fibroids, share some of the same symptoms, according to Mayo Clinic. These include general pelvic pressure or pain, frequent need to urinate and inability to empty the bladder completely.Learn more about Cancer | <urn:uuid:d9572a61-ee43-42ee-9238-70e645eea741> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.reference.com/health/symptoms-differentiate-between-having-ovarian-cyst-fibroid-tumor-80ca505a0a2ae982 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320666.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626013946-20170626033946-00054.warc.gz | en | 0.906257 | 176 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Average Is Not Normal
January-February 2015By Mitchell Kalpakgian
Mitchell Kalpakgian, a Contributing Editor of the NOR, who has been a visiting professor of literature at Thomas More College of Liberal Arts and at The College of Saint Mary Magdalen, teaches at Mount Royal Academy in Sunapee, New Hampshire. He is the author of numerous books, including The Marvelous in Fieldings Novels, The Mysteries of Life in Childrens Literature, and, most recently, The Virtues We Need Again: 21 Life Lessons from the Great Books of the West. He writes weekly articles for setonmagazine.com and truthandcharityforum.org.
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. By Mark Twain.
The average and the normal are often confused. Whereas the normal signifies the way things ought to be, according to a fixed moral or divine standard the ideal or most excellent the average frequently denotes the lowest common denominator, the middle in the sense of mediocrity rather than the middle in the sense of the golden mean. The average can designate the prevalent opinions of a large percentage of people who are not qualified judges, or the blind customs or fashionable trends of thought or conduct at a given time. The appeal to the average can be an insidious tactic that detracts from the ideal of the saintly, the heroic, and the noble, and makes these norms appear fantastical and imaginary. It gives the impression that the many a simple majority or a popular consensus can determine moral, true, and right attitudes and behavior. The average man in the antebellum South, for example, defended the practice of slavery, just as the average man in twenty-first-century America endorses the contraceptive mentality and legalized abortion.
The institutions of modernity provide many examples in which the average seeks the status of the normal and natural, whereas it is, in fact, a deviation from and aberration of true standards and unchanging principles. In the world of higher education, for instance, the doctrine of relativism is the average point of view, and sexual license is given the status of acceptability when colleges establish co-ed dorms and provide contraceptives to students. In the realm of democratic capitalism, the unlimited pursuit and spending of money is an unquestioned tenet of the free-market system. In the social realm, the average family consists of two children, and, on average, nearly half of married couples divorce; the breaking of promises and vows thus comes to be viewed as standard conduct. The trends of living together, the postponement of marriage, and the view of marriage as any arbitrary arrangement are now understood as common features of modern life, distorting the distinction between the average and the normal. In the realm of religion, since the late 1960s and the publication of Bl. Pope Paul VIs Humanae Vitae, the number of priests, bishops, and theologians who have dissented from the Churchs magisterial teaching gives the impression that large numbers of critics, rather than the supreme teaching authority of the Church, possess the power to determine right and wrong.
Average is a morally equivocal term that confuses the intrinsic meaning of normal and abnormal, natural and unnatural, right and wrong, noble and base, and knowledge and opinion.
Throughout his classic novel Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain excoriates the average man, whom he portrays not only as a coward but also as a sentimentalist, a fool, and a sluggard. Huck Finn, the unassuming, innocent boy who becomes the noble hero of the book, avoids all these vices of Twains average man.
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If you're already a subscriber log-in here. | <urn:uuid:8b1ee213-66d8-431a-9c45-4f9b723f5d23> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.newoxfordreview.org/article.jsp?did=0115-kalpakgian | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886437.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116144951-20180116164951-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.934442 | 819 | 2.796875 | 3 |
By Chris Chung
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis is of the family Cupressacae and is commonly known as Yellow cedar, Alaska cedar and Nootka cypress. Its species name nootkatensis refers to the Nootka tribe of Vancouver island, whose lands the tree was first found on. The scientific naming of the Yellow cedar has an illustrated history, with numerous aliases such as Callitropsis nootkatensis, Xanthocyparis nootkatensis and Cupressus nootkatensis. Currently the accepted name is Cupressus nootkatensis due to findings in molecular genetics in 2010 that place the plant in the Cupressus genus. However, it is still an ongoing debate and many botanists and literary sources still refer to it as Chamaecyparis nootkatensis.
C. nootkatensis is found in the Pacific Northwest, along the West Coast from Northern California to Alaska and on Vancouver Island the Queen Charlotte Islands. Its coastal distribution means the Yellow cedar is not found in the interior of British Columbia. C. nootkatensisis is very tolerant of poor soil conditions and can even tolerate slightly acidic soil. It thrives in moist soil and is even sometimes found in waterlogged areas. It has shallow roots that are mychorizial with fungal symbiosis.
The Yellow cedar can grow to a maximum of 40 meters tall and has a greyish-brown bark. Its leaves hang vertically and have a scale-like appearance which flattens out on the edges. The plant is monoecious meaning male and female reproductive structures can be found on the same tree and often on the same branch. Pollen cones are small, about 2-3mm in length and are greenish yellow. Seed cones initially resemble small berries but when mature are globular and hard. The seed cones have unique triangular projections which look like small prickles. Relatively speaking, the Yellow cedar is slow growing although it can reach 1000 years old. If found at higher elevations C. nootkatensis is small and shrub like.
Yellow cedar wood is exceptionally durable and sturdy and it is for this reason it is often used in building structures such as shingles, posts, exterior doors, decking, stairs and landscaping. The wood also has uniform density which makes it a popular choice along with the fact that Yellow cedar wood lacks visual grains. Aboriginal peoples had many uses for the wood, making objects such as blankets, bows, bowls, and boat building.
There has been a mass number of C. nootkatensis dying in Northern B.C. and Alaska (over an area of 500,000 acres over the past 100 years). At first no one could understand why this was happening and it wasn’t until recently that scientists figured out why Yellow cedar trees were dying on such a large scale. The roots of the Yellow Cedar are relatively shallow and near the surface and are susceptible to root freezing, which eventually leads to the death of the entire tree. Root freezing occurs during late winter and early spring, when snow is not present on the ground. Usually, the snow acts as a barrier that protects and insulates the shallow roots from the cold. However, when the snow melts, the roots are prone to freezing. This is especially important with climate change and rising temperatures which would lead to snow melting earlier, and ultimately more Yellow Cedar deaths. This is even more concerning considering Yellow Cedar trees are slow growers. Therefore, we must be pay special attention to climate change if we are to stop Yellow Cedar from being wiped out.
“Alaska yellow cedar (Yc) – Chamaecyparis nootkatensis.” Tree Species Compendium. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/silviculture/Compendium/AlaskaYellowCedar.htm>
Earle, Christopher J., ed. “Cupressus nootkatensis.” The Gymnosperm Database. N.p., 2013. Web. <http://www.conifers.org/cu/Cupressus_nootkatensis.php>
Hennon, Paul, et al. “Yellow-cedar are dying in Alaska: scientists now know why.” Pacific Northwest Research Station. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2013. Web. <http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/news/2012/02/yellow-cedar.shtml>
Klinkenberg, Brian, et al. “Xanthocyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) D.P. Little
Alaska cedar; cypress; yellow-cedar Cupressaceae (Cypress Family).” E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. 2013. Web. <http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Chamaecyparis%20nootkatensis>
“Yellow-Cedar (Yellow Cypress).” Fact sheet. Forintek Canada Corp., n.d. Web. <http://www.naturallywood.com/sites/default/files/Yellow-cedar.pdf>
“Yellow Cedar”. Natural Resources Canada. Government of Canada. 2012. Web. <http://tidcf.nrcan.gc.ca/trees/factsheet/376> | <urn:uuid:491a8bb0-510f-48c3-92e0-057e93cc368d> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://blogs.ubc.ca/conifersubc/?page_id=50 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348523476.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200607013327-20200607043327-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.926806 | 1,181 | 3.578125 | 4 |
[box_dark]War and Women’s Human Rights Museum | 전쟁과여성인권박물관[/box_dark]
The museum focuses on the history of the Korean “comfort women” who were forced to suffer as a sex slaves for the Japanese military during World War II. The institution also aims to build awareness of the ongoing campaign to demand that Japan offer an apology. The museum consists of one underground floor and two more stories above ground. The orientation of the exhibits goes through recollection, reflection, recovery, and record. The painful voices of comfort women can be especially be heard from the underground floor, where the “Room of Reverberation” with old photographs and video clips is located.
A display on sexual slavery in Africa and Asia is organized on the first floor in the Special Exhibition Hall.
Hours: 1pm to 6pm (Tue, Thur, Friday, Sat)
3pm to 6pm (Wed, after the weekly Wednesday protest)
Entrance: KRW 5,000
T. 02-392-5252 www.womenandwar.net
(서울시 마포구 성산동 39-13 | 39-13 Seongsan-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul)
Get off at Hongik Univ. Station 홍대입구역 (Line 2), Exit 1. Swing a right at Hongik Univ. Station Intersection and walk straight until you reach Gyeongseong High School Intersection. On the left side of the intersection, there’s an entrance to a small alley with a sign (in Korean) pointing to the museum.
Follow the alley until you reach the museum. | <urn:uuid:5739d84d-7771-4d5c-9755-223577882c60> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://magazine.seoulselection.com/2013/07/22/war-and-womens-human-rights-museum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203438.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324103739-20190324125739-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.910788 | 396 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Reducing jet lag is the aim of a new mathematical methodology and software program developed by researchers at Brigham and Women's Hospital and the University of Michigan.
A major cause of jet lag is the desynchronization of the body's internal clock and the local environment when a person travels across several time zones. Symptoms include trouble sleeping at night and trouble staying awake during the day.
The new methodology and software program helps users resynchronize their internal clock with the local time using light cues. The software program gives users exact times of the day when they should apply countermeasures such as bright light to intervene in the normal course of jet lag.
The findings are published in the June 19 issue of PLoS Computational Biology.
"This work shows how interventions can cut by half the number of days needed to adjust to a new time zone," said Daniel Forger, an assistant professor in the U-M Department of Mathematics and research assistant professor in the Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics at the U-M Medical School. Forger is an author the paper.
Timed light exposure is a well known method for synching an individual's internal clock with the environment, and when used properly, this intervention can reset that clock to align with local time. This results in more efficient sleep, a decrease in fatigue, and an increase in cognitive performance. Poorly timed light exposure can prolong the re-synchronization process.
"Because the timing of proper light exposure is so important in synching the internal clock with local time, we have developed this mathematical computation that is able to automate the process of determining the timing of appropriate light cues," said Dennis Dean, a researcher in the Division of Sleep Medicine at BWH and the paper's lead author.
Using the computation, researchers simulated shifting sleep and wake schedules and the subsequent light interventions for realigning internal clocks with local times. They found that the mathematical computation resulted in quicker design of schedules and also predictions of substantial performance improvements.
"Using this computation in a prototyped software application allows a user to estimate background light level and the number of time zones traveled to determine the recommendation of when to expose a subject to bright light, such as the bright light sometimes used to treat Season Affective Disorder, to realign the internal body clock," Dean said.
Although this method is not yet available to the public, it has direct implications for designing jet lag, shift-work and scheduling for extreme environments, such as in space, undersea or the Polar Regions, he said.
This is a very practical way to combat jet lag, which can be a significant problem, Forger says.
"There are a lot of situations in which being alert and not falling asleep at the wrong time is critical. Imagine you're a military pilot, for example. You want to be at your optimal performance because mistakes can have huge consequences," Forger said.
The next phase of this research includes the addition of interventions such as naps, caffeine and melatonin to help the process of realigning the internal body clock while reducing decreased performance experienced during travel across time zones.
The paper is called, "Taking the lag out of jet lag through model-based schedule design." The research was funded by the National Space Biomedical Research Institute, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the National Air and Space Administration, and the National Institutes of Health.
Source: University of Michigan (news : web)
Explore further: Copying behavior in social groups may be governed by optimal control theory | <urn:uuid:bb9e8655-d420-493d-9d11-475b2356cd9f> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://phys.org/news164554488.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246659319.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045739-00067-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925168 | 713 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Medical experts will use cutting-edge technology to look inside the leg muscles of children in a study to help understand more about cerebral palsy.
Medical experts will use cutting-edge technology to look inside the leg muscles of children in a study to help understand more about cerebral palsy. The condition affects more than 10,000 people in New Zealand with the study expected to take place at Mātai, the medical imaging research centre based in Gisborne.
The centre is working with researchers in the Auckland Bioengineering Institute (ABI) and will use highly advanced MRI technology to look inside the leg muscles.
The study will begin in either January or February once volunteers are sourced.
The teams hoped to involve 50 children and teenagers – with and without cerebral palsy – to undergo MRI scanning of their leg muscles three times, during a period of two years.
ABI team leader Dr Geoffrey Handsfield said the study would help medical teams design new treatments, along with helping people with the condition to walk better and avoid dependence on a wheelchair.
“While advancements in surgery have helped with the clinical management of children with CP, many of these interventions are temporary, with symptoms potentially returning over time.”
Handsfield said to provide treatment and intervention, experts needed to understand musculoskeletal conditions of the disorder, along with impairments to the skeletal muscle architecture.
“Understanding differences in the shape progression and growth trajectory of leg muscles between participants with and without CP will show us how ageing and growth contributes to walking impairment.”
Handsfield said experts had some ideas for how growth was impaired by cerebral palsy, but had never looked at it directly. It would take about 30 minutes for volunteers to be scanned by the MRI machine.
“Few of us get a chance to see the inside of our own leg, all their bones and muscles, and the connective tissues that join them.”
Cerebral palsy is a condition resulting from a non-progressive brain lesion which occurs during, before, or soon after childbirth.
Similar to a stroke, but occurring at a very young age, it affects the brain in ways that impair movement of the body and limbs.
Handsfield said cerebral palsy was not a neurodegenerative disorder (illnesses that involve the death of certain parts of the brain), but the result of a single-event brain injury that that affected both the posture and the movement of children who had it. But while the neural injury did not change, the musculoskeletal conditions usually worsened over-time. | <urn:uuid:3a1f62f0-93cd-4cd3-977b-87d2051304b9> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.matai.org.nz/gisborne-research-centre-to-perform-world-first-study-on-cerebral-palsy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506027.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921105806-20230921135806-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.956466 | 530 | 3.40625 | 3 |
The Sun, our closest star, is a ball of plasma interacting with a magnetic field. This interaction leads to a host of fascinating and complex dynamics. The visible yellow disk of the Sun (which should not be viewed directly with the naked eye) marks, approximately, the base of the solar atmosphere.
In the Sun’s atmosphere, magnetic field (that can emerge through the photosphere) gets buffeted, twisted and sheared until it becomes unstable and eruptions occur. These eruptions, apart from being interesting in their own right, form the basis of space weather that can interfere with the Earth’s artificial satellites and power grids. Understanding the basics of plasma instabilities and eruptions is, therefore, of theoretical and practical importance.
This article summarizes some recent new insights into a classical instability of plasma physics – the tearing instability. For the tearing instability to occur, a region called a current sheet is required, where the magnetic field changes direction over a very small length scale (see Fig 1a). Once the instability develops, the magnetic field lines ‘tear’, reconnect and from magnetic islands (Fig 1b). This instability is a key candidate for the ignition of solar flares.
Since the seminal work of Furth et al. (1963), the growth rate of the onset of the tearing instability has been considered to be too slow for many solar applications. In recent years, new discoveries by physicists have revealed a fast phase of the tearing instability once the width of the current sheet reaches a critical thickness (e.g., Lourerio et al. 2007, Lapenta 2008, Pucci & Velli 2014).
From a mathematician’s perspective, the theoretical analysis of the tearing instability has, until now, focused only on a particular phase of the instability. Without going into details, the equations describing the onset of instabilities can be described as either ‘normal’ or ‘non-normal’. For a normal system, one finds the eigenvalues (characteristic numbers associated with that system), with the largest (depending on how this is measured) corresponding to the growth rate of the instability. This is the classical way of studying the onset of instabilities. For a non-normal system, eigenvalues do not give a complete description of the instability’s onset. Instead, they describe the behavior at large time scales and do not account for the possibility of significant transient growth at earlier times.
The basic (although still complicated) equations used to describe the tearing instability represent a union of fluid dynamics (the plasma is treated as an electrically conducting fluid) and electromagnetism, known as magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). The MHD equations describing the onset of the tearing instability are highly non-normal. Hence the solutions to these equations have the possibility of exhibiting large transient energy growth. If such transient growth exists, it could lead to faster dynamics than that predicted by considering only the eigenvalues of the system.
It is not the case that a non-normal system will necessarily produce large transient energy growth. Another important factor is the form of the initial perturbation that is imposed on the current sheet. To show the maximum effect, one can calculate the optimal energy growth, optimized for all types of initial perturbation. Fig 2 gives an example of the optimal energy growth for the onset of the tearing instability, for a particular set of parameters.
The dashed line represents the optimal energy growth when only the largest eigenvalue is taken into account (the classical analysis). The solid line shows the optimal energy growth when moving beyond the classical theory and including the non-normal effects of the system. At early times, the transient growth rises very quickly producing much more energy growth (within a given time) than that predicted by the classical theory. At later times, the solid and dashed lines become parallel as the transient behavior has now decayed away and the solution is dominated by the largest eigenvalue.
This type of analysis has only recently been applied to the solar atmosphere and has the potential to greatly enhance our understanding of instabilities and eruptions on the Sun by discovering faster energy growth that previous analysis could not detect.
- Finite-Resistivity Instabilities of a Sheet Pinch (1963) Furth, H.P., Kileen, J., Rosenbluth, M.N., Phys. Fluids, 6, 459.
- Self-Feeding Turbulent Magnetic Reconnection on Macroscopic Scales (2008), Lapenta, G., Phys. Rev. Lett., 100, 235001.
- Instability of current sheets and formation of plasmoid chains (2007), Lourerio, N.F., Schekochihin, A.A., Cowley, S.C., Phys. Plasmas, 14, 100703.
- Reconnection of Quasi-singular Current Sheets: The “Ideal” Tearing Mode (2014) Pucci, F., Velli, M., Astrophys. J. Lett., 780, L19.
- For more information on the mathematics of non-normal systems, the reader is directed to the monograph:
- Spectra and Pseudospectra (2005), Trefethen, L.N. & Embree, M., Princeton University Press
These findings are described in the article entitled Optimal Energy Growth in Current Sheets, published in the journal Solar Physics. This work was led by David MacTaggart from the University of Glasgow. | <urn:uuid:7e521a0b-c80b-4d8e-b679-14e7c215744d> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://sciencetrends.com/optimal-energy-growth-plasma-instabilities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125936833.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419091546-20180419111546-00762.warc.gz | en | 0.900283 | 1,136 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Establishing paternity means obtaining a legal order identifying the father of the child. There are many reasons to establish paternity. Even if children don't know both of their parents, they know that everyone has a mother and a father. Establishing paternity can help provide your child with a sense of identity. Paternity should be established for your child immediately after the child is born. As time passes, the father may be harder to find or less likely to admit paternity.
Paternity must be established in order to:
Get a support order for your child
Get private health insurance for your child, if it is available to the father
Protect your child's rights to survivor's benefits, such as Veterans Benefits, Social Security benefits, Military Allowance, Workman's Compensation and inheritance
In addition, having paternity established may also:
Provide a legal record of identity of the child's parents
Allow the father's name to be entered on the birth certificate
Provide emotional benefits to the child by knowing the identity of both parents
Paternity can be established in two ways:
A father can acknowledge paternity voluntarily if both parents sign an Acknowledgment of Paternity form which can be obtained at the hospital at the time the child is born, or at the Office of Child Support Enforcement. This is a document which legally establishes paternity without the need to go to court.
A paternity petition filed with the Family Court asks the court to determine if a particular man is the child's father. If at the paternity hearing the alleged father continues to deny paternity, the hearing examiner will order genetic marker tests that will help determine paternity. | <urn:uuid:e42cbe6a-e927-4851-857a-e5c233f0279b> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://socialservices.westchestergov.com/paternity-services | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931010166.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155650-00070-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951846 | 329 | 3.046875 | 3 |
It was the classic story of a small band of soldiers standing up to a battle-hardened, superior force.
227 years ago a small force of Continental Army soldiers and raw local militia took on the British at a hilly pasture described simply as the cow pens, and beat them. The stunning and decisive victory became the turning point in the southern war, ultimately driving Corwallis to Yorktown and final defeat.
In 1778 the British, under General Charles Corwallis, began what they called the Southen Campaign, with the idea of taking control of the southern colonies and working their way north. It began well with victories at Savannah, Charleston and Camden, and by the autumn of 1780 Cornwallis was so confident of victory that he began preparations to move north (NPS). Cornwallis tacitly allowed brutal tactics in maintaining order, giving the order to be “vigorous” in punishing rebels, and allowing Colonel Banastre Tarleton to wreak terror among the locals who were were loyal to the revolution.
Into these conditions rode General Nathanael Greene, hand-picked by George Washington to salvage the defense of the southern states. It was a tall order.
Greene split his troops to force Cornwallis to do the same, putting Daniel Morgan in charge of one of the groups and instructing him to, “… cut supply lines and hamper British operations in the backcountry, and, in doing so ‘spirit up the people (NPS).'” Cornwallis countered with Colonel Tarleton and his Raiders. It was rumored that Tarleton allowed no quarter – “take no prisoners.”
Morgan chose the ground and devised a brilliant scheme to lull the British into his trap. He placed raw recruits in the front two lines, instructing them to fire two rounds … then run. The British, thinking the Americans were being routed (as had happened many times before), would charge. Waiting for them would be Morgan’s Continental regulars.
The scheme worked perfectly (for the full acount, click here). The British were decimated, losing somewhere around 3 out of every 4 soldiers during the battle (TheAmericanRevolution.org). American losses were light.
After Cowpens, Cornwallis (and Tarleton) were forced to moved north, fighting Greene all the way to Virginia. Eventually he settled in Yorktown to rest his troops. You know the rest.
COWPENS has been the proud name of two Navy ships – USS COWPENS (CVL 25), a light carrier that saw action in WWII and the first light carrier to enter Tokyo Bay; and USS COWPENS (CG 63), the first ship to fire tomahawks during OIF (March 20, 2003).
The name, once a simple description of pastureland in South Carolina, has become synonymous with American ingenuity and resolve. It still does, 227 years later. | <urn:uuid:f9b960d2-fcf4-4988-a4ab-d2e59d7d1ddf> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://broadside.navytimes.com/2008/01/16/cowpens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540542644.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20191212074623-20191212102623-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.971044 | 599 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Why is LGBTQI2S+ inclusion in sport important?
There is a large body of research that points to many negative experiences that LGBTQI2S+ persons have had in sport historically. And while there is evidence that sport is perhaps less homophobic than it once was, there remains a lot of work to be done to ensure all LGBTQI2S+ persons experience sport in a positive way. Sport is argued to have tremendous benefits for people’s physical, emotional, and social health and wellness but research also shows that LGBTQI2S+ youth drop out of sport at far higher rates than their heterosexual and cisgender peers. If they remain in sport, they can be targets of bullying, social exclusion, and hurtful stereotypes. Trans and gender non-conforming youth, and those questioning and exploring their gender identity, also have to negotiate the organization of sport in accordance with the traditional gender binary, as well as transphobic attitudes. Traditional ways of thinking about masculinity and femininity also can impact boys and men who participate in what are perceived as “girls’ sports/activities” as they may experience different forms of bullying in other social spaces such as school. Young girls and women who identify as bisexual, queer, lesbian, or gay are made to feel invisible in sports such as figure skating because of stereotypical ideas about femininity.
What does LGBTQI2S+ stand for?
LGBTQI2S+ is one variation of an initialism that stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer, intersex, and two-spirit. You may also see it referred to as LGBTQ, LGBTQ+, LGBTQQI2SA, LGBTQI2S+ etc. Regardless of the specific letters used, the initialism represents a large community of gender and sexually diverse persons. More recently, some organizations have started using the acronym SOGI, which stands for sexual orientation and gender identity. Skate Canada uses LGBTQI2S+ in its materials, following the lead of the LGBTQI2S+ Sport Inclusion Task Force and other sport and advocacy organizations.
Where can I find more information about the terms included in the LGBTQI2S+ initialism?Title
Skate Canada has included definitions in our Trans Inclusion Policy. There are also resources available on our website at https://skatecanada.ca/portfolio-item/safe-sport-protection-through-prevention/
There’s one term I’m really unfamiliar with: two-spirit. What does that mean?
Two-Spirit (2-Spirit): A term used by some North American Aboriginal societies to describe people with diverse gender identities, gender expressions, gender roles, and sexual orientations. Two-Spirit is translated from the Ojibew term “Niizh manidoowag”, indicating a person whose body simultaneously houses a feminine and a masculine spirit. Dual-gendered or “two-spirited” people have been and are viewed differently in different First Nations communities. Sometimes they have been seen without stigma and were considered seers, child-carers, warriors, mediators, or emissaries from the creator and treated with deference and respect, or even considered sacred, but other times this has not been the case.
As one of the devastating effects of colonisation and profound changes in North American Indigenous societies, many Two-Spirit persons have lost these community roles and this has had far-reaching impacts on their well-being. (Definition from QMUNITY BC’s Queer Resource Centre).
Isn’t “queer” a derogatory term?
While the word “queer” can be used in a negative way in today’s society—and certainly has a long history as a derogatory word—some LGBTQI2S+ persons use “queer” as a form of self-identification. It also is often used as an umbrella term, meant to be inclusive of all gender and sexually diverse persons (e.g., “members of the queer community”). You should never assume that someone is comfortable with the word “queer” and you should NEVER call someone “a queer” or “the queer”. If in doubt, it is always best to ask and then respect the answer that you are given.
Are there other important terms that I should know?
Canadian Women & Sport has an excellent resource available entitled Leading the Way: Working with LGBTQ Athletes and Coaches (A Practical Resource for Coaches). In the guide, many important terms are defined such as cisgender, ally, trans, transphobia, etc. It is available online at https://womenandsport.ca/learning-opportunities/presentations/LGBTQI2S+-inclusion-in-sport/
What can I do to make sport more welcoming for LGBTQI2S+ persons? What can my club do?
Skate Canada has a document outlining eight ways that we can make skating more inclusive. You can find that resource along with additional educational resources at https://skatecanada.ca/2020/06/eight-ways-to-make-skating-more-inclusive-to-the-LGBTQI2S+-community/
I know that Skate Canada has a transgender (trans) inclusion policy but I’m not sure what that means.
Skate Canada approved the trans inclusion policy in May 2018 and continues to review it to ensure it follows current best practices. This policy was put in place to ensure that trans members of our organization know that they are welcome in our sport.
The trans inclusion policy provides opportunity for trans persons to participate in skating as the gender they identify as and not necessarily their sex assigned at birth. Trans persons are not required to prove their gender identity in any way and are not required to disclose that they are trans if they choose not to. We respect people’s right to privacy, a philosophy paramount to providing safe space in sport. Specific to competition, skaters participating in non-ISU events are entitled to compete in the category that aligns with their chosen gender identity. At ISU events, international rules apply for competition participation and Skate Canada will work with athletes, their coaches, the Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport (CCES) and other persons identified by the athlete (e.g., family member, doctor) to determine eligibility.
I’ve heard people say that the trans inclusion policy is problematic because of “competitive advantage”: what do the experts say on this?
There are many excellent statements about so-called competitive advantage in sport, which is generally used as an argument against trans girls’ and women’s participation. The following statement from Canadian Women & Sport provides guidance on this topic:
“Those who have denied transgender and gender-fluid girls and women full access to opportunities in women’s sports have argued that these individuals have an unfair competitive advantage in sport over cisgender girls and women and/or that their participation will make sport unsafe for cisgender girls and women. Canadian Women & Sport rejects these arguments first and foremost on the basis that inclusion of and equity for women and girls should not and cannot imply the exclusion of other marginalized groups. Canadian Women & Sport instead advocates for sport organizations at all levels to take proactive measures to create inclusive environments that enable all to participate and compete, regardless of their gender identity and expression.”
Research has found there are more significant differences in athletic performance within gender specific categories than there are between gender specific categories at the same level. For example, in skating, we are more typically going to see greater differences in skills between a skater finishing first and a skater finishing 12th in a juvenile women’s event than we will differences between all skaters competing in a juvenile women’s and a juvenile men’s event. Moreover, while trans athletes certainly do win events they enter in all sports, which becomes the focus of great media attention, they also finish in the middle- and bottom-of-the-pack, which never gets talked about. Even more specific to skating, the judging system is designed to assess all aspects of skating.
Skate Canada’s trans inclusion policy follows best practice guidelines for trans inclusion for all events under Skate Canada’s jurisdiction. The link below will take you to the Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport document on trans inclusion, produced by experts from a variety of fields, that supports participation in sport based on a person’s chosen gender identity in line with long-term athlete development guidelines for recreational and developmental levels of sport.
This is a really problematic misconception when talking about trans inclusion in sport. People are most often concerned that cisgender boys or men are going to declare they are girls or women and “win all the competitions”. First, this problematically assumes the athletic superiority of all boys and men over all girls and women. Second, there are no documented examples in the history of elite sport where this has happened; quite frankly, it is an irrational concern!
If an athlete expresses interest in competing in a category that does not seem to correspond to their sex assigned at birth, perhaps this is their way of wanting to start an important conversation about their gender identity. Don’t assume that it is about “cheating” and have an open conversation with athletes in this scenario. If it does seem that athletes are somehow wanting to cheat the system, this then becomes about responsible coaching and parenting and engaging in conversations about honest participation in sport, as well as respect for trans and gender non-conforming persons in our sport and beyond.
Can gender non-conforming persons compete in Skate Canada events?
Per the current version of Skate Canada’s Trans Inclusion Policy, Skate Canada is committed to including gender non-conforming persons. Like sport more generally, however, skating remains organized according to the gender binary; put another way, skating events remain largely segregated using two gendered categories (girls/women, boys/men). Skaters who identify outside the gender binary are welcome to register for events in the gender category that makes the most sense to them and Skate Canada will continue to investigate and implement ways to be more inclusive in this regard. Some ways Skate Canada has addressed this to date is through rule changes related to costumes for domestic events at all levels and disciplines, changing the definition of pair and dance teams to “two skaters” for STAR events and competitions, and removing the separation of girls and boys in STAR 1-3 events.
What should we do in terms of dressing rooms during practice sessions and events?
Skate Canada’s trans inclusion policy states that the organization “will make every effort to provide all individuals with safe access to and use of toilets, change rooms, and other facilities in accordance with their gender identity and/or gender expression”. First and foremost, individuals must be allowed to use the locker room or washroom they choose based on their gender identity or gender expression. If request is made for separate space, this must be accommodated as much as possible. In general, when possible, dressing rooms should be provided and labeled as follows: “Girls/Women Change Room”, “Boys/Men Change Room”, All-Gender Change Room”; using these terms on their own is sufficient (i.e., there’s no need to include images or graphics). The organization, in consultation with various experts, will be creating a document that will provide a variety of options based on availability of space, type of event, etc.
What should I do if I witness someone using homophobic or transphobic language?
First, be sure that you feel safe in intervening at the moment. Second, politely tell the person that they are using discriminatory language that you and others find offensive. Third, offer to educate this person on why the language they are using is problematic and, if appropriate, suggest alternative language; for example, instead of saying “that’s so gay” say “that’s ridiculous” or “that’s outrageous”. You can also suggest that the resources found on the Skate Canada website would be helpful to the person in order to better educate themselves.
However, where reasonable efforts to intervene fail and in the case where a resolution cannot be found amongst all individuals involved, all reports of misconduct must be submitted directly through the external independent third-party Case Manager process. For more information, please review the Reporting Misconduct Flowchart.
If I have questions about LGBTQI2S+ inclusion in skating, who should I contact?
All questions can be sent via email to [email protected] and they will be directed to the appropriate National Service Center staff person. Or call 1.888.747.2372 and ask to speak to someone about LGBTQI2S+ inclusion.
Prepared by Dr. William Bridel (University of Calgary) and Heather McMahon and Amy Levac (Skate Canada National Service Centre) with input from Jennifer Birch-Jones (Canadian Women & Sport). November 2020 | <urn:uuid:472ef5ec-d503-458b-b60e-6913e3cf8447> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://skatecanada.ca/lgbtqi2s-inclusion-in-sport-faq/?s= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358153.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127073536-20211127103536-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.948577 | 2,720 | 3.375 | 3 |
Anders Andersson at KTH/SciLifeLab and colleagues have developed a new and unique method for studying the DNA from several bacterial strains at the same time. The method can be used to investigate the ecosystem in the Baltic sea or to understand how gut bacteria influence human health. The article was published in Nature Methods.
Read full news article (in Swedish)
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Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. | <urn:uuid:e442db10-8fef-493e-8eaf-6eb4daa3f352> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.scilifelab.se/news/algoritm-for-the-studying-bacterial-genomes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402101163.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930013009-20200930043009-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.935731 | 171 | 2.875 | 3 |
Esta entrada también está disponible en: Spanish
The latest report on Global Economic Prospects by the World Bank paints a worrying picture: the emerging economies have stopped doing so, or at least they will do so much more slowly. This is not a temporary phenomenon but, according to Kaushik Basu, its chief economist and vice-president, a ‘structural slowdown’. It could have negative consequences for everyone and of course also for the developed countries because although they are growing today, they might very well run out of markets in which to expand. In fact, the World Bank has lowered their expectations of growth to 3.4%-4% (although the Eurozone has better prospects), while it expects the developing economies to grow by 4.7%-5.6%. This is significant, but a slowdown nevertheless, as pointed out more than a year ago by an IMF report. Bahnu Baweja of UBS notes in the Financial Times that if China were to be excluded, in dollar terms the growth of the emerging economies would be close to zero. Although with great differences between them, they are grinding to a halt.
This is no return to the past. The world has changed. At the time of the Asian financial crisis of 1998, the emerging economies accounted for 32% of global GDP (in purchasing power parity). Now, following the Great Recession that began in 2007-08, they account for 53% and are essential for global growth. That is, the fate of both worlds is linked. It looked like the emerging economies would really emerge with the crisis, but despite becoming a alternative economic engine of growth, their torque was insufficient. They then fell into a ‘structural slowdown’, bringing back into fashion the concept that the economists call the ‘middle income trap’, that is, how certain countries stagnate upon reaching a certain level of development beyond which it is very difficult for them to go (although there are historical cases such as South Korea, and Spain many years ago, that are the perfect counterexample). The transition to a new harder economy for the emerging countries is spurred on by two factors noted by the World Bank: on the one hand, the higher interest rates promoted by the US Federal Reserve, which will increase the cost of credit for developing countries and hinder the vital influx of capital they need. On the other hand, there are lower oil prices, which are bad for exporters and not so good for importers, who are taking insufficient of the opportunity. To this should be added another pivotal factor: the generalised drop in commodities prices.
The BRICs are the key problem, but excluding India, which at an annual rate of 7.9% is the fastest growing big country. Russia is deepening its recession and Brazil is contracting. China (but not Asia, which is not doing all that bad) is at the centre of it all. Its growth has slowed down and it is importing fewer raw materials, to the detriment of the exporting countries. And perhaps it is even repatriating jobs. Its 7.1% growth forecast for 2015 and of 7% and 6.9% for the following two years remain important for it to continue rising to leading world economy status, but this is not enough to provide a sharp pull to other economies or even to encourage its middle classes, which may have an impact on its internal political and social stability.
The World Bank’s forecasts point to something that has already been announced for some time: the end of the Great Convergence between developed and emerging economies that has occurred in recent decades. If confirmed, this will turn against the developed countries’ interests, as they need the emerging markets for their exports and investments. Some analysts see the possibility of an outright global recession, induced this time by the emerging economies as before it was by the rich countries.
The Great Convergence that might now be slowing down led to the rise of the middle classes in the emerging economies, while the crisis has made them become downwardly mobile in the developed countries. In some of the former, such as Brazil, there have been demonstrations by members of the new middle classes, who demand to be able to continue rising. In Europe, on the other hand, movements such as the indignados, for instance, have taken to the streets to demand an end demonstrated to demand a stop to their downward mobility. According to the OECD, in 2009 the middle classes numbered 1.800 million people, and its forecasts point to a total of 3,200 million by 2020 and 4,900 million by 2030, with Asia accounting for 66% of the total and for 59% of global consumption. Is this progression being jeopardised? If it is, the social and political consequences can be serious and highly destabilising.
Many emerging economies must change their production models. Too many of them have not put to good use the years of growth to leave behind the commodity exports trap. The recommendation of the World Bank’s chairman, Jim Jong Kim, is to invest in education, health and infrastructure and to create a more favourable business environment. But even if implemented, the results of reforms such as these could take years to bear fruit. And what is to be done in the meantime? | <urn:uuid:1f00940f-7199-4867-8911-038c6bc35024> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://blog.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/global-spectator-no-longer-emerging-economies-downwardly-mobile/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154320.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802110046-20210802140046-00529.warc.gz | en | 0.966446 | 1,072 | 2.5625 | 3 |
@007pagal said:Draw DE and CF perpendicular to AB in triangle ABD using formula for cos we can find angle BAD now, using the formula of cos in triangle AED we can find AE and using sin formula in the same triangle we can find DE now length of CD can be known AB-AE-FB now use the formula for area of a trapezium i.e 1/2distance between parallel sides*sum of parallel sides
Bhai logo please guide me what is this Statistics paper to be held on 15th september??
@rahulshaitan said: Puys the link to the new thread is - www.pagalguy.com/forums/career...Asha karta hu ki aap logo ka pura sahyod jaari rahega
@sampras said:The Qn .Two ladders are placed on opposite diagonals in an alley such that one ladderreaches a units up one wall, the other ladder reaches b units up the opposite wall andthey intersect h units above the ground.Sol : Consider the attached figure :By similar triangles : (x+y)/a = y/h and (x+y)/b = x/hAdding the two eqns :(x+y)/a + (x+y)/b = (x+y)/h ..... divide by (x+y) will get the result h = ab/(a+b) ... Answer
Puys the link to the new thread is - http://www.pagalguy.com/forums/career-discussions/cgl-2012-tier-2-preparation-t-85487/p-3601722?page=1
Asha karta hu ki aap logo ka pura sahyod jaari rahega
@sscjindabad said:Cud not understand the q??Plz explain with solution... | <urn:uuid:06c52b4c-3033-4f7c-b882-b4ac67bbae54> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.pagalguy.com/discussions/cgl-2012-tier-1-results-and-tier-2-preparation-25083741 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488504838.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210621212241-20210622002241-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.793537 | 405 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Whilst the word dentist itself comes from Latin and French words meaning tooth, the practice of a modern dentist is much more varied.
Today, although much of a dentist’s time may be spent ensuring the best health of their patients’ teeth, a dentist’s work also includes the care of all tissues and structure within the oral cavity as well as much of the larger craniofacial complex.
A dentist’s role is concerned with the prevention, correction, and/or treatment of conditions, infections, diseases that affect their patients. Dentistry itself has a long history with the first evidence of it appearing as a specialised branch of medicine occurs over 9000 year ago. Dentistry today is among one of medicine’s most commonly practiced specialties, and includes many different roles including assistants, hygienists, technicians, and therapist in addition to dentists themselves. Together they form an effective partnership to ensure their patients’ continuing oral health.
With oral diseases being some of the frequent conditions people will suffer from, regular dental treatment has been recognised as priority in health care for a long time. The prevalence of oral infections and other conditions has led the World Health Organisation has declare as oral health as a public health concern.
Healthy teeth and gums goes hand in hand with high socio-economic status, with those unable to access high-quality dental healthcare being disproportionately affected by preventable oral diseases. The importance of seeing a dentist for a check-up on a regular basis as well as the maintenance of a good standard of oral hygiene in your daily life is not something to be underestimated. Nevertheless, many of us will have to undergo curative treatments at some point during our lifetime, but with an acute awareness as to the condition of our teeth we can prevent the development of more serious medical concerns.
Dentists are skilled professionals who can carry out a number of delicate and difficult procedures in order to ensure the health of their patients’ teeth and gums. This includes the fitting of fillings, crowns, dental implants, and dentures, as well as the performance of root canals or tooth extraction. Some dentists will choose to widen their skill set even further by undergoing further study to perform maxillofacial surgery.
A dentist will always advise that a preventative measure will always be preferable to corrective treatment. And patients should contact their dentist at the first sign that something is becoming a problem. Although rare, the development of an oral condition can be symptomatic of deeper problem. To ensure the ongoing health of your teeth and gums, dentists recommend that you see your dentist regularly (roughly every six months) to ensure that any ongoing issues are not going undiagnosed and treated.
Our Dental Services
Whilst accreditation of dental specialties differs depending on the governing body under whose jurisdiction a practicing dentist works, there breadth nevertheless represents how varied a dentist’s work truly is.
A veterinary dentist is concerned with the dental treatment of animals. Veterinary dentistry is a branch of veterinary medicine.
Dentistry involving the specialist care of patients with a range of disabilities.
Sometimes referred to as prosthodontics, prosthetic dentistry is an area of dentistry that focuses on the development and fitting of dental prosthetics.
Referring to the study of the structures that support teeth, periodontology is concerned with supporting structures, such as gums, and the conditions that affect them.
Paediatric dentistry is a specialism pursued by those with a particular interest in the specialised dentistry required by children.
Also known as orthodontics, this specialty is primarly focused on the diagnosis and correction of the teeth through straightening. The specialty also extends to corrections made to the midface and mandibular growth.
On the boundary with the broader study of medicine, oral medicine refers to specialised medical diagnosis and treatment of the oral cavity.
Oral implantology is concerned with the replacement of teeth with dental implants. This may be done because the original tooth was diseased or damaged.
Refers to the practice of research with reference to craniofacial biology.
Also referred to as oral surgery, this specialty is concerned with all practices including the tooth extraction, placement of implants, and surgery of the jaw.
Radiology in the context of dentistry is concerned with the performance and interpretation of diagnostic images.
This specialty refers to the study and diagnosis of diseases that affect the teeth, gums, and other structures contained within the oral cavity.
Specialising in the care of age-related dental conditions, geriatric dentistry is the specialised dental care of older patients who are more susceptible to aural conditions.
Sometimes referred to as a forensic dentist, specialist in this branch of dentistry are often tasked with verification of identity from dental records to be used as evidence in cases of criminal and civil law.
Referring to the study of dental pulp, Endodontics as a branch on conservative dentistry is concerned with restoration of tooth function and form after having been damaged.
Referring to the study of oral health and hygiene in the context of epidemiology, dental public health as specialty includes the study of health policy. | <urn:uuid:35566eb3-1e3c-493c-9f01-40f3c2a71993> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.marinedental.co.uk/dentist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202476.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321010720-20190321032720-00294.warc.gz | en | 0.957196 | 1,068 | 3.375 | 3 |
First seven Ecumenical Councils
In the history of Christianity, the first seven ecumenical councils, from the First Council of Nicaea (325) to the Second Council of Nicaea (787), represented an attempt by Church leaders to reach an orthodox consensus, restore peace and develop a unified Christendom. Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Nestorian, Roman Catholic, Anglican, and some Lutheran churches all claim to trace the legitimacy of their clergy by apostolic succession back to this period and beyond, to the earlier period referred to as Early Christianity. However, breaks of unity that still persist today had already occurred during this period.
This era begins with the First Council of Nicaea, which enunciated the Nicene Creed that in its original form and as modified by the First Council of Constantinople of 381 was seen as the touchstone of orthodoxy on the doctrine of the Trinity.
The Church of the East (Nestorian) accepts the first two of the seven councils, but rejects the third, the Council of Ephesus (431), and subsequent councils. The Quinisext Council (692), which attempted to establish the Pentarchy and which is not generally considered one of the first seven ecumenical councils, is not accepted by the Roman Catholic Church, which also considers that there have been many more ecumenical councils after the first seven.
The first scholar to consider this time period as a whole, Philip Schaff (1819-1893), wrote The Seven Ecumenical Councils of the Undivided Church, first published in 1901 after his death.
These seven ecumenical councils are:
|Council||Date||Convoked by||President||Attendance (approx.)||Topics|
|First Council of Nicaea||325 (May 20-June 19)||Emperor Constantine I||Hosius of Corduba (and Emperor Constantine)||318||Arianism, the nature of Christ, celebration of Passover (Easter), ordination of eunuchs, prohibition of kneeling on Sundays and from Easter to Pentecost, validity of baptism by heretics, lapsed Christians, sundry other matters.|
|First Council of Constantinople||381 (May-July)||Emperor Theodosius I||Timothy of Alexandria, Meletius of Antioch, Gregory Nazianzus, and Nectarius of Constantinople||150||Arianism, Apollinarism, Sabellianism, Holy Spirit, successor to Meletius|
|Council of Ephesus||431 (June 22-July 31)||Emperor Theodosius II||Cyril of Alexandria||200–250||Nestorianism, Theotokos, Pelagianism|
|Council of Chalcedon||451 (October 8-November 1)||Emperor Marcian||A board of government officials and senators, led by the patrician Anatolius||520||The judgments issued at the Second Council of Ephesus in 449, the alleged offences of Bishop Dioscorus of Alexandria, the definition of the Godhead and manhood of Christ, many disputes involving particular bishops and sees.|
|Second Council of Constantinople||553 (May 5-June 2)||Emperor Justinian I||Eutychius of Constantinople||152||Nestorianism |
|Third Council of Constantinople||680-681 (November 7-September 16)||Emperor Constantine IV||Patriarch George I of Constantinople||300||Monothelitism, the human and divine wills of Jesus|
|Second Council of Nicaea||787 (September 24-October 23)||Constantine VI and Empress Irene (as regent)||Patriarch Tarasios of Constantinople, legates of Pope Adrian I||350||Iconoclasm|
However, not all of these councils have been universally recognised as ecumenical. As indicated above, the Church of the East accepts only the first two, and Oriental Orthodoxy only three. Nontrinitarians, such as Oneness Pentecostals, Unitarians, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Quakers, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses, reject the teachings of all seven.
First Council of Nicaea (325)
Emperor Constantine convened this council to settle a controversial issue, the relation between Jesus Christ and God the Father. The Emperor wanted to establish universal agreement on it. Representatives came from across the Empire, subsidized by the Emperor. Previous to this council, the bishops would hold local councils, such as the Council of Jerusalem, but there had been no universal, or ecumenical, council.
The council drew up a creed, the original Nicene Creed, which received nearly unanimous support. The council's description of "God's only-begotten Son", Jesus Christ, as of the same substance with God the Father became a touchstone of Christian Trinitarianism. The council also addressed the issue of dating Easter (see Quartodecimanism and Easter controversy), recognised the right of the see of Alexandria to jurisdiction outside of its own province (by analogy with the jurisdiction exercised by Rome) and the prerogatives of the churches in Antioch and the other provinces and approved the custom by which Jerusalem was honoured, but without the metropolitan dignity.
The Council was opposed by the Arians, and Constantine tried to reconcile Arius, after whom Arianism is named, with the Church. Even when Arius died in 336, one year before the death of Constantine, the controversy continued, with various separate groups espousing Arian sympathies in one way or another. In 359, a double council of Eastern and Western bishops affirmed a formula stating that the Father and the Son were similar in accord with the scriptures, the crowning victory for Arianism. The opponents of Arianism rallied, and the First Council of Constantinople in 381 marked the final victory of Nicene orthodoxy within the Empire, though Arianism had by then spread to the Germanic tribes, among whom it gradually disappeared after the conversion of the Franks to Christianity in 496.
Constantine commissions Bibles
In 331, Constantine I commissioned Eusebius to deliver fifty Bibles for the Church of Constantinople. Athanasius (Apol. Const. 4) recorded Alexandrian scribes around 340 preparing Bibles for Constans. Little else is known, though there is plenty of speculation. For example, it is speculated that this may have provided motivation for canon lists, and that Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus are examples of these Bibles. Together with the Peshitta and Codex Alexandrinus, these are the earliest extant Christian Bibles.
First Council of Constantinople (381)
The council approved what is the current form of the Nicene Creed as used in most Oriental Orthodox churches. The Eastern Orthodox Church uses the council's text but with the verbs expressing belief in the singular: Πιστεύω (I believe) instead of Πιστεύομεν (We believe). The Latin Rite of the Catholic Church also uses the singular and, except in Greek, adds two phrases, Deum de Deo (God from God) and Filioque (and the Son). The form used by the Armenian Apostolic Church, which is part of Oriental Orthodoxy, has many more additions. This fuller creed may have existed before the Council and probably originated from the baptismal creed of Constantinople.
The council also condemned Apollinarism, the teaching that there was no human mind or soul in Christ. It also granted Constantinople honorary precedence over all churches save Rome.
First Council of Ephesus (431)
Theodosius II called the council to settle the Nestorian controversy. Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople, opposed use of the term Theotokos (Greek Η Θεοτόκος, "God-Bearer"). This term had long been used by orthodox writers, and it was gaining popularity along with devotion to Mary as Mother of God. He reportedly taught that there were two separate persons in the incarnate Christ, though whether he actually taught this is disputed.
After quoting the Nicene Creed in its original form, as at the First Council of Nicaea, without the alterations and additions made at the First Council of Constantinople, it declared it "unlawful for any man to bring forward, or to write, or to compose a different (ἑτέραν) Faith as a rival to that established by the holy Fathers assembled with the Holy Ghost in Nicæa."
Council of Chalcedon (451)
The council repudiated the Eutychian doctrine of monophysitism, described and delineated the "Hypostatic Union" and two natures of Christ, human and divine; adopted the Chalcedonian Definition. For those who accept it (Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholics, and most Protestants), it is the Fourth Ecumenical Council (calling the Second Council of Ephesus, which was rejected by this council, the "Robber Synod" or "Robber Council").
Before the council
In November 448, a synod at Constantinople condemned Eutyches for unorthodoxy. Eutyches, archimandrite (abbot) of a large Constantinopolitan monastery, taught that Christ was not consubstantial with humanity.
In 449, Theodosius II summoned a council at Ephesus, where Eutyches was exonerated and returned to his monastery. This council was later overturned by the Council of Chalcedon and labeled "Latrocinium" (i.e., "Robber Council").
Second Council of Constantinople (553)
This council condemned certain Nestorian writings and authors. This move was instigated by Emperor Justinian in an effort to conciliate the monophysite Christians, it was opposed in the West, and the Popes' acceptance of the council caused a major schism.
Prior to the Second Council of Constantinople was a prolonged controversy over the treatment of three subjects, all considered sympathetic to Nestorianism, the heresy that there are two separate persons in the Incarnation of Christ. Emperor Justinian condemned the Three Chapters, hoping to appeal to monophysite Christians with his anti-Nestorian zeal. Monophysites believe that in the Incarnate Christ there is one nature, not two.
Eastern Patriarchs supported the Emperor, but in the West his interference was resented, and Pope Vigilius resisted his edict on the grounds that it opposed the Chalcedonian decrees. Justinian's policy was in fact an attack on Antiochene theology and the decisions of Chalcedon. The pope assented and condemned the Three Chapters, but protests in the West caused him to retract his condemnation. The emperor called the Second Council of Constantinople to resolve the controversy.
After the council
Vigilius declared his submission to the council, as did his successor, Pope Pelagius I. The council was not immediately recognized as ecumenical in the West, and Milan and Aquileia even broke off communion with Rome over this issue. The schism was not repaired until the late 6th century for Milan and the late 7th century for Aquileia.
Third Council of Constantinople (680–681)
Quinisext Council (= Fifth-Sixth Council) or Council in Trullo (692) has not been accepted by the Roman Catholic Church. Since it was mostly an administrative council for raising some local canons to ecumenical status, establishing principles of clerical discipline, addressing the Biblical canon, without determining matters of doctrine, the Eastern Orthodox Church does not consider it to be a full-fledged council in its own right, viewing it instead as an extension of the fifth and sixth councils. It gave ecclesiastical sanction to the Pentarchy as the government of the state church of the Roman Empire.
Second Council of Nicaea (787)
Second Council of Nicaea (787). In 753, Emperor Constantine V convened the Synod of Hieria, which declared that images of Jesus misrepresented him and that images of Mary and the saints were idols. The Second Council of Nicaea restored the veneration of icons and ended the first iconoclasm.
In the 9th century, Emperor Michael III deposed Patriarch Ignatius of Constantinople and Photius was appointed in his place. Pope Nicholas I declared the deposition of Ignatius invalid. After Michael was murdered, Ignatius was reinstated as patriarch without challenge and in 869-70 a council in Constantinople, considered ecumenical in the West, anathematized Photius. With Ignatius' death in 877, Photius became patriarch, and in 879-80 another council in Constantinople, which many Easterners consider ecumenical, annulled the decision of the previous council.
- Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical) - church councils before the First Council of Nicaea
- Late ancient history of Christianity
- Synod of Ancyra in 341.
- Fourth Ecumenical Council to see the difference in numbering for this and the following council.
- Diehl, Charles (1923). "1: Leo III and the Isaurian Dynasty (717-802)". In Tanner, J. R.; Previté-Orton, C. W.; Brooke, Z. N. The Cambridge Medieval History. IV: The Eastern Roman Empire (717-1453). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 21. ISBN 9785872870395. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
[...] Tarasius [...] skilfully put forward the project of an Ecumenical Council which should restore peace and unity to the Christian world. The Empress [...] summoned the prelates of Christendom to Constantinople for the spring of 786. [...] Finally the Council was convoked at Nicaea in Bithynia; it was opened in the presence of the papal legates on 24 September 787. This was the seventh Ecumenical Council.
- Schaff's Seven Ecumenical Councils: Introductory Note to Council of Trullo: "From the fact that the canons of the Council in Trullo are included in this volume of the Decrees and Canons of the Seven Ecumenical Councils it must not for an instant be supposed that it is intended thereby to affirm that these canons have any ecumenical authority, or that the council by which they were adopted can lay any claim to being ecumenical either in view of its constitution or of the subsequent treatment by the Church of its enactments."
- Encyclopædia Britannica "Quinisext Council". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 14, 2010. "The Western Church and the Pope were not represented at the council. Justinian, however, wanted the Pope as well as the Eastern bishops to sign the canons. Pope Sergius I (687–701) refused to sign, and the canons were never fully accepted by the Western Church".
- canon 6 Archived September 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
- canon 7 Archived September 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
- "Arianism." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- The Canon Debate, McDonald and Sanders editors, 2002, pages 414-415, for the entire paragraph
- See official Greek translation of the Roman Missal and the document The Greek and Latin Traditions about the Procession of the Holy Spirit by the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, which states: "The Catholic Church has refused the addition καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ to the formula τὸ ἐκ τοῦ Πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον in the Greek text of the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Symbol, even in its liturgical use by Latins"
- Armenian Church Library: Nicene Creed
- "Nicene Creed." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- "Constantinople, First Council of." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- "Apollinarius." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- "Nestorius." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- "CHURCH FATHERS: Council of Ephesus (A.D. 431)".
- "Latrocinium." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- "Eutyches" and "Archimandrite." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- "Monophysitism." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- "Constantinople, Second Council of." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- "Nestorianism" and "Three Chapters." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- "Three Chapters." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- "Pentarchy". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 14, 2010. "Pentarchy. The proposed government of universal Christendom by five patriarchal sees under the auspices of a single universal empire. Formulated in the legislation of the emperor Justinian I (527–65), especially in his Novella 131, the theory received formal ecclesiastical sanction at the Council in Trullo (692), which ranked the five sees as Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem".
- "Iconoclastic Controversy." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- "Photius", in Cross, F. L., ed., The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (New York: Oxford University Press. 2005) | <urn:uuid:aa074923-bca2-4ac3-889c-29bb09e82e5e> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/First_seven_Ecumenical_Councils.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247480272.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216105514-20190216131514-00597.warc.gz | en | 0.929463 | 3,874 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Amending soil with animal wastes can be useful in food production as well as a means of waste disposal. It has been found to enhance physico-chemical properties and enhance yield. Poultry manure (PM), swine waste (SW), cow dung (CD), and sewage sludge (SS) were added to a hydromorphic ultisol (sandy loam, typic haplusult at the rate of 10 tha-1 (12 kgplot-1)). Maize hybrid (Oba super II) was used as test crop. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications was used in laying the experiment. Data collected were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were separated using Fishers’ Least Significant Difference (F-LSD). Physical properties of soil influenced by animal wastes include bulk density, total porosity, hydraulic conductivity, gravimetric moisture contents, aggregate stability, and rheological characteristics. Amendments also enhanced soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium, pH, exchangeable acidity, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation were all higher relative to the unamended plots. Productivity studies revealed that maize growth was significantly affected by amendments especially PM. This was observed in height, leaf area index and yield higher relative to the control. Generally, the increase followed the order PM>SW>SS>CD. Animal wastes especially from poultry sources are recommended for soil amelioration and for increased crop yield in the area.
Key words: Cow dung, sewage sludge, swine waste, poultry manure, waste disposal.
Copyright © 2018 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 | <urn:uuid:64dd5caf-9d0d-4ea3-89ff-a9afe72df550> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://academicjournals.org/journal/JSSEM/article-abstract/C2A498A57497 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512499.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019232929-20181020014429-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.937853 | 369 | 2.75 | 3 |
An individual may possess several value systems that may have areas that overlap. Conflicts in values may be resolved if they can be segregated to an activity otherwise one value must supercede the other. A simple example of this is that of a Golfer, who believes that cheating is wrong, except when facing a difficult par 4.
Within a value system of a group, some individual differences are to be expected but certain traits will tend to dominate.
Some value systems are: | <urn:uuid:a019ce51-9ea5-4c2f-babc-478b94113509> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Value_Systems&oldid=560405 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889542.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120083038-20180120103038-00355.warc.gz | en | 0.934362 | 96 | 2.75 | 3 |
Physical Review Letters - Spider silk violin strings with a unique packing structure generate a soft and profound timbre
We overcome the difficulties in pulling long draglines from spiders, twist bundles of dragline filaments and succeed in preparing violin strings. The twisting is found to change the cross section shapes of filaments from circular to polygonal, and to optimize the packing structure with no openings among filaments providing mechanically strong and elastic strings. The spider string signal peaks of overtones for the violin is relatively large at high frequencies, generating a soft and profound timbre. Such a preferable timbre is considered to be due to the unique polygonal packing structure which provides valuable knowledge for developing new type of materials.
Dr Osaki has perfected methods of obtaining large quantities of this dragline silk from captive-bred spiders and has now turned his attention to the applications of the remarkable material.
"Bowed string instruments such as the violin have been the subject of many scientific studies," he writes.
"However, not all of the details have been clarified, as most players have been interested in the violin body rather than the properties of the bow or strings."
Dr Osaki used 300 female Nephila maculata spiders - one of the species of "golden orb-weavers" renowned for their complex webs - to provide the dragline silk.
For each string, Dr Osaki twisted between 3,000 and 5,000 individual strands of silk in one direction to form a bundle. The strings were then prepared from three of these bundles twisted together in the opposite direction.
He then set about measuring their tensile strength - a critical factor for violinists wishing to avoid breaking a string in the midst of a concerto
If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on ycombinator or StumbleUpon. Thanks | <urn:uuid:a69f1108-2246-41d7-9b18-88a681745977> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://nextbigfuture.com/2012/03/spider-silk-spun-into-violin-strings.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454702018134.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205195338-00019-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932728 | 371 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Managing daily routine involves managing finance at most. We need to be well planned about income and expenses so that any uncertainty or shortage can be avoided.
Managing finance is a very crucial problem at every level, individual, business and govt.
An individual recognize its finance from level of salary income and all day to day expenses, a business man gives it more broader meaning as capital, liability, budget etc.
Gove use their inflow and outflows at national level; accumulate them to reach at cash flow surplus or deficit to decide financial policies for whole country. So our entire lives are empowered by finance. Successful are those who earn good, spend wisely, save more and keep on adding their finance through investments.
Individual or personal finance refers to the financial management of which an individual or a family unit is required to make to obtain, budget, save, and spend financial resources with time, consider various risks of finance and future events. Personal finance would consider the suitability to his or her needs of a range of banking product or investment products or participation and monitoring of individual and employer sponsored plans, benefits of social security, and income tax management.
Achieving these goals requires projecting what they will cost, and funds withdrawal. Inflation or rise in prices is the main risk that house holds buying will face. Net present value calculation, Financial adviser will suggest for saving and investing in different portfolio of investment. To protect from rising inflation rate, More return should be generated from investment, and definitely they will subject to varying risks. These portfolio of risks can be overcome by Asset allocation which require investment on variety of assets and cash convertibles like bond, cash and other investments.
5. Retirement planning is the process of understanding how much it costs to live at retirement, and making distribution of assets in a way that manage fall in income. Retirement plan inckudes reliance on Govt. made policies to manage tax liability including Individual and employer based retirement schemes. | <urn:uuid:f0195884-4baf-4d25-a503-276b8115883b> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://onlineefinance.com/managing-finance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589634.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717090227-20180717110227-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.95443 | 397 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Chain Replacement and Repair
Here we explain how to replace a chain on a derailleur-equipped bicycle so that you can install a new chain when yours wears out. Bicycles with derailleurs use a chain that normally cannot be removed unless you separate one link with a chain tool, a special bicycle tool that lets you push a pin out of the chain (more about this procedure later).
The techniques used to replace a chain will also help you repair one should you or a riding companion have a problem on the road or trail. For example, as long as you carry a chain tool, it's a fairly simple matter to repair something as serious as a broken chain, which would otherwise leave you stranded.
How do you know when to replace a chain?
You can purchase a Chain Wear Indicator and use it, or you can measure the chain for wear. On a new chain you'll be able to measure exactly 12 inches between 2 chain pins. If the distance measures 12 1/8 inches or more, your chain is worn out and should be replaced.
Recommended Tools and Parts:
- Chain Wear Indicator Tool or a ruler
- chain (must be compatible with your bicycle; for example 9-speed for a 9-speed cassette)
- chain tool compatible with your chain type (we recommend carrying one with you on rides, too)
- special replacement pin or link for your chain (supplied with the new chain)
- rubber gloves
- it's also helpful to have a repair stand, which lets you work on the bike at a comfortable height and makes it easy to pedal by hand to check for any tight links or problems after you've installed the new chain
It's important to check your chain every few months and replace it before it's too far gone. If you just keep riding, you'll wear the chain, cassette and even the chainrings. When you replace your chain regularly, your other drivetrain components will last a lot longer, which saves you money. You'll also enjoy smoother shifting and pedaling if you always keep a good chain on your bike.
Note that if you wait too long you'll probably need at least a new cassette (or some new cogs) to go with your new chain, and perhaps a new chainring. You'll know this is the case because when you ride your bike with the new chain you'll experience a skipping sensation while pedaling. This skipping is caused by the new chain slipping on worn cogs. Skipping is dangerous and you should replace the cassette immediately.
There are 3 types of chains named and described below. Though there are similarities, each type requires a slightly different technique for replacement. You can click the links below to jump to that type of chain or you may want to read about all of them so you'll be able to replace/repair any chain. That way, if you carry a chain tool on rides, you'll be able to rescue your friends if theirs break. Here are the chain types:
Type 1. Chain joined with special replacement pin
On this chain a special pin is inserted that takes the place of a stock pin. This is the way modern Shimano and Campagnolo chains work. The special replacement pin (sometimes 2) is supplied with the new chain so look for it and don't lose it when you open the package.
Type 2. Chain joined with special connecting link (sometimes called a "master" link)
Here the chain is joined by a special link that has 2 outer plates with protruding pins that are inserted into the chain rollers, aligned to fit together and then snapped tight by pushing on the pedals. The special connecting link is supplied with the new chain. Look for it in the package.
Type 3. Chain joined by any pin
The traditional method of joining a chain is to push any pin out just far enough to be able to flex the chain to separate the ends. Though most chains today use the special pins or link, this is still a good thing to understand, because you can use this approach to get home should you break a chain and not have a replacement pin or link for the repair (you should repair the chain correctly when you get home).
Purchasing And Sizing The Chain
Once you realize you need a new chain and you're ready to stop riding long enough to replace it, use your chain tool to push any pin completely out of the chain. Chain tools differ. If yours has two grooves for holding your chain be sure to rest the chain so that you're pushing against the sturdier one, which is usually at the back of the tool. This is important, because if you seat the chain on the middle groove and try to drive out the pin, you may break that part of the tool.
Once the pin is extracted, you can take the chain off the bike. At this point you can count each link to determine how many are on your chain. Or, you might choose to simply bring the chain in to us and let us do the math. Either way, your new chain has to be the same length as your old in order to work correctly on your bicycle. Plus, it must be compatible with your drivetrain. For example, a 9-speed chain should be used with a 9-speed drivetrain, a 10-speed with a 10-speed, and so on. If you have any questions about chain compatibility, just ask. In general it's best to use the same type of chain you had before.
Routing The Chain Through The Derailleurs
When you have a new chain correctly sized for your bicycle, you're ready to begin installation. First, route it through the rear derailleur by passing it beneath the lower pulley and up around the right side of the top pulley and then back, around and over the cassette. Be sure the chain isn't resting on anything but the pulleys and that it forms a backwards S where it passes through the pulleys
Next, pull the chain through the front derailleur cage and around the bottom bracket (don't place it on the small chainring yet). You should end up with the chain looking like the one in the picture below (with the exception that the chain is resting on the frame, not on a chainring):
Joining The Chain
When installing or repairing a chain that uses a special replacement pin, or a chain that uses any pin, keep in mind that most chain failure is due to one of the pins being improperly installed. Modern chains are very narrow, and even a small amount of misalignment in the pin where it sits in the outer plate could cause the chain to break under load. So, always carefully compare the pin you installed to its neighbors making sure they protrude equal amounts.
It is possible to use a special connecting link instead of the replacement pin should you decide you'd rather not deal with pressing pins in and out. You'll just need to get one that's compatible with your chain type and size. Tip: If you carry a couple special connecting links in your seat bag you'll be able to repair a broken chain quickly and easily.
Here are how the 3 chain types are joined:
Type 1: Special replacement pins
Some chains, including Shimano, use chain pins which are peened to create a mushroom effect at the ends of the pins, which adds strength where they meet the outer plates. When a pin is pressed even partially out, this peening is sheared off on the side pressed by the chain tool. If this pin is reused, it will create a weak link at that pin, which could lead to chain breakage.
To prevent this weakness Shimano and some Campagnolo chains use special replacement pins when the chain is installed new or when one is removed and re-installed. These replacement pins have pilots that allow installation without damage to the pin or the outer plate. The pilot is then broken off or removed before riding. These pins come with the chains along with instructions for their use. Tip: It's a good idea to carry a spare pin for roadside repairs.
Shimano Chain Installation
Align the ends of the chain and insert the special replacement pin into the holes, tapered end first. The pin will protrude out, towards you. Now place the chain tool on the chain so that the link you're working on is seated completely and resting against the back (strongest) shelf of the tool with the tool's pin aligned to press directly on the special replacement pin when you turn the tool's handle.
Drive the replacement pin into the chain (this will push the pilot part of the pin out the other side). To make sure you don't push the pin too far, stop and check
your progress a few times as you turn the tool. Stop pushing the pin with the tool when the pin end you're pushing on protrudes the same amount as the neighboring pins.
To finish installing the pin, break off the pilot, which will snap off if you grab it with pliers and bend. On some chain tools, you can also slip it into the head of the tool and twist to snap it off.
Now that the chain is joined, check the connection for a tight link. It should pivot at the roller without resistance. If it binds, it may cause skipping and shifting problems. To free a stiff link, grasp the chain with your hands straddling the stiff link and flex the chain laterally, which will free the outer plates that got pinched during pin installation causing the stiff link.
When the new chain is joined correctly you'll be able to spin the pedal backwards by hand and watch the chain run smoothly around the derailleur pulleys.
Campagnolo 10-Speed Chain Installation
Campagnolo 10-speed chains use a special replacement pin, too. It's comprised of 2 parts, the pin and the pilot. Engage the pilot and pin (one end of the pin will fit onto the peg on the pilot) so that the pin faces the inside of the bike, toward the spokes and the pilot is inside the link. The pin is then pushed outward, away from the spokes until it's fully inserted in the link.
The reason the pin is inserted from the spokes side is because it reduces the chance of the pin striking the derailleur cage and compromising shifting, which could happen if you pushed it in from the other side.
Campagnolo makes a special tool for installing the 10-speed chain. If you don't have this tool, it's especially important to press down on the chain at the pin to keep it seated in the chain tool. Use your thumb to hold the link in place as you insert it.
After the pin is fully inserted, simply pull outward to remove the pilot. Check the freshly connected link by flexing it to feel for tightness that may cause shifting problems. The link should pivot as freely as the others. If not, grasp the chain with your hands straddling the tight link and gently flex laterally to free the link.
Type 2: Special connecting link
Some chain manufacturers offer a special link (sometimes called a "master link"), to join the chain. Because designs vary, be sure to read the directions or ask us. Typically, the bicycle chain ends must have rollers on each end. In other words, neither chain end has an outer plate with a pin.
The special link comes in two pieces. To join the chain install one piece through the inside face of chain and install the second piece through the outside of the other chain end. Engage the two pieces so that the link pins fit into the special link's plate holes.
Then pull the chain to lock the link. The best way to do this is to place the chain on the chainring and pedal hard by hand to lock the special link. Be sure to inspect the special link before riding to ensure it's securely locked.
Note: Some special links are reusable, while others are disposable and should be replaced after each removal. Check the manufacturer's instructions or ask us to figure out which you have.
Type 3: Joined by any pin
There are several brands of chain that are installed and repaired by pressing out any pin partially, then re-pressing the same pin in to re-install/repair the chain. Check the instructions or ask us if you're not sure about your chain.
To join the ends of the chain, insert the roller end and then slightly flex the chain laterally to get the chain end with the pin to spread a bit wider. At this point you will be able to push and snap the roller end in place as the tip of the pin engages the hole in the roller.
The next step is to press the pin into the chain with the chain tool. Push the pin far enough so it protrudes the same amount as neighboring pins.
Now that the chain is joined, check the connection for a tight link. It should pivot at the roller without resistance. If it binds, it may cause skipping and shifting problems. To free a stiff link, grasp the chain with your hands straddling the stiff link and flex the chain laterally, which will free the outer plates that got pinched during pin installation.
When the new chain is right you'll be able to pedal backwards by hand and the chain will run smoothly around the derailleur pulleys.
Repairing A Bent Chain
If you notice an intermittent skipping or roughness as you pedal, you may have bent a portion of your chain. This can happen if a stick gets grabbed by the drivetrain and you don't notice it and keep pedaling. To fix it, stop and find the bad section by backpedaling with your hand and watching for the bad links passing through the rear derailleur pulleys. They should stand out as they pass over the pulleys.
Pull back on the chain to get the bad spot where you can see it. To fix it, you'll need to hold the chain on either side of the bent link and twist. You can use your hands or pliers or whatever tools you have in your seat bag. With gentle pressure and a little trial and error you should be able to straighten the bent section enough to be able to ride without problems. It's a good idea to replace damaged links when you get home because they're weakened are more likely to break under load.
Repairing A Broken Chain
The most common cause of chain failure is an improperly installed pin, a common mistake when putting on a new chain. So, the best way to prevent chain breakage is to read and carefully follow the instructions for installing the different types of chains in this article.
To fix a broken chain, use your chain tool to remove the link that failed and then rejoin the chain ends with whatever method is available to you.
If you're carrying a special replacement pin or link in your seat bag, use it to reassemble the chain ends. Otherwise, trim the chain so there's a roller on one end and an outer plate with pin on the other. Join them by snapping the ends together and driving home the pin.
It's also possible to get home on a make-shift repair such as joining the chain with a piece of wire or even string, found on the road. You'll have to pedal carefully, but, with luck, it just might allow you to ride most of the way home.
Keep in mind that if you must remove links when repairing a chain, it shortens the chain and compromises shifting. So, as you ride home, avoid gears that approach the chain's full capacity, such as the large chainring/large cog combination. To prevent this problem consider carrying a section of spare links in your seat bag. Tip: If you had links left over when you sized your chain, save these: They're perfect for repairs. | <urn:uuid:0c915a73-6d38-41e4-b530-f71c902168c4> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://cyclesmith.ca/articles/chain-repair-and-replacement-pg638.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648177.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323024544-20180323044544-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.937317 | 3,245 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Struktur Anatomi dan Kualitas Serat Kayu dan Akar Gantung Beringin (Ficus benjamina Linn.)
AbstractBeringin (Ficus benjamina Linn.) is one of typical fast growing tree species which are commonly found in Indonesia. The trees grow with hanging roots which grow larger and often can merged with the main stem, then its timber is not optimally utilized. This paper studies the anatomical structure and fiber quality of main stem and large, medium, and small diameter of hanging roots of beringin (Ficus benjamina Linn.) tree. Anatomical structure was observed macroscopically and microscopically, while fiber dimensions were measured from macerated samples. The results show that the anatomical structure pattern of the roots is similar with those of main stem, however the quantity and dimension of anatomical components of hanging roots are smaller and shorter than components of main stem. Likewise, the fiber dimensions of roots are shorter and thinner than those taken from the main stem. Based on fiber dimensions and its derivative value, beringin wood fibers are classified into class quality II for pulp and paper. The creamy white color with white streaky figure of beringin wood from main stem is recommended for indoor decoration products such as wooden venetian blind, while the small roots are recommended for strap or webbing material crafts.
Bauer G, Speck T. 2012. Restoration of tensile strength in bark samples of Ficus benjamina due to coagulation of latex during fast self-healing of fissures. Annals of Botany. 109(4): 807-811. http://doi.org/fxs8tq
Boer E, Sosef MSM. 1998. General part of Ficus L. In: Sosef MSM, Hong LT, Prawirohatmodjo S. (Eds.). Plant resources of South East Asia 5(3). Timber trees: lesser-known timbers. Leiden (NL): Backhuys Publisher.
Frankland AW. 1999. Latex allergy: a review. Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine. 9(4): 313-321. http://doi.org/d5w5sf
Hemmer W, Focke M, Götz M, Jarisch R. 2004. Sensitization to Ficus benjamina: relationship to natural rubber latex allergy and identification of foods implicated in the ficus-fruit syndrome. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 34(8): 1251-1258. http://doi.org/cfp633
Heyne K. 1987. Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia. (Vol.4). Bogor (ID): Departemen Kehutanan.
Krisdianto. 2015. Pendugaan kualitas pulp dan kertas berdasarkan dimensi serat kayu. Forpro. 4(2): 31-38.
Oey DS. 1990. Berat jenis dari jenis-jenis kayu Indonesia dan pengertian beratnya kayu untuk keperluan praktek. Pengumuman Nr.13. Bogor (ID): Lembaga Penelitian Hasil Hutan.
Rahman AN, Siagian RM. 1976. Dimensi serat jenis kayu Indonesia. Laporan No.75. Lembaga Penelitian Hasil Hutan, Bogor (ID).
Rodriguez A, Morala A, Serranoa L, Labidib J, Jimanez L. 2008. Rice straw pulp obtained by using various methods. Bioresource Technology. 99(8): 2881-2886. http://doi.org/ftgpsc
Rulliaty S. 1994. Wood quality indicators as estimators of juvenile wood in mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King.) from forest plantation in Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia. [Thesis]. Los Banos (PH): The University of Phillipines.
Rulliaty S. 2014. Identifikasi dan kualitas serat lima jenis kayu andalan setempat asal Jawa Barat dan Banten. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 32(4): 297-312.
Samariha A, Kiaei M, Talaeipour M, Nemati M. 2011. Anatomical structure differences between branch and trunk in Ailanthus altissima wood. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 4(12): 1676-1678.
Sass J E. 1961. Botanical Microtehnique. New York (US): The IOWA State University Press.
Shakhes J, Zeinaly F, Marandi M, Saghafi T. 2011. The effects of processing variables on the soda and soda-aq pulping of kenaf bast fiber. BioResources. 6(4): 4626-4639.
Starr F, Starr K, Loope L. 2003. Ficus benjamina weeping fig. Survey report. U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawai (US).
Veneklaas EJ, Santos-silva MPRM, den Ouden F. 2002. Determinants of growth rate in Ficus benjamina L. compared to related faster-growing woody and herbaceous species. Scientia Horticulturae. 93(1): 75-85. http://doi.org/bp8q2w
Wheeler EA, Baas P, Gasson E. 1989. IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification. IAWA Bulletin. N.s,. 10(3): 219-232. http://doi.org/bfqd
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
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- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access). | <urn:uuid:544309a1-d60f-4866-864d-03ec0ebe7226> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/JIPI/article/view/11709 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599718.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120165335-20200120194335-00464.warc.gz | en | 0.708503 | 1,411 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Range: Mississippi - The Yellow-Blotched Map Turtle (Cagle, 1954) is found in the Pascagoula River (the singing river) and most of its tributaries. The Pascagoula River is not a very large river as compared to the Alabama River and the Pearl River.
Description: This is a small to medium size turtle. Males are about 3.5 to 4.5 inches as adults and females are about 5 to 7.5 inches long. This turtle is part of the narrow head group of map turtles and therefore is mostly an insect eater, but they are also opportunistic so crustaceans and fish could also be eaten. It has the typical map turtle central keel that is exaggerated as a hatchling and slowly wears down with age, especially old females. However, of all the map turtle species, this group (the sawback group, G. nigrinoda, G. oculifera and G. flavimaculata) has the highest central keel. This turtles differs from G. nigrinoda (Black-knobbed Map Turtle) and G. oculifera (Ringed Map Turtle) in having a yellow spot, blotch or line in each of the carapacial pleural scutes. It also has a small plastral pattern that consists of a few horizontal lines.
Habitat: Like the other sawbacks, G. flavimaculata inhabits a sandy/mud bottomed river. It is associated with brush piles (trees that have died and fell into the river). It spends much of the day basking on these fallen trees and quickly jumps into the water when approached. They seek refuge on the bottom of the river and in between the branches of the falling trees. I have found that females prefer to bask further off shore and on tree stumps, in general.
Legal Status Endangered in Mississippi, Federally Threatened
Other Information: In the sections of the Pascagoula where I have looked for G. flavimaculata, it was not uncommon. Both G. flavimaculata and G. gibbonsi appear to be equally common. This is another example of a broad-head species and a narrow -head species living sympatrically. Other species that are found in the same places as this species are Graptemys gibbonsi (Pascagoula Map), Pseudemys concinna (River Cooters), Trachemys scripta elegans (Red Eared Slider), Sternotherus minor minor x peltifer (Loggerhead x Stripeneck Musk), Sternotherus carinatus (Razor-back Musk), Macrochelys temminckii (Alligator Snapping Turtles, not Loggerheads as named by the locals), and Apalone spinifera aspera, (Gulf Coast Spiny Softshell). G. flavimaculata is part of the narrow head group. G. gibbonsi, a broad head species, can be found along side G. flavimaculata. I have found that in a five mile section of river, G. gibbonsi or G. n. flavimaculata can be the dominate basking turtle in a certain area. While going up river in this five mile section, the most dominate Graptemys species changed several times.
Previous Taxonomy: Graptemys oculifera flavimaculata Cagle, 1954
A female Graptemys flavimaculata basks in the warm sun on the Pascagoula River | <urn:uuid:16d0b55d-079f-4209-92a7-08ca37cafa72> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.graptemys.com/gflavimaculata.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997894289.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025814-00162-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919995 | 753 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Andrew Heafitz, winner of the 2002 Lemelson-MIT Student Prize for Inventiveness, is challenging students to clean up the cruelest litter of war in two back-to-back IAP sessions on Wednesday, Jan. 18, in the Edgerton Center.
According to Heafitz, 50 million landmines -- weapons designed to maim rather than kill enemy soldiers -- lie buried in soil in 80 countries around the world, ready to detonate.
The IAP sessions, both titled "MIT Design for Demining," begin at noon and at 1 p.m. Each session will introduce humanitarian demining -- the process of detecting, removing and disposing of landmines -- and demonstrate inventions or improvements in hand tools, protective gear, safety equipment, educational graphics and teaching materials developed by past students in Heafitz' spring course on demining, SP.776.
"Ten thousand people a year are killed or maimed by anti-personnel landmines. Most are civilians; many are children. Landmines have been used to terrorize communities, to deny access to farming land and to restrict population movement," Heafitz said.
Heafitz (S.B. 1991, S.M. 2001) is a lecturer in the Edgerton Center. He co-teaches Design for Demining with Ben Linder (S.M. 1993, Ph.D. 1999). In true MIT tradition, Heafitz and Linder built their course on one they took as graduate students, carrying the engineering challenge forward -- the challenge to confront and resolve the world's toughest problems.
"Not only is the landmine problem one of intense emotion, it is a really tough one. It pushes the inventive process to the limits. This is extreme invention," Heafitz said.
Heafitz was inspired by David Levy (S.B., S.M. 1987, Ph.D. 1997), who taught a demining course eight years ago.
"I found demining to be an extremely challenging problem, and liked the fact that I was building things that could help people, and my work seemed to be making a difference," said Heafitz.
He said he has been especially pleased at the positive response in past years from demining professionals.
"Deminers are a very tough crowd. They don't need people inventing dumb widgets that are going to get them killed. We put the time into understanding the problems, made some real contributions and gained some respect from the demining community, which was very satisfying.
"I hope that by sharing that experience with students at MIT, I can make an impact in the world," he said.
MIT's Design for Demining students have already produced "several successful products" for use in demining efforts -- all of which must be conducted painstakingly, by hand, so as not to detonate the grisly devices, Heafitz noted.
For example, students in SP.776 developed a tool dubbed the "MIT profile probe" by the demining community, he said.
The probe "reduces the physical effort needed to search for mines by 30 percent or more, thus reducing fatigue and improving operator control. At last count, there were more than 5,000 MIT profile probes in use," Heafitz said.
According to Heafitz, MIT has the only student group that has actually gotten a demining product into widespread use in the field. MIT has also been recognized by demining professionals for making manual demining remarkably safer, he said.
The IAP presentation is an open house to explain what Heafitz' course, SP.776, will be like in the spring semester. It is a recruiting event, he noted.
"Anyone who is creative and enthusiastic about the problem can make a contribution. We will work on any idea that we think will have an impact, from hand tools for digging in hard ground, to mine-risk education to explosives detection," he said.
Heafitz and Linder expose students to the experience of demining before product design and development begin.
Course participants take a field trip to an Army base for training in the demining process before starting their projects. Last year, the group traveled to the Humanitarian Demining Training Center (HDTC) at Fort Leonardwood, Mo. | <urn:uuid:bfaeb7fe-ef65-44fe-8915-a0c0937a935b> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://newsoffice.mit.edu/2006/iap-demining | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637904794.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025824-00006-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96422 | 891 | 2.859375 | 3 |
When viewed from the Solent, Hurst Castle remains an awesome sight even today. The massive Victorian gun batteries seem to stare out menacingly from the wind-swept shingle spit which curls away towards the Isle of Wight. In common with many fortifications, the origins of Hurst Castle came well before Victorian times, the use of 'castle' in its title giving some clue as to when more modest structures occupied the site.
The western entrance of the Solent, narrowing to less than a mile between the mainland and the Isle of Wight, has always been strategically important due to the natural harbours at Southampton and Portsmouth. As artillery improved in the early 16th century it became possible to defend this area against enemy shipping by locating gun emplacements on opposite shorelines, thus creating crossfire. When Henry VIII's break with Rome occurred, England's natural enemies of Spain and France posed a potential invasion threat. Henry's response was to improve England's coastal defences by building a chain of small concentric castles from the River Humber in the north-east, to Milford Haven in the south-west. The bulk of these fortifications were situated in the south and south-east where the risk of invasion was deemed highest. Hurst Castle was one of these purpose-built military defences.
Work commenced c1541 and appears to have continued for some three years. Hurst Castle was more sophisticated in its design than many other castles of that time, and this suggests that it was one of the later ones to be constructed. The core of Henry's Hurst Castle still survives, although alterations to the internal arrangements have been considerable over the years. Comprising of a twelve-sided central tower or keep, it was surrounded by a curtain wall incorporating three semi-circular bastions, spaced symmetrically around its perimeter. The entire structure was then surrounded by a defensive moat, which no longer survives due to infilling in the mid-19th century. Despite never being fully armed, Hurst Castle had the capacity for 71 heavy guns arranged on six different levels, making it a very powerful proposition to any potential enemy fleet.
Little changed at Hurst Castle over the next 250 years, even with several short periods of neglect it was never allowed to become completely ruinous due to its strategic position. During the English Civil War the Parliamentarians held Hurst Castle, and it subsequently became a temporary prison to Charles I prior to his execution. In 1786 the first of several Lighthouses were built outside Hurst Castle, but the current lighthouse incorporated into the rear of the Victorian west wing is a later replacement. The first significant modifications were made to Hurst Castle with the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte in the early 19th century.
Extensive remodelling of the keep was put in hand, and the roofs of the bastions strengthened to accommodate the heavier ordinance of the time. In 1852 work was approved for further additions and alterations to Hurst Castle, including the installation of two large batteries built predominantly from shingle and earth. These were positioned to the east and west, and were capable of holding a further 29 guns. Three caponiers were also added at the base of the curtain walls, projecting into the moat to provide covering fire in the event of a landward assault (only one survives, just to the side of the main entrance).
By far the greatest impact on Hurst Castle was made with the advent of the Crimean War. Technological advances in artillery, especially that of the explosive shell, soon rendered the recent improvements wholly inadequate. In 1861 radical alterations were commenced to equip Hurst Castle for modern warfare. Over the next 13 years the recently constructed gun batteries were removed, and the massive casemated east and west wings were constructed. Once completed and armed, Hurst Castle carried 10 x 38ton RML's (rifled muzzle loaders), 15 x 18ton RML's, 5 x 12ton RML's, and 3 x 64pdrs, and could accommodate a garrison of some 131 officers and men. No further structural alterations were made to the main fabric of the buildings, but armaments were constantly reviewed as weapons technology continued to advance. By 1956 Hurst Castle had passed into care as an ancient monument, and is now open to the public under the guardianship of English Heritage. | <urn:uuid:813bab35-abbd-4a29-9cc7-e4271c40b0bd> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.theheritagetrail.co.uk/military/hurst_castle.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131296951.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172136-00287-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983949 | 879 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Solved IGNOU Assignment >> MPC003 >> Q9
9. ConscientiousnessConscientiousness is one of the factors of the Big Five personality theory. It describes people who are ordered, controlled, organized, ambitious, achievement focused, and self-disciplined. In general, people who score high on C are hardworking, conscientious, punctual, and persevering. In contrast, people who score low on conscientiousness tend to be disorganized, negligent, lazy, and aimless and are likely to give up when a project becomes difficult.
Conscientious children, for instance, get their homework done on time and keep their rooms neat. They set goals and fulfill them, and they generally don’t take many risks. In the California study, persons high in this characteristic have been fully 30 percent less likely to die in any given year than persons low in this trait.
However, recent research has indicated some positive effects of low conscientiousness. Research has demonstrated that lack of conscientiousness is associated with innovation. Defined by terms such as fastidious, ordered, neat, and methodical, the evidence shows that individuals high on conscientiousness are more resistant to changes at work and are more likely to comply with current organizational norms.
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Theories of Personality, Jess Feist and Gregory Feist
Psychology, Robert Baron (Click for eBook)
Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology (Click for eBook) | <urn:uuid:e3f196bb-4119-4396-a86c-f46fb4c0883b> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://psylearners.psychotechservices.com/2015/08/solved-ignou-assignment-mpc003-q9.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812932.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220090216-20180220110216-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.939349 | 292 | 2.875 | 3 |
Study of popular literature written in established genres such as crime, fantasy, horror, romance, science fiction, and western. GE C2
While the origins of the novel in English date back to the seventeenth century, it was not until the second half of the nineteenth century that the form shed its reputation as light and juvenile entertainment and began to be taken seriously as an artistic expression and as an important indicator of the producing and consuming culture’s values and anxieties. Genre fiction—short stories and novels written in popular genres such as crime, fantasy, horror, romance, science fiction, and western—seems to be undergoing a similar transformation from light, low, and immature to texts worthy of our thought and study. This course theorizes the central idea of genre—a series of conventions that can govern the world-making possibilities of a text but which are just as often violated in service of a writer’s purpose—and draws attention both to the craft of the form and the interpretive possibilities they produce. Popular fiction is popular for a reason. Like the novel before it, genre fiction both reflects and produces the culture that produces and consumes it.
For students, the course provides a critical perspective on their own tastes and values, and a theoretical basis for their aesthetic and economic choices. Furthermore, because genre fiction with its roots in myth, legend and folklore takes as its subject power relations and much contemporary genre fiction is interested in representing non-traditional, marginalized, and minority perspectives, this course will help students recognize social, political, and cultural negotiations over power as played out in products of mass appeal.
Upon completion of this course, students will be able to:
- Understand the history and development of genres of popular literature;
- Identify the structural elements of popular genres;
- Recognize major authors in various genres;
- Understand basic literary elements such as plot, scene, setting, and characterization as they apply to various popular genres;
- Read and interpret selected novels and stories, discuss major themes and issues, and apply insights gained through such reading to developments in our own society;
- Apply reading theory and critical theory to the issues raised by these selected stories and novels;
- Connect themes and characters in popular fiction to their origins in myth, legends, and traditional literary works;
- Demonstrate the above abilities in tests, quizzes and informal and formal writing assignments;
- Cultivate a life-long enjoyment of popular fiction.
Course content might be organized in a number of ways. Listed below is one common method of organizing a genre survey course.
Week 1—Introduction to genre fiction; reading conventions, history of popular fiction
Weeks 2-5—Detective and Crime fiction
Week 6—Myth, legend, and the origins of fantasy
Weeks 7-10—Fantasy fiction
Week 11—Origins and conventions of science fiction
Weeks 12-15—Science fiction
About the Banner: Custom illustration created using Pulp-o-Mizer (http://thrilling-tales.webomator.com/derange-o-lab/pulp-o-mizer/pulp-o-mizer.html) | <urn:uuid:6adc3cea-e791-41d0-b128-32c28361aab2> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.calstatela.edu/academic/english/engl-2760-pulp-fictions-and-popular-literatures | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400206763.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922192512-20200922222512-00448.warc.gz | en | 0.935999 | 655 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Miner’s Knee and Compensation
In 2016, the U.S. produced 743 million tons of coal. According to the Energy Information Administration, over 30% of the electricity used in the U.S. was produced from coal. Back in 1923 there were 863,000 coal miners, whereas today there are only 50,000. Although coal production has decreased in the recent years, there are still many individuals alive today that have been, or still are employed by the coal industry.
Basics of Coal Mining
There are two basic methods for mining coal: surface mining and underground mining. Geographical conditions determine which method to use. There are multiple different techniques to both surface and underground mining; but the basic difference, as the names suggest, is that one method occurs underground by using vast networks of tunnels to reach the coal and the other occurs on the surface, usually by utilizing explosives to expose the coal. In both methods, it is not uncommon for the miners to be required to lift, crawl, kneel or squat to aid in the coal extraction, although, underground mining requires far more crawling.
Knee Injuries from Coal Mining
Due partly to the nature of the work, coal miners often experience knee problems. One highly prevalent injury associated with mining is osteoarthritis. In fact, it is so closely related that this type of osteoarthritis is often referred to as “miner’s knee”. In sufferers of osteoarthritis, the cartilage which provides the cushion between bones, breaks down. This degeneration results in pain, swelling, and issues with the joint’s mobility. Eventually, the cartilage may become completely worn and the bones in the knee begin to rub together without protection – leading to more severe pain and damage.
Over 30 million adults are affected by osteoarthritis in various joints. Studies have shown that when compared to the general population, underground coal miners are at double the risk for knee osteoarthritis. Because of the insurmountable correlation between mining and this knee injury, miner’s knee has become a prescribed disease. A prescribed disease is an occupational condition which is eligible for financial benefits. This benefit is produced by the Department for Work and Pensions.
Qualifying For the Benefits
Miners who worked for 10 or more years before the 1986 should qualify for the prescribed disease benefit. For those working after 1986, one of the following work conditions must be met:
- Conveyor attendant or cleaner.
- Development worker.
- Face work on a non-mechanised coal face.
- Face-salvage worker.
If you meet one of the requirements you could be eligible for the prescribed disease benefit. Although, that may not be all you are entitled toward. If your knee osteoarthritis is a result of another party’s negligence, you may be able to file a personal injury claim as well. To determine if you are eligible for such a claim, contact a professional personal injury lawyer to discuss potential legal options. Work with an experienced medical professional such as the doctor for knee pain PG County MD locals trust.
Thanks to Authors at Pain and Arthritis Relief Center for their insight into Chiropractic treatment. | <urn:uuid:6dfa73b8-f16e-4143-9ed8-9e39698df300> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.bapil-law.com/miner-knee-compensation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510179.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926075508-20230926105508-00576.warc.gz | en | 0.954241 | 666 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Although fiber optic cables have made communication and data transfer even faster than previously possible, they are still subject to physical limitations and data loss. A new study has found a way to reduce signal losses from glass-based optical cables.
Researchers from the US state of Penn State and AGC Inc. in Japan they suggest that the silicon dioxide used in the manufacture of these cables be produced under high pressure conditions.
(Photo: Photo by William Thomas Cain / Getty Images)
PHILADELPHIA – SEPTEMBER 12: An optical cable was seen in a “multisensory room” at Elwyn Baring Street Center on September 12, 2002, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
RELATED ARTICLE: The fastest internet in the world that allows you to download 1,000 HD movies in one second is real!
Signal loss in optical cables
“Signal loss means we have to use amplifiers every 80 to 100 miles (50 to 62 miles),” John C. Mauro, a professor of materials science and engineering in Penn State, said in a press release. He adds that after that distance, the signals are no longer “detected correctly”, which becomes a significant problem on the continents and oceans.
Inevitable signal losses in glass fibers occur due to Rayleigh scattering – light scattering and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, due to imperfections in the atomic structure of the medium. Mauro notices the accidental presence of open porosity or voids in the atomic scale. The wires used in the construction of optical cables are made of ultra high purity silicon glass.
“Historically, the biggest breakthrough was the discovery that led to the original optical fiber – how to get rid of water in a glass,” Mauro added, noting the presence of water. It absorbs the signal, especially the one below the frequencies commonly used for telecommunications. But with a specialized technique based on the deposition of chemical vapors, water can be removed from silicon fibers.
Existing techniques for the production of optical cables are done close to the conditions of ambient pressure.
Researching the impact of pressures on the production process
The researchers conducted molecular simulations to investigate the effects of pressure in the fabrication process, and the results of their study were published in the journal NPJ Computational Materials. According to the simulation, more than half of Rayleigh’s scattering losses could be reduced by pressure by tempering the glass.
The report explains that by applying additional pressure to the material it becomes less heterogeneous. It also reduces gaps in the atomic scale – making the material more homogeneous and less porous.
While the Penn State team worked on a simulation of increased pressure on the glass, Madoka Ono conducted actual tests on silicate glass batches and found that the results confirmed the simulation. It is affiliated with Materials Integration Laboratories AGC Inc. and is an associate professor at the Institute of Electronic Sciences, University of Hokkaido.
Mauro said in a statement from the state of Penn State that the optimal pressure is around four gigapascals (GPa). However, this is not a direct improvement in the optical fiber production process. To be produced under these extreme pressures, it would have to form and cool under pressure during the glass transition phase – when the glass is between its solid and liquid phases and looks like a viscous material. A specialized chamber that can hold 40,000 atmospheres of pressure would be needed.
RELATED ARTICLE: Exposure to high pressure yields stronger and lighter metal alloys, new study says
See more news and information about fiber optics in the Science Times. | <urn:uuid:4129c025-132d-41ff-a995-18d3ac068c3f> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://punchng.news/high-pressure-production-improves-the-glass-for-optical-cables.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323584913.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016170013-20211016200013-00557.warc.gz | en | 0.934897 | 739 | 3.578125 | 4 |
How much more valuable is a network with 100 users than one with 50 users? If you know "Metcalfe's law", coined by Bob Metcalfe, inventor of the Ethernet networking system and founder of 3Com, you'll be saying "four times". But three authors of a paper in IEEE Spectrum magazine say that's an overestimate - and responsible for some of the hyped stock valuations of the first internet bubble.
The claim has brought an annoyed reponse from Metcalfe himself, who insists that the new metric offered by the authors (which says that a network's value grows faster than the number of users, but not as fast as Metcalfe claims) is itself wrong.
The difference is crucial to the venture capitalists investing billions of dollars in the new sites and services the average citizen wants to use. And if the IEEE authors are right, your online participation is now worth less than previously thought.
Metcalfe's Law says that the value of a network rises with the square of the number of devices attached, while its cost grows linearly; so at some point, the benefit of being attached outweighs the cost. Metcalfe argued this to push Ethernet: while it was expensive to set up a network of two or three users, and not very useful, it didn't cost much more to extend the network to 10 or 20 or 200 users.
Metcalfe asserted that while the cost of the network grew in a linear fashion, the value of the network grew by the square of the number of devices. So if a network of 1,000 users has a value of £1m, and that network is expanded to 2,000 users, Metcalfe's Law says its value will be £4m.
The IEEE Spectrum authors - whose article appears (at http://spectrum.ieee.org/jul06/4109) under the uncompromising headline "Metcalfe's Law is Wrong" - blame that logic "at least in small part" for the huge stock valuations put on web companies in the first internet bubble. They suggest that useful connections grow more slowly. "The fundamental flaw underlying ... Metcalfe's law is the assignment of equal value to all connections or all groups," they say, quoting Thoreau - who once remarked, about building a telegraph line to connect Maine and Texas, that "Maine and Texas, it may be, have nothing important to communicate".
The authors note that if value really did grow quadratically, people with rival networks (say, instant messaging systems) would readily combine and make everybody better off. But they don't."We propose, instead, that the value of a network of size n grows in proportion to n log(n)," they write. Now if you double the size of your £1m network of 1,000 users, its value becomes £2.1m, not £4m.
Metcalfe - now a venture capitalist - argues (at http://tinyurl.com/n92wh) that his law worked when he invented it, in the early 1980s.
A better formulation could take other factors into account - including the idea that with too many users, a network's value starts to shrink, due to costs of network congestion, identity management, and security. After all, it's great if a network means you can email anybody. The downside? Anybody can spam you.
· If you'd like to comment on any aspect of Technology Guardian, send your emails to [email protected] | <urn:uuid:cadf9888-c333-4a8e-9a41-47a0b175897e> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2006/aug/24/insideit.guardianweeklytechnologysection | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644062327.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025422-00250-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95904 | 737 | 2.578125 | 3 |
What does the phrase “let’s play it by ear” mean?
The phrase “let’s play it by ear” is used when someone wants to basically say “let’s not make any concrete plans – instead, let’s just see how things turn out and then we will decide what to do.” The phrase is used when talking about future plans, so it’s always referencing the future.
The phrase comes from music – for instance, when playing the piano, if you want to play something without looking at the sheet music in front of you, you would “play it by ear”. Basically, you are reproducing a song that you have already heard on the piano. So, you are just going figuring out what to play as you go along.
Here’s an example of it’s usage:
Let’s Play It By Ear In a Sentence
Bob: “Hey Tom, let’s play tennis tomorrow at 3 pm.” Tom: “I think it might rain tomorrow. Let’s just play it by ear.” | <urn:uuid:090e4a14-04ca-44f8-b7a5-0b58f2e4a022> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/lets-play-it-by-ear/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648404.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323161421-20180323181421-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.95241 | 243 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Resolution Adopted by The Association of American State Geologists
June 24, 1997
Whereas geology and the other earth sciences are fundamental to society, and
Whereas the earth sciences are integral to finding, developing, and conserving mineral, energy, and water resources needed for society, and
Whereas the earth sciences provide the basis for preparing for and mitigating natural hazards such as floods, landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, sinkholes, and coastal erosion, and
Whereas the earth sciences are crucial to environmental and ecological issues ranging from water and air quality to waste disposal, and
Whereas geological factors of resources, hazards, and environment are vital to land management and land use decisions at local, state, regional, national, international, and global levels, and
Whereas the earth sciences contribute critical pieces of our understanding of Nature, Therefore, be it resolved that the second full week of October henceforth be designated as "Earth Science Week." | <urn:uuid:ccfbc4d1-5d89-47a2-b625-e0a20658b26f> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.earthsciweek.org/proclamations/resolution | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049270527.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002110-00238-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884296 | 190 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Strymon melinus (Hübner, 1818)
Identification: One tail on hindwing. Upperside blue-gray with large red spot near tail. Underside of spring/fall form is dark gray, summer form is paler gray. Relatively straight postmedian line is white, bordered with orange on the inside edge.
Wing Span: 7/8 - 1 3/8 inches (2.2 - 3.5 cm).
Life History: Males perch all afternoon on small trees and shrubs to seek receptive females. Eggs are laid singly on flowers of host plant. Young caterpillars feed on flowers and fruits; older ones may eat leaves. Chrysalids hibernate.
Flight: Two flights from May-September in the north, three-four flights from February-November in the south.
Caterpillar Hosts: Flowers and fruits from an almost endless variety of plants; most often from pea (Fabaceae) and mallow (Malvaceae) families including beans (Phaseolus), clovers (Trifolium), cotton (Gossypium), and mallow (Malva).
Adult Food: Nectar from many flower species including dogbane, milkweed, mint, winter cress, goldenrod, tick trefoil, and white sweet clover.
Habitat: Open, nonforested sites; common in disturbed, weedy areas.
Range: Throughout continental United States from southern Canada south to Mexico; southward to Venezuela. Comments: The most widespread hairstreak in North America.
Conservation: Not usually required.
NCGR: G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
Management Needs: Caterpillars may cause economic damage to bean and cotton crops.
Displaying 1 - 24 of 6021 verified sightings | <urn:uuid:ff9989b0-76f4-4580-9f96-eb1379835ba1> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Strymon-melinus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744381.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118135147-20181118161147-00370.warc.gz | en | 0.896612 | 396 | 3.3125 | 3 |
One of the five most common crashes on Australian roads are when vehicles run off the road on a curve, and in several of these cases the vehicle rolls over. This type of crash is usually caused by drivers going to fast.
To make matter worse, the higher the speed, the higher the rollover force. Comparatively, travelling around a bend at 90km/h compared to 30km/h increase risk of rollover by eight times. In general terms, double the speed means four times the amount of cornering forces. Speed is also an issues when travelling in a straight line, so at 100km/h, any little correction would have a rollover force at four times what the same manoeuvre would have at 50km/h.
In addition to speed, other cause of rollovers include: worn-out or faulty brakes, driver distraction, fatigue, loads shifting, and the type of vehicle.
This issue is not specific to any type of vehicle, however, it is more common for trucks. Drivers of cars, SUVs and vans typically feel when the vehicle’s wheels lift off the ground as a rollover starts and have an opportunity to correct it. This isn’t the case for heavy vehicles. Contrary to popular belief, a heavy vehicle’s trailer will usually start rolling before the prime mover does. The driver is usually not aware that their trailer has started rolling over and by the time that they become aware and start trying to correct and brake, it is too late.
In Victoria, from 2003-2007, 10% of all truck crashes were rollovers, with 47% of these occurring on a bend. The National Transport Institute (NTI) indicated that from 2003-2007 in Australia: 60% of rollovers involved semi-trailers, 41% of rollovers involved inappropriate speed, and 30% of rollovers involved fatigue. Research has shown that fatalities and significant injuries are more likely in rollovers rather than other crashes involving bulk tankers.
There are several new safety technologies which can assist with rollovers. Electronic Braking and Stability Control Systems have been shown to drastically decrease the likelihood of rollovers.
The best way to avoid a rollover is to slow down around curves, and ensure you drive to a speed suitable for your vehicle.
For more information of these issues, see the following NRSPP resources:
- Quick Fact: Get Around Vehicle Rollovers
- Q&A: Bulk Tanker Rollovers
- Q&A: Road Crashes and Trauma to the Human Body
- NRSPP Case Study: VicRoads — Electronic Braking And Stability Control System Eliminates Rollovers | <urn:uuid:4b5a4a34-d923-4a25-8dc3-304240aa56c5> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.nrspp.org.au/2018/05/29/the-dangers-of-speed-in-rollovers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828056.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217020710-20181217042710-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.946658 | 543 | 2.90625 | 3 |
- Ferdinand Stoliczka
Ferdinand Stoliczka (
June 7, 1838– June 19, 1874) was a Moravian palaeontologistwho worked in Indiaon paleontology, geologyand various aspects of zoology. He died of high altitude sickness during an expedition across the Himalayas.
Stoliczka was born at
Hukvaldy(Hochwald) near Kromeriz in Moravia. Stoliczka, whose father was a forester, studied at a German Secondary school in Kromeriz. Although Stoliczka published 79 articles from 1859–1875, he never wrote anything in Czech. It is believed that he spoke German at home. In his Calcuttayears he was an important figure in the German-speaking community there.cite journal|author=Hruby, Jiri|year=2005|title=Ferdinand Stoliczka|journal=Birding Asia|volume=3|year=2005|pages=50–56]
geologyand palaeontology at Pragueand the University of Viennaunder Professor Eduard Suessand Dr Rudolf Hoernesand his earliest works were studies on some freshwater molluscafrom the Cretaceous rocks of the north-eastern Alpsabout which he wrote to the Vienna Academy in 1859. His scientific career proper started in the Austrian Geological Survey, which he joined in 1861, and his first papers there were based on work in the Alps and Hungary.
Career in India
In 1862 Stoliczka joined the
Geological Survey of India(GSI) under the British Government in India after being recruited by Dr Thomas Oldham(1816–1878). In Calcuttahe was assigned the job of documenting the Cretaceous fossils of southern India and published them in the "Palaeontologia indica", along with William Thomas Blanford. By May 1873 this work was completed with four volumes totalling nearly 15000 pages. Among these works was the osteological description of "Oxyglossus pusillus", a fossil frog from the Deccan Trapsof Bombay. [cite journal|author=Stoliczka, F|year=1869|title=Osteological notes on "Oxyglossus pusillus" ("Rana pusilla" Owen), from the tertiary frog-beds in the Island of Bombay|journal=Mem. Geol. Survey of India|volume=6|pages=387-394]
He studied the geology of the western
Himalayasand Tibet, and published numerous papers on many subjects including Indian zoology. He was also briefly (in 1868) the joint curator of the Indian Museum and also the Natural History Secretary of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. He was involved in editing the Society's journal.
He visited Burma, Malaysia and Singapore, and made two trips to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Rann of Kutch. His first Himalayan trip was in 1864 with F. R. Mallet of the GSI. In 1865 he visited again with an artist friend and a dog to the Ladakh Valley. He visited
Kutchin 1871–1872 but noted that his geology work kept him from making many observations. He noted wild cheetahs from the region and also what is now Stoliczka's bushchat. In 1873 he joined an expedition organized by Hume along with Valentine Ballto the Andaman and Nicobar islands.
His third and last expedition was the most important expedition (1873–1874) during the height of the "Great Game", the rivalry between the Russian and British empires. Eastern Turkestan (
Kashgaria) was a buffer state of prime importance. The British launched an official diplomatic enterprise—the Second Yarkand Mission led by (afterwards Sir) Douglas Forsythto Yakub Beg, the ruler of Chinese Turkestan. The mission had seven sahibs, 350 support staff and 550 animals The expedition needed 6476 porters and 1621 horses and it is said that the Ladakh economy took four years to recover from the losses incurred.
The mission set out from
Rawalpindito Leh "via" Murree. The mission travelled past the Pangong Lake, Changchenmo and Karakash Valley onto Shahidulla and finally to Yarkand. They reached Kashgar in December 1873. On March 17, 1874they began the return journey. They were to visit the Pamir and Afghanistan areas but could not do so due to the political situation and returned to India via Ladakh. On June 16, 1874he had severe headaches as they crossed the Karakoram pass (5580 m). That night, he wrote....:"...upon this followed massive dolomitic limestone and this was overlain with blue shales. I must have a ramble in these limestones tomorrow."Captain Trotter reported that on the 18th "he started on horseback early in the morning to examine some rocks up the stream." He returned tired and complained of a headache. He breathed heavily and coughed all night. The native doctor diagnosed acute bronchitis and inflammation of the lungs and treated him with brandy mixed in a cough mixture. At 2 p.m. he drank some port wine and "his respiration grew slower and slower, and also did his pulse, and he finally breathed his last, dying so quietly that it was impossible to say at what precise instant he passed away".
Stoliczka died on
June 19, 1874at Moorghi in Ladakh. His dying request was that the birds part of the scientific results of the expedition be published by Allan Octavian Hume. This work was finally, however completed by Richard Bowdler-Sharpeseventeen years later.
H. W. Bellewdid the post-mortem and confirmed "spinal meningitis deteriorated by over-exertion in strenuous endeavours after information, and the great height." Today this is generally believed to have been Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS), a condition well known to Himalayan travellers. It manifests as pulmonary or cerebral oedema. Above 5000 m this is fatal in about 40% of the cases. Conditions that aggravate it include exertion, fast ascent and alcohol, all of which were present in his case.
Stoliczka's interest in birds started only in 1864 when in the Himalayas and he was greatly encouraged by
Allan Octavian Hume, the "father of Indian Ornithology". His first ornithological work was making large collections of birds from the Sutlej Valley.
Arthur Viscount Walden recognized his contributions and welcomed the geologist Stoliczka "to a high place among scientific ornithologists" but disagreed with Stoliczka's idea of adding new species due to small differences in plumage. Hume however supported Stoliczka and wrote a note in the journal, Ibis, against the "cabinet naturalists" of London who knew nothing about the geography of India. Hume shortly afterwards started the journal Stray Feathers and persuaded ornithologists in India to publish there.
Some of Stoliczka's new species were discovered to have been already discovered by the Russian zoologist N. A. Severtzov. A week before his death, Stoliczka wrote to
Valentine Ball...: 'Please tell Waterhouse to order for the Asiatic, Severtzov's "Turkestanskie Jevotnie" immediately, if it is not at the Indian Museum. If they do not like ordering it, order it for myself through Truebner without delay. Do not forget, please.'
A granite obelisk is erected in his memory at the Moravian Cemetery in Leh. An obituary was published in Nature,
July 9, 1874by W. T. Blanford.
FERDINANT STOLICZKA, Ph D.Born in Moravia 7th June 1838 Died at Moorgo 19th June 1874 while returning from Yarkund with the British Mission to which he was attached as Naturalist. Though young when he fell a sacrifice to duty, he had already achieved eminence by his researches into the geology and natural history of India AND HIS EARLY DEATH is deeply regretted by the world of science and by the Government of India, who in recognition of his able and honourable services, have caused this monu- ment to be erected 1876
A partial list of his publications on birds include
* Stoliczka, F. (1873): Letters to the Editor. Stray Feathers. 1(5):425-427.
* Stoliczka, F. (1874): Letters to the Editor. Stray Feathers. 2(4&5):461-463.
* Stoliczka, F. (1874): Letters to the Editor. Stray Feathers. 2(4&5):463-465.
* Stoliczka, F. (1875): The avifauna of Kashgar in winter. Stray Feathers. 3(1,2&3):215-220.
* Stoliczka, F. (1872): Notice of the mammals and birds inhabiting Kachh [Cutch] . Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 41(2):211-258.
* Stoliczka, F. (1868): Ornithological observations in the Sutlej valley, N.W. Himalayas. Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 37(2):1-70.
Some of the species named after him are listed below. Not all names may be currently valid.
* The snake genus "
* Ladakh Banded Apollo, "
Parnassius stoliczkanus" C. & R. Felder 1864
* Orange Clouded Yellow, "
* Stoliczka's crab spider ("
* Stoliczka's Tic-Tac-Toe Barb ("
Puntius stoliczkanus") / (" Barbus stoliczkanus")
* Stoliczka's Loach ("
Stoliczka's Bushchat(" Saxicola macrorhyncha")
* Stoliczka's Treecreeper ("
* Stoliczka's Trident Bat ("
* Stoliczka's mountain vole ("
* [http://www.archive.org/details/scientificresult01indirich Scientific results of the second Yarkand Mission; (1891)]
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Ferdinand Stoliczka — Ferdinand Stoliczka. Ferdinand Stoliczka (Mayo de 1838 19 de junio de 1874) fue un paleontólogo y naturalista austriaco/checo nacido en Hukvaldy (Hochwald) en Moravia. Estudió geología y paleontología en … Wikipedia Español
Ferdinand Stoliczka — (* 7. Juli 1838 in Hochwalt/Bílany, heute zu Kroměříž, Mähren; † 19. Juni 1874 beim indischen Dorf Murghi an den Ufern des Shayok Rivers in der Region Ladakh) war ein österreichischer Asienforscher, Botaniker, Zoologe, Geologe, Landvermesser… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Ferdinand Stoliczka — est un géologue, un paléontologiste et un zoologiste britannique d origine tchèque, né le 28 mai 1838 à Bílany près de Kroměříž (en Moravie) et mort le 9 … Wikipédia en Français
Ferdinand Stoliczka — (Mayo de 1838 19 de junio de 1874) fue un paleontólogo austriaco/checo nacido en Hukvaldy (Hochwald) en Moravia. Estudió geología y paleontología en Praga y en la Universidad de Viena atendiendo a las clases de los profesores Eduard Suess y Dr… … Enciclopedia Universal
Stoliczka — Ferdinand Stoliczka Ferdinand Stoliczka (* Mai 1838 in Bílany, heute zu Kroměříž, Mähren; † 19. Juni 1874 im indischen Dorf Murghi an den Ufern des Shayok Rivers in der Region Ladakh) war ein österreichischer Asienforscher, Botaniker, Zoologe … Deutsch Wikipedia
Stoliczka's Bushchat — Taxobox name = Stoliczka s Bushchat status = StatusVulnerable image caption = In the Kutch region of India status = VU | status system = IUCN3.1 status ref = [IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=19931|title=Saxicola… … Wikipedia
Stoliczka — (spr. litschka), Ferdinand, Paläontolog, geb. im Mai 1838 in Mähren, gest. 19. Juni 1874 in Murghi, war mehrere Jahre Mitglied der geologischen Reichsanstalt in Wien und ging 1862 als Mitarbeiter an der Geological Survey of India nach Kalkutta… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Столичка — (Ferdinand Stoliczka, 1833 1874) палеонтолог, состоял в продолжение нескольких лет членом Венского геологического института, в 1862 г. был приглашен в Калькутту в качестве члена сотрудника в Geological Survey of India. Ряд его статей занимается… … Энциклопедический словарь Ф.А. Брокгауза и И.А. Ефрона
Столичка, Фердинанд — Фердинанд Столичка нем. Ferdinand Stoliczka … Википедия
Allan Octavian Hume — (June 6, 1829 July 31, 1912) son of Joseph Hume was a civil servant in British governed India, and a political reformer. With Sir William Wedderburn, he founded the Indian National Congress, a political party that was to later lead the Indian… … Wikipedia | <urn:uuid:839e4740-1096-4271-9a9d-fabf5175776b> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/438015 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704799711.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126073722-20210126103722-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.816971 | 3,360 | 2.625 | 3 |
Category Archives: Shape-Shifter
Etymology – hippopotamus
Mali is the name of a shape-shifting, monstrous and carnivorous hippopotamus responsible for the destruction and eating entire fields of rice.
Among the Mali and Songhay people, the hero, Fara Maka is the one who finally defeats this monster after numerous attempts. In his first attempt, Fara Maka tries throwing spears to no affect, as the spears would disintegrate or melt on contact with Mali’s skin.
In Fara Maka’s next attempt, he is joined by fellow hunter, Karadigi who set his pack of 120 black dogs on the raging monster. Karadigi’s pack were all eaten in short order by Mali.
At last, Fara Maka decided to consult with his wife, Nana Miriam. She cast a spell of paralysis on Mali. With the monster unable to move, Fara Maka was now able to destroy this monstrous hippopotamus.
In some versions of this stories, the crops eaten were Fara Maka’s. When he had failed at killing Mali, Fara Maka’s wife, Nana Miriam used the spell of paralysis to defeat the monster.
The Niger River
The third longest river on the African continent after the Nile and Congo rivers. This river is the location for where the confrontations with Mali and Fara Maka take place in traditions and legends.
Also Known As: Deer Lady, Deer-Woman, Deerwoman
The Deer Woman is a familiar figure in many Native American legends and mythology of Oklahoma, Western United States and Pacific Northwest. Notable tribes are the Creek, Lakota, Omaha, Ponca and Potawatomi.
Deer Woman is a shape-shifting spirit who often takes the form of a young woman except that her feet are hooved like those of a deer and her brown deer eyes. Sometimes, Deer Woman is described as having the upper half of a human women and the lower half of a deer. As a shape-shifter, Deer Woman can also appear as an old woman or a deer.
In the legends surrounding Deer Woman, she is often just off the trail or behind a bush, calling men over to her, particularly unfaithful or promiscuous men. It is frequently too late, when men are enchanted and drawn to her, that they notice she isn’t all she seems and find themselves trampled to death beneath her hooves. A more “luckier” man might find himself pining away, longing for a “lost love.” In the more malign interpretations of Deer Woman, she is often presented as a bogeyman, seducing men before she kills them.
More violent versions of Deer Woman’s story say she was a human woman transformed into a deer after being raped or she was brought back to life by the original Deer Woman spirit after being murdered. Further stories say it is the still the original Deer Woman, she has just changed her cause and is even more vengeful.
She is sometimes seen as a form of succubus or vampire, draining her victims of their life force. The Deer Woman legends certainly do seem to hold a certain familiarity to the Irish stories of the Fae, who have sex with a mortal man and who is then never satisfied with a human lover.
In the Lakota versions of Deer Woman, she doesn’t kill men, instead she takes their soul so that he will be lost for the rest of his life. As to the women, Deer Woman spirits them away so that they are never seen again. In these, stories, Deer Woman is described as a black-tailed deer.
Other stories surrounding Deer Woman, describe seeing her as sign of warning or a time of personal transformation. She is very fond of dancing and has been known to join in on communal dances; leaving when the drumming stops. More benign interpretations of Deer Woman’s myth connect her to fertility and love who help women during childbirth.
Banishing Deer Woman
According to Ojibwe traditions, Deer Woman can be banished by the use of tobacco smoke, prayers and chanting.
Deer Woman’s spell or enchantment can also be broken by looking at her feet. Once Deer Woman realizes she has been found out, she runs away.
Similar Folkloric Figures
There are a few other, similar figures found in other cultures from around the world.
Baobhan Sith – Scotland, a female vampire said to have goat legs. She seduces travelers and drinks their blood.
Fiura – Chile, a goblin seductress who drives her victims insande.
Iara – Brazil, a siren-like entity who leads men to their death. Descriptions place her as being a fish woman with a blow hole in her neck.
La Llorna – Hailing from Mexico and the Southwestern United States. Descriptions often cite her as having no feet.
La Patasola – Colombia, a siren-like entity, leading men to their death. Descriptions often cite her as having deformed feet.
Naag Kanyas – India, serpent women. In some areas of Northern India, there are stories of people who are surprised to discover that a woman traveling with them, has cow hooves instead of human feet. A slight version to this is the woman’s feet being on backwards. These were clearly signs that the woman traveling with them isn’t human.
Sirens – Greek & Rome, Aquatic females, infamous for luring men to leap from their ships to a watery death by their hypnotic songs.
Tunda – Colombia, a siren-like entity, leading men to their death. Descriptions often cite her as having deformed feet.
Xana – From Asutrias, Spain, a siren-like entity who leads men to their death.
The story of “Aunty Greenleaf and the White Deer” is one that I found while looking up another article on an American Folklore site. The imagery that came to mind while reading the story caught my imagination and I set it to the side while I worked on other projects for Brickthology before coming back to it.
Now, sometime later as I began working on this post, I find that the story of “Aunty Greenleaf and the White Deer” is one of several stories from S.E. Schlosser’s “Spooky New York” which is a collection of ghost stories and folklore from around New York State.
Further, is that many of the sites that mention and reference this story, merely reprint it. Only one additional mention is of Aunty Greenleaf appearing as a character in Fables’ “The Wolf Among Us” game. It does leave me to question the validity of Aunty Greenleaf as an actual folkloric figure or if she can be considered a newer folkloric and literary character who first makes her appearance in 1995.
Even if Aunty Greenleaf doesn’t appear before Schlosser’s “Spooky New York,” this is how new mythological characters find their place. Enough people who want to view the story of Aunty Greenleaf as a literary source and new piece of folklore will certainly succeed.
The story of Aunty Greenleaf goes as follows: she is your typical elderly woman who lived alone in a small house outside the town of Brookhaven. She was known as a witch who people avoided except for when they needed her knowledge of herbs and healing. Like many suspected and accused witches, the townspeople accused Aunty Greenleaf of being in league with the devil.
Typical accusations against Aunty Greenleaf included claims that she had hexed a farmer’s pigs so that they all died after he had spoken ill of her. Another accusation involved a prominent townswoman who claimed to have dreamt of Aunty Greenleaf and the next morning, her daughter fell deathly ill. Another wild claim placed Aunty Greenleaf and her fellow witches crossing the Atlantic Ocean in an egg shell for a Sabbath in England before returning at sunrise.
This is typical of people during Colonial times in the Americas or even in Europe. Superstitions and fear when anything bad happens or a streak of misfortunes and it’s easier to blame the town outcast or someone who doesn’t quite fit in.
Aunty Greenleaf’s story picks up and get more interesting one year during early fall when people started talking about a large, white deer that has been seen in the surrounding forest of Brookhaven. Several large hunting parties were organized by the townsfolk to hunt down this white deer. It soon became clear that this white deer was impervious to bullets and people started to believe this deer to be supernatural in nature.
It wasn’t long after, that the women of Brookhaven also began having problems with churning their butter and a number of livestock sickened and died. It wasn’t too difficult for the people to blame the presence of the white deer. Added to this, those people affected had had run-ins with Aunty Greenleaf at one point or another during the past month.
Finally, a hunting party was put together in earnest and the people of Brookhaven really began hunting the white deer. They had gone all day and most of the night hunting the deer before it was finally spotted. It was the largest and fastest that anyone has seen. The hunting party was hard pressed to keep up. Several people fired at the deer, but it kept on running and the hunting party soon return empty-handed.
One farmer became rather obsessed with hunting the white deer, every chance he had when he wasn’t busy with his farm. It was this farmer who decided there must be some connection between the white deer and witchcraft. The farmer took some silver and melted it down to make bullets.
Ah! But aren’t silver bullets only for werewolves? Yes and no. Silver is a sacred metal, connected to the moon and there is folklore silver to harming other supernatural creatures such as vampires and witches who turn into rabbits.
Anyhow, rifle in hand, the farmer went hunting the white deer. This time he succeeded in hitting the deer with one of his shots. The farmer managed to track the deer close to Aunty Greenleaf’s house before it vanished in the growing darkness of night.
The next day, the farmer learned that Aunty Greenleaf was ill. From the moment she took to her bed, the local farm animals stopped dying and the families who were having trouble with their churning were back to normal. Less than a week later, Aunty Greenleaf died and the doctor who cared for her told the minister he found three silver bullets in her spine.
After the death of Aunty Greenleaf, the phantom white deer was never heard of or seen again in Brookhaven.
Also known and spelled as: boogerman, boogeyman, boogieman, boogie man, boogyman and bogyman
Pronounced – boo g-ee-man, boh-gee-, boo-
The term or name bogeyman is often used to describe an entity or monster that causes an irrational source of fear. The bogeyman’s appearance is frequently nebulous and vague, leaving much to the imagination. This has led some people to believe that it may be a shape shifter that can reflect what a person most fears.
Stories of the Bogeyman vary by culture and even from home to the next as it is a creature often used by parents to keep children from misbehaving. For many children, that irrational fear of the unknown, that unknown terror under the bed, in the closet, lurking just outside a window, coming through unlocked doors and down chimneys is very real. Even if parents didn’t tell stories to frighten children, there would still be this irrational fear of the unknown for many. Many though, outgrow this irrational fear as they grow up and often find there truly is nothing to fear.
Possible Historical Connections
Tracing the name and origins of the name bogeyman is a bit murky and there have been many ideas and theories put forward.
A few sources place the appearance of the word bogeyman in the English language from the Scottish word bogle, which means “ghost” or “hobgoblin” which dates to around 1505. Other sources will place the word bogeyman to around 1836 as another name for the Devil. It certainly seems to have become popular with the works of Scottish poets such as Robert Burns and Sir Walter Scott.
Another idea is that the word comes from the Middle English word bugge, meaning a “frightening specter.” Other similar words to this are boggard, bogy, bugbear, the Welsh bwg, the Scots Gaelic bòcan and the German word bögge; all of these words refer to a goblin or frightening creatures.
This idea is a rather interesting source for the Bogeyman as a “boggy man.” Bog men can be found periodically preserved in peat bogs. In these stories, the bog men arise from the dead much like zombies to attack the living.
The name bogeyman may come from the Bugis people who were pirates from Indonesia and Malaysia. Its likely that English and French sailor brought home stories of the bugis where it becomes anglicized to bogeymen. They would tell their children “if you’re bad, the bugisman will come and get you!” Eventually, the word bugis changes into the word bogey. Etymologists tend to disagree on the Bugis being the source for the Bogeyman as the word and term had been in use long before the Europeons started exploring and colonizing Southeast Asia.
There’s a claim that Bogeyman is a reference to Napoleon Bonaparte who had been nicknamed “Boney” by the British. He was used as a threat for British children of the time and that somewhere along the line, Boney becomes Boneyman and further becomes Bogeyman.
Snot Your Friend
The most interesting connection of the bogey man is the relationship of its name as a slang term for snot and boogers.
A Monster By Any Other Name….
Nearly every culture around the world has its own version of the bogeyman. Some faceless monster used to keep unruly children in line and from misbehaving.
There’s a long list of them that can be given too.
Afghanistan – The Bala or Newanay Mama, which means “The Monster or Crazy Person”, is used to scare children when they won’t sleep or take their medicine.
Albania – In South Albania, there is the Katallani “the Catalan” a monster which relies on the historical Catalan occupation of the region centuries ago used to scare children. In South Italy, there is the Gogoli, “the Mongol” another historical use of the Golden Horde that is used to frighten children into behaving.
Algeria – The H’awouahoua is a chimerical monster made up of many different animal parts with eyes that are blobs of flaming spit and a coat made from the clothes of those children it eats.
Azerbaijan – A monster called Khokhan (“xoxan”) is used for scaring children into behaving.
Bahamas – The “small man” is the name given to an entity who rides in a cart that pulls itself. He picks up any child found outside after sundown. Anyone taken by the small man becomes a small person and rides with the small man forever. The term “rollin’ cart” has been used to scare children into behaving themselves.
Belgium – Oude Rode Ogen (Old Red Eyes) is known throughout the Flanders region, it is believed to have originated in Mechelen and is a cannibalistic shape-shifter that is able to change from a human to a black dog. Oude Rode Ogen later becomes a children’s story in the 1900’s called “The Nikker” who eats children that stay up past their bedtimes.
Belize – The Tata Duende is a small wrinkled goblin with a beard, no thumbs and backwards feet who wears a large brimmed hat. He is described as a protector of the forests and animals who scares children from going out to play at night or in the jungle.
Bosnia, Croatia, Herzegovina, Macedonia and Serbia – In these countries, the Bogeyman is called Babaroga. Baba means “old woman” and rogovi means “horns.” So the name literally means “old woman with horns.” The specifics of Babroga vary from household to household. In one household, Babaroga will take children and put them in her sack where she will take them to her cave to eat. In another household, she will take children, pulling them up through small holes in the ceiling.
Brazil – The “Bag Man,” called “homem do saco” in Portuguese, “hombre de la bolsa,” “hombre del costal” or “del saco” in Spanish is one such monster or man-like creature who is known for carrying off misbehaving children in a sack. There is also another very similar creature the “Bicho Papão” or Eating Beast who will carry off children. Bicho Papão is also known as Sarronco, the “Deep-Voiced Man”. Another monster is the Cuca, a female humanoid with an alligator head. Parents will sing a lullaby to their children at night about how Cuca will come take them away if they don’t go to sleep. Cuca appears as a character in Monteiro Lobato’s Sítio do Picapau Amarelo book series that uses a lot of Brazilian folklore. The difference between Bicho Papão and the Bag Man is that the Bag Man comes during the day and Bicho Papão comes during the night.
Bulgaria – The Torbalan or “Man-with-a-sack” is the name of the local bogeyman. In some places, a dark, hairy ghost-like creature called a Talasam who lives in the shadows of barns or in attics is what will come to scare children into behaving.
Congo – The Dongola Miso or “Creature with Scary Eyes” is used to scare children into going to bed on time. It is also used to warn children and adults alike about the dangers of dealing with and speaking to strangers.
China – The Ou-Wu is a witch or scary looking woman who kidnaps children that misbehave. She is popular in the southern regions of China and Hong Kong. The term is the origin for “monster” and has become used as a synonym for ugly or hideous.
Cyprus – In the Cypriot dialect, Bogeyman is known asd Kkullas.
Denmark – Here, the Bogey Man is known as busseman or Bøhman and is known for hiding under the bed where it grabs children who won’t sleep. Much like in the English language, the name has become a slang term for snot or nasal mucus.
England – In Yorkshire, children are warned that if they steal from orchards, they might get eaten by a fairy in the form of a giant caterpillar known as Awd Goggie. Another similar monster is “The Gooseberry Wife” who guards gooseberries on The Isle of Wight.
Egypt – The Abu Rigl Maslukha, “Man With Burnt/Skinned Leg,” is a particularly scary story told by parents to children who misbehave. The Abu Rigl Maslukha is a monster who got burnt as a child as he wouldn’t listen to his parents. He will grab children and cook them to eat.
Finland – Here, the Bogeyman is known as Mörkö. In the Moomin stories, the Mörkö or Groke is a frightening, dark blue and big ghost like creature.
France – Here the Bogeyman is called “le croque-mitaine” which means “The mitten-biter.” Another translation of the name is “the hand-cruncher.”
Georgia – In addition to a “Bag Man,” there is also the “Bua” used by parents to scare children who have misbehaved. No real description of Bua is given and its suspected there’s a link between it and the the Georgian word bu which means owl.
Germany – There is the black man or Der schwarze, called so for his preference to hiding in dark places like closets, under the bed or out in the forests. There is a children’s game called Wer hat Angst vorm schwarzen Mann (Who is afraid of the Bogey Man). There is also an old traditional folk song “Es tanzt ein Bi-Ba-Butzemann in unserm Haus herum” that translates as: A Bi-Ba-Bogeyman dances around in our house. Another name for the Bogeyman is Buhmann or Butzemann. And finally there is also the Grossman.
Greece – The Baboulas is said to hide under the bed, though parents will tell stories of this creature in other ways to frighten children into behaving.
Guyana – The Jumbi is the name for the Bogeyman and like many other variations, it too lives in the dark, staying in closets and under the bed. It is used to scare children to eat their food so that they can defend themselves against him.
Haiti – A tall man, with legs two floors high is believed to walk around the towns at midnight, catching and eating those people who stay outside. He called Mètminwi which seems to be a contraction of the French “maître,” for master and minwi, the French word minuit” for midnight. So his name translates to “Master of Midnight.” There is also Tonton Macoute or Uncle Gunnysack who would trap misbehaving children and eat them for breakfast. The MVSN, a secret police force in Haiti used this myth as a form of control as many so called Tonton Macoutes were followers of Voodoo.
Hejaz, Saudi Arabia – The Dojairah and Umna al Ghola, which means “Our mother the Monster” is used to scare children when they misbehave or outside alone at night.
Hungary – Stories of the Mumus is used to scare children. There is also the Zsákos Ember, a man with a sack. A final monster is the Rézfaszú bagoly or “Copperpenis Owl” and whose description is that, a giant owl with a copper penis.
Iceland – The Grýla, is a female troll who would take misbehaving children and eat them during Christmas Eve. Fortunately, she has been dead for quite some time. She is the mother of the Yule Lads who are Iceland’s version of Santa Claus.
India – There are a number of different names for the Bogeyman in India. In North India, the Bori Baba who carries a sack is used to frighten children. There is also the Chownki Daar, a night security guard who will come and take children away if they won’t go to sleep. In South India there is the Rettai Kanna (the two-eyed one) or Poochaandi who used to threaten children in the state of Tamil Nadu. There is also the Buchadu or Boochodu is used similarly in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Bihar parents use the demon Bhakolwa for scaring children. In Karnataka, there is the demon Goggayya, the “terrible man,” central Kerala has the Kokkachi who will take away disobedient children. More bogeymen like creatures are the Oochandi of South Kerala, the Gongo of West Coast India, a male ghost called Buva or Bagul Buva among the Marathi speaking people is used for scaring children and finally there is the Kaan Khowa used by Assamese parents who will eat children’s ears if they don’t go to sleep.
Indonesia – The Wewe Gombel is a ghost that kidnaps children who are abused by their parents. She takes them to her nest on top of a palm tree where she cares for the children until the parents realize what it is they have done. If the parents decide to change their ways, the Wewe Gombel will return the children. The Wewe Gombel’s story originated with an event that took place Bukit Gombel, Semarang.
Iran – The Lulu is used in Persian culture to frighten children into behaving. The Lulu is also sometimes called the Lulu-Khorkhore or “bogeyman who eats everything up.”
Iraq – There is the Saalua from ancient folklore. She is a half-witch, half-demon ghoul used by parents to scare their children. Saalua is mentioned in a story found in the 1001 Arabian Nights. She is known too in other Gulf countries.
Italy – The “L’uomo Nero” or The Black Man is used, he is a tall man wearing a heavy black coat and either a black hood or hat to hide his face. Alternately, he is a ghost with no legs. Parents are known for knocking under the table and pretending someone knocked on the door as they say: “Here comes l’uomo nero! He must know that there’s a child here who doesn’t want to drink his soup!” Unlike other monsters, L’uomo Nero doesn’t actually harm or eat children, he just take them away to a strange, frightening place. There is a lullaby used with L’uomo Nero who keeps a child with him for a whole month. Black is also used as a pun in politics in Italy as the color is associated with fascism. Unfortunately it also has negative, derogatory racial puns and slurs associated with the color black. Other places in Italy, the name babau is used for the Bogeyman.
Japan – The Namahage are demons that warn children not to be lazy or cry. During the Namahage Sedo Matsuri or “Demon Mask Festival,” villages wear demon masks pretending to be these spirits.
Korea – The Dokebi is a monster used against misbehaving children. Other variations to Dokebi are the Mangtae Younggam, an old man who carries a mesh sack to carry away kidnapped children in. Other places they have the Mangtae Halmum, an old woman with a mesh sack.
Macedonia – Aside from the Babroga, there is also the Strasilo (the “frightener”) who comes out at night, hides under beds, in forests, caves and basements. It is said to grab and eat children.
Mexico – El Cucuy is an evil monster that hides under children’s beds at night. He will kidnap and eat any child who disobeys their parents. He is described as being a small humanoid with glowing red eyes. Sometimes he is believed to have been a child who was a victim of violence that has come back to life.
Myanmar – The Pashu Gaung Phyat is used to threaten children with. The name means Malayu Headhunter. In Burmese, the Malays were called “Pashu,” which may have come from Bajau or Bugis. Many ethnic groups in Eastern Malaysia were notorious for being headhunters right up until the 1970’s with the Wa tribe.
Nepal – There is the “Hau-Guji” in Nepali. The Newars tell of an ape-like monster called Gurumapa who enjoys eating children. There is a story told of this creature found at Itum Bahal in the inner temple of Kathmandu.
Netherlands – The bogeyman is known by many names, some of these names are: Boeman, Boezeman, Boezehappert, Jan Haak, Mannetje met de haak, Bullebak, Boevent, Beukèl, Haantje Pik, Tenensnijder, Boelekerel, Nekker, Krolleman, Heintje Pik, Okkerman and so on. Many of these are known for hiding in the water. As Boeman, it is depicted as a creature that resembles a human, dressed all in black with sharp claws and fangs and will hide under the bed or in closets. It too will take those children who have misbehaved and won’t go to sleep and lock them away in his basement for a period of time.
Norway – The Bogeyman is called Busemannen, much like the Boeman of the Netherlands, it is depicted as a creature that resembles a human, dressed all in black with sharp claws and fangs and will hide under the bed or in closets. It too will take those children who have misbehaved and won’t go to sleep and lock them away in his basement for a period of time.
Pakistan – The Bhoot or Jin Baba is used by parents to scare children into behaving. This creature is a ghost Djinn. In other places it is known as Kathu Ki Maa.
Philippines – There are a number of different bogey man like monsters. The Pugot, Sipay, Mamu and Mumu. Among the Kapampangan people, there is the Mánguang Anak or Child-Snatcher.
Poland – Places like Silesia or Great Poland use the bebok (babok or bobok) to scare children into behaving.
Portugal – The Portuguese brought Bicho Papão (the Eating Beast) or Sarronco (Deep-Voiced Man) to Brazil. They also have an “homen do saco” or Bag Man. The difference between Bicho Papão and the Bag Man is that the Bag Man comes during the day and Bicho Papão comes during the night.
Quebec – In this province of Canada, the “Bonhomme Sept-Heures” or 7 O’clock Man is used to scare children into behaving if they won’t go to bed or else he takes them to his cave to eat them.
Romania – The Bau-Bau is used by parents to scare children into behaving.
Russia – The Babay is said to hide under the bed. The Babay is described as an old man with a bag or a monster who will come take them away if they misbehave. Similarly spelled, is the Babayka who comes at night for misbehaving children.
Serbia – The Bauk is an animal-like creature from Serbian mythology, it is described as hiding in dark places such as holes or abandoned houses where it waits to grab and carry of its victim to eat. It can be scared away with light and noise. It is known for having a clumsy gait.
Singapore – The local bogey man stories here are of Ah Bu Neh Neh or Matah who will snatch up misbehaving children. Matah is a variation off the Malay word Mata-Mata which means spy or spies and is used as a nickname for the police.
Spain – El Cuco, El Coco or El Bolo, a shapeless figure or hairy monster who eats children that misbehave when they won’t go to bed is used in place of the Bogeyman. Parent will sing lullabies or tell rhymes to their children about the dangers of refusing to go to sleep or else El Coco will come eat them. The nursery rhyme for El Coco is thought to have originated in the 17th century and has since changed over the years. El Coco has also traveled overseas to the Spanish-speaking Latin American countries. There is also the El roba-chicos or child-stealer who is used in many Spanish speaking countries. Incidentally, Coconuts received their name from El Cuco due their resemblance to the Spanish bogeyman. Another shapeless monster is El Ogro or Ogre that is also described as being hairy and will hide in closets and under beds where it will eat misbehaving children if they don’t go to bed. There is also the El Sacamantecas or “Fat Extractor” who is used for scaring children into good behavior by killing people to take their fat.
Sri Lanka – The Sinhalese people tell stories of the Gonibilla, “the sack-kidnapper” who will come day or night to carry off misbehaving children.
Sweden – The Bogey man is known as the Monstret under sängen or “Monster under the bed.”
Switzerland – The Bogeyman is called Böllima or Böögg and is an important figure in Springtime ceremonies as he or it symbolizes winter and death. In the Sechseläuten ceremony held in the city of Zürich, the effigies of Böögg are burnt.
Trinidad and Tobago – Many use folklore as a means of scaring misbehaving children into obey. The most common word used is the Jumbie. Many of their “Jumbies” are the Soucouyant, Lagahoo, La Diables and Papa Bois to name a few. The name Bogeyman will also be used in many urban areas. It can also be called “The Babooman.”
Turkey – The Gulyabani is a gigantic and strange monster that scares both children and adults alike.
Ukraine – The Babay is also present here just as it is in Russia.
United Arab Emirates – The Om Al- Khadar wa Alleef, meaning Mother of green and leef “bark” is used to scare children. She take the appearance of a tall woman who long hair flows in the wind. She is often used by parents as a means of getting children to stay indoor after sunset and go to bed. What’s interesting is that the Palm tree is used as the inspiration for this figure due to the scary sounds it can make when the wind blows, its height and how in the dark, it can resemble a woman.
United States – Aside from the classic Bogeyman, there is also the Jersey Devil used to scare travelers and the old British stories of Bloody Bones or Rawhead and even Tommy Rawhead told in the U.S. South. During the Cherokee Corn Festival, young men will wear caricature masks making fun of politicians and using them to scare children or chase after young women. This was known as a Booger Dance and the dancers are referred to as Booger Man. In areas of the Pacific Northwest, the bogey man will appear as a green fog. Other places the Bogeyman will scratch at windows, hide in closets or carry them off in a sack. Warts in some children’s stories are said to be transmitted to someone by the Bogeyman. Among the Pennsylvania Dutch, the term “der Butzemann” is used for male scarecrows and female scarecrows are Butzefrau.
Yukon – In this province of Canada, the Quankus take and puts misbehaving children into a large sock, carrying them away at night. Quankus too is used by many parents to scare children into going to bed.
Etymology – Scottish & Irish – “a boorish old man”, Modern Scottish Gaelic – “old man”
In the Scottish Gaelic language, the word breaks down to “bod”, meaning “penis” and its suffix “’ –ach”, that translates to mean “someone who has a penis.”
Pronunciation: ˈbōdək, ˈbäd-
Historically, the word and name Bodach comes from the Scottish Gaelic term for an “old man” referring to a mature person. It had once been used as a derogatory term to refer to peasants and farmers (bothach) by the warrior class of the Scots. In more modern times, the term is used more affectionately then its former derogatory intent.
In Irish, the word bodach also means a churl or clown, referring to someone who was an old or churlish person, serf or peasant. There are some children’s stories where the word bodach is translated as curmudgeon or the name Nod is used in its place.
In time, the word bodach found its way into the English language by the British, who used the word to refer to a mythological being or spirit much like a goblin, bugbear or bogeyman. Here the bodaich is used as a cautionary story for keeping misbehaving children in line. Behave or else the bodach will come down the chimney to take you away!
There are certain regions of Wales and Scotland where the term bodach is used for a type of imp or fairy. Frequently, this is one of the more mischievous, shape-shifting types.
Omen Of Death
In Walter Scott’s Waverley (1814), a much more formidable form of the bodach as the bodach glas (the Dark Grey Man) is a harbinger of death.
While not used very often, bodaich do appear from time to time in literature. The bodach has altered a bit of its appearance into modern literature. In Dungeons &Dragons, the name has a minor spelling change to bodak and becomes an undead entity, largely black in color. The same description of black, shadowy creatures is used in Dean Koontz Odd series where they appear at different sites just before a disaster takes place. The same type of shadowy creatures appears in the movie “The Eye.” Even W. B. Yeats make mention of a bodach in his prose The Hour-Glass where a bodach appears to the character, the Fool and attempts to trick him out his money with a riddle.
Etymology – Swan
Also known as: The Northern Cross, Ornis (Greek “bird”)
The constellation of Cygnus, the Swan is considered one of the most recognizable constellations in the night sky, particularly during the summer and autumn in the Northern Hemisphere.
To the Greeks, this constellation was known as Ornis, meaning “bird.” It was later named Cygnus by the Romans who proceeded to adapt several Greek myths to try and explain the name or connection.
While there are many people in Greek mythology who bear the name of Cycnus, the constellation of Cygnus is also associated with several stories. One of the more well known stories is that of the god Zeus and his transformation into a swan to try and seduce Leda or in some variations, Nemesis. Another well known story connected to this constellation is that of the story of Phaethon and his friend Cycnus.
The constellation known as Cygnus is one of 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy in his book, Almagest. Today it remains as one of the 88 current or modern constellations. It is a large constellation, ranking 16th in size. Pseudo-Eratosthenes and Hyginus’ Poetical Astronomy are the earliest sources of Greek astronomy and constellations that make the connection of the story of Zeus and Leda with his transformation into a swan.
Constellations bordering with Cycgnus are: Cepheus, Draco, Lyra, Vulpecula, Pegasus and Lacerta, The best time to spot Cygnus is during the month of September in the Northern Hemisphere.
Many of the older, traditional names for the star in Cygnus such as Albireo, Deneb, Rukh and Sadr clearly point towards a Middle Eastern connection. In Arabia, the constellation was known as: Al Ta’ir al Arduf, “the Flying Eagle.” Other names include Al Ta’ir al Arduf, Al Radif and Al Dajajah “the Hen.”
They clearly saw a bird, sometimes said to be an Eagle or Pigeon, but frequently, as the traditional names point to, a Hen.
The Arabs also have an asterism called Al Fawaris or “the Riders” that’s found within Cygnus.
Chinese Astronomy & Mythology
The constellation of Cygnus lays in the area of the night sky symbolized by The Black Tortoise of the North or Běi Fāng Xuán Wǔ. Modern Chinese has adopted the name of tiān é zuò, meaning “the swan constellation.”
The Chinese also know the constellation of Cygnus as Que Qiao, the “magpie bridge.” In the story associated with it, there was a pair of lovers, Niu Lang (a Shepherd) and Zhi Nu (a Weaver) who were separated by the Goddess of Heaven because Zhi Nu is a fairy and due to celestial decrees and mandates, wasn’t allowed to be with a mortal.
When the Goddess learned that the two were secretly married, she took Zhi Nu with her up into the heavens and created a river, represented by the Milky Way in the sky to keep the two separated.
Niu Lang was still determined and took his and Zhi Nu’s two children to Heaven so they could all be together. The Goddess however still forbade the two lovers to be together but on seeing their bitter tears, she relented and allowed that once a year, on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month the two could be reunited. So once a year, all the magpies in the world come together to form a bridge over the river and help the two lovers unite and see each other. The star Deneb in the story either marks the start of the bridge or represents a fairy who chaperones the two lovers when they meet.
The Qixi Festival, also known as the Qiqiao Festival and Double Seventh Festival and even the Magpie Festival commemorates the joyful reunion of these two lovers. It is a variable holiday held on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month in China. It is celebrated and observed in a couple other countries like Japan as Tanabata in Korea as Chilseok. It is a festival and holiday comparable to the European celebration of Valentine’s Day.
The legend of Niu Lang and Zhi Nu is one of four folk legends regarding love and romance. Young girls pray to Zhi Nu for skillful hands for sewing and young newly weds will worship this celestial couple and bid them farewell before moving on in their own marriage and happiness. Now days though, young people tend to favor the Western celebration of Valentine’s Day more then the Qixi Festival though their story is still told and passed on.
In Tonga, Cygnus is known as Tuula-lupe. The Tuamotus called it Fanui-raro or Fanui-tai. The star Deneb is also given the name of Fanui-tai. The star Gamma Cygni is called Fanui-runga. In New Zealand, it is known as Mara-tea. The star Beta Cygni was likely called Whetu-kaupo. In the Society Islands, it is known as Pirae-tea or Taurua-i-te-haapa-raa-manu.
Zeus And Leda
One of the more well known stories connected to the Cygnus constellation is the story of Zeus disguising himself as a swan in order to seduce Leda. In this guise, Zeus behaved much like a swain, which means a lover or wooer.
Leda was the wife of the Spartan King Tyndareus. She’s known for giving birth to two sets of twins; the Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux), and Helen of Troy and Clytemnestra. When Leda laid with Zeus, their union produced an egg. Later that night, when she laid with her lawful husband Tyndareus, their union resulted in another egg. The immortal twins Pollux and Helen are said to have been fathered by Zeus while the mortal twins Castor and Clytemnestra were fathered by Tyndareus.
Zeus And Nemesis
A variation to the above myth is that instead of Zeus seducing Leda, he seduces Nemesis, the goddess of divine justice and retribution. She was also the goddess of the Pelopennesian cult. Other sources are more clear that Nemesis lived in Rhamnus (located to the North-East of Athens) where this cult may have been. When Zeus went to seduce Nemesis, she changed herself into a variety of different animals before taking the form of a goose to escape him. Zeus continued to pursue Nemesis, each time taking the form of a larger, swifter animal until he turned into a swan before he was able to catch and rape her.
A variation of the story with Nemesis that’s told by Hyginus is that Zeus had turned himself into a swan and pretends to be escaping from an eagle. Nemesis protected the bird, offering sanctuary. It’s after words, when Nemesis has gone to sleep with the swan on her lap that she discovers the truth of who the bird really is.
In either version of the story told, Nemesis ends up laying an egg that she leaves in a swamp. This egg was found either by Hermes or a shepherd who brings it to Leda who keeps the egg in a chest until it hatches. It is from this egg that Helen of Troy is hatched. As a result of his success, Zeus placed an image of the swan up into the heavens.
The great musician Orpheus was said to have been turned into swan after being murdered by a group of Ciconian or Thracian Maenads. In this retelling of the story, Orpheus was placed up into the heavens as a swan next to his lyre, the constellation Lyra.
Cycnus And Phyllius
Another myth connected to this constellation is that of Cycnus and Phyllius. This Cycnus committed suicide and was turned into a swan after he was shamed and refused a tame bull that he demanded from Phyllius.
King Of Kolonai
Among many ancient Greek figures to have the name Cygnus or Cycnus, is a son of Poseidon and as well a king who fought in the Trojan war. He was killed by the hero Achilles on the first day and turned into a swan at his death by his father to save him.
The Death Of Phaethon
This story is perhaps the best known and most associated story to the Cygnus constellation.
Phaethon was the son of Clymene, whose husband was the Egyptian King Merops. Eventually, Clymene told Phaethon that Merops wasn’t his father and that it was the Sun-god Helios (or Apollo). Afterwards, Phaethon would boast and brag to his friends how his real father was a powerful god. Phaethon’s friends teased him and said he was lying. Hurt by this, Phaethon went to his mother Clymene, who then told him to go to the Sun-god and ask him yourself of the truth.
Helios was greatly pleased on seeing his son Phaethon and promised him anything that he asked for in order to prove to his friend who his father is. To Helios’ horror or dismay, Phaethon demanded to drive the Sun-chariot across the sky. Helios tried to dissuade Phaethon, telling him that driving the chariot was too dangerous for mortals, even demigods to drive. Unable to deter Phaethon, Helios relented, granting Phaethon his request.
Phaethon soon found himself loosing control of the chariot as the horses realized that someone new and inexperienced was holding the reigns. Like any such spirited animals who push to see how far they can go and do what they please, the horses took their own lead, racing across the sky towards the eastern horizon and heavens.
The horses’ uncontrolled pathway across the heavens left a scorch mark across the sky that became the Milky Way. The Earth became cold as the Sun-chariot was too high. As the horses continued their uncontrolled trek, they raced down close to the Earth, scorching the land across Africa and creating a great desert.
Making it worse, a frightened Phaethon saw the chariot racing towards a giant scorpion, the Scorpius constellation as the horses continued their uncheck race across the heavens. Pulling wildly on the reigns, Phaethon realized his folly and foolishness to not listen to his father.
To keep the Earth and Heavens from seeing more destruction from the out-of-control chariot, Zeus, the King of the Gods hurled one of his thunderbolts, striking Phaethon in the process. Phaethon’s body fell into the river Eridanus while the horses returned to their stables and back to Helios.
Phaethon’s friend or lover, Cycnus was so distraught over his death, that he went down to the river where he wept bitterly until the god Apollo took pity and turned Cycnus into a swan and eventually the gods decided to place him up into the heavens as the Cygnus constellation.
Another version to this story is that Phaethon and Cycnus were racing their respective chariots across the sky when they got too close to the Sun. Their chariots burned up and they fell to the Earth with Phaethon falling into the river Eridanus. When Cycnus came to and found where his friend was at, he dove in after to try and retrieve his friend’s body for burial and it’s from that action, that the gods or Apollo (sometimes its listed as Zeus) turn Cycnus into a swan and place him up into the heavens due to the level of grief Cycnus held and the gods sympathy and pity for him.
In other slight versions to this story, Cycnus is not only mentioned as a musician, but a King of the Ligurians. When Phaethon fell into the river Eridanus, Cycnus dove into the water, swimming back and forth searching for his friend’s body so he could bury them. Regardless of which variations of the story are retold and mentioned, Cycnus is still turned into a swan by the god Apollo and placed up into the heavens to form the Cygnus or Swan Constellation.
The Sons of Ares
There are two sons of Ares both of whom are named Cycnus. They often get confused together, though they both have in common getting killed by the hero Hercules and being turned into swans at their death.
Sacred Bird Of Apollo
While many deities have animals associated with them, Apollo is best known and associated with the swan. It was believed that large flocks of these birds could be found living on the mythical northern river of Eridanos in Hyperborea. These flocks were said to circle Apollo’s holy shrine, singing hymns. Another belief was that the people of Hyperborea, on reaching old age, that instead of dying, would turn into swans after bathing in the bitumen swamp of the river.
This phrase refers to a person’s final act or deed before death or retirement. Most often this is used for a person’s last piece of creative work, or performance, particularly in literature, music, or art.
One origin for this phrase is from the story of Cycnus, the friend or lover of Phaeton. The same Phaethon who begged his father Helios to be able to drive the sun chariot across the sky that ended in disaster and his death. While there are a few different versions of this story, it is generally agreed that Cycnus, being in such grief over the death and loss of his friend was changed into a swan by the god Apollo who took pity on him.
In addition, the Mute Swan was believed to sing a song at its death, a song considered to be the sweetest of all bird songs.
Queen Cassiopeia’s Pet
A rather minor note is that some think that Cygnus represents the swan that Queen Cassiopeia kept.
The constellation of Cygnus, along with 18 other constellations of: Hercules, Sagitta, Aquila, Lyra, Vulpecula, Hydra, Sextans, Crater, Corvus, Ophiuchus, Serpens, Scutum, Centaurus, Lupus, Corona Australis, Ara, Triangulum Australe, and Crux.
All of these constellations have some connection to the overall legend and myth of the Grecian hero Hercules. They are the largest grouping of constellations found in the Western Hemisphere.
Cygnus, along with the other avian constellations of Aquila and Vultur cadens form a part of a significant myth of the Stymphalian Birds and one of the Twelve Labors of Hercules.
The Northern Cross
Among Christians, the constellation of Cygnus is known as the Northern Cross. Many Christians have seen the Cross or Crux that Jesus hung on.
Five stars form this asterism. They are: Deneb (Alpha Cygni), Delta Cygni, Albireo (Beta Cygni), Gienah (Epsilon Cygni) and Sadr (Gamma Cygni) forming the center.
It has been noted by some archaeologists that there are megalithic sites such as those found in Ireland that appear to be aligned with the Cygnus constellation. The Avebury, Wayland Smithy long barrow and Callanish are two such places aligned with either the rising or setting stars within Cygnus.
The swan, like many other birds are seen as symbolic of carrying the souls of the deceased to the after life. Many Palaeolithic sites and cultures have used birds symbolically for death and rebirth. Even the Greeks saw birds as psychopomps or “soul-carriers” and it been a very common belief among several cultures of Europe.
With such a connection to death and rebirth and Cygnus’ shape in the heavens, it would be very easy for early Christians to adapt and adopt this belief to their faith as the Cross.
Stars Of Cygnus
The stars Delta and Epsilon Cygni are used to depicted Cgynus’ wings while the star Deneb depicts the tail and Albireo represents the tip of the swan’s beak.
Alpha Cygni – Also known as Deneb, it is one of the brightest stars seen in the night sky. It is a blue-white supergiant star and 19th in brightness. The name Deneb comes from the Arabic word dhaneb, meaning “tail.” It is from the phrase Dhanab ad-Dajajah, which means: “the tail of the hen.” Within the constellation of Cygnus, it is one corner of the Summer Triangle with the stars Altair found in the constellation Auila and Vega, found in the constellation Lyra.
Beta Cygni – Also known as Albireo, it is generally considered to be the head of the swan and sometimes called “the beak star.” The name Albireo is likely the result of a mistranslation from Arabic into Latin where ab ireo was thought to be the name of a particular herb. The original translated name in Arabic was from the Greek word for bird which is “ornis.” It is a binary star and the fifth brightest star in Cygnus. It is one of the stars that form the Northern Cross.
Gamma Cygni – Also known as Sadr which comes from the Arabic word for “the chest.” This star is also sometime known as Pectus Gallinae, which is Latin for “the hen’s chest.” It is the star found in the center of the Northern Cross asterism.
Delta Cygni – Also known as Rukh. The name Rukh is Persian in origin and is related to Urkhga in Akkadian. The star is named after the huge, mythical bird of prey known as a Roc that was capable of carrying off elephants. In the year 11,250 C.E. this star will take the position of the North Star for a period of about 400 years.
Epsilon Cygni – Also known as Gienah, this star shares the same traditional name with Gamma Corvi from the Corvus constellation. The name Gienah comes from the Arabic word janah meaning “the wing.”
Kappa Cygni – This star marks the tip of Cygnus’ left wing. Its most notable for a meteor shower, the Kappa Cygnids that take place in August.
North America Nebula
Or NGC 7000 is one of the most well-known nebulae found within the Cgynus constellation as it is visible within the night sky without the aid of any telescopes as a bright patch of the Milky Way. Due to its characteristic shape, which resembles the North American Continent, it is only visible in long-exposure photographs and for those using telescopes; it can be difficult to spot as the surface area for brightness is low. It was first discovered by William Herschel in 1786.
This is the largest star-forming region that has some of the brightest and most massive stars known such as Cygnus OB2-12 and Cygnus OB2.
Also known as NGC 6946; this galaxy is known for the number of supernovae that have been found there. It is a spiral galaxy that borders the edge of Cygnus with the constellation Cepheus. NGC 6946 was discovered on September 9, 1798 by the German-born British astronomer Sir Frederick William Herschel. So far nine supernovae have been observed within this galaxy.
There are two meteor showers associated with the constellation of Cygnus. They are the October Cygnids and the Kappa Cygnids, a minor meteor shower that occurs in August.
Etymology – “He who wards off the wolf”
The Wolf God, Lupercus is the god of agriculture and shepherds. The name Lupercus is said by some to be an epithet of the Roman god Faunus.
As Faunus, he is a god of the wild, untamed nature and fertility and the giver of oracles. The Romans came to identify Faunus with the Greek Pan due to the similarity of some of their characteristics such as horns and hooves. Faunus’ attributes are the wolfskin, wreath and goblet.
If I stick to just this, there really wouldn’t be much of a blog post. Lupercus comes into his own when looking at and focusing on the ancient Roman holiday known as Lupercalia.
Lupercalia – The Wolf Festival
The festival and holiday of Lupercalia was held every year from February 13th to 15th, often said to be the anniversary of the founding of Lupercus’ (properly Faunus’) temple. The Luperci, who were the priests of Lupercus and wore goat skins, would sacrifice two goats and a dog during a ritual at this time. Goats were sacrificed as Lupercus is the god of shepherds and the dog got sacrificed as they’re the protector of flocks and herds. The blood from these animals would then be wiped on two young men’s foreheads. This festival was held too, to avert evil spirits and purify the city, allowing for good health and fertility with the coming year.
The sacrifice of the goats and dog would take place at the Lupercale, a cave that according to tradition is where the twins Remus and Romulus were raised by the she-wolf Luperca. In 2007, National Geographic posted an article about how Archeologists found this cave beneath the ruins of Emperor Augustus’ palace on Palatine Hill, Rome.
Lupercalia replaced an earlier Spring Cleansing ritual of Februa once held on the same date and from where the month of February gets its name. Just as Lupercalia replaced Februa, it too has largely been replaced by the more modern Valentine’s Day where the Catholic church made efforts to tone down some of the more wilder pagan rituals or to get people to accept Christianity more easily with their converting from pagan religions.
Not too surprising given how riotous and risqué that Lupercalia could be with the use of whips in striking women to try and make them more fertile, men running naked chasing women, the blood sacrifice of goats and a dog. Even the familiar heart shape symbol of love has some controversial origins to what it really depicts and is. Unsubstantiated sources comment too how the use of Lupercalia’s lottery of young men drawing the names women from a box is the more modern tradition of giving Valentine Cards.
Also spelled or called Lycaea, this ancient, archaic Greek festival is said to be where the rituals of Lupercalia originated from. For those who want to link werewolves with the holiday of Lupercalia, Lykaia is the one you’re probably thinking of.
The festival of Lykaia had a secret festival held on Mount Lykaion (Wolf Mountain) in Arcadia. The myths that surround this ritual are believed to relate the story of Lycaon’s feast he held for the gods and involved having served up one of his sons Nyctimus as one of the main courses. Another version of this story given by an Eratosthenes, holds that Lycaon had served up his grandson Arcas at this feast. In either eventuality, an enraged Zeus turns Lycaon into a wolf and proceeds to kill by means of lightning; Lycaon’s other sons before restoring the dead child back to life.
Mmm…. Cannibalism. Not.
The festival of Lykaia were held annually at the beginning of May. It was a primitive ritual festival and rite of passage for young males known as epheboi among the Greeks into adulthood. With the ritual held at night, evidence taken by some with the name of Lycaon’s son Nyctimus, a lot of rumors about cannibalism and werewolf transformations circulated widely among the Greeks as to just what was going on up there. Even Plato wrote about one clan who would gather every nine years and sacrifice to Zeus Lykaios where a piece of human flesh would be mixed in among the pieces of animal meat.
The belief held that whoever ate the piece of human flesh would turn into a wolf and they could only return to human form after nine-years if they hadn’t eaten human flesh. The famous Olympic boxing champion, Damarchus is said to have turned into a wolf during the ritual sacrifice held for Zeus Lykaios. Games were also a big part of the Lykaios festival held every year after the secret ritual held at night.
Archaeologists have found by looking at the ash heaps near the altars for Lykaia no human remains and suggest that the rituals and festival of Lykaia are far older than what even the ancient Greeks themselves knew. Excavations have generally shown nothing earlier than about 700 B.C.E. though one trench excavated at Mount Lykaion shows possible ritual evidence dating to the beginning of the third millennium B.C.E., a full thousand years before the worship of Zeus throughout Greece.
Lykaios – Wolf-Zeus
This is an epithet of Zeus in connection to the festival of Lykaia and seems to have been a formality in making him a patron of the rituals held. Zeus’ inclusion is possibly instrumental in ending any human sacrifices going on or trying to put to rest the rumors.
The Greek god Apollo is also known to have a wolf-form as Apollo Lycaeus. He was worshiped in Athens at the Lykeion or Lyceum. This site is most remembered as the place where the philosopher Aristotle taught.
A sanctuary for the Greek god Pan was also found on Mount Lykaion. The traditional story goes that Euandros, the son of Hermes, led a colony of people from Pallantion, Arkadia to Italy where he built the town of Pallantion on Palatine Hill. Euandros introduced the cult of Pan Lýkaios and the Lykaia festival that later becomes the Roman festival of Lupercalia. Given how much the Romans would identify their gods with those of the Greeks and other cultures, that could make sense.
Apparently there are modern Lykaia games that have been held every four years since 1973, at the beginning of August by the Ano Karyes Association in the same places where the games associated with the ancient festival of Lykaia were held. These are sort of a localized Greek Olympics.
Other names: Aatxegorri (young red bull), Beigorri, Txaalgorri, Zezengorri
Etymology – “Young Bull”. Aatxe is also referred to as Aatxegorri which means “Young Red Bull”.
There’s a lot of ancient Basque mythology that didn’t survive the arrival of Christianity between the 4th and 12th centuries C.E. Most of what is known and has survived is from the study of place names and the scant historical references of pagan rituals practiced by the Basques.
In Basque mythology, Aatxe is a shape-changing spirit who sometimes takes the form of a fiery red bull or a young man. Aatxe is sometimes identified with another Basque figure known as Etsai. He is also identified with the goddess Mari and may possibly be a manifestation of her will. Though he is more likely just an enforcer and separate. Mari is said to be quick to punish those who lie or cheat and the Aatxe is sent out against those people who have lied, cheated, stolen and have other wise been disrespectful.
There is an old Basque witches song that has the line of: “Yaun Gorril, Yaun Gorril,” which translates into English as “Lord Red, Lord Red.” It’s thought that this line most likely refers to Aatxegorri, showing that he is an important figure in the Basque mythologies and pantheon.
Aatxe comes from the underground world of Euskal Herria. He haunts the caves and gorges of the Pyrenees Mountains, coming out at night, especially during stormy weather, to attack and punish criminals; he also protects people by making them stay home when there’s danger. | <urn:uuid:fb69840e-6b42-46bb-a954-51dc218c6517> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://brickthology.com/category/shape-shifter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171629.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00424-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968055 | 14,418 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The Office of Solid Waste changed its name to the Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery, effective January 18, 2009.
Nearly everything we do leaves behind some kind of waste. Households create ordinary garbage while industrial and manufacturing processes create solid and hazardous waste. EPA regulates all this waste under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). RCRA's goals are to:
- Protect us from the hazards of waste disposal;
- Conserve energy and natural resources by recycling and recovery;
- Reduce or eliminate waste; and
- Clean up waste, which may have spilled, leaked, or been improperly disposed.
Wastes: Hazardous and Non-Hazardous
Hazardous waste is a waste with properties that make it dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment. In regulatory terms, a RCRA hazardous waste is a waste that appears on one of the four hazardous wastes lists (F-list, K-list, P-list, or U-list), or exhibits at least one of four characteristics - ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity.
EPA also is responsible for overseeing the effective disposal of non-hazardous wastes, from common household garbage to large-scale industrial wastes and materials. These wastes and materials are not specifically hazardous, and have opportunities for reduction, reuse, and recycling.
Our mission is to protect human health and the environment by ensuring responsible national management of hazardous and nonhazardous waste. Our goals are to:
- Conserve resources by reducing waste;
- Prevent future waste disposal problems by enforcing regulations; and
- Clean up areas where waste may have spilled, leaked, or been improperly disposed.
We work closely with individual states, industry, environmental groups, tribes, and the public to promote safe waste management. These shared responsibilities help us to:
- Assume leadership roles in environmental education; and
- Write flexible, health-based regulations that reflect ecological risks and environmental justice. | <urn:uuid:8768a96b-91e5-460a-96e1-3b0bce9f8fa8> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://epa.gov/epawaste/basicinfo.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835505.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00260-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912887 | 399 | 3.5625 | 4 |
By Kate Andrews, ChildFund Staff Writer
The number of children and youths who work — whether they’re paid or unpaid — is notoriously hard to pin down. Many countries have laws against employing children, but industries still continue to use child laborers despite legal and social consequences.
What number would you guess is accurate? A million? Six million? Ten?
Not even close.
The estimated number of child laborers ages 5 to 14 is 150 million, according to UNICEF. But only 1 percent of 1,022 Americans in a recent survey conducted for ChildFund answered correctly; 73 percent said less than 1 million children are engaged in labor in developing countries.
Other statistics reported in the survey, which was conducted in late June by Ipsos Public Affairs, are more encouraging; a majority of respondents say they’re willing to pay more for clothing produced without the use of child laborers, and 77 percent say they would stop purchasing clothing from labels that are found to use child labor. That’s good.
But it’s important for children all over the world — including those risking their lives in African gold mines, spending hours in the sun harvesting sugarcane in the Philippines, burning their fingers while making glass bangles at home in India or working for no money at all, as hundreds of thousands of Brazilian children do — for Americans to be more aware of the scope of the problem.
Almost one in six children ages 5 to 14 in developing countries are engaged in labor; aside from the potential physical hazards, these children are unlikely to complete their education. And thus the generational cycle of poverty continues. ChildFund supports many programs that assist families caught in this vicious circle by providing training for safer, more stable ways to earn income, giving assistance to children and youth to keep them in school longer and working with entire communities to discourage the employment of children.
The missing piece here is broader awareness in the United States and other prosperous countries. Child labor is a worldwide problem that touches everyone in some way, and we need to use this knowledge to engage and educate industries on how to change their practices and stop exploiting children. | <urn:uuid:dca97edf-8d89-43d5-a534-1ea65700058c> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://childfundinternational.wordpress.com/2013/07/18/survey-shows-americans-severely-underestimate-number-of-child-laborers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376832330.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219130756-20181219152756-00038.warc.gz | en | 0.957696 | 432 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits