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In what ways does Malcolm restore order to Scotland?
Malcolm rewards his loyal thanes by making them Scotland’s first earls; he calls his people home from exile, and invites them to see him crowned. The broken circle seems mended as Malcolm – the son of the murdered King Duncan – is restored to the Scottish throne.
How is peace restored in Macbeth?
… r breaks down the murderer, breaks down the kingdom and breaks down nature, to have Scotland in complete fear and terror. But, good wins over evil and in the end, peace is restored. The coronation of a divine king brings peace and restoration to previous chaos.
How is Scotland affected by Macbeth?
Overall, one can assume that Scotland has turned into a dangerous country, where citizens live in perpetual fear and suffer under Macbeth’s tyranny following King Duncan’s assassination. Immediately after King Duncan’s death, the entire castle erupts into a flurry of emotion and horror.
How did Macbeth destroy Scotland?
Macbeth destroys Scotland primarily through a combination of his “vaulting ambition,” which he references in act 1, scene 7, and his increasing paranoia after he commits regicide. … This leads Macbeth to hire men to murder Banquo and Fleance, Banquo’s son.
How is Malcolm not born of woman?
Essentially, Macduff discloses the fact that his mother birthed him by Caesarean section, which means that he was not “born from a woman” as the prophecy stated. Macduff then kills Macbeth and Malcolm becomes the King of Scotland.
Is Malcolm Duncan’s son?
Malcolm is Duncan’s eldest son. He is declared as Duncan’s heir at the end of the opening battle, an event that Macbeth sees as an obstacle to his ambitions. Upon Duncan’s death, Malcolm and Donalbain flee from Scotland, fearing that they will suffer a fate similar to Duncan.
How is order restored at the end of the play Macbeth?
At the end of the play, order is restored when Malcolm – Duncan’s son and the rightful heir to the throne – becomes the king. To understand this theme you have to understand how Jacobean people saw social order. They believed in something called The Great Chain of Being, which was a system that God put in place.
Was there a real king Macbeth?
Shakespeare’s Macbeth bears little resemblance to the real 11th century Scottish king. Mac Bethad mac Findláich, known in English as Macbeth, was born in around 1005. … For 14 years, Macbeth seems to have ruled equably, imposing law and order and encouraging Christianity.
Who flees Scotland immediately after Duncan’s death?
MacBeth Act IV and V
|ACT 4-5 Who flees Scotland immediately after Duncan’s death?||Malcolm and Donalbain|
|ACT 4-5 Who jokes that he works at “hell gate”?||The porter|
|ACT 4-5 What title is Macbeth given after his victory described in Act I?||Thane of Cawdor|
|ACT 4-5 Who tells Macduff that his family has been killed?||Ross| | <urn:uuid:c24dcbe2-dbfc-4d37-8c98-0b44a9ee47be> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://thedartmooryarncompany.com/attractions/you-asked-how-is-order-restored-to-scotland.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363327.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206224536-20211207014536-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.960607 | 720 | 3.203125 | 3 |
One might be forgiven for thinking that nutrition advice is something that applies only when we want to lose weight or feed kids. But a good diet applies to people of all ages, not least those in later years.
Brought up in a world of home-cooked foods, rather than the sort of stuff that comes in a microwavable tray, older people often feel an interest in nutrition isn’t relevant to them (after all, they have managed to get this far without dietary advice).
For those who have been cooking for several decades, making food for “just me/us” sometimes doesn’t feel worth it, and a piece of toast with jam or a few biscuits is enough to keep stop hunger. Appetite can wane along with interest in food, so how do older people benefit from what good nutrition has to offer?
The answer? Keep eating well even if interest and appetite wane. Obviously the body requires all the nutrients at all ages, but some take on more importance with passing years.
For example, vitamin D and calcium are especially important — the former as it is largely made in the skin in response to UV light, a mechanism that can be less effective over time. Vitamin D has many roles, including helping to metabolise calcium, required in later years to help strengthen bones and support the immune system.
As with nutrients, all the food groups are important, and the challenge is to eat nutrient-dense foods that appeal in the way that, say, toast and jam might. My advice is to eat small amounts at regular intervals to keep energy levels up and boost metabolism.
Always eat protein with vegetables or fruit along with a wholegrain. That might be a piece of toasted granary bread with sugar-free peanut butter and an apple for breakfast, chicken soup (with plenty of chicken) at lunch and fish with vegetables and brown rice in the evening.
Useful snacks are unsalted nuts, seeds, full-fat cheese or yogurt, fresh or dried fruits, all of which are full of nutrients and should provide consistent energy.
The main trick is to keep eating the sort of fresh home-cooked food you might have done before — lean protein, good fats, fresh produce, wholegrains and little sugar or saturated fats. | <urn:uuid:2432d807-1979-432f-a469-1687a6980ea8> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.thejc.com/print/90006 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644063825.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025423-00060-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965453 | 469 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Is it really that important to practice kindness, and why is kindness important?
Kindness is free – and can be hugely beneficial to those around you! Being kind to someone can make their whole day better. It can even change someone’s life!
Kindness can become a habit and can make a significant difference to your life satisfaction and happiness. Being kind releases happy chemicals in your body. Honestly, what’s stopping you?
Keep reading for our top reasons why kindness is important. You may even know of a few more!
Does Kindness Have Benefits?
So, what is the meaning of kindness? Does kindness benefit you?
Yes, kindness has benefits for both the recipient and the giver!
The benefits of your kind words and gestures in someone else’s life are fairly obvious, but showing kindness has benefits for you too! Kindness promotes the release of happy chemicals in your body, helps you strengthen relationships, and keeps life in perspective.
Kindness Can Change The World
Since 1998, the world has celebrated World Kindness Day. This day is dedicated to the promotion of kindness throughout the world.
Why is kindness important enough to have a special day?
It has earned this honor because it can change the world! But how exactly does kindness change the world?
Kindness is contagious – when you do a good deed for another person, they will be encouraged to repeat the act. This means that your act of kindness has the potential to roll through the lives of many!
Even though practicing kindness isn’t always easy, improves the lives of both the people receiving it and those showing it. When we are kind to others, we not only make them feel good, but we also boost our own self-esteem and happiness.
It’s a never-ending cycle of goodness that makes both the giver and the receiver kinder and happier!
Moreover, kindness has the ability to break down barriers. When we connect with others through acts of kindness, we open up the lines of communication and understanding. This can help to resolve conflicts, build relationships, and create a more compassionate world.
So let’s make a commitment to always choose kindness. We can start making the world a better place – one act of kindness at a time!
Is Charity The Same As Kindness?
Charity is an expression of kindness, to be sure. Charity is not, however, the only form kindness takes.
Charity often has a monetary aspect to it. You can donate money, food, or clothes to a charity you admire! While this is great, not everyone can afford to do this regularly. You can, however, also donate time and energy to a cause that’s close to your heart.
Volunteering is a great way to show kindness. You can give your time to help out at a soup kitchen, an animal shelter, or a local hospital.
You can also use your talents to help others – for example, by tutoring someone who’s struggling in school, or teaching a new skill to someone who wants to learn.
One of the simplest (and most important) ways to show kindness is to be a good friend. Be there for someone when they need you, lend a listening ear, and show your support. Just being a good friend can make someone’s day – and your own!
Why Is Kindness Important? 5 Top Reasons
Showing kindness seems like the right thing to do.
There is reason to believe that kindness is innate. This means that it’s human nature to be kind – even though it might not be expressed by everyone.
So, why is kindness important? Let’s take a look at the 5 top reasons. After this – you’ll jump at the chance to pay for a stranger’s coffee.
1. Being Kind Lifts Your Mood
The Journal of Social Psychology reported findings that performing acts of kindness can boost your mood. This is only one example of many research studies into the link between kindness and life satisfaction.
Researchers at The University Of Oxford established that being kind can make you feel happier. Although they found that kindness led to only a small improvement in the emotional health of the study’s participants, they concluded that it does impact happiness!
Kindness from other people is one thing, but it’s also important to be kind to yourself! Put a stop to any negative self-talk, right away. Treating yourself kindly will make a huge difference to your sense of self-worth, and boost your life satisfaction.
So, why is kindness important for your emotional health? It makes you feel good and makes you happier!
2. Showing Kindness Gives New Perspective
Every religion has espoused the values of charity and kindness for millennia. This is because kindness gives you a new perspective on any situation.
You will learn more about yourself and others by encouraging kindness. This is why kindness and empathy, the ability to share and understand another person’s feelings, are closely related.
You learn important life lessons and gain new perspectives when you perform a simple act of kindness that improves someone else’s situation.
When you’re kind to others, you start to see them as human beings just like yourself. Kindness teaches positive behavior, compassion, generosity, consideration, and gratitude.
Helping an elderly neighbor with carrying groceries or doing yard work can foster a sense of community. When you visit someone in the hospital or write a letter to a deployed service member, you show concern and support.
Fostering abandoned animals can help the animals, but also help families find their forever pets. When you phone a friend to tell them you appreciate them, it turns their bad day right around.
A kind person can touch human life in profound ways. So, why is kindness important? It teaches you about life! It is a gift that blesses both the giver and the recipient.
3. Kindness Improves Your Mental Health And Lowers Stress
Some people believe that being kind is weak. This is not true! Kindness is not weakness, it’s strength, and it is great for you!
Whether work- or relationship-related, or due to other factors, stress is a reality that we all face. This can harm our mental health, and lead to certain illnesses.
Kindness produces a physiological reaction that lowers the stress hormone, cortisol, reducing stress and producing a calmer mental state. This happens whether you are saying or hearing that kind word. That’s astonishing!
This positive impact will spill over into other areas of your life.
Less stress and a calmer mind in your everyday lives will help you to study harder, perform better at work, and get along with people more easily.
This leads to further benefits like greater self-confidence and success.
Why is kindness important? It strengthens your mental health and makes you more resilient.
4. When You Practice Kindness, Your Physical Health Improves Too
Remember that stress hormone called cortisol that we just mentioned? It wreaks havoc on the body and affects nearly every organ.
Kindness reduces cortisol, thereby improving your health. It also regulates glucose in the bloodstream. This has been of interest to researchers in the study of diabetes.
Research shows that kindness also lowers blood pressure and positively influences your immune system. Just a smile, or a small act of kindness, can potentially help you to avoid disease!
Why is kindness important? Its many health benefits can help you to live longer and healthier! You could say that kindness acts as preventive medicine or healing.
If you’re interested in a healthy mind and body, you might be interested in the following articles:
- Why Does Being Outside Make You Happy?
- How Does Exercise Make You Happy?
- How Optimism Affects Happiness In Daily Life
5. Kindness Improves Your Relationships
Kind words and acts are known for improving interpersonal relationships, including relationships with families, friendships, and romantic relationships.
A compliment may be just what your friend needs to get through a bad day. It will boost their self-esteem, and strengthen the bond between you.
An unexpected gift or little note of gratitude will let your partner know how much you appreciate them, and make them feel closer to you.
Love thrives on kindness! Why is kindness important for loving relationships? It releases feel-good hormones, such as the ‘love hormone,’ oxytocin.
These feel-good hormones foster a sense of intimacy and closeness between people. In this way, kindness makes you feel more loved and more loving.
Why is kindness important? Well, kindness matters.
The positive energy of kindness can improve your life and physical well-being in countless ways. It can also have a profound impact on the lives of those around you. What a wonderful gift of pure joy kindness is!
Random acts of kindness don’t have to cost anything. Kindness can take many different forms – take your pick! There are many ways to be kind that are simple and free – yet life-changing.
Be a shoulder for your best friend to cry on. Listen to your loved ones when they’re having a hard day. Smile at a stranger. When you choose to be kind, the world becomes a better place, for you and all you meet.
So choose kindness, and be the reason someone smiles today. Your life will never be the same. | <urn:uuid:86417032-2ac3-444e-b363-b722b91b14a1> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://aldohappy.com/why-is-kindness-important | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494852.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127001911-20230127031911-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.941786 | 1,962 | 2.84375 | 3 |
- Park said it disinfected 400 cabins
- Man, woman in June visited camping area in Yosemite National Park
- They may have been exposed to deadly hantavirus
- Deer mice might be to blame
Two Californians, one of whom died, may have been exposed to mice droppings or urine that contained hantavirus while vacationing at Yosemite National Park, health officials said Thursday.
The visitors contracted hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, a rare but often fatal lung disease.
The two had stayed at the popular Curry Village in mid-June, according to the California Department of Public Health.
An unidentified 37-year-old man from the San Francisco Bay area died in late July, said Dr. Vicki Kramer, chief of the department's vector-borne disease section.
A Southern California woman in her 40s survived and is recovering, Kramer told CNN.
The two stayed in separate locations at the village, which contains about 400 canvas tent and wooden cabins.
"They are very sparse but comfortable," Yosemite ranger and spokesman Scott Gediman said of the tent cabins where the man and woman stayed.
Officials have focused on deer mice, common in the high-elevation eastern Sierra Nevada region. The mice are gray or brown on top, with white bellies. Their ears have no fur.
"Rodents can infest a whole range of these structures," Kramer said. "Deer mice can get in a hole one-quarter inch in diameter."
In the United States, the carriers of hantavirus are deer mice, cotton rats, rice rats and white-footed mice, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The virus can be present in the rodents' urine, droppings and saliva, and is spread to people when they breathe in air contaminated with the virus, the CDC says.
The virus is not communicable from person to person.
Rodent control is the primary strategy for preventing the hantavirus syndrome, according to the CDC.
California's health department has worked with Yosemite National Park for years to reduce the risks to visitors, Kramer said. The agency and park public health officers routinely conduct rodent surveillance, and the park inspects buildings and facilities, it said.
The battle begins with workers routinely disinfecting floors and removing mouse droppings.
Once park officials learned of the two cases, all 400 camp structures were thoroughly cleaned, Gediman said Thursday.
Yosemite National Park has increased routine measures to reduce the hantavirus risk, according to officials.
"You cannot eliminate all the mice," Kramer said. "There are a lot of people and snacks that people bring into their tents or cabins."
Gediman said officials consider Curry Village safe and guests have not canceled lodging reservations in the busiest month of the year at Yosemite.
Officials urge people to clean areas of rodent infestation with caution.
It's best not to vacuum or sweep, because that can push hantavirus particles into the air, where they can enter the lungs.
Rather, people should wear gloves and use bleach where they see mouse droppings. They should let the bleach sit for 15 minutes before using a mop or sponge to clean up.
Opening shuttered areas to air and sunlight also is suggested.
The two recent hantavirus cases bring the 2012 total in California to four. About one-third of the 60 cases reported in the state since 1993 have been fatal, the department said. Yosemite National Park saw one hantavirus case each in 2000 and 2010.
There is no specific treatment for hantavirus infection, according to the CDC, but the earlier the patient is brought to intensive care, the better.
Diagnosis is difficult, because early symptoms of fever, muscle aches and fatigue often are confused with the flu.
"However, if the individual is experiencing fever and fatigue, and has a history of potential rural rodent exposure, together with shortness of breath, (that) would be strongly suggestive of HPS," the CDC says. | <urn:uuid:c5c5c00c-8dd1-4fb4-a4a9-86b8b5fe93cc> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/16/health/california-hantavirus/index.html?hpt=hp_t2%20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988650.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00105-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957175 | 842 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Meanwhile, a $7-million-a-year tour industry blossomed as travelers from around the globe arrived to raft, kayak, hike, fly-fish, horseback ride, and even put down roots in this wild and beautiful slice of northern Patagonia. When I first visited the small town of Futaleufú in 1990, it did not have a hotel or restaurant. Now it boasts several of both, mostly funded by foreign dollars. Locals assumed that the region’s newfound prosperity would act as a buffer against environmentally destructive development plans.
Then on May 2, Palena’s 3,156-foot Chaitén Volcano, which had barely rumbled for more than 9,000 years, decided to blow. In a series of eruptions, all that environmentalists had been fighting for seemed threatened—and not just by fire, flooding, and ash.
At first, the situation appeared dire. Within a week of the eruption some 8,000 inhabitants of the province were evacuated, mostly by ship, to Puerto Montt and the Chilean island of Chiloé. Many of Futaleufú’s residents fled across the Argentine border at Esquel. The province’s largest town, Chaitén, lay 90 percent underwater, inundated by ash-choked rivers that had burst their banks. Like some modern-day Pompeii, Chaitén was predicted to be uninhabitable for the foreseeable future, if not forever.
As a thick column of ash blew east for hundreds of miles over Patagonia to the Atlantic Ocean, 40,000 livestock were reported abandoned in fields covered in debris, left to depend on contaminated rivers and lakes, and birds perched on trees were said to resemble concrete statues. Miraculously no one died, but just a few days after the eruption, Daniel Gonzalez, field manager for Tompkins’s land holdings in Chile and Argentina, said, "From the southern tip of Pumalín to the Futaleufú Valley, ash is spread everywhere—some places worse than others. Only time will tell how much of the area will ever come back to normal." | <urn:uuid:89f80371-8a50-4d34-84e6-62392bbf4b22> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://adventure.nationalgeographic.com/2008/08/special-report/chile/jon-bowermaster-text/2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281202.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00145-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966183 | 438 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Joule Biotechnologies says it' engineering microbes that can make two types of fuel, won't require expensive feedstocks like sugar, and don't have to die after making a batch of fuel.
In the fuel industry's quest for a superbug, it seems to come close.
"We believe we are doing something that is very unprecedented," said David Berry, a partner at Flagship Ventures and Joule's co-founder. "We are not dependent on agricultural land because we don't need a crop."
Joule, of course, will have to prove it can produce fuel on a massive scale – a daunting challenge. The biofuel industry is largely in pre-commercialization stages (see Biofuels: Are We There Yet?). Developing the right technologies and raising enough money to build commercial plants remain big hurdles. And although it's a crowded market, Joule has a few things going for it that make it noteworthy.
First is its ambitions. Cambridge, Mass.-based Joule says that its microbes can make either ethanol or a hydrocarbon, two types of fuels, giving the company greater flexibility in facing fluid market conditions. Most companies are concentrating on one fuel. It will also grow microbes on carbon dioxide and sunlight, potentially cheaper than sugar feedstocks. And it involves fewer steps to coax fuels out of organisms, Berry said. He declined to provide more information about the engineered organisms, though he said they are not algae.
Additionally, the hydrocarbons will not be intermediate chemicals. They will be fuels, which will reduce refining steps. Algae fuel maker Sapphire Energy, concentrating on hydrocarbons, is trying this similar trick. And, like another algae specialist Phycal, Joule won't squeeze the life out of the organism to produce fuel. As a result, Joule won't have to regrow organisms each time it wants to fill tanks, further reducing production costs. Added up, Joule is trying to leap over several goals at once.
The second thing to note is experience. Flagship has already invested in two biofuel companies, LS9 and Mascoma and Berry was a co-founder of LS9.
And, true to the microbial fuel code, Joule it also selective when it comes to handing out details. Founded in 2007, it has already proved that the concept works at its lab in an undisclosed location in the American southwest, said Bill Sims, Joule's CEO. Sims declined to disclose the scale of the lab production.
"There is a big step to go from laboratory to pilot scale to full scale production," said Harvey Blanch, chemical engineering professor at UC Berkeley. Blanch said he suspects Joule's microbes are bacteria. "Whether the whole thing is economical is too early to say."
There are two key parts to making biofuels. They must first convert plants or other types of biomass into sugar. Sugar is then fed to algae, yeast or other microorganisms for the fermentation process. This step typically yields lipids or chemical compounds that would then need further processing to become commercial products.
Some companies have worked out ways to reduce those steps and even engineered their microbes to secrete fuels that do not need that last step of refinement.
Mascoma, Amyris Technologies and LS9 all claim to have a more simplified process. Amyris and LS9's bugs could secrete hydrocarbon as a direct petroleum product replacement (see Amyris: We're Better Than Biodiesel, Ethanol or Gas). LS9, by the way, was co-founded by Berry, who declined to compare LS9 with Joule.
But all three companies' processes still require sugar derived from biomass as feedstock. Making sugar is not a simple process and adds costs to the overall fuel production (see Cellulosic Sugar Could Be Next Sweet Investment).
Joule's process, on the other hand, doesn't require sugar. The organisms would live in a four-foot by eight-foot enclosure that the company has dubbed "Solar Converter," a setup that Berry said would make it easy for Joule to scale its production.
Each Solar Converter would be filled with water and carbon dioxide to spur the organisms' growth. The organisms don't need clean water – the brackish kind would do just fine, Berry said.
Plastic, instead of the more expensive glass, would be used to build the Solar Converter.
Each batch of organisms could secrete either ethanol or hydrocarbon. The microbes and the broth they live in would be taken to a central plant to harvest the fuels, after which the organisms and the broth can be returned to the Solar Converters, Berry said.
Controlling growth and harvesting could pose a serious challenge, Blanch said. GreenFuel, which also used carbon dioxide to grow algae, had a hard time controlling its algae's growth and shut down after it couldn't raise enough money to continue (see GreenFuel Technologies Closing Down).
"It's going to be expensive to recover the materials out of the water – that would be a major difficulty, I suspect," Blanch said.
Keeping the broth free from contamination would be another challenge. Joule also would have to make sure the carbon dioxide from power plants and refineries to have the right concentration, Berry said.
The company aims to produce fuels at a commercial scale for less than $50 per barrel, Sims said. Each commercial plant would occupy "hundreds of acres," Sims added.
Joule's technology could produce 20,000 gallons of fuels per acre per year, Sims said. That's 10 times more than what Exxon said algae could produce per acre when it announced a $600 million investment to both carry out internal research and development and invest in an algae fuel maker last week.
Joule plans to start building a pilot plant in the first quarter of 2010, Berry said. The pilot plant, which would be consisted of 10 Solar Converters, would then be scaled up to a commercial scale for ethanol production by the end of 2010.
The company expects to build a demonstration plant for hydrocarbon production by 2011.
Sims said Joule has "under 30 employees." He declined to disclose the amount of funding the company has raised, except to say that it is "substantially less than $50 million" and came from him, employees and Flagship Ventures.
The company has applied for a $10 million grant for research and first plant construction, Sims said. | <urn:uuid:a9b1012c-7954-45ea-a9aa-f75334a72965> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/joule-biotech-making-fuels-with-sunlight-and-co2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814249.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222180516-20180222200516-00518.warc.gz | en | 0.962349 | 1,325 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A Sweet Landscape
Haspengouw is a region in Belgium known for its fertile soil, fruit orchards, and fields cultivated with wheat and sugar beet. It is arguably the country’s sweetest region. But if the region’s apple and pear orchards stand for healthy sweetness, then what does the sugar beet and its refined sugar stand for today? Sugar has become suspect since the late 1970s (Brody 1977), and the debate on sugar’s responsibility for chronic ailments such as diabetes and obesity continues today. “Sugar is ‘addictive and the most dangerous drug of the times,’” says a recent Telegraph headline (Waterfield 2013). For the municipality of Tienen, home of the biggest sugar refinery in Belgium, sugar is entwined with local history. The factory brought industrial development to a nineteenth-century agrarian community, employment, local festivals with fireworks in the early twentieth century, and a rock festival today called Suikerrock (Sugar Rock). In 2002, the municipality opened a museum devoted to sugar. The relation of the factory to community life is evoked through different aspects: labor and harvesting techniques, sugar beet types, local political personalities, and historical events. Two exhibition rooms, however, cut the threads with community life and establish a different connection between sugar and humans. What’s going on here?
The Silent Laboratory
“Silence, dear visitor, only silence is appropriate here. We have entered the sanctuary of the sugar factory…the laboratory!”
Thus goes the voice of Professor Zucchero, our audioguide. It is interesting that the guide should be a scientist. He is a typical nutty professor who has privileged access to what sugar and sweetness are all about: a molecular connection. The eye-catcher in the room is a giant microscope: a macroscope. It certainly catches the visitor’s eye, and the play of scales transforms the visitor into an eye, turning his/her entire body into a witness of the molecular miracle sugar, the tango d’amore between glucose and fructose. The visitor is allowed to witness the spectacle in respectful silence. It is not entirely clear what sort of laboratory this is. The only things on display are different types of sugar, more or less refined. There are also some antique measuring devices. An explanation is provided about inulin as well, a sugar replacer with health benefits for your intestinal flora, developed by a spin-off of the sugar refinery in the 1990s. So it would seem that research is carried out here as well. But why are we asked to keep quiet in the laboratory? Isn’t this the place where instruments are adjusted and cursed upon, results discussed, and questions raised? Where are all the people? We see none of Zucherro’s colleagues at work, but only mute objects that relate to sugar in its different molecular and macroscopic forms.
The Room of Statements
“Opinions on the effects of sugar on health vary widely…. [W]e hope that you, as the judge, will make a reasonable stand for sugar.”
The quote comes from an information board, the first of a series of boards that present scientific controversies on sugar as court cases. For each case, there is an imagined attorney general accusing sugar of being bad for one or other aspect of health. Next, the “sugar lawyer” responds by putting things in perspective. For the final verdict, the visitor’s speech is restored but in a very specific mode: that of a judge.
After being reconfigured to a witnessing organ of perception in the laboratory, the visitor is now rescaled to his normal everyday bodily proportions, and a shift is made from the ability to perceive to the competence to judge. He is no longer in the secluded space of the lab but in what seems to be a public space, where all sorts of rumors, opinions, data, and eating habits abound. He is asked to balance and judge. A visual cue, however, sharing the room with the courtroom cases, is proposed to help the visitor with this difficult task. In a corner easily visible from all points of view, we see two real and full-sized exercise bicycles.
How is it that exercise bicycles can be incorporated in a museum devoted to sugar? The simple answer is that the museum wants to convey the message that physical exercise is as important to health as the food we eat. Sugar itself cannot be responsible for obesity or diabetes. Things must be “put in perspective” if we want to judge the health risks of sugar properly. And for the visitor to judge properly, the museum uses interesting techniques of creating such contexts.
Putting things in perspective or “in their context” is not about simply standing back and looking at the bigger picture. On the contrary, it is a technical gesture. Think about statistics, for example, or the choices a curator is confronted with when designing an exhibition (for example, see MacDonald 1996). These two exhibition rooms make a number of interesting moves in terms of scales and rhythm. First, there is the alternation between speaking and silence. This alternation occurs not only between spaces—the lab or public space—but also between concerns. The concern in the laboratory is the delicate process of sucrose production. Silencing the visitor means rescaling him to the size of a microscope and folding him up so that only his eye remains. Historians and philosophers of science argue that experimental apparatuses not only produce data or “matters of fact,” but also shut the mouths of critics (Stengers 1999).
The history of experimental science shows that knowledge and social order were intimately linked: who can talk when and where, and pose legitimate problems (Shapin and Schaffer 1985)? The sugar museum also has its way of distributing speech and silence, and framing legitimate problems. The lab of the sugar factory is more than a laboratory: it is a sanctuary. We can watch, but not meddle in sacred affairs: the play of scales and silence allow objects to articulate a behavioral code that connects knowledge and social order.
By contrast, in the second room, all sorts of opinions abound. Statements about the health effects of sugar are presented as legitimate concerns, albeit for private consideration. The visitor is invited to make a private and singularized judgement in public space. It is through the individual that things can be “put in perspective.” Next to the plays of silence and speech, and the play of scales between sugar molecules and the visitor’s body, the exercise bicycles are part of the museum’s technique to put things in perspective and to show how one must judge properly. Is sugar bad for my health? It depends. Do I exercise enough? By privatizing these questions, the museum bypasses the formulation of collective concerns about sugar and health. It is up to individuals/visitors to make up their own minds about health and healthy living (see MacDonald 1996).
Sugar and Social Life
The paradox of this story is that nearly all exhibition rooms celebrate sugar as a collective phenomenon. The visitor appreciates how sugar changed the face of a once-agrarian town and established a network of dispersed refineries, sugar beet cultivations, and a flux of beets and workers within a broader geographic region. Sugar has tied people together through local festivities, right up to today’s Sugar Rock festival, which is sponsored by the factory. But as soon as we approach sugar itself, strange things happen. Our social ties with sugar are cut. First of all, sugar becomes a matter of science: not just chemistry, but sacred chemistry that we should not meddle with. Second, when we touch upon the question of sugar’s health risks, our sweet molecule is not allowed to partake in social life either. When asked to make a judgement in front of an exercise bike, one may wonder what happened to all the human, technical, and political resources necessary to make sugar’s existence possible and virtually omnipresent in packaged food products.
To conclude, I must admit that I have grown fond of this particular sugar museum because it superbly succeeds in articulating a political difference between sugar as a sociotechnical accomplishment and sugar as an individual choice. The naturalness and logic of having production “on the one hand” and consumption “on the other” becomes wonderfully complicated and visible through the museum’s techniques of display. | <urn:uuid:48395ee8-3e74-4f7f-837e-8d672281a23a> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://limn.it/articles/the-silence-of-the-labs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583661083.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119014031-20190119040031-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.949237 | 1,745 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Dorothea L. Leonhardt Distinguished Professor and Director, field Research Center for Ethology and Ecology, Rockefeller University
Speech and language are uniquely human attributes that have profoundly influenced our evolution and behavior. Although many animals communicate with vocal signals, only a few groups, including certain birds, whales, dolphins, and bats are known to share the human ability to learn complex vocal signals. Among these groups, songbirds have by far the most elaborate sounds form communication, except human speech. Professor Nottebohm's pioneering work on the neural control of birdsong, its production, perception and the role of vocal learning, has led to major discoveries with large impacts in the fields of animal behavior and neuroscience, and has made him one of the founders of neuroethology, the study of how the nervous system controls animal behavior.
Fernando Nottebohm (Ph.D. University of California, Berkeley 66, B.A. University of California, Berkeley 62) is Dorothea L. Leonhardt Distinguished Professor at Rockefeller University and Director of the Rockefeller Field Research Center for Ethology and Ecology. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, and of the American Philosophical Society. He is also a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is the recipient of numerous awards, including the Pattison Awards for Distinguished Research in the Neurosciences and the Charles A. Dana Award (which he shared with Masakazu Konishi) for pioneering achievement in the health sciences.
In his first Patten lecture Professor Nottebohm will discuss his work on the vocal development of songbirds, which has provided important new insights into the role of early experience on brain plasticity and motor learning. Dr Nottebohm has been instrumental in using the songbirds as a model system to study a range of critical issues that involve both perception and production of bird song. His theoretical work on the process of vocal learning in songbirds has contributed in substantial way to our current understanding of the biological and neural underpinnings of human language and language development.
At a time when it was believed that any sex differences in the brain would consist only of very subtle anatomical and physiological differences, Dr. Nottebohm's discovery that brain regions controlling singing in birds can be as much as five times larger in males than in females revolutionized our ideas about sex differences and led to extensive studies of how the brains of males and females differentiate during development, how hormones are involved in this process, and how morphological and physiological differences in the brains of males versus females are related to sex differences in behavior.
Professor Nottebohm was also the first to describe neurogenesis in the adult brain. Prior to this discovery, the dogma was that vertebrate animals were born with a fixed number of neurons (brain cells) and that they could never generate new neurons to replace those that were lost as they aged. Dr. Nottebohm's discovery of neurogenesis in the adult brain reversed this dogma. Subsequent studies have found neurogenesis in the adult brain of other vertebrate organisms, and the study of adult neurogenesis is now one of the most exciting fiends in the area of neuroscience. The subject of Professor Nottebohm's second Patten lecture, this field is particularly exciting because of its clinical implications, the idea that new brain cells can be generated in the adult brain offers great promise for the prospect of being able to repair or regenerate brain tissues and circuits damaged due to injury or disease. | <urn:uuid:833a94d4-ded1-47ef-9b2e-56fb085ba8c9> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://patten.indiana.edu/lecturers2/Nottebohm-Fernando.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096686.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00273-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95108 | 729 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Lessons in corporate communication, race and diversity
When corporations take a stand against discrimination, it sends a powerful message.
June 8, 2018
In recent days, the NFL, Starbucks, ABC Television and others have all found themselves in the headlines, trying to carefully navigate issues of bias, race, inclusiveness and free speech.
A Virginia Tech expert in the field of corporate communication and race believes all of these corporations are operating in new territory by trying to grapple with issues of social justice - within the context of race and discrimination - in ways that attempt to satisfy multiple stakeholders while also trying to take a stance against racial discrimination.
“When corporations take a stand against discrimination, it sends a powerful message to the public that reinforces the American value of equality and justice for all people,” said Nneka Logan, an assistant professor in the Department of Communication.
“Generating profits is a fundamentally important part of business,” said Logan. “But it no way absolves businesses from the fundamental obligation they have to operate responsibly in society – and operate in ways that enhance society.”
· “All three organizations are directly addressing these issues of race and discrimination rather than choosing to remain silent, deny their significance or deflect responsibility, which have all been typical corporate responses to these kinds of issues in the past."
· “When corporations address issues of racial discrimination, their stance is bound to alienate someone or some group and you need to know that and be okay with it up front. Organizations need to take actions that are true to their values.”
· “More specifically, I think ABC and Starbucks share the commonality of responding swiftly and definitively to the matter, with ABC responding most quickly and definitively.”
· “The NFL faces a particularly complex situation, having difficulty controlling the narrative and adequately defining the problems for itself and the public, and it is very challenging to resolve a problem that hasn’t been clearly identified and defined.”
· “Corporations have a tremendous impact on society in a multitude of ways. How companies handle these situations can influence not only how people interpret the incident, but also how people communicate about the incident, see race and race relations and how they relate to one another.”
About Nneka Logan
Logan’s expertise is focused in public relations, organizational communication, corporate discourse, race and diversity. She worked in a variety of communication roles for a multibillion-dollar corporate organization and its subsidiaries for more than 9 years, managing internal, external and executive communication strategies, tactics, programs and projects. Read her bio.
Expertise featured in The Atlantic.
Schedule an interview
To secure a live or recorded interview with Nneka Logan, contact Bill Foy by email, or by phone at 540-998-0288.
Virginia Tech's television and radio studios can broadcast live HD audio and video to networks, news agencies, and affiliates interviewing Virginia Tech faculty, students, and staff. The university does not charge for use of its studios. Video is transmitted by LTN Global Communications and fees may apply. | <urn:uuid:e3789fdd-2e79-4ad8-9eff-3669afb3cbed> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2018/06/unirel-corpcommunication.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178385378.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308143535-20210308173535-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.949231 | 644 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Little Known Facts About Timber: Unveiling Nature's Marvel
Timber, often taken for granted, holds fascinating and lesser-known facts that showcase its unique and extraordinary qualities. Beyond its conventional uses, timber is a dynamic material with surprising capabilities. In this article, we uncover some of the little-known facts about timber that highlight its versatility and significance in both natural and human-made environments.
- Dynamic Material: Wood is a dynamic material that reacts to environmental conditions. It expands and contracts in response to changes in temperature and humidity. This unique property makes timber an ideal choice for various applications, such as building construction, where it adapts to its surroundings and maintains structural integrity.
- Fire Resistance: Contrary to popular belief, timber possesses inherent fire-resistant properties. In the event of a fire, wood develops a protective layer of char, which insulates the inner layers, slowing down the spread of flames. When used correctly and treated with fire-retardant coatings, timber can be as fire-resistant as other building materials.
- Acoustic Properties: Timber exhibits impressive acoustic properties, making it ideal for noise reduction and sound absorption. This is why wood is commonly used in concert halls, theaters, and recording studios, providing an enriched auditory experience for both performers and audiences.
- Natural Moisture Regulation: Timber is hygroscopic, meaning it can absorb and release moisture in response to the surrounding humidity. This property allows timber to regulate indoor humidity levels, contributing to a more comfortable living environment and reducing the risk of mold growth.
- Ancient and Durable: Some timber structures have stood the test of time, demonstrating wood's exceptional durability when properly maintained. Examples include the Horyu-ji Temple in Japan, built in the 7th century, and the stave churches in Scandinavia, dating back to the Middle Ages.
- Healing Properties: Certain types of timber possess natural healing properties. For example, the bark of the willow tree contains salicin, a compound used in the synthesis of aspirin, a common pain reliever. Additionally, the essential oils derived from cedarwood and cypress have therapeutic benefits for relaxation and stress relief.
- Identification and Age Determination: Dendrochronology, the study of tree rings, allows scientists to identify timber species and determine the age of wooden artifacts and structures accurately. By examining growth rings, researchers can uncover historical and environmental information, contributing to archaeological and ecological studies.
In conclusion, timber's little-known facts reveal its multifaceted nature and its significant role in various aspects of human life. From its dynamic behavior to its acoustic properties and even its therapeutic potential, timber continues to surprise us with its marvels. Understanding and appreciating these unique qualities can lead to even more innovative and sustainable applications of this remarkable natural resource. | <urn:uuid:e5647a02-b9c1-4f7f-841b-cd9aa057ef0b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://greenridgeforestry.com/little-known-facts-about-timber-unveiling-natures-marvel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100781.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209004202-20231209034202-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.920354 | 571 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Applying seed treatment to pasture and forage seed is a very effective means of helping ensure seedlings establish successfully, thereby protecing an important and profitable on farm investment.
Seed treatments are highly targeted and apply only very small quantites of chemical active ingredients to the soil, reducing the impact on the environment and the need to handle chemicals on farm.
The first four to six weeks after sowing is a critical stage in the life of a new plant as seedlings emerge and develop their plant structures. Sowing treated seed is a simple and cost effective means of helping to ensure a brassica crop establishes successfully and that it reaches its genetic potential in terms of yield and quality.
The Ultrastrike and Superstrike brassica seed treatments are insecticide and fungicide based products providing broad spectrum protection against economically damaging insects and fungal diseases during the plant establishment period.
The seed treatments are highly targeted and apply only very small quantities of chemical active ingredients to the soil, reducing the impact on the environment and the need to handle chemicals on farm.
|Wheat Bug (Nysius)|
|Rhizoctonia solani||Rhizoctonia solani|
|Sowing Rate||Same as per untreated seed||Same as per untreated seed|
|Recommended Use||Winter crops||Summer Crops|
|Autumn sown crops||Winter crops, in areas where Springtail is the main insect threat during establishment|
|Direct drilled crops|
Seed treatment provides a cost effective means of protecting the investment in new pastures. By protecting seedlings against key insects and diseases, seed treatment products help maximise plant establishment and early plant development when young seedlings are most vulnerable to pest pressure. Seed treatment products can include insecticides, fungicides, nutrients and biological additives. Compared to broadacre applications, seed treatment delivers very small quantities of chemical active ingredients to the soil, therefore reducing the impact on the soil environment. The seed treatment business within PGG Wrightson Seeds has been operating for over 40 years with a proven history in product development. For more information on seed treatment and general precautions on dealing with treated seed, visit www.seedtreatment.co.nz.
|Superstrike Grass||Prillcote grass||Superstrike Clover#||Prillcote Clover#||Superstrike Lucerne|
|Pest Protection||Argentine Stem Weevil, Grass Grub, Black Beetle||-||Clover Root Nematode||-||-|
|Disease Protection||Pythium, Fusarium||Pythium, Fusariium||-||-||Pythium|
|Inoculated with Rhizobia||-||-||Yes#||Yes#||Yes|
|Nutrients Included||-||Lime||Molybdenum, Lime||Molybdenum, Lime||Molybdenum, Lime|
|Sowing Rates Compared to Untreated Seed||Same*||Increase by up to 100%||Same||Same||Same|
|Withholding Period||6 weeks^||-||6 weeks||-||6 weeks|
Superstrike Clover seed treatment includes:
Superstrike Clover can improve the performance of clover seedlings in all situations.
Superstrike grass includes insecticide and fungicide, formulated to improve the establishment and early plant growth of grass seedlings. Superstrike promotes fast and vigorous seedling growth with plants showing strong root and tiller development during establishment.
Superstrike grass seed treatment is recommended for all spring and autumn sown grass seed including ryegrass, fescue and cocksfoot where insects, pests and seedling diseases are likely to have a detrimental effect on plant establishment.
Superstrike seed treatment has an important role to play alongside novel endophytes such as AR1 and AR37 with the seed treatment ‘bridging the gap’ by protecting seedlings until the endophytes is fully functional within the host plant and also to provide insect protection over the long-term. | <urn:uuid:00045fbf-ccd0-44c1-87e8-92a4bcc26b41> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.pggwrightsonseeds.com/science-and-innovation/seed-treatment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738864.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812024530-20200812054530-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.884378 | 826 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Breast tumors that are so-called triple-negative are largely resistant to existing cancer drugs, giving patients an especially poor prognosis. KAUST researchers and collaborators are now exploring a potential therapeutic option for such tumors that is based on the tumor-specific effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles1.
Previous studies have shown that ZnO treatment can kill cancerous cells while leaving healthy cells intact. However, the mechanism is poorly defined; some data suggest that ZnO particles are ingested by and dissolve within tumor cells, while other findings suggest that cells absorb free zinc released when these particles dissolve in the acidic tumor environment.
In a study led by Jasmeen Merzaban, KAUST assistant professor of bioscience, and Alexandra Porter from Imperial College London, Ph.D. students Basma Othman and Ayman Abuelela used microscopy to observe what happened when triple-negative breast tumor cells were treated with ZnO. For comparison, they used both untargeted conventional ZnO nanoparticles as well as targeted nanoparticles tagged with a peptide that specifically recognizes a protein found on the surface of cancer cells.
unambiguously supported a model in which the nanoparticles are consumed by the
cells before inducing cell death.
“We were able to observe in real time the uptake of both classes of ZnO nanoparticles and confirm the subsequent rise in zinc ion concentrations within cells prior to their death,” said Merzaban.
nanoparticles proved substantially more effective at killing triple-negative
cells in culture, requiring lower doses of ZnO. However, the real-time imaging
experiments also revealed considerable variability in the way individual cells
respond to treatment, with some cells perishing quickly while others hung on.
The researchers speculate that this heterogeneity might reflect the presence of
relatively drug-resistant cancer stem cell subpopulations.
“These cells are believed by many to be responsible for the relapse of cancer following traditional therapies such as chemotherapy,” noted Merzaban.
Eliminating such cancer stem cells could be a major victory against hard-to-treat tumors. The researchers are now exploring whether such cells are responsible for the heterogeneous response observed in their experiments, with an eye toward improving the efficacy of their approach.
Merzaban plans to initiate animal studies that might give better insights into
the clinical applicability of ZnO.
“We intend to use in vivo imaging tools to determine how effective these nanoparticles are at inducing the death of breast cancer cells in tumor mouse models,” she said. “We are very excited about the potential of these and other nanoparticles as part of the future of medicine.”
Othman, B.A., Greenwood, C., Abuelela, A.F., Bharath, A.A., Chen, S. et al. Correlative light-electron microscopy shows RGD-targeted ZnO nanoparticles dissolve in the intracellular environment of triple negative breast cancer cells and cause apoptosis with intratumor heterogeneity. Advanced Healthcare Materials. advance online publication 25 April 2016 (doi: 10.1002/adhm.201501012).| article | <urn:uuid:689b33b5-cced-47d4-bb9d-29feee1e5780> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://discovery.kaust.edu.sa/en/article/226/a-deadly-delivery-for-breast-cancer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986668569.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016113040-20191016140540-00488.warc.gz | en | 0.925289 | 668 | 3 | 3 |
Bottled Water – Safe? Be Smart in Choosing your Bottled water Brand
Packaged Drinking water is being sold and served by “Single Use” water bottles, usually made from Poluethylene terephthalate [PET/PETE] which is cost effective and light weight. Is the PET bottles are safe? free from bacteria? No monomer release during repeated use?
A study found traces of a phthalate, a harmful plasticiser, used to make the plastics more flexible, in water from PET bottles. Apart this, A substance called antimony is used in PET production and it can leach into the water in PET bottles. Few brands are using Polycarbonate for making Water bottle which are sturdy, Polycarbonate is made of a monomer called bisphenol A (BPA).
This BPA breaks down over time and get released into water, when the bottle is heated or repeatedly washed the BPA starts deteriorating and released into water. The harmful effects of BPA to human is not yet identified in detail, but prolonged in take might results into serious health concerns. The “Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) agreed internationally for BPA is 0.05 mg per Kilogram of body weight per day.
While doing research on this topic i came to know that “PVC” is considered dangerous for making water bottles as they has phthalates and releases the same in water.
But in India PVC Pipes are commonly and widely used for water piping.
While purchasing the water bottles and poly products check for their recycle code, Re cycle code is the simplest way we can validate the bottle’s safety. If the Recycle code is 3 or 7 – Just avoid them.
The best bottles to use and reuse are those with the recycling codes 2, 4 and 5.
Bottles made from Polyethylene and Polypropylene are 2,4 & 5.
Source Article written by Professor Michael Moore of Water Quality Research Australia. | <urn:uuid:60ce17b5-f87a-4bf4-8616-7869b95bbd2f> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://virtualvastra.org/2014/03/02/bottled-water-safe-be-smart-in-choosing-your-bottled-water-brand/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516123.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023090235-20181023111735-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.949574 | 411 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Researchers from Newcastle University, NatCen Social Research, and ASK Research, funded by the Nuffield Foundation, analysed information on more than 6,400 English children born in 2000-01 who are being followed by the Millennium Cohort Study.
Children taking part in organised sports and physical activities at the ages of five, seven and 11 were almost one and a half times more likely to reach a higher than expected level in their Key Stage 2 (KS2) maths test at age 11. No relationship was found between organised sports and activities and KS2 English and science scores.
Children receiving extra tuition in English at some time between the ages of seven and 11 were more likely to have a higher KS2 score than those without. There was some evidence that moderate TV watching was associated with higher KS2 scores – but without knowing the content of the TV watched it was not possible to draw firm conclusions.
Among disadvantaged children, those who attended after school clubs also fared better than their peers who did not take part in such groups. They achieved on average, a two-point higher total score in their KS2 assessments in English, maths and science at the end of primary school.
This is equivalent to two-fifths of the ‘attainment gap’ between poorer children who score, on average, a total of 53 points at KS2 and those from more affluent homes, who gain 58 points.
Liz Todd, Professor of Educational Inclusion at Newcastle University's School of Education, Communication and Language Sciences said: "This is the first research of this scale to show a link between primary school children’s out of school activities and educational achievement and is the best research so far to suggest after school clubs should be funded for young economically disadvantaged children. We believe that out of school activities are improving education and social achievement.
“Many teachers and parents will welcome our finding that reading for enjoyment was found to be positively associated with good KS2 results. It’s good to find this about activities children undertake for their own enjoyment.”
The study’s lead investigator, Dr Emily Tanner, of NatCen, said: “Results showed that sports clubs were positively associated with attainment outcomes at age 11, even when accounting for prior attainment at age seven.
“The recent Budget announcement to direct money raised by the tax on sugary drinks towards funding sport and after school activities suggests policymakers are recognising the wide-ranging benefits of these activities. “
From the ages of five to 11, formal sports club activity was dominated by children from more well-off families. This peaked at age seven, with almost four out of five taking part, compared to only two out of five of those from poorer homes.
In comparison, roughly equal numbers of children from both backgrounds were involved in after school clubs at ages five, seven and 11.
The researchers discovered that children who participated in organised sports and physical activities at any time during primary school had better social, emotional and behavioural skills than those who did not take part.
This was also the case for disadvantaged children who had attended an after school club during primary school, compared with other poorer children who had never joined one.
Youngsters who read the most frequently for pleasure had the highest total point score at KS2 and were the most likely to achieve a level five in English.
The findings took into account background factors such as child gender, ethnicity, age and family structure, as well as parental income and occupational class.
Newcastle University has risen for the second consecutive year in The Complete University Guide League table.
published on: 26 April 2017
An international collaboration of neuroscientists has shed light on how the brain helps us to predict what is coming next in speech.
published on: 25 April 2017 | <urn:uuid:4515c379-3e2a-44c4-8990-94d5499b9dfb> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://ncl.ac.uk/press/news/2016/04/outofschoolactivities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122955.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00516-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981123 | 770 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Essentially, battery state-of-charge (SOC) can be easily measured using an amp-hour meter, by voltage, or by specific gravity. Measuring SOC by voltage or specific gravity requires specialized knowledge and a great deal of care, so it is recommended that owners utilize amp-hour meters for all battery systems.
An amp-hour meter is somewhat like a fuel gauge for batteries, providing all the information necessary to keep the batteries charged. While using an amp-hour meter, users can see the system’s voltage, current, and battery condition.
The voltage of a particular state-of-charge will vary depending on which state the battery is in; charging or discharging. Also affecting the variation is the current in relation to the size of the battery. It is important to remember that voltage will vary with temperature.
While the battery is charging, a lower outdoor temperature will increase battery voltage. For example. the full-charge voltage on a 12 VDC battery is 0.9 VDC higher at the lower temperature of 32℉ than at 70℉. The opposite is true for discharging. While discharging, a higher outdoor temperature results in higher voltage.
While a battery is idle, the temperature has little effect, although very high temperatures may increase the self-discharge rate.
A hydrometer may also be used to measure battery state-of-charge in flooded lead-acid batteries by measuring the amount of electrolytes near the plates. However, the electrolytes can only be measured at the very top of the battery, which may or may not be near the plates.
To get an accurate reading from the hydrometer, take the readings after the battery has been idle for a long while, or after several hours of the battery slowly discharging. Near the end of the charging cycle, gas bubbles rise through the sulfuric acid. It takes a few hours to mix enough to get an accurate reading with the hydrometer.
Whether a hydrometer or an amp-hour meter is used to measure battery state-of-charge, using them will allow you to determine where your batteries are in the stages of charging or discharging. | <urn:uuid:65a4dd02-e539-4261-a9cd-d0686ff563fe> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://webosolar.com/blog/how-to-measure-battery-state-of-charge-soc/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000575.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626214837-20190627000837-00356.warc.gz | en | 0.939802 | 448 | 3.484375 | 3 |
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A senior executive of one of the world's largest commercial software companies told me they use software containers in their development process to increase agility and bring new products and updates to market more quickly. Their development cycle is now months instead of years.
A software container is simply a very thin package of an application and all the libraries that support the application, which makes it easy to move the application from one operating system to another. A developer can build an entire application and then use a tool to take all the source code and supporting files and basically create something like a zip file so the container can be deployed just about anywhere. It contains everything the application needs to run, including code, runtime, system tools and system libraries.
Unlike a virtual machine that has the whole operating system beneath it in a package, a container is just the application. Containers are smaller, thinner and typically more portable than VMs because you can run them on top of any hypervisor as long as you have the proper host OS running above that hypervisor.
The most popular container technology is Docker.Basedon open standards, Docker containers can run on all major Linux distributions and Microsoft operating systems with support for every infrastructure. They have become very mainstream because of the beneficial impact on organizations to quickly deploy new applications.
Containers are awesome but they have drawbacks. There are some security risks that go along with this new development idea.
For one thing, containers don't keep themselves up to date. There's no mechanism to make sure the components within the container are staying up to date and and addressing security vulnerabilities. For example, it's easy to create a container with a particular version of Java and then deploy the container. Weeks later, when a new release of Java comes out to fix a flaw in the previous version, there's really no easy way to know how many of those out-of-date containers are out there, and no way to simply install an update to the container. Furthermore, unlike VMs, containers typically don’t include anti-malware, IDS/IPS, and other security agents, which puts them at risk of attack.
A development philosophy for containers is to split up applications into micro services. Whereas a traditional application might be divided into, say, three tiers for a web app, the container approach splits the application into many more small containerized components. That three tiered web app might end up with 20 or 30 containers. Having this many entities further complicates the management task of tracking, securing and updating/replacing the containers.
Another complication is that Docker has an all-or-nothing administration model, which makes it difficult to restrict administrative privileges to just those tasks that a person or team needs to perform. This model can be a challenge for companies that want to separate administrative access across different teams, like developers and testers. It's difficult to securely delegate access to just the right level of people throughout the environment.
Startup Twistlock addresses these challenges with security and vulnerability management tools to reduce the risk of using containers. Twistlock's security solution for containerized computing primarily addresses three areas today:
- Vulnerability management, with an integrated intelligence stream of the latest CVEs and security standards
- Security hardening for containers, their contents, and the fabrics they run on
- Advanced authentication and authorization capabilities, including Kerberos support and role based access control
This is not an agent that you install on the host OS, nor is it something you have to install in your container. Taking this approach enables Twistlock to run completely independently of whatever infrastructure you deploy containers on. Anywhere you can deploy a container, Twistlock says it can protect those containers in a consistent way.
For all the places you would be deploying containers in your environment, you have a Twistlock container called a Container Defender deployed on every host you are going to be working with. This ensures that any other application that you add on top of that host is going to be monitored and protected by that Container Defender.
Your developers don't have to do anything for this capability to work; they just start building their application, package it and deploy it as they normally would. They don’t have to change their application, install an agent, build their container with a particular flag, integrate one of Twistlock's libraries, or anything like that. They literally build their app, deploy it like they normally would, and the Container Defender is able to look inside that container and make security decisions.
Some of those security decisions might be about vulnerabilities (CVEs). The Twistlock Security Intelligence Stream provides near real time consolidation of CVEs and recommended configurations from open source, vendor and governmental data sources. Twistlock’s cloud service consumes, parses, validates, and combines all this data into a single feed for Twistlock to send to its customers.
You can set up a scan of your environment to automatically inspect what applications have what binaries in them and what in those containers makes it vulnerable to a particular CVE. Now you have the ability to look inside your containers and understand your risk posture, and then make vulnerability management decisions like whether to replace containers that are high risk.
Another Twistlock capabilitity is security hardening, to make sure the environments you are running your containers on are configured properly to give you the maximum level of defense against risks to your underlying environment. In the Twistlock console, there is a policy user interface where you can select benchmark policies that will control your environment. The selected policies are consistently enforced by the Container Defender wherever you run your containers.
Aside from configuring policies in the Twistlock console, you also can see analytics about your environment, logging information about the configuration, the setup of the hosts, and more. All the information from the console can be sent to your preferred SIEM tools to make it easy to analyze this data in the context of your enterprise risk posture.
Containers are the future of application development but they need to be brought under control. With its security and vulnerability management tools, Twistlock looks like it can provide that control. | <urn:uuid:d9f86294-3336-4e18-9609-cf1298dd8afb> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.computerworld.com.au/article/582792/twistlock-adds-security-vulnerability-management-docker-containers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676594675.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722233159-20180723013159-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.939149 | 1,251 | 2.828125 | 3 |
An Egyptian excavation mission discovered on Monday remains of mud-brick walls and several artifacts that date back to different periods of the ancient Egyptian era, as well as four furnaces from the Late Period (664-332 BCE) during excavation work carried out in Tel Al-Pharaeen archaeological site.
Known as “Ancient Buto” at the Kafr al-Sheikh governorate, studies from the excavation site walls’ suggested that the discovered could possibly represent the main ancient axis of the Buto temple, according to Ayman Ashmawy, head of the Ancient Egyptian Antiquities Sector at Egypt’s Ministry of Antiquities.
Ashmawy said that the furnaces may have been used for the preparation of the offerings presented to deities inside the temple.
He added that the mission also uncovered the foundation of two limestone columns that he believes may have been part of the temple’s hall of pillars. They also found a limestone statue of King Psamtik I seated on the throne and holding the royal handkerchief in his right hand.
However, according to Ashmawy, the upper part of the statue is damaged.
Another royal statue was also uncovered, carved in black granite, and missing the head and the neck, and a segment below the knee. Preliminary examination suggest it may also belong to King Psamtik I.
Both statues and their fragments were transferred to the stores of the ministry for conservation and restoration. | <urn:uuid:25360485-7b92-4bda-9494-a2d177a07825> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.egyptindependent.com/royal-ancient-egyptian-artifacts-uncovered-tel-al-pharaeen/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891791.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123072105-20180123092105-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.959192 | 303 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The following is extracted from Taken at the Flood: The Roman Conquest of Greece, by Robin Waterfield. This is the story of the Roman conquest of classical Greece – a tale of brutality, determination, and the birth of an empire.
The region known as Illyris (Albania and Dalmatia, in today’s terms) was regarded at the time as a barbarian place, only semi-civilized by contact with its Greek and Macedonian neighbours. It was occupied by a number of different tribes, linked by a common culture and language (a cousin of Thracian). From time to time, one of these tribes gained a degree of dominance over some or most of the rest, but never over all of them at once. Contact with the Greek world had led to a degree of urbanization, especially in the south and along the coast, but the region still essentially consisted of many minor tribal dynasts with networks of loyalty. At the time in question, the Ardiaei were the leading tribe, and in the 230s their king, Agron, had forged a kind of union, the chief plank of which was alliances with other local magnates from central Illyris, such as Demetrius, Greek lord of the wealthy island of Pharos, and Scerdilaidas, chief of the Illyrian Labeatae.
In the late 230s, the Illyrians’ Greek neighbors to the south, the confederacy of Epirote tribes and communities, descended into chaos following the republican overthrow of a by-then hated monarchy. Agron seized the opportunity. Following a significant victory over the Aetolians in 231—they had been hired by Demetrius II of Macedon to relieve the siege of Medion, a town belonging to his allies, the Acarnanians—the Illyrians, confi dent that they could stand up to any of their neighbors, expanded their operations. The next year, they raided as far south as the Peloponnesian coastline, but, more importantly, they seized the northern Epirote town of Phoenice.
The capture of Phoenice, the strongest and wealthiest city in Epirus, and then its successful defense against a determined Epirote attempt at recovery, were morale-boosting victories, but the practical consequences were uppermost in Agron’s mind. Phoenice was not just an excellent lookout point; it was also close to the main north–south route from Illyris into Epirus. More immediately, the town commanded its own fertile (though rather boggy) alluvial valleys, and access to the sea at Onchesmus. There was another harbor not far south, at Buthrotum (modern Butrint, one of the best archaeological sites in Europe), but for a ship traveling north up the coast, Onchesmus was the last good harbor until Oricum, eighty kilometers (fifty miles) further on, a day’s sailing or possibly two. And, even apart from the necessity of havens in bad weather, ancient ships had to be beached frequently, to forage for food and water (warships, especially, had room for little in the way of supplies), to dry out the insides of the ships (no pumps in those days), and to kill the teredo “worm” (a kind of boring mollusk). Phoenice was a valuable prize.
Agron died a short while later, reputedly from pleurisy contracted after the over-enthusiastic celebration of his victories. He was succeeded by his son Pinnes—or rather, by his wife Teuta, who became regent for the boy. Teuta inherited a critical situation. Following the loss of Phoenice, the Epirotes had joined the Aetolian–Achaean alliance, and their new allies dispatched an army north as soon as they could. Th e Illyrian army under Scerdilaidas moved south to confront them, numbering perhaps ten thousand men. The two armies met not far north of Passaron (modern Ioannina).
The fate of the northwest coastline of Greece hung in the balance. But before battle was joined, the Illyrian forces were recalled by Teuta to deal with a rebellion by one of the tribes of her confederacy (we do not know which), who had called in help from the Dardanians. Th e Dardanian tribes occupied the region north of Macedon and northeast of Illyris (modern Kosovo, mainly), and not infrequently carried out cross-border raids in considerable force, with several tribes uniting for a profi table campaign. Scerdilaidas withdrew back north, plundering as he went, and made a deal with the Epirote authorities whereby he kept all the booty from Phoenice and received a handsome ransom for returning the city, relatively undamaged, to the league.
The Dardanian threat evaporated, and in 230 Teuta turned to the island of Issa, a neighbor of Pharos. Th is was a natural extension for her: Issa (modern Vis), along with Corcyra (Corfu) and Pharos (Hvar), was one of the great commercial islands of this coastline, wealthy from its own products, and as a result of convenience of its harbors for the Adriatic trade in timber and other commodities; in fact, at ten hectares, Issa town was the largest Greek settlement in Dalmatia. Teuta already had Pharos and its dependency, Black Corcyra (Korč ula); if she could take Issa and Corcyra, her revenue would be greatly increased and she would become a major player in the region. Teuta put Issa town under siege; in those days, each island generally had only one large town, the main port, and so to take the town was to take the island.
When the campaigning season of 229 arrived, Tueta (who still had Issa under siege) launched a major expedition. Her forces first attacked Epidamnus, a Greek trading city on the Illyrian coast, with an excellent harbor and command of the most important eastward route towards Macedon, the road the Romans began to develop a century later as the Via Egnatia. Th e attack was thwarted by the desperate bravery of the Epidamnians, but the Illyrians sailed off and joined up with the rest of their fleet, which had Corcyra town under siege. The people of Corcyra, Epidamnus, and Apollonia (another Greek colony, eighty kilometers [fifty miles] down the coast from Epidamnus, and certain to be the next target) naturally sought help from the Aetolians and Achaeans, who had already demonstrated their hostility toward the Illyrians, and the Greek allies raised a small fl eet and sent it to relieve Corcyra. But the Illyrians had supplemented their usual fleet of small, fast lemboi with some larger warships loaned by the Acarnanians, who were pleased to thank them for raising the siege of Medion. Battle was joined off Paxoi, and it was another victory for the Illyrians.
In addition to having translated numerous Greek classics, including works by Plato, Aristotle, Herodotus, Xenophon, Polybius, and Plutarch, Robin Waterfield is the author of Why Socrates Died: Dispelling the Myths, Xenophon’s Retreat: Greece, Persia and the End of the Golden Age, Athens: A History, Dividing the Spoils: the War for Alexander the Great’s Empire and Taken at the Flood: The Roman Conquest of Greece. He lives in the far south of Greece on a small olive farm. | <urn:uuid:4475cfe8-88b7-4bba-9f7f-995ef92d65c0> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://blog.oup.com/2014/05/taken-at-the-flood-extract-rome-greece-conquest/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543434.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00101-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976169 | 1,614 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Have you noticed that your hand hurts after using or holding your cell phone for a while? Maybe your fingers are hurting or tingling?
Well, this is actually more common than you might think. In this article we’re going to talk about some of the reasons that this might be happening, and ways you can prevent it from happening in the future.
I’ll dive into a bit of the dangers of EMF radiation from cell phones, and specifically how that radiation can affect your hands. We’ll talk about why some cellphones emit more radiation than others, how you can find a low-radiation phone, and how you can block the radiation from the phone you’re using now.
Let’s get started!
Cell-Phone Radiation – The Basics
We’re not going to dive into this too deep since I already have some really good, and comprehensive, articles on cell phone radiation, but it is important to talk about it. This will help us to understand why you may be experiencing pain in your fingers, hand, wrist, or arm.
So, let’s just talk a little bit about how cell phone radiation works. First of all (cell phone radiation) is kind of a misnomer, as it’s actually just EMF radiation. EMF radiation is actually three separate types: magnetic field, electric field, and radiofrequency radiation.
Your cell phone emits all three, but mostly magnetic and radiofrequency radiation.
The small amount of magnetic radiation is emitted from the power converter connected to the lithium ion battery (assuming you have a modern smartphone) as well as the logic board of the device. The larger radiation source though is the radiofrequency radiation from the phone’s cellular connection.
When you are on a phone call, watching a video on your phone, scrolling social media, or anything else that uses data, you are connected either to WiFi or a cellular network. Either way, data is being transmitted wirelessly between an access point and your phone, in tiny packets, thousands of times a second.
The bi-product of this is a form of radiation called RF radiation.
If you have an EMF meter, like my favorite, the Trifield TF2, you’ll notice that when measuring RF radiation you won’t get a consistent reading. This is because the meter is reading the packets of data, and since they are happening so fast, the primary reading won’t be accurate, you need to instead look at the peak reading to get an accurate measurement.
Now, you may hear the argument, especially from cell-phone manufacturers over the next few years, that cell-phones aren’t dangerous because they “meet or exceed federal SAR guidelines.” SAR, or specific absorption rate, is a FCC mandated measurement for how much radiation can be absorbed by the body from a cell phone and still considered safe.
I won’t go into too much detail about SAR (check out this post, and this post, for more information about that), but it’s important to know that these guidelines were defined in 1996, and a large group of scientists and researchers believe these are likely far off what are actually safe levels.
If you read those articles I linked, you’ll have a good idea of the many reasons that SAR ratings likely do not protect consumers. However, what you will recognize from the fact that these ratings exist, is that both regulators, and manufacturers, understand that cell phone radiation is dangerous, especially in close proximity to the body over long periods of time.
This fact has been proven in hundreds of studies over the last few decades.
- Even low levels of EMF radiation can be carcinogenic to humans
- Single, and double-strand DNA damage
- “…effects on brain and cranial bone development in the offspring of animals that are exposed to cell phone radiation during pregnancy”
The Interphone study was published in 2010 and is the largest and most comprehensive study published on the relationship between cell phone risk, and negative health effects. The conclusions found that:
- If you use your cell phone for as little as 30 minutes a day, after 10 years you will have a 40% increased risk of developing a brain tumor.
- That you are considered “high risk” if you’ve used your phone 1640 hours in your lifetime. This “high-risk group” is 2 times more likely to develop a brain tumor in the temporal lobe. When holding your cell-phone close to your head, the temporal lobe is the area of the brain closest to the antenna.
- When brain tumors were found in the test group, they were twice as likely to be found on the side of the head where the cell phone was used.
These are just a small portion of the amount of research that is out there about the dangers of cell phone radiation, especially over the long term. If you want to read more, here is a list of 139 other pieces of research and their conclusions (edit: the links don’t seem to be working, but just google the study to find the info).
Alright, now that we’ve covered some of the basics of cell phone radiation, and why it really is, and can be, dangerous, let’s talk specifically about how it can affect our fingers, hands, and wrist.
Cell Phone Radiation Hand Pain
Disclaimer: This Website is not intended for the purpose of providing medical advice. All information, content, and material of this website is for informational purposes only and are not intended to serve as a substitute for the consultation, diagnosis, and/or medical treatment of a qualified physician or healthcare provider.
Alright, now there are likely one of two reasons that your hand is hurting when holding your cell phone or smartphone:
- It is an orthopedic or carpal tunnel related issue.
- The radiation from the cell phone is causing sensitivity and pain in your hand.
The first one is actually extremely common. In fact, a study found that over 40% of people have experienced thumb or hand pain from using their smartphone. “Text claw,” or “cell phone elbow” are just nicknames for what is actually called cubital tunnel syndrome.
According to the orthopedic institute:
“Text Claw” is a non-medical term that describes all of the finger cramping and aching muscles that come from constant gaming, scrolling and texting on smartphones, the medical term for it is “cubital tunnel syndrome”. It can also be called “Cell Phone Elbow”, described numbness or tingling in the ring and pinky fingers that occurs after when the elbow is bent for long periods of time.
So, it’s easy to understand that the pain could possibly be caused by just the overuse of the muscles and joints. If you think that this is the issue, please don’t hesitate to contact your physician right away if you are experiencing pain.
However, the other likely cause is sensitivity to cell phone radiation, called EHS (electro-hypersensitivity). EHS, is essentially sensitivity and physical symptoms that come about from exposure to EMF radiation, especially from things like cell phones.
Common symptoms of EHS include:
- Fatigue – Most recognizable is fatigue even after what seemed like a full, or rest-full night’s sleep, or fatigue that persists throughout the day.
- Trouble Sleeping – This one is extremely common, as people’s bedrooms have become a hotbed for EMF radiation. From cell-phones next to the bed, metal spring mattresses acting as antennas, to dirty electricity, EMF radiation while we sleep is extremely common. In fact, I wrote a whole article about how to rid your bedroom of EMFs and finally get a restful night’s sleep, check it out here.
- Tinnitus – More commonly known as just ringing in the ears, it doesn’t always present as a ringing. Tinnitus is defined as the hearing of a consistent sound when no such external sound is present, and can actually present as a hissing, a clicking, a roaring, or a number of other sounds. This is common with severe Electo-hypersensitivity.
- Brain Fog – or cognitive decline, it is noticeable when you feel that your memory has been declining, or you’re having trouble recalling names, or places or events. It is also noticeable if you are having a tough time concentrating. Some scientists believe that the dramatic rise in Alzheimers Disease can be partially attributed to EMF damage and our wireless age. A study conducted at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health found that the number of individuals suffering from Alzheimer’s is likely to triple by the year 2050.
- Chest Pain and Heart Palpitations – Often seen in patients with EHS, or any reaction to the EMFs around them, the feeling is similar to angina, when blood flow is restricted to the heart. Less severe, but still symptomatic can be a fluttering or racing heartbeat.
- Skin Reactions – Some people react with irritations to the skin like redness, tingling, or even a rash. This is most commonly present in the face and upper arms but can present nearly anywhere on the body.
- Muscle Pain – Muscle pain and weakness in the hands, wrists, arms and more are common with people who suffer from EHS.
So, pain in the hand from using your cell-phone regularly is far from uncommon. In fact, initial pain in the skin, along with fatigue and trouble sleeping, are some of the most commonly reported issues related to EMF exposure.
This means that it is entirely possible that your hand pain could be a result of EMF radiation from your cell phone, but don’t worry, we’ll talk about some things you can do to relieve this pain and prevent it in the future down below.
Smartphone Finger Pain
This is very similar to hand pain from using your cellphone or smartphone too much. The primary difference between pain in your hand and pain in your fingers is likely how you’re holding the device.
Carpal tunnel related symptoms from holding your phone and using your thumb other fingers to scroll and type, is extremely common.
Like with cell phone radiation hand pain, finger pain could also be a result of a mild sensitivity to the RF and magnetic radiation that your phone is emitting.
If you think this might be the case, follow some of the suggestions I list down below.
However, be sure to consult your physician if you are having significant pain of any kind or feel that it may be a muscular-skeletal issue.
If you take a break from your phone for a little while, and the pain dissipates fairly quickly, it could possibly be related to the EMF radiation emitted from the device.
Pins and Needles While Holding iPhone or Other Smartphone
The term “pins and needles” usually refers to the acute tingling sensation you often feel when your leg or foot falls asleep. When this happens to your hand or arm while holding a cellphone, it is likely the result of decreased blood-flow or a pinched nerve.
If this sensation continues, be sure to consult a physician.
Alright, now that we’ve talked about the different reasons that cell
How To Reduce or Prevent Cell Phone Radiation Hand Pain
This is going to be more of a summary overview, as I already have an extremely comprehensive post on this topic.
However, it is important to talk about some of the most efficient things we can do to reduce our radiation exposure to cell phones.
1. Reduce Your Use
Whenever it comes to radiation exposure, the two most important things you can always do is reduce your use, and get distance.
Reducing your use is simple, we understand that the biological dangers of EMF radiation are cumulative, so any reduction goes a long way. Getting distance just means hold your phone a little farther away from your body, use speakerphone when possible, headphones when possible, etc.
If you have a short phone-call to make, consider sending a text instead. Anything you can do to just reduce the amount of time that you are holding your smartphone will go along way in reducing your radiation exposure, and likely any pain in your hand or fingers.
2. Get An EMF Protection Case
This should be fairly self-explanatory, but let’s talk about it for just a second. There are lots of EMF protection cellphone cases on the market, but only a few that I really use and trust.
Most of these cases, if they are made the right way, will have protective covers that when you answer or make a call, and close the front cover, you are blocking nearly all the EMF radiation from reaching your head.
When you are just scrolling through Facebook or using apps on your phone, that EMF protection flap is on the backside, protecting your hand from the radiation.
This means that no matter what you are doing on your cellphone, the closest part of your body to the device will be protected by a material meant to block 100% of EMF radiation.
I have tried essentially every case on the market, and the one I think is the best, and the one I’m using now, is this one from Defendershield.
3. Wait Until The Call Has Started
If you do plan to use your iPhone next to your head, wait until after the call has started. Many cell-phones have been known to emit much radiation as they are attempting to connect to another device. This is because it can take much more power to establish the call, then it does to maintain it.
So when you’re making a call, wait until the call shows that it has connected before putting your iPhone to your ear. When receiving a phone call, wait 1 or 2 seconds after answering to put to your ear. This will help to reduce the spike of RF radiation you may have been exposed to.
4. Don’t Call With A Bad Signal
When your phone has a poor cellular connection, it actually uses far greater amounts of power and emits far more radiation while it tries to establish, maintain, and improve its signal. Some studies have found that a phone can emit up to 1000 times more EMF radiation when it is at one bar or less.
So, by simply keeping an eye on your cellular connection before you make a call, you can dramatically reduce the amount of EMF radiation you are exposing your fingers, hands, and head to during a phone call.
5. Use Airplane Mode Whenever Possible
Did you know that your cell phone emits EMF radiation, even when it’s not in use? That is because your phone is constantly using WiFi and cellular data to update emails, receive text messages, update apps, and so much more, even when you aren’t using the device.
So, if you are doing anything on your phone that doesn’t require cellular connection or WiFi, just flip the phone into Airplane mode. This cuts the RF radiation to essentially zero, and will dramatically reduce the radiation absorbed by your hand or your head.
This is also a great idea before you go to bed, as having a phone right next to you while you sleep really isn’t a great idea.
6. Get An Air Tube Headset
I talk about Air Tube headsets quite a bit in my posts, I even wrote up the most comprehensive guide to Air Tube headsets on the web.
Well, this is for a really good reason. Headphones have always been a great way for us to make phone calls, or watch videos, or listen to music on our devices without having to have them really close to our head.
The problem is that many headphones actually emit a fair bit of EMF radiation in extremely close proximity to your head.
Air tube headphones,
If you’re experiencing pain in your hand or tingling in your fingers while using your cell-phone, try getting a pair of Air tube headphones to make your calls on.
The best pair on the market in my opinion, and the ones I use are these from Defendershield.
7. Use Speaker Phone
If you don’t have a pair of Air Tube headphones to talk with, consider making most of your calls with speakerphone. This is especially practical when you are driving. Not only is it safer to operate your vehicle without holding your phone
Now, if you are holding your cellphone while on speakerphone, this doesn’t reduce radiation exposure to your hand, but it does protect your head. Ideally, you’d answer or make a call, flip on speakerphone, and then set it down, or attach it to your car mount.
For the same reasons we talked about above (reminder: distance is key) speakerphone give you a reliable way to talk on the phone without holding it against your brain.
Alright, that should be enough tips to get your started protecting yourself from cellphone radiation, for more details, and 10 other ways to reduce cellphone radiation, check out this article.
Final Thoughts Cell Phone Radiation Hand Pain
Alright, hopefully, this guide has convinced you that the pain you are feeling in your hand, could possibly be attributed to the EMF radiation from your device.
No matter where the pain is coming from though, there are things that you can do to protect yourself, starting with reducing your use of the device.
Cell phones are here to stay, as they provide unparalleled levels of convenience and connectivity to everyone. So instead of trying to get rid of these devices, we need to be smarter about how and when we use them.
If you have any questions, or if I can help you in any way, please don’t hesitate to contact me.
Yours in health, | <urn:uuid:62146dc6-8ef3-4d59-865d-cacf23d28eec> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://emfacademy.com/cell-phone-radiation-hand-pain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107922746.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20201101001251-20201101031251-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.95141 | 3,718 | 2.734375 | 3 |
"A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community; it is wrong when it tends otherwise."
an American author, scientist, ecologist,
forester, and environmentalist
Evidence seems to suggest wolves are attempting to naturally re-colonize Northeast US. The availability of wolf prey and habitat has been documented to support wolf recovery, as both are abundant in the Northeast. The only obstacle to the return of the wolf in the Northeast is leadership and a clear plan for its recovery.
In the Northeast, wolves are protected under the Endangered Species Act. However, all five states (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts and New York) fail to have sufficient precautions in place to protect wolves. None of the five states has a management plan to address the potential return of wolves. None of these states promote wolf recovery. All of these factors put wolves at great risk in the Northeast.
The return of the wolf to the Northeast will reflect a more fully functional and wild ecosystem in the Northeast. Considering the complexities of the debate, the Northeast Wolf Coalition is a working group of partner organizations, scientific mentors and advisers who collaborate on the critical issues that relate to the return of the wolf to the Northeast. | <urn:uuid:d7b8d444-f558-4f05-ad5c-b27bc968ee09> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.northeastwolf.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948593526.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217054825-20171217080825-00492.warc.gz | en | 0.937529 | 257 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Trotsky once compared his conception of Russia as a “degenerated workers’ state” to Lenin’s theory of the “democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry”.
The democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry had proved in its broad framework to be wrong. Lenin had postulated an equal alliance of workers and peasants to bring about bourgeois-democratic revolution. Until 1917 he considered a purely workers’ revolution for working class goals impossible in Russia’s economic and social backwardness. It turned out that the only revolution possible in 1917 was a working class revolution. Then Lenin in effect went over to Trotsky’s Permanent Revolution.
Trotsky had predicted that the conservative, negative side of Lenin’s formula would reveal itself in a revolutionary situation. In fact, before Lenin’s return to Russia (April 1917), the Bolshevik Party, led temporarily by Stalin and Kamenev, supported the bourgeois Provisional Government. It took Lenin a sharp fight to reorient the Bolshevik Party toward the working class revolution it would lead seven months later.
In Trotsky’s opinion, if Lenin had died in exile at the beginning of 1917, the Bolsheviks could never have been reoriented in time to stop the victory of a very bloody counter-revolution and the abolition of the possibilities that the October revolution and the Bolshevik Party went on to prove to have existed.
Trotsky, who organised the October insurrection, said that if he had been present in St Petersburg in 1917 and Lenin absent, the revolution would have been defeated. If Lenin had been present and Trotsky absent, the revolutionary workers would nonetheless have won: for despite being wrong in his general formula — democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry — Lenin had focused accurately, the party had grasped the realities of the Russian revolution.
The Bolshevik Party was rooted in the real tasks of educating the workers and separating off the revolutionary workers into a distinct and independent workers’ party.
Despite the confusion that followed the departure of the Tsar and the setting up of a Provisional Government pledged to call a Constituent Assembly, the previous record of the Bolshevik organisation and its habits of mind had allowed Lenin to win a quick and easy victory over those who wanted the party to settle into legality and a long term opposition to a new bourgeois regime.
So, too, with the Trotskyists and Stalinism. They had step by step from 1923 worked out concrete programmes for the workers of Russia, up to and including the advocacy of the armed overthrow of the autocracy. So, what — said Trotsky repeatedly to those who wanted to call Russia a stable anti-working class exploitative state — do you want to add to our concrete programme? They had nothing to add.
Yet, what Trotsky said about the dual nature of Lenin’s slogan of a Democratic Dictatorship of the Proletariat and Peasantry offers a pretty exact parallel for Trotsky’s degenerated workers’ state position. With the survival and expansion of Stalinism in 1941, the negative side of the “degenerated workers’ state” formula came out. Such a position as “unconditional defence of the USSR”, which in Trotsky had one meaning, took on a meaning it never had for Trotsky. It tied the “orthodox Trotskyists” into “critica support" for the foreign policy of the Stalinist imperialist bloc: into being “one-campers” — the Stalinist “degenerated workers’ state” camp. Trotsky himself in his responses to both Poland and Finland deepened the confusion.
There was great irony too in the fact that the "degenerated workers staters" were thereby led to implicit support for a variant of "socialism in one country": to the belief that the "post capitalist", "transitional" system in Russia was stable and could not now be overthrown; that it was successfully competing with capitalism. (We did, of course, continue to advocate working class revolution, and "political revolution against the bureaucracy in Russia...)
But where Lenin could by returning to Russia change things and pull the Bolshevik Party policy in 1917 into line with the new possibilities and the drives of its militant working class supporters, Trotsky died in the struggle with Stalin, leaving theoretical chaos to his comrades from which the movement never recovered. It was, indeed, as if Lenin “had died in Switzerland at the beginning of 1917”.
All that is easy to see looking back: the point is that it was anything but that then. Trotsky had good reasons for holding at he did to the basic perspectives of Marxism — there can be neither a socialism-in-one-country or a “bureaucratic collectivist” system that defeats capitalism from outside. That must be done across the world by the working class within advanced capitalism. In the long run, history has proved Trotsky right: Stalinism was not a viable historically stable system. | <urn:uuid:c96a0112-1ab7-4b72-abdf-9c8827a4d86c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://australia.workersliberty.org/story/2010/07/31/12-lenins-democratic-dictatorship-proletariat-1917-and-trotskys-russian-degenerate- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606975.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122101729-20200122130729-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.971634 | 1,022 | 3.578125 | 4 |
It calculates the pressure drop (or dynamic pressure drop)
of a piece of pipe with constant section.
For circuits composed of multiple traits in series with different sections is necessary calculate them separately and sum the results related to each section.
Selection of pipe kind
Absolute roughness of the inner wall
Selection of pipe dimensions
Required flow rate
Kind of fluid
Working temperature of the fluid
Viscosity of the fluid
Density of the fluid
Rectilinear pipe length
90º elbow joint
Bend with big radius
|Fluid velocity in the pipe||m/s|
|Relative roughness in the inner wall||r/d|
|Friction coefficient (Colebrook Whine)|
|Resultant dynamic pressure drop||kg/cm2|
Joint with an R/D ratio higher than the maximum avaiable can be neglected (add the development of the joint on the length of the pipe).
For angle joints are meant joints with not started fluid (without coving).
For 90 degrees joints are meant the elbow joints.
The apps about pressure drop. | <urn:uuid:2a1f16e1-da4d-48f5-bbd3-b88ec8c0b509> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.claredot.net/en/sec-Fluidics/pressure-drop-fluids.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424549.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723102716-20170723122716-00705.warc.gz | en | 0.838634 | 233 | 2.921875 | 3 |
“Entropy” is a term you may remember from science classes. It refers to energy levels and the organization of complex systems. It takes energy to maintain order in a complex system, and since everything in the universe is constantly being pulled toward a state of lower energy, systems become disorganized. Stated another way: Everything eventually falls apart unless it’s maintained. There’s a show on the History Channel called “Life After People” that could be renamed “Entropy in Action.” It shows computer-generated images of cities and structures as they’re slowly overrun by vegetation, surviving animals and the weather. So what’s this got to do with storage optimization?
Computer systems suffer from entropy as well. It’s the quiet deterioration in performance or available storage capacity that seems to occur over time, as a result of the constant change a system sees — changes in workloads, resources, even administrators.
Storage entropy is eating away at usable capacity, but there are a number of technologies available to address it. Thin provisioning can reduce the “white space” caused by overallocation for databases or file systems that are difficult to expand. New developments in this technology mean storage space can be reclaimed from file systems as files are deleted, or this space can be captured when “fat” volumes are copied into a “thin-aware” storage system. Storage arrays are now offering a zero-block-detection feature that can help reclaim this white space.
Storage resource management tools are available that identify orphaned data objects and misallocated capacity so they can be reclaimed. There are also tools that manage the VM lifecycle to ensure storage is returned and VMs are decommissioned when no longer needed. Deduplication is also being used in non-backup applications, thereby eliminating redundant data objects, and storage virtualization is being used to consolidate reclaimed capacity into volumes large enough to be reallocated.
As a VAR, entropy represents another discussion point around storage optimization. Understanding the solutions and tools available can create opportunities with customers who can’t just keep buying more capacity.
Follow me on Twitter: EricSSwiss. | <urn:uuid:a7322be9-12c2-4864-b7ac-02dd44da918d> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://itknowledgeexchange.techtarget.com/storage-channel-pipeline/storage-optimization-thin-provisioning-deduplication-and-storage-virtualization-remedy-entropy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802765846.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075245-00116-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94409 | 454 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Cryptography [ LMAT2450 ]
5.0 crédits ECTS
<<< Page précédente
Pereira Olivier ;
of the course
The course will be devoted to the study of cryptography, this corresponding algorithms, various examples and possible protocols, with each time a mathematically oriented approach. Historical aspects will also be considered.1. Information theory ; public and secret keys.2. Probabilistic algorithms and proofs in cryptography.3. Some cryptographic algorithms, like DES, RSA, El-Gamal, Diffle-Hellman, complexity analysis.4. Active and passive attitudes, false signatures.5. The zero-knowledge theory.6. Elliptic curves in cryptography.7. Norms, standards, precautions.8. Examples of cryptographic protocols.9. A detailed example of a formal proof in cryptography.10. Theoretical aspects.
We introduce the fundamental concepts of modern cryptography, with
a special attention given to the mathematical and algorithmic aspects. Historical problems and constructions are discussed, and will serve as a basis for the construction and discussion of today's most widely used algorithms.
The following aspects are discussed:
1. Elements of information theory, perfect encryption
2. Probabilistic algorithms, computational security, attacker models, construction and use of proofs in cryptography
3. Symmetric encryption: security notions, basic constructions, DES, AES, cryptanalysis, operation modes
4. Authentication codes, hash functions
5. Asymmetric cryptography: Diffie-Hellman protocol, public-key encryption (RSA, El Gamal, ...), signature (RSA, hash-and-sign paradigm, DSS, ...), public key infrastructures
6. Elements of algorithmic number theory (primality testing, factoring, discrete logarithm extraction, ...), elliptic curve cryptography
7. Protocols: challenge-response, identification, authentication, zero-knowledge, GQ protocol
8. Main cryptographic standards, how they are built, and how to use them.
The relative importance accorded to these aspects can vary from year to year.
Prerequisites: Basic notions in linear algebra and modular arithmetic (bachelor level).
Lectures in French, with all written materials in English
Evaluation: Oral examination.
The book by Jonathan Katz et Yehuda Lindell: Introduction to Modern Cryptography (Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, 2007) can be used as support for most of the topics covered in this class.
Other useful references:
- N. Koblitz: A course in number theory and cryptography, Springer-Verlag, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 1994 (2nd edition)
- W. Mao: Modern Cryptography - Theory and Practice, Prentice Hall PTR, 2003
- A. Menezes, P. Van Oorschot, S. Vanstone: Handbook of applied cryptography (CRC press, 1996) (freely available from )
- S. Stinson: Cryptography, theory and practice, CRC Press, 2005 (3rd edition)
|Cycle et année
> Master in Mathematics
> Master in Mathematics
> Master in Mathematical Engineering
> Master in Computer Science and Engineering
> Master in Computer Science
> Master in Electrical Engineering
> Master in Electro-mechanical Engineering
|Faculty or entity | <urn:uuid:c3e6b5dd-ad64-4569-b88d-bcd8d4766596> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://sites.uclouvain.be/archives-portail/cdc2010/en-cours-2010-LMAT2450.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947957.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425193720-20180425213720-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.739899 | 713 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Lake Powell’s drought is part of a growing threat to hydropower everywhere
It’s time to assess water priorities in the American West and across the globe.
The entire point of renewable energy is that it comes from a source we can’t use up. Just take solar and wind—the sun won’t stop shining, nor will the wind stop blowing. (If they did, we’d have much bigger problems than figuring out how to power our appliances.) As long as we set up these energy technologies where nature can do its best work, sources like solar and wind give us functionally limitless power without the atmosphere-warming greenhouse gasses emitted by fossil fuels.
But some renewable energies are a little bit trickier—and climate change could make our favorite renewable resources a lot harder to harness. A recent uptick in droughts shows us just how devastating this could be for our use of hydropower.
You can theoretically harness the kinetic energy of rushing or falling water without using up the water itself, so it’s not a limited power source like fossil fuel. In 2021, it generated about 260 billion kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity in the US, which amounted to around 6.3 percent of the country’s total utility-scale output. It’s the second-most used renewable energy source across the country, and produces more than twice as much power as solar.
“Hydropower is a really essential part of the renewable energy portfolio for this region and for many regions around the world,” says Dave White, director of Arizona State University’s Global Institute of Sustainability and Innovation.
But the required dams can have a negative impact on the environment. Closing off lakes and reservoirs can hurt aquatic life, and can even lead to an uptick in greenhouse gas emissions by trapping plants and other organic materials as they decompose.
It also requires a fair bit of water in one place—which is becoming a problem in the age of climate change. We’re already seeing this happen on the West Coast, but as droughts get more dramatic across different corners of the world, the future of how we manage water for drinking, agriculture, and hydroelectric power will eventually need to shift.
“Without planning and investment, a hellscape will be upon us,” says Rich Sorkin, CEO of climate risk analytics firm Jupiter.
The hydropower dilemma at Lake Powell
The Western US is currently experiencing the worst drought in 1,200 years, triggering everything from wildfires to extreme snow loss to the emergence of old corpses from ever-emptier bodies of water. Now Lake Powell, the second-largest reservoir in the US, is on the brink of running dry.
The giant reservoir’s water powers the Glen Canyon Dam, which provides electricity for around five million people across many states, but is currently sitting at about a quarter of the water level necessary to support that much energy production. Not to mention, Lake Powell and the Glen Canyon Dam are part of the Colorado River system, which provides water to 40 million people (or over 10 percent of the US population) and upholds billions of dollars worth of agriculture. Over a quarter of the river is currently in “extreme drought” conditions, meaning crop and pasture losses are considerable, as well as water shortages and restrictions.
“It’s almost hard to imagine how important a huge water reserve reservoir is in Arizona, one of the most arid places in the country and in the world,” says Mona Tierney-Lloyd, head of US Public Policy at clean energy group Enel North America. “But that’s one of the primary places for providing electricity to almost seven states.”
[Related: Climate change is blowing our predictions out of the water, says the IPCC.]
Earlier this month, officials announced a plan to hold back releases of around 480,000 acre-feet of water in Lake Powell that typically go to Arizona, Nevada, and California, something that Tanya Trujillo, the US Bureau of Reclamation’s assistant secretary of water and science, says could keep hydropower going for another year or so. “We have never taken this step before in the Colorado River basin, but conditions we see today and the potential risks we see on the horizon demand that we take prompt action,” Trujillo told the Associated Press.
According to White, this problem is not only because water is drying up faster. Demand for water is also increasing as the drought persists.
“We have these intersections of the environmental conditions, the megadrought, the climate change impacts,” he says. “And then on the sort of demand side, we have increasing demand. We are simply using more water in the region than the river is able to provide. And our historic strategies for managing that predominantly through infrastructure like dams and reservoirs and delivery systems are now sort of inadequate to the challenges that we face.”
How does hydropower work?
Hydropower has been used since the 1800s, when it first powered a single lamp in England before moving into the big leagues four years later in Wisconsin. By the 1900s, it was everywhere.
The technology itself is quite simple: water in the reservoir gets pushed through an intake valve, which keeps out debris. Next, water funnels through a big pipe, the force of which spins a turbine at a fish-safe speed. This whirling makes a generator shaft turn coils of copper wire in a ring of magnets, creating an electric field—and bam, you’ve got electricity. This is then transformed into a higher voltage and sent through the grid. The water ends up downstream in a river, where it can theoretically be reused for other purposes.
But for such a system to work, there needs to be enough water coverage to actually push liquid into those intake valves, says Tierney-Lloyd. “My understanding is that now, because of those water levels being as low as they are, the turbines are not generating as much electricity as they otherwise could,” she says. “And it’s just the physical nature of not having enough water to push the water.”
When this happens, we stand at a conundrum—do we funnel water from downstream back into the reservoir to keep power going, or do we use the runoff for other crucial purposes like drinking and agriculture and allow the reservoir to run dry?
“The highly managed Colorado River will be a test case to see if society can reevaluate its priorities and adapt management rules for the entire basin,” says Jan Polcher, hydrologist at the LMD lab of the CNRS, École Polytechnique in France. “Some water rights will have to be abandoned in favor of more critical water uses.”
Future droughts and hydropower
Although the Western drought is a prime example of how finicky hydropower can be, it is hardly the only place in the world that will face this issue in the future, and it isn’t the only place in the world that will see hydropower take such a hit. Zambia has experienced electricity shortages for similar reasons, as have Brazil and China.
When hydroelectric power isn’t reliable, people typically turn to fossil fuels, says Brian Tarroja, an energy researcher at the University of California-Irvine.
“You do want to build new assets, more renewable energy, more storage, more flexibility and all that stuff,” he says. “But that takes time. If you have a shortfall right now, the marginal resource is usually natural gas.”
[Related: How AI could help bring a sustainable reckoning to hydropower.]
As we shore up our infrastructure, Tarroja adds, we’ll need to figure out new engineering techniques that can handle droughts and other climate change impacts. That could mean plants that work with lower amounts of water. Even more crucial, he says, is making sure that other renewable energy sources are built up as well. Otherwise, shortcomings in hydropower will continue to mean sliding back into fossil fuel use.
White adds that regions should start talking about water rights and priorities as well. Whereas we once may have been able to cover all sorts of needs, climate change is changing how much water we can expect to access. If we don’t work on fairly prioritizing where to limit usage first, marginalized groups could end up shouldering the burden.
“When we decide to invest our financial and natural resources into producing one type of social benefit, like economic productivity, environmental conservation, or recreational amenities, we need to balance that sort of portfolio,” White says. “And that is something that will require a transition, because water scarcity affects this region and other regions around the world. We need to be prepared to have a dialog about how we prioritize these benefits, especially when we’re not able to produce all of those social goods simultaneously.” | <urn:uuid:a86d406e-13ab-426b-863c-7c1c18cb71cd> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.popsci.com/environment/hydropower-drought-climate-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946637.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327025922-20230327055922-00570.warc.gz | en | 0.946053 | 1,880 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Barber's Point NAS
Barber's Point Naval Air Station was commissioned on April 15, 1942. The base was decomissioned in 1998 and turned over to the State of Hawaii for use as Kalaeloa Airport, an alternate landing site for Honolulu International Airport and for general aviation purposes.
Naval Air Station Barber's Point was commissioned on April 15, 1942.
NAS Barber's Point was named after Captain Henry Barber. On a voyage to China in 1796, Captain Barber, commanding the British brig Arthur, called at Honolulu for supplies. He left Honolulu about 6 p.m., October 31. At 8:10 p.m. Barber's ship struck a coral shoal to the west of Pearl Harbor. The Arthur cleared the shoal, but was driven on the reef and broke up.
Captain Barber and his crew of 22 men took to the life boats. Six drowned. The survivors landed near the point which ever since has been named after Barber. The Hawaiian name for this is Kalaeloa which means long cape (headland).
Originally the only air activity in the immediate surrounding area was the Ewa Mooring Mast, located there for a number of years, and built in the early 1930s for the use of the dirigible Akron. This mooring mast was erected on a plot of land approximately 3,000 feet by 3,000 feet on land leased from the Campbell Estate. The rental fee was moderate, with one stipulation: the area could not be fenced so that cattle that roamed the area could eat the beans that fell from keawe trees in the area.
The complete lighter-than-air mooring mast and appurtenances consisted of a 10,000-gallon storage facility for aviation gasoline; a small telephone line, 2-inch water pipe from the Ewa plantation, and a machinery house consisting of the necessary machinery to moor the airship.
About 1932 the mooring mast was cut down to the so-called stub-mast and so remained until its eventual dismantling in May 1942. No records were found indicating that a dirigible was ever moored at Ewa mooring mast.
Some time during the years 1939-1940 the lease to this small tract of land ran out. Negotiations were started for the acquisition of about 7,000 acres of land surrounding the Ewa mooring mast. The idea was to divide the land in such a way as to make part of it into an emergency landing field, and the remainder into a bombing range. This didn't happen but eventually 3,500 acres was acquired.
The land was then built into two stations, the Naval Air Station Barber's Point, the larger, and the Marine Corps Air Station, Ewa, the smaller.
On July 12, 1940 an order was received from the Pacific Naval Air Bases for a survey of the land and investigation for a fresh water source. Preliminary plans for NAS Barber's Point were issued in October 1941. Field work started in November 1941 and the station was established on April 14, 1942. It is believed that there was emergency use of the landing strip of the Ewa Mooring Mast field, before the Marine Corps Air Station was officially established on September 1, 1942 and the NAS Barber's Point was actually commissioned on April 15, 1942.
The original layout for Barber's Point was prepared by the design section of the 14th Naval District Public Works Department. At the outbreak of World War II, work had only just begun on the NAS; all work was halted and every effort was expended to make the Ewa field as operational and extensive as possible due to the scarcity of some building materials.
When enough barracks and other living and working facilities were completed, work at the present Barber's Point NAS was continued in earnest.
When it was decided that there would be two stations there, the Navy determined the boundary lines between them by drawing two lines, one of which ran about 40-feet east of the incoming railroad tracks. The other line connected with it in a southeast direction.
The Navy authorized the NAS to supply facilities for land base operations of two Navy aircraft carrier groups. Included were land runways, two hangars, necessary shops for storage and utilities and accommodations for 2,000 enlisted men, 250 officers, and 800 civilians.
Barber's Point was originally designed as an auxiliary or outlying airfield of the Fleet Air Base at Ford Island.
Following the outbreak of World War II, additional authorizations were issued which increased the station's capacity to sustain four carrier groups. Additional magazines and training facilities were also added. The size of runways and plane parking areas was also increased.
Additional nose hangars, parking areas and a progressive engine overhaul shop were added. This engine overhaul shop was the Navy's first mechanized progressive engine overhall. On October 30, 1944, the first engine came off the engine engine overhaul line, a 2,000 h.p. radial type engine. The unit handled the largest engines used by the Navy and required the services of 850 men. The minimum time required for an engine to go through the mill was about 10 days. In April 1945, 261 major engine overhauls and 11 minor overhauls were accomplished.
On July 24, 1944, the Commander of the Naval Air Bases, established a facililty for open parking of preserved aircraft, as an activity of the NAS Barber's Point. An area of 150 acres at Iroquois Point was established for this purpose.
The primary mission of Barber's Point in 1945 was to maintain and operate a base for Naval aircraft and aviation personnel, providing facilities for operation, berthing, supply, servicing, overhaul, storage and repair of aircraft, and for the quartering, messing and training of personnel.
Early in the career of Barber's Point, there were Army fighter squadrons based there, whose duty was to protect that part of the island. They were on a constant alert status. As time went on, the squadrons were removed.
The Bureau of Aeronautics recommended that Gunnery Facilities be set up at NAS Barber's Point and this was accomplished in July of 1943. Originally the unit was designated as an Aerial Free Gunnery Unit but the name was changed to Combat Aircrew Training Unit about November 1944.
The Inspector General Pacific recommended that crowded conditions at Ford Island be relieved by moving the Inshore Patrol squadrons to Barber's Point. This involved moving 82 officers, 390 men and 48 planes. This not only alleviated crowded housing and messing facilities, but also eliminated the dangers of landing and take-off of bomb-loaded aircraft at Ford Island on daily missions of the squadrons.
Operations were conducted on a 24-hour basis: carrier landing practice during the day and attack and combat practice and carrier landings at night.
The main runway at Barber's Point is 1,000-feet wide by 8,300-feet long, and the cross runway was 750-feet wide by 8,400-feet long.
Barber's Point was decommissioned by the Navy in 1998 and turned over to the State of Hawaii for use as Kalaeloa Airport.
Today Kalaeloa Airport (JFR) consists of 757 acres and is used as an alternate landing site for Honolulu International Airport and for general aviation purposes. It has three paved runways, 8,000 feet x 200 feet, 4,500 feet by 200 feet and 6,000 feet by 200 feet. | <urn:uuid:063e38c2-3ec2-437b-be19-93270fc619f0> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://hawaii.gov/hawaiiaviation/hawaii-airfields-airports/oahu-pre-world-war-ii/barbers-point/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098468.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00177-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981227 | 1,524 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Avoid Periodontal Disease in Your Pet
From the desk of Dr. Lisette Wigton, DVM and Veterinary Department Head:
See the dentist twice a year, brush twice a day, and floss to maintain good oral hygiene. We have all heard this advice from our dentist offices but do you know that many of the same recommendations apply to our beloved pets? Something as simple as tooth brushing can help prevent your pet from having bad breath and keep their teeth and gums healthy. Brushing once a day is ideal but even several times a week can make a difference in your pet’s oral health. The reason we brush is the same reason we recommend it for pets. Brushing will remove plaque (bacterial film) that develops on the tooth surface within a few hours of a meal. This plaque, if not removed, can progress into mineralized calculus and lead to periodontal disease.
Gingivitis (inflammation of the gums) occurs due to plaque formation. This plaque, if not removed can mineralize and harden becoming calculus (tartar). Periodontitis (inflammation around the tooth) may then develop. The bacteria associated with this process can weaken the tissues and bone that support the teeth leading to infection and oral pain. Consequences of untreated periodontal disease can be heart, lung, liver, and kidney disease. This holds true for both humans, dogs, and cats. In very advanced cases of the disease, this can lead to the death of a pet.
The American Veterinary Dental College website is an excellent resource for pet owners wanting to know more about how to care for their pet’s teeth. There are informative articles about the best practices to help your pet have a healthy mouth for life. This website is also a resource for diplomats of the Veterinary Dental Colleges who can offer advanced treatment options for your pet should they be needed.
For more information on our Veterinary Assistant program, give us a call at 918.610.0027.
More on pet dentistry: | <urn:uuid:57f941bc-258e-46ff-b565-6de282099ab1> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://communitycarecollege.edu/veterinary-assistant/pets-and-periodontal-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710417.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127173917-20221127203917-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.938645 | 419 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Since anilines are prepared from nitro compounds, some azo dyes are produced by partial reduction of aromatic nitro compounds. Many azo dyes are produced by reactions from pre-existing azo compounds. Typical reactions include metal complexation and acylation.
AZO DYES. The European Union (EU) and the state of California (Proposition 65) have banned a number of aromatic amines that have been classified as carcinogenic. These aromatic amines can be liberated when their parent azo dyes undergo cleavage due to a raised pH (e.g. from perspiration).
Also, what is azo dye used for? Azo dyes are used in dyeing textile fibres, particularly cotton but also silk, wool, viscose and synthetic fibres. They are considered to be easy to use, relatively cheap and to provide clear, strong colours. There are approximately 2000 azo dyes on the market.
Likewise, is azo dye harmful?
Approximately 4- 5% of Azo dyes can cleave to form compounds known as aromatic amines, which are potentially dangerous to human health and have therefore been regulated. They are considered to be dangerous as there has been a relation found between these aromatic amines and cancers.
Why are azo dyes soluble in water?
The most easily applied azo dyes are those designated as direct: they contain chemical substituents that make them soluble in water, and they are absorbed from solution by cotton. The acid azo dyes possess affinity for wool and silk and are applied by essentially the same procedure used for the direct class.
Where is Red 40 banned?
Yellow 5, Red 40 and six others dyes – used to enhance products from Froot Loops to Nutri-Grain cereal bars – are called the ” rainbow of risk” by the Center for Science in the Public Interest. They are banned in Norway, Finland, France, Austria and the U.K. 2.
Where are azo dyes banned?
Banned Amines/ Azo Dyes Regulations: Azo dyes releasing specific amines (under certain conditions) are restricted in the EU, China, India, Egypt, South Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam. The amount of a banned amine that can be detected in the finished articles is limited to either 30 mg/Kg in the EU and 20 mg/Kg in China.
Are azo dyes Banned in the USA?
The use of 42 benzidine dyes in textile and leather has been prohibited in India since 1 February 1993. The ban on suspected azo dyes also exists in the USA and Canada.
Is azo dyes banned in India?
Goodbye, azo dyes. after prolonged ad hocism, the Union ministry of environment and forests ( mef ) has at last banned the use of azo dyes in India from June 23, 1997. The dyes were banned through a gazette notification issued by the Government of India to be applicable throughout the country.
Are azo dyes carcinogenic?
Synthetic azo dyes are widely used in industries. Some azo dyes can be carcinogenic without being cleaved into aromatic amines. However, the carcinogenicity of many azo dyes is due to their cleaved product such as benzidine. Benzidine induces various human and animal tumors.
What chemicals are in dyes?
Dye A dye is a coloured substance that chemically bonds to the substrate to which it is being applied. Acid dyes are water-soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibers such as silk, wool, nylon and modified acrylic fibers using neutral to acid dye baths.
What chemicals are in clothing?
Some of these chemicals include silicone waxes, petroleum scours, softeners, heavy metals, flame retardants, ammonia, and formaldehyde.
How do you get azo dye off your skin?
To get dye off of your skin, soak a cotton ball in rubbing alcohol and scrub the dye off with it. If It doesn’t come off, add a little hand soap and scrub it off with a toothbrush. Then, wash your hands and use a moisturizer to soothe your skin.
What is the meaning of azo free?
Azo dyes are one of the main types of dye used by the textile industry. They are known to be potential carcinogens. They were first regulated in the EU by Germany and the list is commonly called the “German banned dye list”. If a product has not been made containing these compounds, it is sometimes called “azo free”.
What is diazotization reaction?
The chemical process used in converting a primary aromatic amine into the corresponding diazonium salt of the amine is commonly referred to as diazotization. Generally, the preparation of these diazonium salts involves the reaction of an aromatic amine with nitrous acid in the presence of another acid.
Is Indigo an azo dye?
Azo dyes are characterized by their typical nitrogen to nitrogen (?N?N?) bonds. They are extremely versatile colorants and constitute about 50% of dyes produced . Amongst vat dyes, indigo is commonly used for the manufacture of denim.
What is the azo dye test?
The azo dye test is to determine the values of amines, especially which are a carcinogen. Different colourants including dyes and pigments are used for the colouration of fashion articles such as apparel, textile, footwear and accessories. These colourants are based on two major chemistries: Azo. Anthraquinone.
What is AZO Test in garments?
AZO Testing. AZO dyes are the name of the group of synthetic dyestuffs based on nitrogen that are often used in textile industry. Some AZO dye stuffs may separate under certain conditions to produce carcinogenic and allergenic aromatic amines. | <urn:uuid:27030a07-b6fa-4dcf-8e12-9432947dac32> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://theflorencemill.org/what-is-azo-dye-made-from/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662517485.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517130706-20220517160706-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.957582 | 1,245 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Extreme inequality is wrecking our communities, pulling us apart, and undermining everything we care about. At the core of our problem are four decades of stagnant paychecks, excluding half the U.S. population from the economic gains of the internet age.
Thanks to a new study by the Economic Policy Institute, “The New Gilded Age,” we can take a closer look at income inequality by state, metropolitan area and county. It includes some nifty online tools for researching the level of inequality in your own community.
According to the study, the richest 1 percent took home 22.03 percent of all income in 2015. And since the economic meltdown of 2008, the top 1 percent has captured 41.8 percent of all new income growth. In contrast, during the “shared prosperity” decades after World War II, between 1945 and 1973, the top 1 percent captured only 4.9 percent of all income growth.
The current decade more closely resembles the “gilded age” levels of grotesque inequality from a century ago, the last time we had such unequal wealth. In 1928, on the eve of the Great Depression, the richest 1 percent had 23.9 percent of all income. The richest 1 percent took home an average of 26.3 time as much income as the bottom 99 percent.
Who is this 1 percent? At the national level these are households with incomes starting at $421,000 with an average income of about $1.3 million. The largest concentrations of national 1 percent income are in New York, Connecticut, Florida, Massachusetts, District of Columbia, California, New Jersey, Nevada, Wyoming and Illinois. Income inequality has risen in every state since the 1970s –and in 43 states it has worsened since the economic meltdown of 2008. But some states have even more extreme levels of inequality with the most unequal states in the country being New York, Florida and Connecticut.
“While the degree of income inequality differs across the country, the underlying forces are clear,” said report co-author and economist Mark Price. “It’s the result of intentional policy decisions to shift bargaining power away from working people and towards the top 1 percent.”
Another measure of inequality is looking at wealth and savings. Almost one-fifth of U.S. households are “underwater” when it comes to wealth, holding zero or negative wealth. Meanwhile, the wealthiest 400 U.S. billionaires have as much wealth combined as the bottom 62 percent of U.S. households combined. The three richest billionaires – Jeff Bezos, Bill Gates and Warren Buffett – have as much wealth as the bottom half of U.S. households combined.
We can reverse these inequalities and orient the rules of the economy to “share prosperity” as we did in the decades after World War Two. In fact, the majority of working people in this country support a program of raising the minimum wage, taxing the wealthy, and investing in infrastructure and people to create an economy that works for everyone.
Our nation needs to “conscript wealth,” as we have during periods of crisis, to reverse extreme inequality. We must also put a brake on the concentrations of wealth that distort the economy and undermine our democracy and civic health. We are living through evidence that a polarized economy gives rise to a bitter and polarized politics.
As the GOP Congress considers additional tax cuts, mostly for global corporations and the richest 1 percent, we should press for very different policies:
1. Restore top income tax rates to progressive levels.
2. Institute new higher marginal tax rates on income over $250,000 and $1 million and up.
3. Institute higher tax rate on top 1 percent and top 0.1 percent.
4. Ensure the super-rich pay the same effective rate as most taxpayers.
5. “Scrap the Cap”: Eliminate the cap on Social Security withholding taxes.
6. Raise or eliminate the cap on payroll taxes to increase reserves and strengthen the Social Security system for present and future retirees.
7. Close the carried interest loophole.
8. Immediately eliminate the loophole that enables hedge fund managers to reclassify their income as capital income, and subject it to lower rates.
9. Tax income from capital at same rates as work.
10. Eliminate the tax preference for income from wealth (capital gains) and tax all income with a
graduated rate system, regardless of its source.
11. Strengthen the inheritance tax.
12. Defend the estate tax on wealth over $10 million and strengthen it by closing loopholes and instituting graduated rates on inheritances over $50 million, $100 million and up.
13. Institute a financial transaction tax.
14. Levy a modest Wall Street financial transaction tax to discourage high-frequency trading and raise substantial revenue from speculative investing activity.
Inequality can be reversed. But we have to boldly assert an agenda that helps us grow together and not be further pulled apart.
Chuck Collins is co-editor of Inequality.org and director of the Program on Inequality and the Common Good at the Institute for Policy Studies. He is author of numerous books about inequality, including Economic Apartheid in America and Born on Third Base. His newest book is Is Inequality in America Irreversible? (PolityPress). | <urn:uuid:61b2a6f7-5761-47ae-95fb-25d67013f677> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://gritpost.com/income-inequality-destroying-america/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540490743.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206173152-20191206201152-00134.warc.gz | en | 0.94413 | 1,097 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The power of documentation. Transcriptions of children’s remarks and discussions, photographs of their activity, and representations of their thinking and learning are carefully studied. These documents have several functions. Most importantly, they help to determine the direction in which the work and experiences with the children will go. Once these documents are organized and displayed, they help to make parents aware of their children’s experience and maintain their involvement. They make it possible for teachers to understand the children better and to evaluate the teachers’ own work, thus promoting their professional growth; they make children aware that their effort is valued; and furthermore, they cre- ate an archive that traces the history of the school. Lella Gandini
Documentation is a HUGE part of what we do. Typical Reggio inspired school have documentation hanging all over the walls of the children’s space. In our setting , I like to keep the children’s art work as the main focus and I also like the calm feeling of empty space. I chose to document the children’s learning in our work sampling system, in a portable portfolio and in our group. Ms Holly is actually out today and tomorrow in a work sampling training. Work sampling is the system we use at ABC sites . It collects data and the power that be can take that data to see as a state how well we our preschoolers are progressing hitting developmental milestones. As a teacher, I use the data to determine what my ” next step ” is with each child. Three times a year we take a close look at our documentation and assess where each child is. They aren’t given a grade. We just note on each developmental indicator whether the child is ” not yet ” or ” In Process ” or ” Proficient .” Every child develops at their own pace so this is very important information. They also have an APP. It’s actually the easiest way to take notes and documentation on what children are learning. The tool is at the tip of our fingers. ( So, please .. remember if you see us with our phones many times it is work related. Not always.. but most times! )
I will give you some examples of documentation that I took today.
For this picture I could document that 5 children :
Interact with Familiar adults ( Anisa’s Mom )
Shows interest and curiosity as a learner ( learning to play a game she introduced. )
Participants in the group life of the class. ( joined others to play )
Uses simple tools and senses to explore nature ( They used magnifiers to look at acorns .)
Khloe made a mask. She had problems trying to figure out how to get the strings to stay attached. You can see she tried to add glue. Eventually after trying several things she sought help.
Activities like this are called group checklists. I can look to see who might need more opportunities to practice writing or other fine motor activities. Tomorrow we will look at the math opportunities on this page.
You get the idea how we check certain indicators . Many times a picture is worth a thousand words. The pictures may not mean anything to anyone else but as a teacher we know why we take them. Sometimes they are just for the sake of cuteness but most times its documentation. Malea is super cute here but as she did this art piece I was sitting next to her. She said ” Drop, Drop, Drop. ” Remember when school started we taught the littles how to use glue but saying ” rain drops not puddles ?” Malea is following classroom rules and guidelines. ( That’s an indicator. )
And here is Alan . Sometimes we can look at art pieces to see a progression . This was Alans art today . I have art pieces like this from Alan saved from last year. He has added more detail as time has went on.
Sometimes there isn’t art or pictures to be taken . Sometimes it is video . Sometimes it is quotes .
Here are a few from today .
I was telling the children that when I was little I loved to eat great white northern beans with ketchup on them. Naomi said ” YOU used to be a baby ?”
Child 1. ” He knocked my blocks over and I did not like it .”
” Ms Debbie, how many carrots do we get ? ( Child I don’t like carrots .) It doesn’t matter if you like it. you need to put them on your plate. Its the rule. ”
” I went to the potty and washed my hands . What do I do next ? ”
Other times it is just notes of things that happened.
14 children walked in from outside and took their shoes off and washed their hands.
Anisa’s mom played today and when she left Anisa said goodbye with no tears.
And you thought we just played all day. 🙂 | <urn:uuid:3e16d9f6-bdd1-4126-b493-5168053169a4> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://siloampreschool.com/2017/09/documentation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107871231.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020080044-20201020110044-00203.warc.gz | en | 0.965557 | 1,032 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Lincoln's First Inauguration
A crowd of 30,000 gathered outside the unfinished U.S. Capitol building to watch Abraham Lincoln's inauguration on March 4, 1861. The unfinished dome of the Capitol looms ominously overhead in this extraordinary photograph by Montgomery Meigs.
- March 04, 1861
- Original Format:
- Photographic Print
- Montgomery Meigs
- download hi-res watermarked image
All Licensed images are available for download as jpeg files at 300 dpi of original size.
If your project requires an image at higher resolution, please contact us (be sure to include item number). Custom requests may require an additional charge. | <urn:uuid:67f73386-8bcc-49ff-a599-193407d28e2c> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.picturehistory.com/product/id/32221 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657137145.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011217-00298-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.851974 | 135 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Microwave mixers are widely used in commercial and military electronic systems for frequency conversion. They are essential for shifting the frequency of a signal downward (downconversion) or upward (upconversion) as might be needed in a receiver and transmitter, respectively. By understanding some fundamental concepts about mixer operation and performance, specifying a mixer for an application can be greatly simplified.
A frequency mixer is a three-port component, with two ports accepting input signals and one providing an output signal that is the sum and difference of the input signals (see figure). This mixing process can be represented mathematically by
fout = fin1 fin2 (1)
The three ports in a microwave mixer are the radio-frequency (RF), local oscillator (LO), and intermediate-frequency (IF) ports. The LO port, which is used exclusively for input signals, is typically driven with either a sinusoidal continuous wave (CW) signal or a square-wave signal. The choice depends on the application and the mixer. The LO signal acts as a gate, with the mixer "on" when the LO is a large enough voltage and "off" when the LO is a small voltage. The RF and IF ports can be interchanged as either the second input or the output. When the desired output frequency is lower than the second input frequency, then the process is called downconversion and the RF is the input and the IF is the output:
fIF = |fLO - fRF| (2)
When the desired output frequency is higher than the second input frequency, then the process is called upconversion and the IF port is used for an input signal and the RF port provides the output signal. In the upconversion case, both the sum and difference frequencies (fRF1 and fRF2) are available at the RF output port. This type of upconversion is known as double-sideband (DSB) upconversion, in contrast to single-sideband (SSB) conversion where either the sum or the difference frequency is intentionally canceled inside the mixer.
IF/RF signals tend to be information-bearing signals (as denoted by the broadened spectra surrounding the RF and IF center frequencies). During frequency conversion, the information carried by the RF (IF) signal is frequency translated to the IF (RF) output. Therefore, mixers perform the critical function of translating in the frequency domain.
Any nonlinear or switching device can be used to make a mixer circuit, but only a handful provide the type of electrical performance preferred for many applications. The devices of choice for modern mixer designers are Schottky diodes, GaAs FETs and CMOS transistors. FET and CMOS mixers are typically used in higher-volume, cost-sensitive applications, while Schottky diode mixers are used almost exclusively in applications requiring the highest performance.
The simplest mixer consists of a single diode. An RF signal and higher-level LO signals are combined at the diode's anode. The LO is assumed to be a much larger signal such that only it affects the transconductance of the diode. The diode is assumed to switch instantaneously with the injection of the LO signal, in the manner of an ideal commutator. Mixing occurs due to the switching response of the diode's current-voltage (I-V) curve to the strong LO signal. As the diode is forced open and closed by the LO, the small signal RF is "chopped," creating IF signal products according to
fIF = nfLO fRF (n is odd only) (3)
In an ideal switching commutator, only odd harmonics of the LO will mix with the fundamental RF tone. In reality, some amount of "turn-on" transition is needed by the diode. Moreover, even a low-level RF signal will modulate the diode transconductance. The combination causes additional spurious mixing products, so that diodes produce even and odd harmonic mixing products:
fIF = nfLO mfRF (m, n = integers) (4)
High-performance mixers are designed using four and sometimes eight diodes, with additional circuitry to route signals to and from the diodes and provide filtering and port-to-port isolation. In single diode mixers, the extra circuitry typically comes in the form of some kind of passive coupling, power division, and/or filtering. More complex mixer architectures can be created by combining a pair of single-balanced mixers (each with two diodes) to form a double-balanced mixer, or two double-balanced mixers to form a triple-balanced mixer.
Mixer performance can be characterized by a number of key parameters, including conversion loss, isolation, and 1-dB compression. Conversion loss is defined as the difference in power between the input RF power level and the desired output IF frequency power level. If the input RF is -10 dBm and the downconverted IF output signal -17 dBm, then the conversion loss is 7 dB. The theoretically optimum (minimum) conversion loss for a passive diode mixer is 3.9 dB, although typical values range between about 4.5 to 9 dB. Additional losses are caused by transmission-line losses, balun mismatch, diode series resistance, and mixer balance. Double-balanced mixers tend to have lower conversion loss than triple-balanced mixers. Wider-bandwidth mixers tend to have higher conversion loss than narrower-bandwidth models in part due to the difficulty in maintaining circuit balance over the entire bandwidth.
Conversion loss is a benchmark metric for mixers since it is a good indicator of mixer quality and correlates closely with other mixer parameters, such as isolation and 1-dB compression. A mixer with good conversion-loss performance tends to have good isolation and 1-dB compression performance as well. The converse is not necessarily true however; it is possible to have good isolation and poor conversion loss, for example.
Isolation is a measure of the amount of power that leaks from one mixer port to another. The three types of isolation commonly quoted in mixer data sheets are isolation between the LO and RF ports (L-R isolation), between the LO and IF ports (L-I isolation), and between the RF and IF ports (R-I isolation).
A mixer will undergo conversion-loss compression for large RF signal levels. Under normal linear operation, the conversion loss will be constant, regardless of input RF power. If the input RF power increases by 1 dB, the output IF power will also increase by 1 dB. As the RF power level increases, this linear relationship will not hold, and the mixer will reach a compression level known as the 1-dB compression point. It is defined as the input RF power required to increase the conversion loss by an extra 1 dB from ideal.
Under linear operation, the LO power is so much stronger than the RF power that the diode switching action is dominated by the LO signal power. In compression, the RF power is commensurate with the LO power such that the diode switching action is compromised. When the RF power is too high, the mixer balance degrades and the mixer circuit behaves like a single diode mixer. Operating a mixer in compression can cause increased levels of intermodulation distortion, higher conversion loss, and degraded isolation performance.
Mixer compression can be improved by using higher turn-on diodes. In this way, a larger RF power can be applied to the mixer without challenging the diode turn-on voltage. The trade-off is that a larger LO drive must also be applied to switch the diode on and off. As a general rule of thumb, the 1 dB compression point will be anywhere from 4 to 7 dB below the minimum recommended LO drive level of the mixer.
Editor's Note: This RF Primer is excerpted from a longer white paper, "Mixer Basics Primer," which is available for free download from the Marki Microwave web site at www.markimicrowave.com. | <urn:uuid:285ef30d-b83e-446f-b57e-5cf6bdb7306f> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://mwrf.com/print/components/taking-measure-microwave-mixers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400373050.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123253-00112-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930932 | 1,668 | 4.03125 | 4 |
This is a community-focused, comprehensive training program in emergency resuscitation for the lay rescuer. This course will teach students how to perform resuscitation for patients of all ages who are victims of sudden cardiac arrest, as well as those who are unresponsive or choking.
CarePlus CPR and AED includes training in the use of an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) and can be combined with first aid training to help meet OSHA requirements for first aid training in the workplace.
This course is intended for individuals who do not work in the healthcare field but require or desire CPR and AED knowledge and skills such as community and workplace responders, firefighters, police officers, and adult residential care personnel.
- Respiratory and circulatory systems
- Sudden cardiac arrest
- Chain of survival
- Assessment and response in emergency situations
- Legal considerations
- CPR assessment and response
- CPR skills practice
- AED (Automated External Defibrillator) training
- Blocked airway and choking
- Pain, severe pressure, or discomfort in the chest
- Control of bleeding
- Internal bleeding
- Managing shock | <urn:uuid:02519ca5-8482-42c8-899d-e7cd64f2f025> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://safetyquesttraining.com/carepluscpr-and-aed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710685.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129031912-20221129061912-00762.warc.gz | en | 0.921931 | 250 | 2.53125 | 3 |
California is the largest dairy state in the United States, with approximately 1.8 million cows. California’s dairy cows produce enough waste to generate 550 megawatts of renewable electricity or more than 100 million gallons per year of carbon negative transportation fuels. Biomethane generated from dairy waste is the lowest carbon fuel of any in existence, more than 300 percent lower greenhouse gas emissions than gasoline or diesel. Dairy waste can also be used to generate flexible generation renewable power, which is critical to complement wind and solar power because it’s available 24/7 and can be stored for short periods of time to be used as needed. In addition to cutting methane emissions and producing renewable energy, converting dairy waste to energy reduces air and water pollution from dairies, cuts odors, and can provide revenue and onsite energy supplies to dairy farms.
To learn more, download BAC Fact Sheet – Bioenergy in the Dairy Sector | <urn:uuid:22047223-159f-4d47-a312-f34550b852f3> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.bioenergyca.org/resources/fact-sheets/bioenergy-and-the-dairy-sector/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247499009.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221031117-20190221053117-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.899637 | 187 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Build windmill generate electricity
How to build a wind turbine. a wind turbine is a simple mechanical device similar to the windmill. the blades of your turbine will catch air currents, using that. Living off the grid: how to generate your own electricity by: bob ritzman. The mission and goal of the electricity advisory committee.
A windmill is a mill that converts the energy of wind into rotational energy by means of vanes called sails or blades. centuries ago, windmills usually were used to. When he was just 14 years old, malawian inventor william kamkwamba built his family an electricity-generating windmill from spare parts, working from rough plans he. Lately i’ve been spending a great deal of time working on ways to generate my own electricity. it isn’t a necessity for me yet, but someday being electrically self. | <urn:uuid:64960293-e1ba-492d-b7b7-c5065de41f53> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://www.tedswoodworkingnew.com/build-windmill-generate-electricity-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145529.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221111140-20200221141140-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.943544 | 184 | 3.125 | 3 |
We are living in a world that pushes us to excel. Our lifestyle is jeopardizing our mental and emotional well-being: we feel stressed, tired and exhausted, have difficulty concentrating and suffer from mood swings. Fatigue, neurocognitive impairment and irritability are common characteristics unhealthily connected to mental and cognitive function, such as depression, anxiety, neurasthenia/chronic fatigue syndrome and dementia.
A recent survey by consulting company Grant Thornton of industry decision makers in 30 countries revealed that, in 2005, executives felt even more stressed than during the previous year. But it is not only managers who are jeopardizing their mental health.
Students, housewives and mothers, and senior citizens are affected as well. In the United States, 24% of the general adult population has suffered from fatigue lasting 2 weeks or longer. In addition, 5.8% of men and 9.8% of woman will experience a depressive episode in any given year – worldwide. A recent European study reported that 13.6% of the respondents experienced a lifetime history of some kind of anxiety disorder, and that one new case of dementia is diagnosed every 7 seconds.
The impact of mental illness on society has been heavily underestimated. Data developed by the Global Burden of Disease study, conducted by the World Health Organization, reveal that mental illness, including suicide, accounts for more than 15% of the burden of disease in established market economies (such as the United States). This is more than the combined effort caused by all cancers. The projections show that with the ageing of the population and the conquest of infectious diseases, psychiatric and neurological conditions could increase their share of the global disease burden by almost half, from 10.5% to almost 15% in 2020.
What is anxiety?
Anxiety is an unpleasant emotional state ranging from mild unease to intense fear. Anxiety differs from fear, in that while fear is a rational response to a real danger, anxiety usually lacks a clear or realistic cause. Though some anxiety is normal and, in fact, healthy, higher levels of anxiety are not only uncomfortable, they can lead to significant problems.
Signs and symptoms of anxiety
throbbing or stabbing pains
feeling of tightness and inability to take in enough air
tendency to sigh or hyperventilate
tension in the back and neck muscles
headaches, back pains, and muscle spasms
dryness of mouth
The anxious individual usually has a constant feeling that something bad is going to happen. They may fear that they have a chronic or dangerous illness-a belief that is reinforced by the symptoms of anxiety. Inability to relax may lead to difficulty in getting to sleep and to constant waking through the night.
Nutritional factors that triggers anxiety
Caffeine, sugar, deficiency of B vitamins, deficiency of calcium or magnesium, alcohol and food allergies may trigger anxiety by raising blood lactic acid levels. Avoiding caffeine, sugar, alcohol along with boosting B vitamins, calcium, and magnesium may help in relieving anxiety.
L-Theanineis a relaxing amino acid found in green tea, which helps to relax your mind and protect your body. It promotes non-drowsy relaxation by crossing the blood-brain barrier to increase levels of the relaxation neurotransmitters, dopamine and GABA, in your brain. This increases alpha-brain wave activity associated with alert relaxation and inhibits the stimulating effects of caffeine. Clinical studies have shown L-Theanine to induce a sense of calm in patients with anxiety. Take 100-200 mg up to 3 times. Higher single dosages, e.g., 400 mg, L-Theanine may produce sleepiness.
GABA is one of the most important neurotransmitters in your brain for filtering out excess “neuronal noise.” It works in synergy with the amino acid taurine and the mineral magnesium to inhibit excess neuronal activity in your Central Nervous System. It also keeps dopamine and serotonin molecules active in your brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that promotes relaxation. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that helps regulate sleep, moods and appetite.
Increase Green Intake
Diet high in B vitamins, calcium and magnesium is recommended. Consume leafy vegetables, whole grains, legumes, sea vegetables, sesame, milk and dairy products. Also recommended is chlorella, spirulina, wheat grass juice, barley grass juice, blue green algae.
Ashwagandha Relieves Anxiety
Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) is a powerful adaptogen that has been shown to exert stress-relieving and anti-anxiety effects. It is unique because it produces a relaxing effect while increasing energy.
St John’s Wort Relieves Anxiety
St. John's wort has been traditionally used to relieve stress and help maintain emotional stability by inhibiting monoamine oxidase (MAO) and interacting with GABA; both are brain-active chemicals that influence our mood. St John’s Wort is very useful if depression is an underlying feature contributing to the anxiety.
5 HTP Regulates Mood
5-HTP is a mood-enhancing chemical that may induce sleep, regulates mood, and control appetite. 5 HTP is converted into serotonin to help maintain healthy emotional stability.
Holy Basil Relieves Stress
Holy Basil is one of the primary botanicals used in India to reduce the negative effects of stress by lowering cortisol production in the adrenals. It is valued in the Ayurvedic herbal tradition for promoting focused clarity. Its leaves are rich in antioxidant compounds, have adaptogenic properties, and have long been associated with improved mental clarity and mood, to help the body maintain healthy functioning during times of stress.
Mucuna Pruriens Improves Mood
Mucuna Pruriens contains a very powerful neurotransmitter pre-cursor, L-Dopa, an amino acid that converts into dopamine. Dopamine is required for proper functioning of the brain, improve mood and sense of well being.
Avena Sativa has traditionally been used to support mental health and cognitive function since medieval times. Its tonifying, stimulating, antidepressant and anxiolytic properties contribute to a cheerful and sharp mind. | <urn:uuid:4076e39f-3f44-4660-ba91-ba02ef2e681f> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://herbal-powers.com/pages/anxiety-stress | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573258.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918065330-20190918091330-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.92344 | 1,279 | 3.0625 | 3 |
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICAL
1.Develop a solid foundation in probability theory and random processes.
2. Learn fundamental modeling and analysis techniques for stochastic systems so you can use them in applications found in various Engineering disciplines, Operations Research, and Computer Science.
3. Develop the ability to read technical journals and learn more advanced material based on random processes.
1. FOUNDATIONS OF PROBABILITY THEORY.
1.1. Basic concepts (sample space, event space, probability space)
1.2. Probability measures and probability functions
1.3. Discrete and continuous probability spaces
1.4. Dependent and independent events, conditional probability
2. RANDOM VARIABLES.
2.2. Probability distribution and density functions
2.3. Functions of random variables
2.4. Expectation, moments, characteristic functions
2.5. Sequences of random variables, convergence, laws of large numbers and central limit theorem
3. RANDOM PROCESSES.
3.2. Random process properties (stationarity, ergodicity, correlation)
3.3. Spectral analysis, random process transformations
3.4. Special random processes used in modeling: Gaussian, Poisson, Markov; applications
3.5. Introduction to Estimation
DISCRETE EVENT AND HYBRID
1. Learn about Discrete Event Systems (DES) and their applications, as well as recently emerging Hybrid Systems (HS) that combine both continuous (time-driven) and discrete (event-driven) dynamics.
2. Develop the ability to conceptualize cutting-edge issues in the DES and HS domain, and formulate problems for potential research purposes.
1. REVIEW OF SYSTEM THEORY FUNDAMENTALS
1.1. Basic concepts
1.2. Time-driven vs. event-driven systems
1.3. Examples of Discrete Event Systems (DES): computer systems; communication networks; automated manufacturing; traffic systems
1.4. The queueing system model.
2. UNTIMED MODELS OF DISCRETE-EVENT SYSTEMS.
2.1. State Automata
2.2. Petri Nets
2.3. Analysis: stability, reachability, deadlocks.
3. TIMED MODELS OF DISCRETE-EVENT SYSTEMS.
3.1. Timed State Automata
3.2. Timed Petri Nets
3.3. Review of probability theory and stochastic processes
3.4. Stochastic Timed State Automata
3.5. The Poisson counting process and Markov chain models
4. INTRODUCTION TO DISCRETE EVENT (MONTE-CARLO) SIMULATION
4.1. Basic concepts in discrete event simulation
4.2. Model construction and applications
4.3. Introduction to estimation theory
5. MARKOV DECISION PROCESSES
5.1. Dynamic Programming
5.2. Solving resource contention problems: admission control,
6. PERTURBATION ANALYSIS AND CONCURRENT ESTIMATION
7. INTRODUCTION TO HYBRID SYSTEMS | <urn:uuid:876ae60b-86dd-417d-8768-e77639e2685d> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://people.bu.edu/cgc/Grad/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812880.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220050606-20180220070606-00779.warc.gz | en | 0.718026 | 668 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Set of 7 Cards
6 x 4.5 inches
Double-Sided Matte Paper
New York, United States
The Chinese characters have a history of thousands of years. All characters are formed or derived from the six main categories. Their uniqueness and significance represent a rich spirit of Chinese culture.
As a visual designer, I am intrigued by the special typography system.
This set of flashcards is designed with photography on the front that presents the meaning of the character, and stroke order with English translation and the classification which it belongs to on the back. The prototype offers basic information about the character to communicate its cultural implication. The design project will keep developing in the future for educational purpose.
* The Six Categories of Chinese Characters:
1. Pictograms (象形)
2. Simple indicatives (指事)
3. Compound indicatives (會意)
4. Phono-semantic compound characters (形聲)
5. Borrowed characters (假借)
6. Derived characters (轉注) | <urn:uuid:656c4a07-5be7-4c73-94a7-be8661e9db21> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.dorachangdesign.com/chinese-flashcards | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100258.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130225634-20231201015634-00753.warc.gz | en | 0.904566 | 233 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The hare is also an ancient symbol for the moon. The date of Easter depends on the moon. This may have helped the hare to be absorbed into Easter celebrations.
The hare or rabbit's burrow helped the animal's adoption as part of Easter celebrations. Believers saw the rabbit coming out of its underground home as a symbol for Jesus coming out of the tomb. Perhaps this was another case of taking a pre-existing symbol and giving it Christian meaning.
The Easter hare came to America with German immigrants, and the hare's role passed to the common American rabbit. Originally children made nests for the rabbit in hats, bonnets, or fancy paper boxes, rather than the baskets of today. Once the children finished their nests, they put them in a secluded spot to keep from frightening the shy rabbit. The appealing nests full of colored eggs probably helped the customs to spread.
According to an old German story, a poor woman hid some brightly colored eggs in her garden as Easter treats for children. While the children were searching, a hare hopped past. The children thought that the hare had left the eggs. So every Easter, German children would make nests of leaves and branches in their gardens for the hare. This custom was brought to the United States when the Germans came. The hare became a rabbit because there were more rabbits in the United States. Today, it is called the Easter bunny.
Back in Southern Germany, the first pastry and candy Easter bunnies became popular at the beginning of the nineteenth century. This custom also crossed the Atlantic, and children still eat candy rabbits - particularly chocolate ones - at Easter. | <urn:uuid:fb48ed92-ed11-475d-b05b-71492a0a00da> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.kiddyhouse.com/Holidays/Easter/easterbunny.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257826736.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071026-00218-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978845 | 336 | 3.5 | 4 |
Assessing the Effects of Climate-change-induced Extreme Events on Water Quality and Ecology in the Great Lakes
A collaborative research team, supported by the National Science Foundation, will evaluate the land-lake-air feedbacks associated with climate and extreme weather events on Great Lakes communities, industries and the ecosystem.
What are the possible effects of climate-change-induced extreme events on water quality and ecology in the Great Lakes system, and what management strategies will be effective in addressing these changes?
- Enhance understanding of expected impacts of climate-change-induced extreme events on water quality and ecology, with the Great Lakes, using Lake Erie as a case study; and
- Develop a framework for integrating human and biogeochemical controls on water quality, ecology and climate that transcends and integrates across social, economic, ecological, hydrological and geosciences perspectives.
The role of climate change: Climate-change-induced extreme events (e.g., more frequent and intense storms) may cause additional impacts to Great Lakes ecological and socio-economic systems. In the summer and fall of 2011, Lake Erie recreational businesses, residents and visitors discovered first-hand how a record-breaking algal bloom can impact sport fishing, swimming and other activities that contribute to the economic vitality of the region. The connection and feedbacks between the ecological health of Lake Erie, the physical climate, and the socio-economic framework are the central focus of this research project.
The Great Lakes are a vital freshwater resource with chronic water quality problems. Climate-change-induced extreme events are expected to affect the region’s ecosystems and ecosystem services, with impacts on social and economic well-being. Despite mounting evidence of the severity of these issues, knowledge is limited and fragmented about how the climate, ecological, and social systems interact as coupled systems.
Lake Erie water quality issues, particularly high levels of phosphorus, lead to “dead zones” or low oxygen levels in the water. This eutrophication illustrates the complex interactions between natural and human systems. Effectively managing Lake Erie resources and adapting to change is a challenge. In the Great Lakes region, agricultural production and land use change (e.g., increased population, homes and industry near waterways) are major drivers of water quality.
Researchers are gathering data about the increasing intensity of spring storms and their timing relative to agricultural practices, such as fertilizer application. This connection between heavy and more frequent storms, agricultural practices, population, land use and water quality may be a key factor to the increased amount of phosphorus entering Lake Erie.
Extreme weather events can influence the choice of agricultural practices. For example, larger storm events can increase use of tile drains, or prolonged drought can increase adoption of irrigation. Land use practices also interact with extreme weather events to impact water quality. The increase of phosphorus has had a negative impact on plants, fish, humans and water quality in western Lake Erie, as well as other areas in the Great Lakes region.
Scientists have been studying the Lake Erie system for many years. This project represents a unique effort by bringing together four themes that provide a holistic view of the system:
- Regional (Great Lakes) climate: Extreme events and hydrologic cycle feedbacks
- Land use change and water governance
- Hydrologic and ecological response
- Broader Impacts (outreach and education) | <urn:uuid:b310a3e4-b3c5-40f4-af8c-87ef92c707d8> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/nsf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501173405.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104613-00476-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91665 | 680 | 3.421875 | 3 |
The other day one of my Common friends (dog walking companions on the Common), claimed that her dog could count. I was a little dubious. With the greatest respect to Rusty he isn’t the cleverest dog on the Common. But then she explained: if she brings in two plates of food when she is on her own, Rusty gets excited. If her partner is present he doesn’t bother when she brings in two plates of food but gets excited when she brings in three (yes he does share her food, yes he does eat off the same plates, yes he is spoilt rotten, no she doesn’t have any children). So maybe claiming a counting dog may be stretching the truth a little, but he can certainly work out when there is one extra plate to number of humans present.
A little later I watched a video of two Capuchin monkeys who had to work together to release six nuts from a jar. The monkey holding the jar then fairly divided the nuts giving 3 nuts to the other monkey. The video was showing how animals work together to solve a problem, but I was amazed at how the money could correctly divine 6 nuts by two.
So in my limited way I am starting to appreciate just how ingrained a Mathematical ability is in a range of living creatures. It is a theory that bigger brains than mine have been positing for some time (The Maths Gene, Keith Devlin), but time and again it confirms itself when I watch children “play” with Roamer.
Try this for yourself – set up a Roamer challenge with a mathematical context and sit back and watch. You will be amazed at the amount of Maths your pupils are using, Maths that you haven’t necessarily introduced to then yet, but Maths that they intrinsically understand. It seems to me that when we teach Maths we sort of try to force it into the children but actually what we should be doing is allowing them to bring it out of themselves. It is already there in its basic form, by nurturing it and allowing it to grow, challenging it to help develop it we develop mathematical understandings that are already part of their being. Force feed them formulas and methodologies then forever and a day their mathematical understanding will consist of phrases such a “two minuses is a plus” – an ability to do but no solid ground of understanding.
So I am really proud of the way Roamer can help children to bring out the Maths that is already in them, perhaps I should introduce him to Rusty. | <urn:uuid:2a75dee9-453f-4550-a436-972c21384385> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://katesblog.roamer-educational-robot.com/2012/10/22/20/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746847.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120231755-20181121013755-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.968669 | 521 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Along with training troops for battle, Fort Benning for years has been fighting to save the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker from extinction.
Classified as endangered in 1970, the bird named for the red stripes or cockades on its head is a "keystone species" that benefits other organisms: It helps protect trees in old-growth longleaf pine forests by feeding on termites and other pests, and it leaves nesting cavities that provide habitat for other animals. Fort Benning is among the places where longleaf stands remain, and through controlled burns it manages land to maintain that habitat.
So much of the South's longleaf forests were lost to logging and farming over the past century that today only 3 percent of the woodpecker's natural habitat remains, according to Columbus State University's Oxbow Meadows Environmental Learning Center, which presents "Managing Red-cockaded Woodpecker Populations at Fort Benning" 10 a.m.-noon Saturday.
Speaking will be Kristina Witter, one of the biologists monitoring Fort Benning's woodpecker population. A "translocation" program sends woodpecker fledglings throughout the Southeast to improve population growth.
Saturday's woodpecker presentation at the 3535 South Lumpkin Road center is for adults only. For more information, call 706-687-4090, e-mail [email protected] or visit http://oxbow.colstate.edu. | <urn:uuid:c48c03ec-6553-4bae-9e85-912404fd8415> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/news/local/article29027422.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104631.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818082911-20170818102911-00448.warc.gz | en | 0.923951 | 299 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Sea turtles also known as marine turtles have wandered the oceans for around 110 million years. These can be found throughout the world, from California waters to the Coral Triangle warm beaches. Males of sea turtles species never leave the oceans, while females descend to lay their eggs on the sandy beaches amid the nesting season.
There are 7 species of sea turtles found in the world. Five of these species are found in and around Florida, all of which feed on a different diet. Wondering what do sea turtles eat?
Actually, all seven species have different dietary preferences. The diet of sea turtles is determined by the age and species. It is important to know the natural diets and dietary needs of each species of sea turtle to help them recover soundly.
Sea Turtles Diet – What do they eat ?
The diet varies by species. Some of the species of sea turtles change their eating habits with age Sea turtles can be carnivorous, herbivorous or omnivorous. The jaw structure of many species refers to their diet.
Some of these species feed on jellyfish, sponges and other marine life. However, some turtles that have a stronger jaw feed on oysters. However, not all sea turtles eat meat.
The green turtle is an herbivorous animal that does not eat meat at all. Instead, they eat algae and play an important role in the conservation of coral reefs. If you are thinking of what do sea turtles eat, here is the detail of what do sea turtles eat
Offspring are omnivorous which means they eat both plants and animals, but adult carnivores prefer whelks, conchs, and crabs.
The fully developed sea turtles are herbivorous and want to walk along the reef to get rid of algae. Newborn turtles, however, are omnivorous.
A bird’s beak that gives it a name that allows hawksbill turtles to reach coral reef cracks to access sea sponges and is all that they want.
Leatherbacks arealso known as gelatinivores. This means they eat only invertebrates, such as sea squirts and jellyfish.
This species of sea turtle will eat everything from shrimp to seaweed.
- Kemp’s ridley
Meat is the only thing on the Kemp menu, with a strong preference for crabs.
- Olive ridley
Another type of delicious animal feeds on sea cucumber, jelly, fish and many other animals and plants.
Some of the species change their eating habits with age. The hawksbill turtle has a narrow, jaw-shaped head that responds at an acute angle, and is adapted to obtain food from cracks in coral reefs. They eat mainly sponges, but sometimes a small amount of shrimp, squid, and tunicates.
Green carnivores are primarily carnivorous from hatch to juvenile size and then move to the herbivorous diet. Green turtles have well-distributed jaws and are adapted to a basic vegetarian diet consisting of algae. As adults, they are mostly herbivorous sea turtles, although sometimes they also eat sponges and jellyfish. | <urn:uuid:8d3f56b6-eaea-4f6f-bc4b-1b1c47cc1ba1> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://passportocean.com/2019/11/19/what-do-sea-turtles-eat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.95599 | 636 | 3.421875 | 3 |
By Mindy Hermann, M.B.A., R.D.
Recent studies have shown that less than 15 percent of kids ages 6 through 12 eat five servings of fruits and vegetables a day, and a quarter of the vegetables they eat are French fries! To meet the dietary guidelines, fruits and vegetables should take about half the space on a child’s plate.
Like Parent, Like Child
The different colors of fruits and vegetables signify different combinations of nutrients. That’s why it’s important for children, and their parents, to choose from a variety of purple, orange/yellow, red, green, and white produce daily. “Parents are their children’s role models, so they should also eat plenty of fruits and vegetables every day,” Tanner says.
Feed Your Child’s Food Personality
At mealtime, is your child a Plain Jane, Saucy Sam, or Dunking Debbie? If you sit across from a Plain Jane who likes her foods unadorned, serve vegetables and fruits without sauces or toppings. To make your Saucy Sam smile, top his vegetables with spaghetti sauce or low-calorie salad dressing. And go for a slam dunk by dealing your Dunking Debbie a dip of plain yogurt and salad dressing mix alongside her vegetables.
In addition to their preference for sauces, children also may react to the texture of a vegetable. “If your child is sensitive to mushy vegetables, cook just enough to soften them, yet still retain their crunch,” says Lorelei DiSogra, R.D., Ed.D. director of the National Cancer Institute 5 A Day Program.
Children who “play” with fruits and vegetables are more likely to eat them. Involve your child in shopping for new fruits and vegetables to try, arranging vegetables on a platter, creating vegetable kabobs, or tossing a fruit salad. Offer to work with your child’s teacher on a vegetable garden project.
“Research shows that children who learn about vegetables and fruits, especially in a school setting, are more likely to eat them,” DiSogra says.
Mindy Hermann, M.B.A., R.D., has 15-year old twins who now love fruits and vegetables.
10 Fruit & Veggie Boosters
- Keep the crunch by lightly steaming or microwave cooking vegetables.
- Make fruits and vegetables fun-use shaped melon-ball scoops and hors d’oeuvre cutters to jazz up a fruit salad. Or decorate pizza or pasta with broccoli trees, mushroom toadstools, carrot logs, or other vegetable shapes.
- Talk to your school’s food service provider about offering more fruit and vegetable choices.
- Encourage your children to order kid-friendly vegetable dishes at restaurants, such as vegetable soup or stir-fried vegetables.
- Wash, peel, and cut up vegetables so they’re ready to eat. Keep them in a re-sealable plastic bag or container in the refrigerator.
- Involve children in vegetable- and fruit-related projects such as gardening and farm visits.
- Create a rainbow sticker calendar and let your child add stickers for each serving of fruits and vegetables he or she eats in a day.
- Serve at least one vegetable or fruit at each meal or snack.
- Give children a choice of fruits and vegetables, especially when serving one that’s new to them.
- Ask your child to try just one bite when you’re serving an unfamiliar fruit or vegetable and be patient! | <urn:uuid:9e048edf-f4b7-47ff-b1e2-e16ee16aac15> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://juicyjuice.com/article/color-their-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527566.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419101239-20190419123239-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.92088 | 746 | 3.296875 | 3 |
In 1865 Gregor Mendel discovered what we now know as the Mendelian laws of heredity. Since then there have been many major milestones on the way to understanding the mechanisms of gene expression, the last being in 2000 when the Human Genome project was accomplished. A compilation of the available information is the impressive database OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man), where about 18000 different mutations of human genes are recorded. These genes are involved in the manifestation of hereditary diseases,which concern all medical fields.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most frequent metabolic disease found in Germany (OMIM # 219700). CF is a recessive hereditary disease,which means that both parents are healthy carrier of a mutant gene copy. The risk for having a child with CF is 25%. The gene causing CF is located on chromosome 7. More than 1400 mutations known for this gene lead to a variable phenotype.
This strict correlation between one gene and one disease is true only for monogenic disease like CF. More complex diseases like diabetes or cancer cannot be pinned down to one change in the DNA sequence.
Recently scientists are more interested in learning how the expression of genes is regulated, which includes the mechanisms of epigenetics. In 1942 Conrad H. Waddington defined epigenetics as “the interactions of genes with their environment that bring the phenotype into being.”. Epigenetic modifications are not seen as alterations of the DNA sequence but rather as DNA methylation, non-coding RNA molecules or modification of histone proteins. They act on a higher level coordinating gene expression within a single cell up to the entire organism.
The mentioned epigenetic modifications are seen in somatic cells. The ability of a gene or a DNA segment to be expressed is determined during gametogenesis, which is called genomic imprinting. Although the modifications are reversible, the gene or DNA segment remembers the sex of the parent it originates from. More than 80 human genes are known to be parentally imprinted, their expression depending on their parental origin. One well known syndrome is the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), which, amongst others, is the result of aberrant methylation of a certain DNA region on chromosome 11. The importance of understanding the role of these epigenetic errors are underlined by recent findings which lead to the assumption that there is an increased occurrence of imprinting errors in children after IVF or ICSI. In Germany 12000 children are born every year after assisted reproduction.
The expression of human growth controlling genes is also regulated by genomic imprinting. With the above mentioned BWS we find gigantism including macroglossy, omphalocele, mostly mild mental retardation and often Wilms tumors. It is remarkably that while the paternal genes promote fetal growth, it is suppressed by the maternal gene copy. Thus there is an antagonistic competition between paternal and maternal genes in the early embryo and only a balanced interaction allows a normal development of the fetus.
The aberrant expression of growth controlling genes also promotes the development of malignancy. There are some gene mutations known to be associated with cancer, although their presence does not necessarily lead to tumor growth. Furthermore the same mutation of the DNA sequence can cause different kinds of tumors. Altogether these facts imply the contribution of epigenetic mechanisms to the control of cell proliferation.
Astonishingly nutrition, medicine and other environmental factors can affect epigenetic modifications of the DNA. If this influence occurs during gametogenesis the alteration is transmitted to the next generation.
A Dutch study regarding the alimentation during World War II shows that women suffering from malnutrition gave birth to children with decreased birth weight. In turn these children too had underweight offspring, which might be due to impairment of genomic imprinting .
A similar effect was observed by Markus E. Pembrey (London) in a study conducted in a little Swedish community called Överkalix. He analyzed 320 persons from three succeeding generations. The outcome of his study shows a correlation between the diet of the parents and the state of health of their children.
The transmission of epigenetic effects from generation to generation is also seen with psychic disorders. Offspring of people who survived the Holocaust suffer more often of depression, anxiety or lack of confidence than other people.
A number of epigenetic effects are already described but we still do not know how the epigenetic modifications themselves are regulated. As the epigeneticist and former professor Richard Strohman (University of California) remarks:
” The key concept here is that dynamic/epigenetic networks have a life of their own – they have network rules – not specified by DNA: and we do not understand these rules. But this is only one level of epigenetic regulation. There is a kind of infinite regress here since we now have to ask, What controls the control of gene regulation?”
Apart from looking from an exclusively molecular point of view at the genome we should also consider that energy might be involved in the process of genome function. In the 1920s the physicist Albert Einstein discovered that matter can be converted into energy and vice versa. To date this aspect is largely neglected in biology. Only a few bold and unconventional scientists like Marco Bischof or Fritz-Albert Popp investigate the role that biophotons play in cell metabolism. Considering the immense number of 100000 biochemical reactions taking place per second in our cells it seems near at hand that they might be controlled by some kind of energy, e.g. biophotons.
At this point obvious parallels to homeopathy can be drawn. Homeopathy is a form of therapy acting on an energetic level thus having a deep impact on our organisms. Samuel Hahnemann described miasms as predisposition to acquire or inherit certain diseases. The same goes for genetic imprinting. It can be acquired during life or is passed to us by our ancestors. Hahnemann thought of contagious diseases as trigger for miasms, whereas gene imprinting can be influenced by various environmental factors.
Miasms can be passed from parents to children without any change in the DNA sequence. According to our present knowledge the only way to transmit genetic information apart from altering the base sequence is through epigenetic effects.
Miasms do not exist separately from each other. Sometimes they mix or transform from one to another. Hahnemann needed only a limited amount of remedies for treating his patients as the miasms were then less complex than they are nowadays. Miasms became harder to cure as people living today are burdened with environmental pollution, the side effects of modern medicine and the diseases of our predecessors.
Homeopathy, as a energetic form of therapy, is able to silence active miasms and thus strengthens our vital force??? Maybe Hahnemann`s “vital force” is the answer to Strohmann`s question of how gene expression is controlled. The presence of a coordinating force acting on an energetic level could be the corresponding equivalent to the material level of the DNA molecule.
Let us discuss the idea of energetically controlled gene expression as a model for epigenetics in the context of chronic diseases and homeopathic therapy. You can write to me at [email protected]
Dr. Gabriele Hickmann studied Biology and human genetics and she had further education to become ‘specialist human geneticist’. She is head of a laboratory for cytogenetic and prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling. Gabi also took courses in homeopathy and she devotes a great deal of her time to epigenetics. | <urn:uuid:abdbd5f6-4b64-4eb3-910c-60a294904a3d> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/epigenetics-%E2%80%93-a-new-way-of-understanding-homeopathy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038879305.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419080654-20210419110654-00609.warc.gz | en | 0.952155 | 1,549 | 3.625 | 4 |
You know that feeling: sweaty palms, heart racing, your mind just can’t settle down and the more you try to self-talk the less it helps. Anxiety – it’s a daily struggle for more South Africans than you may think. According to the South African Depression and Anxiety Group (SADAG), as many as one in six South Africans suffers from anxiety, depression or substance-use problems. This number is on the rise, especially when considering how many people are now turning to The ADD Lab for help.
When we think we are in danger or are in fact in actual danger we enter a state of anxiety and experience anxiety symptoms on three different levels – psychological, physiological and behavioural.
WHAT ARE THE PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS OF ANXIETY?
- Feeling overwhelmed
WHAT ARE THE BEHAVIOURAL SYMPTOMS OF ANXIETY?
- Becoming attached to a safety object or person
- Limiting daily activities to avoid anxiety
WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS OF ANXIETY?
- Shortness of breath
- Feeling on edge
- Muscle tension
- Butterflies in the stomach
- An exaggerated startle response
- Sweaty hands or feet
FIGHT OR FLIGHT
Anxiety triggers an automatic mechanism in our brain called The Fight or Flight Response. The Fight or Flight Response lives in our Sympathetic Nervous System. If you hear a loud noise, for example, the Sympathetic Nervous System is triggered and prepares the body for action. It immediately releases adrenalin and noradrenalin and increases the heart rate and blood flow so as to speed up the delivery of oxygen to larger muscles, such as the thighs and biceps, in order to run away from a threat if necessary. In other areas of the body, like the hands, feet, skin and brain, blood vessels are constricted, which is why we go pale, feel cold or experience dizziness.
During Fight or Flight the Sympathetic Nervous System changes the depth and rate at which we breathe so that enough oxygen is delivered to the muscles, which is why we feel breathless or our chests become tight. We also start sweating in order to cool down and not overheat during Fight or Flight.
Here’s the kicker: all these changes occur before we are even consciously aware of the threat in our environment. It is only after the Fight or Flight system is activated that the conscious mind kicks in. If our senses process the environment and determine that the fear response is appropriate, our body will remain alert. If no threat is identified, our Parasympathetic Nervous System activates and our body returns back to its normal state. Restoring the body to its relaxed state does, however, take some time and that is why people can continue to feel charged up or apprehensive even when the threat has already passed for some time. Occasionally we also feel tired and drained afterwards.
Fight or Flight is a natural, automatic, survival response. The problem occurs when this response is activated too often or we stay in this state for too long. We may even experience muscle aches, restlessness, difficulty sustaining concentration, sleep problems, persistent fatigue, as well as difficulties in regulating emotions.
Why does this happen?
An increased tendency to respond anxiously could be due to a biological or genetic predisposition to anxiety. It could also be because of a generalised psychological predisposition resulting from early life experiences or a specific psychological vulnerability that resulted from specific life events or circumstances.
At The ADD Lab, a specialised assessment called a Quantitative Electroencephalogram (QEEG) allows us to measure the functioning of the autonomic nervous system where the Fight or Flight Response lives. We do this by measuring heart rate, heart rate vulnerability (any variations in heart beats), breathing rate and sweat production while the participant performs a range of different tasks.
If we find high levels of Autonomic Nervous System activity we know that anxiety needs to be treated.
Treatments for anxiety – the TOMATIS listening programme
The TOMATIS listening programme can assist in coping with anxiety by stimulating the brain through sensory messages that help to energise the brain and relax the individual. A recent study conducted at the University of Potchefstroom showed a significant reduction in anxiety in subjects who had completed the TOMATIS programme. In addition, a second study demonstrated that subjects continued to show a decline in anxiety levels 14 months after completing the programme.
Treatments for anxiety – the Neurofeedback
During Neurofeedback we monitor breathing rate and also brainwave activity. By playing a simple game on the computer, we reward the brain for producing calming brainwaves and inhibiting anxious brainwaves. By making a habit of producing these good brainwaves, our clients are able to control anxiety levels more effectively.
We’ve all suffered from some degree of anxiety in our lives. Some experience fleeting flashes of mild uneasiness and others struggle with an almost constant feeling of extreme fear or panic. Speak to us about your symptoms and treatment options by sending an email to [email protected] or calling (011) 888 9334. | <urn:uuid:427473c7-8514-4819-bcbb-3e1c9592a849> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | http://addlab.co.za/2015/07/anxiety-the-flight-or-fight-response/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104248623.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703164826-20220703194826-00341.warc.gz | en | 0.910317 | 1,135 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Contents of the SSCRC.DOC file
SSCRC.EXE Program Documentation V1.4 April, 1988 (c) OSR
What does SSCRC do?
SSCRC.EXE is a program which generates and uses a data file
containing the 16 bit CRC's of each and every file on a
particular disk drive. Directories and sub-directories are
traversed in turn, none are missed.
What use is it to me?
Having calculated and recorded the CRC for every file on your
hard disk, it is then possible to run SSCRC in checking mode to
determine whether ANY file on your hard disk has changed in
either size or content since the original SSCRC data file,
'ACRC.CRC', was created. You are notified of changes on the
screen and by a written record of changes in the file REPORT.CRC.
Well, a 16 bit CRC file calculation is a very very reliable
method for detecting whether a file has been altered, either by
accident, by a hard disk or program failure, or deliberately, by
How do I use this thing?
Run SSCRC/F (build a new checking file) once a month or so, or
when you change the contents of your hard disk significantly.
Run SSCRC/C (check files) every morning or once a week. Have a
careful look at the resulting file, REPORT.CRC, to be found in
the ROOT DIRECTORY. Many files will have changed because you have
caused a change. For example, a document you edit will cause a
change in the CRC value. If you alter the setup of a program, a
CONFIG file will probably change. File changes like this are
nothing to worry about. Run SSCRC/F to re-build the ACRC.CRC data
file if you want these changes recorded.
IF you find, by viewing the REPORT.CRC file, that files such as
COMMAND.COM, ANSI.SYS, IBMDOS.COM etc have changed, then
something is very wrong. Generally, if you find that your EXE
files are changing, it is time to start worrying about a "VIRUS".
As a general rule, EXE and COM file shouldn't change. The
EXECEPTION to these rules are packages which store their setup
information in the actual EXE file when you change display type
or printer type.
The MAIN USE for SSCRC is when you run CHKDSK/F and find LOST
chains. Usually, these 'LOST CLUSTERS' come from deleted files,
however, sometimes, due to a program crash etc, other files may be
corrupted. RUN SSCRC/C to see if any of your active files have
The whole point of SSCRC is that if CRC's match over a period of
time for a particular file, you may be SURE that the file HAS NOT
BEEN ALTERED. It is virtually impossible to alter a file, either
malicously or by accident, and maintain the same CRC.
SSCRC reads 32k bytes at a time using a DOS call, (not C read()
). The CRC is calculated using the lookup table method, much
faster than the usual iterative technique. Note that the CRC is
the standard CCITT CRC, not the popular XMODEM-CRC, which is
The following comes from the help screens of SSCRC.EXE:
SSCRC.EXE has two functions:
SSCRC /F 1) Build a CRC file (ACRC.CRC) of all files on a drive
including all sub-directories.
SSCRC /C 2) Use ACRC.CRC generated by 1) to check the integrity and
existence of the files recorded in ACRC.CRC. This
function writes REPORT.CRC to the root directory
detailing file corruptions and updates.
The intention of this utility as a confidence test of all files on all your
hard disk and floppy disks.
If SSCRC says the file hasn't changed you may be sure that the file has not
been altered in any way (99.9999% sure anyway). Files which are missing
from the original ACRC.CRC are also reported, whole directories which have
been deleted are also reported.
Suggested operation is to run `SSCRC /F' about once a month. If you ever have
any doubts about the integrity of your file system, run 'SSCRC /C'.
The SSCRC /F option maybe replaced by SSCRC [start path] /F. For example,
,if you only wanted to build a CRC file starting at 'D:\LOTUS', SSCRC would
begin build an ACRC.CRC with D:\LOTUS and any sub-directories attached to
your Lotus directory:
SSCRC D:\LOTUS /F
Note: the direcory spec must come BEFORE the '/F' command. SSCRC /C will
only check files in your LOTUS directory and attached sub-directories.
What we want from YOU
SSCRC is 'Low-Cost' Shareware, if you use this utility to protect
your system, do the right thing and send us $10. It will only
take a few minutes to write a cheque and post it.
If you think SSCRC is rubbish, don't clutter your hard disk,
delete it now. Consider writing us a short note telling us why
you think its of no use to you.
If you don't feel that shareware is worth paying for then don't
be suprised if you see your next 'must have' program in a shop
for $299 instead of on a bulletin board for free (or $10).
561 Blaxland Rd
Eastwood, 2122, NSW
End of SSCRC Documentation, April, 1988 (c) OSR | <urn:uuid:9cfac054-6c35-4d22-b230-84a67cb66dfd> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.pcorner.com/list/UTILITY/SSCRC.ZIP/INFO/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987828425.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023015841-20191023043341-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.892448 | 1,287 | 3.0625 | 3 |
FLICKR, SALLYSEASHELLSIn Saudi Arabia, two new cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) were confirmed this month, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). These cases bring the global total of MERS infections to 153, including 64 deaths. The source of MERS is still unknown, though some evidence points to bats as the original source of the virus and camels as the intermediate between bats and humans. Antibodies to MERS have been previously found in camels, but until now, no camels had been found carrying the virus.
This week, a pet camel belonging to one of the new MERS cases in Saudi Arabia has tested positive for the coronavirus. According to BBC News, the Saudi government said in a statement that it is working to assess whether the viral strain from the camel matches the strain found in the human patient. If they “prove to be identical, this would be a first scientific discovery worldwide, and a door to identify the source of the virus,” the Saudi Health Ministry said.
Scientists believe that finding and confirming the animal reservoir of MERS is important to eradicating it. “If we know that, there’s a possibility we can stop it, like H7N9 and SARS—you close the animal markets, the risk goes away,” microbiologist and physician Allison McGeer of Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto told The Scientist earlier this year. “If we knew what the risk was, then we might be able to stop it . . . and we wouldn’t have to worry about the virus evolving as it grows in humans, and we wouldn’t have to worry about ongoing hospital transmissions in the Arabian peninsula and henceforth, to other countries.” | <urn:uuid:82cb17b8-64a4-404f-912a-46ae6c25c55a> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/38270/title/Camels-the-Link-to-MERS-/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122041.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00222-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954428 | 368 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Like little stars.
Historian Eric Jay Dolin brilliantly argues that the trade in animal skins turned colonial America into a tumultuous frontier where global powers battled for control. From the 17th century right on up to the Gilded Age, the developed world’s appetite for fur and its unique qualities made the new continent, with its wealth of fur-bearing wildlife, a seemingly inexhaustible resource. The result, as laid out in Dolin’s new book “Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America,” was a major boost in the evolution of the colonies into a powerful new player on the world stage.
Modern-day Manhattan, for example, owes its existence to the Dutch eagerness to establish dominance in the fur trade: New Amsterdam was first settled in the early 17th century as a trading post where they could exchange European metal goods for beaver pelts brought in by Native Americans. The Dutch wielded military power to oust rival Sweden from the colonial fur trade, yet the popularity of their wares proved their undoing. The intense competition from the English colonies and from French fur traders came with armed backing, and the English Navy ultimately ousted the Dutch from New Amsterdam in 1664.
Dolin sheds insight on the ways the fur trade created international tensions — in New England, the Great Lakes and the expanding West. As traders clamored for access to land controlled by Native Americans, tribes were pushed off their land, then given guns and liquor, wreaking havoc on their traditional way of life. The fur trade also triggered exploration more generally; fur traders were often the first white men to map major rivers, forests and mountains. The trade and the broader economy that followed in its wake pulled people west, including Lewis and Clark and Kit Carson, culminating in the monopoly of the 19th-century fur trader and celebrated philanthropist John Jacob Astor, whose American Fur Co. opened up trading posts across America (and whose fortune would endow the library that became a national icon). For all of fur’s contentious position in American culture today, Dolin has skillfully illuminated its centrality in our nation’s ever-surprising history.
Like little stars.
World's best pie apple. Essential for Tarte Tatin. Has five prominent ribs.
So pretty. So early. So ephemeral. Tastes like strawberry candy (slightly).
My personal fave. Ultra-crisp. Graham cracker flavor. Should be famous. Isn't.
High flavored with notes of blood orange and allspice. Very rare.
Jefferson's favorite. The best all-purpose American apple.
New Hampshire's native son has a grizzled appearance and a strangely addictive curry flavor. Very, very rare.
Makes the best hard cider in America. Soon to be famous.
Freak seedling found in an Oregon field in the '60s has pink flesh and a fragrant strawberry snap. Makes a killer rose cider.
Ben Franklin's favorite. Queen Victoria's favorite. Only apple native to NYC.
Really does taste like pineapple. | <urn:uuid:4f9efc5c-447c-4f56-83ea-cfddc5dd1ad4> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.salon.com/2010/07/20/fur_fortune_and_empire_eric_jay_dolin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657131304.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011211-00099-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931123 | 641 | 2.6875 | 3 |
With a Buteyko Breathing Course
What is depression?
Depression is a mental disorder characterized by extreme gloom, feelings of inadequacy, and inability to concentrate.
Cause of depression
Considering Buteyko theory, depression occurs when:
When you breathe too much, blood vessels become narrow and less oxygen is released by the blood, leading to less available oxygen in the brain. When brain cells (neurons) receive less oxygen they start behaving more erratic, destabilizing the mind. The mind will have a more negative outlook and experience depressed thoughts and emotions.
“The brain, by regulating breathing, controls its own excitability” - Balestrino & Somjen (1988)
Revert Depression with a Buteyko Breathing course
Depression can be gradually reverted with a Buteyko Breathing course. Good results can be attained within 1 to 3 months, but as progress is gradual good signs of progress can show even after a few weeks. Results are dependent on:
Doing both modules of our Buteyko Breathing course, and keeping in touch with us over the course of several months of practice, students can experience good improvements in the first weeks and get optimal results after 1 to 3 months of advanced Buteyko practice. As students make progress, they will start feeling better and need less medications. | <urn:uuid:8f340cd2-07f9-4340-b03e-48d734e4cd1a> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.buteyko.co/pages/depression | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741491.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113194622-20181113220622-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.912685 | 275 | 3.25 | 3 |
We’ve seen in the Life Magazine examples how advertisements can serve as source material for discovering the attitudes and imagery of an era. These advertisements were created to attract U.S. Army recruits in the late 1960s and early 70s. How do these images tell the history of Army recruitment during the Vietnam War era? Read the background on these primary sources, then see if you can analyze and interpret what historical evidence they may hold.
This material comes from the personal archive of Samuel G. Michini (1944-1999). Michini worked for the Philadelphia branch of advertising firm N.W. Ayer & Son from 1962 to 1972. According to Beth Bailey in America’s Army: Making the All-Volunteer Force, N.W. Ayer was the sole agency responsible for Army recruitment ads from 1967 until the mid-1980s (70). The material displayed here represents work from two different advertising campaigns for the Army. “Your future, your decision… choose ARMY,” ran from 1968 until 1971 (Bailey 71). According to Bailey, Ayer took over the army account at a time when the army was becoming more and more difficult to sell. Nevertheless, she states, “Army recruiting advertisements were, more than anything else, intended to attract draft-induced volunteers to the army rather than to the other services” (70). In March of 1971, N.W. Ayer & Son were assigned to a new, $10 million campaign, for a three month period. Mr. Michini worked as Copy Supervisor for the campaign. “Today’s Army Wants to Join You,” was launched in the fall of 1971. Ayer’s assignment is explained in a statement from senior staff in the May/June 1971 issue of Ayer News, the agency’s monthly news publication as follows: “We have been given an improved and improving product to work with. A ‘changing’ United States Army. An Army still totally committed to professionalism and preparedness—but with new concern for individual expression and changing life-styles” (Ayer News 1).
Analyze and Interpret
Do these recruitment ads suggest that army service is a citizen’s duty, or an opportunity? Does the message change over time?
How do these ads depict Army service?
Who were these advertisements meant to appeal to? What kind of images or phrases were used to appeal to the intended audience?VIEW NEXT GALLERY | <urn:uuid:d6aefed2-57ab-4a27-ae81-96a6d2b391b2> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/military_advertisements_visual_history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867644.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625092128-20180625112128-00232.warc.gz | en | 0.955827 | 510 | 2.734375 | 3 |
If you look at the human clinical trials that have been conducted this year by drug companies developing experimental vaccines for COVID-19, the participants in those trials have all been “healthy adults.” Take, for example, Moderna’s Phase 1 clinical trial for its mRNA-1273 vaccine, which included 45 healthy adults 18 to 55 years old. The same is true for the Phase 1/2 clinical trial for the BNT162b1 vaccine being developed jointly by Pfizer and BioNTech. That trial also involved 45 healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 55 years.1 2 3 4 5 6
The Phase 1 clinical trial for CanSino Biologics’ Ad5-nCoV vaccine included 108 healthy adults 45 to 60 years of age. The Phase 1/2 trial for Novavax’s NVX‑CoV2373 was limited to 131 healthy adults 18 to 59 years old. The Phase 1/2 trial for AstraZeneca/University of Oxford’s AZD1222 (formerly ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) vaccine involved 1,077 healthy adults 18 to 55 years of age.7 8 9 10 11 12
There were two age groups in Johnson & Johnson’s Phase 1/2a clinical trial for its Ad26.COV2.S vaccine. The first group consisted of 402 healthy adults 18 to 55 years old. The second group included 394 healthy elderly adults 65 years of age and older.13
All six of these experimental COVID-19 vaccine programs have at least three things in common. First, they have all moved into the Phase 3 clinical trial stage in which tens of thousands of healthy adults are being recruited to continue testing the safety and efficacy of the vaccines. Second, many of the people who participated in the trials experienced adverse events after getting the vaccines. Third, all of the participants were healthy adults.
Experimental COVID-19 Vaccines Have Produced Many Adverse Events
One reason that these COVID-19 vaccine development programs have proceeded to Phase 3 clinical trials is that the drug companies behind them determined that the earlier trials showed the vaccines stimulated sufficiently strong antibody responses by the immune system to merit further research and testing. The companies also judged the vaccines to be “generally considered” safe, 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 even though the vaccines provoked adverse events in dozens of trial subjects—including some serious or severe adverse events, as in the case of the Moderna mRNA-1273, Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b1, CanSino Biologics Ad5-nCoV, Novavax NVX‑CoV2373 and Johnson & Johnson Ad26.COV2.S vaccines.1 2 4 7 9 25
No serious or severe adverse events were reported in the Phase 1/2 trial for the AstraZeneca/University of Oxford AZD1222 vaccine before AstraZeneca announced on Sept. 8, 2020 AstraZeneca that it was pausing its Phase 3 trials on the vaccine in United States and the United Kingdom to investigate a case of transverse myelitis (a neurological condition caused by inflammation of the spinal cord) suffered by one of the volunteer trial participants. 26 27
Phase 3 Clinical Trial for AZD1222 Still Paused Pending FDA Safety Review
The Phase 3 trial in the U.K. was resumed on Sept. 12 following a review by officials at the U.K.’s Medicines Health Regulatory Authority (MHRA), who reportedly concluded that it was safe to do so. The clinical trial in the U.S. remains on hold while the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is investigating the “unexplained illness.” Recent news reports indicate that the FDA may, in fact, be expanding its investigation. FDA commissioner Stephen Hahn said:
Consistently, reports about the adverse events experienced by clinical trial participants receiving experimental COVID-19 vaccines have tended to downplay the events, with company spokespersons noting that vaccine reactions have been “mild or moderate” and short-lived. While they didn’t hide the fact that there were numerous serious or severe adverse events to the vaccines, neither did they highlight these reactions. Nor did they raise many concerns about the unknown long-term effects of all vaccine adverse events, regardless of their severity.3 12 25 30 31 32
Most People in the U.S. are Not Healthy
Perhaps most concerning is the apparent neglect to acknowledge the elephant in the room, which leads to the obvious question being asked by many Americans concerned about the safety of experimental COVID-19 vaccines being rushed to market: “If these vaccines are only being primarily tested on healthy adult volunteers under age 65 and a good number of them are suffering vaccine adverse events, then how will the elderly over age 65 and unhealthy adults and children react to the vaccines?”
This is not an insignificant question, given that most Americans are not healthy. Six out of 10 adults in the U.S. suffer from a chronic disease. Four out of 10 adults in the U.S. suffer from two or more chronic diseases. An estimated 10-20 million (13.5 to 27 percent) American children and adolescents suffer from a chronic illness or disability. An estimated 42.4 percent of adults in the U.S. are obese—9.2 percent qualify as severely obese. An estimated 13.7 million (18.5 percent) American children and adolescents qualify as obese. More than 131 million Americans, or 66 percent of all adults in the U.S., take prescription drugs.33 34 35 36 37
A study published in the journal Mayo Clinic Proceedings in 2016 found that less than three percent of Americans live a health lifestyle. Another study published in the journal Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders in 2018 found that only 12 percent of adults in the U.S. are metabolically healthy. These kind of studies abound.38 39
A sick and medicated America is the new norm. Tens of millions of children and adults in the U.S. are not healthy. How many and what kind of adverse events should they expect from experimental COVID-19 vaccines that are only being tested on healthy adults over a short period of time?
1 Cáceres M. Healthy Clinical Trial Subjects Suffer Grade 3 Side Effects to Moderna’s mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine. The Vaccine Reaction May 24, 2020.
2 Cáceres M. Volunteer Describes His Serious Reaction in Moderna’s mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Trial. The Vaccine Reaction May 30, 2020.
3 Jackson LA, et al. An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — Preliminary Report. NEJM July 14, 2020.
4 Cáceres M. Pfizer/BioNTech’s COVID-19 Vaccine Causes Adverse Reactions in Over Half of Clinical Trial Volunteers. The Vaccine Reaction July 18, 2020.
5 Mulligan MJ, et al. Phase 1/2 Study to Describe the Safety and Immunogenicity of a COVID-19 RNA Vaccine Candidate (BNT162b1) in Adults 18 to 55 Years of Age: Interim Report. medRxXiv July 1, 2020.
6 U.S. National Library of Medicine. A Trial Investigating the Safety and Effects of Four BNT162 Vaccines Against COVID-2019 in Healthy Adults. ClinicalTrials.gov May 12, 2020.
7 Cáceres M. 81 Percent of Clinical Trial Volunteers Suffer Reactions to CanSino Biologics’ COVID-19 Vaccine That Uses HEK293 Human Fetal Cell Lines. The Vaccine Reaction July 6, 2020.
8 Liu A. China’s CanSino Bio advances COVID-19 vaccine into phase 2 on preliminary safety data. Fierce Pharma Apr. 10, 2020.
9 Cáceres M. Novavax’s Adjuvanted COVID-19 Vaccine Caused Severe Adverse Reactions in Clinical Trials. The Vaccine Reaction Sept. 14, 2020.
10 Keech C, et al. Phase 1–2 Trial of a SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine. NEJM Sept. 2, 2020.
11 Cáceres M. A Grade 3 Vaccine-Related Adverse Event is Serious. The Vaccine Reaction July 26, 2020.
12 Folegatti PM, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet July 20, 2020.
13 Sadoff J, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccine candidate: interim results of a phase 1/2a, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. medRxiv Sept. 23, 2020.
14 Press release. Experimental COVID-19 vaccine safe, generates immune response. U.S. National Institutes of Health July 14, 2020.
15 Weintraub K, Heath D. Moderna’s COVID-19 vaccine candidate appears to be safe and provide some immunity, new data from early trial shows. USA Today July 15, 2020.
16 Gumbrecht J, Thomas N, Vigue D, Howard J. Oxford’s Covid-19 vaccine appears safe and induces immune response, early results suggest, but more research is needed. CNN July 21, 2020.
17 Mundell EJ. Pfizer’s COVID Vaccine Shows ‘Robust’ Results in Early Trial. U.S. News & World Report Aug. 12, 2020.
18 Phelamei S. Chinese COVID-19 vaccine appears safe in early human trial: CanSino Bio’s Ad5-nCoV triggers immune response. TimesNowNews.com May 23, 2020.
19 PRNewswire. COVID-19 Vaccines Test Safe & Effective by China & UK teams: the Lancet. Science and Technology Daily July 23, 2020.
20 HospiMedica International staff writers. New Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine Phase 1 Data Reaffirms Safety Profile and Ability to Elicit Immune Response. HospiMedica.com Sept. 7, 2020.
21 Phelamei S. Novavax coronavirus vaccine appears safe in early trials; J&J COVID jab prevents severe illness in hamsters. TimesNowNews.com Sept. 4, 2020.
22 Elam Y. Coronavirus: Oxford/AstraZeneca Phase 1/2 trial shows safe, immunogenic vaccine, S&P 500 positive. FXStreet July 20, 2020.
23 Gumbrecht J, Thomas N, Vigue D, Howard J. Oxford vaccine is safe and induces immune response, early results suggest. CNN July 21, 2020.
24 Kallingal M, Kane A, Bonifield J, Mascarenhas L. Johnson and Johnson vaccine produced strong immune response, early results say. CNN Sept. 24, 2020.
25 Sadoff J, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccine candidate: interim results of a phase 1/2a, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. medRxiv Sept. 23, 2020.
26 Cáceres B. AstraZeneca Halts, Resumes COVID-19 Vaccine Trial After Serious Neurological Event. The Vaccine Reaction Sept. 14, 2020.
27 Transverse myelitis. Mayo Clinic.
28 Press release. COVID-19 vaccine AZD1222 clinical trials resumed in the UK. AstraZeneca Sept. 12, 2020.
29 Genovese D. FDA widens probe into AstraZeneca’s US coronavirus vaccine trial: report. Fox Business Oct. 1, 2020.
30 Garde D. Novavax’s Covid-19 vaccine shows promising immune response, early data show. STAT Aug. 4, 2020.
31 Feng-Cai Z, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial. The Lancet June 13, 2020; 395: 1845-1854.
32 Press release. Pfizer and BioNTech share positive early data on lead mRNA vaccine candidate BNT162B2 against COVID-19. Pfizer Aug. 20, 2020.
33 Chronic Diseases in America. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
34 Chronic. HealthChildren.og.
35 Adult Obesity Facts. CDC.
36 Childhood Obesity Facts. CDC.
37 Healthy Policy Institute. Prescription Drugs. Georgetown University McCourt School of Public Policy.
38 Beck J. Less Than 3 Percent of Americans Live a ‘Healthy Lifestyle’. The Atlantic Mar. 23, 2016.
39 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Only 12 percent of American adults are metabolically healthy, study finds. Medical Xpress Nov. 28, 2018. | <urn:uuid:3e9406ce-5bb0-4735-9283-7b7cb1db9eca> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://thevaccinereaction.org/2020/10/how-will-unhealthy-americans-react-to-covid-19-vaccines/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056974.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920010331-20210920040331-00192.warc.gz | en | 0.897416 | 2,817 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Cholesterol levels fluctuate based on the time of year with more unfavorable lipid profiles seen in the colder months, a trend that may be driven by related behavior changes, according to research to be presented at the American College of Cardiology's 63rd Annual Scientific Session.
While previous studies have shown that heart attacks and heart-related deaths increase during the winter months, researchers at Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease were interested in finding out whether cholesterol parameters might follow a similar pattern among a sample of 2.8 million adults - the largest study to look at seasonal lipid trends in U.S. adults to date. Abnormal cholesterol levels are a well-known cardiovascular risk factor.
"In this very large sample, we found that people tend to have worse cholesterol numbers on average during the colder months than in the warmer months - not by a very large amount, but the variation is significant," said Parag Joshi, M.D., cardiology fellow, Johns Hopkins Hospital, and lead investigator of the study. "It confirms findings from smaller studies and raises a lot of interesting questions, including what might be driving these [fluctuations]."
Researchers caution these findings do not mean patients should have their cholesterol checked more frequently or at certain times of the year; the data instead validates a clear seasonal pattern and underscores the need to pay attention to behaviors that are critical to minimizing cardiovascular risk.
"In the summer, we tend to get outside, we are more active and have healthier behaviors overall," Joshi said. "In the colder months, we tend to crawl into our caves, eat [fat-laden] comfort foods and get less exercise, so what we see is that LDL and non-HDL [bad cholesterol markers] are slightly worse. So you have a lipid signature of higher risk, but it's probably driven by a lot of behaviors that occur with the changing seasons."
Researchers speculate the shorter days of winter - and limited time spent outside - also mean less sun exposure and, subsequently, lower concentrations of vitamin D, which has also been associated with the ratio of bad to good cholesterol.
In this cross-sectional study, researchers analyzed lipid profiles in more than 2.8 million consecutive U.S. adults who were referred for testing by their doctors from 2006 to 2013. Samples were categorized by the time of year when cholesterol was measured and comparisons were made across the seasons. The study also compared gender-stratified lipids and the prevalence of national guideline-based goal attainment for low density lipoprotein (LDL), non-high density lipoprotein (non-HDL) and high lipoprotein (HDL) by season.
Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol levels were all higher in the winter than in the summer. LDL and non-HDL cholesterol were 4 mg/dL higher in men and 2 mg/dL higher in women during the colder vs. warmer months - a 3.5 percent and 1.7 percent increase, respectively. Non-HDL - total cholesterol minus good HDL cholesterol - is a more comprehensive marker of risk. Triglycerides were 2.5 percent higher in men during the winter compared with the summer. Women and men had variations in total cholesterol of approximately 2 mg/dL and 4 mg/dL, respectively, between the summer to winter. HDL did not vary much between seasons. Ratios of atherosclerotic risk were lowest in the spring and summer.
Attainment of National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III goal LDL-C and non-HDL-C was more prevalent in the summer compared to the winter, while HDL-C was lowest in the fall. Authors also found that while women had more favorable risk profiles overall, a lower percentage of women met the ATP III targets compared to men. The difference between average cholesterol values in the fall and winter were not statistically significant.
Researchers said the distribution of these lipid profiles is analogous to a representative national sample of the current U.S. adult population. Samples were provided through a commercial lab (Artherotech, Birmingham, Ala.), which was not involved with the study or its analysis.
Interest for this study grew out of a sub-analysis from the PROVE-IT trial, a randomized controlled trial looking at the use of low- and high-dose statins after heart attack to see if there was a reduction in events. In this study, the authors also looked at cholesterol values over the year and by season. While this earlier study had similar findings, they were not statistically significant likely because of the smaller sample size, Joshi explained.
Despite these latest findings, he says more research is needed to further tease out what might be behind these seasonal variations.
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:69a1d8dc-2292-42a7-9961-eb75c4ffa912> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140327100804.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510270313.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011750-00367-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966109 | 972 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Scientists have confirmed for the first time that the planet Mercury holds “at least 100 billion tons of water ice” and also has “organic material” in the permanently-shadowed craters at its north pole. The alleged findings came from NASA’s Messenger Spacecraft, which has been in orbit around Mercury since 2011.
Theories that Mercury – also known as the Swift Planet – could potentially contain forms of water were already being discussed back in 1992. Back then, Earth-based telescopes had picked up “bright areas” in and around the planet’s polar regions.
Alternative explanations were put forward to account for the bright areas, but Messenger provided enough evidence for water ice to exist on the planet closest to our sun.
The discovery is even more spectacular, taking into account that Mercury’s surface temperatures can sometimes reach 427 degrees Celsius (800 F).
Although the finding of almost 22 cubic miles pales when compared with our planet’s water capacity (an estimated 332,500,000 cubic miles!), Mercury is our solar system’s smallest planet, roughly one tenth the size of Earth.
|Image credit: NASA|
Even so, as much as 1.1 trillion tons of ice could lie on or just beneath Mercury’s surface in the nooks and crannies of craters that never see sunlight, according to scientists working on the Messenger mission. Much of that ice may be protected by a dark layer of carbon-rich organic material several inches thick, they said.
The new research “doesn’t mean we have life on Mercury, but it is relevant for the question of life in the solar system in general,” UCLA planetary scientist David Paige, lead author of one of three papers published Thursday by the journal Science, said.
The water and organic material probably aren’t native to Mercury; one theory suggests they could have been delivered by icy comets as they smashed into the surface.
It’s widely believed that this is how organic molecules made their way to Earth as well, meaning Mercury, then, could offer a glimpse of a possible early stage before the development of life as we know it.
|Image from www.wired.com| | <urn:uuid:8a82be3e-553b-40b0-9988-a9ab9438cf5c> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://planetawakening.theblogpress.com/category/mercury/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316021.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821131745-20190821153745-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.96218 | 460 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Single Frequency Networks for FM Radio
Single Frequency Networks (SFN) and Near Single Frequency Networks (NSFN) are usually not considered suitable for FM radio. Some countries are now re-planning their FM bands for the use of (N)SFN, in order to make space for more stations. Even though some stations use it, like a station covering a highway, replanning the FM-band with the use of SFN for a whole country, is a different thing. The first country to do this was the Netherlands, and the first experiences with it, are not as good as expected. The requirements for synchronization of FM transmitters used for (N)SFN are explained, and SFN networks are tested from real transmitter sites. The result is a proposed correction for the Dutch norm.
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This paper costs $20 for non-members, $5 for AES members and is free for E-Library subscribers. | <urn:uuid:1483e2cd-54f2-4736-aefd-dc0cb9605aab> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=13468 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697681504/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094801-00052-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952712 | 241 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The sun is the source and cause of all weather. The aggregate of weather is climate. When the sun changes, climate changes.
These are irrefutable truths of science, even though Dr. Mann, Al Gore, and the global warming hysteriacs skipped that chapter in their science books.
The downside of global cooling, or ice ages, is far worse for humanity and most species of fish, plants, and animals than the worst predictions of global warming. Warming four degrees over 100 years might challenge or kill hundreds of species. Cooling 5 to 10 degrees in 50 years would thousands and thousands beyond those destined for extinction on purely evolutionary grounds.
The evidence that the world is on the precipice of a new ice age far outweighs the evidence that it is on the verge of catastrophic warming.
Referring to the chart below, meteorologist Anthony Watts describes with frightening eloquence a solar event that took place three years ago:
Notice the sharp drop in the magnetic index and the continuance at low levels, almost as if something “switched off”.
Today, Mr. Watts found a disturbing scientific paper with an ominous conclusion. The domain jargon might be foreign to you, but it provides a beautiful set up to the final sentence (speaking literarily):
A linear fit to the changing magnetic field produces a slope of 77 Gauss per year, and intercepts the abscissa at 2015. If the present trend continues, this date is when sunspots will disappear from the solar surface.
On Financial Post, Lawrence Solomon describes circumstances the last time the sun failed to spot:
The consequences of the Little Ice Age, because they occurred in relatively recent times, have come down to us through literature and the arts as well as from historians and scientists, government and business records. When Shakespeare wrote of “lawn as white as driven snow,” he had first-hand experience – Europe was bitterly cold in his day, a sharp contrast to the very warm weather that preceded his birth. During the Little Ice Age, the River Thames froze over, the Dutch developed the ice skate and the great artists of the day learned to love a new genre: the winter landscape.
As a hockey player and winter-lover, all sounds great. But as a man who must commute to work, who must earn a wage, and who must heat a home, the next paragraph sounds frightening:
In what had been a warm Europe , adaptations were not all happy: Growing seasons in England and Continental Europe generally became short and unreliable, which led to shortages and famine. These hardships were nothing compared to the more northerly countries: Glaciers advanced rapidly in Greenland, Iceland, Scandinavia and North America, making vast tracts of land uninhabitable. The Arctic pack ice extended so far south that several reports describe Eskimos landing their kayaks in Scotland. Finland’s population fell by one-third, Iceland’s by half, the Viking colonies in Greenland were abandoned altogether, as were many Inuit communities. The cold in North America spread so far south that, in the winter of 1780, New York Harbor froze, enabling people to walk from Manhattan to Staten Island.
While the global warming hysteriacs drive their hybrids to Whole Foods for some organic alfalfa sprouts and Ethos water, the wise will plan for the cold. The last time climate turned cold, the world changed. The New World was settled. The Protestant Revolution erupted. Confined to their homes, people demanded that Gutenberg invent the printing press to give them something to read (or something like that).
Anyway, Tom Buchanan was right the second time: the sun is getting colder every year. | <urn:uuid:5d3cc767-84c8-4af7-bc31-c1a84896597d> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://hennessysview.com/2008/06/02/an-inconvenient-ice-age/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823350.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019160040-20171019180040-00835.warc.gz | en | 0.95445 | 755 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Astronomers examining the dwarf planet/plutoid Eris, which orbits far outside even fellow dwarf Pltuo, has weather related to its position in its orbit around the sun. Winds are generated from the warm sun facing side to the cold side facing away from the sun, resulting in nitrogen and methane "snow" being deposited around the cold side pole. Eris is the largest of the dwarf planets, larger than Pluto, with a diameter of 15-1800 miles.
"Currently, Eris is at its farthest distance to the sun, called aphelion, along its about 560-year orbit, meaning the planet is nearly 100 astronomical units (AU) from the sun, or about 9 billion miles (14 billion km). Along its orbit, Eris sweeps as close as 38 AU to the sun when at perihelion. Due to Eris' tilt, a different hemisphere faces the sun when at perihelion and aphelion."
Nitrogen would sublimate (turn from ice directly to gas without passing through a liquid state) as the planet heated up, followed by the methane as the temperature increased. Researchers were looking for a reason to explain the amount of nitrogen buried below the surface of the pole they can observe at this point in the planet's orbiut and this theory appears to match the observable data. | <urn:uuid:a085912f-283a-44f6-a55b-fde119c171d8> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://guerillaspot.blogspot.com/2008/11/weather-on-eris.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398452560.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205412-00043-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956764 | 275 | 4.375 | 4 |
The Wellcome Sanger Institute has begun a research program to empower scientists to engineer biology as easily as software, electronics, and cars.
Leaders at the Sanger Institute, a Hinxton, U.K.-based genomic research center, have set up the new generative and synthetic genomics program to fix a problem that has persisted despite decades of progress in the field. As it stands, researchers still struggle to predict how biological systems will respond to change, including simple alterations such as single DNA base edits, and to engineer biology quickly and easily.
The problem, as the Sanger Institute sees things, is that decades of research have failed to solve the core question of how a genetic sequence determines the properties and regulation of proteins and RNAs. The failure to solve that question has led the researchers to identify a need for a new approach.
Professor Ben Lehner, head of generative and synthetic genomics at the Sanger Institute, outlined how the program will pursue a new approach to the problem. The approach is built on technologies that enable large-scale experiments on genes and proteins and highly predictive models that use artificial intelligence (AI).
“It will be the combination of these technologies that will enable us to solve the fundamental question of how genetic sequence determines the properties and regulation of proteins. To do this we require huge amounts of data, and the Sanger Institute’s capabilities of large-scale data generation and genomics expertise make it the natural place for us to undertake this ambitious research,” Lehner said in a statement.
The ultimate goal is to “predict the effects of editing each and every one of the building blocks of DNA” and develop “technologies to write and edit genomes at scale and speed.” Lehner and his collaborators have broken down the work toward that goal into three areas of focus: single nucleotide resolution genetics, generative biology, and synthetic genomics.
Scientists will run massively parallel perturbation experiments using DNA synthesis or editing, selection, and sequencing to generate data on the biological effects of editing every nucleotide in every genome. The researchers think the scale and diversity of the data will support the development of AI models that can predict the biological effects of genetic changes.
Making genomics predictable will support other aspects of the program, such as the Sanger Institute’s plans to facilitate the generation of new proteins and regulatory elements for industry and medicine. | <urn:uuid:d2c53a41-15a0-440d-9dc7-f30bce0fcd98> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.labpulse.com/diagnostic-technologies/molecular-diagnostics/sequencing/article/15636987/sanger-institute-starts-program-to-make-biology-as-easy-to-engineer-as-software | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100651.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207090036-20231207120036-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.931437 | 492 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Over the past five decades, global demand for animal-based foods has more than tripled to feed a continuously growing population. To satisfy this demand, pressure has been put on farmers to produce more and more meat, eggs and dairy products. As a result, the farm industry has transitioned toward intensive farming systems.
These intensive systems require huge amounts of resources, put pressure on the environment and contribute to a number of problems affecting human health and farm animal welfare. If we continue along the same path, global animal production is predicted to nearly double from around 70 billion animals today to 120 billion animals by 2050. Our planet will not be able to sustain this.
So how can we help reverse these changes? One option is to make changes to our diet in a way that would take some of the pressure off farmers. We can support them in switching to farming methods that are better for animal welfare and the environment.
Consider changing your eating habits
While the BC SPCA is not a vegan organization, we understand the benefits of reducing the amount of animal-based foods we eat and making humane choices when we do eat them. Research suggests:
- It can have positive effects on our health, particularly on our risk of heart disease, certain types of cancers, stroke, diabetes and other serious illnesses.
- It can be good for the environment and reduce our carbon footprint. Globally, farm animal production is responsible for about 15 per cent of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions.
- Choosing humanely-raised foods makes big improvements to the lives of farm animals. Farmers win too; over one-third (35 per cent) of Canadians are willing to pay more for humanely-raised products.
A growing number of Canadians are choosing to reduce their reliance on animal-based foods. In fact, vegetarians and vegans account for nearly 10 per cent of Canada’s population, and nearly half (43 per cent) of Canadians are actively trying to eat more plant-based foods.
Of course, reducing the amount of meat, eggs and dairy we eat does not mean we have to completely remove them from our diets.
Everything in moderation
Choose quality over quantity. Animal-based foods can be an important part of a healthy diet, but it’s crucial that when we do eat these foods, we choose products that are raised to a higher set of animal welfare standards.
At the BC SPCA, this means that farm animals have been raised according to strict SPCA Certified standards.
The SPCA Certified difference
Choosing SPCA Certified products means you are advocating for a better life for farm animals. SPCA Certified animals are free from confinement housing (e.g. cages for hens, gestation stalls for pregnant pigs) and are instead raised in spacious environments designed to promote comfort, positive natural behaviours and healthy social interactions. They are also provided a healthy diet, are treated with respect, and receive immediate medical attention if they become sick or injured.
This matters because our world is inhabited by many animals, and we share a common ecosystem of air, earth and water. With nearly 700 million animals farmed for food in Canada every year, we have a responsibility to help build them a better future.
SPCA Certified products also have a wide range of nutritional benefits. Compared to intensively-raised animals, products from humanely-raised animals contain less fat, fewer calories, and have higher levels of essential nutrients. For example, research suggests that:
- Eggs from pasture-raised hens have significantly higher levels of vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids (PDF), which are linked to reductions in heart disease, improved brain development and function, and better immune system function.
- Humanely-raised beef contains less fat and has higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids.
- Milk from dairy cattle fed a natural grass diet has higher levels of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), which may play a role in cancer prevention.
As an added benefit, the SPCA Certified program prohibits the use of antibiotics on healthy animals to speed up their growth, a practice that undermines public health. This ensures that only the sick and injured animals who need antibiotics to regain their health receive treatment.
We cast our vote for the kind of lives farm animals will have each time we take out our wallet at the grocery store, restaurant or farmers’ market. Ensure you support only hard-working farmers who have a passion for improving the lives of the animals they raise.
- Choose SPCA Certified. To find SPCA Certified farms near you, check out our interactive map.
- If you can’t find SPCA Certified foods in your area, use our quick guide to humane food labels to learn what labels you can look for instead.
- Encourage your local supermarkets to stock higher welfare foods using our quick and easy customer request card (PDF).
By choosing more humane meat, eggs and dairy products in combination with a mix of healthy veggie alternatives, together we can make big improvements to the lives of farm animals, our health and the planet we all share.
Are you passionate about farm animal issues? Use the form below to subscribe to our FarmSense e-newsletter. Four times per year you will receive news and information on what the BC SPCA is doing to help further farm animal welfare in Canada! | <urn:uuid:800124e4-38b2-439c-8edc-b62c85ce6053> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://spca.bc.ca/news/making-humane-food-choices/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107878662.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021235030-20201022025030-00036.warc.gz | en | 0.940089 | 1,096 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Austria's Geographic Data Conforms to INSPIRE
By Mariana Belgiu, Research Assistant, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Geographic Information Science
Austria encompasses much of the mountainous territory of the eastern Alps, which contains many snowfields, glaciers, and snowcapped peaks. Nestled in valleys near idyllic farms and hidden among the forests and woodlands that cover almost half the land lie glistening palaces and gabled houses.
To protect the beauty and splendor of its natural resources, Austria has used GIS for the past 25 years. The Federal Office for Metrology and Surveying maintains geoinformation on a national level. However, Austria consists of nine independent federal states, each with its own provincial government, which has led to the creation and management of geographic resources being scattered across many organizations. Having disparate data sources makes it difficult to use the information to make more informed decisions on social and environmental issues. To solve this problem, it is necessary to develop a coordinated spatial information system capable of data sharing and reuse on national, regional, and cross-sector scales.
The system is a geoportal based on ArcGIS Server and the Geoportal extension. The geoportal gives the states and regions a collaborative approach to developing a coordinated, comprehensive, and sustained information system. The Austrian umbrella organization for geographic information, AGEO, strongly supported the development of the geoportal as it clearly demonstrates the practical use and value of a metadata management system.
Coordination Across Austria
AGEO was formed in 1998 to make it easier to access geographic data throughout the country. The organization brings together national and municipal administrations, universities, and many different professional associations, representing the interests of the Austrian geographic information community at both the national and international levels.
In the last few years, this umbrella organization has focused its activities on supporting and promoting the development of a national spatial data infrastructure within the framework of a European geographic information-sharing community. "The AGEO organization is concentrating its activity not only on public administration of geographic data but also on business; academic; and, of course, general public interests," says Prof. Dr. Josef Strobl, the current chair of AGEO.
At the European level, the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, and the European Parliament set up the legal framework for developing the Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe, the INSPIRE Directive. This directive (Directive 2007/2/EC) came into force in May 2007 and aims to integrate islands of geographic information of varying standards and quality throughout Europe. Austria incorporated the INSPIRE Directive into its national legislation, taking a first step toward implementing the requirements of the directive in the country. The next step involves the creation of communication mechanisms between producers and users of the geographic information.
Metadata Makes Sharing Geographic Information Easier
One of the main difficulties with sharing data in Austria is that the available spatial datasets and services lack comprehensible documentation. This can be solved by accompanying the spatial data with metadata, which is structured information that describes the datasets. Unfortunately, many data producers do not understand the benefits of creating metadata and treat the task as boring, time consuming, and therefore unnecessary.
To address this problem, Austria prepared a national metadata profile combining specifications of international standards, INSPIRE's Metadata Implementing Rule, and existing regulations in the country. This profile, the Austrian Metadata Profile (profil.AT), ensures a consistent approach to geographic information throughout the country. It specifies the metadata elements needed to increase the lifetime and value of spatial data and services. These elements include identification information; use restrictions; spatial and temporal extent; geographic resource maintenance information; spatial representation and reference; quality; and the distribution of geographic resources, such as access policies.
The Geoportal extension provides data publishers with an online metadata editor that makes it easy for them to publish metadata about geographic resources in conformance with the Austrian Metadata Profile. The Geoportal extension was chosen because it provides the technological keys for sharing and reusing resources across applications, enterprises, and community boundaries and facilitates development of a metadata editor that conforms to a specific metadata profile. The Geoportal extension also includes a metadata editor tool, discovery tools, a data visualization application, and metadata harvesting tool that enable automated acquisition of metadata from other repositories.
Bridging Data Producers and Users
The geoportal represents the bridge between data producers and users. The producers create data and services for their own business needs and publish corresponding metadata to the geoportal. Users formulate queries and evaluate the returned metadata records to decide whether the discovered data accomplishes their requirements.
The geoportal's metadata editor makes geographic resources discoverable in a straightforward manner. The publisher logs in to the geoportal and chooses either the spatial datasets or spatial services schema that conforms to the specifications of the Austrian Metadata Profile. Then, using the metadata editor, the user fills in information about the data or services to create its metadata. If the user needs assistance, hints provide more information about what values should be input in each field. The generated metadata is then added to a metadata repository that is comparable to a library catalog. Users can search and find information about the availability of a particular dataset or service, which includes information about content, author, year of publication, and more.
The available geoportal and the online customized metadata editor represent an important step toward shaping a national spatial data infrastructure and a milestone toward achieving the goals of the INSPIRE Directive.
About the Author
Mariana Belgiu is research assistant at the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Geographic Information Science, Salzburg, Austria. She received her M.Sc. degree in GIS at the University of Salzburg, Austria (2009), and she is now in the initial stages of her Ph.D. work with a focus on ontologies within the spatial data infrastructure framework.
For more information, contact Mariana Belgiu (e-mail: [email protected]) or Prof. Dr. Josef Strobl, director, Institute for Geographic Information Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences (e-mail: [email protected]), or visit the Web site (www.oeaw-giscience.org). | <urn:uuid:3de584b7-67bf-4b8a-8615-7f7c5f6e84b4> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/summer10articles/austrias-geographic.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096301.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00130-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892051 | 1,284 | 2.703125 | 3 |
According to the United States Drought monitor, there are patches of drought stretching right across America, with severe patches in California and north of Florida. The U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence classifies water scarcity to be a national threat like terrorism. 40% of freshwater use in America is allocated to farming. In an age where freshwater is becoming increasingly scarce, American farmers are turning to water conservation measures like never before. In the old days, water conservation techniques included rainwater catchment systems, tailwater return systems and improved furrow design. Today, thanks to amazing new technologies, farmers are embracing new solutions that are taking the practice of agriculture to the cutting edge of efficiency. If you’re a farmer who wants to save water, here are some technologies you should consider adopting.
Remote sensors are taking off in the world of agriculture. According to Business Insider Intelligence Estimates, there were 36 million smart devices for agriculture shipped globally in 2016. Sensor technology isn’t as expensive as it once was, and companies like Hortau, from San Luis Obispo, California, have created smart irrigation systems that measure soil tension and other environmental data with electronic sensors to determine the exact amount of water that’s needed in a field. Coupled with cloud-based software, this allows for the automation of the irrigation process. The prices of Hortau’s systems depend on the size and location of your farm and must be negotiated with the vendor. Hortau isn’t the only tech firm in the farming business. ThingWorx, a developer of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in other industries, recently turned its eye to the agricultural sector. Other vendors can be found by conducting a Google search.
One of the more innovative products on the market is the Evapotranspiration (ET) sensor from California-based company, Tule. ET is the evaporation of water from plants and soil (including surface and plant tissue evaporation). Tule sensors measure the moisture content in the air above crops and relay that data through a cellular connection to a software platform (which can be accessed from a computer or mobile device), which farmers can use to analyze and control irrigation. Whereas soil moisture sensors have a range of only a few feet, a single ET sensor from Tule can measure up to 10 acres. The sensors are priced based on two packages: Premium and Enterprise. The Premium package runs at $1,500 per sensor/per year, and the Enterprise package costs $2,500 a year. The more expensive package includes features like user training and custom analyses of seasonal performance and requires a minimum commitment of 25 sensors. The cheaper option is probably better for small to mid-sized growing operations.
Drone Mounted Cameras
Remote sensors aren’t the only remote monitoring tool at farmers’ disposal these days. Drones, equipped with multi-spectral sensors like the Parrot Sequoia ($3,500), read green, red and infrared light bands and relay the data to cloud computing platforms where crop health – including an analysis of plant behavior after irrigation and leaf canopy temperature – can be determined. This kind of data gives farmers the ability to use water sparingly.
Another cost cutting technique is drip irrigation. As opposed to traditional irrigation, in which farmers flood their fields or sluice high volumes of water down furrows, drip irrigation provides precise amounts of water to crop roots. The water is distributed by running it through porous tubing which either rests on the soil surface right above plant root systems, or is buried beneath the surface at root level. According to National Geographic’s Freshwater Initiative (2012), Drip irrigation can reduce water consumption by 70%. ATS Irrigation, from Brenham, Texas is an example of an American company that provides drip irrigation systems for residential properties or smaller farms. They sell by kits (prices available from vendor) which vary in size from 200 to 1000 feet of tubing. Farmers can buy as many kits as they need for a basic set-up.
Water conservation technologies comprise an emerging sector. There still aren’t any statistics available to demonstrate the exact water or cost savings that result from new technologies. But water is becoming more scarce and more expensive. California, for instance, has been in a state of drought for five years. In 2014, farmers in the Golden State were paying up to 10 times more for water than they were before the drought. It is clear then, that the efficient use of water is essential for the country’s future, as well as your bottom line. If you haven’t invested in water saving technologies yet, it may be time to do so.
Categories: Protect Your Assets
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One of the first questions people tend to have about Pu-erh tea is why it has to be pressed into cakes or bricks. Historically, this was necessary for the manufacture and transportation of Pu-erh tea. Even though times have changed and current techniques make it easier to produce loose tea, the tradition of making pressed shapes of Pu-erh tea remains unchanged. All throughout the world, Pu-erh tea is still sold in pressed tea cakes and bricks.
When the process of pressing Pu-erh teas was first innovated, it was used as a method to avoid loss during transportation. Pu-erh teas were pressed into cakes to be stored and transported. Traditionally, one tea cake was 357 grams, with seven cakes grouped together in what was called a tong, which was about 2.5 kg. This made the process of calculating the tea and transporting it via horses and mules more convenient. In ancient China, Pu-erh tea from Yunnan was transported to Tibet via the Tea Horse Road. Since the road was long and dangerous, people wanted to transport as much tea as possible in one trip, which is why they invented the shapes of tea bricks, tea cakes and tuocha.
Besides these historical factors, there are several other reasons why Pu-erh tea is still primarily found in pressed form. Pu-erh tea cakes, for example, have incredibly long shelf lives, and do not suffer from expiration dates. This has given Pu-erh tea the nickname of a “Drinkable Antique”. According to the Compendium of Materia Medica, a legendary book by Li Shizhen, “Pu-erh tea cakes are dark and good for sobering. The greener ones are better for reducing heat and cleansing the body.” Pressed teas are typically more mellow and pure.
These pressed shapes are also much better for retaining flavor. Loose tea not only takes up more space, but its original aroma will dissipate quickly after production. Pressed tea, on the other hand, can retain its aroma for a long time. In fact, with pressed Pu-erh tea, the longer the period of storage, the stronger the aroma. Pressed teas are also more suited towards storage for a number of other reasons. For example, after being stored for a long time, the pressed teas go through a process of fermentation and transformation. The elements that affect this process are water, temperature, oxygen and light. However, when Pu-erh tea is pressed into cakes:
- The absorption and evaporation of water doesn’t negatively effect the tea, allowing the aroma and probiotics to be better preserved.
- The temperature in the air doesn’t have a big impact on the inner part of Pu-erh tea, again allowing the probiotics to remain better preserved
- The exposure to oxygen and light is minimal, so the oxidation process is slowed down, and the taste of the tea is better preserved in this way.
The quality of Pu-erh tea after it has gone through its transformation and aging process will always depend on the quality of original tea leaves. However, when you start with high quality tea and put it through the meticulous process of being pressed into cakes, Pu-erh tea can reach the peak of its taste.
Generally speaking, pressed Pu-erh tea is better for collection, both due to its unique aesthetic and its capability for long-term storage. Finally, a deeper meaning for these brick and round shapes can be found in Chinese philosophy: That the dome-like heaven embraces the vast earth. Dome-like round tea cakes resemble the universe that creates sky (Tian)，the square Tea Brick symbolizes the earth (Di) that carries everything above. While drinking Pu-erh, tea lovers find themselves in harmony with the earth and sky. What could be better? | <urn:uuid:153c31fb-40c6-4d72-8260-dc39a4408698> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.denongtea.com/blogs/about-pu-erh/why-pressed-pu-erh-tea | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256281.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521062300-20190521084300-00166.warc.gz | en | 0.96367 | 810 | 2.859375 | 3 |
TalkHardy–Weinberg principle Wikipedia. Hardy Weinberg Opuntia Web.
Checking Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium zA common first step in any genetic study is to verify that the data conforms to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Population Variability. Deriving Genotypic and Allelic Frequencies. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. Evolutionary Genetics. Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection.
This equation relates allele frequencies to genotype frequencies for populations in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Hardy Weinberg equilibrium Problems and Solutions What is the frequency of heterozygotes Aa in a randomly mating population in which the frequency of all dominant
A random sample of 100 kernels is taken from a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It is found that 9 kernels are yellow and 91 kernels are purple. A random sample of 100 kernels is taken from a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It is found that 9 kernels are yellow and 91 kernels are purple.
MathBench > Population Dynamics HOWEVER, this is not true for testing the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. INSTEAD, (for example, hair color AND. Population Genetics — Hardy-Weinberg Principle and If the population is in equilibrium, Hardy and Weinberg postulates that it should be For example, using.
“sample Hardy-Weinberg problem Palomar College”.
The Hardy-Weinberg Law of Genetic Equilibrium An example of random mating: The first / second population is in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium.
... or out of the population. In the example above, The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model is a mathematical For a population to be at Hardy-Weinberg. Question: How do we determine if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? (Note, changes/corrections from the printed version passed out in lecture are in red.). 12/12/2008В В· tested for deviations from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 2 for population 1 and 0.8 for population 2. Three examples were used where the.
The Hardy-Weinberg Equation is a mathematical equation that allows for the prediction of the probability of a specific trait ina population when the population is The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes the phenomenon whereby allele frequencies in a non-changing population do not change between generation.
pandas.DataFrame.to_csv na_rep='', float_format=None A string representing the encoding to use in the output file, defaults to вЂascii’ on Python 2 and Python save to file example
The easiest way to write your data in the JSON format to a file using Python is to use store your data in a dict object, (which we'll save for another article). | <urn:uuid:b4fa6aad-b5f2-449d-80de-8bb6f13fc760> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://cardinaloconnorconference.com/saskatchewan/population-in-hardy-weinberg-equilibrium-example.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347424174.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200602100039-20200602130039-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.779654 | 591 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Walk into any public library in the country and you'll find open book stacks that are perfect for browsing; popular materials that are appealing to a wide range of users; and dedicated children's book areas.
What most people probably don't realize is that these now-familiar concepts were pioneered by Denver's first City Librarian, John Cotton Dana.
Dana, who is widely credited as the Father of the Modern Library, used DPL as a laboratory to test out his idea that public libraries should offer materials that appealed to the general population rather than a small, educated elite.
This concept, which seems so benign today, was off-the-charts radical when Dana accepted the position of Librarian and Head of the Board of Education in 1899.
Back then, most libraries were more like museums. With their locked shelves full of treasures that never left the building, they appealed only to a very narrow segment of the population. Cotton threw these ideas out the window and opened Denver's library to the actual people of the city of Denver (and that included the children of Denver, too).
In fact, Denver Public Library was the first library in the world to open a dedicated room for its collection of children's books. This ground-breaking step forward was widely criticized by elitists who thought children could not be trusted with the 3,000 books in DPL's new Children's Room. But Dana, and the good children of the Mile High City, proved the naysayers wrong.
After 18 months of operation, Dana's experiment was deemed a success. In a report quoted in Chalmers Hadley's 1943 book, John Cotton Dana: A Sketch, Dana said:
After the room had been open about eighteen months and approximately 90,000 volumes had been lent, a careful count showed that only 100 volumes were missing. It seems to demonstrate that the plan of giving them their own quarters, with their own books, and allowing them to browse there at will, without supervision, can be trusted with public property.
While Dana would no doubt be quite pleased to see how his idea for children's libraries took off, he certainly would not approve of that mainstay of children's librarianship, story time. Dana was adamant in his belief that children should use the library on their own and saw story time as an obstacle to that goal.
But don't let Dana's forward-thinking views lull you into thinking he was some sort of touchy-feely proto-hippie. Dana was very much a 19th Century man who held his staff to the same high professional and personal standards he set for himself.
Hadley recalls the following anecdote in which Mr. Dana chides a librarian who shows up to work with a bit of stubble:
'No time to shave this morning?'
'I hope to grow a beautiful beard,' the assistant replied, to which Mr. Dana remarked:
'You cannot raise a beard on library time,' and the incipient beard disappeared that noon.
Dana's ideas about what made good libraries had a lot more staying power than his ideas about what made for good librarians. (That's clearly evidenced by the number of modern male DPL librarians who are currently raising beards on library time.)
Indeed, his legacy lives on in the form of large amounts of popular materials such as DVDs, CDs, and graphic novels that line the open stacks at DPL's 26 branch libraries today. Though some modern critics turn their noses at mainstream content, Dana wouldn't mind it at all.
He preferred books that people actually read over the rare books most libraries of his day housed. In fact, he was often quoted saying:
The worth of a book is in its use...the lending department of a library reaches its highest degree of usefulness when its shelves are empty and all its books are in the hands of readers.
Denver has every reason to be proud of its connection to J.C. Dana and the birth of public libraries that endeavor to serve their communities' wants and needs, rather than dictating them.
I have recently found a new love for the Public Library - and this just helps seal the deal :)
Thanks Stepho! So glad you're loving the library!
This is awesome, thanks!
The Denver Library system is without equal!
Thanks for the kind words Lauren. We've got a lot of great people working here who do their best to give Denver a really special library system.
We should ask our City Librarian candidates their feelings on "raising beards" during the upcoming public forums!
I am so thankful to have access to this high quality library!
I love the Denver Public Library, I read the article, which makes me love the library even more, Dana was such a good librarian, if it wasn't for him, there wouldn't be a Denver Public Library!!
Great article, Brian, another Denver first. BTW, *my* beard raises itself - the only effort is in containing it. . . .
Who would have thought that the Denver Public Library would have been on the cutting edge from the start! | <urn:uuid:596c87eb-0352-42d3-9a5f-d8e7c27c3b74> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://history.denverlibrary.org/news/denver-birthplace-modern-library | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100674.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207121942-20231207151942-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.981778 | 1,048 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2005 May 7
Explanation: NGC 3314 consists of two large spiral galaxies which just happen to almost exactly line-up. The foreground spiral is viewed nearly face-on, its pinwheel shape defined by young bright star clusters. But against the glow of the background galaxy, dark swirling lanes of interstellar dust are also seen to echo the face-on spiral's structure. The dust lanes are surprisingly pervasive, and this remarkable pair of overlapping galaxies is one of a small number of systems in which absorption of visible light can be used to directly explore the distribution of dust in distant spirals. NGC 3314 is about 140 million light-years away in the multi-headed constellation Hydra. This color composite was constructed from Hubble Space Telescope images made in 1999 and 2000.
Authors & editors:
NASA Web Site Statements, Warnings, and Disclaimers
NASA Official: Jay Norris. Specific rights apply.
A service of: EUD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U. | <urn:uuid:7f85528e-b87d-463f-825a-52342591944d> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050507.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768957.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00131-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908101 | 235 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Nearly everyone knows that the right diet goes a long way towards maintaining a healthy lifestyle. What most people don’t know, however, is that some of the foods on your local supermarket shelf can actually help to fight wrinkles! Read on, as Dr. Victoria Vitale-Lewis shares nine of these treasures.
1. Green leafy vegetables like spinach contain lutein, an ingredient that helps the skin’s elasticity by providing an essential antioxidant mechanism that assists in skin hydration. The ideal recommendation daily amount of lutein is approximately 10mg, which can be found in about four ounces of spinach.
2. Beans are foods that are rich in antioxidants. Many varieties of beans have benefits for a well-rounded and healthy diet. However, red beans are highly recommended as part of a “wrinkle-fighting” diet because red beans contain a greater amount of antioxidants. These antioxidants are beneficial for replacing deteriorated collagen of the skin, according to Dr. Victoria Vitale-Lewis.
3. Tomatoes are a popular food found in diets all over the globe. Just like red beans, they are rich in antioxidants and also contain lycopene. Lycopene is a substance believed to reduce the risk of developing cancer and may also be more powerful than Vitamin E supplements. The best part about eating tomatoes is that they can be used in pasta sauces, salads, sandwiches or many other kinds of meals.
4. Dr. Victoria Vitale-Lewis says that it’s not just vegetables that can help you prevent wrinkles. Turkey is quite rich in Vitamin B and also contains protein that slows the process in the skin known as cross-linking. Most people think of turkey on Thanksgiving, but don’t stop there. Head on over to the local deli and pick up some tasty turkey sliced especially for sandwiches!
5. Goji is a lesser known fruit that is rich in Vitamin C. In fact, goji berries contain 500 times more Vitamin C per ounce than what you get from oranges. They help to fight free radicals that damage the skin. Goji berries also contain antioxidants such as vitamin B1, B2, B6 and E, as well as linoleic acid, an essential fat that can help plump up the skin and make it look smoother –– and younger!
6. The next time you’re in the local health foods store, check out flaxseed. Flaxseed is rich in Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids and can be added in when you bake treats like cookies and bread. Flaxseed is a valuable food, says Dr. Victoria Vitale-Lewis. She adds that the more you eat, the plumper your skin cells will be, thus serving to disguise bothersome wrinkles.
7. Beetroot is an often-overlooked vegetable, but it’s quite valuable in preventing wrinkles, as Dr. Victoria Vitale-Lewis notes that it is low in calories and high in fiber. It contains rich antioxidants and a pigment called anthocyanins which has been shown to support collagen production in the skin. Beetroot can be prepared in a variety of ways, including dishes that are curried, boiled, roasted and pickled.
8. Like many of us, Dr. Victoria Vitale-Lewis enjoys chocolate desserts. But few people realize that there are health benefits to eating chocolate. Yes, it’s true. Chocolate contains polyphenol, a substance that rids the body of the active oxygen that causes aging. And chocolate also has the ability to protect the skin against ultraviolet damage, one of the primary causes of our skin aging.
9. Salmon is a delicious fish, and just like flaxseed it contains Omega 3 fatty acids that work to reduce inflammation and lubricate the skin.
Dr. Victoria Vitale-Lewis encourages you to consult with your own doctor about specific foods that can be incorporated into a healthy diet. Don’t overlook the need for regular exercise, and remember to drink lots of water (6-8 glasses each day) so your skin remains flexible and hydrated. Excessive drinking or smoking is also damaging to a healthy lifestyle as these habits work against your skin staying young and wrinkle free.
Information Nation’s guest contributor, Dr. Victoria Vitale-Lewis, is internationally recognized for her “Feminine Face Lift”. She has been featured on many television shows including the Discovery Health Channel and Good Morning America. Located in Melbourne, Florida, her clients hail from local and regional cities as well as “fly-ins” from across the country. | <urn:uuid:bf3d9781-09f7-4410-8821-2828e63fdf32> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://interviewing-experts.com/dr-victoria-vitale-lewis-suggests-9-wrinkle-fighting-foods/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280319.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00154-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950351 | 944 | 2.59375 | 3 |
“Nothing is worse than stale eggs” states Isabella Beeton,
“… stale, or even preserved eggs, are things to be run from, not after.”
I can imagine having to run after chickens but not eggs, but needless to say, fresh is always best. Traditionally, most households would keep a few chooks to ensure a regular supply of eggs, a trend that is happily on the increase in suburban Sydney today. With the convenience of refrigeration, the idea of preserving eggs may seem odd these days, but it was the topic of much debate in days gone by.
Good clean dirt?
Much attention is given in nineteenth-century domestic manuals and household books to the quality, freshness and preservation of eggs. We’ve discussed various preservation methods in past posts, either coating them with butter or oil then rolling them in bran or sawdust, or later, in the twentieth-century, with products such as Ke-peg, a commercial gel-like product to coat the egg and prevent air permeating the porous shell. Other advice is to keep the eggs in their unwashed state, to preserve their coating of natural oils, but depending on the conditions in the hen house and chicken run, this method works against our ideas of hygiene and food safety.
For egg production on larger scales, clever devices were developed to clean and sort them. Early twentieth-century egg washing machines can be found on display at Millthorpe Golden Memories museums and Wollondilly Heritage Centre, remarkably, in working order. Their genius is in their simplicity. By turning an arm at one end long dowels bound with rope are wound around, simultaneously rubbing the dirt off the egg and moving them forward before they are rolled into a wire mesh catchment where workers would pack them into egg cartons.
”I have seen a nice contrivance in a Hen-House of sloping shelves with little divisions in them, and saw-dust placed under the eggs.”
Storing eggs was also a valid concern. Maria Macarthur was advised of a storage system by her godmother Mrs ‘E’ (Enderby) in 1812, who took the time to draw a sketch of the ‘contrivance’ in her letter, essentially a racking system to keep them from rolling about and risk breakage. If used in an organised fashion, the eggs could be properly managed and be sorted “regularly as they are laid, [so] that you must use the stalest first.” That said, there is a theory that older eggs are better for meringues, though this too seems to open for debate, as is whether eggs should be brought to room temperature before cooking… too many theories, too many rules – it’s never as simple as it seems!
The best way to test the freshness of an egg is the float test. As eggs age they lose density and the air pocket inside them expands, so a fresh egg will sink straight to the bottom of a bowl of water, a stale one will float. Any that bob or roll under the surface and don’t seem to be able to make up their minds are probably ok to use, floating eggs I tend to give to our dog, to her great glee.
For this same reason, very fresh eggs are hard to shell when boiled, as the membrane tends to be closely attached to the egg white. To detach the membrane from the white, crack the egg on a board with a good ‘thwack’ and roll it along the board with a firm but not squashing action and it should be easier to shell.
Mrs E[nderby] [A letter of] Advice to a young lady in the colonies (1812). Barca, ed 1979. | <urn:uuid:ca9cb4a1-202c-4aa2-86f4-8905eb8485cc> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://blogs.hht.net.au/cook/the-best-laid-plans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824113.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00174-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964413 | 785 | 2.5625 | 3 |
- Why do I keep getting recurring sinus infections?
- What time of year are sinus infections most common?
- How many sinus infections a year is too many?
- Can sinus infections last for years?
- Is Cold air bad for sinus infection?
- How long does sinusitis last for?
- When should I be concerned about a sinus infection?
- Will chronic sinusitis ever go away?
- How can I permanently cure sinusitis?
- Is it possible to have a sinus infection for months?
- What is strongest antibiotic for sinus infection?
- How do I know if my sinus infection is bacterial or viral?
Why do I keep getting recurring sinus infections?
It’s possible for an acute sinus infection to develop into a chronic infection over time.
However, most chronic sinus infections are caused by: Problems with the physical structure of your sinuses such as nasal polyps, narrow sinuses, or a deviated septum.
Allergies such as hay fever that cause inflammation..
What time of year are sinus infections most common?
While sinusitis can occur year-round, it is most prevalent during fall and winter. Sinusitis is caused by an inflammation, or swelling, of the tissue lining of the sinuses. This inflammation is most commonly triggered by allergies or a bout with the common cold or influenza (flu).
How many sinus infections a year is too many?
If you have more than three sinus infections in a year or have symptoms longer than 12 weeks, you could have chronic sinusitis. More than 50 percent of people with moderate to severe asthma also have chronic sinusitis.
Can sinus infections last for years?
Symptoms of chronic sinusitis can last for months or years. Some doctors consider sinusitis to be chronic rather than acute when it lasts at least three months.
Is Cold air bad for sinus infection?
Drier air – The air you breathe in is usually less humid in the winter. This is especially true if you are indoors with the heat running, and breathing in dry air dries out your sinuses and can make existing sinus problems worse.
How long does sinusitis last for?
How long does acute sinusitis last? Acute sinusitis lasts less than a month. Your symptoms may go away by themselves within about 10 days, but it may take up to three or four weeks.
When should I be concerned about a sinus infection?
When there is excessive pain in your eyes, ears, head or throat, you likely have a severe sinus infection. And if you can’t open your eyes or you feel dizzy, these are major warning signs that your sinusitis is at a dangerous level.
Will chronic sinusitis ever go away?
In short, chronic sinusitis can be cured but is likely to require some sort of ongoing medical treatment or plan. To find out if a patient has chronic sinusitis, a doctor will first have to do a diagnostic work-up.
How can I permanently cure sinusitis?
Examples of these approaches include:Drinking plenty of fluids. Fluids help to thin out mucus, which makes it easier to pass through your sinus passages. … Applying warm compresses. Create a warm compress using a soft washcloth and warm (not hot) water. … Using a neti pot.Jun 18, 2019
Is it possible to have a sinus infection for months?
Chronic sinusitis occurs when the spaces inside your nose and head (sinuses) are swollen and inflamed for three months or longer, despite treatment. This common condition interferes with the way mucus normally drains, and makes your nose stuffy.
What is strongest antibiotic for sinus infection?
Amoxicillin (Amoxil) is acceptable for uncomplicated acute sinus infections; however, many doctors prescribe amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin) as the first-line antibiotic to treat a possible bacterial infection of the sinuses. Amoxicillin usually is effective against most strains of bacteria.
How do I know if my sinus infection is bacterial or viral?
Usually, the symptoms of a sinus infection are the same or very similar whether it’s caused by bacteria or a virus. Common symptoms of either a viral or bacterial sinus infection include green or yellow mucous/discharge, bad breath, headache, and fever. | <urn:uuid:222c1c9e-8bdd-4611-8d06-7f9caa4c363e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://bl303.com/qa/question-how-many-sinus-infections-a-year-is-normal.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154277.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801221329-20210802011329-00246.warc.gz | en | 0.894516 | 944 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Sent in anonymously by a Logan High student
Bullying is a problem that affects millions of students of all races and classes. 1 out of 4 kids is bullied and, depending on age, the percentage of online bullying has risen to about 43%. Some kids are so tormented that they have committed suicide. School bullying has probably been around since about the 17th or 18th century. It is something that has evolved along with the mind and brain. Bullying started with kids picking on each others or parents believing that they were teaching their kids “discipline” by beating them. Bullying also resulted from people stereotyping others, such as by race or gender.Now, kids and teenagers all around the world are using technology as a way to bully people online. Whether through mean text messages, rumors sent by email or posted on social networking sites, embarrassing pictures, videos, websites, or fake profiles, bullies spread information that can be very damaging to victims. In addition, victims are likely to be bullied in person as well.
Victims are more likely to start using alcohol, skip school, and start receiving bad qualifications. They tend to stop doing what they normally did, what made them happy. Their mood goes a different direction and are many are known to experience severe depression. They start distancing themselves away from everyone and start having problems at home, such as aggressive behavior or just spending too much time by themselves.
"I couldn't take it anymore. I had suicidal thoughts."
I am aware of the story of one student who was bullied to an extreme in one point in her life, and it still follows her to this day. She is currently attending Logan High School and is 17. She was 14 when she was being cyber bullied, and it all started when she was in 8th grade. She was being accused of making fake profiles by a person she used to call a friend. This person would always bring her down by calling her inappropriate names and fat. She lived her days being bullied on social media and it got to a point where she couldn’t take it.
In her own words, “I couldn’t take it anymore. I had suicidal thoughts.”
She then got left alone for a while, up until freshman year. This person came back and started haunting her again, but this time it wasn’t only one person: there were two others involved. They kept making fun of her weight, and she said their words words “still get to me a lot till this day.”
During this period she also went through a hard time with her family. Her parents were filing divorce papers and her grandpa had tested positive for cancer. The bullying never stopped. To this day the bullies still threaten her and verbally abuse her.
I wish to say now that the above story is mine. When I was young I never thought of ever encountering a situation like that. I loved school and every subject that was taught. I was a straight A student, and I got certificate after certificate when I was young. I was 14 years old when I started experiencing bullying. I remember every day that I suffered being at school.
It all started because I was friends with almost all the guys in my middle school. I mean, I grew up with guys, knowing them and understanding them better than most girls, and I think that’s why I always got along with them better. Girls hated me for that. That was their trigger to treat me like I was nothing. Everyday I would wake up hoping I could get through the day or even hoping I wouldn’t have to go to school. Every time they saw me they wouldn’t hesitate to tell me things, mostly just inappropriate words.
I fell into depression, hard. It felt like it would never end. I could have stepped up for myself; I could have made them look so foolish in front of everyone. I never did. I was to afraid to be severely hurt, but mostly I didn’t want to put my mom through what my brothers put her through. I didn’t want to disappoint her.
I remember one time it got to the point where one of girls hit my head onto the stall wall of the bathroom, and ever since that day I suffer from severe migraines. I remember I tried suicide, and to this day it still gets to me. The thoughts don’t go away, and the truth is nothing will ever go away. I stand up for myself now, but I’m just afraid to hurt someone severely. I have so much anger in me I’m afraid I won’t be able to control it. My life has fallen apart because of the bullying. I still struggle with school and my grades, I don’t trust anyone anymore, and to this day my life is empty because of what happened to me. I still have depression, but it’s gotten worse and my migraines are still there. I wish this for no one, but the world is what it is.
Bullying is not a game. It hurts people, and it can lead them to death. I don’t think teens really realize how much even one hurtful word can really damage someone. All it takes is one word or one action. The memories and the thoughts don’t ever go away, no matter how many sorries and how many “‘l’ll be there for you’s” there are. | <urn:uuid:cf658b48-e812-49f0-ba22-bb4bfa8b81ae> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://thegrizzlyonline.weebly.com/letters-to-the-editor/behind-closed-doors-bullying-at-logan-high | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886107065.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821003037-20170821023037-00165.warc.gz | en | 0.988134 | 1,130 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Businesses in today’s fast-paced digital environment rely on data to help them make wise decisions. The increase in data, however, has rendered outdated infrastructure solutions useless. As a result, a new technology called Hyper-Converged Infrastructure (HCI) is revolutionizing how corporations manage their data.
What is Hyper-Converged Infrastructure (HCI)?
Table of Contents
A software-defined IT architecture called hyper-converged infrastructure combines networking, computing, and storage into a single unit. As a result, organizations can now operate all their workloads and apps on a single platform, doing away with the requirement for separate infrastructure silos.
Because HCI uses a distributed architecture, all the resources are combined and spread throughout the infrastructure. As a result, organizations can use it to scale their infrastructure up or down as necessary without making significant hardware investments.
What is the function of a hyper-converged infrastructure?
The four tightly connected software components that make up a hyper-converged platform are as follows:
- Storage virtualization
- Compute virtualization
- The virtualization of networking
- Better administration, with automation Software used for virtualization pools and abstracts resources before dynamically allocating them to programs running inside virtual machines (VMs) or containers.
How Does Hyperconvergence Work?
HCI unifies the whole data center stack, including virtualization, computation, storage, and networking. It explicitly mixes commodity data center server hardware with locally attached storage devices (spinning disc or flash) to address specific pain points associated with old infrastructure. A distributed software layer powers it. A distributed platform operating on industry-standard commodity servers replaces complex and expensive legacy infrastructure, allowing businesses to size their workloads and scale as necessary accurately. Every server, or node as it is often known, has x86 processors, SSDs, and HDDs. For better performance and resilience, software running on each node distributes all operational tasks across the cluster.
By separately scaling the different resources (CPU, Memory, and storage), hardware platform combinations are available to match any workload. Furthermore, they can be provisioned with or without a GPU for graphics acceleration. In addition, all nodes have flash to improve storage performance, and all-flash nodes are available to provide all corporate applications with the highest I/O throughput and lowest latency.
HCI solutions include a management pane in addition to the distributed storage and computing platform, making it simple to manage HCI resources from a single interface. As a result, different management solutions for servers, storage, storage networks, and virtualization are no longer required.
Infrastructure for Hyperconvergence
The following components make up a typical hyper-converged infrastructure:
- Hardware chassis or multiple chassis for High Availability (HA) cluster appliances (USSTM) if configuring a hardware appliance
- SAN management controller or SAN controller (SCVM)
- Hypervisor (Hyper-V, VMware, Hyper-V, KVM, or Citrix / XenServer).
What Are Some Potential HCI Applications?
Build a private cloud
Install on your property for more safety, better control, and lower costs. You also have the choice of picking from a range of hardware solutions our reliable suppliers offer.
Including public cloud:
Select an as-a-service solution from the most comprehensive HCI cloud ecosystem to hasten implementation and spend less time monitoring the underpinning infrastructure.
Creating a fundamental hybrid cloud
Manage a mix of virtual machine (VM) and container-based applications deployed across a data center, public cloud, and edge environments to create a basic hybrid cloud using VMware hybrid cloud.
Hyper-convergence and converged
The idea of converged infrastructure served as the foundation for hyper-convergence. Vendors offering hyper-converged infrastructure combine server, networking, storage, and storage hardware and software into a single chassis. This reduces compatibility issues and streamlines management.
In other words, because its components are software-defined, hyper-converged technology relies on existing resources’ virtualization (or abstraction) to provide greater flexibility and scalability than converged infrastructure.
Converged appliances rely on hardware, unlike software-defined hyper-converged systems. Converged (or occasionally referred to as unified) appliances, like HCI appliances, integrated networking, storage, and computing into a single unit. Unfortunately, virtualization technology is not present in convergent devices.
Of course, converged infrastructure is still being replaced by hyper-converged infrastructure. However, each has distinctive qualities and can accommodate various corporate requirements. | <urn:uuid:4e191e91-129e-40ec-a40e-7b1026ebe441> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://freshersnews.co.in/integration-of-hyper-converged-infrastructure/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925115505-20230925145505-00369.warc.gz | en | 0.892173 | 953 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Spinning a thread, a rope, or a strand of yarn involves three steps - straightening the material to be spun, putting a twist in a
thin strand of the material, and winding the twisted strand onto a bobbin.
- Material to be spun can be any fibrous material such as wool from animals, flax and cotton from plants, or silk from
silk worms. Preparing the material involves washing it, and in the case of flax, soaking and working it in water to
remove rotting soft matter from the fibers. The clean fibers are then combed straight or carded, an action where the
fibers are caught between two flat wire brushes, called cards, pulled in opposite directions.
- In the most primitive form spinning is done with a distaff and spindle, where the hand-held spindle is moved in a
circle by wrist movements and after a twist is put into the thread, is wound by hand onto the spindle. This process is
used in one form or another in primitive cultures around the world.
- The spinning wheel improves this process, allowing a foot pedal to create the spin while the hands are free to work
with the material. The foot pedal is attached by a strap to a special spoke sticking out from the center and to the side of
the wheel. When this special spoke is on the downward side of the circle, the foot gives a gentle nudge to the foot
pedal, encouraging the motion. When on the upward side of the circle, the foot releases, allowing the pedal to raise up
so as not to slow the motion of the wheel.
- There is a groove in the wheel that holds a cord, and a similar groove in a tiny wheel on the other end of the Spinning
Wheel. The relatively slow motion of the large wheel thus makes for many turns of the tiny wheel, which is attached to
the bobbin. This bobbin replaces the more primitive spindle. Enough tension is placed on the cord wrapped around the
wheel and thence to the bobbin so that the cord does not readily slip on either the wheel or the bobbin. The knot in the
cord should be as smooth as possible.
- A portion of the clean and straightened fibers are hooked onto the pointed end of the bobbin, and the turning motion
begun. The material is first drawn out gradually to a thin thread while attached to the end of the bobbin. The spinning
wheel now is giving a twist to the thread. The drawing out of the material should occur simultaneously to the twisting,
so that the twist climbs back toward the receeding hand. When the material is twisted to an arm's length, the thread is
allows to wind up along the length of the bobbin, coming back to the tip for the next thinning and twisting action.
During twisting, a slight tension holds the thread back from winding on the bobbin.
- To prevent unraveling and give added strength, the single ply thread is spun in the opposite direction, into a three ply
strand. This is done by running single threads between different fingers of the hand, skipping the twisting step and just
winding onto a large bobbin while turning the wheel in the opposite direction from the direction used to create the
single ply strands. Unraveling is prevented now because all twists are blocked by an opposing twist.
Authored by Nancy. | <urn:uuid:0000c53e-b9dc-4423-ad79-4f06ff914416> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | http://zetatalk.com/shelter/tshlt11j.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103334753.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627134424-20220627164424-00221.warc.gz | en | 0.929508 | 706 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Two U.S. spacecraft are speeding toward Mars for a January landing. Their goal is to determine if the planet ever had the conditions to sustain life. A European spaceship is also on its way for a December touchdown to do similar research. But their safe arrival is not assured. After six-and-a-half month journeys, each craft must go through several highly technical and precise maneuvers to deploy a lander in just the right spot. The record is not good.
If the past is a guide, then the chance of three consecutive safe landings on Mars is poor.
"We call Mars the death planet," notes Colleen Hartman, who directs solar system exploration at the U.S. space agency, NASA.
"So many spacecraft have gone to Mars and somewhere along that long journey, they've failed. Worldwide, there have been 33 launches to Mars, and two-thirds of those have failed," she said.
The most recent losses were in 1999. A U.S. orbiter bypassed Mars because confusion over the use of two different measuring systems, metric and English, caused navigation errors. A NASA lander crashed into the planet because of errors in a computer program that determined its altitude.
NASA's chief of solar system science, Ed Weiler, says only three of nine U.S. and Russian landing attempts have succeeded, the U.S. Pathfinder mission in 1997 and a pair of U.S. Viking flights two decades earlier.
"One for three is a great batting average in baseball, but when these things cost this much, it's not that great for space," he said.
Now that they are off the ground, the U.S. and European spacecraft are crossing 500 million kilometers of space to reach Mars. Between now and January, NASA engineers will command the U.S. vehicles to make several course corrections and change their orientation periodically to ensure their solar energy panels face the sun.
But as Mr. Weiler points out, the voyage is the easy part. The hard part comes at arrival.
"Landing on Mars is tough. I mean, too many things can go wrong, too many moving parts!," he said.
The spacecraft are to arrive at Mars at a speed of more than 19,000 kilometers per hour. NASA engineer Arthur Amador says an intricate series of steps has to occur to deploy their landers and bring them to a halt on the ground within only six minutes.
"That type of deceleration and all of the many critical events that need to occur precisely during those six minutes is one of the things that really adds the most difficulty and risk to landing on Mars," he explained.
First, the landers must separate from their speeding spacecraft above the Martian atmosphere and enter it at exactly an eleven-and-a-half degree angle. This low angle limits heating caused by friction with the atmosphere.
"If it's not exactly right, then we could overheat the vehicle and that would be a problem," emphasized Mr. Amador .
The atmospheric friction will help slow the landers, but parachutes must deploy at 8.5 kilometers above the surface to slow the descent still more. Twenty seconds later, the bottom halves of their heat shields are jettisoned and the top halves unreel a 20-meter tether to lower the landers further.
Seconds before touchdown, gas generators inflate tough airbags five times stronger than steel. Then retrojets fire to stop descent 15 meters above ground. The tethers are cut and the landers fall to the ground on their protective cushions, bouncing and rolling to a halt.
Even if all goes as planned, Ed Weiler stresses the unexpected could interfere. "We can do absolutely everything right and we'd get a gust of wind that exceeds the limits, which ruins the mission," he said. "All it takes is a boulder the wrong size in the wrong place. So that's why I'm glad we have two rovers."
A second one increases the odds that some data is gathered in case the other landing fails.
As intricate as a Mars touchdown is, NASA has succeeded with the same parachute, rocket, and airbag drop before, during the 1997 Pathfinder landing. Arthur Amador says that after the 1999 losses, the space agency added more backup systems and put the craft through more testing and reviews.
"We believe that given our design and our validation program and the margins that we've put into our mission plan, we ought to be okay," he said.
If so, the landers will each release a six-wheeled rover to travel up to one kilometer over three months. They will examine rocks and sample the atmosphere to ascertain the history of Mars' climate and determine if life could have survived there. | <urn:uuid:02065ee2-0555-4ba7-9d3d-67640183038c> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2003-07-10-25-spacecraft-66858482/376192.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948513784.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211164220-20171211184220-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.960241 | 977 | 3.4375 | 3 |
The North American Porcupine (Erithizon dorsatum) is the third largest rodent in the world, with only the Beaver and Capibara being larger. Common in Alaska, Canada and the coniferous forests of the Northern United States, they are rather slow and docile....but with a very effective defense against predators. They are covered with sharp, hollow quills, which are barbed and easily attach to an attacker...and are very difficult to remove.
Although slow moving and very nearsighted, the Porcupine has an incredible memory for it's favorite food source trees.
Here's a close-up of the quills. Folks in the "North Woods" who let their dogs run loose always risk a hefty vet bill to get them removed from the pooch's snout!!! | <urn:uuid:95c82c6b-0885-47c8-99cb-d6fe8787d4c4> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://fieldnotes-steve.blogspot.com/2012/07/north-american-porcupine.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190754.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00271-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965233 | 164 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Anthropogeny is the study of human origins[disambiguation needed]. It is not simply a synonym for human evolution by natural selection, which is only a part of the processes involved in human origins. Many other factors besides biological evolution were involved, ranging over climatic, geographic, ecological, social, and cultural ones. Anthropogenesis, meaning the process or point of becoming human, is also called hominization.
History of usage
The term anthropogeny was first used in the 1839 edition of Hooper's Medical Dictionary and was defined as "the study of the generation of man". The term was popularized by Ernst Heinrich Haeckel (1834–1919), a German naturalist and zoologist, in his groundbreaking books, Natural History of Creation (German: Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschicht) (1868) and The Evolution of Man (German: Anthropogenie) (1874). Haeckel was one of the first biologists to publish on evolution. Haeckel used the term Anthropogeny to refer to the study of comparative embryology and defined it as "the history of the evolution of man". The term changed over time, however, and came to refer to the study of human origins.
The last use of the word anthropogeny in English literature was in 1933 by William K. Gregory. There was a gap in the usage of the term from 1933 to 2008. Anthropogeny was reintroduced in 2008 and is now back in academic use at the Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA) at the University of California, San Diego.
Anthropogeny vs. anthropology
The root anthropos means human, -logia means discourse or study, and -geny means creation or origin. Anthropology, therefore, is quite literally the study of humans, whereas anthropogeny is the study of the origin of humans.
According to Gregory (1933), anthropologists are interested in measuring and quantifying aspects of being human, whereas anthropogenists are interested in "piecing together the broken story of the 'big parade' that nature has staged across the ages".
There is some overlap between anthropology and anthropogeny, as both are interested in the study of humans. The field of anthropology has origins in the natural sciences, humanities, and social sciences. Anthropology is typically divided into four sub-fields: social anthropology or cultural anthropology, biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and archaeology. The field of anthropogeny is also influenced by the natural sciences, humanities, and social sciences, however, given that it is the study of the origin of humans, it is also influenced by fields ranging from anatomy and biomechanics to neurology and genetics.
A comprehensive list of Domains of Scientific Discipline relevant to anthropogeny can be found in the Matrix of Comparative Anthropogeny (MOCA), associated with the Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA).
- Robert Hooper, M.D. (1839) A New Medical Dictionary Containing the Explanation of the Terms in Anatomy, Chemistry, Physiology, Pharmacy, Practice of Physic, Surgery, Materia Medica, Midwifery, and the Various Branches of Natural Philosophy Connected with Medicine. Philadelphia: M. Carey & Son, Benjamin Warner, and Edward Parker. Griggs & Company Printers.
- Ernst Haeckel (1868) The History of Creation. New York: D. Appleton and Company
- Ernst Haeckel (1897) The Evolution of Man: A Popular Exposition of the Principal Points of Human Ontogeny and Phylogeny, Volumes 1 and 2. English Translation. New York: D. Appleton and Company
- Otis T. Mason (1880) "Sketch of North American Anthropology in 1879", The American Naturalist 14(5): 348-356.
- Gregory, William K. (1985). "The New Anthropogeny: Twenty-Five Stages of Vertebrate Evolution From Silurian Chordate to Man". Science 77: 29–40. doi:10.1126/science.77.1985.29.
- Ajit Varki, Daniel Geschwind, and Evan Eichler (2008) Explaining human uniqueness: genome interactions with environment, behaviour and culture. Nature Reviews Genetics 9(10): 749-763. | <urn:uuid:2eb6879c-770d-4f83-bfce-1537fbe3d717> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropogeny | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657121288.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011201-00084-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910199 | 921 | 3.078125 | 3 |
New Defender's Study Bible Notes
22:6 worm. On the cross, the Lord Jesus called himself a “scarlet worm.” This same word refers to the worm from which the Israelites of that day obtained their red dyes and is usually translated “crimson” or “scarlet.” The female worm of this species, when laying her eggs, affixes her body to a wood surface on which she will die after the young are born. The wood, her body, and the young are reddened with the death of the life-giving mother. In a similar image the Lord Jesus made “peace through the blood of His cross” (Colossians 1:20). | <urn:uuid:4b97f101-a7e4-4417-b79a-646194d77d52> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.icr.org/bible/Psalm/22/6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258621.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526025014-20190526051014-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.95826 | 149 | 2.6875 | 3 |
In 1913, a young, acculturated German Jew named Franz Rosenzweig underwent two faith experiences that eventually transformed modern Jewish intellectual life. Rosenzweig was a postdoctoral student in his mid-20s; writing a book on “Hegel and the State”; and committed to the relativism fashionable among his academic peers. On the evening of July 7, however, Rosenzweig had what he would later call his “Leipzig night-conversation” with two close Christian friends, Rudolf Ehrenberg and Eugen Rosenstock, both of whom came from Jewish backgrounds and would go on to become prominent intellectuals. Moved by their blend of intellectual rigor and simple Christian belief, Rosenzweig grasped the emptiness of contemporary intellectual life and turned to faith. Three months later, after a personal crisis that nearly resulted in suicide—he confessed in one of his letters that after the night-conversation, “I . . . took my Browning 6.35 out of my desk drawer”—Rosenzweig was preparing for baptism. Convinced that he should follow in the footsteps of early Christians and accept Christ as a Jew, he attended Yom Kippur services at a small synagogue in Berlin. And there Rosenzweig encountered a faith so vibrant that he decided to recommit himself to Judaism.
He was soon studying Jewish texts and thought with leading scholars. After the outbreak of World War I, while stationed with an anti-aircraft unit on the Balkan front, he wrote parts of the first draft of his magnum opus, The Star of Redemption, on the backs of military postcards to his mother. When he returned, he abandoned his promising academic career to devote himself to Jewish life and education, eventually establishing a center for adult Jewish education in Frankfurt, the famous Lehrhaus. He continued to produce important work—including a Bible translation with Martin Buber—even as he suffered progressive paralysis brought on by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). And while Rosenzweig’s life was tragically cut short (he died at 42), his writings would eventually gain a wide readership among Jews, Christians, and contemporary philosophers. Two faith experiences in 1913, then, led Rosenzweig from academic relativism to religious faith and ultimately back to Jewish life, and thereby provided modern Judaism with one its most influential—and personally inspiring—thinkers.
The first scholar to tell the story I’ve just recounted seems to have been Nahum Glatzer, who had studied with Rosenzweig at the Lehrhaus and later introduced his writings to American readers in a 1952 essay and 1953 hagiographical anthology assigned and read by generations of teachers and students. In the six decades since then, the story has received nearly universal acceptance. It’s a tale about modernity’s limits: a promising scholar committed to fashionable relativism discovers an anchor in religious faith. It’s also a story about Jewish identity: a brilliant philosopher who has all but embraced Christianity returns to Judaism. It’s a story laden with personal drama: Rosenzweig contemplates suicide after that “Leipzig night-conversation” (and would eventually conduct a love affair with Rosenstock’s wife, though Glatzer certainly never mentioned that). Finally, it’s a story about religious experience: Encounters with believing friends, as well as with communal prayer, redirect the life of an individual and, along with him, the course of modern Jewish thought. No wonder, then, that this tale has achieved such popularity, becoming a staple of High Holiday sermons and Jewish studies lectures (including, I should admit, my own). Nevertheless, Benjamin Pollock shows in his excellent new book, Franz Rosenzweig’s Conversions: World Denial and World Redemption, that there are at least two problems with this widely accepted and frequently repeated narrative: It’s historically false and philosophically pernicious.
Pollock does not deny that something important took place on July 7, 1913 (and during the following months) that eventually led Rosenzweig to commit himself to Judaism. But Pollock dismantles the central aspects of this cherished narrative. It isn’t the case that the events of 1913 involved abandoning relativism for faith; by the time of the night-conversation, we learn, Rosenzweig already believed in a God who reveals Himself. What Rosenzweig came to embrace in 1913 was not religion but the world, and what led him to do so was not faith experience but rigorous reflection.
Prior to the July 7 conversation, Pollock shows, Rosenzweig was already committed to a form of faith so extreme that it involved “a denial of the spiritual status of the world.” By 1913, he had come to believe that worldly life is opposed to the pursuit of salvation—that the world is something from which God frees us, rather than something God created. On this view, realizing our spiritual potential (and safeguarding God from perils such as idolatry) involves removing ourselves from worldly affairs.
Rosenzweig came to flirt, that is, with a position that he would later describe as Marcionism. Marcion was a 2nd-century Christian thinker—sometimes described as a Gnostic—who held that the world was created not by a benevolent deity but rather by a lesser, evil divinity and who saw faith in Christ as a means of allowing individuals to escape this world and enter the true Kingdom of God. Indeed, Pollock shows, so radical was Rosenzweig’s neo-Marcionite denial of the world that his writings prior to the night-conversation experiment with the notion of dying for God and with the idea of suicide as a spiritual obligation.
What could possibly have attracted a young, philosophically inclined German Jew to such world denial? Part of the answer is historical: Many of Rosenzweig’s contemporaries were captivated by Marcion. Part of the answer, though, is conceptual. For close to a decade, Pollock shows, Rosenzweig had been plagued by perplexity about the relation between self and world. In particular, he found himself experiencing an ongoing “oscillation between world and self,” between a conviction that the individual self should embrace the world and historical era he inhabits and a posture that Pollock describes as a form of “subjectivism.” While some of the young Rosenzweig’s writings cast the world as a source of value or truth that the individual self can and should embrace, others experiment with the idea that the self creates value and truth—while nevertheless worrying over the validity of such subjective creations. In the years leading up to the night-conversation, then, Rosenzweig was trying to understand how the individual could be both grounded in and distinct from the world.
This perplexity regarding self and world may have made Marcionite world denial appear quite tempting, or at least plausible. If we struggle to make sense of the relationship between our selfhood and our worldly surroundings, and if we find ourselves increasingly convinced that those surroundings offer little in the way of objective values or truth, then it is perhaps not too much of a stretch to consider the possibility that this world was not, in fact, created by the true God and that our fundamental spiritual task is to separate ourselves from it.
If Rosenzweig did not convert to a position of faith during the night-conversation, what did happen? It was, Pollock writes, “a conversion to the world.” Forced by his friend Rosenstock to take seriously the idea that Christian life involves “world-activity”—that Christianity involves building a Kingdom of God on Earth—Rosenzweig came to see that the opposition between self and world can be overcome through history. If Christians are called to build a Kingdom of God in this world through loving deeds, then it need no longer be seen as hostile to an individual’s relationship with the divine. Rosenzweig’s night-conversation with his friends moved him to a belief that the world is created by God and, therefore, the site of the redemption which divine revelation charges us to seek. “What it means that God created the world and [is] not just the God of revelation,” Rosenzweig wrote in his wartime notes, “this I know precisely out of the Leipzig night-conversation of 7.7.13. At that time, I was on the best road to Marcionitism.” In fact, convinced that Christianity transforms the world through redemptive love, Rosenzweig decided to convert.
Why, then, did he recommit himself to Judaism just a few months later? Pollock does not rule out the possibility that a Yom Kippur experience played some role, although he notes that Rosenzweig never mentioned it and that the key evidence for such an event seems to be Glatzer’s description of a report by Rosenzweig’s mother. Nevertheless, Pollock argues, the decisive factor was further theological reflection by Rosenzweig. Christianity may be charged with realizing the Kingdom of God on Earth through acts of love, but it is forever in danger of leaving this task aside since its savior has already come. It is this peril, Rosenzweig insisted, that the Jewish people combats. As a group chosen by the Creator to play a role in redemption, the Jewish people reminds Christians that creation is inextricably linked to salvation—that the Kingdom of God is realized by acting in the world, rather than by escaping from it. Moreover, as a group whose liturgy and practices point toward a future redemption, Jews remind Christians that the world remains unredeemed. For Rosenzweig, then, the continued existence of the Jewish people is necessary.
This is why, Pollock argues, Rosenzweig returned to Judaism. Christians may be tasked with actively redeeming the world, but they will do so only if Jews remain Jews, reminding Christians that creation and salvation are linked, that redemption has yet to occur, and that worldly acts of redemptive love therefore remain necessary. We might say, then, that Rosenzweig returned to Judaism so that Christians would remember to save the world. His decision was the logical conclusion of a coherent line of thought emerging from the night-conversation: “In this very moment of rejecting Gnostic world-denial,” Pollock writes, “Rosenzweig already had to become committed to a historical account of the reconciliation of self and world in which Judaism and Christianity play necessary and mutually supportive roles.”
It should be clear by now just how problematic the accepted narrative regarding Rosenzweig is. What occurred in 1913 revolved around self and world rather than relativism and faith, and the decisive factor was rigorous reflection rather than faith experience. Pollock goes further, however, and suggests that this story is not only false but also misleading. Assuming that Rosenzweig underwent a series of faith experiences that directed him away from nihilistic relativism and academic philosophy, readers have turned to The Star of Redemption unprepared for its maddeningly obscure philosophical terminology and opaque reasoning. By contrast, Pollock suggests, his new biographical account illuminates Rosenzweig’s philosophical development. The Star is, in part, Rosenzweig’s presentation of a metaphysical alternative to the Marcionite world denial he gave up during that summer evening in Leipzig.
In the Star, Rosenzweig attempts to show how selfhood and worldliness are reconciled through the realization of the Kingdom of God, how Christianity and Judaism play complementary but distinct roles in this historical process, and how all of this results in the redemption of the world—and, surprisingly, of God—through the emergence of a universal community united in recognition of the deity.
Pollock’s account is genuinely new, insightful, and persuasive. The breadth of his sources—from little-known letters of Rosenzweig himself to an odd 1897 novel called The Miracles of the Antichrist by Selma Lagerlöf—and the depth in which he has read them is striking. Moreover, Pollock links Rosenzweig’s philosophy and biography without reducing one to the other. Indeed, the value of this analysis becomes clear as soon as we turn to the opening pages of the Star, which was published eight years after the night-conversation.
Although it is notoriously difficult to summarize this book, we can say, at the very least, that it provides an account of three types of entities that we encounter—God, man, and world—and three types of relations between those entities: creation, revelation, and redemption. (These are the six points of the famous star in Rosenzweig’s title.) In lines that have tantalized and haunted generations of readers, Rosenzweig opens the Star by claiming that the path to achieving knowledge of these beings and relations, and to moving toward redemption, begins once we take seriously our fear of death:
From death, it is from the fear of death that all cognition of the All begins. Philosophy has the audacity to cast off the fear of the earthly, to remove from death its poisonous sting, from Hades his pestilential breath. All that is mortal lives in this fear of death; every new birth multiplies the fear for a new reason, for it multiplies that which is mortal . . . That man may crawl like a worm into the folds of the naked earth before the whizzing projectiles of blind, pitiless death, or that there he may feel as violently inevitable that which he never feels otherwise: his I would be only an It if it were to die…Upon all this misery, philosophy smiles its empty smile and, with its outstretched index finger, shows the creature, whose limbs are trembling in fear for its life in this world, a world beyond, of which it wants to know nothing at all…But the earth wants him back…Man should not cast aside from him the fear of the earthly; in his fear of death he should—stay. He should stay.
Pollock’s narrative regarding Marcionism and world denial allows him to offer a fresh perspective on this famous passage—and, in fact, on the Star as a whole.
What does Rosenzweig mean when he says that I learn from death that “I would be only an It if it were to die”? I experience myself as an “I” who will become an “It,” as a being who will lose something when I succumb to the fate—death—that befalls all those around me. I therefore find myself perplexed, for I experience myself as a being who is not reducible to, but who nevertheless is inextricably bound up with, my surroundings: I experience myself as an “I,” as an irreplaceable and singular self different from the world, but also as an “It,” as just another object in the world doomed to the same fate as all other objects. According to Pollock, then, the Star suggests that contemplating death puts us face to face with a version of the perplexity that had once led Rosenzweig to flirt with Marcionism. Just as Rosenzweig had experimented with Marcionism in the wake of long-standing worries about the relation between the self and the world, so too does he begin the Star by suggesting that our fear of death leaves us uncertain about how to understand our status as beings distinct from, yet rooted in, the world we inhabit.
According to the quoted passage, one widespread response to the fear of death is to ascribe value exclusively to “a world beyond” and thereby “cast aside from him the fear of the earthly,” showing that the world possesses no great value and, by extension, that departing it constitutes no great tragedy. We might engage, that is, in precisely the type of world denial that Rosenzweig had associated with Marcionism. But this response, the Star suggests, is profoundly misguided, for it fails to recognize that the individual “wants to know nothing at all” of a world other than this one. On the contrary, the proper response to death and the perplexity it provokes is to “stay”—to remain involved in, and seek to redemptively transform, the world we inhabit. According to Pollock, the Star’s introductory remarks “announce Marcionism as the basic problem with which the book as a whole is concerned.” The Star turns out to be an attempt to avoid the perils of world denial and develop a vision of world redemption.
There are many other key passages in the Star that Pollock reframes in similarly illuminating ways. I believe, however, that his study has even more far-reaching implications for our approach to Rosenzweig. Pollock writes:
[V]iewing [Rosenzweig’s] personal and intellectual development through the lens of faith experience has had a deleterious impact on how scholars have come to understand the relationship between Rosenzweig’s personal development and his mature thought. Once one has claimed . . . that Rosenzweig’s ultimate decision to remain a Jew could not have come from thinking . . . it becomes too easy to reduce the metaphysical account of redemption that Rosenzweig developed on the way to this decision—in which Judaism and Christianity play complementary roles in the realization of the Kingdom of God on earth through history—to a post facto apology for these particular faith experiences rather than to take it up as a metaphysical position worthy
of serious consideration.
Pollock forces us to recognize that Rosenzweig’s philosophy is rooted in careful reflection, not inaccessible faith experiences, and thus requires serious engagement. What would it mean to accept Pollock’s challenge to take Rosenzweig’s work “as a metaphysical position worthy of serious consideration”?
Here I will go beyond Pollock’s discussion. What, precisely, should redemptive world-activity look like? As Pollock notes, two of the examples Rosenzweig offers when discussing Christianity are missionizing activity and political imperialism: The former creates an ever-broader community of believers, while the latter facilitates the emergence of an ever-more united humanity that will allow this community to become universal. But must redemptive world-activity take these forms? What about, say, efforts to combat climate change, which are often presented as safeguarding God’s creation? Would such efforts to lovingly engage the world while also directing attention to the divine count as Rosenzweigian redemptive activity? Moreover, how are we to ensure that world-activity, however well intentioned, remains sufficiently humble? How do we keep redemptive love from degenerating into intolerance and violence against those who are not (yet) members of the community of believers?
Consider, as well, Rosenzweig’s account of how the Jewish people ensures that Christians remain focused on the redemption of the world. As Pollock notes, Rosenzweig takes this task to place Jews, in a sense, “outside history.” Through practices such as a recurring cycle of holidays, Jews become a collective united before God and in so doing foreshadow the universal community of believers emerging from redemption. Jews thereby anticipate, or experience hints of, that redemption and are thus directed away from the world-activity within history that they call on Christianity to pursue and toward their own Jewish communal life—toward practices that already provide a taste of redemption.
What consequences would follow if we were to take seriously this claim that Jews should remain outside history for the sake of anticipating redemption? The Star characterizes the Jewish anticipation of redemption as an experience of eternity in time and famously renounces territorial statehood. In part, this is a suggestion that Jews imagine their communal life, with its liturgical cycle and rituals, as persisting endlessly into the future, and in so doing experience this communal life as a kind of eternity, a form of life that will continue for all time. But if this is so, the Star’s argument runs (in part), Jewish life cannot take the form of a territorial nation-state, since such states constantly find themselves engaged in wars and therefore cannot plausibly expect to endure. What are we to make of this? Have Rosenzweig’s views been overtaken by the historical events of the 20th century, in particular the founding of the State of Israel? Or is his perspective important precisely because it stands in tension with contemporary politics? Does his thought offer a valuable reminder of the perils of statehood?
I don’t pretend to have answers to such questions. One of the virtues of Benjamin Pollock’s study, however, is that it should push us to Rosenzweig’s thought in all of its complexity. His conversion from world denial to world redemption poses as many challenges as solutions, and these challenges should elicit from us some approximation of the same intellectual seriousness that transformed a young German Jew on a July evening a little more than a century ago.
In a new exhibit at the Met curators Barbara Drake Boehm and Melanie Holcomb wear their liberal hearts on their sleeves, imagining that Jerusalem's crowds might yet be resurrected as a convivial medieval pluralism.
Schoenberg’s challenging opera is re-staged in 21st-century Europe.
The long, brutal winters and meaty cuisine of Eastern Europe don’t immediately make one think of garden-fresh vegetarian recipes.
In 1958, David Ben-Gurion sent a letter to fifty Jewish leaders around the world, asking, "Who is a Jew?" He had good political reasons to launch such an inquiry, and equally good reasons to expect answers or attempts at answers. Isaiah Berlin wrote back, and so did the Jewish scholar Alexander Altmann, the novelist S.Y. Agnon, and the Lubavitcher Rebbe, as well as many others. But Abba Hillel Silver, the prominent Reform rabbi and American Zionist leader who had represented the Jewish Agency before the United Nations a decade earlier, did not respond to Ben-Gurion's missive—not directly, anyhow. | <urn:uuid:e81b0c94-2db6-4afa-8d04-458f1013696f> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://jewishreviewofbooks.com/articles/2046/saving-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988763.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506205251-20210506235251-00220.warc.gz | en | 0.966119 | 4,678 | 2.78125 | 3 |
As breed lines go, the Devon Rex is still in the toddler phase. The story of the breed began in 1950 in Cornwall, UK, where a rex coated kitten was found amongst the litter of a tortoiseshell queen and a wild tom. After a check with her veterinarian, Nina Ennismore bred the male cat back to its mother to produce more rexed kittens. The kitten was christened Kallibunker, and after some experimentation with breeding for more of his type with other breeds, was found to be carrying a simple recessive gene for rexed hair, so that the characteristic only showed up in second generations, and only when offspring were bred back to the curly haired carrier of the gene.
Ten years later and 60 miles up the road in Devon, a cat fancier named Beryl Cox chanced upon a curly haired kitten when a feral tortoiseshell in her keep gave birth to a litter of kittens. The father was assumed to be a curly locked wild tom that had been seen living in a tin mine nearby, but he was never found. Ms. Cox kept the curled kitten, named it Kirlee, and domesticated it, and the story may have ended there, had she not chanced upon a news article about a curly coated kitten that had been born in Cornwall. It was the last rexed kitten left in the UK, and the Cornwall breeders were anxious to find a way to produce more of its kind.
Ms. Cox shared her story with the breeders in Cornwall, and agreed to sell her beloved Kirlee to them, for the good of growing the breed. Again, the story may have ended there, when the breeders found that the two curly haired cats did not produce more of their kind when mated -- only straight haired kittens resulted. Had they given up there, they may not have discovered that the two cats did not share the same curly haired genotype, and we would not have the Devon Rex today. But, one of the breeders bred one of the straight haired offspring back to her father, Kirlee, and half of the litter was born with rexed hair. This finding resulted in the first, the Cornwall cat, being dubbed the Gene 1 Rex, and the other, from Devon, the Gene 2 Rex.
The two separate, albeit similar, breeds were shown under the same classification from 1967 until 1984, where after much wrangling within the cat fancy, the Devon was given its own affiliation as the Devon Rex. (http://www.petmd.com/cat/breeds/c_ct_devon_rex) | <urn:uuid:df22e619-d225-4e75-b48e-e597c1f80064> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.tx-elfkatz.com/History.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511351.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004020329-20231004050329-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.974191 | 541 | 2.65625 | 3 |
PPPL June 13, 2017
For fusion to generate substantial energy, the ultra-hot plasma that fuels fusion reactions must remain stable and kept from cooling. Researchers have recently shown lithium, a soft, silver-white metal, to be effective in both respects during path-setting U.S.-Chinese experiments on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) in Hefei, China. Leading the U.S. collaboration is the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), together with co-principal investigators Los Alamos and Oak Ridge National Laboratories, with Johns Hopkins University, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the University of Tennessee-Knoxville, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Scientists from General Atomics also participate via a separate grant.
Seven U.S. researchers traveled to EAST in December, 2016, to participate in the experiments. They deployed lithium in the Chinese tokamak in three different ways: through a lithium powder injector, a lithium granule injector, and a flowing liquid lithium limiter (FLiLi) that delivered the element in liquid form to the edge of EAST plasmas.
The research showed excellent progress in all three areas. The form of the experiments and their results included:
The DOE Office of Science (FES) supported U.S. collaboration on these experiments on EAST, which is hosted at the Institute for Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The experiments were enabled by strong collaboration between the U.S. participants and Chinese colleagues, in particular Professors J.S. Hu, S. Zhen, and G. Zuo. The Chinese participants were supported by the National Magnetic Fusion Science Program, the National Nature Science Foundation, and the A3 Foresight Program in the field of Plasma Physics.
For further information, contact lead physicist Rajesh Maingi, [email protected] (link sends e-mail).
PPPL, on Princeton University’s Forrestal Campus in Plainsboro, N.J., is devoted to creating new knowledge about the physics of plasmas — a form of matter composed of atoms and charged atomic particles — and to developing practical solutions for the creation of fusion energy. The Laboratory is managed by the University for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science, which is the largest single supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. | <urn:uuid:f0904c2f-a657-449d-b654-61cd17d8e8e5> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://fusion4freedom.com/u-s-china-collaboration-makes-excellent-start-optimizing-lithium-control-fusion-plasmas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337480.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004054641-20221004084641-00583.warc.gz | en | 0.913662 | 532 | 2.8125 | 3 |
It can help you de-stress and sleep better, keep your brain sharp and make your body physically stronger. But a slew of news reports, articles and studies have questioned whether strenuous forms of exercise like running can actually make you look older.
Enter “runner’s face.”
Runner’s face is the theory that the repeated bouncing or pulling of the face that happens during running can lead to a gaunt or thin facial appearance, explained Dr. Melissa Kanchanapoomi Levin, a board-certified dermatologist and founder of Entière Dermatology in New York City. A lack of fullness in the face is often associated with aging, and plastic surgeons have long advertised runner’s face as something that can be “fixed” or “treated” with cosmetic procedures like botox and fillers.
The idea that running can make a person’s face appear older is a little confusing, especially given that experts have suggested it may actually help improve skin. We spoke to dermatologists to get to the bottom of it, once and for all.
Where did the idea of “runner’s face” come from anyway?
The whole idea of runner’s face appears to be the result of some fairly dated research, according to Dr. Rachel Nazarian of Schweiger Dermatology Group in New York City. She said that older studies published in medical journals claimed extremely intense exercise can cause detrimental effects on the skin because of increased free radical production or oxidative stress.
As Nazarian noted, your body produces free radicals when it’s under pressure or strain. To combat the effects of those free radicals, your body employs antioxidants, either those produced inside your body or consumed as part of your diet. Oxidative stress is defined as “a disturbance in the balance between the production of [free radicals] and antioxidant defenses,” according to research published in the journal Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental.
“When you cause any type of free radical damage or oxidative stress on the skin, it does cause signs that we [attribute] to signs of aging, such as the breakdown of collagen and elastin, which can lead to sagging,” Nazarian said. “That is sort of the scientifically backed theory on how it could potentially lead to [runner’s face].”
A lot of people, Nazarian said, will be able to combat the potential damage from excess free radicals with a balanced diet high in antioxidants, including plenty of leafy greens and fruits. Topical antioxidants, such as vitamin C serums, are also beneficial for the skin in conjunction with a good diet, she added.
The sun and air pollution are definitely something to consider.
While oxidative stress can result from high-intensity workouts, it can also come from pollution in the air, Nazarian explained. In that sense, runners who run outdoors may face a sort of double whammy of oxidative stress.
In fact, Kanchanapoomi Levin told HuffPost that dermatologists associate signs of aging in the skin of frequent runners with “other more likely causes, rather than the bouncing from your sneakers hitting the pavement or treadmill.” Those more likely causes include sun damage or volume loss in the face due to weight loss.
“Overexposure to the sun’s damaging radiation can lead to uneven pigmentation, thickened skin, wrinkles, loss of volume, pre-skin cancer and skin cancer, so it’s important to protect your skin with good sun protection and exercise in moderation,” she said.
If you spend a lot of time running outdoors, make sure you always, always, always wear sunscreen and protective clothing to shield yourself from the sun’s rays.
But that up-and-down movement is nothing to stress about.
In simple terms, Kanchanapoomi Levin stated, there is “no such thing as runner’s face.”
Nazarian agreed. “This up-and-down movement from running is not going to cause you to age faster,” she said, noting that she wouldn’t “attribute the idea of runner’s face to the motion in the skin.”
“What we’re looking at is on a much smaller, microscopic level and what’s happening with the cells,” she said.
Both dermatologists noted that exercise is an important part of a healthy lifestyle and can actually have plenty of positive effects on the skin.
For one thing, exercising ― particularly cardio ― increases your circulation and “delivers a greater amount of oxygen and nutrients to your skin, which helps repair the skin and increase collagen production,” Kanchanapoomi Levin said. This enhanced blood flow can help with cell regeneration and the removal of toxins.
The sweat your body releases during a good workout can also be good for the skin, Kanchanapoomi Levin said. Perspiration “is part of our body’s natural method of removing waste” and its byproducts, like urea and ammonia, she noted.
“Sweating also activates the production of sebum, a natural lipid-based oil that is secreted from the sebaceous glands. Both urea and sebum can soften and moisturize the skin and in fact, urea is an ingredient added to many skin care moisturizers and products to enhance hydration of the skin,” she said.
There are also studies that show sweat can protect us against bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli, Kanchanapoomi Levin said.
You still need to wash the sweat off your face, though, as “sweat mixed with dirt, makeup and pollution can accumulate and then clog pores, triggering or worsening acne or folliculitis on the body,” she added.
Finally, exercise can lead to a decrease in the level of the stress hormone cortisol in your body, Kanchanapoomi Levin said. “This can be beneficial for many chronic skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis and acne.”
The key, as with many things, is moderation.
Nazarian agreed that in the medical world, there are reports and studies that seem to conflict. Older reports claim too much running or exercise may cause skin aging, while other evidence suggests exercise can make skin look younger.
But the findings do align, she said.
“The thought now is that [running and exercise] do have some benefit for skin, but if you’re going to really play it safe, maybe you don’t want to push yourself so much to the point that you’re unable to keep up to the demand,” Nazarian said.
“It’s just like saying a little bit of wine is good for you, a lot of wine is bad for you. We’re learning more and more that everything needs to be in moderation. I find that with exercise, it kind of fits into that same pattern,” she said. “You want to push yourself a little bit, you want to feel like your heart rate is going up, you want to put some effort into it, and when you do that, you trigger enough helpful pathways in the body.
“But if you push yourself too much, all the time, your body may actually kind of take it to a different direction, and it can’t keep up, and you build up a lot of the negative cells, and you’re not repairing as much as you would had you just taken it down a notch.”
Nazarian and Kanchanapoomi Levin agreed it’s all about finding a happy medium, which they said typically means increasing your heart rate to about 40 to 60 percent of your maximum heart rate three to five times a week.
“Everyone should be exercising, because not only is that helping the inside of their body and keeping their heart [and] tissue healthier, you are going to trigger more of the anti-aging pathways than not,” Nazarian said. | <urn:uuid:e00fb1fd-576e-4df4-9286-84b0d51b781f> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.huffpost.com/entry/is-runners-face-real_n_5bdb01e9e4b01abe6a1bce38 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578517682.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418141430-20190418163430-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.957813 | 1,696 | 2.875 | 3 |
This week, China’s Zhurong rover landed on Mars. It happened three months after the American Perseverance rover landed on the Red Planet.
Both China and the United States are conducting separate exploration missions in what amounts to a modern-day space race. And that opens the door to many ethical questions about human settlements beyond Earth.
“Here on Earth … we’ve definitely had a lot of problems,” Mann told Texas Standard. “Do we take some of the lessons that we have perhaps learned, or not learned here, and try to apply them to places where there’s definitely not humans and where there might not even be living creatures at all?”
He wonders whether ethics would work the same way on Mars as they do on Earth.
“We have this general mindset that if you see something and nobody else has it, then it’s yours and you should be able to do whatever you want with it,” he said. “But Mars is a place that has existed independent of us for four billion years. It’s got beautiful features, and we might want to consider, at the very least, not just sort of marching in and spreading all of our trash there and start destroying things.”
He says ethics could help guide future Mars exploration. For one thing, an ethical mindset might include changing the way we talk about space exploration – rethinking the idea of “colonization,” for example, given the damage it’s done to society on Earth.
Mann also says the 50-year-old Outer Space Treaty could also help provide a framework for Mars exploration.
“[It] specifically prohibits appropriating land on any celestial bodies,” he said. “That means the Moon or Mars or asteroids or basically anywhere else in the solar system.”
But without ownership, Mann also wonders who would be responsible for keeping things in order on settlements. If no one is in charge, does that mean everyone is in charge? He argues thinking about these issues ahead of time could help make any settling on Mars a more thoughtful process compared to other recent space endeavors.
“I wanted to bring up these issues in my article,” he said. “When you look at literally the very first place that we have gone to in space, which is the area just around our planet, we fairly quickly turned it into a bit of a junkyard.” | <urn:uuid:1dcd44aa-b330-4e5e-b8da-87332b9dc17b> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/a-constellation-of-questions-the-ethics-of-exploring-mars-and-beyond/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057417.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923074537-20210923104537-00318.warc.gz | en | 0.959509 | 512 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Background to the schools Wikipedia
Arranging a Wikipedia selection for schools in the developing world without internet was an initiative by SOS Children. SOS Children is the world's largest charity giving orphaned and abandoned children the chance of family life.
A pond is a body of standing water, either natural or man-made, that is usually smaller than a lake. They may arise naturally in floodplains as part of a river system, or they may be somewhat isolated depressions (examples include vernal pools and prairie potholes). Usually they contain shallow water with marsh and aquatic plants and animals. A few animals also make ponds, including both alligators and beavers. The type of life in a pond is generally determined by a combination of factors including water level regime (particularly depth and duration of flooding) and nutrient levels, but other factors may also be important, including presence or absence of shading by trees, presence or absence of streams, effects of grazing animals, and salinity.
Humans also make ponds. A wide variety of man-made bodies of water are classified as ponds. Some ponds are created specifically for habitat restoration, including water treatment. Others, like water gardens, water features and koi ponds are designed for aesthetic ornamentation as landscape or architectural features. Fish ponds are designed for commercial fish breeding, and solar ponds designed to store thermal energy.
Standing bodies of water such as puddles, ponds, and lakes are often categorized separately from flowing water courses, such as a brook, creek, stream or river.
The technical distinction between a pond and a lake has not been universally standardized. Limnologists and freshwater biologists have proposed formal definitions for pond, in part to include 'bodies of water where light penetrates to the bottom of the waterbody,' 'bodies of water shallow enough for rooted water plants to grow throughout,' and 'bodies of water which lack wave action on the shoreline.' Each of these definitions has met with resistance or disapproval, as the defining characteristics are each difficult to measure or verify. Accordingly, some organizations and researchers have settled on technical definitions of pond and lake which rely on size alone.
Even among organizations and researchers who distinguish lakes from ponds by size alone, there is no universally recognised standard for the maximum size of a pond. The international Ramsar wetland convention sets the upper limit for pond size as 8 hectares (19.768 acres), but biologists have not universally adopted this convention. Researchers for the British charity Pond Conservation have defined a pond to be 'a man-made or natural waterbody which is between 1 m2 and 20,000 m2 in area (2 ha or ~5 acres), which holds water for four months of the year or more.' Other European biologists have set the upper size limit at 5 ha (12.355 acres).
In practice, a body of water is called a pond or a lake on an individual basis, as conventions change from place to place and over time. In North America, even larger bodies of water have been called ponds; for example, Walden Pond in Concord, Massachusetts measures 61 acres (~25 ha), nearby Spot Pond is 340 acres (140 ha), while in between is Crystal Lake at 33 acres (13 ha). There are numerous examples in other states of bodies of water less than 10 acres (4.0 ha) being called lakes. As the case with Crystal Lake shows, marketing purposes may be the driving factor behind some names.
Ponds can result from a wide range of natural processes. Any depression in the ground which collects and retains a sufficient amount of precipitation can be considered a pond, and such depressions can be formed by a variety of geological and ecological events. Rivers often leave behind ponds in natural flood plains after spring flooding, and these can be very important to breeding fish, particularly in large river systems like the Amazon. Retreating glaciers can leave behind landscapes filled with small depressions, each developing its own pond; an example is the Prairie Pothole Region of North America. Many areas of landscape contain small depressions which form temporary ponds after spring snow melt, or during rainy seasons; these are called vernal ponds, and may be important sites for amphibian breeding. Some ponds are created by animals. Beaver ponds are the best known example, but alligators also excavate ponds as well. In landscapes with organic soils, fires can also create depressions during periods of drought; these become open water when normal water levels return.
One of the most important features of ponds is the presence of standing water, which provides habitat for wetland plants and animals. Familiar examples might include water-lilies, frogs, turtles and herons. Often, the entire margin of the pond is fringed by wetland, and these wetlands support the aquatic food web, provide shelter for wildlife, and stabilize the shore of the pond. Some grazing animals like geese and muskrats consume the wetland plants directly as a source of food. In many other cases, however, the pond plants fall into the water and decay. A large number of invertebrates then feed on the decaying plants, and these invertebrates provide food for wetland species including fish, dragonflies and herons. The open water may allow algae to grow, and these algae may support yet another food web that includes aquatic insects and minnows. A pond, therefore, may have combinations of three different food webs, one based on larger plants, one based upon decayed plants, and one based upon algae. Hence, ponds often have a large number of different animal species using the wide array of food sources. They therefore provide an important source of biological diversity in landscapes.
Vernal ponds are ponds which dry up for part of the year. Naturally occurring vernal ponds do not usually have fish. They are called vernal ponds because they are typically at their peak depth in the spring ("vernal" means to do with the spring). The absence of fish is a very important characteristic, since it provide amphibians with breeding locations free from predation by fish. Hence, introducing fish to a pond can have serious detrimental consequences. In some parts of the world, such as California, the vernal ponds have rare and endangered plant species. On the coastal plain, they provide habitat for endangered frogs such as the Mississippi Gopher Frog.
Conservation and management
Ponds, being small, are easily disrupted by human activity. Some principles threats to ponds include the following. Drainage of ponds is a frequent problem in agricultural areas, such as in the prairie potholes of North America. Although ponds are a useful source of water for cattle, overgrazing and wading can turn a pond into a muddy hole. Nutrient sources such as pastures, human sewage, and even lawn fertilizer can cause explosive growth of algae, and the loss of rooted plants and many other aquatic species. Roads near ponds can kill large numbers of amphibians and turtles that may migrate to and from the pond as part of their annual breeding cycle. Many well-intentioned people introduce fish to ponds, being unaware that some species of fish eat aquatic plants, stir up sediment and eat the young of amphibians. The gentle slope of land into ponds also provides an expanse of habitat for wetland plants and wet meadows. The construction of retaining walls, or lawns, can severely degrade the life in a pond.
In some landscapes, ponds are artificially constructed, perhaps to provide wildlife viewing opportunities, or to treat wastewater, or as part of a golf course. The design of a ponds determine how productive it will be for wildlife. In general, gently sloping shorelines with broad expanses of wetland plants not only provide the best conditions for wildlife, but they help protect water quality from sources in the surrounding landscapes. It is also beneficial to allow water levels to fall each year during drier periods. Roads and houses should be kept as far away as possible.
Another important way to add ponds back into landscapes is to restore rivers so that they can flood and meander to create large numbers of natural ponds, including vernal pools and wetlands, in river valleys.
In origin, pond is a variant form of the word pound, meaning a confining enclosure. As straying cattle are enclosed in a pound so water is enclosed in a pond. In earlier times, ponds were man-made and utilitarian; as stew ponds, mill ponds and so on. The significance of this feature seems, in some cases, to have been lost when the word was carried abroad with emigrants. In the United States, natural pools are often called ponds. Ponds for a specific purpose keep the adjective, such as "stock pond", used for watering livestock.
Pond usually implies a quite small body of water, generally smaller than one would require a boat to cross. Another definition is that a pond is a body of water where even its deepest areas are reached by sunlight or where a human can walk across the entire body of water without being submerged. In some dialects of English, pond normally refers to small artificially created bodies of water.
Some regions of the United States define a pond as a body of water with a surface area of less than 10 acres (40,000 m²). Minnesota, known as the 'land of 10,000 lakes' is commonly said to distinguish lakes from ponds, bogs and other water features by this definition, but also says that a lake is distinguished primarily by wave action reaching the shore.
The term is also used for temporary accumulation of water from surface runoff (ponded water).
There are various regional names for naturally occurring ponds. In Scotland, one of the terms is lochan, which may also apply to a large body of water such as a lake. In North American prairies, they may be termed playas. Rather than worrying too much about how big it needs to be, or what it is called, the point seems to be that all ponds share a common feature—shallow water and associated plants and animals.
Globally, the most important service provided by a pond, at many scales, is the production of fish and other wildlife. These are often also a source of food for humans, as well as an important source of recreation. At the same time, these ponds help maintain water quality by recycling nutrients.
In the Indian subcontinent, Hindu temples usually have a pond nearby so that pilgrims can take baths. These ponds are considered sacred.
In medieval times in Europe, it was typical for many monastery and castles (small, partly self-sufficient communities) to have fish ponds. These are still common in Europe and in East Asia (notably Japan), where koi may be kept.
In agriculture, treatment ponds may reduce nutrients released downstream from the pond. They may also provide irrigation reservoirs at times of drought.
Tobha is Punjabi name for village pond. Every village in Punjab (India) essentially has a pond, into which the drainage of village is forced. Buffalos and other village animals take bath in village pond during summers. Tobha also provide recreation for village people, where children also learn to swim and play.
Thousands of examples worldwide are available to illustrate the pond; a few of these are: | <urn:uuid:db7cdd8d-46ef-4cbd-b406-1a41bc4f24fd> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/p/Pond.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721268.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00540-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959711 | 2,292 | 3.40625 | 3 |
It is no secret that meditation can reduce stress, pain, depression, and more.
It is also no secret that meditation also can make changes to our brain!
These changes include:
- Enlarges the prefrontal cortex. This area of the brain is responsible for rational decision-making. Studies have shown that meditation increases grey matter (brain cells) in this region.
- Shrinks the amygdala. The amygdala is a key brain structure known as the emotional or fear center of the brain. Smaller amygdalae found in more mindful people are associated with greater emotional control.
- Thickens the hippocampus. This hippocampus is key for learning and memory. Just a few weeks of mindfulness meditation practice increased the size of this brain region.
- Increases overall grey matter. Grey matter, brain cell bodies important for processing power and linked to intelligence, seem to increase with meditation training.
- Enhances high-amplitude gamma brainwave activity. High-frequency gamma waves correlate with states of heightened awareness and bliss. Long-term meditators have been shown to have more gamma wave activity both before and during meditation.
But what if meditation didn’t do these things?
I would still recommend meditation.
The more we train in meditation, the more degrees of freedom we have! How many of us act reflexively and impulsively, rather than mindfully and considerately?
Ding! A text message. What follows next is the urge to check our phone immediately; despite the fact, our leader, co-worker, client, spouse, or child is talking to us about something important. Even if we don’t pull out our phone to check it, our attention has been ripped away from that moment.
Meditation reminds us of what is most important. It helps us break free of our mini-me, our self-centeredness, and be mindful of others.
Compare meditation to the ability to read. The difference in the quality of life, and life satisfaction, between the individual who can read and the individual who can’t read, is immense! The same can be said of the person who takes ten-minutes per day to meditate and the person who doesn’t.
Here are a few resources for your meditation journey: | <urn:uuid:2b8ff2b5-333b-4041-8930-7d7e8df5f4da> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://journeytoreimagination.com/2020/12/03/to-meditate-or-not-to-meditate-that-is-the-question/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358033.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226234926-20210227024926-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.925819 | 468 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The most common disease ticks carry is lyme disease which can attack your brain nervous system muscles and the heart. What other diseases can ticks carry.
The danger of diseases these bugs carry.
What diseases do love bugs carry. Voles may not spend as much time in the sewage and our trash as mice or rats do but that doesn t stop them from carrying almost all of the dangerous diseases other rodents carry as well. Other diseases ticks can carry include. A variety of bug species that share similar traits are pictured.
In fact only a few species are known to pass it along to humans. The short answer is yes voles do carry diseases such as rabies salmonellosis and leptospirosis to name a few. Mosquito borne diseases or mosquito borne illnesses are diseases caused by bacteria viruses or parasites transmitted by mosquitoes nearly 700 million people get a mosquito borne illness each year resulting in over one million deaths.
In fact silverfish don t even bite humans and are not. It has been suggested that there are over 60 other diseases that birds and their droppings can carry. When it comes to birds there may be more than just avian flu to be worried about.
Triatomine bugs are a type of reduviid bug that can carry trypanosoma cruzi the parasite that causes chagas disease. It will bury its small head into the vein possibly transmitting any diseases it might be carrying. West nile virus most who contract west nile virus will show no symptoms those who do can develop a fever with body and joint pain headaches fatigue and weakness.
Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes include malaria dengue west nile virus chikungunya yellow fever filariasis tularemia dirofilariasis japanese. Various triatomine bugs in all life stages from eggs to nymphs to fully grown adults. But if you do having the bug will be imperative because this is what you need to send to the lab so they can check whether you were lucky or not.
Silverfish also known as fishmoths are frightening little insects that just love to live in the dark damp areas of people s homes. Several romantic characters take center stage in this bug of the week. Of the ticks that carry lyme disease the blacklegged tick also called a deer tick or lyme disease tick is the worst offender.
While most people would prefer to get rid of them is there really any danger. Do silverfish carry diseases. Whether it s amorous unicorn beetles out for a romp on a stump wheel bugs enjoying an intimate dinner of fall webworm teenage cicadas celebrating a day in the sun after seventeen years in the dark or milkweed longhorned beetles getting their fill of heart stopping poisons love always seems to be in the air in the bug.
There are multiple species of ticks that carry the bacteria and do all ticks carry lyme disease is a common question. No they do not. Other than the popular lyme disease some types of ticks can also carry a bacteria that will make you suffer from the so called rocky mountain spotted fever.
It s curable but can cause some serious issues. Where are triatomine bugs typically found. | <urn:uuid:44fcb59e-c9f1-4395-83ea-87dd4f01780e> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://brokencurve.com/what-diseases-do-love-bugs-carry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400192778.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919142021-20200919172021-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.946682 | 649 | 2.9375 | 3 |
27 August 2012—The act of joining living tissue with electronics has long been imagined in the world of science fiction, but cybernetic organisms are now one step closer to reality thanks to work emerging from Harvard University and MIT.
Researchers at those institutions have built tiny electronic meshes out of silicon nanowires and have used them as scaffolds to grow nerve, heart, and muscle tissue. The most immediate application of the work, described yesterday in the online edition of the journal Nature Materials, may be a new type of sensor system for in vitro testing of new drugs. But further down the road the research may lead to artificial eyes, implantable chips to control prosthetic limbs, and other devices that can communicate between electronics and living cells, says Charles Lieber, the professor of chemistry and engineering at Harvard who initiated and led the research.
“The idea was to make nanoelectronics that looks like the extracellular matrix that holds your cells together,” Lieber says. Scientists already use polymer scaffolds in tissue engineering to help grow cells to replace damaged tissue in the body. The group, which also includes MIT professor Robert Langer and Harvard Medical School professor Daniel Kohane, wanted to build a functional, 3-D electronic device that could serve the same purpose.
The structure is built in layers. First the team built simple field-effect transistors (FETs) by joining pairs of silicon nanowires. Atop a nickel substrate they then added a layer of SU-8, a common photoresist material used in computer-chip manufacturing—which, as it happens, is also very biocompatible. Above that, they deposited a solution that contained the nanowire FETs, and then etched a pattern into the photoresist with beams of light, creating the basic framework for the scaffold. Finally, they added metal contacts, placed another layer of SU-8, and patterned that as well. They washed away the excess photoresist, and then removed the nickel layer, leaving behind an electronic mesh that was 90 to 95 percent open space.
“If we build some strain into it, it will spontaneously ball up, or self-assemble into a 3-D structure,” Lieber says. A porous, 3-D device is important, he explains, to be compatible with living tissue structures.
The researchers demonstrated how the device works by growing neurons from a rat’s brain in the mesh. Some of the connections that formed between neurons passed right through the FET structures. The team did the same with heart cells and applied a stimulant drug; the mesh acted as a sensor that measured how the drug made a patch of heart cells beat faster.
Pharmaceutical developers often use lab-on-a-chip technology to test drug candidates for toxicity. They might have a plate studded with liver cells and compare the effects of different chemicals on different cells. But those results can be misleading. “Cells in three dimensions behave differently than they do in a monolayer,” Lieber says.
But with a sensor embedded in a 3-D matrix, researchers could measure drug effects in a much more realistic environment. Such a sensor for pharmaceutical research could easily be developed within a couple of years, Lieber says.
“Going 3-D is the trend, and also the next biggest challenge, in nanosystem-based applications,” says Min-Feng Yu, a nanomaterials expert at Georgia Tech. He called the work “the first but significant step toward this line of research.”
Along with being three dimensional, the fact that the devices are on the same scale as cells is also important, Lieber says. Today doctors use large electrodes to try to measure brain or muscle signals to control a prosthetic limb. This work holds the promise of smaller, noninvasive, and more sensitive interfaces. “Cyborg-type things, which are very different than embedding a conventional chip into the body, are going to be possible,” Lieber says.
Potential applications could include implanting a nanodevice to monitor diabetics’ insulin levels without a needle prick, or a sensor to keep track of plaque buildup in patients at risk for a heart attack, Lieber suggests. His lab is working on building a device that incorporates photodetectors, which could be implanted into the eyes of blind people to restore their sight. The biggest hurdle, he says, is facilitating communication between the electronics and the cells to get the desired reaction. That might mean building chips that release some biochemical signal in response to a change in voltage or current. Going in the other direction, having cells cause a reaction in the electronics, is relatively easy, he says.
Lieber acknowledges that the work may conjure images of humans being turned into the Borg, Star Trek’s cybernetic collective, but naturally he takes a more optimistic view. “I think there’s a lot of benefits,” he says.
About the Author
Neil Savage, based in Lowell, Mass., writes about strange semiconductors and amazing optoelectronics. In July 2012, he reported on slim vertical lasers that could link computer chips with light. | <urn:uuid:2a9751dd-a039-4936-b003-9f5123a388a1> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/devices/nanowire-mesh-links-cells-and-electronics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538787.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00654-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955653 | 1,078 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Early games of football were played with a large wooden cross rather than the familiar ball used in today's modern games. Here we see Peter the Rock, linebacker for the Bethlehem Buccaneers, having just tackled Jesus, the Son of God. There seems to be some confusion as to whether the cross was fumbled, and the referee, there on the left, is in the midst of determining the outcome.
The dramatic composition and subject matter of this painting were direct precursors to the hard hitting action of such blockbuster films as "North Jericho Fourty" and "Any Given Easter Sunday".
The NFL was experimenting with two types of helmets at the time. The hard metal helmets were very effective yet caused extensive chaffing of the scalp and trapped a great deal of sweat. The cloth helmets were much more comfortable but were relatively ineffective against the harder metal helmets.
Splinters were an ongoing problem and were particularly troublesome for the center who had to repeatedly pass the cross between his legs.
Many other sports of the day used wooden crosses as well. Sports such as LaCross and Cross Country skiing all reflect this common heritage.
-- Sister Randy | <urn:uuid:cad3b147-c17d-43e9-89f8-bd0a55926967> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://sisterrandy.com/critiques/c01/c0013.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513441.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020205254-20181020230754-00170.warc.gz | en | 0.984831 | 229 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Over the babble of a forest stream last week, the squeals of excited children could be heard as they hopped along the river’s edge armed with nets and buckets.
The bustling woods, streams and tide lines were a result of another BioBlitz — a survey of plant and animal life in a particular area — organized with fourth-graders in the Juneau School District.
Some may remember similar events held the last two years; one was at Eaglecrest Ski Area and the other in the vicinity of the University of Alaska Southeast, near Auke Bay. The goal of a BioBlitz is to take samples of plant and animal life in a particular region or ecosystem to take stock of the types of species that inhabit that area. During last year’s event, teams surveying various areas tallied more than 800 different species in a 24 hour period.
But this latest BioBlitz was geared toward youth in schools and gave them an opportunity to connect classroom teachings with the flora and fauna that can be found in their local woods.
Pat Harris, a scientist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, led one of the survey groups into the woods near Auke Bay in search of lichen species.
She talked as she held a small mass of green, scaly vegetation in her hands.
“We’re just looking at different growth forms. This one makes horns,” she said.
It was a lungwort lichen and, according to Chiska Derr’s book “Lichens around Mendenhall Glacier,” this particular species is an important fertilizer, contributing up to 25 percent of the available nitrogen in oldgrowth forests, like those found in Southeast. Next to her, Chris Newman, 11, was pulling something lime green from her bag.
“This is old man’s beard and some Christmas tinsel,” she said. “It is stretchy like plastic. Old Man’s beard is like a clump.”
Harris directed attention to some small, clay-colored lobes on the underside of the lichen.
“This one is a leafy type,” Harris said. “And see the brown bodies on here, that’s how it makes new ones. It’s a combination of an algae and a fungi that get together in a little ball and …”
Her voice was drowned out by excited voices at the stream’s edge.
The freshwater invertebrate group had found an exciting specimen: a cutthroat trout.
“Well, I guess we’ve now switched to the freshwater vertebrate group,” James Ray said.
Ray works as a fish and wildlife biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
With care, he slipped the female trout into a Rubbermaid container so the students could get a better look.
It was clear this trout had moved up the stream with one intention: to spawn. Her belly was swollen with eggs and her body size far too large for the tiny stream in which she was found.
Like budding scientists, the students wasted no time speculating and the questions rolled in.
Ray had answers.
“This fish has spent some time in the marine environment and has probably come from either a larger river system or more likely a lake system where they’ve spent the winter,” he said. “She probably spent the winter in a lake, moved out to a river system and now it’s looking for these great gravel beds to spawn.”
He hurried off to release the trout further downstream.
Attentions quickly switched to the specimen pans teeming with tiny life forms. Tweezers plucked pink salmon fry, mayfly larva and caddis flies wrapped in homemade shells out of the pans and into containers for transport to the temporary laboratory set up in the commons of the UAS student recreation center.
Deeper into the forest crept the mammal group. These students, led by Karen Blejwas with the Alaska Department of Fish & Game, were checking motion-triggered trail cams and live traps. Reports of a confirmed deer sighting travelled fast.
And further still, next to the steep banks of a drainage ditch, the terrestrial invertebrate group led by Mark Schultz, a retired entomologist with the Forest Service, was on the hunt for bugs. The big surprise this day was that there were few bugs to find.
“It’s still too cool,” Schultz said. “But the water ones are going wild.”
He held up a specimen vial holding two confused water beetles.
Back at the lab, students where able to share their findings with peers and look at what other groups had brought back.
Steve Brockmann, with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, said the event wasn’t specifically about the species tally. He said it was more about getting the students involved.
“(They are) old enough to be interested and capable and they’re not burned out — they’re into it,” he said. “We wanted to capture the excitement of young kids.”
Brockman said Chip McMillan, a professor at the University of Alaska Southeast, will be connecting with each of the classes for weeks after the event to examine what each group found.
“We have a pretty good idea of the biodiversity of the Juneau area and Southeast Alaska as a whole, but here are always surprises,” Brockman said.
He also said a host of groups, such as the Alaska Department of Fish & Game, the USFWS, the U.S. Forest Service, the University of Alaska Southeast, NOAA, the Juneau School District and the Alaska Coastal Rainforest Center, worked together to make this event possible.
In August, he said, the groups are planning another public BioBlitz in Sitka.
• Contact Outdoors editor Abby Lowell at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:89a4f668-2627-4c18-9c85-1af10b642763> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://juneauempire.com/outdoors/2012-05-11/bioblitz | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645167592.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031247-00003-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96403 | 1,263 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Students research earthworms and other invasive species through independent projects and class field trips.
Megan Skrip and Shonda Gaylord
Since Fall 2004, Shonda Gaylord conducted earthworm research for her Student-Faculty Research Scholarship. Shonda's project is entitled: "The distribution and impact of non-native earthworms in temperate deciduous forests in the NY Metropolitan area."
Megan Skrip worked with Shonda and Dr. Kostel-Hughes as part of an Honors Contract. Megan presented her research, entitled “Worms in the Woods: The Effects of Exotic Earthworms on Forest Leaf Litter and Its Inhabitants,” at the April 2005 North East National Collegiate Honors Council (NE-NCHC) conference in NJ.
Environmental Biology students visit Marshlands every year.
Their research has included the following:
Sampling for earthworms
Collecting and analyzing data on stands of Norway Maple, Acer platanoides
Performing clearing treatments of garlic mustard, Alliaria petiolata, to see if these treatments can be effective for managing this highly invasive species
Megan Skrip, Jennifer Sanfratello, Temitope Fawole, Michele Permaul,
and Alana Brown dig for worms.
Students in Conservation Biology have participated in vine management of Oriental bittersweet, Celastrus orbiculatus.
Alison Beall, Lacy Ann Landell, Elizabeth Skrip, Nur Funches, Giau Nguyen,
Surena Simpson, & Geisha Osborne | <urn:uuid:6ccd45e4-2557-4598-aade-66114e19dfa6> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www2.cnr.edu/academics/sas/envstudies/research/research.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500811391.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021331-00290-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.853073 | 323 | 2.875 | 3 |
Splashing, wading, and paddling — it must mean a great day in the water. Playing at the beach, at a water park, by a lake, or in a pool can be a real treat on a hot day.
Swimming is a lot of fun, but drowning is a real danger. Even kids who know how to swim can drown, so let's find out how to stay safe in the water.
Why Is It Important to Be Safe in the Water?
Fish are able to live and breathe in water, but people need air to breathe. People drown when too much water gets into their lungs. When that happens, the lungs can't put oxygen in the blood. Then, too little oxygen gets to the brain and the rest of the body.
Drowning is the second most common cause of death from injuries among kids under the age of 14. Drowning can happen so fast — sometimes in less than 2 minutes after a person's head goes under the water. That leaves very little time for someone to help.
Many drownings and near-drownings happen when a kid accidentally falls into a swimming pool. But accidents can happen anywhere — at someone's home or even at your own house, and that's why you need to know how to be safe around water.
Pools are awesome! What could be better than a dip in the pool and fun in the sun? But it's important to remember that a pool's sides and bottom are usually made of concrete, a rock-hard material. A slip or fall could be painful and dangerous.
Have you seen those big numbers painted on the side of the pool? Those are called depth markers — they tell you how deep the water is at that point. You should always look before you jump into a pool. Also, only dive off the diving board. Never dive off the side of the pool unless an adult says that the water is deep enough. The water may be shallower than you think. If you hit the bottom . . . ouch! You might get knocked out or you could hurt your neck very badly.
Test the pool's water temperature before you plunge in. Cold water can shock your body and make your blood pressure and heart rate go up. You might open your mouth to yell and accidentally breathe in some water. Cold water also can slow your muscles, making it hard to swim.
Other rules to follow:
- Always have an adult watch you when you are in the pool — even in your own backyard. Never go in the pool if there is no adult around. Always call an adult or lifeguard if there is an emergency.
- Gates are around pools for a reason — to keep kids away from the water when there isn't a lifeguard or adult around to watch them. Never go through any pool gates when they are closed. Stay safe and stay out!
- Always obey pool rules.
- Swim with a buddy.
- If you're learning to swim, ask your mom or dad to make sure your flotation devices are Coast Guard-approved.
- Walk slowly in the pool area. Don't run.
- Swim at a depth that is safe for you. If you're just learning to swim, stay in the shallow end.
- Don't push or jump on others. You could accidentally hurt someone or yourself.
- Toys to help you float come in many shapes and sizes (an inner tube, air mattress, or beach ball, for example). Although they're fun and can help you while you learn to swim, what they can't do is save a life. They're toys that can lose air or float away.
- Don't chew gum or eat while you swim — you could choke.
Lakes and Ponds
Lots of kids swim in streams, lakes, or ponds. Take extra care when swimming in these beautiful places. You can't always see the bottom of the lake or pond, so you don't always know the depth of the water. This is another reason to always swim with an adult.
Although the fish swimming around won't hurt you, some ponds and lakes may hide jagged rocks, broken bottles, or trash. Wear something to protect your feet. Also, watch out for weeds and grass, which can trap even a good swimmer. If you panic and try to yank yourself free, you may get even more tangled. Instead, shake and pull your arms and legs slowly to work yourself loose and call for an adult's help.
If you're going out on a boat, always wear a life jacket. (Again, the life jacket should be Coast Guard-approved.) Even if you are a good swimmer, something could cause the boat to tip over and you could be trapped underneath.
It's hard to resist a day on the beach, but you'll need to know some safety rules for swimming in the ocean. Swimming in the ocean is trickier than the pool because of waves and currents, which can change. When you first get to the beach, check with the lifeguard to find out how strong the waves are. Some places fly flags or write notes on a chalkboard to give swimmers an idea of what conditions are like.
Waves can knock you down or push you to the ocean floor. Stay close to an adult or get out of the water when the waves get rough. People also get into trouble when they start to panic or become too tired to swim. It's important to know your limits, so if you start feeling tired, get out of the water and rest for a while.
In some places, swimmers may run into strong undertows or ocean currents. Rip currents (also called riptides) are so strong that they can carry swimmers away from shore before they know what's happening. If you are caught in a current, swim parallel to the shore (alongside the shore) rather than toward the shore until the water stops pulling you, then swim diagonally back to shore. If you can't get back to the beach, tread water and wave for a lifeguard's help. In this situation, it's really important to stay calm and not panic.
You probably won't see any sharks (although a friendly dolphin may splash by) where you are swimming. But you might run into some jellyfish or Portuguese man-of-wars. These umbrella-shaped, nearly clear animals can grow to be as large as several feet in diameter! They are often found floating near the shore. Getting stung is no fun — it can hurt and blister your skin. If you get stung, tell an adult as soon as possible.
Other rules to follow:
- Never swim alone!
- Always swim where a lifeguard can see you and in areas that are marked for swimmers to use.
- Wear protective footwear if surfaces are rough or rocky.
- Don't swim out too far.
- Never pretend to be drowning. The lifeguard may take you seriously.
- Don't swim close to piers — those big, wooden structures that jut out into the water. If the water moves suddenly, you could hit a piling or a rock.
- Store drinks in plastic containers at the beach — broken glass bottles and bare feet don't mix.
- Face the waves, instead of turning your back on them. Then you'll know what's coming.
Kids love water parks — and why shouldn't they? Wave pools, giant slides, and squirting fountains are a lot of fun. To stay safe, find out what each attraction is like and how deep the water is. Some wave pools can get rough, so it's a good idea to have an adult nearby.
Here are other water park safety tips:
- Wear a life jacket if you don't know how to swim or if you're not a strong swimmer.
- Read all of the signs before going on a ride. Make sure you are tall enough, old enough, and don't have any of the medical conditions that are listed. If you have questions, check with a parent or ask the lifeguard.
- Always make sure there's a lifeguard at each ride and listen to his or her instructions. Wait until the rider ahead of you has passed a safe point for you to go down the slide.
- Always go down the water slide face up and feet first. This is the safe and correct way to ride.
- When you go from ride to ride, don't run — it's slippery! Also, remember that each ride is different. Read each sign and note how deep the water is in the pool.
But I Know How to Swim!
It's important to know your limits when it comes to playing in the water. You could develop a cramp (where a muscle in your body suddenly tenses up and causes pain) or other physical problem that makes it hard to swim. If you get a cramp, get out of the water for a while and give your muscles a rest.
Here are some other good water safety tips:
- Learn to swim. Ask your parents to contact your local American Red Cross or community center for information on boating or water safety courses.
- Always put on plenty of sunscreen before you go outside. It's also a good idea to wear sunglasses and a hat to protect your skin from the sun's harmful rays.
- Drink plenty of water and fluids when you're outside swimming and playing so you don't become dehydrated.
- Stop swimming or boating as soon as you see or hear a storm. Remember, lightning is electricity — electricity and water are a dangerous combination.
- Don't swim in the dark.
- Go into the water slowly to make sure the temperature feels comfortable and it's not too cold. If you're shivering or start to feel your muscles cramping up, it may be because the water is too cold. This is not safe, so get out of the water immediately.
- Germs might lurk in the water that can make a person sick with diarrhea or other illnesses. So make sure not to swallow the water. And to help keep the water as clean as possible: shower with soap before going swimming, wash your hands after using the bathroom, and don't swim if you're sick.
- Wherever you're swimming, do have a waterfall of fun! | <urn:uuid:0f60db5c-b527-4250-ac22-cab1a852b66d> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://kidshealth.org/CookChildrens/en/kids/swim.html?view=ptr&WT.ac=k-ptr | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738816.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811150134-20200811180134-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.959338 | 2,128 | 3.25 | 3 |
||SO HOW DO you pronounce Isis Egyptian name? For, as most people who have had any involvement with Isis know, Isis is what the Greeks called Her. They would have said Ees-Ees.
First, and most important, the Goddess will understand Who youre talking to no matter how you pronounce Her name. Isis can read your heart. She knows.
Second, disappointingly enough, there isnt a definitive answer as to exactly how the ancient Egyptians would have pronounced Isis name. To complicate things further, during the thousands of years that the Egyptians were writing and saying Her name, the spelling and pronunciation changed. Whats more, Egyptians had regional accents and, no doubt, wrote it how they said it or by the conventions of their region.
Nonetheless, the reason people want to know how to pronounce Isis name is compelling. It has to do with the Egyptian emphasis on the correct knowledge and pronunciation of Words of Powerespecially magical words and names. According to the Egyptians, in the name of a thing lies its essence. So if we know and can correctly pronounce the Goddess Egyptian name, we can more effectively invoke and commune with Her essential Divine Self. Or so the theory goes.
The good news is that we can discover the most likely pronunciation of Isis Egyptian name. Thats what this article is about. It offers a more detailed explanation than that given in Isis Magic.
How Hieroglyphs Work
The reason we dont know exactly how the Egyptians would have pronounced Isis name is that written ancient Egyptianhieroglyphiconly records the consonants. No vowels. No a, e, i, o, u. This is also true of Hebrew, so Egyptologists often use Hebrew as a model for understanding some aspects of ancient Egyptian. (Modern Hebrew indicates the vowels by a series of dots called pointing.) As in Hebrew, several Egyptian consonants functioned as vowels under certain circumstances. Scholars even refer to some of these Egyptian glyphs by the Hebrew names.
Several of these bear on the name of Isis. One is the hieroglyph hawk, Hebrew aleph. It is a glottal stop. When we say uh-oh, for example, the space between uh and oh is the glottal stop. Aleph is sometimes considered a silent letter. Another is the hieroglyph reed flower, Hebrew yod; it is given a y or i sound. Yet another is the hieroglyph chick, Hebrew vav. Chick is given the pronunciation u, o, or w.
Isis Name in Hieroglyphs
The most common hieroglyphic spelling of Isis name is throne, loaf (looks like a semi-circle), Goddess, although there are variations. Egyptian artists commonly identified Isis by painting the throne hieroglyph on Her head or crown. Thus the shortest version of Isis name is simply Throne. The Goddess Isis is the Goddess Throne.*
The throne hieroglyph is a biliteral glyph and represents two sounds. The loaf is a single sound glyph and represents t. In Egyptian, the -t is normally used to indicate a feminine word as in English we add -ess to feminize a word. The Goddess symbol is a determinative or ideagram and provides the overall concept of the word. It has no phonetic value, no sound.
Of the two sounds that comprise the throne, one is fairly certain and one more ambiguous. The more certain sound is an s. Its the second of the two sounds. The first sound has been rendered as both the hawk or aleph and as the reed flower or yod. In other words, when Isis name is not spelled using the throne glyph, it has been spelled using both the hawk and the reed flower as the first letter.
The difference might be accounted for by regional accents as well as by the passage of time. For example, the English spoken in London doesnt sound like the English spoken in Atlanta, Georgia, and modern, American English does not sound like Chaucers English. Egyptian was spoken for thousands of years and changed during that time. So Isis name was probably pronounced different ways by different people at different times.
Those of you who have already done some exploring have probably seen Isis Egyptian name given as Asetpresumably to be pronounced Ah-set, or as Ast, pronounced Ahst, or as Auset, pronounced Aw-set or Ow-set. Several of these are possible, but not the mostly likely, pronunciations. One, Ast, is simply a transliteration (letter for letter exchange of English letters for hieroglyphs) and does not indicate a pronunciation.
The confusion probably comes from a small, but important, omission made when looking up Isis in E. A. Wallis Budges Hieroglyphic Dictionary, which is the most readily available and thus the most used Egyptian dictionary. In his Isis entries, Budge uses an A with a dot over it as the first letter of Isis name. By this he is indicating the reed flower, the yod. Most people simply see the A and ignore the dotso they pronounce the name as Ah-set. But what Budge intended his readers to say would be something more like Iset.
In cases where Isis name is spelled with the hawk or aleph, beginning students of the hieroglyphs are often told to pronounce it as an a for the sake of simplicity. But remember, its not an a. Its a glottal stop and is essentially silent. Again, both the reed flower and the hawk are consonants, not true vowels. Which means that between the reed flower or hawk and the s, any vowel might have been inserted. Isis name could have begun with any vowel sound: Oset, Iset, Eset, Aset, Usetas well as other vowel sounds not familiar to the English speaker.
To add to the confusion, there are yet more spellings of Isis name. Another youll run into from time to time is reed flower, chick, folded cloth, loaf, throne. This transliterates as yod, vav, s, t (in this case, the throne is the determinative)Iuset or as youve probably seen it, Auset (again, this is the A with a dot over it, the reed flower). Some scholars have speculated that Isis original nameof which we have no definitive record in this formmay have been, in transliteration, Wst (vav, s, t) Wuset, Uset, or Oset. No doubt the idea here is to bring Her name into harmony with that of Osiris: Wsir, Usir, or Osir. But thats another story.
So What Do We Do Now?
If this all seems hopelessly confusing, never fear. There are clues available to help us sort out which of the vowels were most likely to have been used by the ancient Egyptians in speaking the name of Isis. For help, we can look to some people who were in contact with the Egyptians, actually heard the Egyptians speaking the names of their Deities, and who do have vowels in their alphabet: the Greeks.
The first occurrence of the name Isis in Greek is from the fifth century BCE. Its in Ionian Greek and is on the base of a bronze statue. It says , of the Esis. This simply means that the statue was dedicated to Isis; it belonged to Isis, thus it was of the Esis.
The Greeks commonly added a grammatical ending like -is, -os, or -a so that foreign words or names would work in their language. The Goddess name occurs in Greek as Isis as well as Eisis. Isis, however, is the most common. As I mentioned, the Greeks would have pronounced Her name as Ees-Ees (Isis) or as Ehees-ees (Eisis). The variation could again be accounted for by regional accentsboth Greek and Egyptianor simply by the difficulty of rendering the Egyptian sound into Greek.
In addition to the Greek evidence, we can look to Coptic to discover the most likely initial vowel sound in Isis Egyptian name. Coptic is a late form of Egyptian that was written with Greek lettersplus some special letters to represent Egyptian sounds that the Greek alphabet didnt have. So Coptic uses vowels. Coptic had about six different dialects (just to continue confusing things) and was spoken from approximately the second to the eighth centuries CE, much later than the first occurrence of Isis name in Greek. Coptic is still spoken in the Coptic Christian Church today (they also still use the sistrum in their worship services!).
In Coptic, Isis is (Ese) or (Esi), Aay-seh or Aay-see. The final t was dropped by that time and may have been dropped in spoken Egyptian quite a bit earlier. This development of dropping the final t is familiar in French where the final t is frequently silent or only very softly voiced; for example, the word passent is pronounced pahss-en. The Coptic also tells us that Isis name had two syllablesso that we have additional confirmation that the transliteration of Ast or Ist is just that, a transliteration and not a pronunciation.
From the Greek and Coptic, we can safely assume that the vowel sound at the beginning of Isis nameat least from the fifth century BCE onwas either i or e. Thus, the Goddess Egyptian name would have been pronounced Iset (Ee-set) or Eset (Aay-set). I have chosen to represent Her Egyptian name as Iset because of the preponderance of early Greek evidence, as well as its similarity to the version of Her name with which we are most familiar today. In my own work with the Goddess, I use the Egyptian pronunciation Iset, the Greek Isis, and, for its soft beauty, the Coptic Egyptian Eseas well as the anglicized Eye-sis (Isis).
Iset of the Ten Thousand Names
In the Book of Coming Forth by Day, better known as the Book of the Dead, Isis is called Iset Nudjerit em Renus Nebu, Isis, Goddess in All Names. Perhaps, after this discussion, we can see Her not only as the Goddess of All Names, but of All Pronunciations as well.
Yet, from the Greek and Coptic, Im convinced that Isis Egyptian name was fairly consistently pronounced as Iset and Eset. Although, as I have said, it is entirely possible that other pronunciations were used at other times in other places.
Thus, if your intent is to invoke the essential Isis, you will not be wrong no matter which vowel you choose. And while the Sacred Name and its correct pronunciation is important in Egyptian magic, what is in your heart is more important. Iset, Eset, Aset, Iuset, Isissince we cannot call upon any ancient Egyptians to assist us, we will have to be content to call upon the Goddess in the name that most resonates for each of us personally. If we do this with clear intent and an open heart, She will know and She will answer and She will bless our efforts.
||Please see Isis Magic for an discussion of the meaning of the name Throne. It has a far deeper meaning than simply being a personification of the royal throne, as it is so often explained.
In my opinion, the royal throne explanation is the least important meaning that can be attached to Isis nameand certainly, it is the least relevant for those of us who seek the Goddess today. | <urn:uuid:ca281f22-9033-40ec-a761-f27bdec38a76> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.hermeticfellowship.org/Iseum/Articles/IsetAsetName.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380948.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00167-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962357 | 2,400 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Veterans are the national heritage of a country, and Vietnam veterans are one such example who led the path for our future generations to follow. They have led their life by example and in the finest manner.
THE MEMORIAL WALL:
The memorial wall is a wall that is made of granite with the V-shaped wall. It has the names of 58,000 men, and women who were either missing in action or killed during the wall.
There were over 14,00 submissions, but American architect Maya Lin’s design was chosen.
It was dedicated to the Veterans on the Veterans day of 1982, and since then it has become a national heritage.
Initially, the wall had names of 57, 939, but over the years there has been an addition to the name, and it has jumped to 58,282.
It has 70 separate panels that make up the walls of the V shape.
One end of the memorial wall points toward the Washington Monument, while the other points to the Lincoln Memorial.
The Memorial was formed to acknowledge the sacrifices of those who served in the Vietnam war.
It was founded by Jan Scruggs who served in Vietnam in the 199th Light Infantry Brigade.
The walls that contain more than 58,000 names are 200 feet.
The names are in their chronological order, and end with the origin or center where the two walls meet.
The walls meet to form a circle that signifies the completion of the war.
The visitors can see their reflection in the granite walls that connect to the lives that were lost.
Three Servicemen statue:
The statue was unveiled on the Veterans day of 1984.
It shows the ones who returned from the war by honoring them standing and keeping a watch over the wall.
Some colorations were given by Artist Fredrick hart with the help patina.
The servicemen are seven feet tall upon a one-foot tall base.
The three figures represent a Hispanic, an African American, and a Caucasian man, this is done to represent the ethnic groups that participated in the war.
There is a Vietnam Women’s Memorial statue that was opened to the public on Veterans day of 1993.
Diane Carlson is the former nurse that led the efforts which finally recognized the 11,000 women who volunteered for the war.
Evans is credited to be the first woman in US history who led an effort to create a national monument in DC.
The bandage on the wounded soldier’s face is supposed to make the visitors feel they are him, and picture the care that women provided
It was added to the memorial site on Veterans day of 2004.
- It is surrounding The Three Servicemen statue.
- This is to honor the soldiers whose lives were cut short due to service in the war but were not eligible for the inscription on the wall.
- The causes of death included PTSD related, Hodgkin’s and Parkinson’s’, exposure to chemicals and cancer.
Vietnam Veterans Memorial is one of the sites that honor, and preserves the sacrifices made by the brave military men in the Vietnam way. It is an important place to learn and educate oneself about it. | <urn:uuid:29d0355f-d0fc-4093-91cf-a9f9225c81cc> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://vvaft.org/Index_TSC.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538226.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123160717-20210123190717-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.971154 | 660 | 3.515625 | 4 |
National Commission of the Republic of Uzbekistan for UNESCO
The Tentative Lists of States Parties are published by the World Heritage Centre at its website and/or in working documents in order to ensure transparency, access to information and to facilitate harmonization of Tentative Lists at regional and thematic levels.
The sole responsibility for the content of each Tentative List lies with the State Party concerned. The publication of the Tentative Lists does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever of the World Heritage Committee or of the World Heritage Centre or of the Secretariat of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its boundaries.
Property names are listed in the language in which they have been submitted by the State Party
A site of ancient settlement Ancient Pap and adjoining urban burial ground are located on the right bank of Syrdarya River. A site of ancient settlement has entered into the scientific literature under the name - Balandtepa (local population calls as Munchaktepa - Ayritom city). A site of ancient settlement Balandtepa (Bab-Pap) - ruins of ancient city, the area of more than 9 hectares, it is destroyed, especially from side of Syrdarya River and consists of two parts. Collected archeological materials chronologically covered the period from the I to VIII centuries. Ancient Pap structurally consisted of following parts: 1. A citadel - the raised and strengthened southeast part of the site of ancient settlement. 2. Internal city - more lowered part around the arc. The remains of ancient ditch were preserved between arc and internal city. 3. The suburb (rabad) was in the northern part of Balandtepa (Munchaktepa or Ayrtom city). Definition is conditional since there are materials no earlier than the IX century in this part, and most likely, is territory of medieval city. At last, the city necropolis Munchaktepa I, II - to the west from suburb, between internal city and necropolis formed a deep ravine. The City necropolis - Munchaktepa adjoins to the northwest part of Balandtepa. In Munchaktepa I are opened single burials soil tombs and tamping pick. Altogether 14, 9 of them are in soil tombs and 5 - burials in tombs with tamping pick. Inventory in tamping pick burials are more various. Vessels (one or two) were put to the legs or heads, on the right or left side of buried. Spindles, rests of leather products are revealed only in female burials. Iron knifes, knifes-daggers were observed in both men and female burials.
In Munchaktepa II were found out the unique funeral constructions in the form of the underground crypts, which have been cut down in the sand-loess adjournment. They are located by the chain on the line of the west - east in the natural oblong hill. In total, it has opened eight crypts. Underground crypts can be divided into two groups according its dimensions: small groups (the area about 5 sq. m.) where have been buried from one to four persons (crypts 2, 3, 4) and big one (6 sq. m. and more) where have been marked about 50 burial places (crypts 1, 5, 7, 9). In the design of the crypts is clearly visible its three-private structure: 1.A front of the entrance platform; 2. A corridor (dromos); 3. The funeral chamber.
Thus, burial ground of Munchaktepa is the unique most investigated city necropolis in the earlier medieval epoch of Ferghana. Importance of the burial ground consists of good safety of its materials and variety of types of burials for period V-VIII centuries. All this gives the unique opportunity for studying a facilities and economy of townspeople, and restoration funeral ceremonies and customs too.
The city of Pap or Bab in the medieval sources being arisen on the place site of ancient settlement Balandtepa and gradually expanding has moved up to the southern part of the modern regional center. From all mentioned follows, that Pap developed as the city at the certain place and archeological supervision testifies its two thousand-year history. Pap during several centuries played the important role in the trade and economic relations of Ferghana with the neighbor regions. It was promoted by its favorable geographical position of vivid trading-caravans on the lines of the Great Silk Road. It is interesting to note of confirming these toponymy and ethnographic materials. So, preserved road name «Ulug' yol - Great Road» that specifies its importance up to now. Besides traces of the passage (the ferry on Syrdarya) to Qoqon (Hokand) it was preserved near to Balandtepa and (ancient part of Pap).
The city necropolis of Pap possesses an exclusive historical value: here organic remains were preserved. It is possible to consider these opened crypts as underground "museum" with unique ethnographic finds (in total more than 5000).
This monument is one of few monuments where better and much preserved textile products. In the necropolis of the city of Pap textile products were fixed in 25 cases, little entirely kept silk dresses from them. There are many ornaments have found among the most numerous beads, they are about 10000. Gracefully woven baskets are found out also here (a peach, dried apricots) etc. All this allows investigating musical instruments, wooden vessels, the rests of fruit more authentically to beat and culture ancient Ferghana citizens. Valuable materials have received about funeral ceremony and religious system earlier medieval population. Such monuments have been kept very seldom. The safety of the remained parts of city and necropolis are satisfactory.
Comparison with other similar properties
Territories with preserved areas of relict tertiary forests have not been taken under protection at national and international levels yet. Moreover, this nomination at present time is the only proposal from these forest landscapes. | <urn:uuid:e5d4d9e9-d312-4162-a201-f5676c29ad08> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5294 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300810.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118092443-20220118122443-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.955257 | 1,284 | 2.65625 | 3 |
For the 800,000 people in the United States who suffer a stroke each year, the window for drug therapy closes in the first few hours after the attack. That leaves some seven million stroke survivors in this country alone with no medical alternative beyond physical therapy. A small pharmaceutical company in New York hopes to change that with a drug that may help patients regain some of their lost mobility six months or more after a stroke.
Strokes happen when blood stops flowing to part of the brain, often due to a blood clot. Without blood to bring new oxygen, cells in the affected region start to die. If the symptoms of stroke are recognized quickly enough and the victim is brought to a hospital within a few hours, doctors can administer a clot-dissolving drug to minimize the damage. But only a small fraction of stroke patients seek medical attention soon enough for this intervention.
"If they miss this therapeutic window, the consequences are heavier, so it's important to be able to do something for those patients who miss that window," says Francesca Bosetti, a stroke expert with the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), part of the National Institutes of Health.
In the future, stroke patients who miss this window and are affected by reduced mobility long after their stroke may be able to turn to a drug that helps damaged nerves transmit electrical signals in the brain. | <urn:uuid:b9839aa6-7e1f-42bb-9c51-038d2e4ffad7> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.freedomsphoenix.com/News/112605-2012-05-30-pill-could-reverse-effects-of-a-stroke-long-after-it.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122629.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00023-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946411 | 280 | 3.109375 | 3 |
- How much to save? We consider around 30% as a good saving rate. So if you receive Rs. 1000 as your monthly allowance, you should first keep aside Rs. 300 as savings. The remaining Rs. 700 can be spent. You may think 30% is too high a number to be set aside. If so, start with 15%, and then gradually increase it to reach 30%.
- How to save the pocket money? The first way is to set aside money as savings before you spend. Sometimes, even the money which is kept for spending is not fully spent. So in the above example, out of Rs. 700, you may spend only Rs. 500 during the month. The remaining Rs. 200 can also be saved, instead of being used for next month’s expenses. This way, you can grow your money. Put the savings away in a separate place and do not keep it along with the money used for expenses.
Plan Investments: The money which you set aside will not grow if you keep it lying idle as cash. Take the help of your parents and open a savings account, a recurring deposit account or a Systematic Investment Plan in a mutual fund. By regularly investing your savings, you can create an asset which can be used for future purposes.
Budgeting and keeping a check on expenses: Saving is one important aspect of your pocket money. But the more important thing to bear in mind is to stop unwise spending of the allowance. When the month begins, plan your monthly budget by estimating your expenses of various expense heads. There may be some instances when you want a new dress or watch a movie. Include these in your budget. Track your expenses on a daily basis. Remember that every penny counts. So, plan to spend your money wisely. Think of innovative ways of spending time with your friends which does not involve spending money. This can include playing football or going to the park or beach.
One way of keeping a check on expenses is to avoid carrying all the pocket money you get in your wallet. Instead keep it in a piggy bank or in an envelope. Take only what you may need during the day with a small amount of emergency cash when you go out. This way, you will not be tempted to spend.
Goal Setting: In life, it is very important to establish goals and save wisely keeping these goals in mind. When you get pocket money, plan the important expenses you will incur during the month. Of these, prioritise what is most important for you. When you learn to prioritise your needs and wants, you can ensure that you do not spend on unnecessary things. Also, if you want something expensive, then start saving for this out of your allowance. This way, you can buy your own things and not depend on your parents to pay. This also teaches you to be independent.
Receiving pocket money or allowance from your parents teaches you to become financially disciplined and independent. Spend your pocket money wisely, save regularly and plan your investments sensibly to become more financially happy in life.
Tips for Parents
Parents are often in a dilemma as to whether to give their teen children an allowance or not, and if yes, how much to give? Teenagers today are learning to become more independent, and giving them a regular allowance will help them become financially responsible.
The amount of pocket money you give your teen varies, depending on how much of his expenses you are willing to bear. It also depends on your child’s maturity. You can ask the parents of your teen’s friends to get an idea. Whatever be the amount, you should be consistent in what you pay and also regular.
Teenagers may not like it very much if you monitor and micro-manage their spending habits. It will also curtail their independence. Nevertheless, as a parent, you should set some broad ground rules which need to be followed. Ask them to maintain a log book which can help them track their expenses. You can help them plan their expenses and include an amount which he can spend as he pleases.
Understand that times have changed and a teenager of today is under constant pressure to ‘fit in’ with his friends. However, you should also not give in to all their demands, as this can result in them becoming lax with respect to money matters. Maintaining a fine balance between the two ends of the spectrum can help your teenager child in a big way.
Teach them to ‘shop around’ and compare prices before deciding to buy something. Encourage savings habit and take an active role in planning how to invest the saved money. Give them a bonus when they successfully manage their money. This will encourage them to do better and also teach them the importance of being financially prudent. Be a friend to your teenage son or daughter and facilitate learning by giving them practical training.
This article was originally published on Moneycontrol.com
The author can be reached at [email protected] | <urn:uuid:07bb6ca2-6f5b-4b3f-b000-73a98a049c8c> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.gettingyourich.com/blog/attention-teenagers-here-is-how-to-manage-pocket-money | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863939.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620221657-20180621001657-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.968873 | 1,020 | 2.5625 | 3 |
At Charles R. Drew Charter School, elementary students learn complex engineering skills and concepts, helping to build lifelong critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Here’s how they do it.
How It's Done
Navigate the Challenges of Teaching High-Level Concepts to Elementary Students
Teaching engineering concepts to elementary students can be a challenge. The staff at Charles R. Drew begins with using age-appropriate vocabulary, scaffolded learning, and kinesthetic learning.
"I think about teaching these concepts as though the students and I speak two different languages, and I must translate," says Courtney Bryant, Charles R. Drew's engineering design teacher. "I start by sharing very basic information on a topic in rather simplistic language, and then I let them experience it on their own to learn more. . . I introduce more complicated language as they navigate through the learning process."
To better teach these complicated concepts, Bryant has her students act out the movements of simple machines. "When elementary-age students understand a concept through the use of their body, they rarely forget it," notes Bryant. "I am able to introduce physics, advanced math, and visual representation skills that are typically beyond elementary level as a result of this hands-on or full-body approach."
Create an Engineering Curriculum Using Backward Design
Bryant's elementary engineering curriculum flows from a backward design approach. She starts with the results that she wants her students to achieve, and then designs the instructional methods to meet those goals.
"There isn’t a statewide curriculum for elementary school engineering design," explains Bryant, "but looking at the standards for where they need to be in middle school and in high school, I’m able to backward design for what should be happening at the elementary level."
There are three stages to backward design.
Stage 1: Identify Learning Objectives
This first stage focuses on what big ideas and skills you want your students to learn. "I think about problems our school or community face and what standards I need the students to master," says Bryant. Her specific learning objectives for K-2 students are:
- A basic understanding of the design process
- Understanding the value of brainstorming and teamwork
- Experience thinking through all aspects of a problem when considering a decision
- Experiencing the value of success after many failures
With younger students, she also introduces career and college opportunities as part of how they might apply these skills to real-world contexts.
Stage 2: Define Assessment Strategy
When designing a project, Bryant considers what will be evidence of mastery, and what assessment methods she can use. "Rubrics are a big part of the assessment strategy for engineering design," she says. She also considers how the evidence might be authentic and solve a real-life problem.
Stage 3: Identify Teaching Methods, Resources, and Materials
The final stage focuses on the skills and knowledge that students will need to achieve the goals you're setting for them, as well as the teaching methods, lessons, and resources that you'll use to help them reach those goals. "I think about what scaffolding, resources, and materials might be necessary for an elementary student to solve what could potentially be an adult-like problem," elaborates Bryant. "The last step is key when working with younger populations. Often they are able to do amazing things with the right amount of support and proper choices in materials or resources."
Use Design Thinking Process
Design thinking is a process that allows people to come up with ideas and solve problems in a creative and engaging way, honing their collaboration, critical thinking, and communication skills. Empathy -- understanding who you are designing for -- is a key element of design thinking, as well as collaboration -- working with others to build on your ideas, gaining feedback, and learning how to make iterations on your ideas from that feedback.
Charles R. Drew Charter School follows the stages outlined in the James Dyson design thinking process -- brief, research, idea generation/development, 3D prototyping, testing, and evaluation and modification. The staff relies on the Nueva School's design thinking model to make the process more robust. "The idea of empathy is a big part of their structure," says Bryant about that model.
The TinkerYard and Dream Car Projects
The students at Charles R. Drew use design thinking to create their projects. For each grade, Bryant comes up with projects that the students work on throughout the quarter. Second-grade students are currently designing and building a TinkerYard, four outdoor stations that make up a playground. Fourth-grade students are designing a Dream Car for a particular customer and a fictional auto company. The final product will be a 3D model of their concept car.
Phase 1: Brief
The goal of a brief is to outline a project and communicate expectations and goals. The students' brief describes the purpose of creating the project and what its use will be, as well as outlining questions for them to consider. In the fourth-grade Dream Car project, for example, students receive a brief (PDF) which identifies what their teacher is looking for and what they will be expected to accomplish by the end of the project.
The brief outlines that students will:
- Identify a client and imagine their needs.
- Consider what design enhancements might make the trip easier.
- Select/create vehicle features that will make the trip nicer for everyone.
- Create multiple idea sketches and share ideas with the group.
- Select one idea and create a final series of at least two sketches showing the front, side, and three-quarter view of the concept car.
- Create a clay prototype of the vehicle.
- Present their idea sketches and prototype.
Phase 2: Research
The goal of the research phase is for students to be better informed when designing. They learn research, analysis, and sometimes interviewing skills during this process.
In the second-grade TinkerYard project, Bryant's students research possible simple machines for the energy station using books, Google images, and online videos. They look at architectural magazines (donated by a local architecture firm) for ideas about shapes, patterns, and colors. They also do hands-on research, "manipulating a collection of physical items -- like rope, pulleys, wheels, pieces of wood, and other material -- to create their own simple machines on the fly," adds Bryant.
Fourth-grade students go to the High Museum of Art, which features the Dream Cars exhibit, to take notes about size, shape, form, and materials. They learn about composition, materials, and use (like how many passengers were intended for this car), and how they can apply that knowledge to their target customer's wants. In their research, students also delve deeper into understanding their customers' experiences to design for an unmet need by interviewing a user and analyzing user data. Where does their target customer go when driving? Who comes with them? What do they take with them?
Phase 3: Idea Generation/Development
For the idea generation/development phase, says Bryant, "students should be able to synthesize information and begin to make design decisions that will alter the way their product works, looks, and feels for the user. Teachers also want students to be able to successfully communicate their ideas -- visually, orally, or in written form -- and be able to share them with the world."
Second-grade students draw sketches of their ideas showing what each TinkerYard station could look like. "Students learn how to draw their idea in perspective," explains Bryant. "The students then see that 3D drawings best communicate their idea."
Fourth-grade students also draw 2D and 3D sketches to communicate their ideas, but they may begin by rendering a concept car stemming from someone else's idea so that they'll feel confident when it comes time for drawing and sharing their own ideas. "Students may also add descriptive language to their drawings to capture ideas and thoughts that relate to the concept," suggests Bryant.
Phase 4: 3D Prototyping
According to Bryant, the goal of the 3D prototyping stage is for students "to see how their ideas look and might function in real life."
The TinkerYard is a working prototype. "As a class, we may try an idea out on paper and begin to build it in the TinkerYard, only to realize that objects need to shift, or don't work quite the way we envisioned," says Bryant. "The TinkerYard is an iterative process. It will never be completely finished."
Meanwhile, the fourth-grade class is building 3D clay models. "They follow a process very similar to industry," explains Bryant. "The auto industry still makes clay models despite having many 3D printers and other rapid prototyping materials on hand."
Phase 5: Testing
The goal of the testing phase is to gain feedback on the prototype in order to make improvements.
After putting together the TinkerYard's energy station, the second-grade class has a "soft opening" -- they invite students and teachers to play at the station, which can reveal changes that need to be made once the designers see how users interact with what they created. When issues arise from testing, students go back to the classroom, generate new ideas, and prototype solutions.
Bryant describes how her fourth-grade students "seek the client's approval for the concept car they have created. Similar to the process in the automotive industry, where designers present the concept car to a test market and get consumer feedback, students show their vehicle and promotional materials to the students in the class and other visitors to get their impressions. I like to involve actual users or professionals from the design field as much as possible in student feedback."
Phase 6: Evaluation and Modification
The goal of the evaluation and modification stage is to have students collaborate, see how ideas combine, and understand the importance of feedback and making iterations. "The evaluation/modification phase is not set in stone behind prototyping," explains Bryant. "Evaluation is necessary at many points in the process to ensure you are on the right track. Once evaluation is underway, it may become clear that modification of ideas, drawings, or prototypes is necessary before progressing to the next step."
For both the lower and upper elementary projects, students share out their drawings and gain feedback on their designs for iteration. "It is important for students to learn that in the design process, it is not one and done," says Bryant. "Students want designing something to be fast and are hopeful that their first attempt will be good enough. The students help each other see that iterations are necessary. They provide feedback, and it is helpful when it does not come from the teacher. Often, students are more willing to consider feedback from a critical friend."
"Rubrics (PDF) are a big part of the assessment strategy for engineering design," observes Bryant. On the Dream Cars rubric, students rate themselves and their cars on a one-to-three scale reflecting how they met their clients' needs, effective modeling, and visual appeal. Next to each rating, they explain why they gave themselves that score.
The end of the Dream Car project also features a student evaluation form (PDF), on which they write three things they like about their Dream Car model, two things they would change, and one thing they've learned.
Bryant also evaluates her students' work using the rubric, which she uses, along with their self-evaluation, to discuss their work with them, whether or not they're on the same page, and why. | <urn:uuid:0ccb75dd-1331-4523-9780-c3ea216f1298> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.edutopia.org/practice/elementary-engineering-simple-machines-life-skills | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662526009.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519074217-20220519104217-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.959584 | 2,376 | 4.125 | 4 |
Joseph Smith, Utah, Discovery, exploration
As early as 1834, Joseph Smith saw the Church's eventual settlement in the Rocky Mountains. Many contemporary accounts, from members of the Church and others including Governor Ford of Illinois, tell of Joseph's prophecies and plans to move westward. In March 1844, Joseph organized a General Council, or the Council of Fifty, whose immediate responsibility was to plan the Saints' exodus. In the last few months of his life, Joseph was increasingly focused on the journey to the Great Basin. After the martyrdom of Joseph and Hyrum Smith, the General Council, led by Brigham Young, made preparations for the Saints' departure. Joseph Smith laid the foundation for the successful immigration of the Saints to Utah.
Andrus, Hyrum L.
"Joseph Smith and the West,"
BYU Studies Quarterly: Vol. 2
, Article 3.
Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byusq/vol2/iss2/3 | <urn:uuid:94542142-986d-4c03-893a-8558367e81f3> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byusq/vol2/iss2/3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704832583.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127183317-20210127213317-00247.warc.gz | en | 0.943517 | 208 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Transporting products and goods from one goal to the other have become a big task internationally with thousands of products moved daily in the universal landscape. Transportation industry has continued to develop at an unparalleled rate just as the demand for the service is also on the growth. Goods are generally transported through air, sea and land. The trucking industry is a type of land transportation has been very colossal in its participation in transporting goods. In most countries of the world, the trucking industry has also being entrenched and this is manifested in the several numbers of information provided by most of the online truck load boards.
Import and Export management of physical goods, remarkably depends upon the trucking companies of a state. Trucks are the major components of the transportation mode of a country. They operate as an indispensable link of the logistics supply chain system of a state. Almost every country in this planet has developed special economic zones within their provinces. Trucks lead to the conjugal transportation of freight from these economic zones to other parts of the nation and vice-versa. Therefore, they ultimately contribute to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country.
Expansion and development of a country decidedly depends upon its import and export management. Trucking software technology has indirectly contributed in the well-organized management of the import and export system across the planet; by bringing methodical alterations in the functioning of trucking companies. Developments in exports help a country to earn massive foreign exchange revenue. Furthermore, it leads to domestic escalation by widening the sales market for the household producers. Then again, import of goods facilitates a nation to adopt new goods and technologies imported from other states. Imports usually leads to a healthy contest among the domestic producers of any country. Leading trucking companies like Barry Nix Trucking play a fundamental role in the general orientation of the import and export system of any country; as they are the most significant factors for transferring items from one place to another.
Trucking Company, Barry Nix Trucking has not only altered the trucking industry, but it has also activated an urge of competence in the whole system of import and export management. The extraordinary features of standard trucking software have extended the opportunities for trucking companies to steer in the ground of export and import business. Formerly, trucking companies just acted as suppliers of cargo between two places, but with the initiation of this refined trucking software, these companies are expanding their business prospect into the domain of import and export of goods. Web based trucking software has even further persuaded the element of competence in the system of trucking business.
No one can envisage, whether the trucking companies can successfully transform and transit themselves into import and export entities or not. But one thing is for certain, that people cannot destabilize the contribution of trucking companies in the resourceful management of export and import system of a nation. With the help of trucking software, trucking companies are pro-actively participating in the development and expansion of various nations across the world. | <urn:uuid:bd2a0478-c9aa-48ef-8414-9d0675d06bfc> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://autogold.org/blog/trucking-company-barry-nix-trucking-deals-with | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337360.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20221002212623-20221003002623-00780.warc.gz | en | 0.953744 | 608 | 2.609375 | 3 |
SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION
Chanel Garland, in a labor tub, rests between contractions as Garrard Hunte offers encour- agement.
Obstetrician or Midwife?
Both obstetricians and midwives provide care during pregnancy, labor and birth.
Obstetricians (OBs) are medical doctors who have specialized education in the female reproductive system and surgical care. In addition to managing routine pregnancies, OBs are best able to oversee high-risk or complicated pregnancies. Women who have had previous complicated pregnancies generally choose an obstetrician for their care.
Certified Nurse Midwives (CNMs) have a nursing degree and additional training in midwifery. Midwives usually limit their care to women with low-risk pregnancies. If a midwife's patient ends up having a complicated birth, an obstetrician can be called in for assistance. Midwives are known for offering care that is flexible and individualized, and they use as little medical intervention as possible, based on each patient's needs.
Where to Give Birth
One hundred years ago, more than half of births in the U.S. took place at home under the care of a midwife. Today, most babies are born in a hospital, where emergency care can be provided if necessary. Both obstetricians and midwives can attend hospital births. Giving birth in a hospital is considered safer because even in a healthy woman with an uncomplicated pregnancy, there is always the possibility that an unanticipated event or emergency could occur.
Childbirth - "Natural" or with Intervention?<br /> The term "natural childbirth" refers to a birth in which medical intervention is minimized, drugs and anesthesia are only used minimally, and the mother has learned how to use relaxation and breathing techniques to control pain and ease delivery.
Even if a natural birth is planned, it is possible that during the course of labor and delivery some interventions may be necessary for health and safety reasons or because the mother desires.
Some Types of Interventions
ELECTRONIC FETAL MONITORING (EFM) is widely used to evaluate uterine contractions and the baby's response to contractions. Intermittent rather than continuous monitoring allows the mother to move and change positions more easily.
INDUCTION is an artificial way to start labor. Labor is induced if there is a clear medical reason, such as: the mother has gone past her due date or developed high blood pressure, the amount of amniotic fluid around the baby has become inadequate, or tests show that the baby has stopped growing at an expected rate.
The cervix needs to soften and dilate to allow the baby to pass out of the uterus. If the cervix is firm, an oral medication or a medication in the vagina may be administered to help prepare the cervix for labor.
Pitocin, an intravenous synthetic hormone, may be given to stimulate contractions, gradually increase their frequency and cause changes in the cervix.
PAIN MEDICATIONS. In the early stages of labor, a woman can sometimes control her pain with relaxation exercises, breathing techniques and by frequently changing position. As contractions increase in intensity and frequency, many women choose to have pain medication administered. This can be accomplished through injection, intravenous administration or epidural and spinal blocks, which provide pain relief to the lower body without significantly slowing labor.
EPISIOTOMY is a surgical cut to the perineum and the muscle beneath it during the pushing stage to make delivery of the baby easier and avoid vaginal tearing. Episiotomies used to be done routinely, but now they are performed only rarely when the baby is in an abnormal position or needs to be delivered quickly, or if extensive vaginal tearing seems likely.
CESAREAN BIRTH is major surgery that allows the baby to be removed through incisions in the abdomen and uterus. A Cesarean section is performed when the baby appears to be too large to deliver through the birth canal, if labor is not progressing, when changes in the fetal heart rate indicate a need for urgent delivery, or because the patient had previously delivered a baby by Cesarean. These days, breech presentations are also delivered by Cesarean.
What is a doula?
A birth doula is a woman who provides physical and emotional support during labor and delivery and just after the baby is born, following the old tradition of women being surrounded by other women during childbirth.
Does water help during labor and delivery?
Warm water is comforting and relaxing, and its buoyancy allows the mother free movement to reposition herself during labor. Warm water promotes more efficient uterine contractions and reduces pain sensations. Some women stay in the labor tub during labor and get out when they are ready to deliver their baby, while others choose to give birth in the water, provided that their midwife or obstetrician agrees.
Should I breastfeed my baby?
The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development recommends that women should try to feed their babies breast milk for at least the first six months of life. Breast milk contains a balance of nutrients that is especially suited for helping your infant to grow, and it also helps protect your baby against illnesses and infections. Studies have shown that certain types of cancers occur less frequently in women who breastfeed their babies. | <urn:uuid:b76e7abe-15e9-4f8b-bf10-e6748ab58aa6> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.westchestermagazine.com/Westchester-Magazine/Phelps-Today-Fall-2013-Newsletter-Important-Tips-for-Prenatal-Care/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515352.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022155502-20181022181002-00186.warc.gz | en | 0.957867 | 1,096 | 2.90625 | 3 |
We’ve been asked to check a number of claims about the new Covid-19 vaccine and its ingredients.
Several websites have claimed the Pfizer vaccine contains “PEG” which could cause large numbers of allergic reactions, and also that the vaccine may cause infertility. The sites also claim any Covid-19 vaccine may make the disease worse, and that the studies are too short to check the vaccine is safe. There isn’t proper evidence behind any of these claims.
Honesty in public debate matters
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“The mRNA vaccines from BioNTech/Pfizer contain polyethylene glycol (PEG). 70% of people develop antibodies against this substance – this means that many people can develop allergic, potentially fatal reactions to the vaccination.”
It’s true that the BioNTech/Pfizer vaccine does contain polyethylene glycol (PEG). This substance is used in some vaccines but is safe in these quantities. It’s also safely used at higher concentrations as a laxative, and has a range of other uses from food to cosmetics.
It’s true that in rare cases people can have allergic reactions to PEG, but these are usually to medications where the PEG is the main ingredient, for example in solutions to prepare for colonoscopies. In the vaccine, PEG is just an “excipient”, so not an active ingredient that makes the vaccine work, but present in a small amount to allow the manufacture or storage of the vaccine.
A 2016 paper describes finding anti-PEG antibodies in 72% of the human samples tested, albeit mostly in very low levels. That doesn’t necessarily mean that many people will experience an allergic reaction.
The paper looks at the potential for PEG allergies in those who might be given therapeutics containing PEG. It concluded that “under certain threshold concentrations, low to perhaps even modest levels of circulating anti-PEG [antibodies] in most individuals would not adversely affect the safety and efficacy of PEG-modified therapeutics.”
At the time of writing, the MHRA have advised on a precautionary basis that people with “a significant history of allergic reactions” do not get the vaccine, after two NHS workers with a history of serious allergies had a reaction to the injection.
“The formation of so-called “non-neutralizing antibodies” can lead to an exaggerated immune reaction, especially when the test person is confronted with the real, “wild” virus after vaccination. This so-called antibody-dependent amplification, ADE, has long been known from experiments with corona vaccines in cats, for example. In the course of these studies all cats that initially tolerated the vaccination well died after catching the wild virus.”
Put simply, an antibody is made by the body’s immune system, and attaches to something on the surface of a virus, usually attacking it or rendering it harmless. Most vaccines work by giving the body a harmless version of a protein on the surface of the virus so it can make these antibodies, which would speed up the body’s ability to fight infection if it gets the real disease later. You can get these antibodies from having had the infection, having been vaccinated, or being treated with blood plasma from people who’ve had the infection which contain them.
“Non-neutralising antibodies” are antibodies that can attach to these proteins on the surface of a virus, but don’t actually kill or harm them. It has been found that in some cases in cats, they may actually help the infection take hold.
Antibody-dependent amplification, or ADE, is a very rare example of these non-neutralising antibodies making the infection worse. As well as some observations in cats, there’s solid evidence this happens in humans with Dengue fever.
It’s true that a vaccine against a different kind of coronavirus in cats did kill those cats that were vaccinated sooner than those not. But the mechanisms of ADE are not well understood, and this could have been down to a number of different factors.
Despite this, there isn’t much evidence that ADE is a problem in human coronavirus infections. ADE happening with a different disease in a non-human animal does not indicate it would happen in humans with a Covid-19 vaccine.
There is also quite substantial evidence that SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes Covid-19) antibodies don’t make the infection worse, due to the use of plasma from people who have had Covid-19 as a treatment for those suffering with an infection. Studies of how effective this is are ongoing, but if ADE were a risk here it’s likely that would have been observed by now.
Length of trials
“The much too short duration of the study does not allow a realistic estimation of the late effects. As in the narcolepsy cases after the swine flu vaccination, millions of healthy people would be exposed to an unacceptable risk if an emergency approval were to be granted and the possibility of observing the late effects of the vaccination were to follow.”
There are many reasons why this Covid-19 vaccine has been quicker to develop than any other vaccines. The vaccine has been trialled extensively as all vaccines are, but much of the analysis is happening simultaneously and being reviewed on a rolling basis, to speed things up due to the pandemic.
There are other practical reasons it’s been so fast, for example the mRNA technology used meant testing candidate vaccines could start just days after the virus was genetically sequenced, and the familiarity of the virus, because of how closely it’s related to diseases like SARS and MERS.
When the Pfizer vaccine was approved in the UK, Prof Clive Page, President-Elect of the British Pharmacological Society said: “It’s important to note that in this case, speed was the result of focused and sustained effort in research, development and regulation – no safety shortcuts were taken.”
And as with all vaccines in the UK, its safety will be continually monitored as it is rolled out to the public, via the yellow card scheme (where information about potential side effects and adverse reactions are monitored and evaluated).
It’s true that the swine flu vaccine Pandemrix has been associated with a small increase in narcolepsy in children and young people. The vaccine was given to some healthy children and some young people particularly vulnerable to flu in the UK in late 2009, before studies in Finland emerged potentially linking the jab to the sleep disorder.
A study in the UK later found that the risk of narcolepsy that could be attributed to this vaccine was between one in 57,500 and one in 52,000. Following a legal case, those who developed narcolepsy in the UK after getting the vaccine are eligible for compensation and it’s thought that around a hundred people in the UK were affected.
In the UK, the approved Pfizer Covid-19 vaccine is “not routinely recommended for children and young people under 16 years of age”. There may be some cases, for example, if children have complex needs and spend lots of time in specialised residential units where giving them the vaccine may be appropriate.
“The vaccinations are expected to produce antibodies against spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2. However, spike proteins also contain syncytin-homologous proteins, which are essential for the formation of the placenta in mammals such as humans.”
There’s no evidence that the vaccine can cause infertility, and it almost certainly won’t. We’ve written extensively about this here. | <urn:uuid:aad2396c-ae3e-4064-9429-bcf9456d4106> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://fullfact.org/health/pfizer-vaccine-peg-ade/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644817.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529074001-20230529104001-00756.warc.gz | en | 0.964251 | 1,650 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Sudanese Armed Forces
|Sudanese Armed Forces
|Founded||1925 (as the Sudan Defence Force)|
|Service branches||Land Forces
Navy (including Marines)
Popular Defence Force
|Commander-in-Chief||President Field Marshal Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir|
|Minister of Defense||Maj. Gen. Abdel Rahim Mohammed Hussein|
|Chief of General Staff||Lieutenant General. Mustafa Osman Obeid Salim|
|Active personnel||109,300, with paramilitary forces of an estimated 17,500 |
|Budget||$4 Billion (2001 est.)|
|Percent of GDP||3.0% (2005 est.)|
|Domestic suppliers||Military Industry Corporation|
|Foreign suppliers|| China
The Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) are the armed forces of the Republic of Sudan. They number, according to 2011 IISS estimates, 109,300. They comprises Land Forces, a Navy, an Air Force, and the Popular Defence Force. They also previously had Joint Integrated Units formed together with its rebel enemies the Sudan People's Liberation Army. The Armed Forces operate under the authority of the People's Armed Forces Act 1986. In 1991, the Library of Congress used the term 'Sudan People's Armed Forces' to refer to the entire armed forces, but by the late 2000s (decade), the 'Sudanese Armed Forces' term was most widespread. In 2004, the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress estimated that the Popular Defence Force, the military wing of the National Islamic Front, consists of 10,000 active members, with 85,000 reserves. It has been deployed alongside regular army units against various rebel groups.
The origins of the Sudanese Army date to Sudanese soldiers recruited by the British during the reconquest of Sudan in 1898. Sudan officially became the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1899. The highest-ranking British officer in Egypt, known as the Sirdar, also served as Governor General of the Sudan. In 1922, after nationalist riots stimulated by Egyptian leader Saad Zaghloul, Egypt was granted independence by the United Kingdom. The Egyptians wanted more oversight in the Sudan and created specialized units of Sudanese auxiliaries within the Egyptian Army called Al-Awtirah. This became the nucleus of the modern Sudanese Army.
The British Army formed the Sudan Defence Force (SDF) as local auxiliaries in 1925. The SDF consisted of a number of separate regiments. Most were made up of Muslim soldiers and stationed in the north, but the Equatoria Corps in the south was composed of Christians. During World War II, the SDF augmented allied forces engaging Italians in Ethiopia. They also served during the Western Desert Campaign, supporting Free French and Long Range Desert Group operations at Kufra and Jalo oases in the Libyan Desert. "In 1947, the Sudanese military schools were closed, and the number of Sudanese troops was reduced to 7,570. In 1948, the first Arab-Israeli War broke out. Sudanese Colonel Harold Saleh Al-Malik selected 250 combat-seasoned soldiers who had seen action in World War II. They arrived in Cairo to participate in a parade and were then dispatched to various units of the Egyptian army. This was a grave mistake, for the Sudanese had fought together in World War II and this broke unit cohesion. The decision was indicative of Egyptian military planners of the period. Forty-three Sudanese were killed in action in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. In 1953, the British and the new Egyptian government reached an agreement that Sudan was to be put on the path of independence. General Ahmed Mohammed became Sudan's first army chief in August 1954. This is significant for the Sudanese, for it was the first time it had an independent army that was not governed by Britain or Egypt."
In March 1954 British Troops in the Sudan consisted of one battalion stationed in Khartoum, reporting ultimately to the Governor-General. The Governor-General's military commander was the Major-General Commanding British Troops in the Sudan, who was also Commandant of the Sudan Defence Force. In this post from 1950 onward was Major General Reginald 'Cully' Scoons. The last British troops, 1st Battalion Royal Leicestershire Regiment, left the country on 16 August 1955. All of the British troops were gone by the end of August 1955.
The Equatoria Corps mutinied at Torit on 18 August 1955, just before independence, prompting the formation of the Anyanya guerilla movement and the First Sudanese Civil War. A company of the Equatoria Corps had been ordered to make ready to move to the north, but instead of obeying, the troops mutinied, along with other Southern soldiers across the South in Juba, Yei, Yombo, and Maridi. "At independence in 1956, Sudan's 5,000-man army was regarded as a highly trained, competent, and apolitical force, but its character changed in succeeding years. To deal with the southern insurgency, the army expanded steadily to 12,000 personnel in 1959 and it leveled off at about 50,000 in 1972. After independence, the military -particularly the educated officer corps- lost much of its former apolitical attitude; soldiers associated themselves with parties and movements across the political spectrum." On November 17, 1958, the army's two senior generals, Major General Ibrahim Abboud, the armed forces commander, and Ahmad Abd al Wahab, seized power in a military coup. Abboud was forced to step down in 1964.
During 1969 the Sudanese Army consisted of about 26,500 men, four infantry brigades of four battalions each, three independent infantry battalions, one armoured regiment, a parachute regiment, an armoured regiment and three artillery regiments. There were 50 Alvis Saladins, 60 Ferret armoured cars, and 45 Commando armoured cars, about 50 25-pounders, 40 105-mm howitzers, 20 120-mm mortars, and 80 Bofors 40-mm guns.
On May 25, 1969, several young officers, led by Colonel Jaafar an Nimeiri, seized power, thus bringing the army into political control for the second time. From 1969 until 1971, a military government - the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), composed of nine young officers and one civilian - exercised authority over a largely civilian cabinet. The RCC represented only a faction within the military establishment. From 1971 Nimeiri led a more civilian-based government. The first civil war ended in a negotiated settlement in 1973. Sudan sent at least one infantry brigade to the Sinai peninsula as a reinforcement to the Egyptian forces during the 1973 Yom Kippur War. It arrived too late, on October 28, 1973 and saw no fighting.
The Second Sudanese Civil War broke out again in 1982 and continued until 2005. "As part of the Addis Ababa accords ending the (First]) civil war, 6,000 of the former Anya Nya guerrillas were to be integrated gradually into the national army's Southern Command to serve with 6,000 northerners. By including southern officers in the top echelon of the Southern Command, the two forces appeared to have meshed successfully. In 1982 it was estimated that southerners outnumbered northerners 7,000 to 5,000 in the Southern Command, but there were relatively few southerners stationed in the north, and none held important positions. Nimeiri's decision the following year to transfer southern troops to the north because of his doubts over their loyalty to the central government was resisted by the southerners and was one of a number of factors that triggered the renewal of the civil war."
By the time of the coup in 1989, over fifty percent of most Army units were staffed by soldiers and NCOs from the South. Most had little commitment or dedication to the government - they joined for the sugar and other rations given to soldiers, as well as the salary. Although they often acquitted themselves well in battle, generally surrendering only when their food and ammunition were depleted, they had little stomach for offensive operations.
The Land Forces were "basically a light infantry force in 1991, supported by specialized elements. Operational control extended from the headquarters of the general staff in Khartoum to the six regional commands (central, eastern, western, northern, southern, and Khartoum). Each regional command was organized along divisional lines. Thus, the Fifth Division was at Al-Ubayyid in Kurdufan (Central Command), the Second Division was at Khashm El Girba (Eastern Command), the Sixth Division was assigned to Al-Fashir in Darfur (Western Command), the First Division was at Juba (Southern Command), and the Seventh [Armoured] Division was at As Shajarah just south of Khartoum (Khartoum Command). The Airborne Division was based at Khartoum International Airport. The Third Division was located in the north, although no major troop units were assigned to it. Each division had a liaison officer attached to general headquarters in Khartoum to facilitate the division's communication with various command elements. This organisational structure did not provide an accurate picture of actual troop deployments. All of the divisions were understrength. The Sixth Division in Darfur was a reorganised brigade with only 2,500 personnel. Unit strengths varied widely. Most brigades were composed of 1,000 to 1,500 troops." Keegan, writing in 1983, indicated that the northern command was located at Shendi.
To reduce the pressure on the regular armed forces, the Sudanese government made extensive use of militias, such as the South Sudan Defence Forces. This largely symbolic coalition of seven groups was formed with the signing of the Khartoum Peace Agreement with the NIF in 1997. The SSDF was led by former Garang lieutenant Riek Machar.
Jane's Information Group said in May 2009 that 'There are a number of infantry divisions, divided among [the six] regional commands. The commander of each military region traditionally commanded the divisional and brigade commanders within his territory. It is understood that there are six infantry divisions and seven independent infantry brigades; a mechanised division and an independent mechanised infantry brigade; and an armoured division. Other elements are understood to include a Special Forces battalion with five companies; an airborne division and a border guard brigade. Support elements include an engineer division.' Jane's reported the army's strength as 100,000 plus militias. Afdevinfo has reported that the 1st Division at Juba has been disbanded.
Jane's Sentinel reports that there are two engineer brigades supporting the 9th Airborne Division. Jane's Amphibious and Special Forces, 2010, lists the 9th Airborne Division headquartered in Khartoum which includes two airborne brigades and the 144th Special Forces Battalion, an anti-terrorist unit. It also mentions the two engineer brigades for special forces support.
It was reported that a Republican Guard exists as a presidential security unit, led by Major General Khalid Hamad.
Following the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement which ended the second civil war, the Sudanese Armed Forces formed joint military units with the Sudanese People's Liberation Army. These units, the Joint Integrated Units, were commanded by Major General Thomas Cirillo Swaka. With the probable dissolution of the JIUs following the Southern Sudanese independence referendum, 2011, the SPLA components are expected to be either integrated back into the SPLA or be demobilised. The SPLA components however are a lesser concern than the SAF components. Many of the SAF JIU personnel are former militia ('Other Armed Groups' or OAGs) who were 'aligned' rather than being formally 'incorporated' within the northern army. 'Aside from regular SAF units in locations such as Malakal and Bor, many of the SAF elements of the JIUs hail from the areas where they are serving and have strong family ties in these locations. As with the SPLA components, integration into the SPLA or increased incentives to demobilize are the only options the SAF components are likely to consider—movement north being out of the question.'
Education and Training
The Military College at Wadi Sayyidna, near Omdurman, had been Sudan's primary source of officer training since it opened in 1948. A two-year program, emphasizing study in political and military science and physical training, led to a commission as a second lieutenant in the SPAF. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, an average of 120 to 150 officers were graduated from the academy each year. In the late 1950s, roughly 60 graduated each year, peaking to more than 500 in early 1972 as a result of mobilisation brought on by the first southern rebellion. Students from other Arab and African countries were also trained at the Military College, and in 1982 sixty Ugandans were graduated as part of a Sudanese contribution to rebuilding the Ugandan army after Amin's removal from power.
The modern Sudanese Armed Forces is equipped mainly with Soviet, Russian, Chinese, Ukrainian, and Sudanese manufactured weaponry. Significant data has been made available by the UN Experts' Groups on the Sudan on arms supplies to Sudanese forces.
The standard issue assault rifle is now an H&K G3 variant that is domestically manufactured.
The IISS reported in 2007 that the SAF had 200 T-54/55 main battle tanks and 70 Type 62 light tanks. By 2011 the total that the IISS listed was 360: 20 M-60, 60 Type 59, 270 T-54/55, and 10 'Al Bashier' (Type-85-IIM). The 'Al-Bashier' is a licensed version of the Type 85M-II tank. In addition, the 'Digna'a modernisation programme for the T-55 has been reported. Chinese Type 96 tanks have also been known to serve in the Sudanese Army. These are by far and away Sudan's most modern and powerful tanks.
The IISS reported 218 armoured cars (6 Panhard AML-90, 60 BRDM-2, 80 Ferret, and 30 Alvis Saladin) in 2007, alongside 15 BMP-2. Also reported were 42 M-113, 19 LAV-150/V-100 Commando, BTR-152/BTR-50, 20 OT-62/OT-64. 104 Egyptian Walid were ordered in 1981-1986.
The IISS estimated in 2011 that Sudan had 778+ artillery pieces, including 20 M-101, 16 D-30, D-74, M-30, and 75 130mm M-46/Type-59-I. The IISS estimated in 2011 that the Army had 20 pieces of self-propelled artillery, including 10 2S1 Gvozdika and 10 (AMX) Mk F3. Multiple rocket launchers include 122mm BM-21 Grad and Type-81. Also reported were M43 mortars (120mm). Anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons reported included a number of Swingfire. 54 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail) were reported, and many anti-aircraft guns. According to a UN official document, Sudan also allegedly has 10 T-72s provided by Ukraine.
The Sudanese Air Force operates a number of aircraft, including Mil Mi-24 attack helicopters, Chengdu J-7 fighters, MiG-29 fighters, Su-25 close air support aircraft, and Q-5 'Fantan' ground attack aircraft, and Antonov medium and long transport aircraft.
A long-established training centre and airbase is at Wadi Sayyidna, where No. 2 Fighter-Attack Squadron SuAF operated J-7s for a period.
The Armed Forces have suffered significant numbers of senior personnel killed in several aircraft crashes, in 2001, and in August 2012.
Jane's Fighting Ships for 1999-2000 stated that the Sudanese navy was established in 1962 to operate on the Red Sea coast and the River Nile. In 1999, estimated naval strength was 1,300 officers and men. Reported bases were at Port Sudan and Flamingo Bay on the Red Sea and at Khartoum. The navy had two 70-ton, 75-foot, coastal patrol craft, Kadir (129) and Karari (130), both transferred from the Iranian Coast Guard to Sudan in 1975, as well as sixteen inshore patrol craft and two supply ships.
The navy, according to 2004 estimates from the International Institute for Strategic Studies, now has 1,800 personnel, and a base at Marsa Gwayawi on the Red Sea.
- "The World Factbook". Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- "World Defence Almanac". Military Technology (Bonn, Germany: Monch Publishing Group). XXXII (1): 290. 2008. ISSN 0722-3226.
- Military Balance 2007, 293.
- UNMIS, Joint Integrated Units Act
- Library of Congress Country Profile Sudan, December 2004
- Development of the Armed Forces, Library of Congress Country Studies, 1991
- Maj Gen L G Whistler, The Sudan Defence Force, British Army Review, Issue 6, July 1951 - state at that point four infantry/camel units, signals regiment, AA artillery regiment, other units.
- Youssef Aboul-Enein, The Sudanese Army: a historical analysis and discussion on religious politicization, U.S. Army Infantry magazine, July–August 2004
- British Parliament House of Lords Debate, 10 March 1954
- "Major-General Sir Reginald "Cully" Scoones". Telegraph.co.uk. 11 October 1991. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- British Troops in the Sudan
- O'Ballance, 1977, p.42
- Robert O. Collins, Civil wars and revolution in the Sudan: essays on the Sudan, 2005, p.140
- O'Ballance, 1977, p.41
- IISS, Adelphi Paper No. 67, The Armed Forces of African States, May 1970, via O'Ballance, 1977, p.118
- Library of Congress Country Studies, Sudan, 1991
- Library of Congress Country Studies, 1991,
- Claire Mc Evoy and Emile LeBrun, Uncertain Future: Armed Violence in Southern Sudan, HSBA Working Paper No. 20, April 2010, p.13
- Jane's World Armies, May 2009
- "Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's - IHS". Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- Republican Palace celebrates the change of the Republican Guard Sudanese Online. 01-01-2010
- Richard Rands, In Need of Review: SPLA Transformation in 2006–10 and Beyond, HSBA-Small Arms Survey, Working Paper 23, November 2010, p.23
- IISS Military Balance 2011, 443.
- "sudanese tanks دبابات القوات المسلحة السوداانية". YouTube. 12 October 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- 刘昆. "传中国96式坦克击毁南苏丹T72 获实战战果". Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- "Arms Trade Register". SIPRI. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
- Tom Cooper, Sudan, Civil War since 1955 Air Combat Information Group, Feb 10, 2008
- Captain Richard Sharpe RN (ed.), Jane's Fighting Ships 1999-2000; Coulsdon, Surry: Jane's Information Group, pages 657-658.
- Library of Congress Country Profile Sudan, December 2004, p.14
- Tom Cooper, Sudan, Civil War since 1955 Air Combat Information Group, Feb 10, 2008
- Library of Congress Country Studies, Sudan, 1991
- O'Ballance, Edgar. The Secret War in the Sudan: 1955-1972, Faber and Faber, 1977, ISBN 0-571-10768-0
- Richard Rands, In Need of Review: SPLA Transformation in 2006–10 and Beyond, HSBA-Small Arms Survey, Working Paper 23, November 2010
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military of Sudan.|
- Bienen, H.S., and J. Moore, 'The Sudan Military Economic Corporations,' Armed Forces and Society Vol. 13, No. 4, 1987, pp. 489–516
- Mohamed Ahmed Karar's book, Al-Jaysh Al-Sudani Wa Al-Inqaaz "The popular army and the NRC" translated as 'The Sudanese Army and National Salvation' (Khartoum, Sudan: Dar Al-Balad Publisher, 1990)
- Jago Salmon, A Paramilitary Revolution: The Popular Defence Forces, Small Arms Survey HSBA Working Paper No.10, December 2007
- Small Arms Survey, Joint Integrated Units
- US Army Area Handbook for the Republic of Sudan, Dept of the Army Pamphlet No 550-27, Second Edition, 1964
- ‘New War, Old Enemies: Conflict Dynamics in South Kordofan’, by Claudio Gramizzi and Jérôme Tubiana, now available for downloading at http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/working-papers/HSBA-WP29-S.Kordofan.pdf | <urn:uuid:a0985efb-4a74-4394-bb41-4fac68baa271> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Armed_Forces | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988311.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00280-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946535 | 4,500 | 2.625 | 3 |
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After the discovery of Uranus in 1781, astronomers had a difficult time accurately describing the planet's orbit. Uranus seemed to be pulled by the gravity of an unseen planet. Working independently, Leverrier and Adams calculated the position of such a planet and passed it on to astronomers. When Galle aimed his telescope at that position, he quickly detected the new world.
Galle had discovered the solar system's fourth-largest planet. It is a soothing blue-green orb that looks like a giant marble spinning through space. Its color is the result of methane in its upper atmosphere, which absorbs red light, allowing us to see only the blue end of the spectrum.
Neptune probably has a rocky core wrapped in a layer of frozen water and other ices. The core is fairly large, so Neptune is actually the third most massive planet in the solar system. Traces of other elements form clouds at the top of its thick atmosphere. Neptune's rotation stretches the clouds into bands that completely encircle the planet.
We can't see a lot of features in Neptune's atmosphere, but the features that astronomers can detect appear to come and go in a hurry. When the Voyager 2 spacecraft flew past Neptune in August 1989, for example, it discovered the Great Dark Spot -- a dark, oval-shaped storm system as big as Earth. But when Hubble Space Telescope looked at Neptune five years later, the Great Dark Spot had disappeared.
Voyager also found that Neptune produces more heat than it receives from the Sun. One theory says that a "rain" of liquid hydrogen falls onto the planet's core, releasing heat as it falls.
Several rings of rocky material that is darker than chimney soot encircle Neptune. The most interesting is called the Adams ring, which is named in honor of John Couch Adams. (Other rings are named for Galle and Leverrier.) It is farthest from Neptune's cloudtops, and consists of several large clumps of material connected by a thin band of dust. The ring may have formed when a comet slammed into a small moon, destroying both the comet and the moon. The debris then spread out to form a ring.
Today, this material is merging to form larger clumps. Within about 10,000 years, the ring material may coalesce to form a moon -- a moon reborn from the ashes of its own demise.
|9. S/2002 N1
10. S/2002 N2
11. S/2002 N3
12. S/2002 N4
14. S/2004 N1
Voyager 1 and 2 conducted a "grand tour" of the outer planets during the 1970s and '80s. Voyager 1 flew past Jupiter and Saturn, discovering new moons and rings, compiling movies of the motions of both planets' atmospheres, and conducting other observations. Voyager 2 followed the same path, but was then targeted to fly past Uranus and Neptune. Its encounters provided the first detailed looks at both giant planets and their moons. No other spacecraft has flown past either planet. Both Voyagers still operate today, and have detected signs of the "edge" of the solar system.
At a Glance
|1846, Johann Galle|
|Roman god of the sea|
|Average Distance from Sun|
30.1 Astronomical Units
|17.1 times Earth's mass|
|Length of Day|
|16 hours, 7 minutes|
|Length of Year|
|164.8 Earth years|
|1.1 that of Earth (If you weigh 100 pounds, you would weigh about 110 pounds on Neptune)|
|14 as of July 2013; Largest: Triton|
Request a free copy of The Solar System or Beyond the Solar System for your classroom. Bulk copies are available for $1.50 each in quantities of 30 or more. Shipping is included. Call 512-471-5285 for orders of 30 or more.
The Astro Guides for the Solar System and Beyond the Solar System are supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant Nos. NNG04G131G and NAG5-13147, respectively. | <urn:uuid:0544c3ba-0f34-4ccf-a10a-ecaa13049482> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://stardate.org/astro-guide/ssguide/neptune | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103910.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817185948-20170817205948-00628.warc.gz | en | 0.915039 | 862 | 4.1875 | 4 |
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